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+---
+nav_order: 47
+parent: Decision Records
+status: accepted
+date: 2025-07-31
+decision-makers: "@ryan-carpenter, @ThiloteE, @SiedlerChr, @callixtus, @koppor"
+---
+<!-- markdownlint-disable-next-line MD025 -->
+# Use References Headings in Citations Tab
+
+## Context and Problem Statement
+
+The tab "Citation relations" shows the references of the paper as well as the papers citing the current paper.
+It is layouted using two columns.
+When not working deeply with citation relations, it is unclar, what the left column and the right column present.
+Before July 2025, JabRef used "cites" and "cited by" as headings, but these were too short.
+
+There is only one form of citation. Citation is always "backward", so there is nothing wrong with cites and cited by, except that sometimes you need a noun to refer to things that are cited or cited by, and there is only one word for that.
+It's "citations".
+That's a problem when you want to distinguishe between citations that mean cites and citations that mean cited by. Hence the use of forward and backward.
+
+How to name the headings of these two areas?
+
+## Decision Drivers
+
+* Headings should be understandable by (nearly) all user groups
+* Headings should be consistent with terms used in certain fields
+
+## Considered Options
+
+* "References cited in {citationkey}" and "References that cite {citationkey}"
+* "backward (cites)" and "forward (cited by)"
+* "Backward Citations" and "Forward Citations"
+* "References (cites)" and "Citations (cited by)"
+* "References" and "Cited by"
+* "Cites" and "Cited by"
+
+## Decision Outcome
+
+Chosen option: ""References cited in {citationkey}" and "References that cite {citationkey}""", because comes out best (see below).
+
+## Pros and Cons of the Options
+
+## "References cited in {citationkey}" and "References that cite {citationkey}"
+
+{citationkey} - if not available, use "this entry".
+
+Tooltip left: Also called "backward citations"
+
+Tooltrip right: Also called "forward citations"
+
+Regarding "cited in {citationkey}" or "cited by {citationkey}", either would do, but I am going on the theory that user-x thinks of {citationkey} as the paper, so the most natural cognitive process is that the references are cited by the authors in the paper.
+
+* Good, because no confusion regarding "References" and "Citations".
+* Good, because left and right cite are different on purpose to create contrast.
+
+## "backward (cites)" and "forward (cited by)"
+
+Tooltip: outgoing citations - works that are cited by this work. "Backward", because looking back in time.
+
+Tooltip: incoming citations - works that cite this work. "Forward", because looking forward in time.
+
+* Good, because all lower case
+* Good, because combines two concepts in the heading
+* Bad, because uses braces
+
+## "Backward Citations" and "Forward Citations"
+
+Backward citations
+
+Tooltip: Outgoing citations - works that are cited by this work. "Backward", because looking back in time.
+
+Forward citations
+
+Tooltip: Incoming citations - works that cite this work. "Forward", because looking forward on the time axis, with the time the work was created being the dividing line between backwards and forwards.
+
+Technical words should be defined in the tooltip explicitly. Forward and backwards and sideways and upwards and outgoing and incoming are all technical words.
+
+* Good, because common terms in SLR
+* Bad, because "backward" and forward" sound too technical
+* Bad, because too abstract for the average user and does not have clear semantics
+
+## "References (cites)" and "Citations (cited by)"
+
+References (cites)
+Tooltip: Works cited by the work at hand
+
+Citations (cited by)
+Tooltip: Works citing the work at hand
+
+* Good, because used by Semantic Scholar
+* Good, because combines two concepts in the heading
+* Bad, because the braces in the heading are unusual
+
+## "References" and "Cited by"
+
+Example: <https://dblp.org/rec/conf/zeus/VoigtKW21.html>
+
+* Good, because used by DBLP
+* Good, because "Cited by" is easy to understand.
+* Good, because "Cited by" is also used by Google Scholar
+* Bad, because mix of noun and verb
+
+## "Cites" and "Cited by"
+
+* Good, because verbs
+* Bad, because too close to each other