diff --git a/cornac/data/dataset.py b/cornac/data/dataset.py
index 169a4b274..40480506c 100644
--- a/cornac/data/dataset.py
+++ b/cornac/data/dataset.py
@@ -272,7 +272,7 @@ def dok_matrix(self):
         """The user-item interaction matrix in DOK sparse format"""
         if self.__dok_matrix is None:
             self.__dok_matrix = dok_matrix(
-                (self.num_users, self.num_items), dtype=np.float32
+                (self.num_users, self.num_items), dtype='float'
             )
             for u, i, r in zip(*self.uir_tuple):
                 self.__dok_matrix[u, i] = r
@@ -364,13 +364,13 @@ def build(
             raise ValueError("data is empty after being filtered!")
 
         uir_tuple = (
-            np.asarray(u_indices, dtype=np.int),
-            np.asarray(i_indices, dtype=np.int),
-            np.asarray(r_values, dtype=np.float),
+            np.asarray(u_indices, dtype='int'),
+            np.asarray(i_indices, dtype='int'),
+            np.asarray(r_values, dtype='float'),
         )
 
         timestamps = (
-            np.fromiter((int(data[i][3]) for i in valid_idx), dtype=np.int)
+            np.fromiter((int(data[i][3]) for i in valid_idx), dtype='int')
             if fmt == "UIRT"
             else None
         )
@@ -447,7 +447,7 @@ def idx_iter(self, idx_range, batch_size=1, shuffle=False):
 
         Returns
         -------
-        iterator : batch of indices (array of np.int)
+        iterator : batch of indices (array of 'int')
 
         """
         indices = np.arange(idx_range)
@@ -481,8 +481,8 @@ def uir_iter(self, batch_size=1, shuffle=False, binary=False, num_zeros=0):
 
         Returns
         -------
-        iterator : batch of users (array of np.int), batch of items (array of np.int),
-            batch of ratings (array of np.float)
+        iterator : batch of users (array of 'int'), batch of items (array of 'int'),
+            batch of ratings (array of 'float')
 
         """
         for batch_ids in self.idx_iter(len(self.uir_tuple[0]), batch_size, shuffle):
@@ -524,8 +524,8 @@ def uij_iter(self, batch_size=1, shuffle=False, neg_sampling="uniform"):
 
         Returns
         -------
-        iterator : batch of users (array of np.int), batch of positive items (array of np.int),
-            batch of negative items (array of np.int)
+        iterator : batch of users (array of 'int'), batch of positive items (array of 'int'),
+            batch of negative items (array of 'int')
 
         """
 
@@ -562,9 +562,9 @@ def user_iter(self, batch_size=1, shuffle=False):
 
         Returns
         -------
-        iterator : batch of user indices (array of np.int)
+        iterator : batch of user indices (array of 'int')
         """
-        user_indices = np.fromiter(self.user_indices, dtype=np.int)
+        user_indices = np.fromiter(self.user_indices, dtype='int')
         for batch_ids in self.idx_iter(len(user_indices), batch_size, shuffle):
             yield user_indices[batch_ids]
 
@@ -580,9 +580,9 @@ def item_iter(self, batch_size=1, shuffle=False):
 
         Returns
         -------
-        iterator : batch of item indices (array of np.int)
+        iterator : batch of item indices (array of 'int')
         """
-        item_indices = np.fromiter(self.item_indices, np.int)
+        item_indices = np.fromiter(self.item_indices, 'int')
         for batch_ids in self.idx_iter(len(item_indices), batch_size, shuffle):
             yield item_indices[batch_ids]
 
diff --git a/cornac/data/graph.py b/cornac/data/graph.py
index 38ef66d3d..79efec3da 100644
--- a/cornac/data/graph.py
+++ b/cornac/data/graph.py
@@ -61,9 +61,9 @@ def _build_triplet(self, id_map):
             self.map_cid.append(id_map[j])
             self.val.append(v)
 
-        self.map_rid = np.asarray(self.map_rid, dtype=np.int)
-        self.map_cid = np.asarray(self.map_cid, dtype=np.int)
-        self.val = np.asarray(self.val, dtype=np.float)
+        self.map_rid = np.asarray(self.map_rid, dtype='int')
+        self.map_cid = np.asarray(self.map_cid, dtype='int')
+        self.val = np.asarray(self.val, dtype='float')
 
     def build(self, id_map=None, **kwargs):
         super().build(id_map=id_map)
diff --git a/cornac/data/text.py b/cornac/data/text.py
index 2d965e5bd..bd0178bbe 100644
--- a/cornac/data/text.py
+++ b/cornac/data/text.py
@@ -914,7 +914,7 @@ def batch_seq(self, batch_ids, max_length=None):
         if max_length is None:
             max_length = max(len(self.sequences[mapped_id]) for mapped_id in batch_ids)
 
-        seq_mat = np.zeros((len(batch_ids), max_length), dtype=np.int)
+        seq_mat = np.zeros((len(batch_ids), max_length), dtype='int')
         for i, mapped_id in enumerate(batch_ids):
             idx_seq = self.sequences[mapped_id][:max_length]
             for j, idx in enumerate(idx_seq):
diff --git a/cornac/eval_methods/base_method.py b/cornac/eval_methods/base_method.py
index 0a2d8279e..2d63e8373 100644
--- a/cornac/eval_methods/base_method.py
+++ b/cornac/eval_methods/base_method.py
@@ -79,7 +79,7 @@ def rating_eval(model, metrics, test_set, user_based=False, verbose=False):
             miniters=100,
             total=len(u_indices),
         ),
-        dtype=np.float,
+        dtype='float',
     )
 
     gt_mat = test_set.csr_matrix
@@ -177,7 +177,7 @@ def pos_items(csr_row):
         if len(test_pos_items) == 0:
             continue
 
-        u_gt_pos = np.zeros(test_set.num_items, dtype=np.int)
+        u_gt_pos = np.zeros(test_set.num_items, dtype='int')
         u_gt_pos[test_pos_items] = 1
 
         val_pos_items = [] if val_mat is None else pos_items(val_mat.getrow(user_idx))
@@ -187,7 +187,7 @@ def pos_items(csr_row):
             else pos_items(train_mat.getrow(user_idx))
         )
 
-        u_gt_neg = np.ones(test_set.num_items, dtype=np.int)
+        u_gt_neg = np.ones(test_set.num_items, dtype='int')
         u_gt_neg[test_pos_items + val_pos_items + train_pos_items] = 0
 
         item_indices = None if exclude_unknowns else np.arange(test_set.num_items)
diff --git a/cornac/eval_methods/propensity_stratified_evaluation.py b/cornac/eval_methods/propensity_stratified_evaluation.py
index 3517296d1..aa1751e06 100644
--- a/cornac/eval_methods/propensity_stratified_evaluation.py
+++ b/cornac/eval_methods/propensity_stratified_evaluation.py
@@ -87,7 +87,7 @@ def pos_items(csr_row):
         if len(test_pos_items) == 0:
             continue
 
-        u_gt_pos = np.zeros(test_set.num_items, dtype=np.float)
+        u_gt_pos = np.zeros(test_set.num_items, dtype='float')
         u_gt_pos[test_pos_items] = 1
 
         val_pos_items = [] if val_mat is None else pos_items(val_mat.getrow(user_idx))
@@ -97,7 +97,7 @@ def pos_items(csr_row):
             else pos_items(train_mat.getrow(user_idx))
         )
 
-        u_gt_neg = np.ones(test_set.num_items, dtype=np.int)
+        u_gt_neg = np.ones(test_set.num_items, dtype='int')
         u_gt_neg[test_pos_items + val_pos_items + train_pos_items] = 0
 
         item_indices = None if exclude_unknowns else np.arange(test_set.num_items)
@@ -256,7 +256,7 @@ def _estimate_propensities(self):
             item_freq[i] += 1
 
         # fit the exponential param
-        data = np.array([e for e in item_freq.values()], dtype=np.float)
+        data = np.array([e for e in item_freq.values()], dtype='float')
         results = powerlaw.Fit(data, discrete=True, fit_method="Likelihood")
         alpha = results.power_law.alpha
         fmin = results.power_law.xmin
@@ -277,7 +277,7 @@ def _build_stratified_dataset(self, test_data):
 
         # match the corresponding propensity score for each feedback
         test_props = np.array(
-            [self.props[i] for u, i, r in test_data], dtype=np.float64
+            [self.props[i] for u, i, r in test_data], dtype='float'
         )
 
         # stratify
diff --git a/cornac/metrics/ranking.py b/cornac/metrics/ranking.py
index 166f65313..b5535dc3f 100644
--- a/cornac/metrics/ranking.py
+++ b/cornac/metrics/ranking.py
@@ -437,8 +437,8 @@ def compute(self, pd_scores, gt_pos, gt_neg=None, **kwargs):
         if gt_neg is None:
             gt_neg = np.logical_not(gt_pos)
 
-        pos_scores = pd_scores[gt_pos.astype(np.bool)]
-        neg_scores = pd_scores[gt_neg.astype(np.bool)]
+        pos_scores = pd_scores[gt_pos.astype('bool')]
+        neg_scores = pd_scores[gt_neg.astype('bool')]
         ui_scores = np.repeat(pos_scores, len(neg_scores))
         uj_scores = np.tile(neg_scores, len(pos_scores))
 
@@ -476,7 +476,7 @@ def compute(self, pd_scores, gt_pos, **kwargs):
             AP score.
 
         """
-        relevant = gt_pos.astype(np.bool)
+        relevant = gt_pos.astype('bool')
         rank = rankdata(-pd_scores, "max")[relevant]
         L = rankdata(-pd_scores[relevant], "max")
         ans = (L / rank).mean()
diff --git a/cornac/models/cdl/recom_cdl.py b/cornac/models/cdl/recom_cdl.py
index bc85a344f..349799bf7 100644
--- a/cornac/models/cdl/recom_cdl.py
+++ b/cornac/models/cdl/recom_cdl.py
@@ -181,6 +181,8 @@ def fit(self, train_set, val_set=None):
     def _fit_cdl(self):
         import tensorflow.compat.v1 as tf
         from .cdl import Model
+        
+        tf.disable_eager_execution()
 
         R = self.train_set.csc_matrix  # csc for efficient slicing over items
         n_users, n_items = self.train_set.num_users, self.train_set.num_items
diff --git a/cornac/models/cdl/requirements.txt b/cornac/models/cdl/requirements.txt
index 26ff9379f..a60e13761 100644
--- a/cornac/models/cdl/requirements.txt
+++ b/cornac/models/cdl/requirements.txt
@@ -1 +1 @@
-tensorflow==1.15.2
\ No newline at end of file
+tensorflow==2.12.0
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/cornac/models/cdr/model.py b/cornac/models/cdr/cdr.py
similarity index 99%
rename from cornac/models/cdr/model.py
rename to cornac/models/cdr/cdr.py
index eeaa40353..fde7c3a83 100644
--- a/cornac/models/cdr/model.py
+++ b/cornac/models/cdr/cdr.py
@@ -14,7 +14,7 @@
 # ============================================================================
 """Collaborative Deep Ranking model"""
 
-import tensorflow as tf
+import tensorflow.compat.v1 as tf
 
 from ..cdl.cdl import sdae
 
diff --git a/cornac/models/cdr/recom_cdr.py b/cornac/models/cdr/recom_cdr.py
index 6d2b01a07..db22a63f1 100644
--- a/cornac/models/cdr/recom_cdr.py
+++ b/cornac/models/cdr/recom_cdr.py
@@ -168,8 +168,10 @@ def fit(self, train_set, val_set=None):
         return self
 
     def _fit_cdr(self):
-        import tensorflow as tf
-        from .model import Model
+        import tensorflow.compat.v1 as tf
+        from .cdr import Model
+
+        tf.disable_eager_execution()
 
         n_users = self.train_set.num_users
         n_items = self.train_set.num_items
diff --git a/cornac/models/cdr/requirements.txt b/cornac/models/cdr/requirements.txt
index 35e6fa9e9..a60e13761 100644
--- a/cornac/models/cdr/requirements.txt
+++ b/cornac/models/cdr/requirements.txt
@@ -1 +1 @@
-tensorflow>=1.13.0
\ No newline at end of file
+tensorflow==2.12.0
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/cornac/models/conv_mf/convmf.py b/cornac/models/conv_mf/convmf.py
index 3bdf58262..a1e9ab055 100644
--- a/cornac/models/conv_mf/convmf.py
+++ b/cornac/models/conv_mf/convmf.py
@@ -13,7 +13,7 @@
 # limitations under the License.
 # ============================================================================
 
-import tensorflow as tf
+import tensorflow.compat.v1 as tf
 
 
 def conv_layer(
@@ -116,7 +116,7 @@ def _build_graph(self):
         # Fully-connected layers
         self.model_output = fc_layer(
             input=self.model_output,
-            num_input=self.model_output.get_shape()[-1].value,
+            num_input=self.model_output.get_shape()[-1],
             num_output=self.vanila_dimension,
         )
         # Dropout layer
diff --git a/cornac/models/conv_mf/recom_convmf.py b/cornac/models/conv_mf/recom_convmf.py
index 57caebdf6..7ff7e4169 100644
--- a/cornac/models/conv_mf/recom_convmf.py
+++ b/cornac/models/conv_mf/recom_convmf.py
@@ -202,6 +202,8 @@ def _fit_convmf(self):
         import tensorflow.compat.v1 as tf
         from .convmf import CNN_module
 
+        tf.disable_eager_execution()
+
         # less verbose TF
         os.environ["TF_CPP_MIN_LOG_LEVEL"] = "3"
         tf.logging.set_verbosity(tf.logging.ERROR)
diff --git a/cornac/models/conv_mf/requirements.txt b/cornac/models/conv_mf/requirements.txt
index 308f8e170..a60e13761 100644
--- a/cornac/models/conv_mf/requirements.txt
+++ b/cornac/models/conv_mf/requirements.txt
@@ -1 +1 @@
-tensorflow>=1.15.2
\ No newline at end of file
+tensorflow==2.12.0
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/cornac/models/cvae/cvae.py b/cornac/models/cvae/cvae.py
index 3cab57b14..ae5f1057d 100644
--- a/cornac/models/cvae/cvae.py
+++ b/cornac/models/cvae/cvae.py
@@ -13,7 +13,7 @@
 # limitations under the License.
 # ============================================================================
 
-import tensorflow as tf
+import tensorflow.compat.v1 as tf
 
 from ..cdl.cdl import act_functions
 
@@ -152,7 +152,7 @@ def _vae(self, X):
                 "W1": tf.get_variable(
                     "W1",
                     [self.input_dim, self.layers[0]],
-                    initializer=tf.contrib.layers.xavier_initializer(seed=self.seed),
+                    initializer=tf.keras.initializers.glorot_uniform(seed=self.seed),
                     dtype=tf.float32,
                 ),
                 "b1": tf.get_variable(
@@ -164,7 +164,7 @@ def _vae(self, X):
                 "W2": tf.get_variable(
                     "W2",
                     [self.layers[0], self.layers[1]],
-                    initializer=tf.contrib.layers.xavier_initializer(seed=self.seed),
+                    initializer=tf.keras.initializers.glorot_uniform(seed=self.seed),
                     dtype=tf.float32,
                 ),
                 "b2": tf.get_variable(
@@ -176,7 +176,7 @@ def _vae(self, X):
                 "W_z_mean": tf.get_variable(
                     "W_z_mean",
                     [self.layers[1], self.n_z],
-                    initializer=tf.contrib.layers.xavier_initializer(seed=self.seed),
+                    initializer=tf.keras.initializers.glorot_uniform(seed=self.seed),
                     dtype=tf.float32,
                 ),
                 "b_z_mean": tf.get_variable(
@@ -188,7 +188,7 @@ def _vae(self, X):
                 "W_z_log_sigma": tf.get_variable(
                     "W_z_log_sigma",
                     [self.layers[1], self.n_z],
-                    initializer=tf.contrib.layers.xavier_initializer(seed=self.seed),
+                    initializer=tf.keras.initializers.glorot_uniform(seed=self.seed),
                     dtype=tf.float32,
                 ),
                 "b_z_log_sigma": tf.get_variable(
@@ -222,7 +222,7 @@ def _vae(self, X):
                 "W2": tf.get_variable(
                     "W2",
                     [self.n_z, self.layers[1]],
-                    initializer=tf.contrib.layers.xavier_initializer(seed=self.seed),
+                    initializer=tf.keras.initializers.glorot_uniform(seed=self.seed),
                     dtype=tf.float32,
                 ),
                 "b2": tf.get_variable(
diff --git a/cornac/models/cvae/recom_cvae.py b/cornac/models/cvae/recom_cvae.py
index 76375f169..970f0fe39 100644
--- a/cornac/models/cvae/recom_cvae.py
+++ b/cornac/models/cvae/recom_cvae.py
@@ -177,7 +177,9 @@ def _fit_cvae(self):
 
         # VAE initialization
         from .cvae import Model
-        import tensorflow as tf
+        import tensorflow.compat.v1 as tf
+        
+        tf.disable_eager_execution()
 
         tf.set_random_seed(self.seed)
         model = Model(
diff --git a/cornac/models/cvae/requirements.txt b/cornac/models/cvae/requirements.txt
index 75c51ddbf..1f1f6191b 100644
--- a/cornac/models/cvae/requirements.txt
+++ b/cornac/models/cvae/requirements.txt
@@ -1 +1 @@
-tensorflow>=1.13.0,<2.0
+tensorflow==2.12.0
diff --git a/cornac/models/ncf/requirements.txt b/cornac/models/ncf/requirements.txt
index 308f8e170..0be1edda3 100644
--- a/cornac/models/ncf/requirements.txt
+++ b/cornac/models/ncf/requirements.txt
@@ -1 +1 @@
-tensorflow>=1.15.2
\ No newline at end of file
+tensorflow>=1.15.2,<2.0.0
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/cornac/models/wmf/recom_wmf.py b/cornac/models/wmf/recom_wmf.py
index 82366d928..9b9b390aa 100644
--- a/cornac/models/wmf/recom_wmf.py
+++ b/cornac/models/wmf/recom_wmf.py
@@ -151,7 +151,7 @@ def fit(self, train_set, val_set=None):
         return self
 
     def _fit_cf(self,):
-        import tensorflow as tf
+        import tensorflow.compat.v1 as tf
         from .wmf import Model
 
         np.random.seed(self.seed)
diff --git a/cornac/models/wmf/requirements.txt b/cornac/models/wmf/requirements.txt
index c4a615f81..a60e13761 100644
--- a/cornac/models/wmf/requirements.txt
+++ b/cornac/models/wmf/requirements.txt
@@ -1 +1 @@
-tensorflow>=1.13.0,<2.0
\ No newline at end of file
+tensorflow==2.12.0
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/cornac/models/wmf/wmf.py b/cornac/models/wmf/wmf.py
index 41d7c419c..596d06090 100644
--- a/cornac/models/wmf/wmf.py
+++ b/cornac/models/wmf/wmf.py
@@ -13,7 +13,7 @@
 # limitations under the License.
 # ============================================================================
 
-import tensorflow as tf
+import tensorflow.compat.v1 as tf
 
 
 class Model:
diff --git a/tests/cornac/data/test_text.py b/tests/cornac/data/test_text.py
index 3dab388bf..2ea56bfec 100644
--- a/tests/cornac/data/test_text.py
+++ b/tests/cornac/data/test_text.py
@@ -360,7 +360,7 @@ def setUp(self):
             [4, 4, 0],
             [0, 4, 0],
             [0, 4, 0],
-        ], dtype=np.int)
+        ], dtype='int')
 
     def test_init(self):
         try: