diff --git a/src/py/mat3ra/made/basis.py b/src/py/mat3ra/made/basis.py
index 298e9af14..da34c13ca 100644
--- a/src/py/mat3ra/made/basis.py
+++ b/src/py/mat3ra/made/basis.py
@@ -24,14 +24,14 @@ def from_dict(
         coordinates: List[Dict],
         units: str,
         labels: Optional[List[Dict]] = None,
-        cell: Optional[Dict] = None,
+        cell: Optional[List[List[float]]] = None,
         constraints: Optional[List[Dict]] = None,
     ) -> "Basis":
         return Basis(
             elements=ArrayWithIds.from_list_of_dicts(elements),
             coordinates=ArrayWithIds.from_list_of_dicts(coordinates),
             units=units,
-            cell=Cell.from_nested_array(cell),
+            cell=Cell.from_vectors_array(cell),
             labels=ArrayWithIds.from_list_of_dicts(labels) if labels else ArrayWithIds(values=[]),
             constraints=ArrayWithIds.from_list_of_dicts(constraints) if constraints else ArrayWithIds(values=[]),
         )
diff --git a/src/py/mat3ra/made/cell.py b/src/py/mat3ra/made/cell.py
index 0f65bdbb7..01dd95581 100644
--- a/src/py/mat3ra/made/cell.py
+++ b/src/py/mat3ra/made/cell.py
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-from typing import List
+from typing import List, Optional
 
 import numpy as np
 from mat3ra.utils.mixins import RoundNumericValuesMixin
@@ -13,13 +13,13 @@ class Cell(RoundNumericValuesMixin, BaseModel):
     __round_precision__ = 6
 
     @classmethod
-    def from_nested_array(cls, nested_array):
-        if nested_array is None:
-            nested_array = [[1, 0, 0], [0, 1, 0], [0, 0, 1]]
-        return cls(vector1=nested_array[0], vector2=nested_array[1], vector3=nested_array[2])
+    def from_vectors_array(cls, vectors_array: Optional[List[List[float]]] = None) -> "Cell":
+        if vectors_array is None:
+            vectors_array = [[1, 0, 0], [0, 1, 0], [0, 0, 1]]
+        return cls(vector1=vectors_array[0], vector2=vectors_array[1], vector3=vectors_array[2])
 
     @property
-    def vectors_as_nested_array(self, skip_rounding=False) -> List[List[float]]:
+    def vectors_as_array(self, skip_rounding=False) -> List[List[float]]:
         if skip_rounding:
             return [self.vector1, self.vector2, self.vector3]
         return self.round_array_or_number([self.vector1, self.vector2, self.vector3])
@@ -32,22 +32,22 @@ def to_json(self, skip_rounding=False):
             self.vector3 if skip_rounding else _(self.vector3),
         ]
 
-    def clone(self):
-        return self.from_nested_array(self.vectors_as_nested_array)
+    def clone(self) -> "Cell":
+        return self.from_vectors_array(self.vectors_as_array)
 
-    def clone_and_scale_by_matrix(self, matrix):
+    def clone_and_scale_by_matrix(self, matrix: List[List[float]]) -> "Cell":
         new_cell = self.clone()
         new_cell.scale_by_matrix(matrix)
         return new_cell
 
-    def convert_point_to_cartesian(self, point):
-        np_vector = np.array(self.vectors_as_nested_array)
+    def convert_point_to_cartesian(self, point: List[float]) -> List[float]:
+        np_vector = np.array(self.vectors_as_array)
         return np.dot(point, np_vector)
 
-    def convert_point_to_crystal(self, point):
-        np_vector = np.array(self.vectors_as_nested_array)
+    def convert_point_to_crystal(self, point: List[float]) -> List[float]:
+        np_vector = np.array(self.vectors_as_array)
         return np.dot(point, np.linalg.inv(np_vector))
 
-    def scale_by_matrix(self, matrix):
-        np_vector = np.array(self.vectors_as_nested_array)
-        self.vector1, self.vector2, self.vector3 = np.dot(matrix, np_vector).tolist()
+    def scale_by_matrix(self, matrix: List[List[float]]):
+        np_vector = np.array(self.vectors_as_array)
+        self.vector1, self.vector2, self.vector3 = np.dot(np.array(matrix), np_vector).tolist()
diff --git a/src/py/mat3ra/made/lattice.py b/src/py/mat3ra/made/lattice.py
index 3cf7ff579..e6fe59a46 100644
--- a/src/py/mat3ra/made/lattice.py
+++ b/src/py/mat3ra/made/lattice.py
@@ -8,6 +8,8 @@
 from .cell import Cell
 
 HASH_TOLERANCE = 3
+DEFAULT_UNITS = {"length": "angstrom", "angle": "degree"}
+DEFAULT_TYPE = "TRI"
 
 
 class Lattice(RoundNumericValuesMixin, BaseModel):
@@ -17,11 +19,8 @@ class Lattice(RoundNumericValuesMixin, BaseModel):
     alpha: float = 90.0
     beta: float = 90.0
     gamma: float = 90.0
-    units: Dict[str, str] = {
-        "length": "angstrom",
-        "angle": "degree",
-    }
-    type: str = "TRI"
+    units: Dict[str, str] = DEFAULT_UNITS
+    type: str = DEFAULT_TYPE
 
     @property
     def vectors(self) -> List[List[float]]:
@@ -52,6 +51,29 @@ def vectors(self) -> List[List[float]]:
             [0.0, 0.0, c],
         ]
 
+    @classmethod
+    def from_vectors_array(
+        cls, vectors: List[List[float]], units: Optional[Dict[str, str]] = None, type: Optional[str] = None
+    ) -> "Lattice":
+        """
+        Create a Lattice object from a nested array of vectors.
+        Args:
+            vectors (List[List[float]]): A nested array of vectors.
+        Returns:
+            Lattice: A Lattice object.
+        """
+        a = np.linalg.norm(vectors[0])
+        b = np.linalg.norm(vectors[1])
+        c = np.linalg.norm(vectors[2])
+        alpha = np.degrees(np.arccos(np.dot(vectors[1], vectors[2]) / (b * c)))
+        beta = np.degrees(np.arccos(np.dot(vectors[0], vectors[2]) / (a * c)))
+        gamma = np.degrees(np.arccos(np.dot(vectors[0], vectors[1]) / (a * b)))
+        if units is None:
+            units = DEFAULT_UNITS
+        if type is None:
+            type = DEFAULT_TYPE
+        return cls(a=float(a), b=float(b), c=float(c), alpha=alpha, beta=beta, gamma=gamma, units=units, type=type)
+
     def to_json(self, skip_rounding: bool = False) -> Dict[str, Any]:
         __round__ = RoundNumericValuesMixin.round_array_or_number
         round_func = __round__ if not skip_rounding else lambda x: x
@@ -78,7 +100,7 @@ def vector_arrays(self) -> List[List[float]]:
 
     @property
     def cell(self) -> Cell:
-        return Cell.from_nested_array(self.vector_arrays)
+        return Cell.from_vectors_array(self.vector_arrays)
 
     def volume(self) -> float:
         np_vector = np.array(self.vector_arrays)
diff --git a/src/py/mat3ra/made/material.py b/src/py/mat3ra/made/material.py
index 9b50ba47e..1a5d01625 100644
--- a/src/py/mat3ra/made/material.py
+++ b/src/py/mat3ra/made/material.py
@@ -90,3 +90,8 @@ def to_crystal(self) -> None:
         new_basis = self.basis.copy()
         new_basis.to_crystal()
         self.basis = new_basis
+
+    def set_coordinates(self, coordinates: List[List[float]]) -> None:
+        new_basis = self.basis.copy()
+        new_basis.coordinates.values = coordinates
+        self.basis = new_basis
diff --git a/src/py/mat3ra/made/tools/build/defect/builders.py b/src/py/mat3ra/made/tools/build/defect/builders.py
index 7d8ee877b..a9c25abd1 100644
--- a/src/py/mat3ra/made/tools/build/defect/builders.py
+++ b/src/py/mat3ra/made/tools/build/defect/builders.py
@@ -30,7 +30,8 @@
     get_closest_site_id_from_coordinate_and_element,
 )
 from ....utils import get_center_of_coordinates
-from ...utils import transform_coordinate_to_supercell, CoordinateConditionBuilder
+from ...utils import transform_coordinate_to_supercell
+from ...utils import coordinate as CoordinateCondition
 from ..utils import merge_materials
 from ..slab import SlabConfiguration, create_slab, Termination
 from ..supercell import create_supercell
@@ -436,7 +437,7 @@ def condition(coordinate: List[float]):
         return self.merge_slab_and_defect(island_material, new_material)
 
     def _generate(self, configuration: _ConfigurationType) -> List[_GeneratedItemType]:
-        condition_callable, _ = configuration.condition
+        condition_callable = configuration.condition.condition
         return [
             self.create_island(
                 material=configuration.crystal,
@@ -463,7 +464,7 @@ def _calculate_cut_direction_vector(self, material: Material, cut_direction: Lis
             The normalized cut direction vector in Cartesian coordinates.
         """
         np_cut_direction = np.array(cut_direction)
-        direction_vector = np.dot(np.array(material.basis.cell.vectors_as_nested_array), np_cut_direction)
+        direction_vector = np.dot(np.array(material.basis.cell.vectors_as_array), np_cut_direction)
         normalized_direction_vector = direction_vector / np.linalg.norm(direction_vector)
         return normalized_direction_vector
 
@@ -499,7 +500,7 @@ def _calculate_rotation_parameters(
         """
         height_cartesian = self._calculate_height_cartesian(original_material, new_material)
         cut_direction_xy_proj_cart = np.linalg.norm(
-            np.dot(np.array(new_material.basis.cell.vectors_as_nested_array), normalized_direction_vector)
+            np.dot(np.array(new_material.basis.cell.vectors_as_array), normalized_direction_vector)
         )
         # Slope of the terrace along the cut direction
         hypotenuse = np.linalg.norm([height_cartesian, cut_direction_xy_proj_cart])
@@ -592,10 +593,10 @@ def create_terrace(
         )
 
         normalized_direction_vector = self._calculate_cut_direction_vector(material, cut_direction)
-        condition, _ = CoordinateConditionBuilder.plane(
+        condition = CoordinateCondition.PlaneCoordinateCondition(
             plane_normal=normalized_direction_vector,
             plane_point_coordinate=pivot_coordinate,
-        )
+        ).condition
         atoms_within_terrace = filter_by_condition_on_coordinates(
             material=material_with_additional_layers,
             condition=condition,
diff --git a/src/py/mat3ra/made/tools/build/defect/configuration.py b/src/py/mat3ra/made/tools/build/defect/configuration.py
index dcd33e338..43e49f250 100644
--- a/src/py/mat3ra/made/tools/build/defect/configuration.py
+++ b/src/py/mat3ra/made/tools/build/defect/configuration.py
@@ -1,17 +1,25 @@
-from typing import Optional, List, Any, Callable, Dict, Tuple, Union
+from typing import Optional, List, Union
 from pydantic import BaseModel
 
 from mat3ra.code.entity import InMemoryEntity
 from mat3ra.made.material import Material
 
 from ...analyze import get_closest_site_id_from_coordinate, get_atomic_coordinates_extremum
-from ...utils import CoordinateConditionBuilder
+from ...utils.coordinate import (
+    CylinderCoordinateCondition,
+    SphereCoordinateCondition,
+    BoxCoordinateCondition,
+    TriangularPrismCoordinateCondition,
+    PlaneCoordinateCondition,
+)
 from .enums import PointDefectTypeEnum, SlabDefectTypeEnum, AtomPlacementMethodEnum, ComplexDefectTypeEnum
 
 
 class BaseDefectConfiguration(BaseModel):
-    # TODO: fix arbitrary_types_allowed error and set Material class type
-    crystal: Any = None
+    crystal: Material = None
+
+    class Config:
+        arbitrary_types_allowed = True
 
     @property
     def _json(self):
@@ -169,16 +177,21 @@ class IslandSlabDefectConfiguration(SlabDefectConfiguration):
     """
 
     defect_type: SlabDefectTypeEnum = SlabDefectTypeEnum.ISLAND
-    condition: Optional[Tuple[Callable[[List[float]], bool], Dict]] = CoordinateConditionBuilder().cylinder()
+    condition: Union[
+        CylinderCoordinateCondition,
+        SphereCoordinateCondition,
+        BoxCoordinateCondition,
+        TriangularPrismCoordinateCondition,
+        PlaneCoordinateCondition,
+    ] = CylinderCoordinateCondition()
 
     @property
     def _json(self):
-        _, condition_json = self.condition
         return {
             **super()._json,
             "type": self.get_cls_name(),
             "defect_type": self.defect_type.name,
-            "condition": condition_json,
+            "condition": self.condition.get_json(),
         }
 
 
diff --git a/src/py/mat3ra/made/tools/build/interface/builders.py b/src/py/mat3ra/made/tools/build/interface/builders.py
index 8c2642ebd..a02abbdf3 100644
--- a/src/py/mat3ra/made/tools/build/interface/builders.py
+++ b/src/py/mat3ra/made/tools/build/interface/builders.py
@@ -1,6 +1,7 @@
 from typing import Any, List, Optional
 
 import numpy as np
+from mat3ra.made.tools.modify import translate_to_z_level
 from pydantic import BaseModel
 from ase.build.tools import niggli_reduce
 from pymatgen.analysis.interfaces.coherent_interfaces import (
@@ -144,9 +145,13 @@ class ZSLStrainMatchingInterfaceBuilder(ConvertGeneratedItemsPymatgenStructureMi
 
     def _generate(self, configuration: InterfaceConfiguration) -> List[PymatgenInterface]:
         generator = ZSLGenerator(**self.build_parameters.strain_matching_parameters.dict())
+        substrate_with_atoms_translated_to_bottom = translate_to_z_level(
+            configuration.substrate_configuration.bulk, "bottom"
+        )
+        film_with_atoms_translated_to_bottom = translate_to_z_level(configuration.film_configuration.bulk, "bottom")
         builder = CoherentInterfaceBuilder(
-            substrate_structure=to_pymatgen(configuration.substrate_configuration.bulk),
-            film_structure=to_pymatgen(configuration.film_configuration.bulk),
+            substrate_structure=to_pymatgen(substrate_with_atoms_translated_to_bottom),
+            film_structure=to_pymatgen(film_with_atoms_translated_to_bottom),
             substrate_miller=configuration.substrate_configuration.miller_indices,
             film_miller=configuration.film_configuration.miller_indices,
             zslgen=generator,
diff --git a/src/py/mat3ra/made/tools/build/perturbation/__init__.py b/src/py/mat3ra/made/tools/build/perturbation/__init__.py
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..4e799c31c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/py/mat3ra/made/tools/build/perturbation/__init__.py
@@ -0,0 +1,37 @@
+from typing import Union, Optional
+
+from mat3ra.made.material import Material
+from .builders import (
+    SlabPerturbationBuilder,
+    DistancePreservingSlabPerturbationBuilder,
+    CellMatchingDistancePreservingSlabPerturbationBuilder,
+)
+from .configuration import PerturbationConfiguration
+
+
+def create_perturbation(
+    configuration: PerturbationConfiguration,
+    preserve_distance: Optional[bool] = False,
+    builder: Union[
+        SlabPerturbationBuilder,
+        DistancePreservingSlabPerturbationBuilder,
+        CellMatchingDistancePreservingSlabPerturbationBuilder,
+        None,
+    ] = None,
+) -> Material:
+    """
+    Return a material with a perturbation applied.
+
+    Args:
+        configuration: The configuration of the perturbation to be applied.
+        preserve_distance: If True, the builder that preserves the distance between atoms is used.
+        builder: The builder to be used to create the perturbation.
+
+    Returns:
+        The material with the perturbation applied.
+    """
+    if builder is None:
+        builder = SlabPerturbationBuilder()
+    if preserve_distance:
+        builder = CellMatchingDistancePreservingSlabPerturbationBuilder()
+    return builder.get_material(configuration)
diff --git a/src/py/mat3ra/made/tools/build/perturbation/builders.py b/src/py/mat3ra/made/tools/build/perturbation/builders.py
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..f13ba6d33
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/py/mat3ra/made/tools/build/perturbation/builders.py
@@ -0,0 +1,88 @@
+from typing import List, Optional, Any
+
+from mat3ra.made.material import Material
+from mat3ra.made.tools.build import BaseBuilder
+
+from .configuration import PerturbationConfiguration
+from ...modify import wrap_to_unit_cell, translate_to_z_level
+
+
+class PerturbationBuilder(BaseBuilder):
+    _ConfigurationType: type(PerturbationConfiguration) = PerturbationConfiguration  # type: ignore
+    _GeneratedItemType: Material = Material
+    _PostProcessParametersType: Any = None
+
+    @staticmethod
+    def _prepare_material(configuration: _ConfigurationType) -> _GeneratedItemType:
+        new_material = configuration.material.clone()
+        new_material = translate_to_z_level(new_material, "center")
+        if configuration.use_cartesian_coordinates:
+            new_material.to_cartesian()
+        return new_material
+
+    def _generate(self, configuration: _ConfigurationType) -> List[_GeneratedItemType]:
+        """Generate materials with applied continuous perturbation based on the given configuration."""
+        new_material = self.create_perturbed_slab(configuration)
+        return [new_material]
+
+    def _post_process(
+        self,
+        items: List[_GeneratedItemType],
+        post_process_parameters: Optional[_PostProcessParametersType],
+    ) -> List[Material]:
+        return [wrap_to_unit_cell(item) for item in items]
+
+    def _update_material_name(self, material: Material, configuration: _ConfigurationType) -> Material:
+        perturbation_details = f"Perturbation: {configuration.perturbation_function_holder.get_json().get('type')}"
+        material.name = f"{material.name} ({perturbation_details})"
+        return material
+
+
+class SlabPerturbationBuilder(PerturbationBuilder):
+    def create_perturbed_slab(self, configuration: PerturbationConfiguration) -> Material:
+        new_material = self._prepare_material(configuration)
+        new_coordinates = [
+            configuration.perturbation_function_holder.apply_perturbation(coord)
+            for coord in new_material.basis.coordinates.values
+        ]
+        new_material.set_coordinates(new_coordinates)
+        return new_material
+
+
+class DistancePreservingSlabPerturbationBuilder(SlabPerturbationBuilder):
+    def create_perturbed_slab(self, configuration: PerturbationConfiguration) -> Material:
+        new_material = self._prepare_material(configuration)
+        new_coordinates = [
+            configuration.perturbation_function_holder.transform_coordinates(coord)
+            for coord in new_material.basis.coordinates.values
+        ]
+        new_coordinates = [
+            configuration.perturbation_function_holder.apply_perturbation(coord) for coord in new_coordinates
+        ]
+        new_material.set_coordinates(new_coordinates)
+        return new_material
+
+
+class CellMatchingDistancePreservingSlabPerturbationBuilder(DistancePreservingSlabPerturbationBuilder):
+    def _transform_lattice_vectors(self, configuration: PerturbationConfiguration) -> List[List[float]]:
+        cell_vectors = configuration.material.basis.cell.vectors_as_array
+        return [
+            configuration.perturbation_function_holder.transform_coordinates(
+                configuration.perturbation_function_holder.transform_coordinates(coord)
+            )
+            for coord in cell_vectors
+        ]
+
+    def create_perturbed_slab(self, configuration: PerturbationConfiguration) -> Material:
+        new_material = super().create_perturbed_slab(configuration)
+        new_lattice_vectors = self._transform_lattice_vectors(configuration)
+        new_lattice = new_material.lattice.copy()
+        new_lattice = new_lattice.from_vectors_array(new_lattice_vectors)
+        new_material.lattice = new_lattice
+
+        new_basis = new_material.basis.copy()
+        new_basis.to_cartesian()
+        new_basis.cell = new_basis.cell.from_vectors_array(new_lattice_vectors)
+        new_basis.to_crystal()
+        new_material.basis = new_basis
+        return new_material
diff --git a/src/py/mat3ra/made/tools/build/perturbation/configuration.py b/src/py/mat3ra/made/tools/build/perturbation/configuration.py
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..767ffa8a9
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/py/mat3ra/made/tools/build/perturbation/configuration.py
@@ -0,0 +1,24 @@
+from mat3ra.code.entity import InMemoryEntity
+from mat3ra.made.material import Material
+from pydantic import BaseModel
+
+from ...utils.perturbation import SineWavePerturbationFunctionHolder
+
+
+class PerturbationConfiguration(BaseModel, InMemoryEntity):
+    material: Material
+    perturbation_function_holder: SineWavePerturbationFunctionHolder = SineWavePerturbationFunctionHolder()
+    use_cartesian_coordinates: bool = True
+
+    class Config:
+        arbitrary_types_allowed = True
+
+    @property
+    def _json(self):
+        perturbation_function_json = self.perturbation_function_holder.get_json()
+        return {
+            "type": self.get_cls_name(),
+            "material": self.material.to_json(),
+            "perturbation_function": perturbation_function_json,
+            "use_cartesian_coordinates": self.use_cartesian_coordinates,
+        }
diff --git a/src/py/mat3ra/made/tools/build/supercell.py b/src/py/mat3ra/made/tools/build/supercell.py
index 52de72a5c..1ab80e1d1 100644
--- a/src/py/mat3ra/made/tools/build/supercell.py
+++ b/src/py/mat3ra/made/tools/build/supercell.py
@@ -2,28 +2,32 @@
 
 import numpy as np
 from mat3ra.made.material import Material
-from ..third_party import ASEAtoms, ase_make_supercell
+from ..third_party import ase_make_supercell
 from ..utils import decorator_convert_2x2_to_3x3
-from ..convert import from_ase, decorator_convert_material_args_kwargs_to_atoms
+from ..convert import from_ase, to_ase
 
 
 @decorator_convert_2x2_to_3x3
-@decorator_convert_material_args_kwargs_to_atoms
 def create_supercell(
-    atoms: ASEAtoms, supercell_matrix: Optional[List[List[int]]] = None, scaling_factor: Optional[List[int]] = None
+    material: Material, supercell_matrix: Optional[List[List[int]]] = None, scaling_factor: Optional[List[int]] = None
 ) -> Material:
     """
     Create a supercell of the atoms.
 
     Args:
-        atoms (Material): The atoms to create a supercell of.
+        material (Material): The atoms to create a supercell of.
         supercell_matrix (List[List[int]]): The supercell matrix (e.g. [[3,0,0],[0,3,0],[0,0,1]]).
         scaling_factor (List[int], optional): The scaling factor instead of matrix (e.g. [3,3,1]).
 
     Returns:
         Material: The supercell of the atoms.
     """
+    atoms = to_ase(material)
     if scaling_factor is not None:
         supercell_matrix = np.multiply(scaling_factor, np.eye(3)).tolist()
     supercell_atoms = ase_make_supercell(atoms, supercell_matrix)
-    return Material(from_ase(supercell_atoms))
+    new_material = Material(from_ase(supercell_atoms))
+    if material.metadata:
+        new_material.metadata = material.metadata
+    new_material.name = material.name
+    return new_material
diff --git a/src/py/mat3ra/made/tools/modify.py b/src/py/mat3ra/made/tools/modify.py
index 983640bd0..daefdd6b1 100644
--- a/src/py/mat3ra/made/tools/modify.py
+++ b/src/py/mat3ra/made/tools/modify.py
@@ -7,9 +7,9 @@
     get_atom_indices_within_radius_pbc,
     get_atomic_coordinates_extremum,
 )
-from .convert import decorator_convert_material_args_kwargs_to_structure, from_ase, to_ase
-from .third_party import PymatgenStructure, ase_add_vacuum
-from .utils import (
+from .convert import from_ase, to_ase
+from .third_party import ase_add_vacuum
+from .utils.coordinate import (
     is_coordinate_in_box,
     is_coordinate_in_cylinder,
     is_coordinate_in_triangular_prism,
@@ -87,18 +87,18 @@ def translate_by_vector(
     return Material(from_ase(atoms))
 
 
-@decorator_convert_material_args_kwargs_to_structure
-def wrap_to_unit_cell(structure: PymatgenStructure):
+def wrap_to_unit_cell(material: Material) -> Material:
     """
-    Wrap atoms to the cell
+    Wrap the material to the unit cell.
 
     Args:
-        structure (PymatgenStructure): The pymatgen PymatgenStructure object to normalize.
+        material (Material): The material to wrap.
     Returns:
-        PymatgenStructure: The wrapped pymatgen PymatgenStructure object.
+        Material: The wrapped material.
     """
-    structure.make_supercell((1, 1, 1), to_unit_cell=True)
-    return structure
+    atoms = to_ase(material)
+    atoms.wrap()
+    return Material(from_ase(atoms))
 
 
 def filter_material_by_ids(material: Material, ids: List[int], invert: bool = False) -> Material:
diff --git a/src/py/mat3ra/made/tools/utils/__init__.py b/src/py/mat3ra/made/tools/utils/__init__.py
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..6eb87397a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/py/mat3ra/made/tools/utils/__init__.py
@@ -0,0 +1,109 @@
+from functools import wraps
+from typing import Callable, List, Optional
+
+import numpy as np
+from mat3ra.utils.matrix import convert_2x2_to_3x3
+
+from ..third_party import PymatgenStructure
+from .coordinate import (
+    is_coordinate_behind_plane,
+    is_coordinate_in_box,
+    is_coordinate_in_cylinder,
+    is_coordinate_in_sphere,
+    is_coordinate_in_triangular_prism,
+)
+from .factories import PerturbationFunctionHolderFactory
+from .functions import AXIS_TO_INDEX_MAP
+
+DEFAULT_SCALING_FACTOR = np.array([3, 3, 3])
+DEFAULT_TRANSLATION_VECTOR = 1 / DEFAULT_SCALING_FACTOR
+
+
+# TODO: convert to accept ASE Atoms object
+def translate_to_bottom_pymatgen_structure(structure: PymatgenStructure):
+    """
+    Translate the structure to the bottom of the cell.
+    Args:
+        structure (PymatgenStructure): The pymatgen Structure object to translate.
+
+    Returns:
+        PymatgenStructure: The translated pymatgen Structure object.
+    """
+    min_c = min(site.c for site in structure)
+    translation_vector = [0, 0, -min_c]
+    translated_structure = structure.copy()
+    for site in translated_structure:
+        site.coords += translation_vector
+    return translated_structure
+
+
+def decorator_convert_2x2_to_3x3(func: Callable) -> Callable:
+    """
+    Decorator to convert a 2x2 matrix to a 3x3 matrix.
+    """
+
+    @wraps(func)
+    def wrapper(*args, **kwargs):
+        new_args = [convert_2x2_to_3x3(arg) if isinstance(arg, list) and len(arg) == 2 else arg for arg in args]
+        return func(*new_args, **kwargs)
+
+    return wrapper
+
+
+def get_distance_between_coordinates(coordinate1: List[float], coordinate2: List[float]) -> float:
+    """
+    Get the distance between two coordinates.
+    Args:
+        coordinate1 (List[float]): The first coordinate.
+        coordinate2 (List[float]): The second coordinate.
+
+    Returns:
+        float: The distance between the two coordinates.
+    """
+    return float(np.linalg.norm(np.array(coordinate1) - np.array(coordinate2)))
+
+
+def get_norm(vector: List[float]) -> float:
+    """
+    Get the norm of a vector.
+    Args:
+        vector (List[float]): The vector.
+
+    Returns:
+        float: The norm of the vector.
+    """
+    return float(np.linalg.norm(vector))
+
+
+def transform_coordinate_to_supercell(
+    coordinate: List[float],
+    scaling_factor: Optional[List[int]] = None,
+    translation_vector: Optional[List[float]] = None,
+    reverse: bool = False,
+) -> List[float]:
+    """
+    Convert a crystal coordinate of unit cell to a coordinate in a supercell.
+    Args:
+        coordinate (List[float]): The coordinates to convert.
+        scaling_factor (List[int]): The scaling factor for the supercell.
+        translation_vector (List[float]): The translation vector for the supercell.
+        reverse (bool): Whether to convert in the reverse transformation.
+
+    Returns:
+        List[float]: The converted coordinates.
+    """
+    if scaling_factor is None:
+        np_scaling_factor = np.array([3, 3, 3])
+    else:
+        np_scaling_factor = np.array(scaling_factor)
+
+    if translation_vector is None:
+        np_translation_vector = np.array([0, 0, 0])
+    else:
+        np_translation_vector = np.array(translation_vector)
+
+    np_coordinate = np.array(coordinate)
+    converted_array = np_coordinate * (1 / np_scaling_factor) + np_translation_vector
+    if reverse:
+        converted_array = (np_coordinate - np_translation_vector) * np_scaling_factor
+    return converted_array.tolist()
diff --git a/src/py/mat3ra/made/tools/utils.py b/src/py/mat3ra/made/tools/utils/coordinate.py
similarity index 50%
rename from src/py/mat3ra/made/tools/utils.py
rename to src/py/mat3ra/made/tools/utils/coordinate.py
index 88ef35c34..683c54b38 100644
--- a/src/py/mat3ra/made/tools/utils.py
+++ b/src/py/mat3ra/made/tools/utils/coordinate.py
@@ -1,72 +1,8 @@
-from functools import wraps
-from typing import Callable, Dict, List, Optional, Tuple
+# Place all functions acting on coordinates
+from typing import Dict, List
 
 import numpy as np
-from mat3ra.utils.matrix import convert_2x2_to_3x3
-
-from .third_party import PymatgenStructure
-
-DEFAULT_SCALING_FACTOR = np.array([3, 3, 3])
-DEFAULT_TRANSLATION_VECTOR = 1 / DEFAULT_SCALING_FACTOR
-
-
-# TODO: convert to accept ASE Atoms object
-def translate_to_bottom_pymatgen_structure(structure: PymatgenStructure):
-    """
-    Translate the structure to the bottom of the cell.
-    Args:
-        structure (PymatgenStructure): The pymatgen Structure object to translate.
-
-    Returns:
-        PymatgenStructure: The translated pymatgen Structure object.
-    """
-    min_c = min(site.c for site in structure)
-    translation_vector = [0, 0, -min_c]
-    translated_structure = structure.copy()
-    for site in translated_structure:
-        site.coords += translation_vector
-    return translated_structure
-
-
-def decorator_convert_2x2_to_3x3(func: Callable) -> Callable:
-    """
-    Decorator to convert a 2x2 matrix to a 3x3 matrix.
-    """
-
-    @wraps(func)
-    def wrapper(*args, **kwargs):
-        new_args = [convert_2x2_to_3x3(arg) if isinstance(arg, list) and len(arg) == 2 else arg for arg in args]
-        return func(*new_args, **kwargs)
-
-    return wrapper
-
-
-def get_distance_between_coordinates(coordinate1: List[float], coordinate2: List[float]) -> float:
-    """
-    Get the distance between two coordinates.
-    Args:
-        coordinate1 (List[float]): The first coordinate.
-        coordinate2 (List[float]): The second coordinate.
-
-    Returns:
-        float: The distance between the two coordinates.
-    """
-    return float(np.linalg.norm(np.array(coordinate1) - np.array(coordinate2)))
-
-
-def get_norm(vector: List[float]) -> float:
-    """
-    Get the norm of a vector.
-    Args:
-        vector (List[float]): The vector.
-
-    Returns:
-        float: The norm of the vector.
-    """
-    return float(np.linalg.norm(vector))
-
-
-# Condition functions:
+from pydantic import BaseModel, Field
 
 
 def is_coordinate_in_cylinder(
@@ -219,106 +155,63 @@ def is_coordinate_behind_plane(
     return np.dot(np_plane_normal, np_coordinate - np_plane_point) < 0
 
 
-def transform_coordinate_to_supercell(
-    coordinate: List[float],
-    scaling_factor: Optional[List[int]] = None,
-    translation_vector: Optional[List[float]] = None,
-    reverse: bool = False,
-) -> List[float]:
-    """
-    Convert a crystal coordinate of unit cell to a coordinate in a supercell.
-    Args:
-        coordinate (List[float]): The coordinates to convert.
-        scaling_factor (List[int]): The scaling factor for the supercell.
-        translation_vector (List[float]): The translation vector for the supercell.
-        reverse (bool): Whether to convert in the reverse transformation.
+class CoordinateCondition(BaseModel):
+    def condition(self, coordinate: List[float]) -> bool:
+        raise NotImplementedError
 
-    Returns:
-        List[float]: The converted coordinates.
-    """
-    if scaling_factor is None:
-        np_scaling_factor = np.array([3, 3, 3])
-    else:
-        np_scaling_factor = np.array(scaling_factor)
+    def get_json(self) -> Dict:
+        json = {"type": self.__class__.__name__}
+        json.update(self.dict())
+        return json
 
-    if translation_vector is None:
-        np_translation_vector = np.array([0, 0, 0])
-    else:
-        np_translation_vector = np.array(translation_vector)
 
-    np_coordinate = np.array(coordinate)
-    converted_array = np_coordinate * (1 / np_scaling_factor) + np_translation_vector
-    if reverse:
-        converted_array = (np_coordinate - np_translation_vector) * np_scaling_factor
-    return converted_array.tolist()
-
-
-class CoordinateConditionBuilder:
-    @staticmethod
-    def create_condition(condition_type: str, evaluation_func: Callable, **kwargs) -> Tuple[Callable, Dict]:
-        condition_json = {"type": condition_type, **kwargs}
-        return lambda coordinate: evaluation_func(coordinate, **kwargs), condition_json
-
-    @staticmethod
-    def cylinder(center_position=None, radius: float = 0.25, min_z: float = 0, max_z: float = 1):
-        if center_position is None:
-            center_position = [0.5, 0.5]
-        return CoordinateConditionBuilder.create_condition(
-            condition_type="cylinder",
-            evaluation_func=is_coordinate_in_cylinder,
-            center_position=center_position,
-            radius=radius,
-            min_z=min_z,
-            max_z=max_z,
-        )
+class CylinderCoordinateCondition(CoordinateCondition):
+    center_position: List[float] = Field(default_factory=lambda: [0.5, 0.5])
+    radius: float = 0.25
+    min_z: float = 0
+    max_z: float = 1
 
-    @staticmethod
-    def sphere(center_position=None, radius: float = 0.25):
-        if center_position is None:
-            center_position = [0.5, 0.5, 0.5]
-        return CoordinateConditionBuilder.create_condition(
-            condition_type="sphere",
-            evaluation_func=is_coordinate_in_sphere,
-            center_position=center_position,
-            radius=radius,
-        )
+    def condition(self, coordinate: List[float]) -> bool:
+        return is_coordinate_in_cylinder(coordinate, self.center_position, self.radius, self.min_z, self.max_z)
 
-    @staticmethod
-    def triangular_prism(
-        position_on_surface_1: List[float] = [0, 0],
-        position_on_surface_2: List[float] = [1, 0],
-        position_on_surface_3: List[float] = [0, 1],
-        min_z: float = 0,
-        max_z: float = 1,
-    ):
-        return CoordinateConditionBuilder.create_condition(
-            condition_type="prism",
-            evaluation_func=is_coordinate_in_triangular_prism,
-            coordinate_1=position_on_surface_1,
-            coordinate_2=position_on_surface_2,
-            coordinate_3=position_on_surface_3,
-            min_z=min_z,
-            max_z=max_z,
-        )
 
-    @staticmethod
-    def box(min_coordinate=None, max_coordinate=None):
-        if max_coordinate is None:
-            max_coordinate = [1, 1, 1]
-        if min_coordinate is None:
-            min_coordinate = [0, 0, 0]
-        return CoordinateConditionBuilder.create_condition(
-            condition_type="box",
-            evaluation_func=is_coordinate_in_box,
-            min_coordinate=min_coordinate,
-            max_coordinate=max_coordinate,
-        )
+class SphereCoordinateCondition(CoordinateCondition):
+    center_position: List[float] = Field(default_factory=lambda: [0.5, 0.5])
+    radius: float = 0.25
+
+    def condition(self, coordinate: List[float]) -> bool:
+        return is_coordinate_in_sphere(coordinate, self.center_position, self.radius)
+
+
+class BoxCoordinateCondition(CoordinateCondition):
+    min_coordinate: List[float] = Field(default_factory=lambda: [0, 0, 0])
+    max_coordinate: List[float] = Field(default_factory=lambda: [1, 1, 1])
 
-    @staticmethod
-    def plane(plane_normal: List[float], plane_point_coordinate: List[float]):
-        return CoordinateConditionBuilder.create_condition(
-            condition_type="plane",
-            evaluation_func=is_coordinate_behind_plane,
-            plane_normal=plane_normal,
-            plane_point_coordinate=plane_point_coordinate,
+    def condition(self, coordinate: List[float]) -> bool:
+        return is_coordinate_in_box(coordinate, self.min_coordinate, self.max_coordinate)
+
+
+class TriangularPrismCoordinateCondition(CoordinateCondition):
+    position_on_surface_1: List[float] = [0, 0]
+    position_on_surface_2: List[float] = [1, 0]
+    position_on_surface_3: List[float] = [0, 1]
+    min_z: float = 0
+    max_z: float = 1
+
+    def condition(self, coordinate: List[float]) -> bool:
+        return is_coordinate_in_triangular_prism(
+            coordinate,
+            self.position_on_surface_1,
+            self.position_on_surface_2,
+            self.position_on_surface_3,
+            self.min_z,
+            self.max_z,
         )
+
+
+class PlaneCoordinateCondition(CoordinateCondition):
+    plane_normal: List[float]
+    plane_point_coordinate: List[float]
+
+    def condition(self, coordinate: List[float]) -> bool:
+        return is_coordinate_behind_plane(coordinate, self.plane_normal, self.plane_point_coordinate)
diff --git a/src/py/mat3ra/made/tools/utils/factories.py b/src/py/mat3ra/made/tools/utils/factories.py
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..22b6343f7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/py/mat3ra/made/tools/utils/factories.py
@@ -0,0 +1,7 @@
+from mat3ra.utils.factory import BaseFactory
+
+
+class PerturbationFunctionHolderFactory(BaseFactory):
+    __class_registry__ = {
+        "sine_wave": "mat3ra.made.tools.utils.functions.SineWaveFunctionHolder",
+    }
diff --git a/src/py/mat3ra/made/tools/utils/functions.py b/src/py/mat3ra/made/tools/utils/functions.py
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..9d0ec4eaa
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/py/mat3ra/made/tools/utils/functions.py
@@ -0,0 +1,32 @@
+from typing import List
+
+from pydantic import BaseModel
+
+AXIS_TO_INDEX_MAP = {"x": 0, "y": 1, "z": 2}
+EQUATION_RANGE_COEFFICIENT = 5
+
+
+class FunctionHolder(BaseModel):
+    def apply_function(self, coordinate: List[float]) -> float:
+        """
+        Get the value of the function at the given coordinate.
+        """
+        raise NotImplementedError
+
+    def calculate_derivative(self, coordinate: List[float]) -> float:
+        """
+        Get the derivative of the function at the given coordinate
+        """
+        raise NotImplementedError
+
+    def calculate_arc_length(self, a: float, b: float) -> float:
+        """
+        Get the arc length of the function between a and b.
+        """
+        raise NotImplementedError
+
+    def get_json(self) -> dict:
+        """
+        Get the json representation of the function holder.
+        """
+        raise NotImplementedError
diff --git a/src/py/mat3ra/made/tools/utils/perturbation.py b/src/py/mat3ra/made/tools/utils/perturbation.py
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..8e5ff4cfd
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/py/mat3ra/made/tools/utils/perturbation.py
@@ -0,0 +1,77 @@
+from typing import List, Literal
+
+import numpy as np
+from scipy.integrate import quad
+from scipy.optimize import root_scalar
+
+from .functions import AXIS_TO_INDEX_MAP, EQUATION_RANGE_COEFFICIENT, FunctionHolder
+
+
+class PerturbationFunctionHolder(FunctionHolder):
+    def calculate_arc_length_equation(self, w_prime: float, w: float) -> float:
+        """
+        Get the arc length equation for the perturbation function.
+        """
+        arc_length = quad(
+            lambda t: np.sqrt(1 + (self.calculate_derivative([t]) ** 2)),
+            a=0,
+            b=w_prime,
+        )[0]
+        return arc_length - w
+
+    def transform_coordinates(self, coordinate: List[float]) -> List[float]:
+        """
+        Transform coordinates to preserve the distance between points on a sine wave when perturbation is applied.
+        Achieved by calculating the integral of the length between [0,0,0] and given coordinate.
+
+        Returns:
+            Callable[[List[float]], List[float]]: The coordinates transformation function.
+        """
+        raise NotImplementedError
+
+    def apply_perturbation(self, coordinate: List[float]) -> List[float]:
+        """
+        Apply the perturbation to the given coordinate.
+        """
+        raise NotImplementedError
+
+
+class SineWavePerturbationFunctionHolder(PerturbationFunctionHolder):
+    amplitude: float = 0.05
+    wavelength: float = 1
+    phase: float = 0
+    axis: Literal["x", "y"] = "x"
+
+    def apply_function(self, coordinate: List[float]) -> float:
+        w = coordinate[AXIS_TO_INDEX_MAP[self.axis]]
+        return self.amplitude * np.sin(2 * np.pi * w / self.wavelength + self.phase)
+
+    def calculate_derivative(self, coordinate: List[float]) -> float:
+        w = coordinate[AXIS_TO_INDEX_MAP[self.axis]]
+        return self.amplitude * 2 * np.pi / self.wavelength * np.cos(2 * np.pi * w / self.wavelength + self.phase)
+
+    def apply_perturbation(self, coordinate: List[float]) -> List[float]:
+        return [coordinate[0], coordinate[1], coordinate[2] + self.apply_function(coordinate)]
+
+    def transform_coordinates(self, coordinate: List[float]) -> List[float]:
+        index = AXIS_TO_INDEX_MAP[self.axis]
+
+        w = coordinate[index]
+        # Find x' such that the integral from 0 to x' equals x
+        result = root_scalar(
+            self.calculate_arc_length_equation,
+            args=w,
+            bracket=[0, EQUATION_RANGE_COEFFICIENT * w],
+            method="brentq",
+        )
+        coordinate[index] = result.root
+        return coordinate
+
+    def get_json(self) -> dict:
+        return {
+            "type": self.__class__.__name__,
+            "amplitude": self.amplitude,
+            "wavelength": self.wavelength,
+            "phase": self.phase,
+            "axis": self.axis,
+        }
diff --git a/tests/py/unit/fixtures.py b/tests/py/unit/fixtures.py
index 384d21a14..193a9af55 100644
--- a/tests/py/unit/fixtures.py
+++ b/tests/py/unit/fixtures.py
@@ -114,7 +114,7 @@
 }
 
 SI_SUPERCELL_2X2X1: Dict[str, Any] = {
-    "name": "Si8",
+    "name": "Silicon FCC",
     "basis": {
         "elements": [
             {"id": 0, "value": "Si"},
@@ -260,3 +260,32 @@
 )
 t_001 = get_terminations(slab_001_config)[0]
 SLAB_001 = create_slab(slab_001_config, t_001)
+
+GRAPHENE = {
+    "name": "Graphene",
+    "basis": {
+        "elements": [{"id": 0, "value": "C"}, {"id": 1, "value": "C"}],
+        "coordinates": [{"id": 0, "value": [0, 0, 0]}, {"id": 1, "value": [0.333333, 0.666667, 0]}],
+        "units": "crystal",
+        "cell": [[2.467291, 0, 0], [-1.2336454999, 2.1367366845, 0], [0, 0, 20]],
+        "constraints": [],
+    },
+    "lattice": {
+        "a": 2.467291,
+        "b": 2.467291,
+        "c": 20,
+        "alpha": 90,
+        "beta": 90,
+        "gamma": 120,
+        "units": {"length": "angstrom", "angle": "degree"},
+        "type": "HEX",
+        "vectors": {
+            "a": [2.467291, 0, 0],
+            "b": [-1.233645, 2.136737, 0],
+            "c": [0, 0, 20],
+            "alat": 1,
+            "units": "angstrom",
+        },
+    },
+    "isNonPeriodic": False,
+}
diff --git a/tests/py/unit/test_tools_build_defect.py b/tests/py/unit/test_tools_build_defect.py
index 647610b57..1ee349fae 100644
--- a/tests/py/unit/test_tools_build_defect.py
+++ b/tests/py/unit/test_tools_build_defect.py
@@ -19,7 +19,7 @@
     PointDefectPairConfiguration,
     TerraceSlabDefectConfiguration,
 )
-from mat3ra.made.tools.utils import CoordinateConditionBuilder
+from mat3ra.made.tools.utils import coordinate as CoordinateCondition
 from mat3ra.utils import assertion as assertion_utils
 
 from .fixtures import SLAB_001, SLAB_111
@@ -114,7 +114,9 @@ def test_create_crystal_site_adatom():
 
 
 def test_create_island():
-    condition = CoordinateConditionBuilder.cylinder(center_position=[0.625, 0.5], radius=0.25, min_z=0, max_z=1)
+    condition = CoordinateCondition.CylinderCoordinateCondition(
+        center_position=[0.625, 0.5], radius=0.25, min_z=0, max_z=1
+    )
     island_config = IslandSlabDefectConfiguration(
         crystal=SLAB_111,
         defect_type="island",
diff --git a/tests/py/unit/test_tools_build_perturbation.py b/tests/py/unit/test_tools_build_perturbation.py
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..86232a5dc
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/py/unit/test_tools_build_perturbation.py
@@ -0,0 +1,50 @@
+from mat3ra.made.cell import Cell
+from mat3ra.made.material import Material
+from mat3ra.made.tools.build.perturbation import create_perturbation
+from mat3ra.made.tools.build.perturbation.builders import SlabPerturbationBuilder
+from mat3ra.made.tools.build.perturbation.configuration import PerturbationConfiguration
+from mat3ra.made.tools.build.supercell import create_supercell
+from mat3ra.made.tools.utils.perturbation import SineWavePerturbationFunctionHolder
+from mat3ra.utils import assertion as assertion_utils
+
+from .fixtures import GRAPHENE
+
+
+def test_sine_perturbation():
+    material = Material(GRAPHENE)
+    slab = create_supercell(material, [[10, 0, 0], [0, 10, 0], [0, 0, 1]])
+
+    perturbation_config = PerturbationConfiguration(
+        material=slab,
+        perturbation_function=SineWavePerturbationFunctionHolder(amplitude=0.05, wavelength=1),
+        use_cartesian_coordinates=False,
+    )
+    builder = SlabPerturbationBuilder()
+    perturbed_slab = builder.get_material(perturbation_config)
+    # Check selected atoms to avoid using 100+ atoms fixture
+    assertion_utils.assert_deep_almost_equal([0.0, 0.0, 0.5], perturbed_slab.basis.coordinates.values[0])
+    assertion_utils.assert_deep_almost_equal([0.2, 0.1, 0.547552826], perturbed_slab.basis.coordinates.values[42])
+
+
+def test_distance_preserved_sine_perturbation():
+    material = Material(GRAPHENE)
+    slab = create_supercell(material, [[10, 0, 0], [0, 10, 0], [0, 0, 1]])
+
+    perturbation_config = PerturbationConfiguration(
+        material=slab,
+        perturbation_function=SineWavePerturbationFunctionHolder(amplitude=0.05, wavelength=1, phase=0.25, axis="y"),
+        use_cartesian_coordinates=False,
+    )
+    perturbed_slab = create_perturbation(configuration=perturbation_config, preserve_distance=True)
+    # Check selected atoms to avoid using 100+ atoms fixture
+    assertion_utils.assert_deep_almost_equal([0.0, 0.0, 0.5], perturbed_slab.basis.coordinates.values[0])
+    assertion_utils.assert_deep_almost_equal(
+        [0.201132951, 0.1, 0.546942315], perturbed_slab.basis.coordinates.values[42]
+    )
+    # Value taken from visually inspected notebook
+    expected_cell = Cell(
+        vector1=[23.517094, 0.0, 0.0],
+        vector2=[-11.758818, 21.367367, 0.0],
+        vector3=[0.0, 0.0, 20.0],
+    )
+    assertion_utils.assert_deep_almost_equal(expected_cell.vectors_as_array, perturbed_slab.basis.cell.vectors_as_array)