diff --git a/DataStructures/JSONContainer.h b/DataStructures/JSONContainer.h
index 47dc34b279e..7476b4eae3b 100644
--- a/DataStructures/JSONContainer.h
+++ b/DataStructures/JSONContainer.h
@@ -30,10 +30,9 @@ SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE.
 #ifndef JSON_CONTAINER_H
 #define JSON_CONTAINER_H
 
+#include "../ThirdParty/variant/variant.hpp"
 #include "../Util/StringUtil.h"
 
-#include <boost/variant.hpp>
-
 #include <iostream>
 #include <vector>
 #include <string>
@@ -42,21 +41,8 @@ SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE.
 namespace JSON
 {
 
-struct String;
-struct Number;
 struct Object;
 struct Array;
-struct True;
-struct False;
-struct Null;
-
-typedef boost::variant<boost::recursive_wrapper<String>,
-                       boost::recursive_wrapper<Number>,
-                       boost::recursive_wrapper<Object>,
-                       boost::recursive_wrapper<Array>,
-                       boost::recursive_wrapper<True>,
-                       boost::recursive_wrapper<False>,
-                       boost::recursive_wrapper<Null> > Value;
 
 struct String
 {
@@ -73,29 +59,37 @@ struct Number
     double value;
 };
 
-struct Object
+struct True
 {
-    std::unordered_map<std::string, Value> values;
 };
 
-struct Array
+struct False
 {
-    std::vector<Value> values;
 };
 
-struct True
+struct Null
 {
 };
 
-struct False
+typedef mapbox::util::variant<String,
+                       Number,
+                       mapbox::util::recursive_wrapper<Object>,
+                       mapbox::util::recursive_wrapper<Array>,
+                       True,
+                       False,
+                       Null > Value;
+
+struct Object
 {
+    std::unordered_map<std::string, Value> values;
 };
 
-struct Null
+struct Array
 {
+    std::vector<Value> values;
 };
 
-struct Renderer : boost::static_visitor<>
+struct Renderer : mapbox::util::static_visitor<>
 {
     Renderer(std::ostream &_out) : out(_out) {}
 
@@ -114,7 +108,7 @@ struct Renderer : boost::static_visitor<>
         while (iterator != object.values.end())
         {
             out << "\"" << (*iterator).first << "\":";
-            boost::apply_visitor(Renderer(out), (*iterator).second);
+            mapbox::util::apply_visitor(Renderer(out), (*iterator).second);
             if (++iterator != object.values.end())
             {
                 out << ",";
@@ -130,7 +124,7 @@ struct Renderer : boost::static_visitor<>
         iterator = array.values.begin();
         while (iterator != array.values.end())
         {
-            boost::apply_visitor(Renderer(out), *iterator);
+            mapbox::util::apply_visitor(Renderer(out), *iterator);
             if (++iterator != array.values.end())
             {
                 out << ",";
@@ -149,7 +143,7 @@ struct Renderer : boost::static_visitor<>
     std::ostream &out;
 };
 
-struct ArrayRenderer : boost::static_visitor<>
+struct ArrayRenderer : mapbox::util::static_visitor<>
 {
     ArrayRenderer(std::vector<char> &_out) : out(_out) {}
 
@@ -176,7 +170,7 @@ struct ArrayRenderer : boost::static_visitor<>
             out.push_back('\"');
             out.push_back(':');
 
-            boost::apply_visitor(ArrayRenderer(out), (*iterator).second);
+            mapbox::util::apply_visitor(ArrayRenderer(out), (*iterator).second);
             if (++iterator != object.values.end())
             {
                 out.push_back(',');
@@ -192,7 +186,7 @@ struct ArrayRenderer : boost::static_visitor<>
         iterator = array.values.begin();
         while (iterator != array.values.end())
         {
-            boost::apply_visitor(ArrayRenderer(out), *iterator);
+            mapbox::util::apply_visitor(ArrayRenderer(out), *iterator);
             if (++iterator != array.values.end())
             {
                 out.push_back(',');
@@ -223,13 +217,13 @@ struct ArrayRenderer : boost::static_visitor<>
 inline void render(std::ostream &out, const Object &object)
 {
     Value value = object;
-    boost::apply_visitor(Renderer(out), value);
+    mapbox::util::apply_visitor(Renderer(out), value);
 }
 
 inline void render(std::vector<char> &out, const Object &object)
 {
     Value value = object;
-    boost::apply_visitor(ArrayRenderer(out), value);
+    mapbox::util::apply_visitor(ArrayRenderer(out), value);
 }
 
 } // namespace JSON
diff --git a/DataStructures/StaticRTree.h b/DataStructures/StaticRTree.h
index 1e7eba625d4..a5814b050a0 100644
--- a/DataStructures/StaticRTree.h
+++ b/DataStructures/StaticRTree.h
@@ -35,6 +35,7 @@ SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE.
 #include "SharedMemoryFactory.h"
 #include "SharedMemoryVectorWrapper.h"
 
+#include "../ThirdParty/variant/variant.hpp"
 #include "../Util/MercatorUtil.h"
 #include "../Util/NumericUtil.h"
 #include "../Util/OSRMException.h"
@@ -48,7 +49,6 @@ SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE.
 #include <boost/filesystem.hpp>
 #include <boost/filesystem/fstream.hpp>
 #include <boost/thread.hpp>
-#include <boost/variant.hpp>
 
 #include <tbb/parallel_for.h>
 #include <tbb/parallel_sort.h>
@@ -307,7 +307,7 @@ class StaticRTree
         }
     };
 
-    typedef boost::variant<TreeNode, EdgeDataT> IncrementalQueryNodeType;
+    typedef mapbox::util::variant<TreeNode, EdgeDataT> IncrementalQueryNodeType;
     struct IncrementalQueryCandidate
     {
         explicit IncrementalQueryCandidate(const float dist, const IncrementalQueryNodeType &node)
@@ -323,23 +323,8 @@ class StaticRTree
             return other.min_dist < min_dist;
         }
 
-        inline bool RepresentsTreeNode() const
-        {
-            return boost::apply_visitor(decide_type_visitor(), node);
-        }
-
         float min_dist;
         IncrementalQueryNodeType node;
-
-      private:
-        class decide_type_visitor : public boost::static_visitor<bool>
-        {
-          public:
-            bool operator()(const TreeNode &) const { return true; }
-
-            template<typename AnotherType>
-            bool operator()(const AnotherType &) const { return false; }
-        };
     };
 
     typename ShM<TreeNode, UseSharedMemory>::vector m_search_tree;
@@ -700,9 +685,9 @@ class StaticRTree
                 continue;
             }
 
-            if (current_query_node.RepresentsTreeNode())
+            if (current_query_node.node.template is<TreeNode>())
             {
-                const TreeNode & current_tree_node = boost::get<TreeNode>(current_query_node.node);
+                const TreeNode & current_tree_node = current_query_node.node.template get<TreeNode>();
                 if (current_tree_node.child_is_on_disk)
                 {
                     ++loaded_leafs;
@@ -775,7 +760,7 @@ class StaticRTree
             {
                 ++inspected_segments;
                 // inspecting an actual road segment
-                const EdgeDataT & current_segment = boost::get<EdgeDataT>(current_query_node.node);
+                const EdgeDataT & current_segment = current_query_node.node.template get<EdgeDataT>();
 
                 // don't collect too many results from small components
                 if (number_of_results_found_in_big_cc == number_of_results && !current_segment.is_in_tiny_cc)
diff --git a/Server/DataStructures/SharedDataType.h b/Server/DataStructures/SharedDataType.h
index 98bdfd5deba..e2351d8e98c 100644
--- a/Server/DataStructures/SharedDataType.h
+++ b/Server/DataStructures/SharedDataType.h
@@ -36,7 +36,7 @@ SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE.
 #include <array>
 
 // Added at the start and end of each block as sanity check
-constexpr char CANARY[] = "OSRM";
+static const char CANARY[] = "OSRM";
 
 struct SharedDataLayout
 {
diff --git a/ThirdParty/variant/recursive_wrapper.hpp b/ThirdParty/variant/recursive_wrapper.hpp
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..54b27634a30
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ThirdParty/variant/recursive_wrapper.hpp
@@ -0,0 +1,127 @@
+#ifndef MAPBOX_UTIL_VARIANT_RECURSIVE_WRAPPER_HPP
+#define MAPBOX_UTIL_VARIANT_RECURSIVE_WRAPPER_HPP
+
+#include <utility>
+
+namespace mapbox { namespace util {
+
+template <typename T>
+class recursive_wrapper
+{
+public:
+    using type = T;
+private:
+
+    T* p_;
+
+public:
+
+    ~recursive_wrapper();
+    recursive_wrapper();
+
+    recursive_wrapper(recursive_wrapper const& operand);
+    recursive_wrapper(T const& operand);
+    recursive_wrapper(recursive_wrapper&& operand);
+    recursive_wrapper(T&& operand);
+
+private:
+
+    void assign(const T& rhs);
+
+public:
+
+    inline recursive_wrapper& operator=(recursive_wrapper const& rhs)
+    {
+        assign( rhs.get() );
+        return *this;
+    }
+
+    inline recursive_wrapper& operator=(T const& rhs)
+    {
+        assign( rhs );
+        return *this;
+    }
+
+    inline void swap(recursive_wrapper& operand) noexcept
+    {
+        T* temp = operand.p_;
+        operand.p_ = p_;
+        p_ = temp;
+    }
+
+
+    recursive_wrapper& operator=(recursive_wrapper&& rhs) noexcept
+    {
+        swap(rhs);
+        return *this;
+    }
+
+    recursive_wrapper& operator=(T&& rhs)
+    {
+        get() = std::move(rhs);
+        return *this;
+    }
+
+
+public:
+
+    T& get() { return *get_pointer(); }
+    const T& get() const { return *get_pointer(); }
+    T* get_pointer() { return p_; }
+    const T* get_pointer() const { return p_; }
+    operator T const&() const { return this->get(); }
+    operator T&() { return this->get(); }
+};
+
+template <typename T>
+recursive_wrapper<T>::~recursive_wrapper()
+{
+    delete p_;
+}
+
+template <typename T>
+recursive_wrapper<T>::recursive_wrapper()
+    : p_(new T)
+{
+}
+
+template <typename T>
+recursive_wrapper<T>::recursive_wrapper(recursive_wrapper const& operand)
+    : p_(new T( operand.get() ))
+{
+}
+
+template <typename T>
+recursive_wrapper<T>::recursive_wrapper(T const& operand)
+    : p_(new T(operand))
+{
+}
+
+template <typename T>
+recursive_wrapper<T>::recursive_wrapper(recursive_wrapper&& operand)
+    : p_(operand.p_)
+{
+    operand.p_ = nullptr;
+}
+
+template <typename T>
+recursive_wrapper<T>::recursive_wrapper(T&& operand)
+    : p_(new T( std::move(operand) ))
+{
+}
+
+template <typename T>
+void recursive_wrapper<T>::assign(const T& rhs)
+{
+    this->get() = rhs;
+}
+
+template <typename T>
+inline void swap(recursive_wrapper<T>& lhs, recursive_wrapper<T>& rhs) noexcept
+{
+    lhs.swap(rhs);
+}
+
+}}
+
+#endif // MAPBOX_UTIL_VARIANT_RECURSIVE_WRAPPER_HPP
diff --git a/ThirdParty/variant/variant.hpp b/ThirdParty/variant/variant.hpp
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..3eac9b82c70
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ThirdParty/variant/variant.hpp
@@ -0,0 +1,737 @@
+#ifndef MAPBOX_UTIL_VARIANT_HPP
+#define MAPBOX_UTIL_VARIANT_HPP
+
+#include <utility>
+#include <typeinfo>
+#include <type_traits>
+#include <algorithm> // std::move/swap
+#include <stdexcept> // runtime_error
+#include <new> // operator new
+#include <cstddef> // size_t
+#include <iosfwd>
+#include <string>
+
+#include "recursive_wrapper.hpp"
+
+#ifdef _MSC_VER
+ // http://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/z8y1yy88.aspx
+ #ifdef NDEBUG
+  #define VARIANT_INLINE __forceinline
+ #else
+  #define VARIANT_INLINE __declspec(noinline)
+ #endif
+#else
+ #ifdef NDEBUG
+  #define VARIANT_INLINE inline __attribute__((always_inline))
+ #else
+  #define VARIANT_INLINE __attribute__((noinline))
+ #endif
+#endif
+
+#define VARIANT_MAJOR_VERSION 0
+#define VARIANT_MINOR_VERSION 1
+#define VARIANT_PATCH_VERSION 0
+
+// translates to 100
+#define VARIANT_VERSION (VARIANT_MAJOR_VERSION*100000) + (VARIANT_MINOR_VERSION*100) + (VARIANT_PATCH_VERSION)
+
+namespace mapbox { namespace util { namespace detail {
+
+static constexpr std::size_t invalid_value = std::size_t(-1);
+
+template <typename T, typename...Types>
+struct direct_type;
+
+template <typename T, typename First, typename...Types>
+struct direct_type<T, First, Types...>
+{
+    static constexpr std::size_t index = std::is_same<T, First>::value
+        ? sizeof...(Types) : direct_type<T, Types...>::index;
+};
+
+template <typename T>
+struct direct_type<T>
+{
+    static constexpr std::size_t index = invalid_value;
+};
+
+template <typename T, typename...Types>
+struct convertible_type;
+
+template <typename T, typename First, typename...Types>
+struct convertible_type<T, First, Types...>
+{
+    static constexpr std::size_t index = std::is_convertible<T, First>::value
+        ? sizeof...(Types) : convertible_type<T, Types...>::index;
+};
+
+template <typename T>
+struct convertible_type<T>
+{
+    static constexpr std::size_t index = invalid_value;
+};
+
+template <typename T, typename...Types>
+struct value_traits
+{
+    static constexpr std::size_t direct_index = direct_type<T, Types...>::index;
+    static constexpr std::size_t index =
+        (direct_index == invalid_value) ? convertible_type<T, Types...>::index : direct_index;
+};
+
+template <typename T, typename...Types>
+struct is_valid_type;
+
+template <typename T, typename First, typename... Types>
+struct is_valid_type<T, First, Types...>
+{
+    static constexpr bool value = std::is_convertible<T, First>::value
+        || is_valid_type<T, Types...>::value;
+};
+
+template <typename T>
+struct is_valid_type<T> : std::false_type {};
+
+template <std::size_t N, typename ... Types>
+struct select_type
+{
+    static_assert(N < sizeof...(Types), "index out of bounds");
+};
+
+template <std::size_t N, typename T, typename ... Types>
+struct select_type<N, T, Types...>
+{
+    using type = typename select_type<N - 1, Types...>::type;
+};
+
+template <typename T, typename ... Types>
+struct select_type<0, T, Types...>
+{
+    using type = T;
+};
+
+} // namespace detail
+
+// static visitor
+template <typename R = void>
+struct static_visitor
+{
+    using result_type = R;
+protected:
+    static_visitor() {}
+    ~static_visitor() {}
+};
+
+
+template <std::size_t arg1, std::size_t ... others>
+struct static_max;
+
+template <std::size_t arg>
+struct static_max<arg>
+{
+    static const std::size_t value = arg;
+};
+
+template <std::size_t arg1, std::size_t arg2, std::size_t ... others>
+struct static_max<arg1, arg2, others...>
+{
+    static const std::size_t value = arg1 >= arg2 ? static_max<arg1, others...>::value :
+        static_max<arg2, others...>::value;
+};
+
+template<typename... Types>
+struct variant_helper;
+
+template<typename T, typename... Types>
+struct variant_helper<T, Types...>
+{
+    VARIANT_INLINE static void destroy(const std::size_t id, void * data)
+    {
+        if (id == sizeof...(Types))
+        {
+            reinterpret_cast<T*>(data)->~T();
+        }
+        else
+        {
+            variant_helper<Types...>::destroy(id, data);
+        }
+    }
+
+    VARIANT_INLINE static void move(const std::size_t old_id, void * old_value, void * new_value)
+    {
+        if (old_id == sizeof...(Types))
+        {
+            new (new_value) T(std::move(*reinterpret_cast<T*>(old_value)));
+            //std::memcpy(new_value, old_value, sizeof(T));
+            // ^^  DANGER: this should only be considered for relocatable types e.g built-in types
+            // Also, I don't see any measurable performance benefit just yet
+        }
+        else
+        {
+            variant_helper<Types...>::move(old_id, old_value, new_value);
+        }
+    }
+
+    VARIANT_INLINE static void copy(const std::size_t old_id, const void * old_value, void * new_value)
+    {
+        if (old_id == sizeof...(Types))
+        {
+            new (new_value) T(*reinterpret_cast<const T*>(old_value));
+        }
+        else
+        {
+            variant_helper<Types...>::copy(old_id, old_value, new_value);
+        }
+    }
+};
+
+template<> struct variant_helper<>
+{
+    VARIANT_INLINE static void destroy(const std::size_t, void *) {}
+    VARIANT_INLINE static void move(const std::size_t, void *, void *) {}
+    VARIANT_INLINE static void copy(const std::size_t, const void *, void *) {}
+};
+
+namespace detail {
+
+template <typename T>
+struct unwrapper
+{
+    T const& operator() (T const& obj) const
+    {
+        return obj;
+    }
+
+    T& operator() (T & obj) const
+    {
+        return obj;
+    }
+};
+
+
+template <typename T>
+struct unwrapper<recursive_wrapper<T>>
+{
+    auto operator() (recursive_wrapper<T> const& obj) const
+        -> typename recursive_wrapper<T>::type const&
+    {
+        return obj.get();
+    }
+};
+
+
+template <typename F, typename V, typename...Types>
+struct dispatcher;
+
+template <typename F, typename V, typename T, typename...Types>
+struct dispatcher<F, V, T, Types...>
+{
+    using result_type = typename F::result_type;
+    VARIANT_INLINE static result_type apply_const(V const& v, F f)
+    {
+        if (v.get_type_index() == sizeof...(Types))
+        {
+            return f(unwrapper<T>()(v. template get<T>()));
+        }
+        else
+        {
+            return dispatcher<F, V, Types...>::apply_const(v, f);
+        }
+    }
+
+    VARIANT_INLINE static result_type apply(V & v, F f)
+    {
+        if (v.get_type_index() == sizeof...(Types))
+        {
+            return f(unwrapper<T>()(v. template get<T>()));
+        }
+        else
+        {
+            return dispatcher<F, V, Types...>::apply(v, f);
+        }
+    }
+};
+
+template<typename F, typename V>
+struct dispatcher<F, V>
+{
+    using result_type = typename F::result_type;
+    VARIANT_INLINE static result_type apply_const(V const&, F)
+    {
+        throw std::runtime_error(std::string("unary dispatch: FAIL ") + typeid(V).name());
+    }
+
+    VARIANT_INLINE static result_type apply(V &, F)
+    {
+        throw std::runtime_error(std::string("unary dispatch: FAIL ") + typeid(V).name());
+    }
+};
+
+
+template <typename F, typename V, typename T, typename...Types>
+struct binary_dispatcher_rhs;
+
+template <typename F, typename V, typename T0, typename T1, typename...Types>
+struct binary_dispatcher_rhs<F, V, T0, T1, Types...>
+{
+    using result_type = typename F::result_type;
+    VARIANT_INLINE static result_type apply_const(V const& lhs, V const& rhs, F f)
+    {
+        if (rhs.get_type_index() == sizeof...(Types)) // call binary functor
+        {
+            return f(unwrapper<T0>()(lhs. template get<T0>()),
+                     unwrapper<T1>()(rhs. template get<T1>()));
+        }
+        else
+        {
+            return binary_dispatcher_rhs<F, V, T0, Types...>::apply_const(lhs, rhs, f);
+        }
+    }
+
+    VARIANT_INLINE static result_type apply(V & lhs, V & rhs, F f)
+    {
+        if (rhs.get_type_index() == sizeof...(Types)) // call binary functor
+        {
+            return f(unwrapper<T0>()(lhs. template get<T0>()),
+                     unwrapper<T1>()(rhs. template get<T1>()));
+        }
+        else
+        {
+            return binary_dispatcher_rhs<F, V, T0, Types...>::apply(lhs, rhs, f);
+        }
+    }
+
+};
+
+template<typename F, typename V, typename T>
+struct binary_dispatcher_rhs<F, V, T>
+{
+    using result_type = typename F::result_type;
+    VARIANT_INLINE static result_type apply_const(V const&, V const&, F)
+    {
+        throw std::runtime_error("binary dispatch: FAIL");
+    }
+    VARIANT_INLINE static result_type apply(V &, V &, F)
+    {
+        throw std::runtime_error("binary dispatch: FAIL");
+    }
+};
+
+
+template <typename F, typename V, typename T, typename...Types>
+struct binary_dispatcher_lhs;
+
+template <typename F, typename V, typename T0, typename T1, typename...Types>
+struct binary_dispatcher_lhs<F, V, T0, T1, Types...>
+{
+    using result_type = typename F::result_type;
+    VARIANT_INLINE static result_type apply_const(V const& lhs, V const& rhs, F f)
+    {
+        if (lhs.get_type_index() == sizeof...(Types)) // call binary functor
+        {
+            return f(lhs. template get<T1>(), rhs. template get<T0>());
+        }
+        else
+        {
+            return binary_dispatcher_lhs<F, V, T0, Types...>::apply_const(lhs, rhs, f);
+        }
+    }
+
+    VARIANT_INLINE static result_type apply(V & lhs, V & rhs, F f)
+    {
+        if (lhs.get_type_index() == sizeof...(Types)) // call binary functor
+        {
+            return f(lhs. template get<T1>(), rhs. template get<T0>());
+        }
+        else
+        {
+            return binary_dispatcher_lhs<F, V, T0, Types...>::apply(lhs, rhs, f);
+        }
+    }
+
+};
+
+template<typename F, typename V, typename T>
+struct binary_dispatcher_lhs<F, V, T>
+{
+    using result_type = typename F::result_type;
+    VARIANT_INLINE static result_type apply_const(V const&, V const&, F)
+    {
+        throw std::runtime_error("binary dispatch: FAIL");
+    }
+
+    VARIANT_INLINE static result_type apply(V &, V &, F)
+    {
+        throw std::runtime_error("binary dispatch: FAIL");
+    }
+};
+
+template <typename F, typename V, typename...Types>
+struct binary_dispatcher;
+
+template <typename F, typename V, typename T, typename...Types>
+struct binary_dispatcher<F, V, T, Types...>
+{
+    using result_type = typename F::result_type;
+    VARIANT_INLINE static result_type apply_const(V const& v0, V const& v1, F f)
+    {
+        if (v0.get_type_index() == sizeof...(Types))
+        {
+            if (v0.get_type_index() == v1.get_type_index())
+            {
+                return f(v0. template get<T>(), v1. template get<T>()); // call binary functor
+            }
+            else
+            {
+                return binary_dispatcher_rhs<F, V, T, Types...>::apply_const(v0, v1, f);
+            }
+        }
+        else if (v1.get_type_index() == sizeof...(Types))
+        {
+            return binary_dispatcher_lhs<F, V, T, Types...>::apply_const(v0, v1, f);
+        }
+        return binary_dispatcher<F, V, Types...>::apply_const(v0, v1, f);
+    }
+
+    VARIANT_INLINE static result_type apply(V & v0, V & v1, F f)
+    {
+        if (v0.get_type_index() == sizeof...(Types))
+        {
+            if (v0.get_type_index() == v1.get_type_index())
+            {
+                return f(v0. template get<T>(), v1. template get<T>()); // call binary functor
+            }
+            else
+            {
+                return binary_dispatcher_rhs<F, V, T, Types...>::apply(v0, v1, f);
+            }
+        }
+        else if (v1.get_type_index() == sizeof...(Types))
+        {
+            return binary_dispatcher_lhs<F, V, T, Types...>::apply(v0, v1, f);
+        }
+        return binary_dispatcher<F, V, Types...>::apply(v0, v1, f);
+    }
+};
+
+template<typename F, typename V>
+struct binary_dispatcher<F, V>
+{
+    using result_type = typename F::result_type;
+    VARIANT_INLINE static result_type apply_const(V const&, V const&, F)
+    {
+        throw std::runtime_error("binary dispatch: FAIL");
+    }
+
+    VARIANT_INLINE static result_type apply(V &, V &, F)
+    {
+        throw std::runtime_error("binary dispatch: FAIL");
+    }
+};
+
+// comparator functors
+struct equal_comp
+{
+    template <typename T>
+    bool operator()(T const& lhs, T const& rhs) const
+    {
+        return lhs == rhs;
+    }
+};
+
+struct less_comp
+{
+    template <typename T>
+    bool operator()(T const& lhs, T const& rhs) const
+    {
+        return lhs < rhs;
+    }
+};
+
+template <typename Variant, typename Comp>
+class comparer : public static_visitor<bool>
+{
+public:
+    explicit comparer(Variant const& lhs) noexcept
+        : lhs_(lhs) {}
+    comparer& operator=(comparer const&) = delete;
+    // visitor
+    template<typename T>
+    bool operator()(T const& rhs_content) const
+    {
+        T const& lhs_content = lhs_.template get<T>();
+        return Comp()(lhs_content, rhs_content);
+    }
+private:
+    Variant const& lhs_;
+};
+
+// operator<< helper
+template <typename Out>
+class printer : public static_visitor<>
+{
+public:
+    explicit printer(Out & out)
+        : out_(out) {}
+    printer& operator=(printer const&) = delete;
+
+// visitor
+    template <typename T>
+    void operator()(T const& operand) const
+    {
+        out_ << operand;
+    }
+private:
+    Out & out_;
+};
+
+} // namespace detail
+
+struct no_init {};
+
+template<typename... Types>
+class variant
+{
+private:
+
+    static const std::size_t data_size = static_max<sizeof(Types)...>::value;
+    static const std::size_t data_align = static_max<alignof(Types)...>::value;
+
+    using data_type = typename std::aligned_storage<data_size, data_align>::type;
+    using helper_type = variant_helper<Types...>;
+
+    std::size_t type_index;
+    data_type data;
+
+public:
+
+
+    VARIANT_INLINE variant()
+        : type_index(sizeof...(Types) - 1)
+    {
+        new (&data) typename detail::select_type<0, Types...>::type();
+    }
+
+    VARIANT_INLINE variant(no_init)
+        : type_index(detail::invalid_value) {}
+
+    template <typename T, class = typename std::enable_if<
+                         detail::is_valid_type<T, Types...>::value>::type>
+    VARIANT_INLINE explicit variant(T const& val) noexcept
+        : type_index(detail::value_traits<T, Types...>::index)
+    {
+        constexpr std::size_t index = sizeof...(Types) - detail::value_traits<T, Types...>::index - 1;
+        using target_type = typename detail::select_type<index, Types...>::type;
+        new (&data) target_type(val);
+    }
+
+    template <typename T, class = typename std::enable_if<
+                          detail::is_valid_type<T, Types...>::value>::type>
+    VARIANT_INLINE variant(T && val) noexcept
+        : type_index(detail::value_traits<T, Types...>::index)
+    {
+        constexpr std::size_t index = sizeof...(Types) - detail::value_traits<T, Types...>::index - 1;
+        using target_type = typename detail::select_type<index, Types...>::type;
+        new (&data) target_type(std::forward<T>(val)); // nothrow
+    }
+
+    VARIANT_INLINE variant(variant<Types...> const& old)
+        : type_index(old.type_index)
+    {
+        helper_type::copy(old.type_index, &old.data, &data);
+    }
+
+    VARIANT_INLINE variant(variant<Types...>&& old) noexcept
+        : type_index(old.type_index)
+    {
+        helper_type::move(old.type_index, &old.data, &data);
+    }
+
+    friend void swap(variant<Types...> & first, variant<Types...> & second)
+    {
+        using std::swap; //enable ADL
+        swap(first.type_index, second.type_index);
+        swap(first.data, second.data);
+    }
+
+    VARIANT_INLINE variant<Types...>& operator=(variant<Types...> other)
+    {
+        swap(*this, other);
+        return *this;
+    }
+
+    // conversions
+    // move-assign
+    template <typename T>
+    VARIANT_INLINE variant<Types...>& operator=(T && rhs) noexcept
+    {
+        variant<Types...> temp(std::move(rhs));
+        swap(*this, temp);
+        return *this;
+    }
+
+    // copy-assign
+    template <typename T>
+    VARIANT_INLINE variant<Types...>& operator=(T const& rhs)
+    {
+        variant<Types...> temp(rhs);
+        swap(*this, temp);
+        return *this;
+    }
+
+    template<typename T>
+    VARIANT_INLINE bool is() const
+    {
+        return (type_index == detail::direct_type<T, Types...>::index);
+    }
+
+    VARIANT_INLINE bool valid() const
+    {
+        return (type_index != detail::invalid_value);
+    }
+
+    template<typename T, typename... Args>
+    VARIANT_INLINE void set(Args&&... args)
+    {
+        helper_type::destroy(type_index, &data);
+        new (&data) T(std::forward<Args>(args)...);
+        type_index = detail::direct_type<T, Types...>::index;
+    }
+
+    template<typename T>
+    VARIANT_INLINE T& get()
+    {
+        if (type_index == detail::direct_type<T, Types...>::index)
+        {
+            return *reinterpret_cast<T*>(&data);
+        }
+        else
+        {
+            throw std::runtime_error("in get()");
+        }
+    }
+
+    template<typename T>
+    VARIANT_INLINE T const& get() const
+    {
+        if (type_index == detail::direct_type<T, Types...>::index)
+        {
+            return *reinterpret_cast<T const*>(&data);
+        }
+        else
+        {
+            throw std::runtime_error("in get()");
+        }
+    }
+
+    VARIANT_INLINE std::size_t get_type_index() const
+    {
+        return type_index;
+    }
+
+    // visitor
+    // unary
+    template <typename F, typename V>
+    auto VARIANT_INLINE
+    static visit(V const& v, F f)
+        -> decltype(detail::dispatcher<F, V, Types...>::apply_const(v, f))
+    {
+        return detail::dispatcher<F, V, Types...>::apply_const(v, f);
+    }
+    // non-const
+    template <typename F, typename V>
+    auto VARIANT_INLINE
+    static visit(V & v, F f)
+        -> decltype(detail::dispatcher<F, V, Types...>::apply(v, f))
+    {
+        return detail::dispatcher<F, V, Types...>::apply(v, f);
+    }
+
+    // binary
+    // const
+    template <typename F, typename V>
+    auto VARIANT_INLINE
+    static binary_visit(V const& v0, V const& v1, F f)
+        -> decltype(detail::binary_dispatcher<F, V, Types...>::apply_const(v0, v1, f))
+    {
+        return detail::binary_dispatcher<F, V, Types...>::apply_const(v0, v1, f);
+    }
+    // non-const
+    template <typename F, typename V>
+    auto VARIANT_INLINE
+    static binary_visit(V& v0, V& v1, F f)
+        -> decltype(detail::binary_dispatcher<F, V, Types...>::apply(v0, v1, f))
+    {
+        return detail::binary_dispatcher<F, V, Types...>::apply(v0, v1, f);
+    }
+
+    ~variant() noexcept
+    {
+        helper_type::destroy(type_index, &data);
+    }
+
+    // comparison operators
+    // equality
+    VARIANT_INLINE bool operator==(variant const& rhs) const
+    {
+        if (this->get_type_index() != rhs.get_type_index())
+            return false;
+        detail::comparer<variant, detail::equal_comp> visitor(*this);
+        return visit(rhs, visitor);
+    }
+    // less than
+    VARIANT_INLINE bool operator<(variant const& rhs) const
+    {
+        if (this->get_type_index() != rhs.get_type_index())
+        {
+            return this->get_type_index() < rhs.get_type_index();
+            // ^^ borrowed from boost::variant
+        }
+        detail::comparer<variant, detail::less_comp> visitor(*this);
+        return visit(rhs, visitor);
+    }
+};
+
+// unary visitor interface
+
+// const
+template <typename V, typename F>
+auto VARIANT_INLINE static apply_visitor(F f, V const& v) -> decltype(V::visit(v, f))
+{
+    return V::visit(v, f);
+}
+// non-const
+template <typename V, typename F>
+auto VARIANT_INLINE static apply_visitor(F f, V & v) -> decltype(V::visit(v, f))
+{
+    return V::visit(v, f);
+}
+
+// binary visitor interface
+// const
+template <typename V, typename F>
+auto VARIANT_INLINE static apply_visitor(F f, V const& v0, V const& v1) -> decltype(V::binary_visit(v0, v1, f))
+{
+    return V::binary_visit(v0, v1, f);
+}
+// non-const
+template <typename V, typename F>
+auto VARIANT_INLINE static apply_visitor(F f, V & v0, V & v1) -> decltype(V::binary_visit(v0, v1, f))
+{
+    return V::binary_visit(v0, v1, f);
+}
+
+
+// operator<<
+template <typename charT, typename traits, typename Variant>
+VARIANT_INLINE std::basic_ostream<charT, traits>&
+operator<< (std::basic_ostream<charT, traits>& out, Variant const& rhs)
+{
+    detail::printer<std::basic_ostream<charT, traits>> visitor(out);
+    apply_visitor(visitor, rhs);
+    return out;
+}
+
+}}
+
+#endif  // MAPBOX_UTIL_VARIANT_HPP
diff --git a/appveyor.yml b/appveyor.yml
index 6635c5117b3..d4a59f6120a 100644
--- a/appveyor.yml
+++ b/appveyor.yml
@@ -33,16 +33,16 @@ build_script:
   - cd build
   - echo Running cmake...
   - call "%VS120COMNTOOLS%\..\..\VC\vcvarsall.bat" x86_amd64
+  - SET PATH=C:\Program Files (x86)\MSBuild\12.0\bin\;%PATH%
   - SET P=c:/projects/osrm
   - set TBB_INSTALL_DIR=%P%/tbb
   - set TBB_ARCH_PLATFORM=intel64/vc12
-  - cmake .. -G "NMake Makefiles" -DCMAKE_BUILD_TYPE=%Configuration% -DBZIP2_INCLUDE_DIR=%P%/libs/include -DBZIP2_LIBRARIES=%P%/libs/lib/libbz2.lib -DCMAKE_INSTALL_PREFIX=%P%/libs -DBOOST_ROOT=%P%/boost_min -DBoost_USE_STATIC_LIBS=ON
-  - nmake
-  - nmake tests
-  - nmake benchmarks
+  - cmake .. -G "Visual Studio 12 Win64" -DCMAKE_BUILD_TYPE=%Configuration% -DBZIP2_INCLUDE_DIR=%P%/libs/include -DBZIP2_LIBRARIES=%P%/libs/lib/libbz2.lib -DCMAKE_INSTALL_PREFIX=%P%/libs -DBOOST_ROOT=%P%/boost_min -DBoost_USE_STATIC_LIBS=ON -T CTP_Nov2013
+  - msbuild /clp:Verbosity=minimal /nologo OSRM.sln
+  - msbuild /clp:Verbosity=minimal /nologo tests.vcxproj
   - if "%APPVEYOR_REPO_BRANCH%"=="develop" (7z a %P%/osrm_%Configuration%.zip *.exe *.pdb %P%/libs/bin/*.dll -tzip)
   - set PATH=%PATH%;c:/projects/osrm/libs/bin
-  - cd c:/projects/osrm/build
+  - cd c:/projects/osrm/build/%Configuration%
   - datastructure-tests.exe
 
 test: off
diff --git a/typedefs.h b/typedefs.h
index ff1d2a15797..3243ac62292 100644
--- a/typedefs.h
+++ b/typedefs.h
@@ -35,16 +35,15 @@ SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE.
 #ifndef M_PI
 #define M_PI 3.14159265358979323846
 #endif
-#define constexpr const static
 #endif
 
 typedef unsigned int NodeID;
 typedef unsigned int EdgeID;
 typedef int EdgeWeight;
 
-constexpr NodeID SPECIAL_NODEID = std::numeric_limits<unsigned>::max();
-constexpr EdgeID SPECIAL_EDGEID = std::numeric_limits<unsigned>::max();
-constexpr unsigned INVALID_NAMEID = std::numeric_limits<unsigned>::max();
-constexpr EdgeWeight INVALID_EDGE_WEIGHT = std::numeric_limits<int>::max();
+static const NodeID SPECIAL_NODEID = std::numeric_limits<unsigned>::max();
+static const EdgeID SPECIAL_EDGEID = std::numeric_limits<unsigned>::max();
+static const unsigned INVALID_NAMEID = std::numeric_limits<unsigned>::max();
+static const EdgeWeight INVALID_EDGE_WEIGHT = std::numeric_limits<int>::max();
 
 #endif /* TYPEDEFS_H */