diff --git a/cpp/src/arrow/CMakeLists.txt b/cpp/src/arrow/CMakeLists.txt
index 4bf1008af4cd0..617bfedabf373 100644
--- a/cpp/src/arrow/CMakeLists.txt
+++ b/cpp/src/arrow/CMakeLists.txt
@@ -689,9 +689,9 @@ set(ARROW_COMPUTE_SRCS
     compute/function.cc
     compute/function_internal.cc
     compute/kernel.cc
-    compute/key_hash.cc
-    compute/key_map.cc
-    compute/light_array.cc
+    compute/key_hash_internal.cc
+    compute/key_map_internal.cc
+    compute/light_array_internal.cc
     compute/ordering.cc
     compute/registry.cc
     compute/kernels/codegen_internal.cc
@@ -717,8 +717,8 @@ set(ARROW_COMPUTE_SRCS
     compute/row/row_internal.cc
     compute/util.cc)
 
-append_runtime_avx2_src(ARROW_COMPUTE_SRCS compute/key_hash_avx2.cc)
-append_runtime_avx2_bmi2_src(ARROW_COMPUTE_SRCS compute/key_map_avx2.cc)
+append_runtime_avx2_src(ARROW_COMPUTE_SRCS compute/key_hash_internal_avx2.cc)
+append_runtime_avx2_bmi2_src(ARROW_COMPUTE_SRCS compute/key_map_internal_avx2.cc)
 append_runtime_avx2_src(ARROW_COMPUTE_SRCS compute/row/compare_internal_avx2.cc)
 append_runtime_avx2_src(ARROW_COMPUTE_SRCS compute/row/encode_internal_avx2.cc)
 append_runtime_avx2_bmi2_src(ARROW_COMPUTE_SRCS compute/util_avx2.cc)
diff --git a/cpp/src/arrow/acero/asof_join_node.cc b/cpp/src/arrow/acero/asof_join_node.cc
index cf0d475c1d770..48cc83dd3d6a9 100644
--- a/cpp/src/arrow/acero/asof_join_node.cc
+++ b/cpp/src/arrow/acero/asof_join_node.cc
@@ -45,8 +45,8 @@
 #include "arrow/compute/function_internal.h"
 #endif
 #include "arrow/acero/time_series_util.h"
-#include "arrow/compute/key_hash.h"
-#include "arrow/compute/light_array.h"
+#include "arrow/compute/key_hash_internal.h"
+#include "arrow/compute/light_array_internal.h"
 #include "arrow/record_batch.h"
 #include "arrow/result.h"
 #include "arrow/status.h"
diff --git a/cpp/src/arrow/acero/bloom_filter_test.cc b/cpp/src/arrow/acero/bloom_filter_test.cc
index bad331cfd99d1..a2d6e9575a1aa 100644
--- a/cpp/src/arrow/acero/bloom_filter_test.cc
+++ b/cpp/src/arrow/acero/bloom_filter_test.cc
@@ -27,7 +27,7 @@
 #include "arrow/acero/task_util.h"
 #include "arrow/acero/test_util_internal.h"
 #include "arrow/acero/util.h"
-#include "arrow/compute/key_hash.h"
+#include "arrow/compute/key_hash_internal.h"
 #include "arrow/util/bitmap_ops.h"
 #include "arrow/util/config.h"
 #include "arrow/util/cpu_info.h"
diff --git a/cpp/src/arrow/acero/hash_join_node.cc b/cpp/src/arrow/acero/hash_join_node.cc
index c0179fd160e4e..b49364300dac8 100644
--- a/cpp/src/arrow/acero/hash_join_node.cc
+++ b/cpp/src/arrow/acero/hash_join_node.cc
@@ -27,7 +27,7 @@
 #include "arrow/acero/options.h"
 #include "arrow/acero/schema_util.h"
 #include "arrow/acero/util.h"
-#include "arrow/compute/key_hash.h"
+#include "arrow/compute/key_hash_internal.h"
 #include "arrow/util/checked_cast.h"
 #include "arrow/util/future.h"
 #include "arrow/util/thread_pool.h"
diff --git a/cpp/src/arrow/acero/hash_join_node.h b/cpp/src/arrow/acero/hash_join_node.h
index cca64d59830b2..ad60019ceabc4 100644
--- a/cpp/src/arrow/acero/hash_join_node.h
+++ b/cpp/src/arrow/acero/hash_join_node.h
@@ -17,6 +17,7 @@
 
 #pragma once
 
+#include <cassert>
 #include <vector>
 
 #include "arrow/acero/options.h"
@@ -88,7 +89,7 @@ class ARROW_ACERO_EXPORT HashJoinSchema {
                                             const Expression& filter);
 
   bool PayloadIsEmpty(int side) {
-    ARROW_DCHECK(side == 0 || side == 1);
+    assert(side == 0 || side == 1);
     return proj_maps[side].num_cols(HashJoinProjection::PAYLOAD) == 0;
   }
 
diff --git a/cpp/src/arrow/acero/schema_util.h b/cpp/src/arrow/acero/schema_util.h
index 6760022feb4be..db3076a58841a 100644
--- a/cpp/src/arrow/acero/schema_util.h
+++ b/cpp/src/arrow/acero/schema_util.h
@@ -17,13 +17,13 @@
 
 #pragma once
 
+#include <cassert>
 #include <cstdint>
 #include <memory>
 #include <string>
 #include <vector>
 
-#include "arrow/compute/light_array.h"  // for KeyColumnMetadata
-#include "arrow/type.h"                 // for DataType, FieldRef, Field and Schema
+#include "arrow/type.h"  // for DataType, FieldRef, Field and Schema
 
 namespace arrow {
 
@@ -47,8 +47,8 @@ struct SchemaProjectionMap {
   const int* source_to_base;
   const int* base_to_target;
   inline int get(int i) const {
-    ARROW_DCHECK(i >= 0 && i < num_cols);
-    ARROW_DCHECK(source_to_base[i] != kMissingField);
+    assert(i >= 0 && i < num_cols);
+    assert(source_to_base[i] != kMissingField);
     return base_to_target[source_to_base[i]];
   }
 };
@@ -66,7 +66,7 @@ class SchemaProjectionMaps {
   Status Init(ProjectionIdEnum full_schema_handle, const Schema& schema,
               const std::vector<ProjectionIdEnum>& projection_handles,
               const std::vector<const std::vector<FieldRef>*>& projections) {
-    ARROW_DCHECK(projection_handles.size() == projections.size());
+    assert(projection_handles.size() == projections.size());
     ARROW_RETURN_NOT_OK(RegisterSchema(full_schema_handle, schema));
     for (size_t i = 0; i < projections.size(); ++i) {
       ARROW_RETURN_NOT_OK(
@@ -174,7 +174,7 @@ class SchemaProjectionMaps {
       }
     }
     // We should never get here
-    ARROW_DCHECK(false);
+    assert(false);
     return -1;
   }
 
@@ -207,7 +207,7 @@ class SchemaProjectionMaps {
             break;
           }
         }
-        ARROW_DCHECK(field_id != SchemaProjectionMap::kMissingField);
+        assert(field_id != SchemaProjectionMap::kMissingField);
         mapping[i] = field_id;
         inverse_mapping[field_id] = i;
       }
diff --git a/cpp/src/arrow/acero/swiss_join.cc b/cpp/src/arrow/acero/swiss_join.cc
index 68b0e37b01aa9..61c8bfe95414e 100644
--- a/cpp/src/arrow/acero/swiss_join.cc
+++ b/cpp/src/arrow/acero/swiss_join.cc
@@ -25,7 +25,7 @@
 #include "arrow/acero/util.h"
 #include "arrow/array/util.h"  // MakeArrayFromScalar
 #include "arrow/compute/kernels/row_encoder_internal.h"
-#include "arrow/compute/key_hash.h"
+#include "arrow/compute/key_hash_internal.h"
 #include "arrow/compute/row/compare_internal.h"
 #include "arrow/compute/row/encode_internal.h"
 #include "arrow/util/bit_util.h"
diff --git a/cpp/src/arrow/acero/swiss_join_internal.h b/cpp/src/arrow/acero/swiss_join_internal.h
index aa36a61109274..dceb74abe4f1b 100644
--- a/cpp/src/arrow/acero/swiss_join_internal.h
+++ b/cpp/src/arrow/acero/swiss_join_internal.h
@@ -23,8 +23,8 @@
 #include "arrow/acero/schema_util.h"
 #include "arrow/acero/task_util.h"
 #include "arrow/compute/kernels/row_encoder_internal.h"
-#include "arrow/compute/key_map.h"
-#include "arrow/compute/light_array.h"
+#include "arrow/compute/key_map_internal.h"
+#include "arrow/compute/light_array_internal.h"
 #include "arrow/compute/row/encode_internal.h"
 
 namespace arrow {
diff --git a/cpp/src/arrow/compute/key_hash.cc b/cpp/src/arrow/compute/key_hash_internal.cc
similarity index 99%
rename from cpp/src/arrow/compute/key_hash.cc
rename to cpp/src/arrow/compute/key_hash_internal.cc
index 1902b9ce9a88e..a0002efb3faf3 100644
--- a/cpp/src/arrow/compute/key_hash.cc
+++ b/cpp/src/arrow/compute/key_hash_internal.cc
@@ -15,14 +15,14 @@
 // specific language governing permissions and limitations
 // under the License.
 
-#include "arrow/compute/key_hash.h"
+#include "arrow/compute/key_hash_internal.h"
 
 #include <memory.h>
 
 #include <algorithm>
 #include <cstdint>
 
-#include "arrow/compute/light_array.h"
+#include "arrow/compute/light_array_internal.h"
 #include "arrow/util/bit_util.h"
 #include "arrow/util/ubsan.h"
 
diff --git a/cpp/src/arrow/compute/key_hash.h b/cpp/src/arrow/compute/key_hash_internal.h
similarity index 99%
rename from cpp/src/arrow/compute/key_hash.h
rename to cpp/src/arrow/compute/key_hash_internal.h
index 1173df5ed103e..7d226f52086b1 100644
--- a/cpp/src/arrow/compute/key_hash.h
+++ b/cpp/src/arrow/compute/key_hash_internal.h
@@ -23,7 +23,7 @@
 
 #include <cstdint>
 
-#include "arrow/compute/light_array.h"
+#include "arrow/compute/light_array_internal.h"
 #include "arrow/compute/util.h"
 
 namespace arrow {
diff --git a/cpp/src/arrow/compute/key_hash_avx2.cc b/cpp/src/arrow/compute/key_hash_internal_avx2.cc
similarity index 99%
rename from cpp/src/arrow/compute/key_hash_avx2.cc
rename to cpp/src/arrow/compute/key_hash_internal_avx2.cc
index aec2800c647d7..4def87bd7aa20 100644
--- a/cpp/src/arrow/compute/key_hash_avx2.cc
+++ b/cpp/src/arrow/compute/key_hash_internal_avx2.cc
@@ -17,7 +17,7 @@
 
 #include <immintrin.h>
 
-#include "arrow/compute/key_hash.h"
+#include "arrow/compute/key_hash_internal.h"
 #include "arrow/util/bit_util.h"
 
 namespace arrow {
diff --git a/cpp/src/arrow/compute/key_hash_test.cc b/cpp/src/arrow/compute/key_hash_test.cc
index c998df7169c4a..4e5d869cb7db6 100644
--- a/cpp/src/arrow/compute/key_hash_test.cc
+++ b/cpp/src/arrow/compute/key_hash_test.cc
@@ -23,7 +23,7 @@
 #include <unordered_set>
 
 #include "arrow/array/builder_binary.h"
-#include "arrow/compute/key_hash.h"
+#include "arrow/compute/key_hash_internal.h"
 #include "arrow/testing/gtest_util.h"
 #include "arrow/testing/util.h"
 #include "arrow/util/cpu_info.h"
diff --git a/cpp/src/arrow/compute/key_map.cc b/cpp/src/arrow/compute/key_map_internal.cc
similarity index 99%
rename from cpp/src/arrow/compute/key_map.cc
rename to cpp/src/arrow/compute/key_map_internal.cc
index a027ec811cf24..9e6d60ab5032b 100644
--- a/cpp/src/arrow/compute/key_map.cc
+++ b/cpp/src/arrow/compute/key_map_internal.cc
@@ -15,7 +15,7 @@
 // specific language governing permissions and limitations
 // under the License.
 
-#include "arrow/compute/key_map.h"
+#include "arrow/compute/key_map_internal.h"
 
 #include <algorithm>
 #include <cstdint>
diff --git a/cpp/src/arrow/compute/key_map.h b/cpp/src/arrow/compute/key_map_internal.h
similarity index 100%
rename from cpp/src/arrow/compute/key_map.h
rename to cpp/src/arrow/compute/key_map_internal.h
diff --git a/cpp/src/arrow/compute/key_map_avx2.cc b/cpp/src/arrow/compute/key_map_internal_avx2.cc
similarity index 99%
rename from cpp/src/arrow/compute/key_map_avx2.cc
rename to cpp/src/arrow/compute/key_map_internal_avx2.cc
index 3526a6cb0f344..8c98166f49269 100644
--- a/cpp/src/arrow/compute/key_map_avx2.cc
+++ b/cpp/src/arrow/compute/key_map_internal_avx2.cc
@@ -17,7 +17,7 @@
 
 #include <immintrin.h>
 
-#include "arrow/compute/key_map.h"
+#include "arrow/compute/key_map_internal.h"
 #include "arrow/util/logging.h"
 
 namespace arrow {
diff --git a/cpp/src/arrow/compute/light_array.cc b/cpp/src/arrow/compute/light_array_internal.cc
similarity index 99%
rename from cpp/src/arrow/compute/light_array.cc
rename to cpp/src/arrow/compute/light_array_internal.cc
index b225e04b05cea..4f235925d0fb6 100644
--- a/cpp/src/arrow/compute/light_array.cc
+++ b/cpp/src/arrow/compute/light_array_internal.cc
@@ -15,7 +15,7 @@
 // specific language governing permissions and limitations
 // under the License.
 
-#include "arrow/compute/light_array.h"
+#include "arrow/compute/light_array_internal.h"
 
 #include <type_traits>
 
diff --git a/cpp/src/arrow/compute/light_array.h b/cpp/src/arrow/compute/light_array_internal.h
similarity index 100%
rename from cpp/src/arrow/compute/light_array.h
rename to cpp/src/arrow/compute/light_array_internal.h
diff --git a/cpp/src/arrow/compute/light_array_test.cc b/cpp/src/arrow/compute/light_array_test.cc
index ecc5f3ad37931..08f36ee606025 100644
--- a/cpp/src/arrow/compute/light_array_test.cc
+++ b/cpp/src/arrow/compute/light_array_test.cc
@@ -15,7 +15,7 @@
 // specific language governing permissions and limitations
 // under the License.
 
-#include "arrow/compute/light_array.h"
+#include "arrow/compute/light_array_internal.h"
 
 #include <gtest/gtest.h>
 #include <numeric>
diff --git a/cpp/src/arrow/compute/row/compare_internal.h b/cpp/src/arrow/compute/row/compare_internal.h
index db953fbe11271..b039ca97ff978 100644
--- a/cpp/src/arrow/compute/row/compare_internal.h
+++ b/cpp/src/arrow/compute/row/compare_internal.h
@@ -19,7 +19,7 @@
 
 #include <cstdint>
 
-#include "arrow/compute/light_array.h"
+#include "arrow/compute/light_array_internal.h"
 #include "arrow/compute/row/encode_internal.h"
 #include "arrow/compute/row/row_internal.h"
 #include "arrow/compute/util.h"
diff --git a/cpp/src/arrow/compute/row/encode_internal.h b/cpp/src/arrow/compute/row/encode_internal.h
index 6091fb66982af..2afc150530b9e 100644
--- a/cpp/src/arrow/compute/row/encode_internal.h
+++ b/cpp/src/arrow/compute/row/encode_internal.h
@@ -22,8 +22,8 @@
 #include <vector>
 
 #include "arrow/array/data.h"
-#include "arrow/compute/key_map.h"
-#include "arrow/compute/light_array.h"
+#include "arrow/compute/key_map_internal.h"
+#include "arrow/compute/light_array_internal.h"
 #include "arrow/compute/row/row_internal.h"
 #include "arrow/compute/util.h"
 #include "arrow/memory_pool.h"
diff --git a/cpp/src/arrow/compute/row/grouper.cc b/cpp/src/arrow/compute/row/grouper.cc
index 5e23eda16fda2..756c70967ac6f 100644
--- a/cpp/src/arrow/compute/row/grouper.cc
+++ b/cpp/src/arrow/compute/row/grouper.cc
@@ -26,8 +26,8 @@
 #include "arrow/compute/api_vector.h"
 #include "arrow/compute/function.h"
 #include "arrow/compute/kernels/row_encoder_internal.h"
-#include "arrow/compute/key_hash.h"
-#include "arrow/compute/light_array.h"
+#include "arrow/compute/key_hash_internal.h"
+#include "arrow/compute/light_array_internal.h"
 #include "arrow/compute/registry.h"
 #include "arrow/compute/row/compare_internal.h"
 #include "arrow/compute/row/grouper_internal.h"
diff --git a/cpp/src/arrow/compute/row/row_internal.h b/cpp/src/arrow/compute/row/row_internal.h
index c9194267aa3fe..3220b7ffe6e40 100644
--- a/cpp/src/arrow/compute/row/row_internal.h
+++ b/cpp/src/arrow/compute/row/row_internal.h
@@ -20,7 +20,7 @@
 #include <vector>
 
 #include "arrow/buffer.h"
-#include "arrow/compute/light_array.h"
+#include "arrow/compute/light_array_internal.h"
 #include "arrow/memory_pool.h"
 #include "arrow/status.h"
 #include "arrow/util/logging.h"
diff --git a/cpp/src/arrow/compute/util.cc b/cpp/src/arrow/compute/util.cc
index 2058ba9f30757..b0c863b26a062 100644
--- a/cpp/src/arrow/compute/util.cc
+++ b/cpp/src/arrow/compute/util.cc
@@ -32,7 +32,7 @@ using internal::CpuInfo;
 namespace util {
 
 void TempVectorStack::alloc(uint32_t num_bytes, uint8_t** data, int* id) {
-  int64_t new_top = top_ + PaddedAllocationSize(num_bytes) + 2 * sizeof(uint64_t);
+  int64_t new_top = top_ + EstimatedAllocationSize(num_bytes);
   // Stack overflow check (see GH-39582).
   // XXX cannot return a regular Status because most consumers do not either.
   ARROW_CHECK_LE(new_top, buffer_size_) << "TempVectorStack::alloc overflow";
@@ -48,7 +48,7 @@ void TempVectorStack::alloc(uint32_t num_bytes, uint8_t** data, int* id) {
 
 void TempVectorStack::release(int id, uint32_t num_bytes) {
   ARROW_DCHECK(num_vectors_ == id + 1);
-  int64_t size = PaddedAllocationSize(num_bytes) + 2 * sizeof(uint64_t);
+  int64_t size = EstimatedAllocationSize(num_bytes);
   ARROW_DCHECK(reinterpret_cast<const uint64_t*>(buffer_->mutable_data() + top_)[-1] ==
                kGuard2);
   ARROW_DCHECK(top_ >= size);
diff --git a/cpp/src/arrow/compute/util.h b/cpp/src/arrow/compute/util.h
index e2a2e71b8521d..88dce160ce936 100644
--- a/cpp/src/arrow/compute/util.h
+++ b/cpp/src/arrow/compute/util.h
@@ -89,7 +89,7 @@ class ARROW_EXPORT TempVectorStack {
   Status Init(MemoryPool* pool, int64_t size) {
     num_vectors_ = 0;
     top_ = 0;
-    buffer_size_ = PaddedAllocationSize(size) + kPadding + 2 * sizeof(uint64_t);
+    buffer_size_ = EstimatedAllocationSize(size);
     ARROW_ASSIGN_OR_RAISE(auto buffer, AllocateResizableBuffer(size, pool));
     // Ensure later operations don't accidentally read uninitialized memory.
     std::memset(buffer->mutable_data(), 0xFF, size);
@@ -98,7 +98,11 @@ class ARROW_EXPORT TempVectorStack {
   }
 
  private:
-  int64_t PaddedAllocationSize(int64_t num_bytes) {
+  static int64_t EstimatedAllocationSize(int64_t size) {
+    return PaddedAllocationSize(size) + 2 * sizeof(uint64_t);
+  }
+
+  static int64_t PaddedAllocationSize(int64_t num_bytes) {
     // Round up allocation size to multiple of 8 bytes
     // to avoid returning temp vectors with unaligned address.
     //