diff --git a/book/_config.yml b/book/_config.yml index 91cbeac..c7d8fc2 100644 --- a/book/_config.yml +++ b/book/_config.yml @@ -19,6 +19,7 @@ sphinx: html_js_files: - https://cdnjs.cloudflare.com/ajax/libs/require.js/2.3.4/require.min.js - tikzjax.js # Uses a local copy to expose the process_function + - remove-darkmode.js thebe_config: use_thebe_lite: true exclude_patterns: ["**/_*.yml", "**/*.md", "**/*.ipynb"] @@ -27,7 +28,7 @@ sphinx: text: Example Maglev Assignment image_light: maggy.png # Put your logo for the light mode here (can be the same as image_dark) image_dark: maggy.png # Put your logo for the dark mode here (can be the same as image_light) - repository_url: "https://github.com/ForceoftheCyber/CyberBook" #add your own repo URL here + repository_url: "https://github.com/ForceoftheCyber/CyberBook" # add your own repo URL here path_to_docs: "book" repository_branch: "main" use_edit_page_button: true @@ -42,6 +43,12 @@ sphinx: chtml: { mtextInheritFont: true # To typeset text within math prettier } + tex: { + inlineMath: [['$', '$'], ['\(', '\)']] + } + inverter_all: false + html_context: + default_mode: "light" extra_extensions: - sphinx.ext.imgconverter - jupyterbook_patches diff --git a/book/_static/2D_Maggy_Model.png b/book/_static/2D_Maggy_Model.png new file mode 100644 index 0000000..22bb698 Binary files /dev/null and b/book/_static/2D_Maggy_Model.png differ diff --git a/book/_static/chuo_shinkansen.jpg b/book/_static/chuo_shinkansen.jpg new file mode 100644 index 0000000..cd675ca Binary files /dev/null and b/book/_static/chuo_shinkansen.jpg differ diff --git a/book/_static/custom.css b/book/_static/custom.css index 30150c9..23345f2 100644 --- a/book/_static/custom.css +++ b/book/_static/custom.css @@ -4,5 +4,7 @@ Force p-elements in .jupyter-widgets to use the same color as the header-element Could alternatively use --pst-color-text-base so it matches the static p-elements in the book. */ .jupyter-widgets p { - color: var(--pst-color-muted) + color: var(--pst-color-muted); + font-size: 16px; + margin-bottom: 0; } diff --git a/book/_static/maglev_history/NASA_FLOAT.jpg b/book/_static/maglev_history/NASA_FLOAT.jpg new file mode 100644 index 0000000..007da0f Binary files /dev/null and b/book/_static/maglev_history/NASA_FLOAT.jpg differ diff --git a/book/_static/maglev_history/Suspension.png b/book/_static/maglev_history/Suspension.png new file mode 100644 index 0000000..0eede59 Binary files /dev/null and b/book/_static/maglev_history/Suspension.png differ diff --git a/book/_static/maglev_history/crealev_octo88.png b/book/_static/maglev_history/crealev_octo88.png new file mode 100644 index 0000000..4146347 Binary files /dev/null and b/book/_static/maglev_history/crealev_octo88.png differ diff --git a/book/_static/maglev_history/planar_motors.jpg b/book/_static/maglev_history/planar_motors.jpg new file mode 100644 index 0000000..1b4b4ad Binary files /dev/null and b/book/_static/maglev_history/planar_motors.jpg differ diff --git a/book/_static/maglev_history/quanser_maglev_module.jpg b/book/_static/maglev_history/quanser_maglev_module.jpg new file mode 100644 index 0000000..c038b16 Binary files /dev/null and b/book/_static/maglev_history/quanser_maglev_module.jpg differ diff --git a/book/_static/remove-themeswitch.js b/book/_static/remove-themeswitch.js new file mode 100644 index 0000000..acb86ef --- /dev/null +++ b/book/_static/remove-themeswitch.js @@ -0,0 +1,9 @@ +/** + * Fix to disable theme switching on the page. Removes the the button for switching themes. + */ +document.addEventListener("DOMContentLoaded", function () { + const btn = document.getElementsByClassName("btn btn-sm nav-link pst-navbar-icon theme-switch-button")[0]; + if (btn) { + btn.remove(); + } + }); \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/book/_static/transrapid.jpg b/book/_static/transrapid.jpg new file mode 100644 index 0000000..2b08caf Binary files /dev/null and b/book/_static/transrapid.jpg differ diff --git a/book/_toc.yml b/book/_toc.yml index 7de4c7a..d105d51 100644 --- a/book/_toc.yml +++ b/book/_toc.yml @@ -2,17 +2,20 @@ format: jb-book root: intro.md parts: - - caption: PID Control + - caption: Introduction numbered: True chapters: - - file: chapters/pid_control/intro.md - sections: - - file: chapters/pid_control/aligning_expectations.ipynb - - file: chapters/pid_control/checking_prerequisite_knowledge.ipynb - - file: chapters/pid_control/working_towards_the_ilos_of_this_section.ipynb - - file: chapters/pid_control/metacognition_and_reflection.ipynb - - file: chapters/simulator/maglev_dynamical_system_simulation.ipynb - + - file: chapters/introducing_maggy.md + - file: chapters/Magnetic_levitation_history.md + - caption: Assignment + numbered: True + chapters: + - file: chapters/ilo_and_prerequisites.ipynb + - file: chapters/system_description.ipynb + - file: chapters/equilibrium_analysis.ipynb + - file: chapters/linearization_and_stability.ipynb + - file: chapters/controller_design.ipynb + - file: chapters/robustness_and_model_validation.ipynb - file: references.md # - file: changelog.md # - file: credits.md diff --git a/book/chapters/Magnetic_levitation_history.md b/book/chapters/Magnetic_levitation_history.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000..2afc79b --- /dev/null +++ b/book/chapters/Magnetic_levitation_history.md @@ -0,0 +1,245 @@ +# A Brief History of Magnetic Levitation Technology + +```{note} This is an abstract from the MAGGY - Hands on control learning with a maglev system +``` + +
Maggy is far from being the first magnetic levitation system to be created. +In this chapter, we outline some other types of magnetic levitation systems and technology and discuss how Maggy fits in. +Most of the history and theory can be found in the book by Han and Kim1
+The word Maglev was first introduced and popularized in the early +20th century as a term to describe a type of high-speed train that +relies on magnetic levitation to reduce friction.
+ +The first commercial Maglev train, the Transrapid, was developed +in Germany and began operations in 1984. This train was an elec- +tromagnetic maglev. Instead of wheels, the Transrapid had a set of +electromagnets that wrapped around the train lines, and the train +levitated through the attractive force between these magnets and elec- +tromagnets in the tracks. This, combined with a linear motor propul- +sive system, has allowed the most recent version of the Transrapid +system to reach speeds up to 505 km/h.
+ +Since the Transrapid, there has been an explosion in the devel- +opment of Maglev train technology, with the most promising being +electrodynamic maglev trains. Instead of lifting coils, these trains rely +on superconductors to passively levitate above or between a set of +guiding coils. These coils are not actively controlled, but act effec- +tively as permanent magnets that perfectly oppose the magnetic field +of the superconductors once the train reaches a certain speed, due +to induced current from the superconductors. As with the electro- +magnetic maglevs, propulsion is achieved with a linear motor, while +propulsion below the levitation speed is achieved using conventional +wheels. The electrodynamic levitation technology allows for bet- +ter stability and lower cost levitation, with trains already reaching +speeds of up to 607 km/h.
+ +1T Hyung-Suk Han and Dong-Sung + Kim. Magnetic levitation, volume 247. + Springer, 2016
+ +
+ Figure 4.1: The world-famousShanghai airport maglev + train is an 08 series Tran- + srapid [Xplore, 2024]
+ +
+ Figure 4.2: The Ch ¯u ¯o +Shinkansen is an electrody- +namic maglev that is set to +start operation between Tokyo +and Nagoya in Japan from +2027 [Museum, 2024]
++ The above outlines two important magnetic levitation concepts; elec- +tromagnetic suspension and electromagnetic levitation. As illustrated in +Figure 4.3, suspension simply alludes to the fact that something is +suspended (against gravity) using magnetic attraction, while levita- +tion uses magnetic repulsion to counteract the gravitational force. As +already mentioned, the Transrapid is a perfect example of the for- +mer, while electrodynamic maglevs rely somewhat on both of these +concepts to achieve levitation. +
+
+ + The above concepts are examples of static magnetic levitation. A +famous theorem by Samuel Ernshaw states that it is not possible to +achieve stable levitation using any configuration of magnets with +fixed magnetization.2 Thus, any static levitation system relies on +some sort of external corrective force for levitate. This is usually +where the electro part comes in; stability is usually solved by mea- +suring the position of the levitating magnet and stabilizing it using a +controller to adjust the current in electromagnetic solenoids. Suspen- +sion systems are naturally stable in the lateral direction (like a pen- +dulum), and thus only require vertical corrective action, while levi- +tation systems are unstable in the lateral direction (like an inverted +pendulum), and thus require lateral stabilization. In the following, +we will see examples of how the concepts above are commonly ap- +plied in industrial and commercial systems. +
++ Figure 4.3: A comparison be- +tween magnetic suspension and +magnetic levitation. +
++ 2 Roberto Bassani. Earnshaw (1805– +1888) and passive magnetic levitation. +Meccanica, 41:375–389, 2006 +
+A good example of magnetic suspension in an industrial setting is +magnetic bearings. These bearings use electromagnets to actively +control the position of the rotor to be in the center of the bearing, +allowing for near frictionless rotation. However, the additional bulk +and complexity added by the suspension system make these bearings +large and expensive, and they are therefore mostly used in costly +and high-precision devices, including medical equipment, industrial +machinery, and scientific instruments.
++ A planar motor, such as those offered by Planar Motors Inc. and + Beckhoff 3, is a more sophisticated application of magnetic levitation. + These consist of a magnetic mover that is levitating very close to a +base filled with electromagnets. These motors operate on a flat sur- +face and can move in multiple directions without physical contact, +offering high precision and flexibility. Planar motors are essential in +industries that require precise positioning and high-speed motion, +such as semiconductor manufacturing and automated assembly lines. +
+NASA’s Flexible Levitation on a Track (FLOAT) system offers a +unique application of magnetic levitation. This system is a conceptual +magnetic road that can be rolled out onto the lunar surface for +the transportation of material when future moon bases are to be +constructed. Like planar motors, the roads are magnetic bases with +small loaded carts levitating above them. Unlike planar motors and +most other commercial uses of magnetic levitation technology, the +levitation is achieved passively using diamagnetism, circumventing +Earnshaw’s theorem and allowing for levitation without the use of +electromagnets.
+Magnetic levitation technology is also hugely important in other +fields of science. Aside from the use of planar motors for the pre- +cise movement of scientific equipment and components, the most +prominent use of magnetic levitation is the concept of magnetic con- +finement. The two largest research projects today — the CERN Large +Hadron Collider and the ITER Tokamak fusion reactor — would both +not be possible without magnetic confinement to guide particles/- +plasma without physical contact.4
+
+ + Figure 4.4: An illustration of +a planar motor developed by +Planar Motors Inc. [PMI, 2024] +
++ 3 PMI. Planar motors, 2024. URL +https://planarmotor.com/en. Ac- +cessed: 2024-05-25; and Beckhoff Au- +tomation. Beckhoff - xplanar planar +motor system, 2024. URL. +Accessed: 2024-05-25 +
+
+ Figure 4.5: An illustration +of NASA’s FLOAT con- +cept [NASA, 2024]
++4 ITER Organization. Iter - the machine, +2024. URL https://www.iter.org/mach. +Accessed: 2024-05-28; and CERN. Cern + - the large hadron collider, + 2024. URL. + Accessed: 2024-05-28 +
+Maglev technology has also made its way into consumer products. +For the most part, these are almost direct applications of the suspension and levitation concepts mentioned above and are mostly +used as novelty ornaments or display cases. A common example that +most people are probably familiar with is a floating globe suspended +below an electromagnet.
+More relevant for us, though, are the systems that rely on magnetic +levitation. These systems typically consist of a base equipped with +electromagnets and/or permanent magnets, and optical or magnetic +sensors, that keep a permanent magnet levitating stably above the +base. Among these is Levimoon, which sells magnetically levitating +moons that light up using battery power.5 Floately and Flyte are known for their floating lightbulbs that are cleverly designed to light +up using magnetic induction.6 The latter offers a range of levitation +platforms that can even keep a magnet levitating in any orientation. +Having enough power to lift heavy objects is a common issue, and +so the company Crealev specializes in magnetic levitation modules +that are capable of lifting heavy loads with a large gap between the +levitating magnet and the base.7
+
+ Figure 4.6: The Crealev Octo88 +levitation module, capable of +lifting a load of 10 kg [Crealev, +2024]
+5 Levimoon. Levimoon, 2024. URL +http://ww.levimoon.com/. Accessed: +2024-05-24
++6 Floately. Floately, 2024. URL https: +//www.floately.com/. Accessed: 2024- +05-24; and Flyte. Flyte, 2024. URL +https://flytestore.com/. Accessed: +2024-05-24
+7 Crealev. Crealev, 2024. URL https: +//www.crealev.com/. Accessed: 2024- +06-04
+In terms of teaching, there are not many alternatives offered for small +magnetic levitation systems. As far as the authors know, the only +available magnetic levitation system for this is the Quanser magnetic +suspension lab.8 Quanser is a leader in engineering education soluions and offers this lab as part of their portfolio, to allow students +to study the principles of magnetic levitation and control systems in +a hands-on environment. This platform is widely used in universi- +ties and research institutions for teaching and research purposes. It +is a magnetic suspension system where an iron ball is lifted using an +electromagnet and an optical sensor. They offer a comprehensive lab +guide and seamless integration into Matlab and Simulink. However, +their lab is proprietary, and each unit can be very costly. Further- +more, the suspension design effectively makes this a 1DOF system, +limiting the potential applications and educational benefits.
+In contrast, Maggy is a magnetic levitation system, similar to the +more common commercial levitation platforms mentioned above, +that is not proprietary, and it is designed to be cheap enough for +students to build themselves or bring home.
+
+ Figure 4.7: The Quanser mag- +netic suspension lab [Quanser, +2024]
+