Merge pull request #236 from PyPSA/transport

separate rules for transport demand and nodal energy totals

Snakefile

@@ -431,15 +431,45 @@ else:
     build_retro_cost_output = {}
 
 
+rule build_population_weighted_energy_totals:
+    input:
+        energy_totals='resources/energy_totals.csv',
+        clustered_pop_layout="resources/pop_layout_elec_s{simpl}_{clusters}.csv"
+    output: "resources/pop_weighted_energy_totals_s{simpl}_{clusters}.csv"
+    threads: 1
+    resources: mem_mb=2000
+    script: "scripts/build_population_weighted_energy_totals.py"
+
+
+rule build_transport_demand:
+    input: 
+        clustered_pop_layout="resources/pop_layout_elec_s{simpl}_{clusters}.csv",
+        pop_weighted_energy_totals="resources/pop_weighted_energy_totals_s{simpl}_{clusters}.csv",
+        transport_data='resources/transport_data.csv',
+        traffic_data_KFZ="data/emobility/KFZ__count",
+        traffic_data_Pkw="data/emobility/Pkw__count",
+        temp_air_total="resources/temp_air_total_elec_s{simpl}_{clusters}.nc",
+    output: 
+        transport_demand="resources/transport_demand_s{simpl}_{clusters}.csv",
+        transport_data="resources/transport_data_s{simpl}_{clusters}.csv",
+        avail_profile="resources/avail_profile_s{simpl}_{clusters}.csv",
+        dsm_profile="resources/dsm_profile_s{simpl}_{clusters}.csv"
+    threads: 1
+    resources: mem_mb=2000
+    script: "scripts/build_transport_demand.py"
+
+
 rule prepare_sector_network:
     input:
         overrides="data/override_component_attrs",
         network=pypsaeur('networks/elec_s{simpl}_{clusters}_ec_lv{lv}_{opts}.nc'),
         energy_totals_name='resources/energy_totals.csv',
+        pop_weighted_energy_totals="resources/pop_weighted_energy_totals_s{simpl}_{clusters}.csv",
+        transport_demand="resources/transport_demand_s{simpl}_{clusters}.csv",
+        transport_data="resources/transport_data_s{simpl}_{clusters}.csv",
+        avail_profile="resources/avail_profile_s{simpl}_{clusters}.csv",
+        dsm_profile="resources/dsm_profile_s{simpl}_{clusters}.csv",
         co2_totals_name='resources/co2_totals.csv',
-        transport_name='resources/transport_data.csv',
-        traffic_data_KFZ="data/emobility/KFZ__count",
-        traffic_data_Pkw="data/emobility/Pkw__count",
         biomass_potentials='resources/biomass_potentials_s{simpl}_{clusters}.csv',
         heat_profile="data/heat_load_profile_BDEW.csv",
         costs=CDIR + "costs_{planning_horizons}.csv",

scripts/build_population_weighted_energy_totals.py

@@ -0,0 +1,22 @@
+"""Build population-weighted energy totals."""
+
+import pandas as pd
+
+if __name__ == '__main__':
+    if 'snakemake' not in globals():
+        from helper import mock_snakemake
+        snakemake = mock_snakemake(
+            'build_population_weighted_energy_totals',
+            simpl='',
+            clusters=48,
+        )
+
+    pop_layout = pd.read_csv(snakemake.input.clustered_pop_layout, index_col=0)
+
+    energy_totals = pd.read_csv(snakemake.input.energy_totals, index_col=0)
+
+    nodal_energy_totals = energy_totals.loc[pop_layout.ct].fillna(0.)
+    nodal_energy_totals.index = pop_layout.index
+    nodal_energy_totals = nodal_energy_totals.multiply(pop_layout.fraction, axis=0)
+
+    nodal_energy_totals.to_csv(snakemake.output[0])

scripts/build_transport_demand.py

@@ -0,0 +1,201 @@
+"""Build transport demand."""
+
+import pandas as pd
+import numpy as np
+import xarray as xr
+from helper import generate_periodic_profiles
+
+
+def build_nodal_transport_data(fn, pop_layout):
+
+    transport_data = pd.read_csv(fn, index_col=0)
+
+    nodal_transport_data = transport_data.loc[pop_layout.ct].fillna(0.0)
+    nodal_transport_data.index = pop_layout.index
+    nodal_transport_data["number cars"] = (
+        pop_layout["fraction"] * nodal_transport_data["number cars"]
+    )
+    nodal_transport_data.loc[
+        nodal_transport_data["average fuel efficiency"] == 0.0,
+        "average fuel efficiency",
+    ] = transport_data["average fuel efficiency"].mean()
+
+    return nodal_transport_data
+
+
+def build_transport_demand(traffic_fn, airtemp_fn, nodes, nodal_transport_data):
+
+    ## Get overall demand curve for all vehicles
+
+    traffic = pd.read_csv(
+        traffic_fn, skiprows=2, usecols=["count"], squeeze=True
+    )
+
+    transport_shape = generate_periodic_profiles(
+        dt_index=snapshots,
+        nodes=nodes,
+        weekly_profile=traffic.values,
+    )
+    transport_shape = transport_shape / transport_shape.sum()
+
+    # electric motors are more efficient, so alter transport demand
+
+    plug_to_wheels_eta = options["bev_plug_to_wheel_efficiency"]
+    battery_to_wheels_eta = plug_to_wheels_eta * options["bev_charge_efficiency"]
+
+    efficiency_gain = (
+        nodal_transport_data["average fuel efficiency"] / battery_to_wheels_eta
+    )
+
+    # get heating demand for correction to demand time series
+    temperature = xr.open_dataarray(airtemp_fn).to_pandas()
+
+    # correction factors for vehicle heating
+    dd_ICE = transport_degree_factor(
+        temperature,
+        options["transport_heating_deadband_lower"],
+        options["transport_heating_deadband_upper"],
+        options["ICE_lower_degree_factor"],
+        options["ICE_upper_degree_factor"],
+    )
+
+    dd_EV = transport_degree_factor(
+        temperature,
+        options["transport_heating_deadband_lower"],
+        options["transport_heating_deadband_upper"],
+        options["EV_lower_degree_factor"],
+        options["EV_upper_degree_factor"],
+    )
+
+    # divide out the heating/cooling demand from ICE totals
+    # and multiply back in the heating/cooling demand for EVs
+    ice_correction = (transport_shape * (1 + dd_ICE)).sum() / transport_shape.sum()
+
+    energy_totals_transport = (
+        pop_weighted_energy_totals["total road"]
+        + pop_weighted_energy_totals["total rail"]
+        - pop_weighted_energy_totals["electricity rail"]
+    )
+
+    transport = (
+        (transport_shape.multiply(energy_totals_transport) * 1e6 * Nyears)
+        .divide(efficiency_gain * ice_correction)
+        .multiply(1 + dd_EV)
+    )
+
+    return transport
+
+
+def transport_degree_factor(
+    temperature,
+    deadband_lower=15,
+    deadband_upper=20,
+    lower_degree_factor=0.5,
+    upper_degree_factor=1.6,
+):
+    """
+    Work out how much energy demand in vehicles increases due to heating and cooling.
+    There is a deadband where there is no increase.
+    Degree factors are % increase in demand compared to no heating/cooling fuel consumption.
+    Returns per unit increase in demand for each place and time
+    """
+
+    dd = temperature.copy()
+
+    dd[(temperature > deadband_lower) & (temperature < deadband_upper)] = 0.0
+
+    dT_lower = deadband_lower - temperature[temperature < deadband_lower]
+    dd[temperature < deadband_lower] = lower_degree_factor / 100 * dT_lower
+
+    dT_upper = temperature[temperature > deadband_upper] - deadband_upper
+    dd[temperature > deadband_upper] = upper_degree_factor / 100 * dT_upper
+
+    return dd
+
+
+def bev_availability_profile(fn, snapshots, nodes, options):
+    """
+    Derive plugged-in availability for passenger electric vehicles.
+    """
+
+    traffic = pd.read_csv(fn, skiprows=2, usecols=["count"], squeeze=True)
+
+    avail_max = options["bev_avail_max"]
+    avail_mean = options["bev_avail_mean"]
+
+    avail = avail_max - (avail_max - avail_mean) * (traffic - traffic.min()) / (
+        traffic.mean() - traffic.min()
+    )
+
+    avail_profile = generate_periodic_profiles(
+        dt_index=snapshots,
+        nodes=nodes,
+        weekly_profile=avail.values,
+    )
+
+    return avail_profile
+
+
+def bev_dsm_profile(snapshots, nodes, options):
+
+    dsm_week = np.zeros((24 * 7,))
+
+    dsm_week[(np.arange(0, 7, 1) * 24 + options["bev_dsm_restriction_time"])] = options[
+        "bev_dsm_restriction_value"
+    ]
+
+    dsm_profile = generate_periodic_profiles(
+        dt_index=snapshots,
+        nodes=nodes,
+        weekly_profile=dsm_week,
+    )
+
+    return dsm_profile
+
+
+if __name__ == "__main__":
+    if "snakemake" not in globals():
+        from helper import mock_snakemake
+
+        snakemake = mock_snakemake(
+            "build_transport_demand",
+            simpl="",
+            clusters=48,
+        )
+
+    pop_layout = pd.read_csv(snakemake.input.clustered_pop_layout, index_col=0)
+
+    nodes = pop_layout.index
+
+    pop_weighted_energy_totals = pd.read_csv(
+        snakemake.input.pop_weighted_energy_totals, index_col=0
+    )
+
+    options = snakemake.config["sector"]
+
+    snapshots = pd.date_range(freq='h', **snakemake.config["snapshots"], tz="UTC")
+
+    Nyears = 1
+
+    nodal_transport_data = build_nodal_transport_data(
+        snakemake.input.transport_data,
+        pop_layout
+    )
+
+    transport_demand = build_transport_demand(
+        snakemake.input.traffic_data_KFZ,
+        snakemake.input.temp_air_total,
+        nodes, nodal_transport_data
+    )
+
+    avail_profile = bev_availability_profile(
+        snakemake.input.traffic_data_Pkw,
+        snapshots, nodes, options
+    )
+
+    dsm_profile = bev_dsm_profile(snapshots, nodes, options)
+
+    nodal_transport_data.to_csv(snakemake.output.transport_data)
+    transport_demand.to_csv(snakemake.output.transport_demand)
+    avail_profile.to_csv(snakemake.output.avail_profile)
+    dsm_profile.to_csv(snakemake.output.dsm_profile)

scripts/helper.py

@@ -1,4 +1,5 @@
 import os
+import pytz
 import pandas as pd
 from pathlib import Path
 from pypsa.descriptors import Dict
@@ -100,4 +101,25 @@ def progress_retrieve(url, file):
     def dlProgress(count, blockSize, totalSize):
         pbar.update( int(count * blockSize * 100 / totalSize) )
 
-    urllib.request.urlretrieve(url, file, reporthook=dlProgress)
+    urllib.request.urlretrieve(url, file, reporthook=dlProgress)
+
+
+def generate_periodic_profiles(dt_index, nodes, weekly_profile, localize=None):
+    """
+    Give a 24*7 long list of weekly hourly profiles, generate this for each
+    country for the period dt_index, taking account of time zones and summer time.
+    """
+
+    weekly_profile = pd.Series(weekly_profile, range(24*7))
+
+    week_df = pd.DataFrame(index=dt_index, columns=nodes)
+
+    for node in nodes:
+        timezone = pytz.timezone(pytz.country_timezones[node[:2]][0])
+        tz_dt_index = dt_index.tz_convert(timezone)
+        week_df[node] = [24 * dt.weekday() + dt.hour for dt in tz_dt_index]
+        week_df[node] = week_df[node].map(weekly_profile)
+
+    week_df = week_df.tz_localize(localize)
+
+    return week_df