diff --git a/cpp/src/arrow/array/array_dict.h b/cpp/src/arrow/array/array_dict.h
index c87606f7caf..ce1f49ce5fa 100644
--- a/cpp/src/arrow/array/array_dict.h
+++ b/cpp/src/arrow/array/array_dict.h
@@ -75,6 +75,12 @@ class ARROW_EXPORT DictionaryArray : public Array {
       const std::shared_ptr<DataType>& type, const std::shared_ptr<Array>& indices,
       const std::shared_ptr<Array>& dictionary);
 
+  static Result<std::shared_ptr<Array>> FromArrays(
+      const std::shared_ptr<Array>& indices, const std::shared_ptr<Array>& dictionary) {
+    return FromArrays(::arrow::dictionary(indices->type(), dictionary->type()), indices,
+                      dictionary);
+  }
+
   /// \brief Transpose this DictionaryArray
   ///
   /// This method constructs a new dictionary array with the given dictionary
diff --git a/cpp/src/parquet/arrow/arrow_reader_writer_test.cc b/cpp/src/parquet/arrow/arrow_reader_writer_test.cc
index 5b886e3e17e..da79a7d4baa 100644
--- a/cpp/src/parquet/arrow/arrow_reader_writer_test.cc
+++ b/cpp/src/parquet/arrow/arrow_reader_writer_test.cc
@@ -2689,6 +2689,39 @@ TEST(TestArrowReadWrite, DictionaryColumnChunkedWrite) {
   ::arrow::AssertTablesEqual(*expected_table, *result, false);
 }
 
+TEST(TestArrowReadWrite, NonUniqueDictionaryValues) {
+  // ARROW-10237
+  auto dict_with_dupes = ArrayFromJSON(::arrow::utf8(), R"(["a", "a", "b"])");
+  // test with all valid 4-long `indices`
+  for (int i = 0; i < 4 * 4 * 4 * 4; ++i) {
+    int j = i;
+    ASSERT_OK_AND_ASSIGN(
+        auto indices,
+        ArrayFromBuilderVisitor(::arrow::int32(), 4, [&](::arrow::Int32Builder* b) {
+          if (j % 4 < dict_with_dupes->length()) {
+            b->UnsafeAppend(j % 4);
+          } else {
+            b->UnsafeAppendNull();
+          }
+          j /= 4;
+        }));
+    ASSERT_OK_AND_ASSIGN(auto plain, ::arrow::compute::Take(*dict_with_dupes, *indices));
+    ASSERT_OK_AND_ASSIGN(auto encoded,
+                         ::arrow::DictionaryArray::FromArrays(indices, dict_with_dupes));
+
+    auto table = Table::Make(::arrow::schema({::arrow::field("d", encoded->type())}),
+                             ::arrow::ArrayVector{encoded});
+
+    ASSERT_OK(table->ValidateFull());
+
+    std::shared_ptr<Table> round_tripped;
+    ASSERT_NO_FATAL_FAILURE(DoSimpleRoundtrip(table, true, 20, {}, &round_tripped));
+
+    ASSERT_OK(round_tripped->ValidateFull());
+    ::arrow::AssertArraysEqual(*plain, *round_tripped->column(0)->chunk(0), true);
+  }
+}
+
 TEST(TestArrowWrite, CheckChunkSize) {
   const int num_columns = 2;
   const int num_rows = 128;
diff --git a/cpp/src/parquet/column_writer.cc b/cpp/src/parquet/column_writer.cc
index 4be8bb67361..eb3942f29c1 100644
--- a/cpp/src/parquet/column_writer.cc
+++ b/cpp/src/parquet/column_writer.cc
@@ -1393,6 +1393,14 @@ Status TypedColumnWriterImpl<DType>::WriteArrowDictionary(
     // It's a new dictionary. Call PutDictionary and keep track of it
     PARQUET_CATCH_NOT_OK(dict_encoder->PutDictionary(*dictionary));
 
+    // If there were duplicate value in the dictionary, the encoder's memo table
+    // will be out of sync with the indices in the Arrow array.
+    // The easiest solution for this uncommon case is to fallback to plain encoding.
+    if (dict_encoder->num_entries() != dictionary->length()) {
+      PARQUET_CATCH_NOT_OK(FallbackToPlainEncoding());
+      return WriteDense();
+    }
+
     // TODO(wesm): If some dictionary values are unobserved, then the
     // statistics will be inaccurate. Do we care enough to fix it?
     if (page_statistics_ != nullptr) {