diff --git a/book/acrobot.html b/book/acrobot.html index 21d22eab..f5bb0510 100644 --- a/book/acrobot.html +++ b/book/acrobot.html @@ -1066,8 +1066,9 @@

Acrobots, Cart-Poles, and Quadrotors

represent state vector values ($\bx = s_{i, j}$ means $x_1 = i, x_2 = j$) and edges are state transitions defined by a control law. In the following truncated graph, draw the edges when $u = -1$, $u=0$, - and $u=1$. (Please include all outgoing edges from the nodes in the - truncated graph, along with their ending nodes) + and $u=1$. (Please draw edges for all the nine nodes in + the truncated graph. If a node trainsitions to another node outside + the graph, please draw the destination node as well.)
@@ -1075,11 +1076,11 @@

Acrobots, Cart-Poles, and Quadrotors

  • Suppose we start from $s_{0, 0}$, construct a control input - sequence ($u[n]$ could be a function of time step) to reach an - arbitrary state $s_{i, j}$ that satisfies $j > i > 0$. What would - be the minimal number of time steps needed to reach any $s_{i, - j}$ that satisfies $j > i > 0$? Show that the number you've - chosen is indeed minimum. + sequence ($u[n]$ could be a function of time step and can take + any arbitrary intger values) to reach an arbitrary state + $s_{i, j}$ that satisfies $j > i > 0$. What would be the minimal + number of time steps needed to reach any $s_{i,j}$ that satisfies + $j > i > 0$? Show that the number you've chosen is indeed minimum.
  • Now consider a more general case, from an arbitrary initial state @@ -1092,41 +1093,43 @@

    Acrobots, Cart-Poles, and Quadrotors

  • - Considering linear systems $$\dot{\bx} = {\bf A} \bx + {\bf B} \bu,$$ - are the following linear systems controllable? - \begin{align*} - {\bf A}_1 = \begin{bmatrix} - 1 & 0 \\ 0 & 1 - \end{bmatrix}, {\bf B}_1 = \begin{bmatrix} - 0 \\ 1 - \end{bmatrix};\qquad {\bf A}_2 = \begin{bmatrix} - 1 & 0 \\ 0 & 1 - \end{bmatrix}, {\bf B}_2 = \begin{bmatrix} - 1\\ 1 - \end{bmatrix}; \\ \\ - {\bf A}_3 = \begin{bmatrix} - 1 & 0 \\ 0 & 1 - \end{bmatrix}, {\bf B}_3 = \begin{bmatrix} - 1 & 0 \\ 0 & 1 - \end{bmatrix};\qquad {\bf A}_4 = \begin{bmatrix} - 0 & 1 \\ 0 & 0 - \end{bmatrix}, {\bf B}_4 = \begin{bmatrix} - 0 \\ 1 - \end{bmatrix}. - \end{align*} - -

    Can you make a - conclusion whether these systems are underactuated? (Note that the - definition requires the system to be interpreted as a second-order - system with, i.e., $\bx = [q, \dot{q}]^T$)

    - -

    You should only need the conditions described the definition of controllability to - explain your conclusion. (Hint: Think about the similarity between - system $({\bf A}_4, {\bf B}_4)$ and the grid-world discrete-time system - in (b)). The more general tools found in this collapsable section will - certainly work, too.

    +
      +
    1. + Considering linear systems $$\dot{\bx} = {\bf A} \bx + {\bf B} \bu,$$ + are the following linear systems controllable? + \begin{align*} + {\bf A}_1 = \begin{bmatrix} + 1 & 0 \\ 0 & 1 + \end{bmatrix}, {\bf B}_1 = \begin{bmatrix} + 0 \\ 1 + \end{bmatrix};\qquad {\bf A}_2 = \begin{bmatrix} + 1 & 0 \\ 0 & 1 + \end{bmatrix}, {\bf B}_2 = \begin{bmatrix} + 1\\ 1 + \end{bmatrix}; \\ \\ + {\bf A}_3 = \begin{bmatrix} + 0 & 1 \\ 0 & 0 + \end{bmatrix}, {\bf B}_3 = \begin{bmatrix} + 0 \\ 1 + \end{bmatrix};\qquad {\bf A}_4 = \begin{bmatrix} + 0 & 0 & 1 & 0 \\ 0 & 0 & 0 & 1 \\ 0 & 1 & 0 & 0 \\ 0 & 2 & 0 & 0 + \end{bmatrix}, {\bf B}_4 = \begin{bmatrix} + 0 \\ 0 \\ 1 \\ 1 + \end{bmatrix}. + \end{align*} +

      You should only need the conditions described in the definition of controllability to + explain your conclusion. You can also use the more general tools found in this collapsable section; these will prove + especially for the $({\bf A}_4, {\bf B}_4)$ matrix pair.

      +
    2. +
    3. +

      Consider the two systems, $({\bf A}_3, {\bf B}_3)$ and $({\bf A}_4, {\bf B}_4)$. + Can you make a conclusion whether these two systems are underactuated? (Note that the + definition of underactuation requires the system to be interpreted as a second-order + system, i.e., $\bx = [\bq, \dot{\bq}]^T$)

      +
    4. +