From 6509c3b3d362e52e9ed9a92041dd44d009352431 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: qiye Date: Thu, 26 Dec 2024 21:11:55 +0800 Subject: [PATCH] [test](index compaction) Add index compaction full flow UT test (#45746) 1. Add index compaction full flow UT tests 2. Add index compaction performance test, disable by default. --- .../index_compaction_performance_test.cpp | 265 +++++ .../compaction/index_compaction_test.cpp | 912 +++++++++++++++++- .../util/index_compaction_utils.cpp | 275 ++++-- .../data/sorted_wikipedia-50-1.json | 50 + .../data/sorted_wikipedia-50-2.json | 50 + 5 files changed, 1442 insertions(+), 110 deletions(-) create mode 100644 be/test/olap/rowset/segment_v2/inverted_index/compaction/index_compaction_performance_test.cpp create mode 100644 be/test/olap/rowset/segment_v2/inverted_index/data/sorted_wikipedia-50-1.json create mode 100644 be/test/olap/rowset/segment_v2/inverted_index/data/sorted_wikipedia-50-2.json diff --git a/be/test/olap/rowset/segment_v2/inverted_index/compaction/index_compaction_performance_test.cpp b/be/test/olap/rowset/segment_v2/inverted_index/compaction/index_compaction_performance_test.cpp new file mode 100644 index 00000000000000..566680e8b1e73b --- /dev/null +++ b/be/test/olap/rowset/segment_v2/inverted_index/compaction/index_compaction_performance_test.cpp @@ -0,0 +1,265 @@ +// Licensed to the Apache Software Foundation (ASF) under one +// or more contributor license agreements. See the NOTICE file +// distributed with this work for additional information +// regarding copyright ownership. The ASF licenses this file +// to you under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the +// "License"); you may not use this file except in compliance +// with the License. You may obtain a copy of the License at +// +// http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0 +// +// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, +// software distributed under the License is distributed on an +// "AS IS" BASIS, WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY +// KIND, either express or implied. See the License for the +// specific language governing permissions and limitations +// under the License. + +#include + +#include +#include +#include + +#include "olap/utils.h" +#include "util/index_compaction_utils.cpp" + +namespace doris { + +using namespace doris::vectorized; + +constexpr static uint32_t MAX_PATH_LEN = 1024; +constexpr static std::string_view dest_dir = "./ut_dir/inverted_index_test"; +constexpr static std::string_view tmp_dir = "./ut_dir/tmp"; + +class DISABLED_IndexCompactionPerformanceTest : public ::testing::Test { +protected: + void SetUp() override { + // absolute dir + char buffer[MAX_PATH_LEN]; + EXPECT_NE(getcwd(buffer, MAX_PATH_LEN), nullptr); + _current_dir = std::string(buffer); + _absolute_dir = _current_dir + std::string(dest_dir); + EXPECT_TRUE(io::global_local_filesystem()->delete_directory(_absolute_dir).ok()); + EXPECT_TRUE(io::global_local_filesystem()->create_directory(_absolute_dir).ok()); + + // tmp dir + EXPECT_TRUE(io::global_local_filesystem()->delete_directory(tmp_dir).ok()); + EXPECT_TRUE(io::global_local_filesystem()->create_directory(tmp_dir).ok()); + std::vector paths; + paths.emplace_back(std::string(tmp_dir), 1024000000); + auto tmp_file_dirs = std::make_unique(paths); + Status st = tmp_file_dirs->init(); + EXPECT_TRUE(st.ok()) << st.to_json(); + ExecEnv::GetInstance()->set_tmp_file_dir(std::move(tmp_file_dirs)); + + // storage engine + doris::EngineOptions options; + auto engine = std::make_unique(options); + _engine_ref = engine.get(); + _data_dir = std::make_unique(*_engine_ref, _absolute_dir); + static_cast(_data_dir->update_capacity()); + ExecEnv::GetInstance()->set_storage_engine(std::move(engine)); + config::enable_segcompaction = false; + config::string_type_length_soft_limit_bytes = 2147483643; + config::inverted_index_dict_path = + _current_dir + "/be/src/clucene/src/contribs-lib/CLucene/analysis/jieba/dict"; + } + void TearDown() override { + EXPECT_TRUE(io::global_local_filesystem()->delete_directory(_tablet->tablet_path()).ok()); + EXPECT_TRUE(io::global_local_filesystem()->delete_directory(_absolute_dir).ok()); + EXPECT_TRUE(io::global_local_filesystem()->delete_directory(tmp_dir).ok()); + _engine_ref = nullptr; + ExecEnv::GetInstance()->set_storage_engine(nullptr); + } + + DISABLED_IndexCompactionPerformanceTest() = default; + ~DISABLED_IndexCompactionPerformanceTest() override = default; + + void _build_wiki_tablet(const KeysType& keys_type, + const InvertedIndexStorageFormatPB& storage_format, + const std::map& properties) { + // tablet_schema + TabletSchemaPB schema_pb; + schema_pb.set_keys_type(keys_type); + schema_pb.set_inverted_index_storage_format(storage_format); + + IndexCompactionUtils::construct_column(schema_pb.add_column(), 0, "STRING", "title"); + IndexCompactionUtils::construct_column(schema_pb.add_column(), schema_pb.add_index(), 10001, + "idx_content", 1, "STRING", "content", properties); + IndexCompactionUtils::construct_column(schema_pb.add_column(), 2, "STRING", "redirect"); + IndexCompactionUtils::construct_column(schema_pb.add_column(), 3, "STRING", "namespace"); + if (keys_type == KeysType::UNIQUE_KEYS) { + // unique table must contain the DELETE_SIGN column + auto* column_pb = schema_pb.add_column(); + IndexCompactionUtils::construct_column(column_pb, 4, "TINYINT", DELETE_SIGN); + column_pb->set_length(1); + column_pb->set_index_length(1); + column_pb->set_is_nullable(false); + } + _tablet_schema = std::make_shared(); + _tablet_schema->init_from_pb(schema_pb); + + // tablet + TabletMetaSharedPtr tablet_meta(new TabletMeta(_tablet_schema)); + if (keys_type == KeysType::UNIQUE_KEYS) { + tablet_meta->_enable_unique_key_merge_on_write = true; + } + + _tablet = std::make_shared(*_engine_ref, tablet_meta, _data_dir.get()); + EXPECT_TRUE(_tablet->init().ok()); + } + + void _run_normal_wiki_test() { + EXPECT_TRUE(io::global_local_filesystem()->delete_directory(_tablet->tablet_path()).ok()); + EXPECT_TRUE(io::global_local_filesystem()->create_directory(_tablet->tablet_path()).ok()); + std::string data_dir = + _current_dir + "/be/test/olap/rowset/segment_v2/inverted_index/data/performance"; + std::vector data_files; + for (const auto& entry : std::filesystem::directory_iterator(data_dir)) { + if (entry.is_regular_file()) { + std::string filename = entry.path().filename().string(); + if (filename.starts_with("wikipedia") && filename.ends_with(".json")) { + std::cout << "Found file: " << filename << std::endl; + data_files.push_back(entry.path().string()); + } + } + } + + std::vector rowsets(data_files.size()); + auto custom_check_build_rowsets = [](const int32_t& size) { EXPECT_EQ(size, 1); }; + IndexCompactionUtils::build_rowsets( + _data_dir, _tablet_schema, _tablet, _engine_ref, rowsets, data_files, _inc_id, + custom_check_build_rowsets, true); + + auto custom_check_index = [](const BaseCompaction& compaction, + const RowsetWriterContext& ctx) { + EXPECT_EQ(compaction._cur_tablet_schema->inverted_indexes().size(), 1); + EXPECT_TRUE(ctx.columns_to_do_index_compaction.size() == 1); + EXPECT_TRUE(ctx.columns_to_do_index_compaction.contains(1)); + EXPECT_TRUE(compaction._output_rowset->num_segments() == 1) + << compaction._output_rowset->num_segments(); + }; + + RowsetSharedPtr output_rowset_index; + Status st; + { + OlapStopWatch watch; + st = IndexCompactionUtils::do_compaction(rowsets, _engine_ref, _tablet, true, + output_rowset_index, custom_check_index, + 10000000); + std::cout << "index compaction time: " << watch.get_elapse_second() << "s" << std::endl; + } + EXPECT_TRUE(st.ok()) << st.to_string(); + + const auto& seg_path = output_rowset_index->segment_path(0); + EXPECT_TRUE(seg_path.has_value()) << seg_path.error(); + auto inverted_index_file_reader_index = IndexCompactionUtils::init_index_file_reader( + output_rowset_index, seg_path.value(), + _tablet_schema->get_inverted_index_storage_format()); + + auto custom_check_normal = [](const BaseCompaction& compaction, + const RowsetWriterContext& ctx) { + EXPECT_EQ(compaction._cur_tablet_schema->inverted_indexes().size(), 1); + EXPECT_TRUE(ctx.columns_to_do_index_compaction.size() == 0); + EXPECT_TRUE(compaction._output_rowset->num_segments() == 1); + }; + + RowsetSharedPtr output_rowset_normal; + { + OlapStopWatch watch; + st = IndexCompactionUtils::do_compaction(rowsets, _engine_ref, _tablet, false, + output_rowset_normal, custom_check_normal, + 10000000); + std::cout << "normal compaction time: " << watch.get_elapse_second() << "s" + << std::endl; + } + EXPECT_TRUE(st.ok()) << st.to_string(); + const auto& seg_path_normal = output_rowset_normal->segment_path(0); + EXPECT_TRUE(seg_path_normal.has_value()) << seg_path_normal.error(); + auto inverted_index_file_reader_normal = IndexCompactionUtils::init_index_file_reader( + output_rowset_normal, seg_path_normal.value(), + _tablet_schema->get_inverted_index_storage_format()); + + // check index file terms + for (int idx = 10001; idx < 10002; idx++) { + auto dir_idx = inverted_index_file_reader_index->_open(idx, ""); + EXPECT_TRUE(dir_idx.has_value()) << dir_idx.error(); + auto dir_normal = inverted_index_file_reader_normal->_open(idx, ""); + EXPECT_TRUE(dir_normal.has_value()) << dir_normal.error(); + st = IndexCompactionUtils::check_idx_file_correctness(dir_idx->get(), + dir_normal->get()); + EXPECT_TRUE(st.ok()) << st.to_string(); + } + } + +private: + TabletSchemaSPtr _tablet_schema = nullptr; + StorageEngine* _engine_ref = nullptr; + std::unique_ptr _data_dir = nullptr; + TabletSharedPtr _tablet = nullptr; + std::string _absolute_dir; + std::string _current_dir; + int64_t _inc_id = 1000; +}; + +TEST_F(DISABLED_IndexCompactionPerformanceTest, tes_wikipedia_dup_v2_english) { + std::map properties; + properties.emplace(INVERTED_INDEX_PARSER_KEY, INVERTED_INDEX_PARSER_ENGLISH); + properties.emplace(INVERTED_INDEX_PARSER_PHRASE_SUPPORT_KEY, + INVERTED_INDEX_PARSER_PHRASE_SUPPORT_YES); + properties.emplace(INVERTED_INDEX_PARSER_LOWERCASE_KEY, INVERTED_INDEX_PARSER_TRUE); + _build_wiki_tablet(KeysType::DUP_KEYS, InvertedIndexStorageFormatPB::V2, properties); + _run_normal_wiki_test(); +} + +TEST_F(DISABLED_IndexCompactionPerformanceTest, tes_wikipedia_dup_v2_unicode) { + std::map properties; + properties.emplace(INVERTED_INDEX_PARSER_KEY, INVERTED_INDEX_PARSER_UNICODE); + properties.emplace(INVERTED_INDEX_PARSER_PHRASE_SUPPORT_KEY, + INVERTED_INDEX_PARSER_PHRASE_SUPPORT_YES); + properties.emplace(INVERTED_INDEX_PARSER_LOWERCASE_KEY, INVERTED_INDEX_PARSER_TRUE); + _build_wiki_tablet(KeysType::DUP_KEYS, InvertedIndexStorageFormatPB::V2, properties); + _run_normal_wiki_test(); +} + +TEST_F(DISABLED_IndexCompactionPerformanceTest, tes_wikipedia_dup_v2_chinese) { + std::map properties; + properties.emplace(INVERTED_INDEX_PARSER_KEY, INVERTED_INDEX_PARSER_CHINESE); + properties.emplace(INVERTED_INDEX_PARSER_PHRASE_SUPPORT_KEY, + INVERTED_INDEX_PARSER_PHRASE_SUPPORT_YES); + properties.emplace(INVERTED_INDEX_PARSER_LOWERCASE_KEY, INVERTED_INDEX_PARSER_TRUE); + _build_wiki_tablet(KeysType::DUP_KEYS, InvertedIndexStorageFormatPB::V2, properties); + _run_normal_wiki_test(); +} + +TEST_F(DISABLED_IndexCompactionPerformanceTest, tes_wikipedia_mow_v2_english) { + std::map properties; + properties.emplace(INVERTED_INDEX_PARSER_KEY, INVERTED_INDEX_PARSER_ENGLISH); + properties.emplace(INVERTED_INDEX_PARSER_PHRASE_SUPPORT_KEY, + INVERTED_INDEX_PARSER_PHRASE_SUPPORT_YES); + properties.emplace(INVERTED_INDEX_PARSER_LOWERCASE_KEY, INVERTED_INDEX_PARSER_TRUE); + _build_wiki_tablet(KeysType::UNIQUE_KEYS, InvertedIndexStorageFormatPB::V2, properties); + _run_normal_wiki_test(); +} + +TEST_F(DISABLED_IndexCompactionPerformanceTest, tes_wikipedia_mow_v2_unicode) { + std::map properties; + properties.emplace(INVERTED_INDEX_PARSER_KEY, INVERTED_INDEX_PARSER_UNICODE); + properties.emplace(INVERTED_INDEX_PARSER_PHRASE_SUPPORT_KEY, + INVERTED_INDEX_PARSER_PHRASE_SUPPORT_YES); + properties.emplace(INVERTED_INDEX_PARSER_LOWERCASE_KEY, INVERTED_INDEX_PARSER_TRUE); + _build_wiki_tablet(KeysType::UNIQUE_KEYS, InvertedIndexStorageFormatPB::V2, properties); + _run_normal_wiki_test(); +} + +TEST_F(DISABLED_IndexCompactionPerformanceTest, tes_wikipedia_mow_v2_chinese) { + std::map properties; + properties.emplace(INVERTED_INDEX_PARSER_KEY, INVERTED_INDEX_PARSER_CHINESE); + properties.emplace(INVERTED_INDEX_PARSER_PHRASE_SUPPORT_KEY, + INVERTED_INDEX_PARSER_PHRASE_SUPPORT_YES); + properties.emplace(INVERTED_INDEX_PARSER_LOWERCASE_KEY, INVERTED_INDEX_PARSER_TRUE); + _build_wiki_tablet(KeysType::UNIQUE_KEYS, InvertedIndexStorageFormatPB::V2, properties); + _run_normal_wiki_test(); +} +} // namespace doris diff --git a/be/test/olap/rowset/segment_v2/inverted_index/compaction/index_compaction_test.cpp b/be/test/olap/rowset/segment_v2/inverted_index/compaction/index_compaction_test.cpp index 264786570e731a..64aec3ffa4a2f2 100644 --- a/be/test/olap/rowset/segment_v2/inverted_index/compaction/index_compaction_test.cpp +++ b/be/test/olap/rowset/segment_v2/inverted_index/compaction/index_compaction_test.cpp @@ -17,6 +17,7 @@ #include +#include "olap/utils.h" #include "util/index_compaction_utils.cpp" namespace doris { @@ -55,7 +56,25 @@ class IndexCompactionTest : public ::testing::Test { _data_dir = std::make_unique(*_engine_ref, _absolute_dir); static_cast(_data_dir->update_capacity()); ExecEnv::GetInstance()->set_storage_engine(std::move(engine)); + config::inverted_index_dict_path = + _current_dir + "/be/src/clucene/src/contribs-lib/CLucene/analysis/jieba/dict"; + } + void TearDown() override { + EXPECT_TRUE(io::global_local_filesystem()->delete_directory(_tablet->tablet_path()).ok()); + EXPECT_TRUE(io::global_local_filesystem()->delete_directory(_absolute_dir).ok()); + EXPECT_TRUE(io::global_local_filesystem()->delete_directory(tmp_dir).ok()); + _engine_ref = nullptr; + ExecEnv::GetInstance()->set_storage_engine(nullptr); + // reset config + config::inverted_index_max_buffered_docs = -1; + config::compaction_batch_size = -1; + config::inverted_index_compaction_enable = false; + } + IndexCompactionTest() = default; + ~IndexCompactionTest() override = default; + + void _build_tablet() { // tablet_schema TabletSchemaPB schema_pb; schema_pb.set_keys_type(KeysType::DUP_KEYS); @@ -65,8 +84,10 @@ class IndexCompactionTest : public ::testing::Test { "key_index", 0, "INT", "key"); IndexCompactionUtils::construct_column(schema_pb.add_column(), schema_pb.add_index(), 10001, "v1_index", 1, "STRING", "v1"); + std::map properties; + properties.emplace(INVERTED_INDEX_PARSER_KEY, INVERTED_INDEX_PARSER_UNICODE); IndexCompactionUtils::construct_column(schema_pb.add_column(), schema_pb.add_index(), 10002, - "v2_index", 2, "STRING", "v2", true); + "v2_index", 2, "STRING", "v2", properties); IndexCompactionUtils::construct_column(schema_pb.add_column(), schema_pb.add_index(), 10003, "v3_index", 3, "INT", "v3"); _tablet_schema = std::make_shared(); @@ -78,16 +99,625 @@ class IndexCompactionTest : public ::testing::Test { _tablet = std::make_shared(*_engine_ref, tablet_meta, _data_dir.get()); EXPECT_TRUE(_tablet->init().ok()); } - void TearDown() override { - EXPECT_TRUE(io::global_local_filesystem()->delete_directory(_tablet->tablet_path()).ok()); - EXPECT_TRUE(io::global_local_filesystem()->delete_directory(_absolute_dir).ok()); - EXPECT_TRUE(io::global_local_filesystem()->delete_directory(tmp_dir).ok()); - _engine_ref = nullptr; - ExecEnv::GetInstance()->set_storage_engine(nullptr); + + void _build_wiki_tablet(const KeysType& keys_type, + const InvertedIndexStorageFormatPB& storage_format) { + // tablet_schema + TabletSchemaPB schema_pb; + schema_pb.set_keys_type(keys_type); + schema_pb.set_inverted_index_storage_format(storage_format); + + IndexCompactionUtils::construct_column(schema_pb.add_column(), schema_pb.add_index(), 10000, + "idx_title", 0, "STRING", "title", + std::map(), true); + // parser = english, support_phrase = true, lower_case = true, char_filter = none + std::map properties; + properties.emplace(INVERTED_INDEX_PARSER_KEY, INVERTED_INDEX_PARSER_ENGLISH); + properties.emplace(INVERTED_INDEX_PARSER_PHRASE_SUPPORT_KEY, + INVERTED_INDEX_PARSER_PHRASE_SUPPORT_YES); + properties.emplace(INVERTED_INDEX_PARSER_LOWERCASE_KEY, INVERTED_INDEX_PARSER_TRUE); + properties.emplace(INVERTED_INDEX_PARSER_CHAR_FILTER_TYPE, ""); + properties.emplace(INVERTED_INDEX_PARSER_CHAR_FILTER_PATTERN, ""); + properties.emplace(INVERTED_INDEX_PARSER_CHAR_FILTER_REPLACEMENT, ""); + IndexCompactionUtils::construct_column(schema_pb.add_column(), schema_pb.add_index(), 10001, + "idx_content_1", 1, "STRING", "content_1", + properties); + properties.clear(); + // parser = english, support_phrase = true, lower_case = true, char_filter = char_replace + properties.emplace(INVERTED_INDEX_PARSER_KEY, INVERTED_INDEX_PARSER_ENGLISH); + properties.emplace(INVERTED_INDEX_PARSER_PHRASE_SUPPORT_KEY, + INVERTED_INDEX_PARSER_PHRASE_SUPPORT_YES); + properties.emplace(INVERTED_INDEX_PARSER_LOWERCASE_KEY, INVERTED_INDEX_PARSER_TRUE); + properties.emplace(INVERTED_INDEX_PARSER_CHAR_FILTER_TYPE, "char_replace"); + properties.emplace(INVERTED_INDEX_PARSER_CHAR_FILTER_PATTERN, "._"); + properties.emplace(INVERTED_INDEX_PARSER_CHAR_FILTER_REPLACEMENT, " "); + IndexCompactionUtils::construct_column(schema_pb.add_column(), schema_pb.add_index(), 10002, + "idx_content_2", 2, "STRING", "content_2", + properties); + properties.clear(); + // parser = english, support_phrase = true, lower_case = false, char_filter = none + properties.emplace(INVERTED_INDEX_PARSER_KEY, INVERTED_INDEX_PARSER_ENGLISH); + properties.emplace(INVERTED_INDEX_PARSER_PHRASE_SUPPORT_KEY, + INVERTED_INDEX_PARSER_PHRASE_SUPPORT_YES); + properties.emplace(INVERTED_INDEX_PARSER_LOWERCASE_KEY, INVERTED_INDEX_PARSER_FALSE); + properties.emplace(INVERTED_INDEX_PARSER_CHAR_FILTER_TYPE, ""); + properties.emplace(INVERTED_INDEX_PARSER_CHAR_FILTER_PATTERN, ""); + properties.emplace(INVERTED_INDEX_PARSER_CHAR_FILTER_REPLACEMENT, ""); + IndexCompactionUtils::construct_column(schema_pb.add_column(), schema_pb.add_index(), 10003, + "idx_content_3", 3, "STRING", "content_3", + properties); + properties.clear(); + // parser = english, support_phrase = true, lower_case = false, char_filter = char_replace + properties.emplace(INVERTED_INDEX_PARSER_KEY, INVERTED_INDEX_PARSER_ENGLISH); + properties.emplace(INVERTED_INDEX_PARSER_PHRASE_SUPPORT_KEY, + INVERTED_INDEX_PARSER_PHRASE_SUPPORT_YES); + properties.emplace(INVERTED_INDEX_PARSER_LOWERCASE_KEY, INVERTED_INDEX_PARSER_FALSE); + properties.emplace(INVERTED_INDEX_PARSER_CHAR_FILTER_TYPE, "char_replace"); + properties.emplace(INVERTED_INDEX_PARSER_CHAR_FILTER_PATTERN, "._"); + properties.emplace(INVERTED_INDEX_PARSER_CHAR_FILTER_REPLACEMENT, " "); + IndexCompactionUtils::construct_column(schema_pb.add_column(), schema_pb.add_index(), 10004, + "idx_content_4", 4, "STRING", "content_4", + properties); + properties.clear(); + // parser = english, support_phrase = false, lower_case = true, char_filter = none + properties.emplace(INVERTED_INDEX_PARSER_KEY, INVERTED_INDEX_PARSER_ENGLISH); + properties.emplace(INVERTED_INDEX_PARSER_PHRASE_SUPPORT_KEY, + INVERTED_INDEX_PARSER_PHRASE_SUPPORT_NO); + properties.emplace(INVERTED_INDEX_PARSER_LOWERCASE_KEY, INVERTED_INDEX_PARSER_TRUE); + properties.emplace(INVERTED_INDEX_PARSER_CHAR_FILTER_TYPE, ""); + properties.emplace(INVERTED_INDEX_PARSER_CHAR_FILTER_PATTERN, ""); + properties.emplace(INVERTED_INDEX_PARSER_CHAR_FILTER_REPLACEMENT, ""); + IndexCompactionUtils::construct_column(schema_pb.add_column(), schema_pb.add_index(), 10005, + "idx_content_5", 5, "STRING", "content_5", + properties); + properties.clear(); + // parser = english, support_phrase = false, lower_case = true, char_filter = char_replace + properties.emplace(INVERTED_INDEX_PARSER_KEY, INVERTED_INDEX_PARSER_ENGLISH); + properties.emplace(INVERTED_INDEX_PARSER_PHRASE_SUPPORT_KEY, + INVERTED_INDEX_PARSER_PHRASE_SUPPORT_NO); + properties.emplace(INVERTED_INDEX_PARSER_LOWERCASE_KEY, INVERTED_INDEX_PARSER_TRUE); + properties.emplace(INVERTED_INDEX_PARSER_CHAR_FILTER_TYPE, "char_replace"); + properties.emplace(INVERTED_INDEX_PARSER_CHAR_FILTER_PATTERN, "._"); + properties.emplace(INVERTED_INDEX_PARSER_CHAR_FILTER_REPLACEMENT, " "); + IndexCompactionUtils::construct_column(schema_pb.add_column(), schema_pb.add_index(), 10006, + "idx_content_6", 6, "STRING", "content_6", + properties); + properties.clear(); + // parser = english, support_phrase = false, lower_case = false, char_filter = none + properties.emplace(INVERTED_INDEX_PARSER_KEY, INVERTED_INDEX_PARSER_ENGLISH); + properties.emplace(INVERTED_INDEX_PARSER_PHRASE_SUPPORT_KEY, + INVERTED_INDEX_PARSER_PHRASE_SUPPORT_NO); + properties.emplace(INVERTED_INDEX_PARSER_LOWERCASE_KEY, INVERTED_INDEX_PARSER_FALSE); + properties.emplace(INVERTED_INDEX_PARSER_CHAR_FILTER_TYPE, ""); + properties.emplace(INVERTED_INDEX_PARSER_CHAR_FILTER_PATTERN, ""); + properties.emplace(INVERTED_INDEX_PARSER_CHAR_FILTER_REPLACEMENT, ""); + IndexCompactionUtils::construct_column(schema_pb.add_column(), schema_pb.add_index(), 10007, + "idx_content_7", 7, "STRING", "content_7", + properties); + properties.clear(); + // parser = english, support_phrase = false, lower_case = false, char_filter = char_replace + properties.emplace(INVERTED_INDEX_PARSER_KEY, INVERTED_INDEX_PARSER_ENGLISH); + properties.emplace(INVERTED_INDEX_PARSER_PHRASE_SUPPORT_KEY, + INVERTED_INDEX_PARSER_PHRASE_SUPPORT_NO); + properties.emplace(INVERTED_INDEX_PARSER_LOWERCASE_KEY, INVERTED_INDEX_PARSER_FALSE); + properties.emplace(INVERTED_INDEX_PARSER_CHAR_FILTER_TYPE, "char_replace"); + properties.emplace(INVERTED_INDEX_PARSER_CHAR_FILTER_PATTERN, "._"); + properties.emplace(INVERTED_INDEX_PARSER_CHAR_FILTER_REPLACEMENT, " "); + IndexCompactionUtils::construct_column(schema_pb.add_column(), schema_pb.add_index(), 10008, + "idx_content_8", 8, "STRING", "content_8", + properties); + properties.clear(); + // parser = unicode, support_phrase = true, lower_case = true, char_filter = none + properties.emplace(INVERTED_INDEX_PARSER_KEY, INVERTED_INDEX_PARSER_UNICODE); + properties.emplace(INVERTED_INDEX_PARSER_PHRASE_SUPPORT_KEY, + INVERTED_INDEX_PARSER_PHRASE_SUPPORT_YES); + properties.emplace(INVERTED_INDEX_PARSER_LOWERCASE_KEY, INVERTED_INDEX_PARSER_TRUE); + properties.emplace(INVERTED_INDEX_PARSER_CHAR_FILTER_TYPE, ""); + properties.emplace(INVERTED_INDEX_PARSER_CHAR_FILTER_PATTERN, ""); + properties.emplace(INVERTED_INDEX_PARSER_CHAR_FILTER_REPLACEMENT, ""); + IndexCompactionUtils::construct_column(schema_pb.add_column(), schema_pb.add_index(), 10009, + "idx_content_9", 9, "STRING", "content_9", + properties); + properties.clear(); + // parser = unicode, support_phrase = true, lower_case = true, char_filter = char_replace + properties.emplace(INVERTED_INDEX_PARSER_KEY, INVERTED_INDEX_PARSER_UNICODE); + properties.emplace(INVERTED_INDEX_PARSER_PHRASE_SUPPORT_KEY, + INVERTED_INDEX_PARSER_PHRASE_SUPPORT_YES); + properties.emplace(INVERTED_INDEX_PARSER_LOWERCASE_KEY, INVERTED_INDEX_PARSER_TRUE); + properties.emplace(INVERTED_INDEX_PARSER_CHAR_FILTER_TYPE, "char_replace"); + properties.emplace(INVERTED_INDEX_PARSER_CHAR_FILTER_PATTERN, "._"); + properties.emplace(INVERTED_INDEX_PARSER_CHAR_FILTER_REPLACEMENT, " "); + IndexCompactionUtils::construct_column(schema_pb.add_column(), schema_pb.add_index(), 10010, + "idx_content_10", 10, "STRING", "content_10", + properties); + properties.clear(); + // parser = unicode, support_phrase = true, lower_case = false, char_filter = none + properties.emplace(INVERTED_INDEX_PARSER_KEY, INVERTED_INDEX_PARSER_UNICODE); + properties.emplace(INVERTED_INDEX_PARSER_PHRASE_SUPPORT_KEY, + INVERTED_INDEX_PARSER_PHRASE_SUPPORT_YES); + properties.emplace(INVERTED_INDEX_PARSER_LOWERCASE_KEY, INVERTED_INDEX_PARSER_FALSE); + properties.emplace(INVERTED_INDEX_PARSER_CHAR_FILTER_TYPE, ""); + properties.emplace(INVERTED_INDEX_PARSER_CHAR_FILTER_PATTERN, ""); + properties.emplace(INVERTED_INDEX_PARSER_CHAR_FILTER_REPLACEMENT, ""); + IndexCompactionUtils::construct_column(schema_pb.add_column(), schema_pb.add_index(), 10011, + "idx_content_11", 11, "STRING", "content_11", + properties); + properties.clear(); + // parser = unicode, support_phrase = true, lower_case = false, char_filter = char_replace + properties.emplace(INVERTED_INDEX_PARSER_KEY, INVERTED_INDEX_PARSER_UNICODE); + properties.emplace(INVERTED_INDEX_PARSER_PHRASE_SUPPORT_KEY, + INVERTED_INDEX_PARSER_PHRASE_SUPPORT_YES); + properties.emplace(INVERTED_INDEX_PARSER_LOWERCASE_KEY, INVERTED_INDEX_PARSER_FALSE); + properties.emplace(INVERTED_INDEX_PARSER_CHAR_FILTER_TYPE, "char_replace"); + properties.emplace(INVERTED_INDEX_PARSER_CHAR_FILTER_PATTERN, "._"); + properties.emplace(INVERTED_INDEX_PARSER_CHAR_FILTER_REPLACEMENT, " "); + IndexCompactionUtils::construct_column(schema_pb.add_column(), schema_pb.add_index(), 10012, + "idx_content_12", 12, "STRING", "content_12", + properties); + properties.clear(); + // parser = unicode, support_phrase = false, lower_case = true, char_filter = none + properties.emplace(INVERTED_INDEX_PARSER_KEY, INVERTED_INDEX_PARSER_UNICODE); + properties.emplace(INVERTED_INDEX_PARSER_PHRASE_SUPPORT_KEY, + INVERTED_INDEX_PARSER_PHRASE_SUPPORT_NO); + properties.emplace(INVERTED_INDEX_PARSER_LOWERCASE_KEY, INVERTED_INDEX_PARSER_TRUE); + properties.emplace(INVERTED_INDEX_PARSER_CHAR_FILTER_TYPE, ""); + properties.emplace(INVERTED_INDEX_PARSER_CHAR_FILTER_PATTERN, ""); + properties.emplace(INVERTED_INDEX_PARSER_CHAR_FILTER_REPLACEMENT, ""); + IndexCompactionUtils::construct_column(schema_pb.add_column(), schema_pb.add_index(), 10013, + "idx_content_13", 13, "STRING", "content_13", + properties); + properties.clear(); + // parser = unicode, support_phrase = false, lower_case = true, char_filter = char_replace + properties.emplace(INVERTED_INDEX_PARSER_KEY, INVERTED_INDEX_PARSER_UNICODE); + properties.emplace(INVERTED_INDEX_PARSER_PHRASE_SUPPORT_KEY, + INVERTED_INDEX_PARSER_PHRASE_SUPPORT_NO); + properties.emplace(INVERTED_INDEX_PARSER_LOWERCASE_KEY, INVERTED_INDEX_PARSER_TRUE); + properties.emplace(INVERTED_INDEX_PARSER_CHAR_FILTER_TYPE, "char_replace"); + properties.emplace(INVERTED_INDEX_PARSER_CHAR_FILTER_PATTERN, "._"); + properties.emplace(INVERTED_INDEX_PARSER_CHAR_FILTER_REPLACEMENT, " "); + IndexCompactionUtils::construct_column(schema_pb.add_column(), schema_pb.add_index(), 10014, + "idx_content_14", 14, "STRING", "content_14", + properties); + properties.clear(); + // parser = unicode, support_phrase = false, lower_case = false, char_filter = none + properties.emplace(INVERTED_INDEX_PARSER_KEY, INVERTED_INDEX_PARSER_UNICODE); + properties.emplace(INVERTED_INDEX_PARSER_PHRASE_SUPPORT_KEY, + INVERTED_INDEX_PARSER_PHRASE_SUPPORT_NO); + properties.emplace(INVERTED_INDEX_PARSER_LOWERCASE_KEY, INVERTED_INDEX_PARSER_FALSE); + properties.emplace(INVERTED_INDEX_PARSER_CHAR_FILTER_TYPE, ""); + properties.emplace(INVERTED_INDEX_PARSER_CHAR_FILTER_PATTERN, ""); + properties.emplace(INVERTED_INDEX_PARSER_CHAR_FILTER_REPLACEMENT, ""); + IndexCompactionUtils::construct_column(schema_pb.add_column(), schema_pb.add_index(), 10015, + "idx_content_15", 15, "STRING", "content_15", + properties); + properties.clear(); + // parser = unicode, support_phrase = false, lower_case = false, char_filter = char_replace + properties.emplace(INVERTED_INDEX_PARSER_KEY, INVERTED_INDEX_PARSER_UNICODE); + properties.emplace(INVERTED_INDEX_PARSER_PHRASE_SUPPORT_KEY, + INVERTED_INDEX_PARSER_PHRASE_SUPPORT_NO); + properties.emplace(INVERTED_INDEX_PARSER_LOWERCASE_KEY, INVERTED_INDEX_PARSER_FALSE); + properties.emplace(INVERTED_INDEX_PARSER_CHAR_FILTER_TYPE, "char_replace"); + properties.emplace(INVERTED_INDEX_PARSER_CHAR_FILTER_PATTERN, "._"); + properties.emplace(INVERTED_INDEX_PARSER_CHAR_FILTER_REPLACEMENT, " "); + IndexCompactionUtils::construct_column(schema_pb.add_column(), schema_pb.add_index(), 10016, + "idx_content_16", 16, "STRING", "content_16", + properties); + properties.clear(); + // parser = chinese, parser_mode = fine_grained, support_phrase = true, lower_case = true, char_filter = none + properties.emplace(INVERTED_INDEX_PARSER_KEY, INVERTED_INDEX_PARSER_CHINESE); + properties.emplace(INVERTED_INDEX_PARSER_MODE_KEY, INVERTED_INDEX_PARSER_FINE_GRANULARITY); + properties.emplace(INVERTED_INDEX_PARSER_PHRASE_SUPPORT_KEY, + INVERTED_INDEX_PARSER_PHRASE_SUPPORT_YES); + properties.emplace(INVERTED_INDEX_PARSER_LOWERCASE_KEY, INVERTED_INDEX_PARSER_TRUE); + properties.emplace(INVERTED_INDEX_PARSER_CHAR_FILTER_TYPE, ""); + properties.emplace(INVERTED_INDEX_PARSER_CHAR_FILTER_PATTERN, ""); + properties.emplace(INVERTED_INDEX_PARSER_CHAR_FILTER_REPLACEMENT, ""); + IndexCompactionUtils::construct_column(schema_pb.add_column(), schema_pb.add_index(), 10017, + "idx_content_17", 17, "STRING", "content_17", + properties); + properties.clear(); + // parser = chinese, parser_mode = fine_grained, support_phrase = true, lower_case = true, char_filter = char_replace + properties.emplace(INVERTED_INDEX_PARSER_KEY, INVERTED_INDEX_PARSER_CHINESE); + properties.emplace(INVERTED_INDEX_PARSER_MODE_KEY, INVERTED_INDEX_PARSER_FINE_GRANULARITY); + properties.emplace(INVERTED_INDEX_PARSER_PHRASE_SUPPORT_KEY, + INVERTED_INDEX_PARSER_PHRASE_SUPPORT_YES); + properties.emplace(INVERTED_INDEX_PARSER_LOWERCASE_KEY, INVERTED_INDEX_PARSER_TRUE); + properties.emplace(INVERTED_INDEX_PARSER_CHAR_FILTER_TYPE, "char_replace"); + properties.emplace(INVERTED_INDEX_PARSER_CHAR_FILTER_PATTERN, "._"); + properties.emplace(INVERTED_INDEX_PARSER_CHAR_FILTER_REPLACEMENT, " "); + IndexCompactionUtils::construct_column(schema_pb.add_column(), schema_pb.add_index(), 10018, + "idx_content_18", 18, "STRING", "content_18", + properties); + properties.clear(); + // parser = chinese, parser_mode = fine_grained, support_phrase = true, lower_case = false, char_filter = none + properties.emplace(INVERTED_INDEX_PARSER_KEY, INVERTED_INDEX_PARSER_CHINESE); + properties.emplace(INVERTED_INDEX_PARSER_MODE_KEY, INVERTED_INDEX_PARSER_FINE_GRANULARITY); + properties.emplace(INVERTED_INDEX_PARSER_PHRASE_SUPPORT_KEY, + INVERTED_INDEX_PARSER_PHRASE_SUPPORT_YES); + properties.emplace(INVERTED_INDEX_PARSER_LOWERCASE_KEY, INVERTED_INDEX_PARSER_FALSE); + properties.emplace(INVERTED_INDEX_PARSER_CHAR_FILTER_TYPE, ""); + properties.emplace(INVERTED_INDEX_PARSER_CHAR_FILTER_PATTERN, ""); + properties.emplace(INVERTED_INDEX_PARSER_CHAR_FILTER_REPLACEMENT, ""); + IndexCompactionUtils::construct_column(schema_pb.add_column(), schema_pb.add_index(), 10019, + "idx_content_19", 19, "STRING", "content_19", + properties); + properties.clear(); + // parser = chinese, parser_mode = fine_grained, support_phrase = true, lower_case = false, char_filter = char_replace + properties.emplace(INVERTED_INDEX_PARSER_KEY, INVERTED_INDEX_PARSER_CHINESE); + properties.emplace(INVERTED_INDEX_PARSER_MODE_KEY, INVERTED_INDEX_PARSER_FINE_GRANULARITY); + properties.emplace(INVERTED_INDEX_PARSER_PHRASE_SUPPORT_KEY, + INVERTED_INDEX_PARSER_PHRASE_SUPPORT_YES); + properties.emplace(INVERTED_INDEX_PARSER_LOWERCASE_KEY, INVERTED_INDEX_PARSER_FALSE); + properties.emplace(INVERTED_INDEX_PARSER_CHAR_FILTER_TYPE, "char_replace"); + properties.emplace(INVERTED_INDEX_PARSER_CHAR_FILTER_PATTERN, "._"); + properties.emplace(INVERTED_INDEX_PARSER_CHAR_FILTER_REPLACEMENT, " "); + IndexCompactionUtils::construct_column(schema_pb.add_column(), schema_pb.add_index(), 10020, + "idx_content_20", 20, "STRING", "content_20", + properties); + properties.clear(); + // parser = chinese, parser_mode = fine_grained, support_phrase = false, lower_case = true, char_filter = none + properties.emplace(INVERTED_INDEX_PARSER_KEY, INVERTED_INDEX_PARSER_CHINESE); + properties.emplace(INVERTED_INDEX_PARSER_MODE_KEY, INVERTED_INDEX_PARSER_FINE_GRANULARITY); + properties.emplace(INVERTED_INDEX_PARSER_PHRASE_SUPPORT_KEY, + INVERTED_INDEX_PARSER_PHRASE_SUPPORT_NO); + properties.emplace(INVERTED_INDEX_PARSER_LOWERCASE_KEY, INVERTED_INDEX_PARSER_TRUE); + properties.emplace(INVERTED_INDEX_PARSER_CHAR_FILTER_TYPE, ""); + properties.emplace(INVERTED_INDEX_PARSER_CHAR_FILTER_PATTERN, ""); + properties.emplace(INVERTED_INDEX_PARSER_CHAR_FILTER_REPLACEMENT, ""); + IndexCompactionUtils::construct_column(schema_pb.add_column(), schema_pb.add_index(), 10021, + "idx_content_21", 21, "STRING", "content_21", + properties); + properties.clear(); + // parser = chinese, parser_mode = fine_grained, support_phrase = false, lower_case = true, char_filter = char_replace + properties.emplace(INVERTED_INDEX_PARSER_KEY, INVERTED_INDEX_PARSER_CHINESE); + properties.emplace(INVERTED_INDEX_PARSER_MODE_KEY, INVERTED_INDEX_PARSER_FINE_GRANULARITY); + properties.emplace(INVERTED_INDEX_PARSER_PHRASE_SUPPORT_KEY, + INVERTED_INDEX_PARSER_PHRASE_SUPPORT_NO); + properties.emplace(INVERTED_INDEX_PARSER_LOWERCASE_KEY, INVERTED_INDEX_PARSER_TRUE); + properties.emplace(INVERTED_INDEX_PARSER_CHAR_FILTER_TYPE, "char_replace"); + properties.emplace(INVERTED_INDEX_PARSER_CHAR_FILTER_PATTERN, "._"); + properties.emplace(INVERTED_INDEX_PARSER_CHAR_FILTER_REPLACEMENT, " "); + IndexCompactionUtils::construct_column(schema_pb.add_column(), schema_pb.add_index(), 10022, + "idx_content_22", 22, "STRING", "content_22", + properties); + properties.clear(); + // parser = chinese, parser_mode = fine_grained, support_phrase = false, lower_case = false, char_filter = none + properties.emplace(INVERTED_INDEX_PARSER_KEY, INVERTED_INDEX_PARSER_CHINESE); + properties.emplace(INVERTED_INDEX_PARSER_MODE_KEY, INVERTED_INDEX_PARSER_FINE_GRANULARITY); + properties.emplace(INVERTED_INDEX_PARSER_PHRASE_SUPPORT_KEY, + INVERTED_INDEX_PARSER_PHRASE_SUPPORT_NO); + properties.emplace(INVERTED_INDEX_PARSER_LOWERCASE_KEY, INVERTED_INDEX_PARSER_FALSE); + properties.emplace(INVERTED_INDEX_PARSER_CHAR_FILTER_TYPE, ""); + properties.emplace(INVERTED_INDEX_PARSER_CHAR_FILTER_PATTERN, ""); + properties.emplace(INVERTED_INDEX_PARSER_CHAR_FILTER_REPLACEMENT, ""); + IndexCompactionUtils::construct_column(schema_pb.add_column(), schema_pb.add_index(), 10023, + "idx_content_23", 23, "STRING", "content_23", + properties); + properties.clear(); + // parser = chinese, parser_mode = fine_grained, support_phrase = false, lower_case = false, char_filter = char_replace + properties.emplace(INVERTED_INDEX_PARSER_KEY, INVERTED_INDEX_PARSER_CHINESE); + properties.emplace(INVERTED_INDEX_PARSER_MODE_KEY, INVERTED_INDEX_PARSER_FINE_GRANULARITY); + properties.emplace(INVERTED_INDEX_PARSER_PHRASE_SUPPORT_KEY, + INVERTED_INDEX_PARSER_PHRASE_SUPPORT_NO); + properties.emplace(INVERTED_INDEX_PARSER_LOWERCASE_KEY, INVERTED_INDEX_PARSER_FALSE); + properties.emplace(INVERTED_INDEX_PARSER_CHAR_FILTER_TYPE, "char_replace"); + properties.emplace(INVERTED_INDEX_PARSER_CHAR_FILTER_PATTERN, "._"); + properties.emplace(INVERTED_INDEX_PARSER_CHAR_FILTER_REPLACEMENT, " "); + IndexCompactionUtils::construct_column(schema_pb.add_column(), schema_pb.add_index(), 10024, + "idx_content_24", 24, "STRING", "content_24", + properties); + properties.clear(); + // parser = chinese, parser_mode = coarse_grained, support_phrase = true, lower_case = true, char_filter = none + properties.emplace(INVERTED_INDEX_PARSER_KEY, INVERTED_INDEX_PARSER_CHINESE); + properties.emplace(INVERTED_INDEX_PARSER_MODE_KEY, + INVERTED_INDEX_PARSER_COARSE_GRANULARITY); + properties.emplace(INVERTED_INDEX_PARSER_PHRASE_SUPPORT_KEY, + INVERTED_INDEX_PARSER_PHRASE_SUPPORT_YES); + properties.emplace(INVERTED_INDEX_PARSER_LOWERCASE_KEY, INVERTED_INDEX_PARSER_TRUE); + properties.emplace(INVERTED_INDEX_PARSER_CHAR_FILTER_TYPE, ""); + properties.emplace(INVERTED_INDEX_PARSER_CHAR_FILTER_PATTERN, ""); + properties.emplace(INVERTED_INDEX_PARSER_CHAR_FILTER_REPLACEMENT, ""); + IndexCompactionUtils::construct_column(schema_pb.add_column(), schema_pb.add_index(), 10025, + "idx_content_25", 25, "STRING", "content_25", + properties); + properties.clear(); + // parser = chinese, parser_mode = coarse_grained, support_phrase = true, lower_case = true, char_filter = char_replace + properties.emplace(INVERTED_INDEX_PARSER_KEY, INVERTED_INDEX_PARSER_CHINESE); + properties.emplace(INVERTED_INDEX_PARSER_MODE_KEY, + INVERTED_INDEX_PARSER_COARSE_GRANULARITY); + properties.emplace(INVERTED_INDEX_PARSER_PHRASE_SUPPORT_KEY, + INVERTED_INDEX_PARSER_PHRASE_SUPPORT_YES); + properties.emplace(INVERTED_INDEX_PARSER_LOWERCASE_KEY, INVERTED_INDEX_PARSER_TRUE); + properties.emplace(INVERTED_INDEX_PARSER_CHAR_FILTER_TYPE, "char_replace"); + properties.emplace(INVERTED_INDEX_PARSER_CHAR_FILTER_PATTERN, "._"); + properties.emplace(INVERTED_INDEX_PARSER_CHAR_FILTER_REPLACEMENT, " "); + IndexCompactionUtils::construct_column(schema_pb.add_column(), schema_pb.add_index(), 10026, + "idx_content_26", 26, "STRING", "content_26", + properties); + properties.clear(); + // parser = chinese, parser_mode = coarse_grained, support_phrase = true, lower_case = false, char_filter = none + properties.emplace(INVERTED_INDEX_PARSER_KEY, INVERTED_INDEX_PARSER_CHINESE); + properties.emplace(INVERTED_INDEX_PARSER_MODE_KEY, + INVERTED_INDEX_PARSER_COARSE_GRANULARITY); + properties.emplace(INVERTED_INDEX_PARSER_PHRASE_SUPPORT_KEY, + INVERTED_INDEX_PARSER_PHRASE_SUPPORT_YES); + properties.emplace(INVERTED_INDEX_PARSER_LOWERCASE_KEY, INVERTED_INDEX_PARSER_FALSE); + properties.emplace(INVERTED_INDEX_PARSER_CHAR_FILTER_TYPE, ""); + properties.emplace(INVERTED_INDEX_PARSER_CHAR_FILTER_PATTERN, ""); + properties.emplace(INVERTED_INDEX_PARSER_CHAR_FILTER_REPLACEMENT, ""); + IndexCompactionUtils::construct_column(schema_pb.add_column(), schema_pb.add_index(), 10027, + "idx_content_27", 27, "STRING", "content_27", + properties); + properties.clear(); + // parser = chinese, parser_mode = coarse_grained, support_phrase = true, lower_case = false, char_filter = char_replace + properties.emplace(INVERTED_INDEX_PARSER_KEY, INVERTED_INDEX_PARSER_CHINESE); + properties.emplace(INVERTED_INDEX_PARSER_MODE_KEY, + INVERTED_INDEX_PARSER_COARSE_GRANULARITY); + properties.emplace(INVERTED_INDEX_PARSER_PHRASE_SUPPORT_KEY, + INVERTED_INDEX_PARSER_PHRASE_SUPPORT_YES); + properties.emplace(INVERTED_INDEX_PARSER_LOWERCASE_KEY, INVERTED_INDEX_PARSER_FALSE); + properties.emplace(INVERTED_INDEX_PARSER_CHAR_FILTER_TYPE, "char_replace"); + properties.emplace(INVERTED_INDEX_PARSER_CHAR_FILTER_PATTERN, "._"); + properties.emplace(INVERTED_INDEX_PARSER_CHAR_FILTER_REPLACEMENT, " "); + IndexCompactionUtils::construct_column(schema_pb.add_column(), schema_pb.add_index(), 10028, + "idx_content_28", 28, "STRING", "content_28", + properties); + properties.clear(); + // parser = chinese, parser_mode = coarse_grained, support_phrase = false, lower_case = true, char_filter = none + properties.emplace(INVERTED_INDEX_PARSER_KEY, INVERTED_INDEX_PARSER_CHINESE); + properties.emplace(INVERTED_INDEX_PARSER_MODE_KEY, + INVERTED_INDEX_PARSER_COARSE_GRANULARITY); + properties.emplace(INVERTED_INDEX_PARSER_PHRASE_SUPPORT_KEY, + INVERTED_INDEX_PARSER_PHRASE_SUPPORT_NO); + properties.emplace(INVERTED_INDEX_PARSER_LOWERCASE_KEY, INVERTED_INDEX_PARSER_TRUE); + properties.emplace(INVERTED_INDEX_PARSER_CHAR_FILTER_TYPE, ""); + properties.emplace(INVERTED_INDEX_PARSER_CHAR_FILTER_PATTERN, ""); + properties.emplace(INVERTED_INDEX_PARSER_CHAR_FILTER_REPLACEMENT, ""); + IndexCompactionUtils::construct_column(schema_pb.add_column(), schema_pb.add_index(), 10029, + "idx_content_29", 29, "STRING", "content_29", + properties); + properties.clear(); + // parser = chinese, parser_mode = coarse_grained, support_phrase = false, lower_case = true, char_filter = char_replace + properties.emplace(INVERTED_INDEX_PARSER_KEY, INVERTED_INDEX_PARSER_CHINESE); + properties.emplace(INVERTED_INDEX_PARSER_MODE_KEY, + INVERTED_INDEX_PARSER_COARSE_GRANULARITY); + properties.emplace(INVERTED_INDEX_PARSER_PHRASE_SUPPORT_KEY, + INVERTED_INDEX_PARSER_PHRASE_SUPPORT_NO); + properties.emplace(INVERTED_INDEX_PARSER_LOWERCASE_KEY, INVERTED_INDEX_PARSER_TRUE); + properties.emplace(INVERTED_INDEX_PARSER_CHAR_FILTER_TYPE, "char_replace"); + properties.emplace(INVERTED_INDEX_PARSER_CHAR_FILTER_PATTERN, "._"); + properties.emplace(INVERTED_INDEX_PARSER_CHAR_FILTER_REPLACEMENT, " "); + IndexCompactionUtils::construct_column(schema_pb.add_column(), schema_pb.add_index(), 10030, + "idx_content_30", 30, "STRING", "content_30", + properties); + properties.clear(); + // parser = chinese, parser_mode = coarse_grained, support_phrase = false, lower_case = false, char_filter = none + properties.emplace(INVERTED_INDEX_PARSER_KEY, INVERTED_INDEX_PARSER_CHINESE); + properties.emplace(INVERTED_INDEX_PARSER_MODE_KEY, + INVERTED_INDEX_PARSER_COARSE_GRANULARITY); + properties.emplace(INVERTED_INDEX_PARSER_PHRASE_SUPPORT_KEY, + INVERTED_INDEX_PARSER_PHRASE_SUPPORT_NO); + properties.emplace(INVERTED_INDEX_PARSER_LOWERCASE_KEY, INVERTED_INDEX_PARSER_FALSE); + properties.emplace(INVERTED_INDEX_PARSER_CHAR_FILTER_TYPE, ""); + properties.emplace(INVERTED_INDEX_PARSER_CHAR_FILTER_PATTERN, ""); + properties.emplace(INVERTED_INDEX_PARSER_CHAR_FILTER_REPLACEMENT, ""); + IndexCompactionUtils::construct_column(schema_pb.add_column(), schema_pb.add_index(), 10031, + "idx_content_31", 31, "STRING", "content_31", + properties); + properties.clear(); + // parser = chinese, parser_mode = coarse_grained, support_phrase = false, lower_case = false, char_filter = char_replace + properties.emplace(INVERTED_INDEX_PARSER_KEY, INVERTED_INDEX_PARSER_CHINESE); + properties.emplace(INVERTED_INDEX_PARSER_MODE_KEY, + INVERTED_INDEX_PARSER_COARSE_GRANULARITY); + properties.emplace(INVERTED_INDEX_PARSER_PHRASE_SUPPORT_KEY, + INVERTED_INDEX_PARSER_PHRASE_SUPPORT_NO); + properties.emplace(INVERTED_INDEX_PARSER_LOWERCASE_KEY, INVERTED_INDEX_PARSER_FALSE); + properties.emplace(INVERTED_INDEX_PARSER_CHAR_FILTER_TYPE, "char_replace"); + properties.emplace(INVERTED_INDEX_PARSER_CHAR_FILTER_PATTERN, "._"); + properties.emplace(INVERTED_INDEX_PARSER_CHAR_FILTER_REPLACEMENT, " "); + IndexCompactionUtils::construct_column(schema_pb.add_column(), schema_pb.add_index(), 10032, + "idx_content_32", 32, "STRING", "content_32", + properties); + properties.clear(); + // parser = none, ignore_above = 256 + properties.emplace(INVERTED_INDEX_PARSER_KEY, INVERTED_INDEX_PARSER_NONE); + properties.emplace(INVERTED_INDEX_PARSER_IGNORE_ABOVE_KEY, "256"); + IndexCompactionUtils::construct_column(schema_pb.add_column(), schema_pb.add_index(), 10033, + "idx_content_33", 33, "STRING", "content_33", + properties); + properties.clear(); + // parser = none, ignore_above = 16383 + properties.emplace(INVERTED_INDEX_PARSER_KEY, INVERTED_INDEX_PARSER_NONE); + properties.emplace(INVERTED_INDEX_PARSER_IGNORE_ABOVE_KEY, "16383"); + IndexCompactionUtils::construct_column(schema_pb.add_column(), schema_pb.add_index(), 10034, + "idx_content_34", 34, "STRING", "content_34", + properties); + + IndexCompactionUtils::construct_column(schema_pb.add_column(), schema_pb.add_index(), 10035, + "idx_redirect", 35, "STRING", "redirect"); + IndexCompactionUtils::construct_column(schema_pb.add_column(), schema_pb.add_index(), 10036, + "idx_namespace", 36, "STRING", "namespace"); + + if (keys_type == KeysType::UNIQUE_KEYS) { + // unique table must contain the DELETE_SIGN column + auto* column_pb = schema_pb.add_column(); + IndexCompactionUtils::construct_column(column_pb, 37, "TINYINT", DELETE_SIGN); + column_pb->set_length(1); + column_pb->set_index_length(1); + column_pb->set_is_nullable(false); + } + + _tablet_schema = std::make_shared(); + _tablet_schema->init_from_pb(schema_pb); + + // tablet + TabletMetaSharedPtr tablet_meta(new TabletMeta(_tablet_schema)); + if (keys_type == KeysType::UNIQUE_KEYS) { + tablet_meta->_enable_unique_key_merge_on_write = true; + } + _tablet = std::make_shared(*_engine_ref, tablet_meta, _data_dir.get()); + EXPECT_TRUE(_tablet->init().ok()); } - IndexCompactionTest() = default; - ~IndexCompactionTest() override = default; + void _run_normal_wiki_test(bool with_delete = false, const std::string& delete_pred = "", + int64_t max_rows_per_segment = 100000, + int output_rowset_segment_number = 1) { + EXPECT_TRUE(io::global_local_filesystem()->delete_directory(_tablet->tablet_path()).ok()); + EXPECT_TRUE(io::global_local_filesystem()->create_directory(_tablet->tablet_path()).ok()); + std::string data_file1 = + _current_dir + + "/be/test/olap/rowset/segment_v2/inverted_index/data/sorted_wikipedia-50-1.json"; + std::string data_file2 = + _current_dir + + "/be/test/olap/rowset/segment_v2/inverted_index/data/sorted_wikipedia-50-2.json"; + // for MOW table to delete + std::string data_file3 = + _current_dir + + "/be/test/olap/rowset/segment_v2/inverted_index/data/sorted_wikipedia-50-2.json"; + std::vector data_files; + data_files.push_back(data_file1); + data_files.push_back(data_file2); + data_files.push_back(data_file3); + + std::vector rowsets(data_files.size()); + auto custom_check_build_rowsets = [this](const int32_t& size) { + auto keys_type = _tablet_schema->keys_type(); + if (keys_type == KeysType::UNIQUE_KEYS) { + EXPECT_EQ(size, _tablet_schema->num_columns() - 1); + } else { + EXPECT_EQ(size, _tablet_schema->num_columns()); + } + }; + IndexCompactionUtils::build_rowsets( + _data_dir, _tablet_schema, _tablet, _engine_ref, rowsets, data_files, _inc_id, + custom_check_build_rowsets, false, 50); + + if (with_delete) { + // create delete predicate rowset and add to tablet + auto delete_rowset = IndexCompactionUtils::create_delete_predicate_rowset( + _tablet_schema, delete_pred, _inc_id); + EXPECT_TRUE(_tablet->add_rowset(delete_rowset).ok()); + EXPECT_TRUE(_tablet->rowset_map().size() == (data_files.size() + 1)); + rowsets.push_back(delete_rowset); + EXPECT_TRUE(rowsets.size() == (data_files.size() + 1)); + } + auto custom_check_index = [this, output_rowset_segment_number]( + const BaseCompaction& compaction, + const RowsetWriterContext& ctx) { + auto keys_type = _tablet_schema->keys_type(); + if (keys_type == KeysType::UNIQUE_KEYS) { + EXPECT_EQ(compaction._cur_tablet_schema->inverted_indexes().size(), + _tablet_schema->num_columns() - 1); + EXPECT_EQ(ctx.columns_to_do_index_compaction.size(), + _tablet_schema->num_columns() - 1); + } else { + EXPECT_EQ(compaction._cur_tablet_schema->inverted_indexes().size(), + _tablet_schema->num_columns()); + EXPECT_EQ(ctx.columns_to_do_index_compaction.size(), _tablet_schema->num_columns()); + } + EXPECT_TRUE(ctx.columns_to_do_index_compaction.contains(0)); + EXPECT_TRUE(ctx.columns_to_do_index_compaction.contains(1)); + EXPECT_TRUE(ctx.columns_to_do_index_compaction.contains(2)); + EXPECT_TRUE(ctx.columns_to_do_index_compaction.contains(3)); + EXPECT_EQ(compaction._output_rowset->num_segments(), output_rowset_segment_number) + << compaction._output_rowset->num_segments(); + }; + + RowsetSharedPtr output_rowset_index; + Status st; + { + OlapStopWatch watch; + st = IndexCompactionUtils::do_compaction(rowsets, _engine_ref, _tablet, true, + output_rowset_index, custom_check_index, + max_rows_per_segment); + std::cout << "index compaction time: " << watch.get_elapse_second() << "s" << std::endl; + } + EXPECT_TRUE(st.ok()) << st.to_string(); + + auto custom_check_normal = [this, output_rowset_segment_number]( + const BaseCompaction& compaction, + const RowsetWriterContext& ctx) { + auto keys_type = _tablet_schema->keys_type(); + if (keys_type == KeysType::UNIQUE_KEYS) { + EXPECT_EQ(compaction._cur_tablet_schema->inverted_indexes().size(), + _tablet_schema->num_columns() - 1); + } else { + EXPECT_EQ(compaction._cur_tablet_schema->inverted_indexes().size(), + _tablet_schema->num_columns()); + } + EXPECT_TRUE(ctx.columns_to_do_index_compaction.empty()); + EXPECT_TRUE(compaction._output_rowset->num_segments() == output_rowset_segment_number) + << compaction._output_rowset->num_segments(); + }; + + RowsetSharedPtr output_rowset_normal; + { + OlapStopWatch watch; + st = IndexCompactionUtils::do_compaction(rowsets, _engine_ref, _tablet, false, + output_rowset_normal, custom_check_normal, + max_rows_per_segment); + std::cout << "normal compaction time: " << watch.get_elapse_second() << "s" + << std::endl; + } + EXPECT_TRUE(st.ok()) << st.to_string(); + + auto num_segments_idx = output_rowset_index->num_segments(); + auto num_segments_normal = output_rowset_normal->num_segments(); + for (int idx = 10000; idx < 10037; idx++) { + if (num_segments_idx == num_segments_normal == 1) { + // check index file terms for single segment + const auto& seg_path = output_rowset_index->segment_path(0); + EXPECT_TRUE(seg_path.has_value()) << seg_path.error(); + auto inverted_index_file_reader_index = + IndexCompactionUtils::init_index_file_reader( + output_rowset_index, seg_path.value(), + _tablet_schema->get_inverted_index_storage_format()); + + const auto& seg_path_normal = output_rowset_normal->segment_path(0); + EXPECT_TRUE(seg_path_normal.has_value()) << seg_path_normal.error(); + auto inverted_index_file_reader_normal = + IndexCompactionUtils::init_index_file_reader( + output_rowset_normal, seg_path_normal.value(), + _tablet_schema->get_inverted_index_storage_format()); + + auto dir_idx = inverted_index_file_reader_index->_open(idx, ""); + EXPECT_TRUE(dir_idx.has_value()) << dir_idx.error(); + auto dir_normal = inverted_index_file_reader_normal->_open(idx, ""); + EXPECT_TRUE(dir_normal.has_value()) << dir_normal.error(); + st = IndexCompactionUtils::check_idx_file_correctness(dir_idx->get(), + dir_normal->get()); + EXPECT_TRUE(st.ok()) << st.to_string(); + } else { + // check index file terms for multiple segments + std::vector> dirs_idx(num_segments_idx); + for (int i = 0; i < num_segments_idx; i++) { + const auto& seg_path = output_rowset_index->segment_path(i); + EXPECT_TRUE(seg_path.has_value()) << seg_path.error(); + auto inverted_index_file_reader_index = + IndexCompactionUtils::init_index_file_reader( + output_rowset_index, seg_path.value(), + _tablet_schema->get_inverted_index_storage_format()); + auto dir_idx = inverted_index_file_reader_index->_open(idx, ""); + EXPECT_TRUE(dir_idx.has_value()) << dir_idx.error(); + dirs_idx[i] = std::move(dir_idx.value()); + } + std::vector> dirs_normal(num_segments_normal); + for (int i = 0; i < num_segments_normal; i++) { + const auto& seg_path = output_rowset_normal->segment_path(i); + EXPECT_TRUE(seg_path.has_value()) << seg_path.error(); + auto inverted_index_file_reader_normal = + IndexCompactionUtils::init_index_file_reader( + output_rowset_normal, seg_path.value(), + _tablet_schema->get_inverted_index_storage_format()); + auto dir_normal = inverted_index_file_reader_normal->_open(idx, ""); + EXPECT_TRUE(dir_normal.has_value()) << dir_normal.error(); + dirs_normal[i] = std::move(dir_normal.value()); + } + st = IndexCompactionUtils::check_idx_file_correctness(dirs_idx, dirs_normal); + EXPECT_TRUE(st.ok()) << st.to_string(); + } + } + } private: TabletSchemaSPtr _tablet_schema = nullptr; @@ -96,9 +726,11 @@ class IndexCompactionTest : public ::testing::Test { TabletSharedPtr _tablet = nullptr; std::string _absolute_dir; std::string _current_dir; + int64_t _inc_id = 1000; }; TEST_F(IndexCompactionTest, tes_write_index_normally) { + _build_tablet(); EXPECT_TRUE(io::global_local_filesystem()->delete_directory(_tablet->tablet_path()).ok()); EXPECT_TRUE(io::global_local_filesystem()->create_directory(_tablet->tablet_path()).ok()); std::string data_file1 = @@ -111,8 +743,9 @@ TEST_F(IndexCompactionTest, tes_write_index_normally) { std::vector rowsets(data_files.size()); auto custom_check_build_rowsets = [](const int32_t& size) { EXPECT_EQ(size, 4); }; - IndexCompactionUtils::build_rowsets(_data_dir, _tablet_schema, _tablet, _engine_ref, rowsets, - data_files, custom_check_build_rowsets); + IndexCompactionUtils::build_rowsets( + _data_dir, _tablet_schema, _tablet, _engine_ref, rowsets, data_files, _inc_id, + custom_check_build_rowsets); auto custom_check_index = [](const BaseCompaction& compaction, const RowsetWriterContext& ctx) { EXPECT_EQ(compaction._cur_tablet_schema->inverted_indexes().size(), 4); @@ -179,6 +812,7 @@ TEST_F(IndexCompactionTest, tes_write_index_normally) { } TEST_F(IndexCompactionTest, test_col_unique_ids_empty) { + _build_tablet(); // clear column unique id in tablet index 10001 and rebuild tablet_schema TabletSchemaPB schema_pb; _tablet_schema->to_schema_pb(&schema_pb); @@ -198,8 +832,9 @@ TEST_F(IndexCompactionTest, test_col_unique_ids_empty) { std::vector rowsets(data_files.size()); auto custom_check_build_rowsets = [](const int32_t& size) { EXPECT_EQ(size, 3); }; - IndexCompactionUtils::build_rowsets(_data_dir, _tablet_schema, _tablet, _engine_ref, rowsets, - data_files, custom_check_build_rowsets); + IndexCompactionUtils::build_rowsets( + _data_dir, _tablet_schema, _tablet, _engine_ref, rowsets, data_files, _inc_id, + custom_check_build_rowsets); auto custom_check_index = [](const BaseCompaction& compaction, const RowsetWriterContext& ctx) { EXPECT_EQ(compaction._cur_tablet_schema->inverted_indexes().size(), 4); @@ -229,6 +864,7 @@ TEST_F(IndexCompactionTest, test_col_unique_ids_empty) { } TEST_F(IndexCompactionTest, test_tablet_index_id_not_equal) { + _build_tablet(); // replace unique id from 2 to 1 in tablet index 10002 and rebuild tablet_schema TabletSchemaPB schema_pb; _tablet_schema->to_schema_pb(&schema_pb); @@ -248,8 +884,9 @@ TEST_F(IndexCompactionTest, test_tablet_index_id_not_equal) { std::vector rowsets(data_files.size()); auto custom_check_build_rowsets = [](const int32_t& size) { EXPECT_EQ(size, 3); }; - IndexCompactionUtils::build_rowsets(_data_dir, _tablet_schema, _tablet, _engine_ref, rowsets, - data_files, custom_check_build_rowsets); + IndexCompactionUtils::build_rowsets( + _data_dir, _tablet_schema, _tablet, _engine_ref, rowsets, data_files, _inc_id, + custom_check_build_rowsets); auto custom_check_index = [](const BaseCompaction& compaction, const RowsetWriterContext& ctx) { EXPECT_EQ(compaction._cur_tablet_schema->inverted_indexes().size(), 4); @@ -279,6 +916,7 @@ TEST_F(IndexCompactionTest, test_tablet_index_id_not_equal) { } TEST_F(IndexCompactionTest, test_tablet_schema_tablet_index_is_null) { + _build_tablet(); // set index suffix in tablet index 10001 and rebuild tablet_schema // simulate the case that index is null, tablet_schema->inverted_index(1) will return nullptr TabletSchemaPB schema_pb; @@ -299,8 +937,9 @@ TEST_F(IndexCompactionTest, test_tablet_schema_tablet_index_is_null) { std::vector rowsets(data_files.size()); auto custom_check_build_rowsets = [](const int32_t& size) { EXPECT_EQ(size, 3); }; - IndexCompactionUtils::build_rowsets(_data_dir, _tablet_schema, _tablet, _engine_ref, rowsets, - data_files, custom_check_build_rowsets); + IndexCompactionUtils::build_rowsets( + _data_dir, _tablet_schema, _tablet, _engine_ref, rowsets, data_files, _inc_id, + custom_check_build_rowsets); auto custom_check_index = [](const BaseCompaction& compaction, const RowsetWriterContext& ctx) { EXPECT_EQ(compaction._cur_tablet_schema->inverted_indexes().size(), 4); @@ -330,6 +969,7 @@ TEST_F(IndexCompactionTest, test_tablet_schema_tablet_index_is_null) { } TEST_F(IndexCompactionTest, test_rowset_schema_tablet_index_is_null) { + _build_tablet(); EXPECT_TRUE(io::global_local_filesystem()->delete_directory(_tablet->tablet_path()).ok()); EXPECT_TRUE(io::global_local_filesystem()->create_directory(_tablet->tablet_path()).ok()); std::string data_file1 = @@ -342,8 +982,9 @@ TEST_F(IndexCompactionTest, test_rowset_schema_tablet_index_is_null) { std::vector rowsets(data_files.size()); auto custom_check_build_rowsets = [](const int32_t& size) { EXPECT_EQ(size, 4); }; - IndexCompactionUtils::build_rowsets(_data_dir, _tablet_schema, _tablet, _engine_ref, rowsets, - data_files, custom_check_build_rowsets); + IndexCompactionUtils::build_rowsets( + _data_dir, _tablet_schema, _tablet, _engine_ref, rowsets, data_files, _inc_id, + custom_check_build_rowsets); auto custom_check_index = [](const BaseCompaction& compaction, const RowsetWriterContext& ctx) { EXPECT_EQ(compaction._cur_tablet_schema->inverted_indexes().size(), 4); @@ -375,7 +1016,7 @@ TEST_F(IndexCompactionTest, test_rowset_schema_tablet_index_is_null) { _tablet_schema->get_inverted_index_storage_format()); // check index file - // index 10001 cannot be found in idx file + // index 10001 should be found in idx file, it can be produced by normal compaction auto dir_idx_compaction = inverted_index_file_reader_index->_open(10001, ""); EXPECT_TRUE(dir_idx_compaction.has_value()) << dir_idx_compaction.error(); // check index 10001 term stats @@ -386,6 +1027,7 @@ TEST_F(IndexCompactionTest, test_rowset_schema_tablet_index_is_null) { } TEST_F(IndexCompactionTest, test_tablet_index_properties_not_equal) { + _build_tablet(); // add mock property in tablet index 10001 and rebuild tablet_schema // simulate the case that index properties not equal among input rowsets TabletSchemaSPtr mock_schema = std::make_shared(); @@ -407,8 +1049,9 @@ TEST_F(IndexCompactionTest, test_tablet_index_properties_not_equal) { std::vector rowsets(data_files.size()); auto custom_check_build_rowsets = [](const int32_t& size) { EXPECT_EQ(size, 4); }; - IndexCompactionUtils::build_rowsets(_data_dir, _tablet_schema, _tablet, _engine_ref, rowsets, - data_files, custom_check_build_rowsets); + IndexCompactionUtils::build_rowsets( + _data_dir, _tablet_schema, _tablet, _engine_ref, rowsets, data_files, _inc_id, + custom_check_build_rowsets); auto custom_check_index = [](const BaseCompaction& compaction, const RowsetWriterContext& ctx) { EXPECT_EQ(compaction._cur_tablet_schema->inverted_indexes().size(), 4); @@ -443,6 +1086,7 @@ TEST_F(IndexCompactionTest, test_tablet_index_properties_not_equal) { } TEST_F(IndexCompactionTest, test_is_skip_index_compaction_not_empty) { + _build_tablet(); EXPECT_TRUE(io::global_local_filesystem()->delete_directory(_tablet->tablet_path()).ok()); EXPECT_TRUE(io::global_local_filesystem()->create_directory(_tablet->tablet_path()).ok()); std::string data_file1 = @@ -455,8 +1099,9 @@ TEST_F(IndexCompactionTest, test_is_skip_index_compaction_not_empty) { std::vector rowsets(data_files.size()); auto custom_check_build_rowsets = [](const int32_t& size) { EXPECT_EQ(size, 4); }; - IndexCompactionUtils::build_rowsets(_data_dir, _tablet_schema, _tablet, _engine_ref, rowsets, - data_files, custom_check_build_rowsets); + IndexCompactionUtils::build_rowsets( + _data_dir, _tablet_schema, _tablet, _engine_ref, rowsets, data_files, _inc_id, + custom_check_build_rowsets); auto custom_check_index = [](const BaseCompaction& compaction, const RowsetWriterContext& ctx) { EXPECT_EQ(compaction._cur_tablet_schema->inverted_indexes().size(), 4); @@ -491,6 +1136,7 @@ TEST_F(IndexCompactionTest, test_is_skip_index_compaction_not_empty) { } TEST_F(IndexCompactionTest, test_rowset_fs_nullptr) { + _build_tablet(); EXPECT_TRUE(io::global_local_filesystem()->delete_directory(_tablet->tablet_path()).ok()); EXPECT_TRUE(io::global_local_filesystem()->create_directory(_tablet->tablet_path()).ok()); std::string data_file1 = @@ -503,8 +1149,9 @@ TEST_F(IndexCompactionTest, test_rowset_fs_nullptr) { std::vector rowsets(data_files.size()); auto custom_check_build_rowsets = [](const int32_t& size) { EXPECT_EQ(size, 4); }; - IndexCompactionUtils::build_rowsets(_data_dir, _tablet_schema, _tablet, _engine_ref, rowsets, - data_files, custom_check_build_rowsets); + IndexCompactionUtils::build_rowsets( + _data_dir, _tablet_schema, _tablet, _engine_ref, rowsets, data_files, _inc_id, + custom_check_build_rowsets); auto custom_check_index = [](const BaseCompaction& compaction, const RowsetWriterContext& ctx) { EXPECT_EQ(compaction._cur_tablet_schema->inverted_indexes().size(), 4); @@ -529,6 +1176,7 @@ TEST_F(IndexCompactionTest, test_rowset_fs_nullptr) { } TEST_F(IndexCompactionTest, test_input_row_num_zero) { + _build_tablet(); EXPECT_TRUE(io::global_local_filesystem()->delete_directory(_tablet->tablet_path()).ok()); EXPECT_TRUE(io::global_local_filesystem()->create_directory(_tablet->tablet_path()).ok()); std::string data_file1 = @@ -541,8 +1189,9 @@ TEST_F(IndexCompactionTest, test_input_row_num_zero) { std::vector rowsets(data_files.size()); auto custom_check_build_rowsets = [](const int32_t& size) { EXPECT_EQ(size, 4); }; - IndexCompactionUtils::build_rowsets(_data_dir, _tablet_schema, _tablet, _engine_ref, rowsets, - data_files, custom_check_build_rowsets); + IndexCompactionUtils::build_rowsets( + _data_dir, _tablet_schema, _tablet, _engine_ref, rowsets, data_files, _inc_id, + custom_check_build_rowsets); auto custom_check_index = [](const BaseCompaction& compaction, const RowsetWriterContext& ctx) { EXPECT_EQ(compaction._cur_tablet_schema->inverted_indexes().size(), 4); @@ -582,6 +1231,7 @@ TEST_F(IndexCompactionTest, test_input_row_num_zero) { } TEST_F(IndexCompactionTest, test_cols_to_do_index_compaction_empty) { + _build_tablet(); // add mock property in tablet index 10001, 10002 and rebuild tablet_schema // simulate the case that index properties not equal among input rowsets // the two cols will skip index compaction and make ctx.columns_to_do_index_compaction empty @@ -606,8 +1256,9 @@ TEST_F(IndexCompactionTest, test_cols_to_do_index_compaction_empty) { std::vector rowsets(data_files.size()); auto custom_check_build_rowsets = [](const int32_t& size) { EXPECT_EQ(size, 4); }; - IndexCompactionUtils::build_rowsets(_data_dir, _tablet_schema, _tablet, _engine_ref, rowsets, - data_files, custom_check_build_rowsets); + IndexCompactionUtils::build_rowsets( + _data_dir, _tablet_schema, _tablet, _engine_ref, rowsets, data_files, _inc_id, + custom_check_build_rowsets); auto custom_check_index = [](const BaseCompaction& compaction, const RowsetWriterContext& ctx) { EXPECT_EQ(compaction._cur_tablet_schema->inverted_indexes().size(), 4); @@ -644,6 +1295,7 @@ TEST_F(IndexCompactionTest, test_cols_to_do_index_compaction_empty) { } TEST_F(IndexCompactionTest, test_index_compaction_with_delete) { + _build_tablet(); EXPECT_TRUE(io::global_local_filesystem()->delete_directory(_tablet->tablet_path()).ok()); EXPECT_TRUE(io::global_local_filesystem()->create_directory(_tablet->tablet_path()).ok()); std::string data_file1 = @@ -656,12 +1308,13 @@ TEST_F(IndexCompactionTest, test_index_compaction_with_delete) { std::vector rowsets(data_files.size()); auto custom_check_build_rowsets = [](const int32_t& size) { EXPECT_EQ(size, 4); }; - IndexCompactionUtils::build_rowsets(_data_dir, _tablet_schema, _tablet, _engine_ref, rowsets, - data_files, custom_check_build_rowsets); + IndexCompactionUtils::build_rowsets( + _data_dir, _tablet_schema, _tablet, _engine_ref, rowsets, data_files, _inc_id, + custom_check_build_rowsets); // create delete predicate rowset and add to tablet auto delete_rowset = IndexCompactionUtils::create_delete_predicate_rowset( - _tablet_schema, "v1='great'", inc_id++); + _tablet_schema, "v1='great'", _inc_id); EXPECT_TRUE(_tablet->add_rowset(delete_rowset).ok()); EXPECT_TRUE(_tablet->rowset_map().size() == 3); rowsets.push_back(delete_rowset); @@ -731,4 +1384,197 @@ TEST_F(IndexCompactionTest, test_index_compaction_with_delete) { IndexCompactionUtils::check_meta_and_file(output_rowset_normal, _tablet_schema, query_map); } +TEST_F(IndexCompactionTest, tes_wikipedia_dup_v2) { + _build_wiki_tablet(KeysType::DUP_KEYS, InvertedIndexStorageFormatPB::V2); + _run_normal_wiki_test(); +} + +TEST_F(IndexCompactionTest, tes_wikipedia_mow_v2) { + _build_wiki_tablet(KeysType::UNIQUE_KEYS, InvertedIndexStorageFormatPB::V2); + _run_normal_wiki_test(); +} + +TEST_F(IndexCompactionTest, tes_wikipedia_dup_v2_with_partial_delete) { + _build_wiki_tablet(KeysType::DUP_KEYS, InvertedIndexStorageFormatPB::V2); + _run_normal_wiki_test(true, "namespace='Adel, OR'"); +} + +TEST_F(IndexCompactionTest, tes_wikipedia_mow_v2_with_partial_delete) { + _build_wiki_tablet(KeysType::UNIQUE_KEYS, InvertedIndexStorageFormatPB::V2); + _run_normal_wiki_test(true, "namespace='Adel, OR'"); +} + +TEST_F(IndexCompactionTest, tes_wikipedia_dup_v2_with_total_delete) { + _build_wiki_tablet(KeysType::DUP_KEYS, InvertedIndexStorageFormatPB::V2); + std::string delete_pred = "title IS NOT NULL"; + EXPECT_TRUE(io::global_local_filesystem()->delete_directory(_tablet->tablet_path()).ok()); + EXPECT_TRUE(io::global_local_filesystem()->create_directory(_tablet->tablet_path()).ok()); + std::string data_file1 = + _current_dir + + "/be/test/olap/rowset/segment_v2/inverted_index/data/sorted_wikipedia-50-1.json"; + std::string data_file2 = + _current_dir + + "/be/test/olap/rowset/segment_v2/inverted_index/data/sorted_wikipedia-50-2.json"; + // for MOW table to delete + std::string data_file3 = + _current_dir + + "/be/test/olap/rowset/segment_v2/inverted_index/data/sorted_wikipedia-50-2.json"; + std::vector data_files; + data_files.push_back(data_file1); + data_files.push_back(data_file2); + data_files.push_back(data_file3); + + std::vector rowsets(data_files.size()); + auto custom_check_build_rowsets = [this](const int32_t& size) { + EXPECT_EQ(size, _tablet_schema->num_columns()); + }; + IndexCompactionUtils::build_rowsets( + _data_dir, _tablet_schema, _tablet, _engine_ref, rowsets, data_files, _inc_id, + custom_check_build_rowsets, false, 50); + + // create delete predicate rowset and add to tablet + auto delete_rowset = IndexCompactionUtils::create_delete_predicate_rowset(_tablet_schema, + delete_pred, _inc_id); + EXPECT_TRUE(_tablet->add_rowset(delete_rowset).ok()); + EXPECT_TRUE(_tablet->rowset_map().size() == (data_files.size() + 1)); + rowsets.push_back(delete_rowset); + EXPECT_TRUE(rowsets.size() == (data_files.size() + 1)); + + auto custom_check_index = [this](const BaseCompaction& compaction, + const RowsetWriterContext& ctx) { + EXPECT_EQ(compaction._cur_tablet_schema->inverted_indexes().size(), + _tablet_schema->num_columns()); + EXPECT_TRUE(ctx.columns_to_do_index_compaction.size() == _tablet_schema->num_columns()); + EXPECT_TRUE(ctx.columns_to_do_index_compaction.contains(0)); + EXPECT_TRUE(ctx.columns_to_do_index_compaction.contains(1)); + EXPECT_TRUE(ctx.columns_to_do_index_compaction.contains(2)); + EXPECT_TRUE(ctx.columns_to_do_index_compaction.contains(3)); + EXPECT_TRUE(compaction._output_rowset->num_segments() == 0); + }; + + RowsetSharedPtr output_rowset_index; + Status st; + { + OlapStopWatch watch; + st = IndexCompactionUtils::do_compaction(rowsets, _engine_ref, _tablet, true, + output_rowset_index, custom_check_index); + std::cout << "index compaction time: " << watch.get_elapse_second() << "s" << std::endl; + } + EXPECT_TRUE(st.ok()) << st.to_string(); + + auto custom_check_normal = [this](const BaseCompaction& compaction, + const RowsetWriterContext& ctx) { + EXPECT_EQ(compaction._cur_tablet_schema->inverted_indexes().size(), + _tablet_schema->num_columns()); + EXPECT_TRUE(ctx.columns_to_do_index_compaction.size() == 0); + EXPECT_TRUE(compaction._output_rowset->num_segments() == 0); + }; + + RowsetSharedPtr output_rowset_normal; + { + OlapStopWatch watch; + st = IndexCompactionUtils::do_compaction(rowsets, _engine_ref, _tablet, false, + output_rowset_normal, custom_check_normal); + std::cout << "normal compaction time: " << watch.get_elapse_second() << "s" << std::endl; + } + EXPECT_TRUE(st.ok()) << st.to_string(); +} + +TEST_F(IndexCompactionTest, tes_wikipedia_mow_v2_with_total_delete) { + _build_wiki_tablet(KeysType::UNIQUE_KEYS, InvertedIndexStorageFormatPB::V2); + std::string delete_pred = "title IS NOT NULL"; + EXPECT_TRUE(io::global_local_filesystem()->delete_directory(_tablet->tablet_path()).ok()); + EXPECT_TRUE(io::global_local_filesystem()->create_directory(_tablet->tablet_path()).ok()); + std::string data_file1 = + _current_dir + + "/be/test/olap/rowset/segment_v2/inverted_index/data/sorted_wikipedia-50-1.json"; + std::string data_file2 = + _current_dir + + "/be/test/olap/rowset/segment_v2/inverted_index/data/sorted_wikipedia-50-2.json"; + // for MOW table to delete + std::string data_file3 = + _current_dir + + "/be/test/olap/rowset/segment_v2/inverted_index/data/sorted_wikipedia-50-2.json"; + std::vector data_files; + data_files.push_back(data_file1); + data_files.push_back(data_file2); + data_files.push_back(data_file3); + + std::vector rowsets(data_files.size()); + auto custom_check_build_rowsets = [this](const int32_t& size) { + EXPECT_EQ(size, _tablet_schema->num_columns() - 1); + }; + IndexCompactionUtils::build_rowsets( + _data_dir, _tablet_schema, _tablet, _engine_ref, rowsets, data_files, _inc_id, + custom_check_build_rowsets, false, 50); + + // create delete predicate rowset and add to tablet + auto delete_rowset = IndexCompactionUtils::create_delete_predicate_rowset(_tablet_schema, + delete_pred, _inc_id); + EXPECT_TRUE(_tablet->add_rowset(delete_rowset).ok()); + EXPECT_TRUE(_tablet->rowset_map().size() == (data_files.size() + 1)); + rowsets.push_back(delete_rowset); + EXPECT_TRUE(rowsets.size() == (data_files.size() + 1)); + + auto custom_check_index = [this](const BaseCompaction& compaction, + const RowsetWriterContext& ctx) { + EXPECT_EQ(compaction._cur_tablet_schema->inverted_indexes().size(), + _tablet_schema->num_columns() - 1); + EXPECT_EQ(ctx.columns_to_do_index_compaction.size(), _tablet_schema->num_columns() - 1); + EXPECT_TRUE(ctx.columns_to_do_index_compaction.contains(0)); + EXPECT_TRUE(ctx.columns_to_do_index_compaction.contains(1)); + EXPECT_TRUE(ctx.columns_to_do_index_compaction.contains(2)); + EXPECT_TRUE(ctx.columns_to_do_index_compaction.contains(3)); + EXPECT_TRUE(compaction._output_rowset->num_segments() == 0); + }; + + RowsetSharedPtr output_rowset_index; + Status st; + { + OlapStopWatch watch; + st = IndexCompactionUtils::do_compaction(rowsets, _engine_ref, _tablet, true, + output_rowset_index, custom_check_index); + std::cout << "index compaction time: " << watch.get_elapse_second() << "s" << std::endl; + } + EXPECT_TRUE(st.ok()) << st.to_string(); + + auto custom_check_normal = [this](const BaseCompaction& compaction, + const RowsetWriterContext& ctx) { + EXPECT_EQ(compaction._cur_tablet_schema->inverted_indexes().size(), + _tablet_schema->num_columns() - 1); + EXPECT_TRUE(ctx.columns_to_do_index_compaction.size() == 0); + EXPECT_TRUE(compaction._output_rowset->num_segments() == 0); + }; + + RowsetSharedPtr output_rowset_normal; + { + OlapStopWatch watch; + st = IndexCompactionUtils::do_compaction(rowsets, _engine_ref, _tablet, false, + output_rowset_normal, custom_check_normal); + std::cout << "normal compaction time: " << watch.get_elapse_second() << "s" << std::endl; + } + EXPECT_TRUE(st.ok()) << st.to_string(); +} + +TEST_F(IndexCompactionTest, tes_wikipedia_dup_v2_multiple_dest_segments) { + _build_wiki_tablet(KeysType::DUP_KEYS, InvertedIndexStorageFormatPB::V2); + _run_normal_wiki_test(false, "", 50, 3); +} + +TEST_F(IndexCompactionTest, tes_wikipedia_mow_v2_multiple_dest_segments) { + _build_wiki_tablet(KeysType::UNIQUE_KEYS, InvertedIndexStorageFormatPB::V2); + _run_normal_wiki_test(false, "", 50, 2); +} + +TEST_F(IndexCompactionTest, tes_wikipedia_dup_v2_multiple_src_lucene_segments) { + config::inverted_index_max_buffered_docs = 100; + _build_wiki_tablet(KeysType::DUP_KEYS, InvertedIndexStorageFormatPB::V2); + _run_normal_wiki_test(); +} + +TEST_F(IndexCompactionTest, tes_wikipedia_mow_v2_multiple_src_lucene_segments) { + config::inverted_index_max_buffered_docs = 100; + _build_wiki_tablet(KeysType::UNIQUE_KEYS, InvertedIndexStorageFormatPB::V2); + _run_normal_wiki_test(); +} } // namespace doris diff --git a/be/test/olap/rowset/segment_v2/inverted_index/compaction/util/index_compaction_utils.cpp b/be/test/olap/rowset/segment_v2/inverted_index/compaction/util/index_compaction_utils.cpp index 530dca8054c19a..02353fc54412c5 100644 --- a/be/test/olap/rowset/segment_v2/inverted_index/compaction/util/index_compaction_utils.cpp +++ b/be/test/olap/rowset/segment_v2/inverted_index/compaction/util/index_compaction_utils.cpp @@ -21,6 +21,7 @@ #include #include #include +#include #include #include @@ -38,7 +39,6 @@ namespace doris { -static int64_t inc_id = 1000; const static std::string expected_output = "Max Docs: 2000\n" "Num Docs: 2000\n" @@ -76,8 +76,18 @@ class IndexCompactionUtils { std::string url; int num; }; + struct WikiDataRow { + std::string title; + std::string content; + std::string redirect; + std::string space; + }; + + template + static std::vector read_data(const std::string& file_name); - static std::vector read_data(const std::string file_name) { + template <> + std::vector read_data(const std::string& file_name) { std::ifstream file(file_name); EXPECT_TRUE(file.is_open()); @@ -103,6 +113,38 @@ class IndexCompactionUtils { return data; } + template <> + std::vector read_data(const std::string& file_name) { + std::ifstream file(file_name); + EXPECT_TRUE(file.is_open()); + + std::vector data; + std::string line; + + while (std::getline(file, line)) { + if (line.empty()) { + continue; + } + // catch parse exception and continue + try { + nlohmann::json j = nlohmann::json::parse(line); + WikiDataRow row; + row.title = j.value("title", "null"); + row.content = j.value("content", "null"); + row.redirect = j.value("redirect", "null"); + row.space = j.value("space", "null"); + + data.emplace_back(std::move(row)); + } catch (const std::exception& e) { + std::cout << "parse json error: " << e.what() << std::endl; + continue; + } + } + + file.close(); + return data; + } + static bool query_bkd(const TabletIndex* index, std::shared_ptr& inverted_index_file_reader, const std::vector& query_data, @@ -233,85 +275,82 @@ class IndexCompactionUtils { r->close(); _CLLDELETE(r); } - static Status check_idx_file_correctness(lucene::store::Directory* index_reader, - lucene::store::Directory* tmp_index_reader) { - lucene::index::IndexReader* idx_reader = lucene::index::IndexReader::open(index_reader); - lucene::index::IndexReader* tmp_idx_reader = - lucene::index::IndexReader::open(tmp_index_reader); - + static Status check_idx_file_correctness_impl(lucene::index::IndexReader* idx_reader, + lucene::index::IndexReader* normal_idx_reader) { // compare numDocs - if (idx_reader->numDocs() != tmp_idx_reader->numDocs()) { + if (idx_reader->numDocs() != normal_idx_reader->numDocs()) { return Status::InternalError( "index compaction correctness check failed, numDocs not equal, idx_numDocs={}, " - "tmp_idx_numDocs={}", - idx_reader->numDocs(), tmp_idx_reader->numDocs()); + "normal_idx_numDocs={}", + idx_reader->numDocs(), normal_idx_reader->numDocs()); } lucene::index::TermEnum* term_enum = idx_reader->terms(); - lucene::index::TermEnum* tmp_term_enum = tmp_idx_reader->terms(); + lucene::index::TermEnum* normal_term_enum = normal_idx_reader->terms(); lucene::index::TermDocs* term_docs = nullptr; - lucene::index::TermDocs* tmp_term_docs = nullptr; + lucene::index::TermDocs* normal_term_docs = nullptr; // iterate TermEnum - while (term_enum->next() && tmp_term_enum->next()) { + while (term_enum->next() && normal_term_enum->next()) { std::string token = lucene_wcstoutf8string(term_enum->term(false)->text(), term_enum->term(false)->textLength()); std::string field = lucene_wcstoutf8string( term_enum->term(false)->field(), lenOfString(term_enum->term(false)->field())); - std::string tmp_token = lucene_wcstoutf8string( - tmp_term_enum->term(false)->text(), tmp_term_enum->term(false)->textLength()); - std::string tmp_field = - lucene_wcstoutf8string(tmp_term_enum->term(false)->field(), - lenOfString(tmp_term_enum->term(false)->field())); + std::string normal_token = + lucene_wcstoutf8string(normal_term_enum->term(false)->text(), + normal_term_enum->term(false)->textLength()); + std::string normal_field = + lucene_wcstoutf8string(normal_term_enum->term(false)->field(), + lenOfString(normal_term_enum->term(false)->field())); // compare token and field - if (field != tmp_field) { + if (field != normal_field) { return Status::InternalError( "index compaction correctness check failed, fields not equal, field={}, " - "tmp_field={}", + "normal_field={}", field, field); } - if (token != tmp_token) { + if (token != normal_token) { return Status::InternalError( "index compaction correctness check failed, tokens not equal, token={}, " - "tmp_token={}", - token, tmp_token); + "normal_token={}", + token, normal_token); } // get term's docId and freq term_docs = idx_reader->termDocs(term_enum->term(false)); - tmp_term_docs = tmp_idx_reader->termDocs(tmp_term_enum->term(false)); + normal_term_docs = normal_idx_reader->termDocs(normal_term_enum->term(false)); // compare term's docId and freq - while (term_docs->next() && tmp_term_docs->next()) { - if (term_docs->doc() != tmp_term_docs->doc() || - term_docs->freq() != tmp_term_docs->freq()) { + while (term_docs->next() && normal_term_docs->next()) { + if (term_docs->doc() != normal_term_docs->doc() || + term_docs->freq() != normal_term_docs->freq()) { return Status::InternalError( "index compaction correctness check failed, docId or freq not equal, " - "docId={}, tmp_docId={}, freq={}, tmp_freq={}", - term_docs->doc(), tmp_term_docs->doc(), term_docs->freq(), - tmp_term_docs->freq()); + "docId={}, normal_docId={}, freq={}, normal_freq={}", + term_docs->doc(), normal_term_docs->doc(), term_docs->freq(), + normal_term_docs->freq()); } } // check if there are remaining docs - if (term_docs->next() || tmp_term_docs->next()) { + if (term_docs->next() || normal_term_docs->next()) { return Status::InternalError( "index compaction correctness check failed, number of docs not equal for " - "term={}, tmp_term={}", - token, tmp_token); + "term={}, normal_term={}", + token, normal_token); } if (term_docs) { term_docs->close(); _CLLDELETE(term_docs); } - if (tmp_term_docs) { - tmp_term_docs->close(); - _CLLDELETE(tmp_term_docs); + if (normal_term_docs) { + normal_term_docs->close(); + _CLLDELETE(normal_term_docs); } } // check if there are remaining terms - if (term_enum->next() || tmp_term_enum->next()) { + if (term_enum->next() || normal_term_enum->next()) { return Status::InternalError( "index compaction correctness check failed, number of terms not equal"); } @@ -319,27 +358,61 @@ class IndexCompactionUtils { term_enum->close(); _CLLDELETE(term_enum); } - if (tmp_term_enum) { - tmp_term_enum->close(); - _CLLDELETE(tmp_term_enum); + if (normal_term_enum) { + normal_term_enum->close(); + _CLLDELETE(normal_term_enum); } if (idx_reader) { idx_reader->close(); _CLLDELETE(idx_reader); } - if (tmp_idx_reader) { - tmp_idx_reader->close(); - _CLLDELETE(tmp_idx_reader); + if (normal_idx_reader) { + normal_idx_reader->close(); + _CLLDELETE(normal_idx_reader); } return Status::OK(); } + static Status check_idx_file_correctness(lucene::store::Directory* index_reader, + lucene::store::Directory* normal_index_reader) { + lucene::index::IndexReader* idx_reader = lucene::index::IndexReader::open(index_reader); + lucene::index::IndexReader* normal_idx_reader = + lucene::index::IndexReader::open(normal_index_reader); + + return check_idx_file_correctness_impl(idx_reader, normal_idx_reader); + } + + static Status check_idx_file_correctness( + const std::vector>& index_readers, + const std::vector>& normal_index_readers) { + ValueArray readers(index_readers.size()); + for (int i = 0; i < index_readers.size(); i++) { + lucene::index::IndexReader* idx_reader = + lucene::index::IndexReader::open(index_readers[i].get()); + readers[i] = idx_reader; + } + ValueArray normal_readers(normal_index_readers.size()); + for (int i = 0; i < normal_index_readers.size(); i++) { + lucene::index::IndexReader* normal_idx_reader = + lucene::index::IndexReader::open(normal_index_readers[i].get()); + normal_readers[i] = normal_idx_reader; + } + + auto* idx_reader = new lucene::index::MultiReader(&readers, true); + auto* normal_idx_reader = new lucene::index::MultiReader(&normal_readers, true); + + return check_idx_file_correctness_impl(idx_reader, normal_idx_reader); + } + static Status do_compaction( const std::vector& rowsets, StorageEngine* engine_ref, const TabletSharedPtr& tablet, bool is_index_compaction, RowsetSharedPtr& rowset_ptr, const std::function - custom_check = nullptr) { + custom_check = nullptr, + int64_t max_rows_per_segment = 100000) { config::inverted_index_compaction_enable = is_index_compaction; + // control max rows in one block + config::compaction_batch_size = max_rows_per_segment; // only base compaction can handle delete predicate BaseCompaction compaction(*engine_ref, tablet); compaction._input_rowsets = std::move(rowsets); @@ -349,12 +422,13 @@ class IndexCompactionUtils { create_input_rowsets_readers(compaction, input_rs_readers); RowsetWriterContext ctx; + ctx.max_rows_per_segment = max_rows_per_segment; RETURN_IF_ERROR(compaction.construct_output_rowset_writer(ctx)); compaction._stats.rowid_conversion = compaction._rowid_conversion.get(); RETURN_IF_ERROR(Merger::vertical_merge_rowsets( tablet, compaction.compaction_type(), *(compaction._cur_tablet_schema), - input_rs_readers, compaction._output_rs_writer.get(), 100000, 5, + input_rs_readers, compaction._output_rs_writer.get(), max_rows_per_segment - 1, 5, &compaction._stats)); const auto& dst_writer = @@ -409,36 +483,41 @@ class IndexCompactionUtils { } static RowsetSharedPtr create_delete_predicate_rowset(const TabletSchemaSPtr& schema, - std::string pred, int64_t version) { + std::string pred, int64& inc_id) { DeletePredicatePB del_pred; del_pred.add_sub_predicates(pred); del_pred.set_version(1); RowsetMetaSharedPtr rsm(new RowsetMeta()); - init_rs_meta(rsm, version, version); + init_rs_meta(rsm, inc_id, inc_id); RowsetId id; - id.init(version); + id.init(inc_id); rsm->set_rowset_id(id); rsm->set_delete_predicate(std::move(del_pred)); rsm->set_tablet_schema(schema); + inc_id++; return std::make_shared(schema, rsm, ""); } static void construct_column(ColumnPB* column_pb, TabletIndexPB* tablet_index, int64_t index_id, const std::string& index_name, int32_t col_unique_id, const std::string& column_type, const std::string& column_name, - bool parser = false) { + const std::map& properties = + std::map(), + bool is_key = false) { column_pb->set_unique_id(col_unique_id); column_pb->set_name(column_name); column_pb->set_type(column_type); - column_pb->set_is_key(false); + column_pb->set_is_key(is_key); column_pb->set_is_nullable(true); tablet_index->set_index_id(index_id); tablet_index->set_index_name(index_name); tablet_index->set_index_type(IndexType::INVERTED); tablet_index->add_col_unique_id(col_unique_id); - if (parser) { - auto* properties = tablet_index->mutable_properties(); - (*properties)[INVERTED_INDEX_PARSER_KEY] = INVERTED_INDEX_PARSER_UNICODE; + if (!properties.empty()) { + auto* pros = tablet_index->mutable_properties(); + for (const auto& [key, value] : properties) { + (*pros)[key] = value; + } } } @@ -521,7 +600,8 @@ class IndexCompactionUtils { static RowsetWriterContext rowset_writer_context(const std::unique_ptr& data_dir, const TabletSchemaSPtr& schema, - const std::string& tablet_path) { + const std::string& tablet_path, int64& inc_id, + int64 max_rows_per_segment = 200) { RowsetWriterContext context; RowsetId rowset_id; rowset_id.init(inc_id); @@ -532,23 +612,28 @@ class IndexCompactionUtils { context.tablet_schema = schema; context.tablet_path = tablet_path; context.version = Version(inc_id, inc_id); - context.max_rows_per_segment = 200; + context.max_rows_per_segment = max_rows_per_segment; inc_id++; return context; } + template static void build_rowsets(const std::unique_ptr& data_dir, const TabletSchemaSPtr& schema, const TabletSharedPtr& tablet, StorageEngine* engine_ref, std::vector& rowsets, - const std::vector& data_files, - const std::function custom_check = nullptr) { - std::vector> data; - for (auto file : data_files) { - data.emplace_back(read_data(file)); + const std::vector& data_files, int64& inc_id, + const std::function custom_check = nullptr, + const bool& is_performance = false, + int64 max_rows_per_segment = 200) { + std::vector> data; + for (const auto& file : data_files) { + data.emplace_back(read_data(file)); } for (int i = 0; i < data.size(); i++) { const auto& res = RowsetFactory::create_rowset_writer( - *engine_ref, rowset_writer_context(data_dir, schema, tablet->tablet_path()), + *engine_ref, + rowset_writer_context(data_dir, schema, tablet->tablet_path(), inc_id, + max_rows_per_segment), false); EXPECT_TRUE(res.has_value()) << res.error(); const auto& rowset_writer = res.value(); @@ -556,24 +641,58 @@ class IndexCompactionUtils { vectorized::Block block = schema->create_block(); auto columns = block.mutate_columns(); for (const auto& row : data[i]) { - vectorized::Field key = int32_t(row.key); - vectorized::Field v1(row.word); - vectorized::Field v2(row.url); - vectorized::Field v3 = int32_t(row.num); - columns[0]->insert(key); - columns[1]->insert(v1); - columns[2]->insert(v2); - columns[3]->insert(v3); + if constexpr (std::is_same_v) { + vectorized::Field key = int32_t(row.key); + vectorized::Field v1(row.word); + vectorized::Field v2(row.url); + vectorized::Field v3 = int32_t(row.num); + columns[0]->insert(key); + columns[1]->insert(v1); + columns[2]->insert(v2); + columns[3]->insert(v3); + } else if constexpr (std::is_same_v) { + vectorized::Field title(row.title); + vectorized::Field content(row.content); + vectorized::Field redirect(row.redirect); + vectorized::Field space(row.space); + columns[0]->insert(title); + if (is_performance) { + columns[1]->insert(content); + columns[2]->insert(redirect); + columns[3]->insert(space); + if (schema->keys_type() == UNIQUE_KEYS) { + uint8_t num = 0; + columns[4]->insert_data((const char*)&num, sizeof(num)); + } + } else { + for (int j = 1; j < 35; j++) { + columns[j]->insert(content); + } + columns[35]->insert(redirect); + columns[36]->insert(space); + if (schema->keys_type() == UNIQUE_KEYS) { + uint8_t num = 0; + columns[37]->insert_data((const char*)&num, sizeof(num)); + } + } + } } - EXPECT_TRUE(rowset_writer->add_block(&block).ok()); - EXPECT_TRUE(rowset_writer->flush().ok()); + + Status st = rowset_writer->add_block(&block); + EXPECT_TRUE(st.ok()) << st.to_string(); + st = rowset_writer->flush(); + EXPECT_TRUE(st.ok()) << st.to_string(); const auto& dst_writer = dynamic_cast(rowset_writer.get()); check_idx_file_writer_closed(dst_writer, true); - EXPECT_TRUE(rowset_writer->build(rowsets[i]).ok()); - EXPECT_TRUE(tablet->add_rowset(rowsets[i]).ok()); - EXPECT_TRUE(rowsets[i]->num_segments() == 5); + st = rowset_writer->build(rowsets[i]); + EXPECT_TRUE(st.ok()) << st.to_string(); + st = tablet->add_rowset(rowsets[i]); + EXPECT_TRUE(st.ok()) << st.to_string(); + EXPECT_TRUE(rowsets[i]->num_segments() == + (rowsets[i]->num_rows() / max_rows_per_segment)) + << rowsets[i]->num_segments(); // check rowset meta and file for (int seg_id = 0; seg_id < rowsets[i]->num_segments(); seg_id++) { @@ -583,7 +702,8 @@ class IndexCompactionUtils { const auto& file_name = fmt::format("{}/{}_{}.idx", rowsets[i]->tablet_path(), rowsets[i]->rowset_id().to_string(), seg_id); int64_t file_size = 0; - EXPECT_TRUE(fs->file_size(file_name, &file_size).ok()); + Status st = fs->file_size(file_name, &file_size); + EXPECT_TRUE(st.ok()) << st.to_string(); EXPECT_EQ(index_info.index_size(), file_size); const auto& seg_path = rowsets[i]->segment_path(seg_id); @@ -593,7 +713,8 @@ class IndexCompactionUtils { auto inverted_index_file_reader = std::make_shared( fs, std::string(index_file_path_prefix), schema->get_inverted_index_storage_format(), index_info); - EXPECT_TRUE(inverted_index_file_reader->init().ok()); + st = inverted_index_file_reader->init(); + EXPECT_TRUE(st.ok()) << st.to_string(); const auto& dirs = inverted_index_file_reader->get_all_directories(); EXPECT_TRUE(dirs.has_value()); if (custom_check) { diff --git a/be/test/olap/rowset/segment_v2/inverted_index/data/sorted_wikipedia-50-1.json b/be/test/olap/rowset/segment_v2/inverted_index/data/sorted_wikipedia-50-1.json new file mode 100644 index 00000000000000..4cbdc10850f64e --- /dev/null +++ b/be/test/olap/rowset/segment_v2/inverted_index/data/sorted_wikipedia-50-1.json @@ -0,0 +1,50 @@ +{"title":"102.2 Smooth FM","content":"{{About|the defunct GMG Radio station which played adult contemporary music|the current station which plays oldies|102.2 Smooth Radio}}\n{{Use British English|date=May 2015}}\n{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2023}}\n{{Infobox radio station\n| logo = SmoothFM london.png\n| logo_size = 100px\n| name = 102.2 Smooth FM (London) (defunct)\n| airdate = 7 June 2005\n| frequency = 102.2 [[megahertz|MHz]]\n| area = [[Greater London]] (FM),
[[United Kingdom|Nationwide]] ([[Freeview (UK)|Freeview 718]]),
Sky 0128\n| format = Adult Contemporary\n| owner = [[GMG Radio]]\n}}\n\n'''102.2 Smooth FM''' was an [[Independent Local Radio]] station for [[Greater London]]. It replaced [[102.2 Jazz FM]] on 7 June 2005 at 10 am, with the help of [[R&B]] singer [[Lemar]] and the then breakfast show host Jon Scragg. The first track played, keeping with the name of the newly launched radio station was [[Sade Adu|Sade Adu's]] \"[[Smooth Operator]]\", and was owned by the radio division of the [[Guardian Media Group]], [[GMG Radio]]. Following disappointing audience figures, the station was closed on 23 March 2007 and relaunched as [[102.2 Smooth Radio]] the following Monday, following a successful format change request to [[Ofcom]] to play music oriented at listeners aged 50 and above.\n\n102.2 Smooth FM was available on [[Digital Audio Broadcasting|DAB]] across London, Central Scotland, the North East of England, South Wales and the Severn Estuary, Yorkshire and the West Midlands, as well as on Freeview channel 718.\n\n==Origins==\n{{Main|102.2 Jazz FM}}\n\nIn 2005, the [[Guardian Media Group]] made the decision to drop the jazz name from the Jazz FM brand and relaunch the station as Smooth FM. The London version of Jazz FM closed on 27 May 2005 to prepare for the launch of Smooth FM on 7 June.\n\n==On-Air==\n102.2 Smooth FM played [[middle of the road (music)|middle of the road]] music, [[soul music|soul]] and [[Rhythm and blues|R&B]] during the day and, as part of its licence requirements, focused on [[jazz]] music at night. Smooth FM also played specialist [[jazz]] and [[soul music|soul]] shows at weekends, details of which are listed below.\n\nThe station was launched on the premise of a 'clutter-free' listen, offering 40 minutes of non-stop music every hour without commercial interruptions, deliberately posed as a direct challenge to the 'might' of the [[BBC]] and a tactic aimed at increasing the total number of hours listeners stayed with the station. The 'Smooth 40'[http://www.gmgradio.co.uk/newsarticles/news134.html 102.2 Smooth FM Challenges BBC For Audience] {{Webarchive|url=https://archive.today/20051024005652/http://www.gmgradio.co.uk/newsarticles/news134.html |date=24 October 2005 }}. Published by GMG Radio on 24 May 2005. Accessed 26 March 2007. later became the '9-5 Smooth 40', with off-peak shows introducing more commercial breaks into their output, before the concept was dropped altogether in mid-2006.\n\nWeekday programming featured an 'all-request' feature entitled 'Smooth on Demand' at 2 pm and 7 pm, Monday to Friday, where listeners were invited to 'demand' their favourite song by calling a local-rate phone number.\n\nSmooth FM also ran a number of 'big money' promotions to entice listeners to trial the station - the 'Smooth £10K Tripleplay' ran for several weeks in late 2005, giving £10,000 to a listener for correctly identifying three consecutive songs in a particular order. Another large prize was awarded to Dawn Muggleton on 19 April 2006, however - who correctly identified the 'Smooth Secret Song' ([[Diana Ross]]' ''My Old Piano''), winning £118,454 at the end of a contest that had run for several months, which was, at that time, the biggest cash prize awarded on UK radio since 1999.\n\nThe station also held exclusive live commentary rights for [[Chelsea FC]] soccer matches in London for the 2005/06 and 2006/07 seasons. Commentary was provided by [[Gary Taphouse]] and [[Kerry Dixon]].\n\nThe station's jingle package was produced by Bespoke and voiced by Mitch Johnson.\n\n==Presenters==\n102.2 Smooth FM's presenters included:\n*[[Mike Allen (broadcaster)|Mike Allen]]\n*[[Dave Brown (broadcaster)|Dave Brown]]\n*[[Campbell Burnap]]\n*[[Jim Colvin]]\n*[[Jenni Costello]]\n*[[Kevin Greening]]\n*[[Rosie Kendrick]]\n*[[Dave Koz]]\n*[[Ramsey Lewis]]\n*[[Gavin McCoy]]\n*[[Howard Pearce]]\n*[[Russell Pockett]]\n*[[David Prever]]\n*Jon Scragg\n*[[Mark Walker (broadcaster)|Mark Walker]]\n*[[Sarah Ward (broadcaster)|Sarah Ward]]\n*Nigel Williams\n*[[Paul Wisdom]]\n*[[Gareth Trower (broadcaster)|Gareth Trower]]\n\n==Specialist Shows Broadcast on 102.2 Smooth FM==\n*'''Motown Sunday:''' Four hours of [[Motown Records, Inc.|Motown]] classics, initially hosted by programme director Mark Walker and later by Dave Brown.\n* '''Legends of [[Jazz]] with [[Ramsey Lewis]]:''' A show which featured classic jazz recordings from major and influential [[jazz]] artists.\n* '''Mainstem with Campbell Burnap:''' A two-hour programme which included many forms of [[jazz]] from classic to Latin as well as a mix of jazz from the younger players of the day.\n*'''Peter Young:''' Three hours of [[funk]], [[Soul music|soul]] and [[jazz]] music.\n*'''Smooth Selection:''' A selection of mellow [[jazz]] through the evening, first presented by Sarah Ward, later by Mark Walker and finally by Dave Brown.\n*'''Smooth Edge:''' Four hours of [[soul music]] on in the early hours of Saturday and Sunday morning.\n*'''The [[Dave Koz]] Radio Show:''' The [[jazz]] [[saxophone|saxophonist]] presented a two-hour [[Radio syndication|syndicated]] radio show on Sunday nights featuring the latest tracks in the world of [[smooth jazz]], alongside interviews with well-known smooth jazz artists.\n*'''The Late Lounge with Rosie Kendrick:''' A two-hour show featuring [[chill out (music)|chillout]] grooves and [[jazz]].\n*'''The Saturday Night Experience:''' Broadcast on Saturday evenings from 9 pm and presented by Mike Chadwick, the show specialised in music with a distinct cutting edge.\n\n==Rebrand==\nOn 20 October 2006, GMG Radio announced that it was requesting a change of format for Smooth FM from Ofcom, moving the station away from its daytime soul and R&B remit, instead offering easy listening music and speech for the over 50s and an improved local news service. Ofcom approved the changes on 8 December 2006, with the condition that GMG retained the 45 hours of jazz per week that constituted part of the former licence requirement.[http://www.radiotoday.co.uk/news.php?extend.1206 Smooth requests Format change] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070929094104/http://www.radiotoday.co.uk/news.php?extend.1206 |date=29 September 2007 }}. Published by Radio Today on 20 October 2006. Accessed 20 October 2006.[http://www.ofcom.org.uk/consult/condocs/smooth/request.pdf Format Change Request Form OfW 332 (Smooth FM)] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061109002859/http://www.ofcom.org.uk/consult/condocs/smooth/request.pdf |date=9 November 2006 }}. Published by Ofcom on 20 October 2006. Accessed 20 October 2006.\n\nSmooth FM trailed the forthcoming changes from the beginning of March 2007, promising 'more of London's smooth favourites mixed with the best songs from the past five decades'. The station closed at 6:02 pm on Friday 23 March 2007 with newsreader [[Sam Gudger]] uttering the final words - \"that was Smooth FM\" - followed by a weekend of preview music, before the station's replacement, [[102.2 Smooth Radio]], launched on Monday 26 March.\n\n==See also==\n*[[Timeline of Smooth Radio]]\n\n==References==\n{{Reflist}}\n\n==External links==\n*[https://web.archive.org/web/20050605004946/http://london.smoothfm.com/ Official website] (now redirects to Smooth Radio)\n*[https://archive.today/20050305071631/http://www.gmgradio.co.uk/newsarticles/news125.html Press Release about the rebrand]\n*[https://archive.today/20051028203542/http://www.gmgradio.co.uk/newsarticles/news135.html GMG Radio article about the launch of 102.2 Smooth FM]\n{{clear}}\n{{Guardian Media Group}}\n{{Smooth Radio}}\n\n[[Category:Radio stations in London]]\n[[Category:Radio stations established in 2005]]\n[[Category:Defunct radio stations in the United Kingdom]]\n[[Category:Radio stations disestablished in 2007]]\n[[Category:2007 disestablishments in England]]"} +{"title":"1932 Prussian coup d'état","content":"{{Short description|Takeover by Weimar chancellor Franz von Papen}}\n{{Infobox civil conflict\n| title = 1932 Prussian coup d'état\n| subtitle =\n| partof = [[Weimar Republic#Reasons for failure|failure of Weimar Republic]]\n| image = Bundesarchiv Bild 102-13680, Berlin, Verordnung über Ausnahmezustand.jpg\n| caption = The Emergency Decree of President von Hindenburg (Berlin, July 1932)\n| date = 20 July 1932\n| place = [[Free State of Prussia|Prussia]]\n| coordinates =\n| causes = *Growth of political extremism\n* [[1932 Prussian state election]]\n| goals = Future restoration of monarchy\n| methods = [[Reichsexekution]]\n| status =\n| result = Reich victory\n* Prussia brought under [[direct rule]]\n* von Papen installed as [[Reichskommissar]]\n* End of democracy in Prussia\n| side1 = {{flag|Weimar Republic|name=German Reich}}\n| side2 = {{flagcountry|Free State of Prussia|1918}} \n| side3 =\n| side4 =\n| leadfigures1 = [[Paul von Hindenburg]]
[[Franz von Papen]]
[[Kurt von Schleicher]]\n| leadfigures2 = [[Otto Braun]]
[[Carl Severing]]\n| leadfigures3 =\n| leadfigures4 =\n| howmany1 =\n| howmany2 =\n| howmany3 =\n| howmany4 =\n| casualties1 =\n| casualties2 =\n| casualties3 =\n| casualties4 =\n| fatalities =\n| injuries =\n| arrests =\n| damage =\n| buildings =\n| detentions =\n| charged =\n| fined =\n| effect =\n| effect_label =\n| casualties_label =\n| notes =\n| sidebox =\n}}\nThe '''1932 Prussian coup d'état''' or '''{{lang|de|Preußenschlag}}''' ({{IPA-de|ˈpʁɔʏsənˌʃlaːk}}) took place on 20 July 1932, when Reich President [[Paul von Hindenburg]], at the request of [[Franz von Papen]], then Reich Chancellor of Germany, replaced the legal government of the [[Free State of Prussia]] with von Papen as Reich Commissioner. A second decree the same day transferred executive power in Prussia to the Reich Minister of the Armed Forces [[Kurt von Schleicher]] and restricted fundamental rights.\n\nPapen had two rationales for the coup. One was that the [[1932 Prussian state election]] had left a divided parliament with no viable possibilities for a coalition. This led to a caretaker government under the coalition that had held power before the election, with no clear path to replacing it with a new governing coalition. The second and major rationale was that in parts of Prussia there were violent street demonstrations and clashes taking place that Papen said the caretaker government could not control.\n\nThe coup had the effect of weakening the federalist [[Weimar Constitution|Constitution]] of the [[Weimar Republic]] and facilitating the centralization of the Reich under [[Adolf Hitler]] after he was [[Chancellor of Germany#Nazi Germany (1933–1945)|appointed chancellor in January 1933]]. The immediate result, however, was elimination of the last resistance in Prussia to Papen's attempt to establish a ‘New State’, essentially a precursor to a restored monarchy. Contrary to Papen's intent, the move ultimately had the effect of easing Hitler's path to power.\n\n== Historical context ==\n\n=== Discussions about a reorganization of the Reich ===\nSince the late 1920s the relationship between the Reich and [[Free State of Prussia|Prussia]] had been the subject of discussion by the League for the Renewal of the Reich ({{Lang|de|Bund zur Erneuerung des Reiches}}), a group to which [[Franz von Papen|von Papen]] belonged. The aim of the circle, often called the Luther League after its founder [[Hans Luther]], a former Reich chancellor and president of the [[Reichsbank]] (1930–1933), was to strengthen the Reich's central power, reorganize northern Germany, especially Prussia, which was by far the largest state in Germany, and create an authoritarian presidential regime. The program included having the Reich president, the Reich government and the [[Reichstag (Weimar Republic)|Reichstag]] replace the Prussian government and parliament, and empowering the chancellor to appoint provincial commissioners. It was assumed that Prussia, contrary to the interest of the entire nation, was as a state pursuing hegemony within the existing national structure. A comprehensive segmentation and disempowerment was proposed.{{Cite web |title=Bund zur Erneuerung des Reiches, Leitsätze |trans-title=League for the Renewal of the Reich, Guiding Principles |url=https://www.historisches-lexikon-bayerns.de/images/8/80/Artikel_44406_bilder_value_1_bund-zur-erneuerung.pdf |access-date=25 March 2016 |website=Historisches Lexikon Bayerns |language=de}}\n\nIn 1928 a conference of the states, consisting of members of the Reich cabinet and all of the state minister presidents, came to the joint resolution that the relationship between the Reich and the states in the Republic was unsatisfactory and in need of fundamental reform, and that a \"strong Reich power\" was necessary.{{Cite web |last=Holtmann |first=Everhard |date= |title=Die Weimarer Republik. Band 3, Kapitel 5: Die Krise des Föderalismus und der kommunalen Selbstverwaltung |trans-title=The Weimar Republic. Volume 3, Chapter 5: The Crisis of Federalism and Local Self-Government |url=http://www.blz.bayern.de/blz/web/100083/05.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160317091400/http://www.blz.bayern.de/blz/web/100083/05.html |archive-date=2016-03-17 |access-date=2022-08-22 |language=de}}{{Cite book |last=Medicus |first=Franz Albrecht |title=Reichsreform und Länderkonferenz |publisher=C. Heymann |year=1930 |location=Berlin |pages=5 f |language=de |trans-title=Reich reform and the state conference}} A constitutional committee was appointed to draw up workable proposals for constitutional and administrative reform and for prudent financial management.\n\nOn 21 June 1930 the assessments were presented. The four main points as laid out by the architect of the reform plan [[Arnold Brecht]], then Ministerial Director of the Prussian State Chancellery and later the main representative of the Prussian government in the lawsuit against the emergency decree, were as follows:\n* unite the central administration of the Prussian state government with the central administration of the Reich government\n* unite the central authorities of the Prussian state government with those of the Reich\n* eliminate Prussia as a state\n* place the thirteen Prussian provinces, including Berlin, under the direct control of the Reich government as new states{{Cite book |last=Brecht |first=Arnold |title=Föderalismus, Regionalismus und die Teilung Preußens |publisher=Ferd. Dümmlers |year=1949 |location=Bonn |pages=135 f |language=de |trans-title=Federalism, Regionalism and the Partition of Prussia}}\n\nThe reform effort faced objections primarily from [[Bavaria]] and Prussia. Bavaria, the second largest state, objected because it feared that the proposal would immediately unify the northern German states while the south would gain only a reprieve from becoming part of a unified, non-federal Reich.{{Cite web |last=Gelberg |first=Karl-Ulrich |date=3 July 2006 |title=Bund zur Erneuerung des Reiches (Luther-Bund), 1928–1933/34 |trans-title=League for the Renewal of the Reich (Luther League), 1928–1933/34 |url=https://www.historisches-lexikon-bayerns.de/Lexikon/Bund_zur_Erneuerung_des_Reiches_(Luther-Bund),_1928-1933/34 |access-date=2022-08-22 |website=Historisches Lexikon Bayerns}}\n\nPolitical developments made implementation of the program impossible, but, as the political scientist Everhard Holtmann wrote, \"core elements of the reform package, such as the abolition of Prussia's statehood, were [...] henceforth employed in a targeted manner in the domestic power struggle.\"\n\n=== Papen's idea of a 'New State' ===\n[[File:Bundesarchiv Bild 183-1988-0113-500, Franz v. Papen.jpg|thumb|Franz von Papen]]\nPapen's initiative for the Prussian coup is to be understood within the context of the plan for the establishment of a ‘New State’, a concept propagated above all by Walther Schotte – a journalist and historian who provided Papen with ideas and theories – and [[Edgar Jung]], a lawyer and anti-democratic journalist. They did not favor the [[Nazism|National Socialists]] but rather wanted to create the precursor to a monarchy, an authoritarian presidential regime with a chancellor dependent on the confidence of the president and a parliament severely limited in its rights, similar to the government under the [[constitution of the German Empire]]. Papen's long-term goal was to restore the [[House of Hohenzollern|Hohenzollern]] monarchy. The ‘New State’ was to stand above particularist interests and provide the necessary security, order, and tranquility for economic development.{{Cite book |last=Scholl |first=Stefan |title=Begrenzte Abhängigkeit. \"Wirtschaft\" und \"Politik\" im 20. Jahrhundert |publisher=Campus Verlag |year=2015 |isbn=978-3-593-50289-2 |location=Frankfurt am Main |language=de |trans-title=Limited Dependence. \"Economy\" and \"Politics\" in the 20th Century}}\n\n== Situation in Prussia after the state elections of 24 April 1932 ==\nThe Free State of Prussia had been governed since 1920 by a stable coalition of the [[Social Democratic Party of Germany|Social Democratic Party of Germany (SPD)]] , the Catholic [[Centre Party (Germany)|Centre Party]] and the [[German Democratic Party]] (DDP). In the [[1932 Prussian state election]] of 24 April, the [[Nazi Party|Nazi Party (NSDAP)]] won 162 seats and the [[Communist Party of Germany|Communist Party of Germany (KPD)]] 57, a total of 219 out of 423, or 52%. All other parties together won only 204 seats, or 48%. The NSDAP and KPD would not work together, and none of the other parties could form a government with a parliamentary majority without the support of one of the anti-democratic parties, something that none of them was willing to accept.{{Cite web |title=Der \"Preußenschlag\" |url=https://weimar.bundesarchiv.de/WEIMAR/DE/Content/Dokumente-zur-Zeitgeschichte/1932-07-20_preussenschlag.html |access-date=17 May 2023 |website=bundesarchiv.de}} That meant that after the formal resignation of the previous state government – the third cabinet of [[Otto Braun]] – it remained in office on a caretaker basis in accordance with Article 59 of the state constitution.{{Cite wikisource|title=Constitution of the Free State of Prussia}} With parliamentary rules having recently been changed to require an absolute majority for the election of a minister president, it was possible that the caretaker government could continue on indefinitely.{{Cite book |last=Winkler |first=Heinrich August |title=Weimar 1918–1933 |publisher=C. H. Beck |year=1993 |isbn=9783406438844 |location=Munich |pages=457–461 |language=de}} The situation was similar to that in Bavaria, [[Free State of Saxony|Saxony]], [[People's State of Hesse|Hesse]], [[Free People's State of Württemberg|Württemberg]] and [[Hamburg]], although the Reich government did not concern itself with them.\n\n== Papen's and Hindenburg's approach ==\nA center-right government in Prussia consisting of the NSDAP (162 seats) and the Centre Party (67 seats) with a 53% majority was technically possible. Together with the 31 seats of the nationalist-conservative [[German National People's Party]] (DNVP), the coalition would have had as many as 260 of 423 seats. Reich Chancellor von Papen sought such a coalition, but the NSDAP claimed power for itself alone. On 7 June 1932, Papen, although not formally authorized to do so, asked [[Hanns Kerrl]], president of the state parliament and a member of the NSDAP, to replace the caretaker Prussian government with an elected one, something Kerrl was unable to guarantee due to the failure of coalition negotiations to that point.\n[[File:Erich Salomon Paul von Hindenburg 20.jpg|thumb|left|Paul von Hindenburg in 1931]]\nAs a result, Papen considered other possibilities. The first was to carry out the long-debated Reich reform which would have dissolved or divided Prussia. Because such a path would have achieved its goal only in the long term, was difficult to accomplish and highly controversial, he favored another option. He planned to appoint a Reich commissioner in place of the previous government and to enforce the new order, if necessary with the help of the [[Reichswehr]].\n\nFor this he had certain precedents. Reich President [[Friedrich Ebert]] of the SPD had issued a [[Reichsexekution|Reich execution]] ({{Lang|de|Reichsexekution}}) – an intervention against an individual state led by the central government to enforce national law – during 1923's [[German October]]. In the face of Communist Party participation in democratically elected left-wing governments in [[Saxony]] and [[Thuringia]], the forcible removal of the governments had been justified by the fact that peace and order were endangered in the two states. \n\nPapen found an analogous justification for Prussia in the clashes culminating in the [[Altona Bloody Sunday]] of 17 July 1932 which involved the [[Sturmabteilung|Nazi SA]], which had just had the ban against it lifted by the Papen government, and the Communists and their supporters. The deadly confrontations and ensuing police action differed markedly from the Reich execution against Saxony in 1923. Then there had indeed been doubts about the loyalty of Saxony's left-wing government to the constitution and its willingness to take police action,{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=14 September 2014 |title=Der 'deutsche Oktober' 1923 |trans-title=The 'German October' 1923 |url=https://www.dhm.de/lemo/kapitel/weimarer-republik/innenpolitik/deutscher-oktober-1923.html |access-date=2022-08-22 |website=Deutsches Historisches Museum |language=de}} but there was no question of this in Prussia's case.\n\nThree days earlier, on 14 July, Reich President Paul von Hindenburg had at Papen's request signed an undated emergency decree pursuant to [[Article 48 (Weimar Constitution)|Article 48]] of the [[Weimar Constitution]], which allowed the Reich president, with the chancellor's co-signature, to take the necessary measures, including use of the military, to restore public security and order if they were endangered. By means of the decree Hindenburg authorized the Reich Chancellor to become Reich Commissioner for Prussia and enabled him to remove the caretaker Prussian government from office.{{Cite book |last=Pyta |first=Wolfram |title=Hindenburg. Herrschaft zwischen Hohenzollern und Hitler |publisher=Siedler |year=2007 |isbn=978-3-88680-865-6 |location=Munich |pages=712 f |language=de |trans-title=Hindenburg. Rule between Hohenzollerns and Hitler}} By not dating the decree, Hindenburg left to Papen the choice of the time at which to make use of the power. Papen chose July 20.\n\nThe third option, which would have consisted of waiting and leaving Prussia's caretaker minority government in office and trusting that it would get the situation under control even without a parliamentary majority, was one that Papen from the outset did not consider.\n\n== Course of the coup ==\n[[File:Bundesarchiv Bild 183-R11405, Carl Severing.jpg|thumb|Carl Severing, 1919]]\nOn 20 July 1932 Prussia's Deputy Minister President Heinrich Hirtsiefer, in place of the acting but ill Minister President Otto Braun, along with Interior Minister [[Carl Severing]] and his colleague from the finance department Otto Klepper, went to see Papen at his request. Papen informed the constitutional ministers about the Hindenburg decree that allowed him to be installed as Reich commissioner and for the caretaker government to be removed. He said that the step was necessary because it appeared that \"public safety and order in Prussia could no longer be guaranteed\". A state of emergency was declared with immediate effect, and the Reichswehr minister was appointed as holder of executive power.{{Cite book |last=Winkler |first=Heinrich August |title=Weimar 1918–1933 |publisher=C. H. Beck |year=1993 |location=Munich |pages=496 ff |language=de}} Prussia's representatives objected to the coup saying that Prussia had not violated any of its responsibilities under the Reich constitution and its laws, and had done as much for security as the other states even though its jurisdiction included the areas of greatest unrest. The Braun government therefore challenged the constitutionality of the emergency decree. Severing responded negatively to Papen's suggestion that he voluntarily relinquish his official duties, saying that he would \"yield only to force\".{{Cite news |date=21 July 1932 |title=Der Gewaltakt gegen Preußen |language=de |trans-title=The Act of Violence against Prussia |pages=1 |work=Danziger Volksstimme |url=http://library.fes.de/danzig/pdf/1932/1932-169.pdf |access-date=17 May 2023}}\n\nOtto Klepper reported a year later in an essay in the exile newspaper ''The New Journal'' that he had hoped that Severing would resist after he made his declaration, especially since both Papen and Interior Minister [[Wilhelm von Gayl]], who was also present, had seemed very uncertain.{{Cite book |last=von Pufendorf |first=Astrid |title=Otto Klepper (1888–1957) – Deutscher Patriot und Weltbürger |publisher=Oldenbourg |year=1997 |isbn=978-3486562415 |location=Munich |pages=134 f |language=de |trans-title=[Otto Klepper (1888–1957) – German Patriot and Global Citizen]}} \"I suggested that we recess the meeting with Papen for an hour to discuss further action by the Prussian government and went to the door. But Severing declared that he had nothing more to discuss with me, and remained seated. Only then – after it was certain that no resistance was in the offing – was State Secretary Erwin Planck given the order to set the command to the Reichswehr in motion.\"{{Cite news |last=Klepper |first=Otto |date=July 1933 |title=Erinnerung an den 20. Juli 1932 |language=de |trans-title=Memories of 20 July 1932 |pages=90 ff |work=Das Neue Tagebuch |publisher=Leopold Schwarzschild |location=Paris / Amsterdam}}\n\nIn the afternoon of the same day, Severing, who as interior minister commanded a force of 90,000 Prussian police officers, let himself be led out of his office and ministry by a delegation consisting of the police chief whom Papen had just appointed and two police officers. At 11:30 a.m. Papen had imposed a military state of emergency under the Reichswehr – a national force of 100,000 men – and, after the Prussian government backed down, occupied the Prussian Interior Ministry, the Berlin police headquarters and the headquarters of the ''[[Schutzpolizei]]'' (protective police).\n\nThe Berlin police chief [[Albert Grzesinski]], his deputy [[Bernhard Weiß (police executive)|Bernhard Weiß]], and the commander of the protective police, the ''Centre Party'' politician [[Magnus Heimannsberg]], were taken into custody and released the next day, after they had bound themselves in writing to engage in no more official acts. Immediately after the dismissal of the state government, a large-scale purge began. Numerous officials who had belonged to the previous coalition parties, especially the SPD, were put on temporary retirement and replaced by conservative officials, the majority of them German nationalists. This step, in addition to affecting the cabinet of Otto Braun, was directed especially against Social Democratic provincial presidents and leading Social Democrats within police organizations. Following a decree issued on 12 November 1932, those who had been placed on retirement were either dismissed or delegated to the provinces. In this way 69 ministerial officials with republican sentiments were sidelined. In addition to members of the Braun cabinet, they included among others Carl Steinhoff, vice-president of the province of [[East Prussia]], and Carl Freter, district administrator of [[Calau]] in [[Brandenburg]].\n\nThe purge continued well into 1933. With targeted interventions against the police, especially the political police, an essential part of the power apparatus in Prussia had already been \"cleansed\" before Adolf Hitler's chancellorship. There was hardly any resistance, mainly because the SPD's executive board had decided on July 16 not to resist with the resources available to it in order to avoid provoking a civil war.{{Cite journal |last=Dierske |first=Ludwig |date=1970 |title=War eine Abwehr des \"Preussenschlages\" vom 20. Juli 1932 Möglich? |trans-title=Was a Defence against the \"Prussian Strike\" of 20 July 1932 Possible? |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/24224965 |journal=Zeitschrift für Politik |language=de |volume=17 |issue=3 |pages=220–221 |jstor=24224965 |via=JSTOR}}\n\n== Members of the first commissioner's government ==\n[[File:Bundesarchiv Bild 102-13710, Berlin, Reichstagswahl, Franz Bracht.jpg|thumb|312x312px|Franz Bracht (far right, holding hat), Berlin, 1932 Reichstag election]]\n* Interior Ministry and Franz von Papen's Deputy Reich Commissioner and Deputy Reich Chancellor: [[Franz Bracht]], former Lord Mayor of [[Essen]]\n* Commerce: Friedrich Ernst, Reich Commissioner for Banking Supervision in [[Heinrich Brüning]]'s cabinet\n* Finance: Franz Schleusener, State Secretary in the Prussian Ministry of Finance\n* Justice: Heinrich Hölscher, State Secretary in the Prussian Ministry of Justice\n* Culture: Aloys Lammers, State Secretary in the Prussian Ministry of Science, Art and Education\n* Agriculture: Fritz Mussehl, Ministerial Director in the Prussian Ministry of Agriculture\n* Public Welfare: Adolf Scheidt, Ministerial Director in the Prussian Ministry of Welfare\n\n== Reaction of the Prussian state government ==\nDespite its previous declarations, the Prussian government refused to respond with violence of its own to the violence that the national emergency and emergency decree had officially sanctioned. Deployment of the Prussian police and the ''[[Reichsbanner Schwarz-Rot-Gold]]'' – an organization formed by three center and left of center parties to defend parliamentary democracy – was rejected. Even non-violent resistance in the form of a general strike was not considered because it did not seem feasible in view of the high unemployment during the [[Great Depression]]. There was also little prospect of success in a call for civil disobedience by civil servants. If open resistance were to occur, the government anticipated the outbreak of civil war, especially in the event of an armed clash between the Reichswehr and the state police, which it wanted to avoid at all costs. Moreover, legal recourse had not yet been exhausted.\n\n[[Joseph Goebbels]] noted in his diary on July 21: \"The Reds have missed their great hour. It will never come again.\"{{Cite web |last=Funke |first=Hajo |date=23 February 2023 |title=Mitte 1932: Niedergang der Weimarer Republik und Aufstieg der NSDAP |trans-title=Mid-1932: Decline of the Weimar Republic and Rise of the NSDAP |url=https://www.ndr.de/geschichte/tagebuecher/Mitte-1932-Niedergang-der-Weimarer-Republik-und-Aufstieg-der-NSDAP,kujau426.html |access-date=20 May 2023 |website=Norddeutsche Runkfunk (NDR) |language=de}}\n\n== Legal proceedings: Prussia contra Reich ==\n\n=== Request for a preliminary injunction ===\nOn 21 July 1932 the Prussian government filed an application for a preliminary injunction and a constitutional complaint with the State Court of the Reich Supreme Court ({{Lang|de|Staatsgerichtshof des Reichsgerichts}}). The petitioners included the State of Prussia, represented by [[Arnold Brecht]] of the Prussian State Ministry, the parliamentary groups of the Social Democratic Party and the Centre Party in the [[Prussian Landtag]], and also the states of [[Bavaria]] and [[Republic of Baden|Baden]]. They disputed the constitutionality of the decree on the grounds that Prussia was not ungovernable as presupposed in the decree. They therefore applied for a preliminary injunction to prohibit the appointed Reich commissioner from performing his duties. The application was rejected on 25 July 1932 because the court did not want to anticipate its final decision: in order to declare the emergency decree of the Reich president invalid, reasons would have to be brought forward that were not yet available to the court. The court stated in addition that a temporary injunction was only to be issued if it appeared necessary to avert substantial harm, but any harm Prussia might incur under the emergency decree could not be proven at the time.\n\n=== Oral proceedings ===\nIn the stormy and highly publicized oral hearing, Arnold Brecht pointed out in defense of the State of Prussia that the civil war-like conditions in Prussia that led to the emergency decree had been ignited by the lifting of the ban on uniforms and on the SA on 14 June. The alleged \"inner unfreedom\" of the Prussian government had not existed, but that of the Reich government in its association with the National Socialists had. Brecht tried to prove that the Reich government, in agreement with the National Socialists, had purposefully worked towards removing the Prussian government from office with its preceding measures. In doing so, it had wanted to take the wind out of the National Socialists' sails. \n\nGeorg Gottheiner, an administrative lawyer and [[DNVP]] member, spoke as the main representative of the Reich government. He disputed Brecht's argumentation, saying that there had been no collusion with the National Socialists. Their \"excitement\" had built up precisely because of the Party's \"one-sided treatment\" by the Prussian government. Prussia had fought National Socialism and favored communism. The lifting of the SA ban was supposed to serve as an \"outlet\" for the Nazi's anger.{{Cite book |last=Blasius |first=Dirk |url= |title=Weimars Ende: Bürgerkrieg und Politik 1930–1933 |publisher=Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht |year=2005 |isbn=9783525362792 |location=Göttingen |pages= |language=de |trans-title=Weimar's End: Civil War and Politics 1930–1933}} \n\n=== Court decision ===\nIn its examination of the existence of a significant disturbance or endangerment of public security and order, the State Court found that the government of Prussia was capable of acting and remained able to act assertively. Paragraph 1 of the emergency decree therefore did not apply: \"In the event of a State not fulfilling the obligations imposed upon it by the Reich Constitution or by the laws of the Reich, the president of the Reich may make use of the armed forces to compel it to do so\" ([[Article 48 (Weimar Constitution)|Article 48 of the Weimar Constitution]]). \n\nThe court found that the facts of paragraph 2 were present: \"If public security and order are seriously disturbed or endangered …, the president of the Reich may take measures necessary for their restoration, intervening if need be with the assistance of the armed forces\" (Article 48). In the words of Richard Wienstein, who was ministerial councilor for constitutional and administrative law issues in the Reich chancellery:
The decree of the Reich president of 20 July 1932 for the restoration of public safety and order in the territory of the State of Prussia is compatible with the Reich Constitution insofar as it appoints the Reich chancellor as Reich commissioner for the State of Prussia and authorizes him to temporarily withdraw official powers from Prussian ministers and to assume these powers himself or to transfer them to other persons as commissioners of the Reich. The authorization, however, should not extend to depriving the Prussian State Ministry and its members of the representation of the State of Prussia in the Reichstag, the Reichsrat, or with respect to other states.{{Cite web |date=11 November 1932 |title=Nr. 177 Notiz des Ministerialrats Wienstein über eine Besprechung am 27. Oktober 1932, 12.30 Uhr, betreffend Urteil des Staatsgerichtshofs in der Streitsache Preußen gegen das Reich |trans-title=No. 177 Note by Ministerial Counsellor Wienstein on a meeting on 27 October 1932, 12.30 p.m., concerning the judgement of the State Court in the case of Prussia against the Reich |url=https://www.bundesarchiv.de/aktenreichskanzlei/1919-1933/00a/vpa/vpa2p/kap1_1/para2_48.html |access-date=26 May 2023 |website=Das Bundesarchiv |language=de}}
The cooperation between the Braun government and the Reich commissioner that was indirectly called for in the judgement was from the outset not possible. The Reich government overrode the provisions of the judgement and did not intend to return governmental power to the legitimate government after the commissioner's temporary work was completed.{{Cite book |title=Handbuch der preußischen Geschichte. Band III: Vom Kaiserreich zum 20. Jahrhundert und Große Themen der Geschichte Preußens |publisher=Walter de Gruyter |year=2001 |isbn=978-3-11-014092-7 |editor-last=Neugebauer |editor-first=Wolfgang |location=Berlin/New York |pages=170 |language=de |trans-title=Handbook of Prussian History. Volume III: From the Empire to the 20th Century and Major Themes in Prussian History}}\n\nThe ruling partially justified both sides and preserved the dualism of Prussia and the Reich. Since the removal of the government was considered illegitimate, the restoration of the government should in fact have been called for. In the end, the court capitulated to the facts that had been created. The judgement basically tolerated a breach of the constitution because the court shied away from charging the Reich president with the act. Historian Michael Stolleis assessed the judgement as a \"landmark in the constitutional history describing the downfall of the Republic. The commentators of the time sensed it, and it was seen as even more so from a distance.\"{{Cite book |last=Stolleis |first=Michael |url={{Google books|mkQM_86wxqEC|page=121|plainurl=yes}} |title=Geschichte des öffentlichen Rechts in Deutschland |publisher=C. H. Beck |year=1999 |location=Munich |pages=121 f |language=de |trans-title=History of Public Law in Germany}}\n\n=== Public reaction ===\nAccording to historian Dirk Blasius' account, the verdict was perceived by almost everyone as either a welcome defeat or a clumsy failure of the Reich government. Only the press that supported the government called for an additional decisive step towards an authoritarian state. The \"political passages\" of the judgement were disseminated by most newspapers and prepared the ground for the later popular view that in a time of insecurity and disorder, emergency law had to be used to crack down.{{Page number|date=June 2023}}\n\nPolitical scientist and historian [[Karl Dietrich Bracher]] assessed the compromise{{Cite book |last=Oeter |first=Stefan |title=Integration und Subsidiarität im deutschen Bundesstaatsrecht: Untersuchungen zu Bundesstaatstheorie unter dem Grundgesetz |publisher=Mohr Siebeck |year=1998 |isbn=978-3-16-146885-8 |location=Tübingen |language=de |trans-title=Integration and Subsidiarity in German State Law: Studies on Federal Theory under the Constitution}} verdict as one of \"grotesque ambivalence\", since its legal section upheld the Prussian point of view, \"while its basic political tenor, with its acquiescence to what had already happened, accommodated the coup-like whim of a government that was propped up only by the authority of the Reich president and the power of the Reichswehr.\"{{Cite book |last=Bracher |first=Karl Dietrich |title=Schriften des Instituts für Politische Wissenschaft |publisher=Duncker & Humblot |year=1955 |location=Berlin |language=de |trans-title=Publications of the Institute for Political Science}}\n\n[[Carl Schmitt]], who had represented Papen in the trial along with Erwin Jacobi and Carl Bilfinger, later endorsed the legality of the coup in an expert opinion.{{Cite web |date=9 December 2010 |title=Carl Schmitt |url=http://www.plettenberg-lexikon.de/personen/schmitt.htm |access-date=2022-08-22 |website=www.plettenberg-lexikon.de |archive-date=2022-01-25 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220125101627/http://plettenberg-lexikon.de/personen/schmitt.htm |url-status=dead }}\n\n== After the court ruling ==\nBetween the promulgation of the decree and the court ruling, Papen's provisional government replaced Prussia's top administrative and police officials.\n\nThe Braun government, rehabilitated in terms of state law but deprived of its real power, convened for its weekly cabinet meetings as a so-called \"sovereign government\". The true power, however, lay with the representatives of the Reich execution – the \"Commissar Government\" under Franz Bracht. It was not until Adolf Hitler [[Adolf Hitler's rise to power#Seizure of control (1931–1933)|seized power in 1933]] that [[Hermann Göring]], with Papen's help, secured a new emergency decree from Hindenburg that officially deposed Braun's \"sovereign government\". His response was again limited to filing a complaint with the State Constitutional Court on 7 February 1933.\n\n== Text of the emergency decree of 20 July 1932 ==\nDecree of the president of the Reich concerning the restoration of public safety and order in Greater Berlin and the [[Province of Brandenburg]] of 20 July 1932:{{Cite web |title=Verordnung des Reichspräsidenten ... Vom 20. Juli 1932 |trans-title=Decree of the Reich President ... of 20 July 1932 |url=https://www.1000dokumente.de/index.html?c=dokument_de&dokument=0004_pre&object=pdf&st=&l=de |access-date=30 May 2023 |website=100(0) Schlüsseldokumente zur Deutschen Geschichte im 20. Jahrhundert |pages=4–5 |language=de}}\n\nOn the basis of Article 48 (1) and (2) of the Reich Constitution, I decree the following for the restoration of public safety and order in Greater Berlin and the Province of Brandenburg:\n\n§ 1. Articles 114, 115, 117, 118, 123, 124 and 153 of the Constitution of the German Reich shall be suspended until further notice. Therefore, restrictions to personal freedom of the right to free expression of opinion including freedom of the press of the right of association and assembly; interference with the secrecy of correspondence, mail, telegraph and telephone; orders for house searches, and seizures and limitations of property are permissible outside the legal limits otherwise determined for them.\n\n§ 2. Upon the promulgation of this decree, executive power shall pass to the Reich minister of defense, who may transfer it to military commanders. For the implementation of the measures necessary for the restoration of public safety, the entire protective police [{{Lang|de|Schutzpolizei}}] of the designated area shall be directly subordinated to the holder of executive power.\n\n§ 3. Whoever contravenes orders issued by the Reich minister of defense or the military commanders in the interests of public safety or incites or encourages such contravention, shall be punished by imprisonment [{{Lang|de|Gefängnis}}{{Efn|The conditions in a ''Gefängnis'' were geared to the improvement of the offender and thus relatively more favorable for the inmates than the ''Zuchthaus''.}}] or a fine of up to 15,000 Reichsmarks, unless the existing laws provide for a higher penalty. Whoever causes a common danger to human life by an offence according to para. 1 shall be punished with imprisonment [{{Lang|de|Zuchthaus}}{{Efn|''Zuchthaus'' was the most severe form of punishment and included stricter confinement and compulsory work for the inmates. It was also considered to be dishonoring.}}], in extenuating circumstances with {{Lang|de|Gefängnis}} of not less than 6 months and, if the offence causes the loss of human life, with death, in extenuating circumstances with {{Lang|de|Zuchthaus}} of not less than 2 years. In addition, confiscation of property may be imposed. Any person who incites or encourages an offence dangerous to the public (para. 2) shall be punished by {{Lang|de|Zuchthaus}}, and in extenuating circumstances by {{Lang|de|Gefängnis}} for not less than 3 months.\n\n§ 4. The crimes punishable by life imprisonment under Criminal Code §§ 81 (high treason), 302 (arson), 311 (explosion), 312 (flooding), 315 para. 2 (damage to railway installations) shall be punishable by death if committed after the enactment of the decree; under the same condition, the death penalty may be imposed in the case of Criminal Code § 92 (treason); likewise in the cases of § 125 para. 2 (mob ringleaders and those who commit acts of violence as parts of mobs) and § 115 para. 2 (ringleaders and resisters during riots), if the perpetrator has committed the act of resistance by force or threat with weapons or in a conscious and deliberate encounter with armed persons.\n\n§ 5. Upon request of the holder of executive power, extraordinary courts shall be established by the Reich minister of justice. The jurisdiction of these courts shall include, in addition to the offences listed in § 9 of the Decree of the president of the Reich of 29 March 1921 (Reich Law Gazette. p. 371), the misdemeanors and felonies under § 3 of this decree.\n\n§ 6. This Decree shall enter into force upon enactment.\n\nNeudeck and Berlin, 20 July 1932: Reich President von Hindenburg – Reich Chancellor von Papen – Reich Minister of the Interior Baron von Gayl – Reich Minister of the Armed Forces [[von Schleicher]]\n{{notelist}}\n==References==\n{{reflist}}\n\n{{Authority control}}\n\n\n{{DEFAULTSORT:Preussenschlag}}\n[[Category:1932 in law]]\n[[Category:1932 in Germany]]\n[[Category:1930s in Prussia]]\n[[Category:Politics of the Weimar Republic]]\n[[Category:German words and phrases]]\n[[Category:1930s coups d'état and coup attempts]]\n[[Category:Politics of Free State of Prussia]]\n[[Category:July 1932 events]]\n[[Category:Conflicts in 1932]]\n[[Category:Paul von Hindenburg]]\n[[Category:Franz von Papen]]"} +{"title":"3467 Bernheim","redirect":"List of minor planets: 3001–4000"} +{"title":"509 Harbourfront","content":"{{short description|Streetcar route in Toronto, Canada}}\n{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2022}}\n{{Infobox rail line\n| box_width = auto\n| name = 509 Harbourfront\n| color = \n| logo = TTC.svg\n| logo_width = 75\n| logo_alt = \n| image = Streetcar 4407 Queens Quay West at Harbourfront Centre.JPG\n| image_width = 275px\n| image_alt = \n| caption = A Flexity Outlook car on Queens Quay in June 2015\n| type = [[Tram|Streetcar]] route\n| system = [[Toronto streetcar system]]\n| status = Operational\n| locale = [[Toronto]], Ontario\n| start = [[Exhibition Loop]] (west)\n| end = [[Union station (TTC)|Union station]] (east)\n| stations = {{plainlist|\n* {{rint|toronto|streetcar}} [[Queens Quay station|Queens Quay]]\n* {{rint|toronto|1}} Union\n}}\n| routes = \n| daily_ridership = 10,717 (2022, weekdays){{cite web |url=https://cdn.ttc.ca/-/media/Project/TTC/DevProto/Documents/Home/Transparency-and-accountability/2022-Fall-Service-Hours--Boardings-by-Route.pdf |title=Weekday boardings and service information for surface routes (bus and streetcar), 2022 |publisher=[[Toronto Transit Commission]] |date=2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240111002205/https://cdn.ttc.ca/-/media/Project/TTC/DevProto/Documents/Home/Transparency-and-accountability/2022-Fall-Service-Hours--Boardings-by-Route.pdf | archive-date=2024-01-11 |url-status=live |df=mdy-all}}\n| open = 22 June 1990\n| close = \n| event1label = Rebuilt\n| event1 = 2012–2014\n| owner = \n| operator = [[Toronto Transit Commission]]\n| character = [[Right-of-way (transportation)|Right-of-way]]\n| depot = [[Leslie Barns]]\n| stock = [[Flexity Outlook (Toronto streetcar)|Flexity Outlook]]\n| linelength = {{convert|4.4|km|mi|2|abbr=on}}\n| tracklength = \n| tracks = [[Double track]]\n| gauge = {{track gauge|4ft10.875in|lk=on}}\n| old_gauge = \n| minradius = \n| racksystem = \n| routenumber = 509\n| electrification = 600 V DC [[Overhead line|overhead]]\n| speed = \n| elevation = \n| website = {{TTC route page}}\n| map = {{509 Harbourfront}}\n| map_state = collapsed\n}}\n\n'''509 Harbourfront''' is a [[Toronto streetcar system|Toronto streetcar route]] in [[Ontario]], Canada, operated by the [[Toronto Transit Commission]] and connecting [[Union Station (Toronto)|Union Station]] with [[Exhibition Loop]].\n\n==History==\n===1990–2012===\n[[File:CLRV 4152 and PCC 4500.jpg|thumb|left|A CLRV car and a PCC car both operating the 509 Harbourfront route in 2009]]\nThe 509 Harbourfront began service in 1990 as the \"604 Harbourfront\" and was referred to as the \"Harbourfront LRT\". It was the first new [[Toronto]] streetcar route in many years, and the first to employ a dedicated tunnel, approximately {{convert|600|metres}} long. The route starts with an underground loop at [[Union station (TTC)|Union station]], runs south along [[Bay Street]] to the underground [[Queens Quay station]], then turns west and emerges onto [[Queens Quay (Toronto)|Queens Quay]]. The line's original terminus was [[Toronto streetcar system loops#Queens Quay and Spadina Loop|Queens Quay and Spadina Loop]], at the foot of [[Spadina Avenue]]; beyond this point [[non-revenue track]] ran north on Spadina to King, to connect the new line with the rest of the network.\n\nNumbers in the 600-series were used at that time within the TTC for rapid transit routes (i.e., subways and the Scarborough RT) rather than single-digit numbers as is the case today, and the Harbourfront LRT was given the number 604 to indicate that it was different from other streetcar routes. The 1990 ''TTC Ride Guide'' indicated the route with its own colour like a subway line rather than as a streetcar route.[https://transittoronto.ca/archives/maps/rg1990-back.jpg Ride Guide 1990] Since the route is not grade-separated, this was later felt to be misleading and it was subsequently treated like other streetcar lines, taking the number 510.\n\nIn 1997, the completion of a dedicated right-of-way on Spadina Avenue resulted in the Harbourfront route being relaunched as the [[510 Spadina]]. The \"Harbourfront\" route name disappeared until 2000, when the Queens Quay streetcar tracks were extended west to Bathurst and Fleet Streets. The Harbourfront name was then combined with the new number 509, and extended to [[Exhibition Loop]] at Exhibition Place, sharing its route with the 510 from Union to Spadina and with the [[511 Bathurst]] from Bathurst onwards. Between September 2007 and March 2008, the Fleet Street portion of Route 509 was converted to a parallel private right-of-way, so that the entire route operates entirely separate from road traffic.{{Cite web|url=https://transittoronto.ca/archives/weblog/2007/09/03-fleet_stre.shtml|title=Fleet Street track reconstruction starts tomorrow, September 4 – Transit Toronto – Weblog|website=transittoronto.ca}}{{Cite web|url=https://transittoronto.ca/archives/weblog/2008/03/29-streetcars.shtml|title=Streetcars roll along Fleet Street tomorrow – Transit Toronto – Weblog|website=transittoronto.ca}}\n\n===2012–present===\n[[File:Streetcar heading East between York and Bay streets, Toronto -a.jpg|thumb|left|A CLRV car on the former right-of-way in the median of Queens Quay in 2012]]\nIn July 2012, [[Waterfront Toronto]] began a major reconstruction of Queens Quay West, requiring the 509 streetcar to be replaced with buses for the duration of the construction.{{cite web |title=Buses to replace TTC's 509 Harbourfront streetcar during Queens Quay revitalization |url=https://www.ttc.ca/news/2012/July/Buses-to-replace-TTCs-509-Harbourfront-streetcar-during-Queens-Quay-revitalization |publisher=TTC |date=26 July 2012}} On 12 October 2014, streetcar service resumed on 509 Harbourfront route after an absence of over two years in order to rebuild the street to a new design, and to replace tracks. With the new street design, two auto lanes south of the streetcar tracks were eliminated from Spadina Avenue to York Street in order to extend Harbourfront parkland to the edge of the streetcar right-of-way. Thus, streetcars now effectively run on a roadside right-of-way instead of a mid-street median. A bicycle path and rows of trees are located on the immediate south side of the right-of-way.\n{{cite news |url=http://stevemunro.ca/2014/10/12/streetcars-return-to-queens-quay/ |title=Streetcars Return to Queens Quay |publisher=Steve Munro |first=Steve |last=Munro |date=12 October 2014| access-date= 12 October 2014 }}\n\nBy August 2016, after the reconstruction of Queens Quay West, the TTC reported that streetcars were taking 40 minutes to make a round trip instead of an expected 34 minutes. The new side-of-road track design results in streetcars encountering more traffic lights, pedestrians and cyclists, the latter two requiring streetcar to operate slowly to avoid collisions. TTC service planner Scott Haskill suggested that \"public realm and urban design\" drove the Queens Quay redevelopment at the expense of transit planning. However, accidents along Queens Quay are no more frequent than along other streets.{{cite news |url=https://www.thestar.com/news/gta/2016/08/09/queens-quay-redesign-proves-popular-though-friction-remains.html |title=Queens Quay redesign proves popular though 'friction' remains |newspaper=[[Toronto Star]] |first=Ben |last=Spurr |date=9 August 2016 |access-date=10 August 2016 }} Transit advocate [[Steve Munro]] analyzed the route's performance for May 2016 and concluded that the extra running time was consumed from Queens Quay Loop to the intersection of Bathurst and Fleet streets, and that the running time east of Spadina Avenue was the same as before the reconstruction because of fixes to traffic signal problems.{{cite news |url=https://stevemunro.ca/2016/07/19/travel-times-on-queens-quay-west/ |title=Travel Times on Queens Quay West |first=Steve |last=Munro |newspaper=Steve Munro |author-link=Steve Munro |date=19 July 2016 | access-date=10 August 2016 }}\n\n[[File:Queens Quay & York Street - bollards & signage.jpg|thumb|Bollards and signage to discourage automobiles from entering the streetcar tunnel]]\nBetween 2014 and January 2020, there were 27 instances of private unauthorized automobiles driving down the ramp of the streetcar tunnel entrance just east of York Street and getting trapped in the tunnel. In a January 2020 incident, a motorist bypassed bollards, flashing lights and gates to become stuck at Union Station. These [[Queens Quay station#Tunnel intrusions|tunnel intrusions]] have negatively affected both 509 Harbourfront and 510 Spadina service.{{cite news |url=https://www.thestar.com/news/gta/2020/01/22/driver-mistakenly-drives-into-queens-quay-tunnel-and-gets-stuck-near-union-station-platform.html |title=Motorist drives into Queens Quay tunnel and gets stuck near Union Station platform |newspaper=[[Toronto Star]] |first=Miriam |last=Lafontaine |date=22 January 2020 |access-date=22 January 2020}}\n\nOn 12 September 2017, 509 Harbourfront became the first streetcar route in Toronto to operate Flexity streetcars with electrical pickup by [[Pantograph (transport)|pantograph]] instead of [[trolley pole]]. Pending the conversion of the overhead on other streetcar lines, runs to and from the carhouse continue to use trolley poles, with the changeover taking place at [[Exhibition Loop]].{{cite web |url=https://stevemunro.ca/2017/09/12/pantographs-up-on-harbourfront/ |title=Pantographs Up On Harbourfront |publisher=[[Steve Munro]] |first=Steve |last=Munro |date=12 September 2017 | access-date=15 September 2017 }}\n\n===Vehicles used===\n[[File:TTC PCC-type streetcar, in original maroon and yellow livery, on Queens Quay.jpg|thumb|A preserved PCC streetcar on Queens Quay in 2007]]\nThe 604 Harbourfront route began operating in 1990 using rebuilt [[PCC streetcar]]s belonging to the TTC's A-15 PCC classification. (The A-15 class PCCs were rebuilt from A-9 class cars purchased new in 1950–1951.){{cite web |url=http://transittoronto.ca/streetcar/4107.shtml |title=ROUTE 509 – The New Harbourfront Streetcar |publisher=Transit Toronto |first=James |last=Bow |date=22 March 2017 |access-date=26 April 2017 }}{{cite web |url=http://transittoronto.ca/streetcar/4509.shtml |title=Red Rocket Renaissance: The A15 Class PCC Cars |publisher=Transit Toronto |first=Peter C. |last=Kohler |date=22 March 2017 |access-date=26 April 2017 }}\n\nThe PCC cars were replaced by [[Canadian Light Rail Vehicle|CLRV streetcars]] in 1994 due to complaints of squealing from the PCC wheels.\n\nOn 29 March 2015, [[Flexity Outlook (Toronto streetcar)|Flexity Outlook]] low-floor vehicles were introduced on the 509 Harbourfront streetcar line. Since March 2017, the line has operated exclusively with Flexity vehicles, making the route fully accessible.{{cite web |url=https://www.ttc.ca/news/2015/March/TTC-to-conduct-track-work-at-Spadina-College-intersection |title=TTC to conduct track work at Spadina-College intersection |publisher=[[Toronto Transit Commission]] |date=25 March 2015 |access-date=21 December 2016 |quote=509 Harbourfront route will accommodate the new, low-floor accessible streetcars, operating between Union station and Exhibition Place. Proof-of-Payment will be introduced.}}\n\nThe TTC operated one of its two remaining PCC cars (of the A-15 class) on Sunday afternoons during the summer between Victoria Day and Labour Day, subject to the availability of a PCC and a driver trained to operate it. This service had occurred in 2009,{{cite web |url=https://www.ttc.ca/news/2009/May/Historic-TTC-PCC-Streetcar-back-on-track |title=Historic TTC PCC Streetcar back on track |publisher=[[Toronto Transit Commission]] |date=7 May 2009 |access-date=27 April 2017 }} 2010,{{cite web |url=https://www.ttc.ca/news/2010/May/TTC-increases-service-on-many-routes-to-summer-attractions-PCC-streetcar-to-run-on-Harbourfront-line-Sundays |title=TTC increases service on many routes to summer attractions PCC streetcar to run on Harbourfront line Sundays |publisher=[[Toronto Transit Commission]] |date=7 May 2010 |access-date=27 April 2017 }} 2011,{{cite web |url=https://www.ttc.ca/news/2011/July/TTCs-vintage-streetcar-a-great-way-to-see-harbourfront-on-Sundays |title=TTC's vintage streetcar a great way to see harbourfront on Sundays |publisher=[[Toronto Transit Commission]] |date=15 July 2011 |access-date=27 April 2017 }} 2012,{{cite web |url=https://www.ttc.ca/Coupler/Editorial/News/PCC_streetcar_Sundays.jsp |title=PCC service on Sundays |publisher=[[Toronto Transit Commission]] |date=24 May 2012 |access-date=27 April 2017 |url-status=dead |archive-date=29 April 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170429000640/https://www.ttc.ca/Coupler/Editorial/News/PCC_streetcar_Sundays.jsp }} 2016{{cite web |url=https://www.ttc.ca/news/2016/May/Take-a-TTC-trip-back-in-time- |title=Take a TTC trip back in time |publisher=[[Toronto Transit Commission]] |date=5 May 2016 |access-date=27 April 2017 }} and 2017.{{cite web |url=https://www.ttc.ca/news/2017/May/Take-a-TTC-trip-back-in-time |title=Take a TTC trip back in time |publisher=[[Toronto Transit Commission]] |date=19 May 2017 |access-date=23 May 2018 }}\n\n==Route==\nMost stops along the 509 route are surface stops with islands separating the regular traffic from the streetcar tracks. Streetcars begin underground at Union station and pass through a dedicated underground streetcar station at [[Queens Quay station|Queens Quay]] before climbing to the surface.{{cite web |url=https://www.ttc.ca/routes-and-schedules#/509/0 |title=509 Harbourfront |publisher=Toronto Transit Commission |date=3 November 2015}}\n\n=== Stop list ===\n[[File:Union station loop, 2016 07 01 (2) (27753043440).jpg|thumb|A Flexity Outlook car behind a CLRV car in the Union station loop]]\n{| class=\"wikitable\" align=\"center\" style=\"margin: 1em auto 1em auto;\"\n|-\n! Stop\n! Type\n! Connections\n! Nearby Points of Interest\n|-\n! [[Exhibition Loop]]\n| Surface terminal\n| {{rint|gotransit|rail|A}}
{{rint|toronto|streetcar|511}}\n| [[Exhibition Place]], [[Coca-Cola Coliseum]], [[BMO Field]]\n|-\n! Strachan Ave \n| Surface stop\n| {{rint|toronto|streetcar|511}}\n| [[Exhibition Place]]\n|-\n! Fort York Blvd\n| Surface stop\n| {{rint|toronto|streetcar|511}}\n| [[Fort York]]\n|-\n! Bastion St\n| Surface stop\n| {{rint|toronto|streetcar|511}}\n| [[HMCS York]]\n|-\n! Lake Shore Blvd\n| Surface stop\n| {{rint|toronto|streetcar|511}}\n|\n|-\n! Bathurst Quay\n| Surface stop\n| \n| [[Billy Bishop Toronto City Airport|Toronto City Airport]]\n|-\n! Dan Leckie Way\n| Surface Stop\n| \n|\n|-\n! Lower Spadina Ave\n| Surface stop\n| {{rint|toronto|streetcar|510}}\n|\n|-\n! Rees St\n| Surface stop\n|\n| [[CN Tower]], [[Rogers Centre]]\n|-\n! Harbourfront Centre\n| Surface stop\n|\n| [[Harbourfront Centre, Toronto|Harbourfront Centre]]\n|-\n! [[Queens Quay station|Queens Quay]]\n| Underground station\n|\n| [[Jack Layton Ferry Terminal]]\n|-\n! [[Union station (TTC)|Union station]]\n| Underground station\n| {{rint|gotransit|rail|A}} {{rint|gotransit|rail|B|x}} {{rint|gotransit|rail|C|x}} {{rint|gotransit|rail|D|x}} {{rint|gotransit|rail|E|x}} {{rint|gotransit|rail|F|x}} {{rint|gotransit|rail|G|x}} {{rint|gotransit|bus}}
{{rint|rail}} {{rint|us|amtrak}} {{rint|toronto|up}} {{rint|ca|via}}
{{rint|toronto|subway|1}}
\n| [[Scotiabank Arena]]\n|}\n\n==Proposed expansion==\nThe proposed [[Waterfront West LRT]] project would extend the Harbourfront line farther west to join the existing right-of-way along [[The Queensway (Toronto)|the Queensway]]. This project was shelved by the city in 2013{{cite web |title=Residents share wishlist for Toronto budget |date=10 January 2013 |url=http://www.insidetoronto.com/news-story/1490677-residents-share-wishlist-for-toronto-budget/ |publisher=InsideToronto.com |access-date=14 March 2014}} but was revived for reconsideration in 2015.{{cite web |url=http://www.toronto.ca/legdocs/mmis/2015/ex/bgrd/backgroundfile-84523.pdf |title=Waterfront Transit \"Reset\" |publisher=[[City of Toronto government|City of Toronto]] |date=9 October 2015 |access-date=6 November 2015 }}\n\n==References==\n{{Reflist\n|refs=\n\n{{cite web |url=https://ttc-cdn.azureedge.net/-/media/Project/TTC/DevProto/Documents/Home/About-the-TTC/Projects-Landing-Page/Transit-Planning/Service-Summary_2021-11-21.pdf |title=TTC Service Summary November 21, 2021 to January 1, 2022 |publisher=[[Toronto Transit Commission]]}}\n\n}}\n\n==External links==\n{{Commons category}}\n{{Attached KML |display=title,inline}}\n* {{TTC route page}}\n* [http://www.transittoronto.org/streetcar/4107.shtml Route 509 – Harbourfront Streetcar] (Transit Toronto)\n* {{YouTube|IWMU15_lr2Q|Pantographs Operate on 509 Harboufront}} published by [https://transittoronto.ca/ Transit Toronto] on 14 September 2017.\n* {{YouTube|-uh0DUkA8f4|TTC installs new barriers outside Queens Quay tunnel}} published by [[CityNews Toronto]] on 22 April 2018.\n\n{{Toronto Transit Commission}}\n\n[[Category:Streetcar routes in Toronto]]\n[[Category:Harbourfront, Toronto]]\n[[Category:Toronto-gauge railways]]"} +{"title":"A Midsummer Night's Gene","content":"{{Short description|1997 novel by Andrew Harman}}\n{{infobox book | \n| name = A Midsummer Night's Gene\n| title_orig = \n| translator = \n| image = A Midsummer Night's Gene.jpg\n| caption = First edition\n| author = [[Andrew Harman]]\n| illustrator = \n| cover_artist = \n| country = United Kingdom\n| language = English\n| series = \n| genre = [[Science fiction]]\n| publisher = Legend\n| pub_date = 1997\n| english_pub_date =\n| media_type = Print ([[Hardcover]])\n| pages = 288\n| isbn = 0-09-978871-3\n| oclc= 43236604\n| preceded_by = \n| followed_by = \n}}\n'''''A Midsummer Night's Gene''''' is a [[science fiction]] [[parody]] novel of [[Shakespeare]]'s play ''[[A Midsummer Night's Dream]]'', written by [[Andrew Harman]] and published in 1997 by [[Random House]]. It reflects the plot of the original play only slightly. It concentrates on two of the fairies and follows their attempts to play with genetic engineering in a modern English town.\n\n{{A Midsummer Night's Dream}}\n\n{{DEFAULTSORT:Midsummer Night's Gene}}\n[[Category:1997 British novels]]\n[[Category:1997 science fiction novels]]\n[[Category:Comic science fiction novels]]\n[[Category:British science fiction novels]]\n[[Category:Parody novels]]\n[[Category:Novels based on A Midsummer Night's Dream]]\n[[Category:Random House books]]\n[[Category:Novels about genetic engineering]]\n[[Category:Modern adaptations of works by William Shakespeare]]\n\n\n{{1990s-sf-novel-stub}}\n{{1990s-parody-novel-stub}}"} +{"title":"A Sides Win: Singles 1992–2005","content":"{{Infobox album\n| name = A Sides Win: Singles 1992–2005\n| type = greatest\n| artist = [[Sloan (band)|Sloan]]\n| cover = Sloan asideswin.png\n| alt =\n| released = {{Start date|2005|5|3}}\n| recorded = 1992–2005\n| venue =\n| studio =\n| genre = [[Rock and roll|Rock]]\n| length = 54:54\n| label = [[Sony BMG Music Entertainment|Sony / BMG]] {{small|([[Canada]])}}
[[Koch Entertainment|Koch]] {{small|([[United States|US]])}}\n| producer = [[Sloan (band)|Sloan]]\n| prev_title = [[Action Pact (album)|Action Pact]]\n| prev_year = 2003\n| next_title = [[Never Hear the End of It]]\n| next_year = 2006\n}}\n{{Album ratings\n| noprose = yes\n| rev1 = [[Allmusic]]\n| rev1Score = {{Rating|4.5|5}}[{{AllMusic|class=album|id=r737423/review|pure_url=yes}} DVD review]. Allmusic.
[{{AllMusic|class=album|id=r737424/review|pure_url=yes}} CD review] Allmusic.\n| rev2 = [[CHARTattack]]\n| rev2Score = {{Rating|4.5|5}}[https://m.imdb.com/title/tt0491695/ratings/ IMDB Rating]\n}}\n'''''A Sides Win: Singles 1992–2005''''' is a compilation album by [[Canadians|Canadian]] [[power pop]] quartet [[Sloan (band)|Sloan]]. It was released on May 3, 2005, and debuted at #15 on the [[Canadian Albums Chart]].{{Cite web |url=http://jam.canoe.ca/Music/Artists/N/Nine_Inch_Nails/2005/05/11/1035087.html |title=CANOE -- JAM! Music - Artists - Nine Inch Nails : NIN's 'Teeth' bites… |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120709213052/http://jam.canoe.ca/Music/Artists/N/Nine_Inch_Nails/2005/05/11/1035087.html |archive-date=9 July 2012 |url-status=usurped}}\n\nThe album is a compilation of 14 previously released [[single (music)|singles]], plus two new songs, \"All Used Up\" and \"Try to Make It\". A special version of the album also contains a second disc, a [[DVD]] containing the [[music video]]s of each of the songs, plus interviews and other material.\n\nThe album's title is a play on \"A Side Wins\", a song on Sloan's 1996 release ''[[One Chord to Another]]''.\n\n==Track listing==\n# \"[[Underwhelmed]]\" (Chris Murphy; from ''[[Smeared]]'') – 4:45\n# \"500 Up\" (Andrew Scott; from ''Smeared'') – 4:16\n# \"[[Coax Me]]\" (Chris Murphy; from ''[[Twice Removed]]'') – 3:26\n# \"[[People of the Sky]]\" (Andrew Scott; from ''Twice Removed'') – 3:38\n# \"[[The Good in Everyone]]\" (Patrick Pentland; from ''[[One Chord to Another]]'') – 2:08\n# \"[[Everything You've Done Wrong]]\" (Patrick Pentland; from ''One Chord to Another'') – 3:27\n# \"[[The Lines You Amend]]\" (Jay Ferguson; from ''One Chord to Another'') – 2:32\n# \"[[Money City Maniacs]]\" (Patrick Pentland; from ''[[Navy Blues (album)|Navy Blues]]'') – 3:54\n# \"She Says What She Means\" (Chris Murphy; from ''Navy Blues'') – 3:01\n# \"[[Losing California]]\" (Patrick Pentland; from ''[[Between the Bridges]]'') – 3:06\n# \"Friendship\" (Patrick Pentland; from ''Between the Bridges'') – 3:25\n# \"[[If It Feels Good Do It]]\" (Patrick Pentland; from ''[[Pretty Together]]'') – 3:56\n# \"[[The Other Man (song)|The Other Man]]\" (Chris Murphy; from ''Pretty Together'') – 3:53\n# \"[[The Rest of My Life (Sloan song)|The Rest of My Life]]\" (Chris Murphy; from ''[[Action Pact (album)|Action Pact]]'') – 2:46\n# \"All Used Up\" (Patrick Pentland; new song) – 2:49\n# \"Try to Make It\" (Chris Murphy; new song) – 3:44\n\n'''B-sides'''\n* \"I Thought I Was Ready for You\" (Jay Ferguson; Japan import)\n* \"Tell Me Something I Don't Know\" (Chris Murphy; Japan import)\n\n==References==\n{{Reflist}}\n\n{{Sloan}}\n\n\n\n{{Authority control}}\n\n{{DEFAULTSORT:A Sides Win: Singles 1992-2005}}\n[[Category:2005 greatest hits albums]]\n[[Category:Sloan (band) albums]]\n\n\n{{2000s-pop-rock-album-stub}}"} +{"title":"Aalesund University College","content":"{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2020}}\n{{coord|62|28|19.87|N|6|14|8.58|E|type:edu_region:NO_dim:1100|display=title}}\n{{Infobox university\n| name = Aalesund University College\n| native_name = Høgskolen i Ålesund\n| latin_name = \n| image = [[File:A-3-rgb.png|200px]]\n| motto = \n| established = 1994\n| type = [[Public University]]\n| rector = [[Marianne Synnes]]\n| students = 2,249 (2014)\n| administrative_staff = 224 (2014)\n| city = [[Ålesund]]\n| country = [[Norway]]\n| campus = \n| affiliations = \n| website = [http://www.hials.no/ Official web site]\n}}\n\n'''Aalesund University College''' (Norwegian: ''Høgskolen i Ålesund'') was a medium-sized institution of [[higher education]] in [[Norway]] with 2249 students and 224 employees.{{cite book |last=Ministers |first=N.C. |title=Joint Degrees and the Nordic Countries: Nordic Master Programme – Legal and administrative obstacles |publisher=Nordic Council of Ministers |series=TemaNord |year=2015 |isbn=978-92-893-4066-3 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=v4DVCQAAQBAJ&pg=PA138|page=138}}\n\nAAUC was founded in 1994 as a result of the reorganisation of professional higher education in Norway. Three former colleges in [[Ålesund]], the College of Marine Studies, the College of Engineering and Aalesund College of Nursing were then merged into one institution.\n\nThe college was divided into five faculties:\n* Faculty of Health Sciences\n* Faculty of International Marketing\n* Faculty of Life Sciences\n* Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences\n* Faculty of Maritime Technology and Operations[http://www.edumaritime.com/europe/northern-europe/norway/aalesund-university-college-aalesund Maritime Programmes at Aalesund University College]\n\nAAUC was merged with [[Norwegian University of Science and Technology|NTNU]], [[Sør-Trøndelag University College]] and [[Gjøvik University College]] under the name NTNU in Aalesund in January 2016.[http://www.smp.no/nyheter/article10588877.ece Sunnmørsposten.no: Fusjon mellom NTNU og Høgskolen i Ålesund {{in lang|no}}]\n\n== References ==\n{{reflist}}\n\n== External links ==\n* [https://www.hials.no/eng Official web site]\n\n{{Norwegian Educational Institutions}}\n\n{{authority control}}\n\n{{DEFAULTSORT:Alesund University College}}\n[[Category:Universities and colleges in Norway]]\n[[Category:Education in Møre og Romsdal]]\n[[Category:Universities and colleges established in 1994]]\n[[Category:1994 establishments in Norway]]\n[[Category:Organisations based in Ålesund]]\n\n\n{{Norway-university-stub}}"} +{"title":"Abbun d'bishmayya","redirect":"Lord's Prayer"} +{"title":"Abraxas Foundation","redirect":"Boyd Rice"} +{"title":"Academy of the Asturian Language","content":"{{Short description|Asturian Institution}}\n{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2013}}\n[[File:Academia de la Llingua Asturiana 1.jpg|thumb|350px|Current headquarters at [[Oviedo]]]]\n[[File:WIKITONGUES- Victor speaking Asturian.webm|thumb|Victor speaking Asturian.]]\nThe '''Academia de la Llingua Asturiana''' or '''Academy of the Asturian Language''' (ALLA) is an Official InstitutionOfficial Decret of Asturian Regional Council 33/1980 15 December, and approved by Decret 9/1981, modified 12 April 1995 (BOPA number 136 of 14.6.1995)[http://www.asturias.es/bopa/1995/06/14/19950614.pdf]. of the Government of the [[Principality of Asturias]] that promotes and regulates the [[Asturian language]], a language of the [[Spanish people|Spanish]] [[autonomous community]] of [[Asturias]]. Among its principal objectives are investigating and normalising the Asturian Language, developing a dictionary, promoting its use and education and awarding literary prizes. It has 21 full members, 19 foreign members and 15 honorary members, and its current (as of 2006) president is [[Ana Cano|Ana María Cano González]].\n\n==History==\n[[File:Oviedo08.jpg|thumb|200px|The sign in front of the old offices in [[Oviedo]].]]\n'''ALLA''' first notice appears in the 18th century, when [[Gaspar Melchor de Jovellanos]] and [[Carlos González de Posada]] talk in their letters about the idea of creating it in 1791. Jovellanos' project, however, was aborted because of his imprisonment in [[Majorca]].\n\nIn 1920s the Real Academia Asturiana de las Artes y las Letras (Royal Academy of Asturian Arts and Letters) was created by some intellectuals, including José Antonio García Peláez (Pin de Pría). It was divided in four sections and its principal objectives were to create an Asturian dictionary and grammar and to publish a magazine. Other sections were dedicated to promoting Asturian literature, theatre and music.\n\nBut it was from 1980 when the Asturian pre-autonomous government, the Consejo Regional, approved the creation of the '''ALLA''', founded 15 December of the same year. [[Xosé Lluis García Arias]] was its first president from that moment until 2001 when [[Ana Cano]] took over from him.\n\n==Works==\nIn 1981 the ''Normes Ortográfiques y Conxugación de Verbos'' (''Orthographic Norms and Verb Conjugation''), the first academic work, was published. Other publications followed, such as the ''Gramática de la Llingua Asturiana'' (''Asturian Language Grammar'') in 1998 and the ''Diccionariu de la Llingua Asturiana'' (''Asturian Language Dictionary'') in 2000, also known as «DALLA».\n\nThe '''ALLA''' also publish: \n* a bulletin featuring literary and linguistic studies about the Asturian language, called ''[[Lletres Asturianes]]'' (''Asturian Letters'') [http://www.academiadelallingua.com/comun.php?seccion=lletres] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130513155818/http://www.academiadelallingua.com/comun.php?seccion=lletres |date=13 May 2013 }}, \n* and another one with anthropological studies about Asturias: ''Cultures''. \nIt also works as an editorial house, with book collections, such as: \n* ''Escolín'' (''Student'', children literature), \n* ''Llibrería facsimilar'' (''Facsimile library''), \n* ''Cartafueyos de lliteratura escaecida'' (''Notes on forgotten literature'', ancient works in Asturian Language), \n* ''Llibrería llingüística'' (''Linguistic Library'', linguistic studies) [http://www.academiadelallingua.com/comun.php?seccion=publicaciones&id_p=00000004], \n* or ''Llibrería académica'' (''Academical library'', literature).\n\nIt also organised every year the ''Dia de les lletres asturianes'' (Day of Asturian Letters) since 1982, on the first Friday of May.\n\n==List of members==\nAs of 2008, this is the complete list of members of the Academy of Asturian Language(Asturian) Academy of the Asturian Language website [http://academiadelallingua.com/comun.php?seccion=entamu] (Law 1/98 of use and promotion of Asturian language)\n\n===Full members===\n* Genaro Alonso Megido\n* Lluis Xabel Álvarez Fernández\n* Ramón d'Andrés Díaz\n* Emilio Barriuso Fernández\n* Xosé Bolado García\n* [[Ana Cano|Ana María Cano González]]\n* Javier Fernández Conde\n* Xosé Lluis García Arias\n* Vicente García Oliva\n* [[Manuel Asur]] González García\n* Xosé Antón González Riaño\n* Roberto González-Quevedo González\n* Xosé Ramón Iglesias Cueva\n* Carlos Lastra López\n* Francisco José Llera Ramo\n* [[Pablo Xuan Manzano Rodríguez]]\n* Josefina Martínez Álvarez\n* [[Miguel Ramos Corrada]]\n* Urbano Rodríguez Vázquez\n* Carlos Rubiera Tuya\n* [[Xuan Xosé Sánchez Vicente]]\n* Isabel Torrente Fernández\n* Mª Josefa Canellada Llavona (†)\n* Lorenzo Novo Mier (†)\n\n===Foreign members===\n* Lourdes Álvarez García\n* [[Xuan Bello]] Fernán\n* Xurde Blanco Puente\n* [[Adolfo Camilo Díaz]] López\n* José Antonio Fernández Vior\n* Félix Ferreiro Currás\n* Xosé Ignaciu Fonseca Alonso\n* Ernesto García del Castillo\n* Corsino García Gutiérrez\n* [[María Esther García López|Mª Esther García López]]\n* Xulio Llaneza Fernández\n* Alfonso Martín Caso\n* Próspero Morán López\n* Marta Mori de Arriba\n* Felipe Prieto García\n* David M. Rivas Infante\n* Vicente Rodríguez Hevia\n* Miguel Solís Santos\n* Juan Carlos Villaverde Amieva\n* Xosé Álvarez Fernández (†)\n* Manuel d'Andrés Fernández (†)\n* [[Andrés Solar]] Santurio (†)\n\n===Honorary members===\n* José Aurelio Álvarez Fernández\n* The President of the Coleutivu Manuel Fernández de Castro\n* The President of [[Euskaltzaindia]]\n* James W. Fernández McClintock\n* Xulián Fernández Montes\n* Raimundo Fernández Rodríguez\n* Manuel García-Galano\n* Michael Metzeltin\n* The President of the [[Institut d'Estudis Catalans]]\n* Jesús Landeira\n* Júlio Meirinhos\n* Celso Muñiz\n* The President of the [[Real Academia Española]]\n* The President of the [[Real Academia Galega]]\n* Emilio Alarcos Llorach (†)\n* Álvaro Galmés de Fuentes (†)\n* Joaquín Manzanares Rodríguez-Mir (†)\n* José Luis Pensado Tomé (†)\n* Alonso Zamora Vicente (†)\n\n==Reference publications==\n* Academia de la Llingua Asturiana (1993). ''Normes Ortográfiques y Conxugación de Verbos'' (4th ed.) . ALLA {{ISBN|84-86936-95-0}} \n* Academia de la Llingua Asturiana (1999). ''Gramática de la Llingua Asturiana'' (2nd ed.). ALLA {{ISBN|84-8168-160-1}}\n* Academia de la Llingua Asturiana (2000). ''Diccionariu de la llingua asturiana''. ALLA {{ISBN|84-8168-208-X}}\n\n==Notes==\n{{Reflist}}\n\n==External links==\n* {{Official website}}\n\n{{Authority control}}\n\n{{DEFAULTSORT:Academy Of The Asturian Language}}\n[[Category:Language regulators]]\n[[Category:Asturian language]]\n[[Category:1980 establishments in Spain]]\n[[Category:Organizations established in 1980]]"} +{"title":"Ada, MI","redirect":"Ada Township, Michigan"} +{"title":"Adams Township, Clinton County, OH","redirect":"Adams Township, Clinton County, Ohio"} +{"title":"Adams, Adams County, WI","redirect":"Adams, Adams County, Wisconsin"} +{"title":"Adel, OR","redirect":"Adel, Oregon"} +{"title":"Afognak, AK","redirect":"Afognak, Alaska"} +{"title":"Age fabrication","content":"{{short description|Misrepresenting a person's age}}\n{{refimprove|date=May 2022}}\n{{Use mdy dates|date=April 2018}}\n'''Age fabrication''' occurs when people deliberately misrepresent their true age. This is usually done with intent to garner privileges or [[Social status|status]] that would not otherwise be available to that person (e.g. a minor misrepresenting their age in order to garner the privileges given to adults). It may be done through the use of oral or written statements or through the altering, doctoring or forging of [[Vital record|vital records]].\n\nOn some occasions, age is increased so as to make cut-offs for minimum legal or employable age in show business or professional sports. Sometimes it is not the people themselves who lower their public age, but others around them such as [[publicist]]s, parents, and other handlers. Most cases involve taking or adding one or two years to their age. However, in more extreme cases such as with [[Al Lewis (actor)|Al Lewis]] and [[Charo]], over a decade has been added or subtracted. Official state documents (such as [[birth certificate|birth]], [[marriage license|marriage]] and [[death certificate]]s, the census, and other [[identity document]]s) typically provide the correct date.\n\nAlthough uncommon in modern [[Western society]], it is still possible for a person not to know their exact date of birth, especially if they have been born in a country where birth records were not written until recently. Such a person may arbitrarily choose a date of birth that after later research is found to be false. This situation should not be considered age fabrication as there is no obvious intent to deceive on the part of the individual.\n\nSubtracting time from one's age is often known in English as \"shaving\", while adding time to one's age may be referred to as \"padding\".\n\n==Sports==\n{{See also|Age requirements in gymnastics#Age falsification|Age fraud in association football|Figure skating#Age eligibility|Cheating in baseball#Age fabrication}}\n\nIn sports, people may falsify their age to make themselves appear younger thus enabling them to compete in world-level junior events (with prominent examples appearing in [[Age fraud in association football|football (soccer)]]{{cite news | url = https://www.theguardian.com/football/2010/feb/21/nigerian-football-age-old-problem | title = Forever young: Nigerian football's age-old problem |date = February 21, 2010 |work=The Guardian | access-date =June 12, 2011}} and [[sport of athletics|athletics]]).Amok, Isa (August 10, 2006). [http://sports.espn.go.com/espn/wire?section=trackandfield&id=2545396 Age cheating as serious as doping, says IAAF]. [[ESPN]]. Retrieved on April 9, 2011.Bhugaloo, Sandesh (November 9, 2009). [http://www.rnw.nl/english/article/age-cheating-rampant-african-football Age cheating rampant in African football] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120728163925/http://www.rnw.nl/english/article/age-cheating-rampant-african-football |date=July 28, 2012 }}. Radio Netherlands Worldwide. Retrieved on April 9, 2011. In gymnastics, [[diving (sport)|diving]], and [[figure skating]],{{cite news | url = http://sports.espn.go.com/oly/figureskating/news/story?id=6120559 | title = China eyed over 9 athletes' ages |date = February 14, 2011 |agency=Associated Press | publisher = [[ESPN]] | access-date =February 14, 2011}} competitors may claim to be older in order to bring themselves over the age minimums for senior competition or below an age limit for junior competition. A female [[pair skating|pair skater]] may be aged up while her male partner may be aged down to allow them to compete together. In some cases, they may feel pressure to change their ages.{{cite news|url=http://big5.xinhuanet.com/gate/big5/www.js.xinhuanet.com/xin_wen_zhong_xin/2011-02/17/content_22085600.htm |script-title=zh:改年齡在中國體壇才能生存 |trans-title=Changing age to survive in Chinese sports |date=February 17, 2011 |agency=Xinhua News Agency |language=zh |access-date=February 17, 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110718131201/http://big5.xinhuanet.com/gate/big5/www.js.xinhuanet.com/xin_wen_zhong_xin/2011-02/17/content_22085600.htm |archive-date=July 18, 2011 |url-status=dead }} As these fabrications have an effect upon a person's performance (through the greater athleticism of age or greater flexibility of youth), the practice is known as '''age cheating''' in the field of sports.Tang, Yue (July 29, 2010). [http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/sports/2010-07/29/content_11065446.htm Chinese athletics officials: No more age cheats]. ''[[China Daily]]''. Retrieved on April 9, 2011.\n\n==Entertainment==\nThe entertainment industry contains frequent age fabrication as youth is typically emphasized. There have been numerous instances of age fabrication in Hollywood throughout the 20th century.{{Cite news |title=In Hollywood, Actors Still Lie About Their Age |url=https://abcnews.go.com/Entertainment/hollywood-actors-lie-age/story?id=14778404 |access-date=April 28, 2023 |agency=ABC News}}{{Cite news |title=Why the age of 40 is so important in Hollywood |newspaper=The Washington Post |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/wonk/wp/2016/09/19/these-charts-reveal-how-bad-the-film-industrys-sexism-is/ |access-date=April 28, 2023 |issn=0190-8286}}\n\n== Online and social media ==\nMany websites and online services ban children under 13 from joining their platforms in compliance with the [[Children's Online Privacy Protection Act]], a U.S. federal law that prohibits website operators under U.S. jurisdiction from collecting personal information about children under age 13 without parental consent. To avoid the ban, many children under 13 falsify their age in order to sign up to use those websites, many with the help of an adult.{{cite news |last1=Sengupta |first1=Somini |title=For Children, a Lie on Facebook Has Consequences, Study Finds |url=https://bits.blogs.nytimes.com/2012/11/28/for-children-a-lie-on-facebook-has-consequences-study-finds/ |work=The New York Times |date=28 November 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210811161529/https://bits.blogs.nytimes.com/2012/11/28/for-children-a-lie-on-facebook-has-consequences-study-finds/ |archive-date=11 August 2021 |url-status=live}} As of 2012, it was estimated that around 5 million [[Facebook]] users were under 13.\n\n== Law and politics ==\n=== Conscription ===\n*There are many stories of men lying about their age to join the armed forces, for example, to fight in World War I.{{cite web|url=http://www.1914-1918.net/recruitment.htm|title=1914-1918.net|website=www.1914-1918.net}} In mid-1918, [[Walt Disney]] attempted to join the [[United States Army]] to fight against [[Western Front (World War I)|the Germans]], but he was rejected for being too young. After forging the date of birth on his birth certificate to 1900, he joined the [[International Red Cross and Red Crescent Movement|Red Cross]] in September 1918 as an ambulance driver.{{cite book|last=Gabler|first=Neal|author-link=Neal Gabler|title=Walt Disney: The Biography|year=2006|publisher=Aurum|location=London|isbn=978-1-84513-277-4|pages=36–38}}{{cite web | url=http://www.waltdisney.org/blog/over-there-walt-disneys-world-war-i-adventure | title=\"Over There\": Walt Disney's World War I Adventure | publisher=Waltdisney.org | date=May 21, 2012 | access-date=October 12, 2016}} Conversely, those wishing to avoid conscription may also falsify their age: the birthdate of [[Henryk Gulbinowicz]], Bishop Emeritus of [[Wroclaw]], Poland and a cardinal of the Roman Catholic Church, was changed from 1923 to 1928 by his parents and his parish priest to prevent him from being conscripted during World War II.[http://www.catholicculture.org/news/features/index.cfm?recnum=35043 \"Polish cardinal found 5 years older than official listing; ineligible for papal conclave\".] ''Catholic World News'', February 3, 2005.\n\n=== Immigration ===\n*In 2016 the United Kingdom Home Office reported that two-thirds of alleged child refugees from [[Calais]] were adults.{{cite news |work=[[The Independent]] |title=Two thirds of disputed Calais 'child refugees' are adults, Home Office figures reveal |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/home-news/child-refugees-migrants-two-thirds-home-office-dental-teeth-david-davies-a7369186.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161020043029/http://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/home-news/child-refugees-migrants-two-thirds-home-office-dental-teeth-david-davies-a7369186.html |archive-date=2016-10-20 |url-access=limited |url-status=live |date=19 October 2016 |first=Peter |last=Walker}}\n\n=== Politics ===\n*[[Joseph Stalin]], born December 18 (December 6 [[Julian calendar|OS]]), 1878, changed the date to December 21, 1879, later in his life for unknown reasons. The December 18, 1878, birth date is maintained by his birth registry, his school leaving certificate, his extensive tsarist Russia police file, and all other surviving pre-revolution documents. Russian playwright and historian Edward Radzinski argues in his book, ''Stalin'', that Stalin changed the year to 1879 to have a national birthday celebration of his 50th birthday. He could not do it in 1928 because his rule was not absolute enough. The incorrect December 21, 1879, date was printed in many almanacs and encyclopedias during Stalin's reign and remains one of the most widely reported incorrect dates of birth.[http://www.classicalvalues.com/archives/001189.html When was Stalin born?]. Classical Values. Retrieved February 6, 2006. [http://state.rin.ru/cgi-bin/persona_e.pl?id=4140&id_subcat=6&r=8 State and Power in Russia: Prominent Figures]. Retrieved February 6, 2006.\n*[[Eva Perón]], born May 7, 1919, had her birth certificate altered to 1922 after becoming First Lady of Argentina. She made herself seem to be younger and also to appear that her parents had been married when she was born.''Evita: The Real Life of Eva Peron'' by Nicholas Fraser and Maryssa Navarro\n\n==Others==\n*While official records of film producer [[S. S. Vasan]] show his date of birth as March 10, 1903, according to his family he was actually born on January 4, 1904. Film historian [[Randor Guy]] suggested in 2003 that, as with many families in that period, Vasan's date of birth could have been deliberately fabricated to help in his school admission. The 1903 date entered Vasan's [[SSLC]] book and has remained his official date of birth since,{{cite web |url=http://www.thehindu.com/thehindu/fr/2003/05/23/stories/2003052301510600.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20030629133534/http://www.thehindu.com/thehindu/fr/2003/05/23/stories/2003052301510600.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=29 June 2003 |title=With a finger on people's pulse |last=Guy |first=Randor |date=23 May 2003 |website=[[The Hindu]] |access-date=2018-12-18}} although a postage stamp of him was released in 2004 to commemorate his centenary.{{cite web|url=http://www.thehindu.com/2004/08/27/stories/2004082702091300.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161221003710/http://www.thehindu.com/2004/08/27/stories/2004082702091300.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=2016-12-21|website=[[The Hindu]]|title=Tamil Nadu News : Stamp on S.S. Vasan released}}\n\n==Notes==\n{{Reflist|30em}}\n\n==References==\n{{wikiquote|Age fabrication}}\n*State of California. ''California Birth Index, 1905–1995''. Center for Health Statistics, California Department of Health Services, Sacramento, California.\n*State of Texas. ''Texas Birth Index'' (1903–1997). Texas Department of State Health Services.\n*[http://www.baseballamerica.com/today/features/agechart.html Dawn of a New Age] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160310170026/http://www.baseballamerica.com/today/features/agechart.html |date=March 10, 2016 }} Baseball America, July 8, 2002. Chart of nearly 300 players found to have falsely recorded ages.\n\n{{DEFAULTSORT:Age Fabrication}}\n[[Category:Forgery]]\n[[Category:Fraud]]\n[[Category:Age controversies| ]]\n[[Category:Cheating in sports]]"} +{"title":"Agenda, Ashland County, WI","redirect":"Agenda, Wisconsin"} +{"title":"Agua Dulce, CA","redirect":"Agua Dulce, California"} +{"title":"Aguanga, CA","redirect":"Aguanga, California"} +{"title":"Aleksandra Kollontai","redirect":"Alexandra Kollontai"} +{"title":"Aleksandra Mikhailovna Kollontai","redirect":"Alexandra Kollontai"} +{"title":"Aleksei Nikolaevich Tolstoy","redirect":"Aleksey Nikolayevich Tolstoy"} +{"title":"All Mod Cons","content":"{{about|the album by The Jam|the television episode|All Mod Cons (Minder)}}\n{{EngvarB|date=May 2014}}\n{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2021}}\n\n{{Infobox album\n| name = All Mod Cons\n| type = Album\n| artist = [[the Jam]]\n| cover = The_Jam_-_All_Mod_Cons.jpg\n| alt =\n| released = 3 November 1978\n| recorded = 4 July – 17 August 1978\n| venue =\n| studio = [[RAK Studios|RAK]] and [[Eden Studios|Eden]], London\n| genre = {{hlist|[[New wave music|New wave]]{{cite web |url=https://www.pastemagazine.com/music/new-wave/the-best-new-wave-albums/ |title=The 50 Best New Wave Albums |website=[[Paste (magazine)|Paste]] |date=8 September 2016 |access-date=1 December 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171001214341/https://www.pastemagazine.com/articles/2016/09/the-best-new-wave-albums.html |archive-date=1 October 2017 |url-status=live}}{{cite web|website=[[The Guardian]]|url=https://www.theguardian.com/lifeandstyle/2002/apr/26/shopping.artsfeatures|title=That was the modern world|last=Sweeting|first=Adam|date=25 April 2002}}|[[mod revival]]{{cite book |chapter=The Jam |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Fie47qSuTsoC&pg=RA1-PA1937 |last=Booth |first=Michael |title=The Rough Guide to Rock |editor-last=Buckley |editor-first=Peter |publisher=[[Rough Guides]] |edition=3rd |year=1999 |isbn=9781858284576 |pages=528–30}}|[[punk rock]]{{cite magazine |url=https://www.rollingstone.com/music/music-lists/40-greatest-punk-albums-of-all-time-75659/ |title=40 Greatest Punk Albums of All Time |magazine=[[Rolling Stone]] |date=6 April 2016 |access-date=21 October 2020 |last1=Dolan |first1=Jon |last2=Fine |first2=Jason |last3=Fricke |first3=David |author-link3=David Fricke |last4=Garber-Paul |first4=Elisabeth |last5=Greene |first5=Andy |last6=Hermes |first6=Will |author-link6=Will Hermes |last7=Sheffield |first7=Rob |author-link7=Rob Sheffield |last8=Wolk |first8=Douglas |author-link8=Douglas Wolk}}|[[power pop]]{{cite book|title=33 1/3 Revolutions Per Minute - A Critical Trip Through the Rock LP Era, 1955–1999|first=Mike|last=Segretto|date=2022|chapter= 1978|pages= 347-348|publisher=Backbeat|isbn=9781493064601|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jtNtEAAAQBAJ}}}}\n| length = 37:28\n| label = [[Polydor Records|Polydor]]\n| producer = {{flatlist|\n* [[Vic Coppersmith-Heaven]]\n}}\n| prev_title = [[This Is the Modern World]]\n| prev_year = 1977\n| next_title = [[Setting Sons]]\n| next_year = 1979\n| misc = {{Singles\n | name = All Mod Cons\n | type = studio\n | single1 = [[David Watts (song)|David Watts]]\n | single1date = 18 August 1978\n | single2 = [[Down in the Tube Station at Midnight]]\n | single2date = 13 October 1978\n}}\n}}\n\n'''''All Mod Cons''''' is the third [[studio album]] by the British band [[the Jam]], released in 1978 by [[Polydor Records]]. The title, a British [[idiom]] one might find in housing advertisements, is short for \"all [[modern convenience]]s\" and is a pun on the band's association with the [[mod revival]]. The cover is a visual joke showing the band in a bare room. The album reached No. 6 in the [[UK Albums Chart]].{{cite book |title=British Hit Singles & Albums |title-link=British Hit Singles & Albums |editor-last=Roberts |editor-first=David |publisher=[[Guinness World Records Limited]] |edition=19th |year=2006 |isbn=1-904994-10-5 |page=277}}\n\nThe album was reissued in the United States in 1979, with the song \"The Butterfly Collector\" replacing \"Billy Hunt\".\n\n==Background and music==\n{{quote box\n| quote = \"I'd found my feet. After ''[[This Is the Modern World]]'', I thought, 'Am I going to let this slide or fight against it?' My back was against the wall. It was a matter of self-pride.\"\n| source = [[Paul Weller]], reflecting on his mindset between ''This Is the Modern World'' and ''All Mod Cons'' in a 1998 interview with ''[[Uncut (magazine)|Uncut]]'' magazine.{{cite magazine |url=http://www.wellerworld.co.uk/Uncut.html |title=Last Man Standing |magazine=[[Uncut (magazine)|Uncut]] |issue=19 |date=December 1998 |access-date=23 March 2017 |last=Lester |first=Paul |author-link=Paul Lester}}\n| width = 30em\n}}\nFollowing the release of their second album, ''[[This Is the Modern World]]'', the Jam undertook a 1978 tour of the US supporting American rock band [[Blue Öyster Cult]]. The Jam were not well received on the tour and ''This Is the Modern World'' failed to reach the ''Billboard'' 200 chart. Under pressure from their record company, [[Polydor Records|Polydor]], to deliver a hit record, songwriter [[Paul Weller]] was suffering from writer's block when the band returned to the UK.{{cite web |url=http://www.mojo4music.com/5135/the-jam-all-mod-cons-revisited/ |title=The Jam: All Mod Cons Revisited |website=[[Mojo (magazine)|Mojo]] |date=12 August 2013 |access-date=27 October 2015 |last=Alexander |first=Phil}} Weller admitted to a lack of interest during the writing/recording process, and had to completely re-record a new set of songs for the album after producer [[Chris Parry (producer)|Chris Parry]] rejected the first batch as being sub-standard. ''All Mod Cons'' was more commercially successful than ''This Is the Modern World''.\n\n[[British Invasion]] pop influences run through the album, most obviously in the cover of [[The Kinks]]' \"[[David Watts (Ray Davies song)|David Watts]]\". The single \"[[Down in the Tube Station at Midnight]]\", which Weller had originally discarded because he was unhappy with the song's arrangement,{{cite magazine |url=http://www.soundonsound.com/sos/mar07/articles/classictracks_0307.htm |title=Classic Tracks: The Jam 'The Eton Rifles' |magazine=[[Sound on Sound]] |date=March 2007 |access-date=2 December 2015 |last=Buskin |first=Richard}} was rescued from the studio bin by producer Vic Coppersmith and became one of the band's most successful chart hits up to that point, peaking at number 15 on the [[UK Singles Chart]]. The song is a first-person narrative of a young man who walks into a [[London Underground|tube station]] on the way home to his wife, and is beaten by [[Far-right politics|far right]] thugs. The lyrics of the song \"To Be Someone (Didn't We Have a Nice Time)\" criticised fickle people who attach themselves to people who enjoy success and leave them once that is over.\n\n\"[[Social class|Class]] issues were very important to me at that time ...\" said Weller. \"[[Woking]] has a bit of a [[London commuter belt|stockbroker belt]] on its outskirts. So I had those images – people catching the train to [[London Waterloo station|Waterloo]] to go to the city. 'Mr Clean' was my view of that.\"[[The Guardian]], 16 March 2009\n\n''All Mod Cons'' was reissued on CD in 2006, featuring a second disc of b-sides, outtakes and unreleased demos and a DVD containing a 40-minute documentary directed by [[Don Letts]].{{cite web |url=https://www.nme.com/news/the-jam/22592 |title=The Jam's 'All Mod Cons' to be expanded |website=[[NME]] |date=24 March 2006 |access-date=27 October 2015 |last=Bychawski |first=Adam |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080121113654/http://www.nme.com/news/the-jam/22592 |archive-date=21 January 2008 |url-status=dead}}\n\n==Reception==\n{{Album ratings\n| rev1 = [[AllMusic]]\n| rev1score = {{Rating|5|5}}{{cite web |url=https://www.allmusic.com/album/all-mod-cons-mw0000194278 |title=All Mod Cons – The Jam |publisher=[[AllMusic]] |access-date=27 October 2015 |last=Woodstra |first=Chris}}\n| rev2 = ''[[The Encyclopedia of Popular Music]]''\n| rev2score = {{Rating|5|5}}{{cite book |chapter=Jam |title=[[The Encyclopedia of Popular Music]] |last=Larkin |first=Colin |author-link=Colin Larkin |publisher=[[Omnibus Press]] |edition=5th concise |year=2011 |isbn=978-0-85712-595-8}}\n| rev3 = ''[[Mojo (magazine)|Mojo]]''\n| rev3score = {{Rating|5|5}}{{cite magazine |title=The Jam: All Mod Cons |magazine=[[Mojo (magazine)|Mojo]] |page=114 |quote=''All Mod Cons'' encapsulated life in dull mid-'70s suburbia with sharp, faintly surreal character songs ...}}\n| rev4 = ''[[Q (magazine)|Q]]''\n| rev4score = {{Rating|4|5}}{{cite magazine |title=The Jam: All Mod Cons |magazine=[[Q (magazine)|Q]] |page=125 |quote=[The album] marks the point of Weller's artistic blooming ... Weller had broken free of the pack and secured The Jam's future.}}\n| rev5 = ''[[The Rolling Stone Album Guide]]''\n| rev5score = {{Rating|4.5|5}}{{cite book |chapter=The Jam |last=Sheffield |first=Rob |author-link=Rob Sheffield |title=The New Rolling Stone Album Guide |title-link=The Rolling Stone Album Guide |editor1-last=Brackett |editor1-first=Nathan |editor1-link=Nathan Brackett |editor2-last=Hoard |editor2-first=Christian |editor2-link=Christian Hoard |publisher=[[Simon & Schuster]] |edition=4th |year=2004 |isbn=0-7432-0169-8 |pages=[https://archive.org/details/newrollingstonea00brac/page/416 416–17]}}\n| rev6 = ''[[Sounds (magazine)|Sounds]]''\n| rev6score = {{Rating|5|5}}{{cite magazine |title=I wish I could be like Paul Weller |magazine=[[Sounds (magazine)|Sounds]] |date=4 November 1978 |last=Bushell |first=Garry |author-link=Garry Bushell |page=39}}\n| rev7 = ''[[Spin (magazine)|Spin]]''\n| rev7score = {{Rating|4.5|5}}{{cite magazine |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XJj9SR3-aSgC&pg=PA88 |title=Discography: Paul Weller |magazine=[[Spin (magazine)|Spin]] |volume=24 |issue=7 |date=July 2008 |access-date=26 December 2016 |last=Duerden |first=Nick |page=88}}\n| rev8 = ''[[Spin Alternative Record Guide]]''\n| rev8score = 8/10{{cite book |chapter=Jam |last=Sheffield |first=Rob |author-link=Rob Sheffield |title=Spin Alternative Record Guide |title-link=Spin Alternative Record Guide |editor1-last=Weisbard |editor1-first=Eric |editor1-link=Eric Weisbard |editor2-last=Marks |editor2-first=Craig |publisher=[[Vintage Books]] |year=1995 |isbn=0-679-75574-8 |pages=195–96}}\n| rev9 = ''[[The Village Voice]]''\n| rev9score = B{{cite news |url=http://www.robertchristgau.com/xg/cg/cgv4b-79.php |title=Christgau's Consumer Guide |newspaper=[[The Village Voice]] |date=30 April 1979 |access-date=29 August 2016 |last=Christgau |first=Robert |author-link=Robert Christgau}}\n}}\n\nIn his review for ''[[NME]]'', [[Charles Shaar Murray]] said that ''All Mod Cons'' was \"not only several light years ahead of anything they've done before but also the album that's going to catapult the Jam right into the front rank of international rock and roll; one of the handful of truly essential rock albums of the last few years.\"{{cite magazine |url=http://skatepunk.com/profiled/jam-collection-articlesvideos |title=The Jam: All Mod Cons |magazine=[[NME]] |date=28 October 1978 |access-date=27 October 2015 |last=Murray |first=Charles Shaar |author-link=Charles Shaar Murray |page=43}} ''[[Sounds (magazine)|Sounds]]'' critic [[Garry Bushell]] hailed it as the Jam's \"statement of artistic triumph, musical maturation and compositional strength\". Dave Schulps of ''[[Trouser Press]]'' stated that \"''All Mod Cons'' firmly establishes Paul Weller (and the Jam) as a major talent (and band) for the '80s.\"{{cite magazine |title=The Jam: All Mod Cons |magazine=[[Trouser Press]] |date=February 1979 |last=Schulps |first=Dave}} ''[[The Globe and Mail]]'' deemed the album \"sober, topical rock and roll with a touch of pop tunefulness that sneaks out from the metallic sounds and martial rhythms to add a note of levity\".{{cite news |last1=McGrath |first1=Paul |title=The Jam All Mod Cons |work=The Globe and Mail |date=17 Feb 1979 |page=F11}}\n\n''NME'' ranked ''All Mod Cons'' as the second best album of 1978 in its end of year review.{{cite web |url=https://www.nme.com/bestalbumsandtracksoftheyear/1978 |title=1978 Best Albums And Tracks Of The Year |website=[[NME]] |date=10 October 2016 |access-date=24 November 2020}}\n\nIn 2000, ''[[Q (magazine)|Q]]'' placed ''All Mod Cons'' at number 50 on its list of the \"100 Greatest British Albums Ever\".{{cite magazine |title=The 100 Greatest British Albums Ever! – The Jam: All Mod Cons |magazine=[[Q (magazine)|Q]] |issue=165 |date=June 2000 |page=71}} In 2013, ''NME'' ranked ''All Mod Cons'' at number 219 on its list of [[NME's The 500 Greatest Albums of All Time|the 500 greatest albums of all time]].{{cite web |url=https://www.nme.com/photos/the-500-greatest-albums-of-all-time-300-201-1426482 |title=The 500 Greatest Albums of All Time: 300–201 |website=[[NME]] |date=24 October 2013 |access-date=27 October 2015}} The album is listed in the reference book ''[[1001 Albums You Must Hear Before You Die]]''.{{cite book |title=1001 Albums You Must Hear Before You Die |title-link=1001 Albums You Must Hear Before You Die |editor-last=Dimery |editor-first=Robert |publisher=[[Universe Publishing]] |edition=revised and updated |year=2010 |isbn=978-0-7893-2074-2 |page=58}}\n\n==Track listing==\nAll songs written by [[Paul Weller]] except as noted.\n\n;Side one\n# \"All Mod Cons\" – 1:20\n# \"To Be Someone (Didn't We Have a Nice Time)\" – 2:32\n# \"Mr. Clean\"* – 3:29\n# \"[[David Watts (the Kinks song)|David Watts]]\" ([[Ray Davies]]) – 2:56\n# \"English Rose\"** – 2:51\n# \"In the Crowd\" – 5:40\n\n;Side two\n# \"Billy Hunt\" – 3:01 [UK and 1st US pressings] \"The Butterfly Collector\" – 3:11 [US reissues]\n# \"It's Too Bad\" – 2:39\n# \"Fly\" – 3:22\n# \"The Place I Love\" – 2:54\n# \"'A' Bomb in Wardour Street\" – 2:37\n# \"[[Down in the Tube Station at Midnight]]\" – 4:43\n\n**Neither the title nor lyrics of \"English Rose\" were printed on the original vinyl release of ''All Mod Cons'' due to Weller's feeling that the song's lyrics did not mean much without the music behind them.\n\n==Personnel==\n;The Jam\n*[[Paul Weller]] – guitar, piano, keyboard, vocals\n*[[Bruce Foxton]] – bass, vocals\n*[[Rick Buckler]] – drums, percussion\n;Technical\n*[[Vic Coppersmith-Heaven]] – production, soundboard engineering\n*[[Chris Parry (producer)|Chris Parry]] – associate production\n*[[Roger Béchirian]] – soundboard engineering\n*Gregg Jackman – soundboard engineering\n*Peter Schierwade – assistant engineering\n*[[Phil Thornalley]] – assistant engineering\n*Bill Smith – design\n*The Jam – design\n*Peter \"Kodick\" Gravelle – photography\n\n==Charts==\n{| class=\"wikitable sortable plainrowheaders\"\n!scope=\"col\"| Chart (1978–79)\n!scope=\"col\"| Peak
position\n|-\n{{Album chart|UK2|6|date=19781112|accessdate=1 November 2020|rowheader=true}}\n|-\n!scope=\"row\"| US Bubbling Under the Top LPs (''[[Billboard (magazine)|Billboard]]''){{cite magazine |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1SQEAAAAMBAJ&pg=PT26 |title=Bubbling Under the Top LPs |magazine=[[Billboard (magazine)|Billboard]] |volume=91 |issue=19 |date=12 May 1979 |access-date=1 November 2020 |page=27}}\n|style=\"text-align:center;\"| 4\n|}\n\n==Certifications==\n{{Certification Table Top}}\n{{Certification Table Entry|region=United Kingdom|title=All Mod Cons|artist=The Jam|type=album|award=Gold|accessdate=5 November 2020|id=387-2171-2}}\n{{Certification Table Bottom|nosales=true}}\n\n==References==\n{{Reflist|30em}}\n\n==External links==\n*{{Discogs master|20164|All Mod Cons}}\n*[https://web.archive.org/web/20120407005012/http://www.radio3net.ro/dbartists/supersearch/QWxsIE1vZCBDb25z/All%20Mod%20Cons Album online] on [[Radio3Net]] a radio channel of [[Romanian Radio Broadcasting Company]]\n\n{{The Jam}}\n\n{{Authority control}}\n\n[[Category:1978 albums]]\n[[Category:Albums recorded at RAK Studios]]\n[[Category:Polydor Records albums]]\n[[Category:The Jam albums]]"} +{"title":"Ana Palacio","content":"{{short description|Spanish politician}}\n{{family name hatnote|de Palacio|del Valle Lersundi|lang=Spanish}}\n{{Infobox officeholder\n| honorific-prefix = [[The Most Excellent]]\n| name = Ana Palacio\n| image = Ana Palacio.jpg\n| caption = Palacio in 2004\n| office = [[Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Spain)|Minister of Foreign Affairs]]\n| term_start = July 20, 2002\n| term_end = April 18, 2004\n| predecessor = [[Josep Piqué]]\n| successor = [[Miguel Ángel Moratinos Cuyaubé]]\n| primeminister = [[José María Aznar López]]\n| monarch = [[Juan Carlos I]]\n| constituency =\n| majority =\n| office2 = Member of the [[Congress of Deputies]]\n| term_start2 = 14 March 2004\n| term_end2 = 28 August 2006\n| predecessor2 =\n| successor2 =\n| constituency2 = [[Toledo (Spanish Congress Electoral District)|Toledo]]\n| majority2 =\n| office3 =\n| term_start3 =\n| term_end3 =\n| predecessor3 =\n| successor3 =\n| constituency3 =\n| majority3 =\n| birth_name = Ana Isabel de Palacio y del Valle Lersundi\n| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1948|7|22|df=y}}\t\n| birth_place = [[Madrid]], [[Spain]]\n| death_date =\n| death_place =\n| party = [[People's Party (Spain)|People's Party]]\n| relations =\n| residence =\n| alma_mater = \n| occupation = \n| religion = \n| signature =\n| website = \n| footnotes =\n}}\n'''Ana Isabel de Palacio y del Valle Lersundi''' (born 22 July 1948)[http://www.worldwhoswho.com/views/entry.html?id=pal-gd-111202-1227 Palacio Vallelersundi Ana] International Who's Who. accessed 1 September 2006. in Madrid, daughter of Luis María de Palacio y de Palacio, 4th Marqués de [[Matonte]], and wife Luisa Mariana del Valle Lersundi y del Valle, was Spain's [[Political minister|minister]] for foreign affairs in the [[People's Party (Spain)|People's Party]] (PP) government of [[José María Aznar]] from July 2002 to March 2004. Before this she was a lawyer in [[Madrid]] and then a [[Member of the European Parliament]] from 1994 to 2002. In March 2012, she was appointed an elective member of the [[Spanish Council of State]]. She currently is the founding partner of Palacio y Asociados, a Madrid-based consulting and law firm, and a senior strategic counsel at [[Albright Stonebridge Group]], a global business strategy firm.\n\n==Early life and education==\nPalacio graduated from the Lycée Français (Baccalauréat on Mathematics) with honors granted by the French Government to “the best foreign student who finished studies that year”. She holds degrees in law, and political science and sociology; her performance in her degree studies merited the Award for Academic Achievement (Premio Extraordinario Fin de Carrera).\n\n==Legal career==\nAs a lawyer, Palacio has held the most senior positions in the governing bodies of the Madrid Bar, as well as the European Bar (CCBE). She is an honorary member of the bar of England and Wales. She also served as a member of the board of trustees and former executive president of the Academy of European Law (ERA); and distinguished professor of the European College in Parma. She has worked as a practicing lawyer specializing in EU internal market law.\n\n==Political career==\n\n===Member of the European Parliament, 1994–2002===\nPalacio spent eight years (1994–2002) with the [[European Parliament]], where she chaired the Committee on Legal Affairs and Internal Market and the [[European Parliament Committee on Civil Liberties, Justice and Home Affairs|Committee on Justice and Home Affairs]], and was elected by her peers to chair in two half legislatures the Conference of Committee Chairmen, the Parliament's most senior body for the coordination of its legislative work. Inspired by legal legitimacy as the mark of identity of the EU, her main addresses and reports have pinpointed the legislation on internal market as well as the security area, especially focused on justice and home affairs and human rights.\n\nFrom 1995 until 1999, Palacio also served on the committee on the Rules of Procedure, the Verification of Credentials and Immunities. In addition to her committee assignments, she was a member of the parliament's delegation for relations with the [[Palestinian Legislative Council]] from 1999 until 2002.\n\n===Minister of Foreign Affairs, 2002–2004===\nAs part of a cabinet reshuffle, [[Prime Minister of Spain|Prime Minister]] [[José María Aznar]] appointed Palacio as foreign minister, replacing [[Josep Piqué]].Martin Banks (July 10, 2002), [http://www.politico.eu/article/delighted-palacio-lands-top-job-and-quits-as-mep/ ‘Delighted’ Palacio lands top job and quits as MEP] ''[[European Voice]]''. She was the first woman to serve as Spain's foreign minister and, at the time, held the most senior post ever filled by a woman in the Spanish government.\n\nDuring her time in office, Spain and Morocco formally ended their [[Perejil Island crisis|2002 military standoff]] over the uninhabited islet of [[Perejil Island|Perejil]], or Leila, and agreed to improve the highly charged relations between the two countries.Emma Daly (July 23, 2002), [https://www.nytimes.com/2002/07/23/world/spain-and-morocco-reach-deal-to-vacate-uninhabited-islet.html Spain and Morocco Reach Deal To Vacate Uninhabited Islet] ''[[The New York Times]]''.\n\nPrior to her appointment to the World Bank, she served as member of the Spanish Parliament, representing [[Toledo (Spanish Congress Electoral District)|Toledo]], (Madelein Albright, congress woman, has an English version of 'Alvarez de Toledo' surname) where she chaired the Joint Committee of the two Houses for European Union Affairs. As Prime Minister Aznar's representative to the European Convention and the convention's Presidium, Palacio was at the forefront of the debate on the future of the European Union and actively participated in the drafting and legal discussions pertaining the reform of the treaties governing the European Union.\n\n===Career at the UN===\nPalacio served on the [[Commission on Legal Empowerment of the Poor|UN High Level Commission on the Legal Empowerment of the Poor]] between 2005 and 2006.\n\n[[World Bank]] President [[Paul Wolfowitz]] announced on 19 June 2006 Palacio's appointment as senior vice-president and general counsel of the World Bank effective August 28, 2006.{{Cite news|url=https://elpais.com/diario/2006/06/16/internacional/1150408812_850215.html|title=El Banco Mundial nombra a Ana Palacio vicepresidenta y responsable jurídica|first=Ernesto|last=Ekaizer|newspaper=El País|date=Jun 15, 2006|accessdate=Apr 25, 2021|via=elpais.com}} One of her primary duties, as general counsel, involved Palacio's serving as secretary general of the [[International Centre for Settlement of Investment Disputes]], which is the division of the World Bank responsible for administrating arbitrations and conciliation between individuals and states under investment protection treaties, concession agreements and other foreign investment protection instruments, including certain national investment laws.\n\n==Other activities==\nSince 2010, Palacio has been the founding partner of Palacio y Asociados, a Madrid-based consulting and law firm, and also serving as a senior strategic counsel for [[Albright Stonebridge Group]], an international strategic consulting firm.{{Cite web|url=http://www.albrightstonebridge.com/team/ana-palacio|title=About Us | Albright Stonebridge Group}} She has been visiting professor of the [[Edmund A. Walsh School of Foreign Service]] at [[Georgetown University]] since 2014.\n\nSince 2011, Palacio has written monthly comments on global strategy for international media organization [[Project Syndicate]].{{Cite web|url=https://www.project-syndicate.org/columnist/ana-palacio|title=Ana Palacio – Project Syndicate|website=Project Syndicate|language=en|access-date=2017-10-18}}\n\nIn addition, she currently holds various paid and unpaid positions.\n\n===Corporate boards===\n* [[Enagás]], lead independent coordinating director on the board of directors\n* [[PharmaMar]], member of the board of directors[https://www.pharmamar.com/about-pharmamar/board-of-directors/ Board of Directors] Pharmamar.\n* [[Investcorp]], member of the international advisory board \n* [[Anadarko Petroleum|Anadarko]], member of the international advisory board\n* [[Areva]], member of the executive board (2008–2009)[http://areva.com/EN/news-777/ana-palacio-joins-areva.html Ana Palacio joins AREVA] [[Areva]], press release of May 13, 2008.\n\n===Non-profit organizations===\n* [[Atlantic Council]], member of the board of directors[https://atlanticcouncil.org/about/board-of-directors/ Board of Directors] [[Atlantic Council]]. \n* [[Council on Foreign Relations]], member of the international advisory board\n* [[Carnegie Corporation of New York]], member of the board of trustees\n* Elcano Royal Institute, member of the scientific council[http://www.realinstitutoelcano.org/wps/portal/web/rielcano_en/about-elcano/scientific-council/!ut/p/c5/04_SB8K8xLLM9MSSzPy8xBz9CP0os3jjEBf3QG93QwMDj0BTA0d302AfS0dXI3dnM6B8pFm8AQ7gaICq2zLIGajbwjvE0tTQIMzDBKIbjzx-u_088nNT9QtyQyPKHRUVAZLZApo!/dl3/d3/L2dJQSEvUUt3QS9ZQnZ3LzZfM1NMTExUQ0FNNTRDTlRRMkNCMjAwMDAwMDA!/ Scientific Council] Elcano Royal Institute.\n* [[European Council on Foreign Relations]] (ECFR), member[http://www.ecfr.eu/council/members Members] [[European Council on Foreign Relations]].\n* [[European Leadership Network]] (ELN), Senior Network member,{{Cite web|title=Senior Network|url=https://www.europeanleadershipnetwork.org/networks/network-members/|access-date=2020-09-21|website=www.europeanleadershipnetwork.org|language=en-GB}} member of the Task Force on Cooperation in Greater Europe[http://www.europeanleadershipnetwork.org/task-force-on-cooperation-in-greater-europe-membership_2300.html Task Force on Cooperation in Greater Europe] [[European Leadership Network]] (ELN).\n* [[Global Leadership Foundation]] (GLF), member[https://www.g-l-f.org/index.cfm?pagepath=Members/Members_by_Region&id=82634 Membership] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190306055817/https://www.g-l-f.org/index.cfm?pagepath=Members%2FMembers_by_Region&id=82634 |date=2019-03-06 }} [[Global Leadership Foundation]] (GLF).\n* [[Institut Montaigne]], member of the advisory board\n* [[Migration Policy Institute]] (MPI), member of the Transatlantic Council on Migration[https://www.migrationpolicy.org/programs/transatlantic-council-migration/members Transatlantic Council on Migration] [[Migration Policy Institute]] (MPI).\n* New Pact for Europe, member of the advisory group[http://www.newpactforeurope.eu/who-we-are/advisory/ Advisory Group] New Pact for Europe.\n* [[Aspen Institute|Aspen Institute Italia]], member of the advisory board\n* Instituto de Empresa (IE), member of the advisory board\n* [[University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center]], member of the board of trustees\n* Le Conseil d’Orientation et de Réflexion de l’Assurance (CORA), member\n* [[Fundación para el Análisis y los Estudios Sociales]] (FAES), member of the advisory board\n* Foundation pour l’Innovation Politique, member of the advisory board\n* [[FRIDE|Fundación para las Relaciones Internacionales]] (FRIDE), member of the advisory board\n* CSIS Initiative for a Renewed Transatlantic Partnership, member of the advisory board\n* ''[[The American Interest]]'', member of the global advisory council \n* Revue de Droit de l’Union européenne, member of the global advisory council\n* [[World Justice Project]], honorary co-chair\n* [[Prague European Summit]], advisory board member\n\nIn 2003, Palacio created together with other prominent European personalities the [[Medbridge Strategy Center]], whose goal is to promote dialogue and mutual understanding between [[Europe]] and the [[Middle-East]].\n\n==Recognition==\nIn January 2004 Palacio was listed among ''[[The Wall Street Journal]]''’s 75 ‘global opinion leaders’. In October 2001 the same newspaper, under the heading \"Europe’s Lawyer\", published an extensive feature article on her in its supplement on \"12 influential players on the world business stage\". Among the awards and decorations she has been bestowed upon, she is the recipient of the 2004 American Jewish Committee Ramer Award for Diplomatic Excellence, which recognizes her role in upholding democracy and the values of open society.\n\nIn 2016, Palacio was awarded the Sandra Day O’Connor Justice Prize.[http://oconnorjusticeprize.org/ Sandra Day O’Connor Justice Prize] Official Website.\n\n==Personal life==\nIn December 2000, Palacio was diagnosed with [[cancer]]. She refused to wear a wig or a hat when the [[chemotherapy]] made her hair fall out. Her sister, [[Loyola de Palacio]], was a minister in the Spanish government from 1996 to 1998, and a member of the [[European Commission]] from 1999 to 2004; she died of a fulminant hepatitis while receiving therapy for cancer in Madrid 'Doce de Octubre' hospital, in 2006.\n\n==References==\n{{reflist|2}}\n\n==External links==\n{{Commons category|Ana de Palacio y del Valle-Lersundi}}\n*[http://www.medbridge.org/ www.medbridge.org]\n*{{C-SPAN|1004424}}\n\n{{S-start}}\n{{s-off|}}\n|-\n{{s-bef|before=[[Josep Piqué]]}}\n{{s-ttl|title=[[List of Foreign Ministers of Spain#Kingdom of Spain (since 1975)#Ministers of Foreign Affairs (1975-2004)|Minister of Foreign Affairs]]|years=9 July 2002 –17 April 2004}}\n{{S-aft|after=[[Miguel Ángel Moratinos]]|as=Minister of Foreign Affairs and Cooperation}}\n{{S-end}}\n\n{{Authority control}}\n\n{{DEFAULTSORT:Palacio, Ana}}\n[[Category:1948 births]]\n[[Category:Living people]]\n[[Category:Women government ministers of Spain]]\n[[Category:Members of the 8th Congress of Deputies (Spain)]]\n[[Category:People's Party (Spain) politicians]]\n[[Category:Politicians from Madrid]]\n[[Category:Spanish people of Basque descent]]\n[[Category:Female foreign ministers]]\n[[Category:Foreign ministers of Spain]]\n[[Category:Complutense University of Madrid alumni]]\n[[Category:21st-century Spanish women politicians]]\n[[Category:Spanish women diplomats]]\n[[Category:20th-century Spanish diplomats]]\n[[Category:21st-century Spanish diplomats]]"} +{"title":"Anatoli Lunacharsky","redirect":"Anatoly Lunacharsky"} +{"title":"Anatolij Vasil'evich Lunacharskij","redirect":"Anatoly Lunacharsky"} +{"title":"Andrew Harman","content":"{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2018}}\n{{Use British English|date=February 2018}}\n'''Andrew Harman''' (born 1964) is an author from the United Kingdom known for writing pun-filled and farcical [[fantasy fiction]].\n\n== Life ==\nAndrew Harman studied [[biochemistry]] at the [[University of York]], being a member of [[Wentworth College]].\n\nSince 2000, Harman has moved on from writing to create YAY Games, a UK independent publisher of board and card games. This award-winning company released ''Frankenstein's Bodies'' in 2014 – inspired by the works of Iain Lowson in his RPG ''Dark Harvest: The Legacy of Frankenstein''. This was followed in 2015 by the family friendly hit ''Sandcastles'' and 2016 sees the launch of ''Ominoes'' the brand new 6,000 year old game.\n\n== Writing career ==\n\nHarman rose to prominence in the 1990s as a writer of farcical fantasies and \"tales of the absurd\"''Encyclopedia of Fantasy and Horror Fiction'' by Don D'Ammassa, Facts on File, New York, 2006, page 89.''Fantasy of the 20th Century: An Illustrated History'' by Randy Broecker, Collectors Press, 2001, page 88. after the success of [[Terry Pratchett]]'s novels.''Fantasy: The Definitive Illustrated Guide'' edited by David Pringle, Carlton, London, 2002, page 156. Harman novels feature extremely convoluted plots and lots of puns and silly names.\"Harman, Andrew\" by Chris Morgan, ''St. James Guide to Fantasy Writers'' edited by David Pringle, St. James Press, New York, 1996, pages 265-66. His first four novels are set in the kingdoms of Rhyngill and Cranachan, and feature recurring characters. Other of his novels are set in the fictional UK town of Camford, which is a hybridisation of the two university towns of [[Oxford]] and [[Cambridge]].{{citation needed|date=June 2023}}\n\nEach of Harman's novels bear titles that [[pun]] on other famous works. His books are published under the Orbit imprint in the UK.{{citation needed|date=June 2023}}\n\n== Critical reception ==\n\nThe ''St. James Guide to Fantasy Writers'' described Harman's fiction as \"sometimes clever and occasionally very amusing, but it consists of many jokes for the sake of jokes and is a little way removed from the conventional fantasy novel.\" The ''St. James Guide'' also described Harman's puns as \"even worse than those of [[Piers Anthony]].\" However, ''Waterstone's Guide to Science Fiction, Fantasy & Horror'' said that Harman was \"One of the most ingenious and energetic writers of humorous fantasy. 'The nearest', as one reviewer noted, 'to a genuine rival to Terry Pratchett.'\"''Waterstone's Guide to Science Fiction, Fantasy & Horror'' edited by Paul Wake, Steve Andrews, and Ariel, Waterstone's Guides, [[Waterstones|Waterstone's Booksellers Ltd.]], 1998, page 121.\n\n[[Don D'Ammassa]] in [[Science Fiction Chronicle]] said that Fahrenheit 666 was \"Filled with puns, absurd situations, clever literary asides and outright farce, without the clumsy childishness of less talented writers who've tried to do the same.\"\"Don D'Ammassa's Critical Mass\" by Don D'Ammassa, [[Science Fiction Chronicle]], December 1995-January 1996, volume 17, issue 2, page 59.\n\nIn a review in the British magazine [[Interzone (magazine)|Interzone]], Chris Gilmore said, \"There is hardly a word in ''The Sorcerer's Appendix'' by Andrew Harman which fails to grate. Harman's recipe for humour is to invent a large number of very stupid characters, and show them behaving in very stupid ways, time after time. He then explains to the reader what has transpired, repeating much of it.\"\"Lunatic Conviction\" by Chris Gilmore, [[Interzone (magazine)|Interzone]], issue 75, September 1993, page 67.\n\n== Bibliography ==\n\n=== Firkin series ===\n*''The Sorcerer's Appendix'' (1993)\n*''The Frogs of War'' (1994)\n*''The Tome Tunnel'' (1994)\n*''Fahrenheit 666'' (1995)\n*''One Hundred And One Damnations'' (1995)\n\n=== Standalone novels ===\n*''The Scrying Game'' (1996)\n*''The Deity Dozen'' (1996)\n*''[[A Midsummer Night's Gene]]'' (1997)\n*''It Came from On High'' (1998) aka ''Beyond Belief'' (this was a working title)\n*''The Suburban Salamander Incident'' (1999)\n*''Talonspotting'' (2000)\n\nNote: ''Beyond Belief'' (1998), which shows up in various Internet booklists, does not exist, as it was the working title that became ''It Came From On High'' – the satirical novel about what occurs when the Pope discovers that aliens exist.{{citation needed|date=June 2023}}\n\n==References==\n{{Reflist}}\n\n== External links ==\n*{{ISFDB name|id=Andrew_Harman|name=Andrew Harman}}\n\n{{Authority control}}\n\n{{DEFAULTSORT:Harman, Andrew}}\n[[Category:British science fiction writers]]\n[[Category:Alumni of the University of York]]\n[[Category:Living people]]\n[[Category:1964 births]]"} +{"title":"Angarsk","content":"{{Short description|City in Irkutsk Oblast, Russia}}\n{{Use mdy dates|date=May 2011}}\n{{Expand Russian|topic=geo|date=April 2020}}\n{{Infobox Russian inhabited locality\n|en_name=Angarsk\n|ru_name=Ангарск\n|image_skyline=Angarsk_car_Volga_GAZ-21_(25720495842).jpg\n|image_caption=city center\n|coordinates = {{coord|52|33|N|103|54|E|display=inline,title}}\n|map_label_position=top\n|image_coa=Coat of Arms of Angarsk (Irkutsk oblast).png\n|coa_caption=\n|image_flag=Flag of Angarsk (Irkutsk oblast).png\n|flag_caption=\n|anthem=\n|anthem_ref=\n|holiday=\n|holiday_ref=\n|federal_subject=[[Irkutsk Oblast]]\n|federal_subject_ref=Charter of Irkutsk Oblast\n|adm_district_jur=[[Angarsky District]]\n|adm_district_jur_ref=\n|adm_ctr_of=Angarsky District\n|adm_ctr_of_ref=\n|inhabloc_cat=City\n|inhabloc_cat_ref=\n|inhabloc_type=\n|inhabloc_type_ref=\n|urban_okrug_jur=Angarskoye Urban Okrug\n|urban_okrug_jur_ref=\n|mun_admctr_of=Angarskoye Urban Okrug\n|mun_admctr_of_ref=\n|leader_title=Mayor\n|leader_title_ref=\n|leader_name=Sergey Petrov\n|leader_name_ref=\n|representative_body=\n|representative_body_ref=\n|area_of_what=\n|area_as_of=\n|area_km2=\n|area_km2_ref=\n|pop_2010census=233567\n|pop_2010census_rank=83rd\n|pop_2010census_ref={{ru-pop-ref|2010Census}}\n|pop_density=\n|pop_density_as_of=\n|pop_density_ref=\n|pop_latest=\n|pop_latest_date=\n|pop_latest_ref=\n|established_date=1948\n|established_title=\n|established_date_ref=\n|current_cat_date=May 30, 1951\n|current_cat_date_ref=\n|prev_name1=\n|prev_name1_date=\n|prev_name1_ref=\n|postal_codes=665800, 665801, 665804–665806, 665808, 665809, 665813, 665814, 665816, 665819, 665821, 665824–665836, 665838, 665841\n|dialing_codes=3955\n|dialing_codes_ref=\n|website=http://angarsk-adm.ru/\n}}\n[[File:Monument to pioneer builders of Angarsk.jpg|thumb|Monument to pioneer builders of Angarsk]]\n[[File:Embankment in Angarsk, Kitoi river.jpg|thumb|Embankment in Angarsk, Kitoi river]]\n'''Angarsk''' ({{lang-rus|Ангарск|p=ɐnˈgarsk}}) is a [[types of inhabited localities in Russia|city]] and the [[administrative center]] of [[Angarsky District]] of [[Irkutsk Oblast]], [[Russia]], located on the [[Kitoy River]], {{convert|51|km|sp=us}} from [[Irkutsk]], the administrative center of the [[oblast]]. Population: {{ru-census|p2021=221,296|p2010=233,567|p2002=247,118|p1989=265,835}}\n\n==History==\nAngarsk was founded in 1948{{cite book|title=Энциклопедия Города России|year=2003|publisher=Большая Российская Энциклопедия|location=Moscow|isbn=5-7107-7399-9|page=21}}''[[Encyclopædia Britannica|The New Encyclopædia Britannica]]''. Entry on Angarsk. Chicago: [[Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc.]], 15th edn., 1992, Vol. 1, p. 399. as an industrial community and was granted city status on May 30, 1951.{{Cite book |last=Лурье |first=Павел |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=67HvBwAAQBAJ&dq=1951+%D0%90%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%81%D0%BA%D1%83+%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B5%D0%BD+%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%83%D1%81+%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B0&pg=PA262 |title=Великая Россия. Все города от Калининграда до Владивостока |date=2022-01-29 |publisher=Litres |isbn=978-5-457-75858-2 |pages=262 |language=ru}}\n\n==Administrative and municipal status==\nWithin the [[subdivisions of Russia#Administrative divisions|framework of administrative divisions]], Angarsk serves as the [[administrative center]] of [[Angarsky District]],Law #49-OZ to which it is directly subordinated.''Registry of the Administrative-Territorial Formations of Irkutsk Oblast'' As a [[subdivisions of Russia#Municipal divisions|municipal division]], the city of Angarsk and thirteen rural localities of Angarsky District are incorporated as '''Angarskoye Urban Okrug'''.Law #149-OZ\n\n==Local government==\nIn December 1991, the first elections for the head of the administration of the city of Angarsk took place. Alexander Shevtsov was elected mayor.{{Cite web |title=Ангарск сегодня: эпоха застоя… |url=https://xn--38-6kcaak9aj5chl4a3g.xn--p1ai/angarsk-segodnja-jepoha-zastoja/ |access-date=2024-01-18 |website= |language=ru}}\n\nOn April 1, 1994, Vladimir Nepomnyashchy took over as mayor.{{Cite web |title=Непомнящий Владимир Александрович |url=https://angarsk-adm.ru/gorodskoy-okrug/pochetnye_grazhdane/nepomnyashyi_v_a.php |access-date=2024-01-18 |website=angarsk-adm.ru}}\n\nIn April 1998, Viktor Novokshenov was elected to govern the city.{{Cite web |title=Ангарск {{!}} сайт муниципального образования город Ангарск |url=http://angarsk-goradm.ru/info/ang_perv_lic/ |access-date=2024-01-18 |website=angarsk-goradm.ru}}\n\nOn April 7, 2002, the position of the head of the Angarsk municipal entity (AMO) was taken by Yevgeny Kanukhin. On October 9, 2005, he was elected to the position of the head of the administration of the city of Angarsk.{{Cite web |title=Экс-мэр Ангарска Евгений Канухин, возможно, примет участие в выборах в Госдуму |url=http://altairk.ru/new/policy/the_ex-mayor_of_angarsk_evgenie_kanuhin__may_take_part_in_the_elections_to_the_state_duma |access-date=2024-01-18 |website=altairk.ru}}{{Cite web |title=Мэр воплотившейся мечты |url=https://www.vsp.ru/2006/08/19/mer-voplotivshejsya-mechty/ |access-date=2024-01-18 |language=ru-RU}} Andrei Kozlov got the office of the mayor of AMO (municipal district).{{Cite web |date=2006-12-27 |title=Тайное исключение |url=https://www.kommersant.ru/doc/733388 |access-date=2024-01-18 |website=www.kommersant.ru |language=ru}}\n\nAs a result of the elections on December 2, 2007, Leonid Mikhaylov was elected to the position of the head of the administration of the Angarsk urban settlement.{{Cite web |date=2007-12-03 |title=Выбран мэр Ангарска {{!}} Иркутская область |url=https://fedpress.ru/article/309462 |access-date=2024-01-18 |website=ФедералПресс |language=ru-RU}}{{Cite web |title=Кому вершки, а кому корешки |url=https://www.vsp.ru/2007/12/25/komu-vershki-a-komu-koreshki-2/ |access-date=2024-01-18 |language=ru-RU}}\n\nIn the summer of 2010, amendments were made to the AMO Charter, introducing the position of a city manager.{{Cite web |date=2010-10-15 |title=Мэра Ангарского муниципального образования изберут 15 октября |url=https://www.irk.ru/news/20101015/mayor/ |access-date=2024-01-18 |website=www.irk.ru}} The mayor of the municipal entity was no longer elected through direct popular vote but rather by a secret ballot among the AMO Duma deputies themselves.{{Cite web |date=2010-08-03 |title=\"Единая Россия\" будет бороться за Ангарск |url=https://www.kommersant.ru/doc/1481514 |access-date=2024-01-18 |website=www.kommersant.ru |language=ru}} This decision caused significant public resonance.\n\nIn October 2010, elections were held for the AMO Duma. The AMO deputies elected {{Interlanguage link|Vladimir Zhukov (politician)|lt=Vladimir Zhukov|ru|Жуков, Владимир Валентинович}}, a member of the [[United Russia]] party, as the mayor of AMO.{{Cite web |date=2014-05-15 |title=ЕР приостановила членство в партии мэра иркутского Ангарска, скрывающегося от следствия - Сибирь {{!}}{{!}} Интерфакс Россия |url=https://www.interfax-russia.ru/siberia/news/er-priostanovila-chlenstvo-v-partii-mera-irkutskogo-angarska-skryvayushchegosya-ot-sledstviya |access-date=2024-01-18 |website=www.interfax-russia.ru |language=ru}} Anton Medko was approved as the city manager.{{Cite web |title=Ангарчанин Антон Медко назначен главой комитета Свердловского округа — Иркутск Сегодня |url=https://irk.today/2017/10/31/angarchanin-anton-medko-naznachen-glavoj-komiteta-sverdlovskogo-okruga/ |access-date=2024-01-18 |website=irk.today}}{{Cite web |title=Бывший сити-менеджер Ангарска возлавил село Крабозаводское на Курилах - IrkutskMedia.ru |url=https://irkutskmedia.ru/news/496978/ |access-date=2024-01-18 |website=irkutskmedia.ru |language=ru}} Changes were made to the AMO Charter, reinstating direct mayoral elections.{{Cite web |date=2011-11-24 |title=Ангарск не вынес двоих |url=https://www.kommersant.ru/doc/1823049 |access-date=2024-01-18 |website=www.kommersant.ru |language=ru}}\n\nOn October 14, 2012, elections were held in Angarsk for the mayor and the deputies of the city Duma. Vladimir Zhukov was elected as the head of the city administration.{{Cite web |date=2014-06-10 |title=Мэр Ангарска нашелся в Белоруссии |url=https://www.kommersant.ru/doc/2490076 |access-date=2024-01-18 |website=www.kommersant.ru |language=ru}}{{Cite web |title=Бывший мэр Ангарска Жуков получил условный срок за растрату 1 млн рублей |url=http://tayga.info/124002 |access-date=2024-01-18 |website=Tayga.info |language=RU}}\n\nStarting from January 1, 2015, the urban settlement of Angarsk, Angarsk municipal entity, and other municipal entities in the region were transformed into the Angarsk urban municipal entity with the status of an urban district. The powers of the previously existing executive and representative authorities were terminated, and they continued to temporarily exercise their powers until the formation of the authorities of the urban district.{{Cite web |date=2015-04-28 |title=Движение по округу |url=https://www.kommersant.ru/doc/2718156 |access-date=2024-01-18 |website=Коммерсантъ |language=ru}} On April 26, 2015, elections were held in Angarsk for the deputies and mayor of the Angarsk urban district. Sergey Petrov was elected as the head of the urban district.{{Cite web |date=2015-04-28 |title=Сергей Петров стал главой Ангарского городского округа |url=https://www.irk.ru/news/20150428/election/ |access-date=2024-01-18 |website=www.irk.ru}} 25 deputies were elected in the first convocation of the Duma of the Angarsk urban municipal entity.{{Cite web |date=2015-04-27 |title=Сергей Петров лидирует на выборах главы Ангарского городского округа |url=https://www.irk.ru/news/20150427/election/ |access-date=2024-01-18 |website=www.irk.ru}}\n\nOn September 13, 2020, elections were held in Angarsk for the mayor of the Angarsk urban district. Sergey Petrov was re-elected as the head of the urban district.{{Cite web |date=2020-09-14 |title=Строитель во главе Ангарского городского округа. Во второй раз |url=https://ircity.ru/text/politics/2020/09/14/70684430/ |access-date=2024-01-18 |website=Ирсити.Ру - новости Иркутска |language=ru}}\n\n==Economy==\n[[File:Angarsk station.jpg|thumb|left|Angarsk railway station on the [[Trans-Siberian Railway]]]]\n\nAngarsk has the largest industrial zone in Asia. It includes [[Angarsk Petrochemical Complex]] and [[Angarsk Electrochemical Combine]]. Angarsk also hosts a showcase international [[nuclear fuel cycle]] center, which will be one of the first Russian enrichment centers to be placed under IAEA safeguards. Angarsk is also the site for a Nuclear Fuel Bank, following a decision by the IAEA in November 2009; working with Russia, IAEA established this bank to supply market priced fuel to member states as protection against possible supply disruptions.{{Cite news|title=Russia Establishes Nuclear Fuel Bank|newspaper=Nuclear New Build Monitor|pages=8|publisher=Exchange Monitor Publications, Inc.|date=December 6, 2010}}\n\nIn 2005, Angarsk won the first prize in a nationwide contest for the fastest development of public utilities.{{Cite web |date=2006-06-07 |title=Ангарск признан самым благоустроенным городом России |url=https://www.irk.ru/news/20060607/angarsk/ |access-date=2024-01-18 |website=www.irk.ru}}\n\n===Transportation===\n[[File:71-619 (KTM-19) (at number T202) in Angarsk.jpg|thumb|KTM-19 tram]]\n\nThe city is connected by the [[Trans-Siberian Railway]]. Trams, buses, and ''[[marshrutka]]s'' (routed taxis) are the main means of public transportation in the city.\n\n==Culture and education==\nThe city is home to the {{Interlanguage link|Angarsk Museum of Clocks and Watches|lt=Angarsk Museum of Clocks and Watches|ru|Музей часов (Ангарск)}}, the Angarsk Museum of Victory, and the [[Angarsk State Technical Academy]].\n\n== Ecology ==\nAngarsk is listed among the cities in Russia with the most unfavorable environmental conditions: as of 2010, it ranked third in Siberia and sixth in Russia.{{Cite web |title=Выбросы в атмосферу загрязняющих веществ, отходящих от стационарных источников, в ряде городов с наиболее неблагоприятной экологичес-кой обстановкой |url=https://rosstat.gov.ru/bgd/regl/b11_11/IssWWW.exe/Stg/d1/04-03.htm |access-date=2024-01-18 |website=rosstat.gov.ru}}{{Cite web |title=Выбросы в атмосферу загрязняющих веществ от стационарных источников |url=http://expert.ru/data/public/322946/322965/sib_298_pics_sib_298_012-2.jpg |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304130410/http://expert.ru/data/public/322946/322965/sib_298_pics_sib_298_012-2.jpg |archive-date=2016-03-04 |access-date=2024-01-18 }} \nThe primary factor contributing to the risk of illness and mortality in Angarsk is air pollution from emissions of several plants, formerly part of the \"Angarsknefteorgsintez\" association, as well as Power Plants 10, 9, and 1.{{Cite web |date=2008-08-31 |title=ОЦЕНКА ЭКОЛОГИЧЕСКИ ОБУСЛОВЛЕННОГО РИСКА НАРУШЕНИЙ ЗДОРОВЬЯ НАСЕЛЕНИЯ Г. АНГАРСКА |url=http://erh.ru/city/city014.php |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080831043749/http://erh.ru/city/city014.php |archive-date=2008-08-31 |access-date=2024-01-18 }}\n\n==People==\n* [[Mikhail Popkov]], one of Russia's most violent serial killers, was born in Angarsk.\n* [[Roman Popov (ice hockey)|Roman Popov]], former professional ice hockey player\n* [[Ekaterina Tyryshkina]], footballer playing for [[En Avant de Guingamp (women)]]\n* [[Dmitri Voronkov]], NHL player for the [[Columbus Blue Jackets]]\n\n==Twin towns and sister cities==\n{{See also|List of twin towns and sister cities in Russia}}\n\nAngarsk is [[twin towns and sister cities|twinned]] with:\n*{{flagicon|RUS}} [[Mytishchi]], Russia\n*{{flagicon|PRC}} [[Jinzhou]], [[China]]\n*{{flagicon|JPN}} [[Komatsu, Ishikawa|Komatsu]], [[Japan]]\n*{{flagicon|UKR}} [[Alushta]], [[Ukraine]]\n\n==References==\n{{Wikivoyage|Angarsk}}\n\n===Notes===\n{{Reflist}}\n\n===Sources===\n*{{RussiaBasicLawRef|irk}}\n*{{RussiaAdmMunRef|irk|adm|law}}\n*{{RussiaAdmMunRef|irk|mun|list|angarskoye}}\n*''[https://web.archive.org/web/20140502153853/http://www.irkobl.ru/government/local/atu/ Registry of the Administrative-Territorial Formations of Irkutsk Oblast]'' {{in lang|ru}}\n\n==External links==\n*[https://angarsk-adm.ru/ Official website of Angarsk] {{in lang|ru}}\n*[https://angarsk.jsprav.ru/ Directory of organizations in Angarsk] {{in lang|ru}}\n\n{{Irkutsk Oblast}}\n{{Authority control}}\n\n[[Category:Cities and towns in Irkutsk Oblast]]\n[[Category:Populated places established in 1948]]\n[[Category:Cities and towns built in the Soviet Union]]"} +{"title":"Animal rescue group","content":"{{short description|Rescue organization is dedicated to pet adoption}}\n{{about|pet rescue|other uses|Rescue|and|Rescue (disambiguation)|and|Animal rescue (disambiguation)}}\n{{Multiple issues|\n{{more footnotes|date=January 2014}}\n{{Original research|date=August 2020}}\n}}\nAn '''animal rescue group''' or '''animal rescue organization''' is a group dedicated to [[pet adoption]]. These groups take unwanted, abandoned, abused, or [[feral|stray]] [[pet]]s and attempt to find suitable homes for them. Many rescue groups are created by and run by [[Volunteering|volunteer]]s, who take animals into their homes and care for them — including training, playing, handling medical issues, and solving behaviour problems — until a suitable permanent home can be found.\n\n__TOC__\n\nRescue groups exist for most pet types (reptile rescue, ''rabbit rescue'' or ''bird rescue''), but are most common for [[dog]]s and [[cat]]s. For animals with many breeds, rescue groups may specialize in specific breeds or groups of breeds.{{cite journal|last=Chipley|first=Abigail|title=In the News: Gimme Shelter|journal=Vegetarian Times|date=September 2000|issue=177|publisher=Sabot Publishing|page=21}} For example, there might be local [[Labrador Retriever]] rescue groups, [[hunting dog]] rescue groups, large-dog rescue groups, as well as general dog rescue groups.\n\nAnimal rescue organizations have also been created to rescue and rehabilitate wild animals, such as lions, tigers, and cheetahs; a job which is normally shared or backed by zoos and other conservation charities. These animals are normally released back into the wild where possible, otherwise they will remain in captivity and may be used in breeding for an endangered species.\n\nWidely recognized as an umbrella organization for animal rescue groups, [[Petfinder.org]] is an online, searchable database of more than 13,000 shelters and adoption agencies across the [[United States]], [[Canada]] and [[Mexico]].{{cite book|last=Sweeney|first=Michael S.|title=Dog Tips From DogTown: A Relationship Manual for You and Your Dog|publisher=National Geographic Society|year=2010|chapter=Further Resources|isbn=9781426206696}} The [[American Kennel Club]] maintains a list of contacts, primarily within breed clubs, with information on breed rescue groups for purebred dogs in the United States.\n\nAnimal shelters often work closely with rescue groups, because shelters that have difficulty placing otherwise healthy and pet-worthy animals would usually rather have the animal placed in a home than [[animal euthanasia|euthanize]]d; while shelters might run out of room, rescue groups can often find volunteers with space in their homes for temporary placement. Some organizations (such as [[Old Dog Haven]]) work with older animals whose age would likely cause them to be euthanized in county pounds. Each year, approximately 3-4 million cats and dogs are euthanized in shelters due to overcrowding and a shortage of foster homes.[http://www.humanesociety.org/issues/pet_overpopulation/facts/overpopulation_estimates.html Pets by the Numbers: U.S. Pet Ownership, Community Cat and Shelter Population Estimates] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130425142203/http://www.humanesociety.org/issues/pet_overpopulation/facts/overpopulation_estimates.html |date=2013-04-25 }} Accessed 19 August 2017\n\nIn the [[United Kingdom]], both shelter and rescue organisations are described using the blanket term ''rescue'', whether they have their own premises, buy in accommodation from commercial kennels, or operate a network of [[Foster care|foster homes]], where volunteers keep the animals in their homes until adoption.\n\nKennels that have a council contract to take in stray dogs are usually referred to as dog pounds. Some dog pounds also carry out rescue and rehoming work and are effectively rescue groups that operate a pound service. Some rescue groups work with pounds to move dogs to rescues. By law, a dog handed in as a stray to a UK pound must be held for seven days before it can be rehomed or [[animal euthanasia|euthanize]]d.\n\nIn the US, there are three classifications for pet rescue:\n\n* A '''municipal shelter''' is a facility that houses stray and abandoned animals, as well as animals that people can no longer care for, on behalf of local governments\n* A '''[[no-kill shelter]]''' is a usually private organization whose policies include the specification that no healthy, pet-worthy animal be euthanized\n* [[non-profit|Not-for-profit]] '''rescue organizations''' typically operate through a network of volunteer foster homes.{{cite book|last=Biniok|first=Janice|title=The Doberman Pinscher|publisher=TFH Publications|year=2009|isbn=9780793842537}} These rescue organizations are also committed to a no-kill policy.\n\nMany modern not-for-profit rescue organizations now not only focus on rehoming rescued animals, but rehabilitating and training them as well. Severely abused animals cannot move quickly from their previous environment into a new home. Specialized and trained rescue staff must identify signs of aggression and anxiety and work to remedy these behaviors. Like people, the recovery process is different for all animals. Some might recover immediately while others might always should signs of trauma.\n\n==Rescue groups and shelters==\nThere are two major differences between shelters and rescue groups. Shelters are usually run and funded by [[local government]]s.{{cite book|last=Bial|first=Raymond|title=Rescuing Rover: Saving America's Dogs|page=40|publisher=Houghton Mifflin|year=2011|isbn=9780547341255}} Rescue groups are funded mainly by donations and most of the staff are volunteers. While some shelters place animals in foster homes, many are housed on-site in kennels. Some rescue groups have facilities and others do not. Foster homes are heavily utilized in either case.\n\nWithin the dog rescue community, there are breed-specific and all-breed rescues.{{cite book|last=Smith|first=Caroline|title=The Complete Guide to Border Collies|page=50|publisher=Kevin Winslet|year=2007|isbn=9781908793034}} As its name implies, breed-specific rescues save purebred dogs of a certain breed, for example, Akitas, Boxers, Dalmatians, Labrador Retrievers, etc. Almost every breed is supported by a network of national and international rescue organizations with the goal to save abandoned dogs of this breed. All-breed rescues are not limited to purebred dogs. Instead they save dogs of any breed. Many work with specific shelters to support their efforts.\n\n==Adopting through a rescue group==\nMost rescue groups use similar adoption procedures, including completing an application, checking a veterinary reference, conducting an interview (can be in person or by phone) and a home visit. Rescue organizations are usually volunteer-run organizations and survive on donations and adoption fees.{{cite journal|last=Cannon|first=Sue|title=Ariel Rescue|journal=Orange Coast Magazine|volume=30|issue=12|date=December 2004}} The adoption fees do not always cover the significant costs involved in rescue, which can include traveling to pick up an animal in need, providing veterinary care, vaccinations, food, spaying and neutering, training, and more.\n\nMost animals in the care of rescue groups live with foster home volunteers as members of the family until an appropriate adopter is found. There are a number of different techniques that can be used to make the transition from life at a rescue's foster home to an adoptive home easier on the animal. Generally, rescue groups provide adopters with basic information to aid in a successful transition.\n\nOften, adoption counsellors are involved in the process in order to ensure that the pet is being sent to a good, fitting home. Questionnaires for adoption vary between organizations, but are essentially used to ensure that the animal being adopted suits the lifestyle of the prospect owner and will have all of his or her needs fulfilled.\n\nThe Canadian Federation of Humane Societies accounts for the largest amount of dog and cat shelters in Canada. With 172 shelters throughout the country, it is estimated that 103,000 cats and 46,000 dogs were taken in during 2013.{{Cite web|title = CFHS {{!}} Animal shelter statistics|url = http://cfhs.ca/athome/shelter_animal_statistics/|website = Canadian Federation of Humane Societes|access-date = 2015-11-17|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20151128195230/http://cfhs.ca/athome/shelter_animal_statistics|archive-date = 2015-11-28|url-status = dead}} Of these, 60% of cats and 49% of dogs were strays, 28% of cats and 34% of dogs were surrendered by their owners, 2% of cats and 3% of dogs were cases of abuse, and the rest were either transferred from neighbouring facilities or born in the shelters themselves.\n\nOf the thousands of animals in shelters in Canada in 2013, only 47% of dogs and 45% of cats were adopted. The remaining majority were left to be euthanized, sent back to their previous owners, or stayed in the shelters, possibly being transferred from one to another hoping for better outcomes.\n\nThe rise of social media has since aided in adoption of pets, as shelters and rescue groups can now post pictures and biographies of the animals on their Facebook, Instagram, and Twitter pages. These outlets allow for people to, often without intention, find suitable pets in need of homes. Online interviews are now also possible, as well as international adoption through many organizations. Developments such as social media pages help shelters find appropriate adopters by venturing outside of their immediate surroundings and creating online networks, allowing more people to be exposed to the information and possibility of animal adoption. Dogs and cats of the Dominican Republic, for example, is an organization that creates profiles for stray animals in the Dominican Republic, and uses an almost entirely online platform to find homes for them, usually overseas, before sending them by plane, spayed and neutered, to be picked up by their new owner.\n\n== Wildlife rescue groups ==\n{{See also|Wildlife rehabilitation}}\nWildlife rescue groups, unlike many other animal rescue organizations, focus on the rehabilitation of sick, injured and orphaned wild animals.{{Cite book|last=Bjorklund|first=Ruth|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QVhmDwAAQBAJ|title=Wildlife Rescue and Rehabilitation Worker|publisher=Cavendish Square Publishing|year=2014|isbn=978-1-62712-472-0|edition=First|location=New York|pages=13|oclc=1046678541}} There are also groups which rescue animals from illegal breeders, roadside circuses, and many other abusive situations.{{Cite news|last=Guynup|first=Sharon|date=2019-11-14|title=Captive tigers in the U.S. outnumber those in the wild. It's a problem.|language=en|work=National Geographic|url=https://www.nationalgeographic.com/animals/2019/11/tigers-in-the-united-states-outnumber-those-in-the-wild-feature/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191114152420/https://www.nationalgeographic.com/animals/2019/11/tigers-in-the-united-states-outnumber-those-in-the-wild-feature/|url-status=dead|archive-date=November 14, 2019|access-date=2020-07-27}}{{Cite web|last=Brulliard|first=Karin|date=2019-08-07|title=The problem with exotic animal ownership in America|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/long_reads/science-and-technology/exotic-animal-us-ownership-america-tigers-a9011071.html |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220507/https://www.independent.co.uk/news/long_reads/science-and-technology/exotic-animal-us-ownership-america-tigers-a9011071.html |archive-date=2022-05-07 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live|access-date=2020-07-27|website=The Independent|language=en}}{{cbignore}} They do not seek to find adoptive homes for the animals, but rather to reintroduce the animals to lifestyles that suit their needs and that allow them to live freely, sometimes even releasing them into the wild.\n\n==See also==\n* [[List of animal sanctuaries]]\n* [[List of animal welfare groups]]\n* [[Royal Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals]]\n* [[Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals]]\n\n==References==\n\n\n{{Portal bar|Animals|Cats|Dogs}}\n{{Animal welfare}}\n\n{{DEFAULTSORT:Rescue Group}}\n[[Category:Animal welfare organizations]]\n[[Category:Animal rescue groups| ]]"} +{"title":"Annapolis—Kings","content":"\n{{Infobox Canada electoral district\n| name = Annapolis—Kings\n| province = Nova Scotia\n| image = \n| caption = \n| fed-status = defunct\n| fed-district-number = \n| fed-created = 1947\n| fed-abolished = 1952\n| fed-election-first = 1949\n| fed-election-last = 1950 by-election\n| fed-rep = \n| fed-rep-party = \n| demo-pop-ref = \n| demo-area-ref = \n| demo-electors-ref = \n| demo-census-date = \n| demo-pop = \n| demo-electors = \n| demo-electors-date = \n| demo-area = \n| demo-cd = \n| demo-csd = \n}}\n\n'''Annapolis—Kings''' was a federal [[electoral district (Canada)|electoral district]] in the [[provinces and territories of Canada|province]] of [[Nova Scotia]], Canada, that was represented in the [[House of Commons of Canada]] from 1949 to 1953.\n\nThis riding was created in 1947 from [[Digby—Annapolis—Kings]]. It consisted of the counties of Annapolis and Kings. It was abolished in 1952 when it was redistributed into [[Digby—Annapolis—Kings]] riding.\n\n==Members of Parliament==\n\nThis riding elected the following [[Member of Parliament|members of Parliament]]:\n\n{{CanMP}}\n{{CanMP nodata|Annapolis—Kings
''Riding created from'' [[Digby—Annapolis—Kings]]}}\n{{CanMP row\n| FromYr = 1949\n| ToYr = 1950\n| Assembly# = 21\n| CanParty = Liberal\n| PartyTerms# = 1\n| RepName = Angus Elderkin\n| RepTerms# = 1\n| #ByElections = 1\n}}\n{{CanMP row\n| FromYr = 1950\n| ToYr = 1953\n| CanParty = PC\n| PartyTerms# = 1\n| RepName = George Nowlan\n| RepTerms# = 1\n}}\n{{CanMP nodata|''Riding dissolved into'' [[Digby—Annapolis—Kings]]}}\n{{CanMP end}}\n\n==Election results==\n\n{{Canadian election result/top|CA|1949}}\n{{CANelec|CA|Liberal|[[Angus Alexander Elderkin]]|13,202}}\n{{CANelec|CA|PC|[[George Nowlan]]|13,198}}\n{{end}}\n\n{{CanElec1-by|19 June 1950|On Mr. Elderkin's election being declared void, 6 March 1950}}\n{{CANelec|CA|PC|[[George Nowlan]]|14,255}}\n{{CANelec|CA|Liberal|[[Angus Alexander Elderkin]]|11,670}}\n{{end}}\n\n== See also ==\n\n* [[List of Canadian federal electoral districts]]\n* [[Historical federal electoral districts of Canada]]\n\n== External links ==\n* [http://www2.parl.gc.ca/Sites/LOP/HFER/hfer.asp?Language=E&Search=Det&Include=Y&rid=15 Riding history for Annapolis—Kings (1947–1952) from the] [[Library of Parliament]]\n\n{{Ridings in Nova Scotia}}\n\n{{DEFAULTSORT:Annapolis-Kings}}\n[[Category:Former federal electoral districts of Nova Scotia]]"} +{"title":"Anne Teresa De Keersmaeker","content":"{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2023}}\n[[File:Anne Teresa De Keersmaeker 2016.jpg|thumb|Anne Teresa De Keersmaeker in 2016]]\n'''Anne Teresa, Baroness De Keersmaeker''' ({{IPA-nl|ˈɑnə teːˈreːzaː dəˈkeːrsmaːkər}}, born 1960 in [[Mechelen]], Belgium, grew up in Wemmel) is a [[contemporary dance]] choreographer. The dance company constructed around her, {{ill|Rosas (dance ensemble)|fr|Compagnie Rosas}}, was in residence at [[La Monnaie]] in [[Brussels]] from 1992 to 2007.\n\n==Biography==\nDe Keersmaeker did not study dance until her last year of high school, instead studying music, specifically the flute. She studied from 1978 to 1980 at [[Mudra]] in Brussels, a school with links to [[La Monnaie]] and to [[Maurice Béjart]]'s [[Ballet of the 20th Century]]. She has said that the percussionist and her music teacher at MUDRA, {{ill|Fernand Schirren|fr}}, was a major influence on her.{{Harv|Dunning|1998}} In 1981, she attended the [[Tisch School of the Arts]] at [[New York University]]. While at the Tisch she presented her first production, ''Asch'' (1980), in Brussels. In 1982 upon her return from the U.S.A. she created ''{{ill|Fase|fr}}, four movements to the music of [[Steve Reich]]''. It was this production that brought her \"a breakthrough on the international dance scene, performing, among other places, at the [[Avignon Festival]]\".\"The Dance of Anne Teresa De Keersmaeker\". Marianne van Kerkhoven. ''The Drama Review: TDR'', Vol. 28, No. 3, Reconstruction. (Autumn 1984), pp. 98–104.\n\nThe success of ''Fase'' contributed largely to the foundation of the Rosas in 1983. ''[[Rosas danst Rosas]]'' - Anne Teresa De Keersmaeker's first choreography for the young company to new compositions of [[Thierry De Mey]] and [[Peter Vermeersch]] - brought Rosas the international breakthrough as a company. During the eighties, Rosas was supported by Kaaitheater of Brussels (director Hugo De Greef). Within the framework of Kaaitheater, her oeuvre took shape. Performances such as ''Elena's Aria'' (1984), ''Bartók''/''Aantekeningen'' (1986), a staging of ''Heiner Müller's triptych Verkommenes Ufer''/''Medeamaterial Landschaft mit Argonauten'' (1987), ''Mikrokosmos-Monument Selbstporträt mit Reich und Riley (und Chopin ist auch dabei)''/''In zart fliessender Bewegung - Quatuor Nr.4'', (1987), ''Ottone, Ottone'' (1988), ''Stella'' (1990) and ''Achterland'' (1990) were produced in collaboration with Kaaitheater.\n\nIn 1992, [[La Monnaie]]'s general director [[Bernard Foccroulle]] invited Rosas to become the resident company of Brussels' Royal Opera ''De Munt''/''La Monnaie''. At the start of the residency, Anne Teresa De Keersmaeker set herself three objectives: to intensify the relation between dance and music, to build a repertory, and to launch a dance school (after the disappearance of MUDRA from Brussels in 1988). That year, Rosas created ERTS and released ''Rosa'' - a film of a choreography by Anne Teresa De Keersmaeker to Bartók music directed by [[Peter Greenaway]]. Later that year, Rosas created ''Mozart Concert Arias, un moto di gioia'' for the Avignon Festival. A production made in collaboration with the Orchestre des Champs Elysées, directed by Philippe Herreweghe. In 1993, Rosas created ''Toccata'', to the music of [[J.S. Bach]], for the Holland Festival. In May 1994, the KunstenFESTIVALdes Arts in Brussels premièred ''Kinok'', produced in collaboration with [[Thierry De Mey]] and the [[Ictus Ensemble]]. At the end of 1994, this collaboration resulted in a new creation: ''Amor Constante más allá de la muerte''. In November 1995, La Monnaie premièred ''Verklärte Nacht'', a choreography that was part of a production of [[Arnold Schoenberg|Schönberg]] music ''Erwartung''/''Verklärte Nacht''.\n\nIn 1995, Rosas and La Monnaie launched in Brussels a new international school for contemporary dance, the [[Performing Arts Research and Training Studios]] (PARTS), where sixty students coming from some 25 countries are trained, over a three-year period, by more than 50 teachers.\n\nIn December 1996, ''Woud'', three movements to the music of [[Alban Berg|Berg]], Schönberg & [[Richard Wagner|Wagner]] was premièred in Seville. \nAt the beginning of 1997, Anne Teresa De Keersmaeker created, together with Steve Paxton and The Wooster Group, 3 solos for Vincent Dunoyer. In November 1997, ''Just Before'', to a live performance by the Ictus Ensemble of music composed by [[Magnus Lindberg]], [[John Cage]], [[Iannis Xenakis]], Steve Reich, Pierre Bartholomée and Thierry De Mey, was presented in La Monnaie. \n\nIn February 1998, Anne Teresa De Keersmaeker made her debut as an opera director at La Monnaie with [[Béla Bartók|Bartók's]] ''Duke Bluebeard's Castle''. In August 1998, the Impuls Festival in Vienna premièred ''Drumming'', a production to Steve Reich's composition of the same name. In November 1998 she created ''The Lisbon Piece'', for the Portuguese Companhia Nacional de Bailado: her first experience as a guest choreographer. \n\nIn March 1999, Anne Teresa De Keersmaeker created, together with Rosas dancer Cynthia Loemij and Jolente De Keersmaeker and Frank Vercruyssen from the theatre company STAN, ''Quartett''; a dance-theatre performance based on the text by [[Heiner Müller]]. One month later, she choreographed and danced a duet with Elizabeth Corbett for the production ''with/for/by''. In May 1999, Rosas premiered ''I said I'', a collaboration with Jolente De Keersmaeker for the direction, with the Ictus Ensemble, [[Aka Moon]] and [[DJ Grazzhoppa]] for the music composition and execution. Jan Joris Lamers designed the set and lighting and [[Dries van Noten]] the costumes. For ''In Real Time'' in 2000, Rosas again collaborated with Stan, as well as with the jazz-ensemble Aka Moon for the composition and live interpretation of the music.\nIn January 2001, Anne Teresa De Keersmaeker created ''Rain'', another performance to a score by [[Steve Reich]], his ''[[Music for 18 Musicians]]''.\n\n2002 saw the celebration of twenty years of Rosas and ten years of residence at La Monnaie, with the re-run of the text-pieces, the creation of ''(but if a look should) April me'' and ''Rain live'', the two latter accompanied by Brussels contemporary music ensemble Ictus. A 336 pages book ''Rosas, if and only if wonder'' was published and a multimedia exhibition was organised in newly opened halls at the [[Centre for Fine Arts, Brussels]], and was attended by over 15,000 people. ''Once'', a solo to the music of Joan Baez, concluded the celebration year's performances.\n\n2003 showed yet a new evolution: whereas in the past her choreographies had been very precise and closely linked to the music, in ''Bitches Brew / Tacoma Narrows'', De Keersmaeker for the first time allowed improvisation by her dancers during the performance.\n\nOver the past years, Rosas has also revived several earlier pieces: ''[[Rosas danst Rosas]]'', ''{{ill|Fase|fr}}'', ''Mikrokosmos'', ''Achterland'' and others. Rosas' productions have been invited by theatres and festivals across five continents.\n\nIn October 2011, De Keersmaeker's choreography from \"Rosas Danst Rosas\" and \"Achterland\" was sampled without permission by the R&B singer [[Beyoncé Knowles|Beyoncé]] in the music video for the single ''[[Countdown (Beyoncé Knowles song)|Countdown]]''.{{cite news|last=Trueman|first=Matt|title=Beyoncé accused of 'stealing' dance moves in new video|url=https://www.theguardian.com/stage/2011/oct/10/beyonce-dance-moves-new-video|access-date=8 January 2012|newspaper=The Guardian|date=10 October 2011}}{{cite news|last=Macaulay|first=Alastair|title=In Dance, Borrowing Is a Tradition|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2011/11/22/arts/dance/is-beyonce-a-choreography-thief-in-countdown.html?_r=1&pagewanted=all|access-date=8 January 2012|newspaper=The New York Times|date=21 November 2011}}\n\nIn July 2021 she founded the ATDK Foundation a foundation with the intent of safeguarding her artistic legacy, and enable her to share her artistic excellence.{{Cite web |title=atdkfoundation |url=https://www.atdkfoundation.be/ |access-date=1 January 2023 |website=atdkfoundation |language=en}}\n\n==Awards==\nBoth the performances and the films of Anne Teresa De Keersmaeker have been distinguished by various international awards. ''Rosas danst Rosas'' won the [[Bessie Award]] (1987),{{Cite web |url=http://www.danspaceproject.org/programs/bessies.html |title=Danspace Project: Programs |access-date=29 September 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070208083406/http://www.danspaceproject.org/programs/bessies.html |archive-date=8 February 2007 |url-status=dead }} ''Mikrokosmos'' received a Japanese Dance Award for the best foreign production (1989), ''Stella'' got the London Dance and Performances Award (1989), ''Drumming'' was prized with the Golden Laurel Wreath for the best choreography in Sarajevo (October 1998). In 2011, she received the [[American Dance Festival|American Dance Festival Award]] for her career and at this occasion presented one of her seminal work ''Rosas danst Rosas'' (1983).\n\nThe film ''Hoppla!'' was awarded a Sole d'Oro in Italy and the Grand Prix Vidéo Danse in Sète (1989). The film ''Rosa'' has been distinguished by a Dance Screen Award, got a Special Jury Commendation in the Black and White Short Film Competition at the Film Festival in Cork and was selected for the 49th Mostra Interazionale d'Arte Cinematografica in Venice (1992). In 1994 in Lyon a Dance Screen Award was offered to the film ''Achterland'' (1994), while the film ''Rosas danst Rosas'' obtained the Grand Prix International Vidéo Danse in 1997 and the special prize of the Jury of the International Festival of Film and New Media on Art in Athens in 1998. In 2000, the short film ''Tippeke'' got the Grand Prix Carina Ari of the Festival International Media Dance in Boulogne-Billancourt.\nFurthermore, in June 1995, Anne Teresa De Keersmaeker received the title of Doctor Honoris Causa at the [[Vrije Universiteit Brussel]]. In March 1996 the government of the province of Antwerp awarded her the Eugène Baie prize, and in May 2000 she was awarded by the French Republic the \"Officier dans l'Ordre des Arts et des Lettres\" title. In 2002 she received the annual award of the Gabriella Moortgat Stichting and la médaille de Vermeil from the City of Paris and a medal ('Erepenning') of the Belgian Flemish government. In 2004 she was awarded the \"Keizer Karelprijs\" by the province of Oost Vlaanderen. In 2008, she became—again in France—\"''Commandeur'' de l'Ordre des Arts et des Lettres\".\n\n== Honours ==\n* 1996 Created Baroness de Keersmaeker, by king [[Albert II of Belgium|Albert II]].{{cite web|url=https://myprivacy.dpgmedia.be/?siteKey=Uqxf9TXhjmaG4pbQ&callbackUrl=https%3a%2f%2fwww.hln.be%2fprivacy-wall%2faccept%3fredirectUri%3d%2fhln%2fnl%2f944%2fCelebrities%2farticle%2fdetail%2f2221757%2f2015%2f02%2f17%2fAnne-Teresa-De-Keersmaeker-krijgt-Oostenrijkse-Erekruis-voor-Wetenschap-en-Kunst.dhtml|title=Privacy settings|website=myprivacy.dpgmedia.be}}\n* 2000 Officer in the [[Ordre des Arts et des Lettres]] of the French Republic\n* 2005 Member of the [[Royal Flemish Academy of Belgium for Science and the Arts]].Moniteur Numac : 2012204837\n* 2008 Commander in the [[Order of Arts and Letters]].\n* 2012 Golden Medal of the City of Lisbon.{{cite web|url=https://www.vrt.be/vrtnws/nl/2015/02/18/anne_teresa_de_keersmaekerwintoostenrijkserekruis-1-2243397/|title=Anne Teresa De Keersmaeker wint Oostenrijks erekruis|first=VRT|last=NWS|date=18 February 2015|website=vrtnws.be}}\n* 2014 Medal for Merit to Culture from the Portuguese government{{Cite web |title= |url=https://myprivacy.dpgmedia.be/consent?siteKey=6OfBU0sZ5RFXpOOK&callbackUrl=https%3a%2f%2fwww.demorgen.be%2fprivacy-wall%2faccept%3fredirectUri%3d%252fnieuws%252fanne-teresa-de-keersmaeker-gelauwerd-in-portugal%257eb9334ee8%252f |access-date=2023-10-06 |website=myprivacy.dpgmedia.be}}\n* 2015 Venice Biennale Golden Lion for Lifetime Achievement{{Cite web |last=Boyle |first=Robyn |date=2015-03-31 |title=Anne Teresa De Keersmaeker receives Venice's Golden Lion |url=https://www.thebulletin.be/anne-teresa-de-keersmaeker-receives-venices-golden-lion |access-date=2023-10-06 |website=The Bulletin |language=en}}\n* 2015: [[Austrian Decoration for Science and Art]].\n* 2021 Bronzen Zinneke{{Cite web |title=Sven Gatz overhandigt Bronzen Zinneke aan Anne Teresa De Keersmaeker |url=https://www.bruzz.be/culture/theatre-dance/sven-gatz-overhandigt-bronzen-zinneke-aan-anne-teresa-de-keersmaeker-2021-12 |access-date=2023-10-06 |website=www.bruzz.be |language=nl}}\n* 2021 Helena Vaz da Silva European Award{{Cite web |date=2021-06-18 |title=Anne Teresa De Keersmaeker, contemporary dance choreographer from Belgium, wins Helena Vaz da Silva European Award 2021 |url=https://www.europanostra.org/18447-2/ |access-date=2023-10-06 |website=Europa Nostra |language=en-GB}}\n\n==Choreography==\n\n* 2023 ''EXIT ABOVE, after the tempest / d'après la tempête / naar de storm''\n* 2022 Forêt\n* 2022 ''Dark Red - Beyeler/RPS''\n* 2022 ''Dark Red - Neue Nationalgalerie''\n* 2022 ''Mystery Sonatas / for Rosa''\n* 2021 ''Dark Red - Louvre-Lens''\n* 2020 ''Dark Red - Kolumba''\n* 2020 ''3ird5 @ w9rk''\n* 2020 ''The Goldberg Variations, BWV 988''\n* 2019 ''Brancusi''\n* 2019 ''The Dark Red Research Project''\n* 2019 ''Bartók / Beethoven / Schönberg''\n* 2019 ''Somnia''\n* 2018 ''The Six Brandenburg Concertos''\n* 2017 ''Zeitigung''\n* 2017 ''Mitten wir im Leben sind/Bach6cellosuiten''\n* 2017 ''A Love Supreme''\n* 2017 ''Così Fan Tutte'' (for the Opera of Paris)\n* 2015 ''Die Weise Von Liebe und Tod des Cornets Christoph Rilke''\n* 2015 ''My Breathing Is My Dancing''\n* 2015 ''Work/Travail/Arbeid''\n* 2015 ''Golden Hours (As you like it)''\n* 2014 ''Verklärte Nacht''\n* 2014 ''Twice''\n* 2013 ''Vortex Temporum''\n* 2013 ''Partita 2''\n* 2011 ''Cesena''\n* 2010 ''En Atendant''\n* 2010 ''3abschied''\n* 2009 ''The Song''\n* 2008 ''Zeitung''\n* 2007 ''Keeping Still Part 1''\n* 2007 ''Steve Reich Evening''\n* 2006 ''Bartók / Beethoven / Schönberg Repertoireavond''\n* 2006 ''D'un Soir Un Jour''\n* 2005 ''Raga For The Rainy Season / A Love Supreme''\n* 2005 ''Desh''\n* 2004 ''Kassandra - Speaking In Twelve Voices''\n* 2003 ''Bitches Brew / Tacoma Narrows''\n* 2002 ''Once''\n* 2002 ''Repertoireavond''\n* 2002 ''(But If A Look Should) April Me''\n* 2001 ''Small Hands (Out Of The Lie Of No)''\n* 2001 ''Rain''\n* 2000 ''In Real Time''\n* 1999 ''I Said I''\n* 1999 ''With / For / By''\n* 1999 ''Quartett''\n* 1998 ''Drumming''\n* 1998 ''Duke Bluebeard's Castle''\n* 1997 ''Just Before''\n* 1997 ''3 Solos For Vincent Dunoyer''\n* 1996 ''Woud, Three Movements To The Music Of Berg, Schönberg & Wagner''\n* 1995 ''Erwartung / Verklärte Nacht''\n* 1994 ''Amor Constante, Más Allá De La Muerte''\n* 1994 ''Kinok''\n* 1993 ''Toccata''\n* 1992 ''Mozart / Concert Arias. Un moto di gioia.''\n* 1992 ''Erts''\n* 1990 ''Achterland''\n* 1990 ''Stella''\n* 1988 ''Ottone Ottone''\n* 1987 ''Bartók / Mikrokosmos''\n* 1987 ''Verkommenes Ufer / Medeamaterial / Landschaft mit Argonauten''\n* 1986 ''Bartók / Aantekeningen''\n* 1984 ''Elena's Aria''\n* 1983 ''Rosas danst Rosas''\n* 1982 ''Fase, Four Movements to the Music of Steve Reich''\n* 1980 ''Asch''\n\n==Choreography for other companies than Rosas==\n* The Lisbon Piece (for the Portuguese Companhia Nacional de Bailado)\n\n==Opera directions==\n* ''[[Bluebeard's Castle]]'' (music by Bartók) (1998)\n* ''[[I due Foscari]]'' (music by Verdi) (2003)\n* ''Hanjo'' (music by [[Toshio Hosokawa]]) (2004)\n* ''[[Così fan tutte]]'' (music by Mozart) (2017)\n\n==Filmography==\n* ''Répétitions'' (Marie André, 1985, 43min){{cite web|url=https://www.rosas.be/nl/publications/309-early-works---films-and-documentaries|title=Early Works - Films and documentaries|website=Rosas|date=19 December 2023 }}{{cite web|url=http://www.imdb.com/title/tt1625154/|title=Répétitions|via=www.imdb.com}}\n* ''Hoppla''! (Wolfgang Kolb, 1989, 52min){{cite web|url=https://www.rosas.be/nl/publications/441-hoppla|title=Hoppla!|website=Rosas|date=19 December 2023 }}\n* ''Monoloog van [[Fumiyo Ikeda]] op het einde van Ottone, Ottone'' ([[Walter Verdin]], Anne Teresa De Keersmaeker and Jean-Luc Ducourt, 1989, 6min23sec){{cite web|url=https://www.rosas.be/nl/publications/442-monoloog-van-fumiyo-ikeda-op-het-einde-van-ottone-ottone|title=Monoloog van Fumiyo Ikeda op het einde van Ottone, Ottone|website=Rosas|date=19 December 2023 }}\n* ''Ottone, Ottone'' (Part 1 and 2) ([[Walter Verdin]] and Anne Teresa De Keersmaeker, 1991, Part 1: 52min and Part 2: 50min){{cite web|url=https://www.rosas.be/nl/publications/440-ottone-ottone-i-and-ii|title=Ottone / Ottone I and II|website=Rosas|date=19 December 2023 }}\n* ''Rosa'' ([[Peter Greenaway]], 1992, 16min){{cite web|url=https://www.rosas.be/nl/publications/439-rosa|title=Rosa|website=Rosas|date=19 December 2023 }}{{cite web|url=http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0105280/|title=Rosa|via=www.imdb.com}}\n* ''Mozartmateriaal'' (Jurgen Persijn and [[Ana Torfs]], 1993, 52min){{cite web|url=https://www.rosas.be/nl/publications/438-mozart-materiaal|title=Mozart / Materiaal|website=Rosas|date=19 December 2023 }}{{cite web|url=http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0195926/|title=Mozartmateriaal|via=www.imdb.com}}\n* ''Achterland'' (Anne Teresa De Keersmaeker and Herman Van Eyken, 1994, 84min){{cite web|url=https://www.rosas.be/nl/publications/437-achterland|title=Achterland|website=Rosas|date=19 December 2023 }}{{cite web|url=http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0212732/|title=Achterland|via=www.imdb.com}}\n* ''Tippeke'' (Thierry De Mey, 1996, 18min){{cite web|url=https://www.rosas.be/nl/publications/432-tippeke|title=Tippeke|website=Rosas|date=19 December 2023 }}{{cite web|url=http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0272894/|title=Tippeke|via=www.imdb.com}}\n* ''Rosas danst Rosas'' (Thierry De Mey, 1997, 57min){{cite web|url=https://www.rosas.be/nl/publications/431-rosas-danst-rosas|title=Rosas danst Rosas|website=Rosas|date=19 December 2023 }}{{cite web|url=http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0271761/|title=Rosas danst rosas|via=www.imdb.com}}\n* ''Ma mère l'Oye'' (Thierry De Mey, 2001, 28min)\n* ''Fase'' (Thierry De Mey, 2002, 58min)\n* ''Counter Phrases'' (Thierry De Mey, 2004)\n* ''Prélude à la mer'' (Thierry De Mey, 2009, 16min)[\n* ''Early Works - Films and Documentaries'' 4 DVDs / Cinéart, 2012 (Fase, A film by Thierry De Mey, 2002, 58 min - Rosas danst Rosas, A film by Thierry De Mey, 1997, 57 min - Répétitions, A film by Marie André, 1985, 43 min - Hoppla!, A film by Wolfgang Kolb, 1989, 52 min)\n* ''Rain'' (Olivia Rochette en Gerard-Jan Claes, 2012, 83min)\n* ''Work/Travail/Arbeid'' A film installation by Eric De Kuyper (2017)\n* ''Mitten'' (Olivia Rochette en Gerard-Jan Claes, 2019, 53min)\n\n==Sources==\n{{Reflist}}\n{{Refbegin}}\n* {{Citation | title = Giving An Old College Try The Star Treatment | first = Jennifer | last = Dunning | date = 20 September 1998 | journal = [[The New York Times]] | url = https://www.nytimes.com/1998/09/20/arts/dance-giving-an-old-college-try-the-star-treatment.html | postscript =, interview. }}\n{{Refend}}\n\n==External links==\n{{commons category-inline}}\n*[http://www.rosas.be/en/8-anne-teresa-de-keersmaeker Biography on Rosas website]\n*[http://www.rosas.be/ Rosas, Bal Moderne and Dancing Kids!]\n*[https://web.archive.org/web/20050801082531/http://www.ballet.co.uk/magazines/yr_03/nov03/aw_rev_anne_teresa_de_keersmaeker_1003.htm Review of Rosas' performance of de Keersmaeker's ''Once''] by Ann Williams, 19 October 2003\n\n{{Portal|Biography}}\n\n{{Authority control}}\n\n{{DEFAULTSORT:De Keersmaeker, Anne Teresa}}\n[[Category:Belgian choreographers]]\n[[Category:Belgian women choreographers]]\n[[Category:Belgian female dancers]]\n[[Category:Belgian dancers]]\n[[Category:Barons of Belgium]]\n[[Category:Dance directors of La Monnaie]]\n[[Category:1960 births]]\n[[Category:Living people]]\n[[Category:People from Mechelen]]\n[[Category:Tisch School of the Arts alumni]]\n[[Category:Bessie Award winners]]\n[[Category:Members of the Academy of Arts, Berlin]]\n[[Category:Members of the Royal Flemish Academy of Belgium for Science and the Arts]]\n[[Category:Contemporary dancers]]"} +{"title":"Anne Teresa de Keersmaeker","redirect":"Anne Teresa De Keersmaeker"} +{"title":"Antoine Chaudet","redirect":"Antoine-Denis Chaudet"} +{"title":"Apostatic selection","content":"{{short description|Process in evolutionary theory}}\n{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2016}}\n'''Apostatic selection''' is a form of negative [[frequency-dependent selection]]. It describes the survival of individual [[prey]] animals that are different (through [[mutation]]) from their species in a way that makes it more likely for them to be ignored by their [[predator]]s. It operates on [[polymorphism (biology)|polymorphic]] species, species which have different forms. In apostatic selection, the common forms of a species are preyed on more than the rarer forms, giving the rare forms a [[natural selection|selective advantage]] in the population.Oxford University Press. (2013). Oxford Reference. Retrieved 21 November 2013, from Apostatic Selection: http://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/oi/authority.20110803095419471 It has also been discussed that apostatic selection acts to stabilize prey polymorphisms.\n\nThe term \"apostatic selection\" was introduced in 1962 by [[Bryan Clarke]] in reference to predation on polymorphic [[grove snail]]s and since then it has been used as a synonym for negative frequency-dependent selection.Clarke, B. 1962. Balanced polymorphism and the diversity of sympatric species. Pp. 47–70 in D. Nichols ed. Taxonomy and Geography. Systematics Association, Oxford. The behavioural basis of apostatic selection was initially neglected, but was eventually established by A.B Bond.{{Cite journal|last=Cooper|first=J.M|date=May 1984|title=Apostatic Selection on Prey that Match the Background|journal=Biological Journal of the Linnean Society|volume=23|issue=2–3|pages=221–228|doi=10.1111/j.1095-8312.1984.tb00140.x}}\n\nApostatic selection can also apply to the predator if the predator has various morphs. There are multiple concepts that are closely linked with apostatic selection. One is the idea of prey switching, which is another term used to look at a different aspect of the same phenomenon, as well as the concept of a [[search image]]. Search images are relevant to apostatic selection as it is how a predator is able to detect an organism as a possible prey. Apostatic selection is important in [[evolution]] because it can sustain a stable equilibrium of morph frequencies, and hence maintains large amounts of genetic diversity in natural populations.Allen, J.A. (1988) Frequency-dependent selection by predators. Philos. T. Roy. Soc. B 319, 485–503\n\nIt is important to note however, that a rare morph being present in a population does not always mean that apostatic selection will occur, as the rare morph could be targeted at a higher rate. From a predator's view, being able to select for rare morphs actually increases the predator's own fitness.{{Cite journal|last=Rutz|first=Christian|date=8 May 2012|title=Predator Fitness Increases with Selectivity for Odd Prey|journal=Current Biology|volume=22|issue=9|pages=820–824|doi=10.1016/j.cub.2012.03.028|pmid=22503502|doi-access=free}}\n\n==Prey switching==\nIn [[prey switching]], predators switch from primary prey to an alternative food source for various reasons.Suryan, R., Irons, D., & Benson, J. (2000). Prey Switching and Variable Foraging Strategies of Black-Legged Kittiwakes and the Effect on Reproductive Success. The Condor, 374–384. This is related to apostatic selection because when a rare morph is being selected for, it is going to increase in abundance in a specific population until it becomes recognized by a predator. Prey switching, therefore, seems to be a result of apostatic selection. Prey switching is related to prey preference as well as the abundance of the prey.\n\n== Effects on populations ==\nIt has also been determined that apostatic selection causes stabilization of prey polymorphisms due to the limitations of predators' behaviour.{{Cite journal|last=Bond|first=A.B|date=15 August 2007|title=The Evolution of Color Polymorphism: Crypticity, Searching Images, and Apostatic Selection|url=http://digitalcommons.unl.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1051&context=bioscifacpub|journal=Annual Review of Ecology, Evolution, and Systematics|volume=38|pages=489–514|doi=10.1146/annurev.ecolsys.38.091206.095728}} Since the common prey type is more abundant, they should be able to produce more offspring and grow exponentially, at a faster rate then those with the rare morph since they are in much smaller numbers. However, due to the fact that the common morph is preyed upon more frequently, it diminishes their expected rate of reproduction, thus maintaining the population in stable amounts of common and rare morphs. Essentially, unless an environmental change or an evolutionary change in predator or prey occurs, a stable equilibrium is produced.\n\n==Search image==\n[[File:Blue Tit (12416609855).jpg|thumb|upright|[[Blue tit]] searches for insect prey using a [[search image]], leaving scarcer types of prey untouched.]]\n\nA [[search image]] is what an individual uses in order to detect their prey. For the predator to detect something as prey, it must fit their criteria. The rare morph of a species may not fit the search image, and thus not be seen as prey. This gives the rare morphs an advantage, as it takes time for the predator to learn a new search image.{{Cite journal|last1=Fraser|first1=B.A|last2=Hughes|first2=K.A|last3=Tosh|first3=D.N|last4=Rodd|first4=F.H|date=October 2013|title=The role of learning by a predator, Rivulus hartii, in the rare‐morph survival advantage in guppies|journal=Journal of Evolutionary Biology|volume=26|issue=12|pages=2597–2605|doi=10.1111/jeb.12251|pmid=24118199}} Search image shift require multiple encounters with the new form of prey, and since a rare morph is typically not encountered multiple times, especially in a row, the prey is left undetected. An example of this is how a [[Blue tit]] searches for insect prey using a search image, leaving scarcer types of prey untouched. Predatory birds such as insect-eating [[Tit (bird)|tits (''Parus'')]] sometimes look only for a single cryptic type of prey even though there are other equally palatable cryptic prey present at lower density.Dukas, Reuven, Kamil, Alan. (2000). Limited attention: the constraint underlying search image. Behavioral Ecology, 192–199. Luuk Tinbergen proposed that this was because the birds formed a search image, a typical image of a prey that a predator can remember and use to spot prey when that image is common.Tinbergen, L. (1960). The natural control of insects in pine woods. Factors influencing the intensity of predation by songbirds. Arch. Neerl. Zool. 13:265–343. Having a search image can be beneficial because it increases proficiency of a predator in finding a common morph type.Paulson, D. (2013). Predator Polymorphism and Apostatic Selection. Society for the Study of Evolution, 269–277.\n\n==Hypothesis for polymorphism==\nApostatic selection serves as a hypothesis for the persistence of [[Polymorphism (biology)|polymorphism]] in a population because of the variation it maintains in prey. Apostatic selection has been referred to as \"selection for variation in its own sake\". It has been used as an explanation for many types of polymorphism in various species, including diversity in tropical insects. The selective pressure for tropical insects to look as distinct as possible is high because the insects that appear to have the lowest density in a population are the ones that are preyed on the least.Rand, A. S. (1967). Predator–prey interactions and the evolution of aspect diversity. Atas do Simposio sobre a Biota Amaz6nica 5 (Zool.): 73–83.\n\n== Environmental mechanisms ==\nIn order for apostatic selection to occur, and for the rare morph to have an advantage, a variety of criteria need to be met. First, there needs to be polymorphism present. In addition, the prey cannot be present in equal proportions, since then there would not be a benefit to being able to detect either one.{{Cite journal|last1=Merilaita|first1=Sami|last2=Ruxton|first2=Graeme|date=January 2009|title=Optimal apostatic selection: how should predators adjust to variation in prey frequencies?|journal=Animal Behaviour|volume=77|pages=239–245|doi=10.1016/j.anbehav.2008.09.032|s2cid=53175552}} This is related to frequency-dependent predation, where as the predator obtains the greatest advantage from having a search image for the most common type of prey. This causes the most common form of the prey to be the most vulnerable.{{Cite journal|last1=Horst|first1=Jonathan|last2=Venable|first2=D.L|date=January 2018|title=Frequency‐dependent seed predation by rodents on Sonoran Desert winter annual plants|journal=Ecology |volume=99|issue=1|pages=196–203|doi=10.1002/ecy.2066|pmid=29083479|doi-access=}} Changes in prey detection by predators do occur, but the speed in which they occur and the flexibility of a predator's search image depend on the environment.\n\nIf the frequency of the different prey types continuously changes, the predator may not be able to change its behavior at a rate that will provide an advantage. In these situations, the predators who are able to change their search image rapidly or have a flexible search image are able to survive. In relation to apostatic selection, rapid changes in prey frequencies can decrease the advantage of the rare morph if their predators have a broad search image or are able to rapidly change their search image. However, rapid changes in polymorphism frequencies can also be an advantage to the prey with the rare morph. Since long periods of time are generally required for natural selection to act on predators, the degree of flexibility in their search image may not be able to be changed over a short time frame. Therefore, quickly arising rare morphs are favored by apostatic selection if the predators are not able to change their behavior and search image in a short time frame. Thus, this is a biological process that is victim to [[evolutionary time delay]].\n\nApostatic selection is strongest in environments in which prey with the rare morphism match their background.\n\n== Behavioural basis of apostatic selection ==\nIt has been suggested that in frequency-dependent predation, the number of encounters with the prey shapes the predator's ability to detect prey. This is based on the assumption that when the predator is learning foraging behaviour, it is going to obtain the common form of prey most frequently. Since the predator learns from what is most frequently captured, the most common morph is what is identified as prey. Foraging behaviour is shaped by the learned preference, thus causing apostatic selection and conferring a fitness benefit on the rare prey morphs. From this, it was concluded that search image formation and adaption is the mechanism that causes the most common prey type to be most easily distinguished from its environment, and thus be eaten more frequently than rarer types.\n\n==Experimental evidence==\nVarious types of experiments have been done to look into apostatic selection. Some involve artificial prey because it is easier to control external variables in a simulated environment, though using wild specimens increases the study's [[external validity]]. Often a computer screen simulation program is used on animals, such as birds of prey, to detect prey selection.Bond, A., & Kamil, A. (1998). Apostatic selection by blue jays produces balanced polymorphism in virtual prey. Nature, 594–596. Another type looks into how apostatic selection can act on the predator as well as the prey, as predator plumage polymorphism can also be influenced by apostatic selection. They hypothesized that a mutant predator morph will become more abundant in a population due to apostatic selection because the prey will not be able to recognize it as often as the common predator morph.Fowlie, M., & Kruger, O. (2003). The Evolution of plumage polymorphism in birds of prey and owls: the apostatic selection hypothesis revisited. Journal of Evolutionary Biology, 577–583. Apostatic selection has been observed in both humans and animals, proving that it is not exclusive to lower organisms, and the cognition it requires is applicable to all organisms which display learning. Though a lot of this work has been experimental and lab controlled, there are some examples of it happening in both wild specimens and in the natural habitat of the species.\n\nIn [[hawk]]s, almost all polymorphism is found on their ventral side. It allows for less common coloration to be favored since it will be recognized the least. Polymorphism is established by foraging strategies, creating opportunities for apostatic selection. Because of the different morphs and the varying selection on them, prey perception bias maintains prey polymorphism due to apostatic selection.\n\nApostatic selection can be reflected in [[Batesian mimicry]]. [[Aposematism]] and apostatic selection is used to explain defensive signaling like [[Batesian mimicry]] in certain species.Matthews, E. G. (1997). Signal-based frequency-dependent defense strategies and the evolution of mimicry. The American Naturalist, 213–222. A paper by Pfenning et al., 2006 looks into this concept. In allopatric situations, situations where separate species overlap geographically, mimic phenotypes have high fitness and are selected for when their model is present, but when it is absent, they suffer intense predation. In Pfenning's article it was suggested that this is caused by apostatic selection because strength of selection is higher on the mimics that have their original model present.Pfenning, D., Harper, G., Brumo, A., Harcombe, W., & Pfenning, K. (2007). Population differences in predation on batesian mimics in allopatry with their model. Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology, 505–511.\n\nIn Batesian mimicry, if the mimic is less common than the model, then the rare mimic phenotype is selected for because the predator has continued reinforcement that the prey is harmful or unpalatable. As the mimic becomes more common than the model, the situation reverses and the mimic is preyed upon more often. Therefore, dishonest signals in prey can be selected for or against depending on predation pressure.\n\nAn example of apostatic selection by birds was observed by Allen and Clarke (1968) in ground-dwelling passerines when they presented wild birds in their natural habitat with artificial, dimorphic prey.{{Cite journal|date=November 1968|title=Evidence of Apostatic Selection by Wild Passerines|journal=Nature|volume=220|issue=5166|pages=501–502|doi=10.1038/220501a0|pmid=5686173|last1=Allen|first1=John A.|last2=Clarke|first2=Bryan|bibcode=1968Natur.220..501A|s2cid=4201444}} The two colors of prey were presented in 9:1 ratios, and then the prey were switched so both colors had an opportunity to be over or underrepresented. In all four of the passerine species that were observed, the more common morph of the artificial prey was consumed more frequently regardless of its color. This study also had a second component in which they allowed the birds to become familiar with one color of the prey, and then presented the dimorphic prey in equal amounts. In this case, the passerines consumed more of the prey that they were accustomed too. This is consistent with the idea that the search image influences apostatic selection: the familiar form that has been encountered more frequently is the preferred prey.\n\nApostatic selection has also been studied in [[cichlid]] fish, which presents a rare polymorphism: the gold ('Midas') colour morph. Torres-Dowall et al. (2017) discussed how apostatic selection is a plausible mechanism for the maintenance of this Midas morph. They concluded that the rare morph is established by a difference in the predator's probability of detecting the Midas morph.{{Cite journal|last1=Torres-Dowall|first1=Julian|last2=Golcher-Benavides|first2=Jimena|last3=Machado-Schiaffino|first3=Gonzalo|last4=Meyer|first4=Axel|date=September 2017|title=The role of rare morph advantage and conspicuousness in the stable gold‐dark colour polymorphism of a crater lake Midas cichlid fish|url=http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bsz:352-2-38e5m3tn47xv6|journal=Journal of Animal Ecology|volume=86|issue=5|pages=1044–1053|doi=10.1111/1365-2656.12693|pmid=28502118|doi-access=free}} One limitation of this study was that the morphs in the wild were not able to be manipulated.\n\n==See also==\n* [[Frequency-dependent selection]]\n* [[Polymorphism (biology)]]\n\n==References==\n{{reflist}}\n\n[[Category:Behavioral ecology]]\n[[Category:Selection]]"} +{"title":"Architecture Without Architects","content":"{{Short description|1964 book by Bernard Rudofsky}}\n{{italic title}}\n[[image:Architecture without Architects cover.JPG|thumb|right|200px|''Architecture Without Architects'' cover]]\n\n'''''Architecture Without Architects: A Short Introduction to Non-Pedigreed Architecture''''' is a book based on the [[New York City|NYC]] [[Museum of Modern Art|MoMA]] exhibition of the same name by [[Bernard Rudofsky]] originally published in 1964. It provides a demonstration of the artistic, functional, and cultural richness of [[vernacular architecture]].\n\n== Previous research ==\nRudofsky had long been interested in vernacular architecture. In 1931 he completed his dissertation on vernacular concrete architecture on the Greek [[Cyclades]] islands.{{Cite book|title=Eine primitive Betonbauweise auf den südlichen Kykladen, nebst dem Versuch einer Datierung derselben (Begutachter: Siegfried Theiss, Franz Krauss)|last=Rudofsky|first=Bernard|publisher=Dissertation, Wien, Technischen Hochschule|year=1931}} He was convinced that modernism, but especially modern architecture got out of touch with the needs, and sensuality of mankind.\n\n== MoMA exhibition ==\nAfter having curated the highly controversial NYC MoMA-show ''Are Clothes Modern?'', an exhibition where Rudofsky argued that clothing lacked utility, and - due to its highly artificial nature - even had harming effects on the human body,{{Cite news|url=https://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html|title=Are Clothes Modern?|last=Kino|first=Carol|date=2008-02-24|newspaper=The New York Times|access-date=2017-02-16|issn=0362-4331}} Rudofsky developed the exhibition ''Architecture Without Architects'', which ran at MoMA from 11 November 1964 to 7 February 1965.{{Cite web|url=https://www.moma.org/momaorg/shared/pdfs/docs/press_archives/3348/releases/MOMA_1964_0135_1964-12-10_87.pdf?2010|title=Architecture Without Architects. MoMA Press Release|date=7 December 1964}} In 200 enlarged black-and-white-photographs, he showed various kinds of architectures, landscapes, and people living with or within architectures.{{Cite web|url=https://www.moma.org/calendar/exhibitions/3459|title=Architecture Without Architects {{!}} MoMA|website=The Museum of Modern Art|language=en|access-date=2017-02-16}} Shown without texts or explanations, the visitors were just confronted with imagery that showed indigenous building traditions, which were very much at odds with the ideas of architectural modernism which had been promoted through NYC MoMA's [[Philip Johnson]] in his famous 1932 exhibition \"Modern Architecture. International Exhibition\". Although the show was heavily criticised, it became one of the most successful exhibitions in the history of the NYC MoMA.\n\n==See also==\n* [[Vernacular architecture]]\n\n==References==\n{{Reflist}}\n\n[[Category:Museum of Modern Art (New York City) exhibitions]]\n[[Category:1964 non-fiction books]]\n[[Category:Architecture books]]\n[[Category:Vernacular architecture]]\n\n\n{{architecture-book-stub}}"} +{"title":"Argenteuil—Deux-Montagnes","redirect":"Argenteuil—Papineau—Mirabel"} +{"title":"Army of the Pharaohs","content":"{{short description|American hip hop group}}\n\n{{about|the U.S. hip hop group|the military and history topic|military of ancient Egypt}}\n{{Use mdy dates|date=March 2021}}\n\n{{Infobox musical artist\n| name = Army of the Pharaohs\n| image = AOTP 2014.jpg\n| image_upright = 1.1\n| caption = The group in 2014\n| origin = [[Philadelphia]], Pennsylvania, U.S.\n| genre = [[Hip hop music|Hip hop]], [[hardcore hip hop]], [[underground hip hop]], [[conscious hip hop]]\n| years_active = 1998–present
(hiatus 2015–2021)\n| label = [[Babygrande Records|Babygrande]], Enemy Soil\n| associated_acts = [[Jedi Mind Tricks]] (JMT)
[[The Demigodz|Demigodz]] (DGZ)
[[OuterSpace]] (OS)
Official Pistol Gang (OPG)
[[7L & Esoteric]]
[[Snowgoons]]
[[Get Busy Committee]]
Q-Demented (QD)
[[JuJu Mob]] (JM)\n| current_members = [[Apathy (rapper)|Apathy]] ([[The Demigodz|DGZ]])
[[Block McCloud]]
[[Celph Titled]] (DGZ)
[[Crypt the Warchild]] ([[OuterSpace|OS]])
[[Demoz (rapper)|Demoz]] (OPG)
[[Des Devious]] (QD)
[[MC Esoteric|Esoteric]] (DGZ)
[[King Syze]]
[[Planetary (rapper)|Planetary]] (OS)
[[Reef the Lost Cauze]] ([[JuJu Mob|JM]])
[[Vinnie Paz]] ([[Jedi Mind Tricks|JMT]])
[[Zilla (rapper)|Zilla]]\n| past_members = [[7L & Esoteric|7L]]
[[Bahamadia]]
Blacastan (DGZ) (deceased)
[[Chief Kamachi]] (JM)
Faez One
[[Journalist (rapper)|Journalist]]
[[Jus Allah]] (JMT)
[[Stoupe the Enemy of Mankind|Stoupe]] (JMT)
Virtuoso
King Magnetic
[[Doap Nixon]] (OPG)\n| website = \n}}\n[[file:AOTPlogo2014.png|thumb|AOTP logo ''(as seen on [[In Death Reborn]])'']]\n\n'''Army of the Pharaohs''' (most commonly abbreviated as '''AOTP''' or '''A.O.T.P.''') is an American [[underground hip hop]] [[musical collective|collective]] originating from [[Philadelphia]], Pennsylvania, formed by [[Jedi Mind Tricks]] founder [[Vinnie Paz]] in 1998. The collective has strong links to other underground [[East Coast hip hop|east coast]] groups such as [[OuterSpace]], [[Snowgoons]], [[La Coka Nostra]], [[Demigodz]], [[7L & Esoteric]], and [[JuJu Mob]]. AOTP's affiliations and member roster has changed several times since its formation.{{cite web|url=http://www.musicthread.net/2010/12/21/celph-titled-and-buckwild-%E2%80%93-nineteen-ninety-now-album-review/|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130222032557/http://www.musicthread.net/2010/12/21/celph-titled-and-buckwild-%E2%80%93-nineteen-ninety-now-album-review/|url-status=dead|archive-date=February 22, 2013|title=Celph Titled and Buckwild – Nineteen Ninety Now album review|access-date=December 15, 2019}}{{cbignore}}\n\nPaz formed the outfit in the late 1990s with the original roster of [[Bahamadia]], [[Chief Kamachi]], Virtuoso, [[7L & Esoteric]], plus Jedi Mind Tricks' other member [[Stoupe the Enemy of Mankind]]. The group first released the \"Five Perfect Exertions\" and \"War Ensemble\" 12\" on Paz's short-lived Recordings in 1998, but then the underground supergroup remained silent for several years.{{cite web|url=http://www.in.com/jedi-mind-tricks-presents-army-of-the-pharaohs/biography-1968642.html|title=Celebrity Photo Gallery, Celebrity Wallpapers, Celebrity Videos, Bio, News, Songs, Movies|work=in.com|access-date=9 March 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924042738/http://www.in.com/jedi-mind-tricks-presents-army-of-the-pharaohs/biography-1968642.html|archive-date=24 September 2015|url-status=dead}} After a couple of successful Jedi Mind Tricks albums and a new deal with [[Babygrande]] by 2003, Paz resurrected the crew, adding OuterSpace, [[Celph Titled]], [[Reef the Lost Cauze]], [[King Syze]], [[Des Devious]], and [[Apathy (rapper)|Apathy]]; however, Stoupe, Bahamadia, and Virtuoso had defected from the group. Babygrande issued their \"Tear It Down\" 12\" and first album, ''[[The Torture Papers (album)|The Torture Papers]]'', in 2006. The 2007 follow-up album, [[Ritual of Battle]], saw Jus Allah and JMT protégés [[Doap Nixon]] and [[Demoz (rapper)|Demoz]] joining the Pharaohs.[http://www.answers.com/topic/army-of-the-pharaohs Army of the Pharaohs on Answers] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140315031646/http://www.answers.com/topic/army-of-the-pharaohs |date=March 15, 2014 }} Written by Cyril Cordor, Rovi\n\n''[[The Unholy Terror]]'' was released in March 2010.{{cite web|url=http://conspiracyworldwide.podomatic.com/entry/index/2010-10-16T08_06_35-07_00/|title=PodOmatic - Podcast - Conspiracy Worldwide Hip Hop Radio - [Part 1] CREATIVE MINDS SPECIAL w/ Live Guests - Kanye West & G.O.O.D. Music's Big Sean - Celph Titled & Buckwild - Copywrite - Duckdown Records' Black Rob - Blame One - Q Bert - Cutmaster Swift - Sally DMC and more!|work=PodOmatic|access-date=March 9, 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110702170630/http://conspiracyworldwide.podomatic.com/entry/index/2010-10-16T08_06_35-07_00/|archive-date=July 2, 2011|url-status=live}} This album marked the return of Apathy and the addition of two new AOTP members, [[Block McCloud]] and [[Journalist (rapper)|Journalist]]. Two songs, \"[[Godzilla]]\" and \"Contra Mantra\", were released before the album. This album also marked the departure of Chief Kamachi who left the group because of business issues and an apparent feud with Vinnie Paz and Apathy.{{cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qfThwmHbEss|title=Chief Kamachi - First Warning|date=December 7, 2010|work=YouTube|access-date=March 9, 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140628181328/http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qfThwmHbEss|archive-date=June 28, 2014|url-status=live}}\n\nIn early 2011, Paz announced on his Facebook page that ''[[In Death Reborn]]'' is due to be released in 2012, however the date was pushed back and almost seemed like it was never going to be released.{{cite web|url=http://www.facebook.com/shariflacey/posts/4226755398087?comment_id=4066555&offset=0&total_comments=122|title=Sharif Lacey - Sons sleep, its raining, I'm bored. Gonna... - Facebook|website=[[Facebook]] |access-date=March 9, 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160116212603/https://www.facebook.com/shariflacey/posts/4226755398087?comment_id=4066555&offset=0&total_comments=122|archive-date=January 16, 2016|url-status=live}} Early in 2012, Houston underground [[Master of ceremonies|MC]] [[VZilla]] and Connecticut's Blacastan were added to the group. Both artists have made names for themselves with their features and album releases in 2012. ''In Death Reborn'' was eventually released in April 2014.[https://twitter.com/vinnie_paz/status/433367207024664577/photo/1 Vinnie Paz announces official cover and release date for In Death Reborn] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140304215744/https://twitter.com/vinnie_paz/status/433367207024664577/photo/1 |date=March 4, 2014 }} on [[Twitter]] (Accessed: February 14, 2014) The album featured members Vinnie Paz, Apathy, Blacastan, Block McCloud, Celph Titled, Demoz, Des Devious, Doap Nixon, Esoteric, [[Lawrence Arnell]],{{cite web|url=https://www.amazon.com/Death-Reborn-2XLP-Army-Pharaohs/dp/B00IKVM3YM/ref=sr_1_6?s=music&ie=UTF8&qid=1393328302&sr=1-6&keywords=Army+of+the+Pharaohs|title=Amazon.com: Army Of The Pharaohs: In Death Reborn [2XLP][Explicit]: Music|website=Amazon |access-date=March 9, 2015}} King Magnetic, King Syze, OuterSpace, Reef the Lost Cauze and VZilla. Their fifth studio album, ''[[Heavy Lies the Crown (Army of the Pharaohs album)|Heavy Lies the Crown]]'' was released in October 2014.[https://twitter.com/ApathyDGZ/status/497034893042667520 Apathy tweets:] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140819205357/https://twitter.com/ApathyDGZ/status/497034893042667520 |date=August 19, 2014 }} ''10-21-14 ''\n\n==Recording history==\n===1998–2003: The original incarnation of the group===\nThe original incarnation of the group included five [[Master of ceremonies|MC]]s: [[Vinnie Paz]], [[Chief Kamachi]], Esoteric, Virtuoso, and Bahamadia, along with [[Jedi Mind Tricks]] producer [[Stoupe the Enemy of Mankind]]. The group released their debut [[Extended play|EP]]/single \"[[The Five Perfect Exertions b/w War Ensemble]]\" in 1998.{{cite web|url=http://thatrealness.blogspot.co.uk/2008/07/army-of-pharaohs-five-perfect-exertions.html|title=That Realness Is Now Closed!!!|access-date=March 9, 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141129015313/http://thatrealness.blogspot.co.uk/2008/07/army-of-pharaohs-five-perfect-exertions.html|archive-date=November 29, 2014|url-status=live}} Both tracks were later included on Jedi Minds Tricks' 2000 album ''[[Violent by Design]]''; with \"The Five Perfect Exertions\" being remixed into \"Exertions Remix\", and both \"Exertions\" and \"War Ensemble\" shedding Chief Kamachi's appearance. The Army of the Pharaohs project was put on the back-burner while JMT's career took off.{{cite web|url=http://www.last.fm/music/Army+of+the+Pharaohs|title=Army of the Pharaohs|work=Last.fm|access-date=March 9, 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150626153944/http://www.last.fm/music/Army+of+the+Pharaohs|archive-date=June 26, 2015|url-status=live}} In 2003, AOTP released their debut [[compilation album]] ''[[Rare Shit, Collabos and Freestyles]]''.{{cite web |url=http://www.discogs.com/Army-Of-The-Pharaohs-Rare-Shit-Collabos-and-Freestyles/release/810368 |title=Army Of The Pharaohs - Rare Shit, Collabos And Freestyles (CDr) at Discogs |publisher=Discogs.com |access-date=August 18, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150925201734/http://www.discogs.com/Army-Of-The-Pharaohs-Rare-Shit-Collabos-and-Freestyles/release/810368 |archive-date=September 25, 2015 |url-status=live }} It contained various tracks from members of the group.{{cite web|url=http://xhellz.skyrock.com/3107843461-Army-Of-The-Pharaohs-Rare-Shit-Collabos-&-Freestyles.html|title=Son Profil - Xhellz - Skyrock.com|work=Skyrock|access-date=March 9, 2015}}{{Dead link|date=May 2019 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}\n\n===2004–2007: ''Torture Papers'' and ''Ritual of Battle''===\n[[File:ArmyofthePharaohs.jpg|thumb|left|Prominent members of the group, 2006]]\nThe group did not return until 2005, without Virtuoso and Bahamadia. The group was now composed of Paz, Kamachi, [[7L & Esoteric]], [[OuterSpace]], [[Apathy (rapper)|Apathy]], [[Celph Titled]], [[Reef the Lost Cauze]], Des Devious, [[King Syze]] and Faez One. After years of anticipation, the group recorded its first album, ''[[The Torture Papers (album)|The Torture Papers]]''.{{cite web|url=http://www.undergroundhiphop.com/store/detail.asp?UPC=BBG0324CD|title=Army Of The Pharaohs - Ritual Of Battle - tracklisting, reviews, producer|author=Muhammet the Slav|date=May 30, 2014|work=UGHH|access-date=March 9, 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070913222632/http://www.undergroundhiphop.com/store/detail.asp?UPC=BBG0324CD|archive-date=September 13, 2007|url-status=live}} It was released in March 2006 on [[Babygrande Records]]. The album was produced by AOTP affiliates such as DC the MIDI Alien, Undefined, Beyonder, Loptimist, and German producer Shuko. The album includes the singles \"Tear It Down\" and \"Battle Cry\", the former having a music video. The latter was a [[posse cut]] with nine of the group's then ten members. The album entered the top 50 on [[Billboard (magazine)|Billboard]]'s Top Independent Album Chart, and reached #42 on the magazine's Heatseekers chart. An unofficial continuation of ''The Torture Papers'' soon began circulating around the Internet called ''The Bonus Papers''. It was composed of tracks not released on the album as it was thought that the songs didn't fit the artistic design of the album while others were known to have been extremely political and were possibly held back to reduce controversy.[http://slumz.boxden.com/f87/army-pharaohs-bonus-papers-975582/ Army Pharaohs - Bonus Papers] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140221214740/http://slumz.boxden.com/f87/army-pharaohs-bonus-papers-975582/ |date=February 21, 2014 }} (Accessed: March 2005)\n\nArmy of the Pharaohs released another mixtape in 2007 titled [[After Torture There's Pain]]. As the name suggests, it was released as an addition to their debut album; ''[[The Torture Papers (album)|The Torture Papers]]''.{{cite web |author=Publié par Fubar (Sharp Tongue) |url=http://undergroundhardcorerap.blogspot.co.uk/2013/03/army-of-pharaohs-after-torture-theres.html |title=Underground Hardcore Rap: Army of the Pharaohs - After Torture There's Pain (2006) |publisher=Undergroundhardcorerap.blogspot.co.uk |date=March 7, 2013 |access-date=March 1, 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140222201804/http://undergroundhardcorerap.blogspot.co.uk/2013/03/army-of-pharaohs-after-torture-theres.html |archive-date=February 22, 2014 |url-status=live }} The group's second album, ''[[Ritual of Battle]]'', was released on September 25, 2007. ''Ritual of Battle'''s single, \"Bloody Tears\", used a sample taken from the soundtrack of the video game series [[Castlevania]]. The group added four new members for the album: [[Jedi Mind Tricks]] member [[Jus Allah]], [[Doap Nixon]], [[Demoz (rapper)|Demoz]] and King Magnetic. Apathy was not on ''Ritual of Battle'' as he was working on another project with [[Styles of Beyond]].{{cite web|url=http://www.jmthiphop.com/|title=JMTHIPHOP.COM - Official Home of Jedi Mind Tricks, Vinnie Paz, and Army of the Pharaohs|access-date=March 9, 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150309023808/http://www.jmthiphop.com/|archive-date=March 9, 2015|url-status=live}}\n\n===2008–2010: Chief Kamachi feud and ''The Unholy Terror''===\nIn 2008, Chief Kamachi of [[JuJu Mob]] left Army of the Pharaohs due to an apparent feud with [[Vinnie Paz]] and [[Apathy (rapper)|Apathy]]. He released a diss track titled ''First Warning'' taking aim at Paz and Apathy. Apparently, it started over an e-mail Apathy didn't respond to from Kamachi, what was written in the e-mail hasn't been disclosed. Chief Kamachi later went on to saying ''It wasn't nothing personal, it was more or less a business decision.''[http://www.kevinnottingham.com/2010/04/02/chief-kamachi-speaks-on-fallout-with-jedi-mind-tricksaotp-new-album/ Kevin Nottingham interviews Kamachi] {{webarchive|url=https://archive.today/20140209124519/http://www.kevinnottingham.com/2010/04/02/chief-kamachi-speaks-on-fallout-with-jedi-mind-tricksaotp-new-album/ |date=February 9, 2014 }} chief-kamachi-speaks-on-fallout-with-jedi-mind-tricksaotp-new-album{{cite web|url=http://rapmusic.com/threads/chief-kamachi-and-apathy-go-at-it-against-each-other-on-interview.1286616/|title=chief kamachi and apathy go at it against each other on interview ...|work=Rapmusic.com|access-date=March 9, 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402115247/http://rapmusic.com/threads/chief-kamachi-and-apathy-go-at-it-against-each-other-on-interview.1286616/|archive-date=April 2, 2015|url-status=dead}} On May 17, 2009, Apathy mentioned on his [[Myspace]] blog that a new AOTP album was completely finished. ''[[The Unholy Terror]]'' was released on March 30, 2010. This album marked the return of Apathy and the addition of two new AOTP members, [[Block McCloud]] and [[Journalist (rapper)|Journalist]]. Two songs, \"[[Godzilla]]\" and \"Contra Mantra\", were released before the album. This album also marked the departure of Chief Kamachi who left the group because of business issues.\n\n===2011–2014: ''In Death Reborn'' and ''Heavy Lies the Crown''===\nOn December 27, 2011, Paz announced on his Facebook page \"Army of the Pharaohs – ''In Death Reborn'' – 2012\". Early in 2012, Houston underground MC [[V-Zilla]] and Connecticut's Blacastan ([[Demigodz]]) were added to the group. Both artists have made names for themselves with their features and album releases in 2012. It has been said that the album will now be released in 2013 or later. Rumours speculated on Facebook saying that [[Reef the Lost Cauze]] would not appear on the album. However, on November 27, 2013 he tweeted how it's \"bullshit\" and he is going to be on the album.{{cite tweet|user=LostCauze|author=Reef The Lost Cauze|number=405514328344100864|date=November 27, 2013|title=@whut14 its bullshit man.}} The Army of the Pharaohs will reunite for their fourth LP, ''In Death Reborn''.{{cite web|url=http://www.hiphopsite.com/2011/12/25/new-army-of-the-pharoahes-vinnie-paz-projects-due-2012/ |title=New Army Of The Pharaohs & Vinnie Paz Projects Due 2012 « HipHopSite.Com |work=HipHopSite.Com |access-date=March 9, 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130921054637/http://www.hiphopsite.com/2011/12/25/new-army-of-the-pharoahes-vinnie-paz-projects-due-2012/ |archive-date=September 21, 2013 }} In April 2013, the official Facebook page of Army of the Pharaohs posted \"New album is not finished. Don't know when it will be finished. Will let you know when there's a release date. No need for further questions.\"{{cite web|url=https://www.facebook.com/pages/Army-of-the-pharaohs/102733122545?fref=ts|title=Army of the pharaohs|work=Facebook|access-date=March 9, 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160116212603/https://www.facebook.com/pages/Army-of-the-pharaohs/102733122545?fref=ts|archive-date=January 16, 2016|url-status=live}} On June 27, 2013, AOTP frontman [[Vinnie Paz]] tweeted \"New solo EP. New Heavy Metal Kings. New Army of the Pharaohs. all coming within the next year.\"{{cite tweet|user=vinnie_paz|author=Vinnie the Chin|number=350162819003588608|date=June 27, 2013|title=new solo EP. new Heavy Metal Kings. new Army of the Pharaohs. all coming within the next year, fuckos.}}\n\nOn 4, October 2013, Apathy shared; \"''Every AOTP album we've done in the past, we all handed in our verses via email and weren't too hands-on with. This one is different. Every day we've been emailing each other, going over songs... picking beats and showing each other our verses. This might be the best Pharaoh album yet. It definitely is the illest, lyrically. We're all having brotherly competition and trying to murder each other on these songs. It's great. Definite \"A\" game.''\" [https://www.facebook.com/ApathyDGZ/posts/598935880165297?comment_id=5885442¬if_t=comment_mention Apathy updates on In Death Reborn album] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160204074724/https://www.facebook.com/ApathyDGZ/posts/598935880165297?comment_id=5885442¬if_t=comment_mention |date=February 4, 2016 }} \"Something Different\" (October 4, 2013) On November 30, 2013, Vinnie Paz revealed that two new Army of the Pharaohs albums would be released in 2014. ''In Death Reborn'' is slated for an April release, the second LP is expected to drop in November.[https://twitter.com/ApathyDGZ/status/428615558616334336 Apathy tweets:] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140227145641/https://twitter.com/ApathyDGZ/status/428615558616334336 |date=February 27, 2014 }} ''AOTP \"In Death Reborn\". April.'' On February 11, 2014, Celph Titled announced via Facebook that In Death Reborn would be released April 22, 2014.{{cite tweet|user=vinnie_paz|author=Vinnie the Chin|number=433367207024664577|date=February 11, 2014|title=Army of the Pharaohs - In Death Reborn 4.22.14}}\n\nMany members of the group had released, or were working on, other projects around the time of ''In Death Reborn''. This period was dubbed \"The Pharaoh Season\".[http://pinsta.me/tag/ArmyofThePharaohs Pinstame] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150713013340/http://pinsta.me/tag/ArmyofThePharaohs |date=July 13, 2015 }} #PharaohSeason] In promotion for ''In Death Reborn'', Vinnie Paz released ''The Flawless Victory'' mixtape on March 2, 2014.[http://www.merchdirect.com/JediMindTricks/CDs/FlawlessVictoryCD/?productid=17421 Flawless Victory - Vinnie Paz] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141111072311/http://www.merchdirect.com/JediMindTricks/CDs/FlawlessVictoryCD/?productid=17421 |date=November 11, 2014 }} (02) [[Reef the Lost Cauze]] released a collaboration album titled ''Fast Way'' alongside producer Emyd on March 9, 2014.[http://reefthelostcauze.bandcamp.com/album/the-fast-way The Fast Way - Reef the Lost Cauze x Emyd] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150711092256/http://reefthelostcauze.bandcamp.com/album/the-fast-way |date=July 11, 2015 }} (Released: March 9, 2014) Member [[Doap Nixon]] only appeared on the song ''7th Ghost'' from the album, however, he went on to say how he was only featured on one song because he had a lot of personal stuff going on and he is currently working on his fourth studio album ''[[Sour Diesel 2]]'', he stated that there will be more of him on the LP that is due to drop in November.[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=N_OoI_jXtEA&t=2m50s Underground Vault [Update 2] on ''Sour Diesel 2] (Accessed: March 2014) [[King Syze]] released his fourth studio album a month before the album release on March 25 titled ''[[Union Terminology]]'', where he speaks out about working as a [[union trader]].[https://twitter.com/KINGSYZE/status/442357229023678465 King Syze' tweet about his album: Union Terminology] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140321230520/https://twitter.com/KINGSYZE/status/442357229023678465 |date=March 21, 2014 }} (Released: March 25, 2014) [[Apathy (rapper)|Apathy]] pushed back the release date of his upcoming album ''[[Connecticut Casual]]'' from April to June in favour of ''In Death Reborn''.[https://twitter.com/ApathyDGZ/status/426184022449225729 Status on Twitter] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140227145421/https://twitter.com/ApathyDGZ/status/426184022449225729 |date=February 27, 2014 }} by [[Apathy (rapper)]] stating the date for Connecticut Casual is pushed back to June 2014 (Accessed: February 1, 2014) Former Pharaoh [[Jus Allah]] didn't make an appearance on the album as he is currently working on his second studio album ''M.M.A. (Meanest Man Alive)''.{{cite web|url=http://music.meo.pt/album/in-death-reborn-612530|title=Army of the Pharaohs - In Death Reborn|work=MEO Music|access-date=March 9, 2015}}{{Dead link|date=May 2019 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} A week before the release of ''In Death Reborn'', Zilla announced he was working on his fourth studio album titled ''Martyr Musick'' set to be released sometime June 2014.[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3JJVbHr5Cko The Underground Vault] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160204074724/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3JJVbHr5Cko |date=February 4, 2016 }} interview with V-Zilla (April 8, 2014)\n\nOn August 6, 2014, the content was published on the Jedi Mind Tricks website announcing the second AOTP album of the year ''[[Heavy Lies the Crown (Army of the Pharaohs album)|Heavy Lies the Crown]]'' set for a release on October 21, 2014. Six months after [[In Death Reborn]].[http://www.jmthiphop.com/army-of-the-pharaohs-return-with-second-album-in-six-months-heavy-lies-the-crown-on-oct-21st/buxqjxgiqaajvtq/ Heavy Lies the Crown CONFIRMED] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140928043226/http://www.jmthiphop.com/army-of-the-pharaohs-return-with-second-album-in-six-months-heavy-lies-the-crown-on-oct-21st/buxqjxgiqaajvtq/ |date=September 28, 2014 }} (jmthiphop.com)\n\n===2015–2021: Hiatus and fallout among members===\nAs of 2015, the group has been on a hiatus whilst they all focus on their solo careers and other ventures. In a 2018 poll, Jedi Mind Tricks, the group that spawned AOTP scored 43.64% in a comparison with rival hip hop group [[Slum Village]], who scored 56.34% as the [[wiktionary:G.O.A.T.|G.O.A.T.]] rap group in the fourth installment of Ambrosia For Heads' annual battle series features.{{cite web|url=https://ambrosiaforheads.com/2018/04/slum-village-vs-jedi-mind-tricks-vote/|title=Finding The GOAT Group: Slum Village vs. Jedi Mind Tricks. Who Is Better?|first=Ambrosia For|last=Heads|date=April 18, 2018|website=Ambrosia For Heads|access-date=September 13, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180825200444/http://ambrosiaforheads.com/2018/04/slum-village-vs-jedi-mind-tricks-vote/|archive-date=August 25, 2018|url-status=live}}\n\nOn February 13, 2020, King Magnetic released his diss track towards Vinnie Paz entitled \"Be Quiet\", thus removing himself from the collective.{{cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-3T6dzzqYuY |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211213/-3T6dzzqYuY |archive-date=2021-12-13 |url-status=live|title=King Magnetic \"Be Quiet\" (Vinnie Paz Diss) |publisher=YouTube |access-date=February 15, 2020}}{{cbignore}} The next day on February 14, 2020, Doap Nixon subsequently released another diss track towards Paz entitled \"Leg Shot\" on the same day as Paz's fourth studio album ''As Above So Below'', thus removing himself from the collective as well.{{cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=d29jf4ojDIk |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211213/d29jf4ojDIk |archive-date=2021-12-13 |url-status=live|title=Leg Shot: Vinnie Paz Diss - Doap Nixon |publisher=YouTube |access-date=February 15, 2020}}{{cbignore}} Within their tracks, they both announced their departure from the supergroup.{{cite web|url=https://www.siccness.net/wp/doap-nixon-leg-shot-vinnie-paz-diss|title=Doap Nixon Leg Shot Vinnie Pas Diss|work=www.siccness.net|date=February 14, 2020 |access-date=February 15, 2020}} The issues between the pair and Paz supposedly started in 2009 with numerous trivial matters which were all squashed in 2015. Magnetic caught up with Paz after his 2016 Jedi Mind Tricks show in Albuquerque, New Mexico and agreed to put aside the differences they had. Unfortunately however, with Nixon's release of ''Sour Diesel II'', Paz threatened to remove his lyrics and track contributions on the album unless Nixon removed King Magnetic's verses from his album. This is what resulted in the releases of the diss track \"Be Quiet\" by Magnetic which was supposedly recorded many years earlier.{{cite web|url=https://respect-mag.com/2020/02/whatsbeef-king-magnetic-be-quiet-vinnie-paz-diss/ |title=#WHATSBEEF: King Magnetic - \"Be Quiet (Vinnie Paz Diss)\" | RESPECT |date=February 14, 2020 |publisher=Respect-mag.com |access-date=February 15, 2020}} \n\n===2022–present: Death of Blacastan===\nIn February 2022, it was reported that AOTP member Blacastan had died.{{Cite web|url=https://ambrosiaforheads.com/2022/02/blacastan-obituary/|title=AOTP & Demigodz Member Blacastan Has Passed Away|website=ambrosiaforheads.com}} As a result, members; Apathy, Celph Titled, Esoteric, Vinnie Paz, Crypt the Warchild, and Planetary reconnected again as Army of the Pharaohs to release the single \"Blac Prime Minister\" in May 2022 to pay tribute to Blacastan.{{Cite web|url=https://grownuprap.com/2022/05/10/army-of-the-pharaohs-blac-prime-minister/|title=Army of The Pharaohs - 'Blac Prime Minister'|date=May 10, 2022}} This would be the first time after 8 years members performed as AOTP. The last time being with the release of their fifth studio album, ''Heavy Lies the Crown'', in 2014.{{Cite web|url=https://undergroundhiphopblog.com/singles/army-of-the-pharaohs-pay-their-final-respects-to-the-blac-prime-minister/|title=Army of the Pharaohs Pay Their Final Respects to the \"Blac Prime Minister\"|first=Legends Will Never|last=Die|date=May 6, 2022}}\n\n==Album appearances==\n{|class=\"wikitable sortable\"\n|-\n! style=\"width:17%;\"| Rapper\n! style=\"width:10%;\"| ''[[The Torture Papers (album)|The Torture Papers]]'' (2006)\n! style=\"width:10%;\"| ''[[Ritual of Battle]]'' (2007)\n! style=\"width:10%;\"| ''[[The Unholy Terror]]'' (2010)\n! style=\"width:10%;\"| ''[[In Death Reborn]]'' (2014)\n! style=\"width:10%;\"| ''[[Heavy Lies the Crown (Army of the Pharaohs album)|Heavy Lies the Crown]]'' (2014)\n|-\n| [[Vinnie Paz]]\n| {{yes}}\n| {{yes}}\n| {{yes}}\n| {{yes}}\n| {{yes}}\n|-\n| [[Celph Titled]]\n| {{yes}}\n| {{yes}}\n| {{yes}}\n| {{yes}}\n| {{yes}}\n|-\n| [[Crypt the Warchild]]\n| {{yes}}\n| {{yes}}\n| {{yes}}\n| {{yes}}\n| {{yes}}\n|-\n| Des Devious\n| {{yes}}\n| {{yes}}\n| {{yes}}\n| {{yes}}\n| {{yes}}\n|-\n| [[MC Esoteric|Esoteric]]\n| {{yes}}\n| {{yes}}\n| {{yes}}\n| {{yes}}\n| {{yes}}\n|-\n| [[King Syze]]\n| {{yes}}\n| {{yes}}\n| {{yes}}\n| {{yes}}\n| {{yes}}\n|-\n| [[Planetary (rapper)|Planetary]]\n| {{yes}}\n| {{yes}}\n| {{yes}}\n| {{yes}}\n| {{yes}}\n|-\n| [[Reef the Lost Cauze]]\n| {{yes}}\n| {{yes}}\n| {{yes}}\n| {{Yes}}{{cite tweet|user=vinnie_paz|author=Vinnie the Chin|number=426360939710251008|date=January 23, 2014|title=@JohnJScanlon3 Reef is on mad songs}}\n| {{Yes}}\n|-\n| [[Apathy (rapper)|Apathy]]\n| {{yes}}\n| {{no}}\n| {{yes}}\n| {{yes}}\n| {{yes}}\n|-\n| Demoz (rapper)\n| {{no}}\n| {{yes}}\n| {{yes}}\n| {{yes}}\n| {{yes}}\n|-\n| [[Doap Nixon]]\n| {{no}}\n| {{yes}}\n| {{yes}}\n| {{yes}}\n| {{yes}}\n|-\n| Block McCloud\n| {{no}}\n| {{no}}\n| {{yes}}\n| {{yes}}\n| {{yes}}\n|-\n| Blacastan\n| {{no}}\n| {{no}}\n| {{no}}\n| {{yes}}\n| {{yes}}\n|-\n| [[Zilla (rapper)|Zilla]]\n| {{no}}\n| {{no}}\n| {{no}}\n| {{yes}}\n| {{yes}}\n|-\n| [[Lawrence Arnell]]\n| {{no}}\n| {{no}}\n| {{no}}\n| {{yes}}\n| {{yes}}\n|-\n| King Magnetic\n| {{no}}\n| {{yes}}\n| {{yes}}\n| {{yes}}\n| {{no}}\n|-\n| [[Jus Allah]]\n| {{no}}\n| {{yes}}\n| {{yes}}\n| {{no}}\n| {{no}}\n|-\n| [[Chief Kamachi]]\n| {{yes}}\n| {{yes}}\n| {{no}}\n| {{no}}\n| {{no}}\n|-\n| Faez One\n| {{yes}}\n| {{no}}\n| {{no}}\n| {{no}}\n| {{no}}\n|-\n| [[Journalist (rapper)|Journalist]]\n| {{no}}\n| {{no}}\n| {{yes}}\n| {{no}}\n| {{no}}\n|}\n\n==Members==\n{{Main|List of Army of the Pharaohs members}}\n\n==Discography==\n{{Main|Army of the Pharaohs discography}}\n\n===Albums===\n* 2006: ''[[The Torture Papers (album)|The Torture Papers]]''\n* 2007: ''[[Ritual of Battle]]''\n* 2010: ''[[The Unholy Terror]]''{{cite web |url=http://www.undergroundhiphop.com/store/detail.asp?=Army-Of-The-Pharaohs-Vinnie-Paz-Esoteric-Outerspace-Apathy-Celph-Titled-Reef-King-Syze-The-Unholy-Terror-Enemy-Soil-Records&UPC=IHI023CD |title=Army Of The Pharaohs - The Unholy Terror - Audio CD - Underground Hip Hop - Store |publisher=Underground Hip Hop |access-date=October 4, 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110513160535/http://www.undergroundhiphop.com/store/detail.asp?=Army-Of-The-Pharaohs-Vinnie-Paz-Esoteric-Outerspace-Apathy-Celph-Titled-Reef-King-Syze-The-Unholy-Terror-Enemy-Soil-Records&UPC=IHI023CD |archive-date=May 13, 2011 |url-status=live }} \n* 2014: ''[[In Death Reborn]]''{{cite web|url=http://www.hiphopsite.com/2011/12/25/new-army-of-the-pharoahes-vinnie-paz-projects-due-2012 |title=Army Of The Pharaohs - In Death Reborn originally due 2012 - Still not released - |publisher=Hip Hop Site |access-date=May 4, 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130921054637/http://www.hiphopsite.com/2011/12/25/new-army-of-the-pharoahes-vinnie-paz-projects-due-2012/ |archive-date=September 21, 2013 }}\n* 2014: ''[[Heavy Lies the Crown (Army of the Pharaohs album)|Heavy Lies the Crown]]''\n\n===EPs===\n* 1998: ''[[The Five Perfect Exertions]]''\n* 2022: ''[[Black Prime Minister]]''\n\n===Compilations===\n* 2003: ''[[Rare Shit, Collabos and Freestyles]]''\n* 2011: ''[[Babygrande]] presents: [[The Pharaoh Philes]]''{{cite web |url=http://www.discogs.com/Army-Of-The-Pharaohs-Babygrande-Presents-The-Pharaoh-Philes/release/3375035 |title=Army Of The Pharaohs - Babygrande Presents The Pharaoh Philes (File, MP3) at Discogs |publisher=Discogs.com |date=June 8, 2011 |access-date=August 18, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160203102508/http://www.discogs.com/Army-Of-The-Pharaohs-Babygrande-Presents-The-Pharaoh-Philes/release/3375035 |archive-date=February 3, 2016 |url-status=live }}\n* 2016: ''[[Jedi Mind Tricks]] presents: The Best of Army of the Pharaohs''{{cite web |url=https://www.discogs.com/Army-Of-The-Pharaohs-The-Best-Of-Army-Of-The-Pharaohs/release/9567789 |title=Army Of The Pharaohs – The Best Of Army Of The Pharaohs at Discogs |publisher=Discogs.com |access-date=August 27, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180827142513/https://www.discogs.com/Army-Of-The-Pharaohs-The-Best-Of-Army-Of-The-Pharaohs/release/9567789 |archive-date=August 27, 2018 |url-status=live }}\n\n===Mixtapes===\n* 2006: ''The Bonus Papers''{{cite web|url=http://slumz.boxden.com/f87/army-pharaohs-bonus-papers-975582/|title=Army of the Pharaohs - The Bonus Papers|access-date=March 9, 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140221214740/http://slumz.boxden.com/f87/army-pharaohs-bonus-papers-975582/|archive-date=February 21, 2014|url-status=live}}\n* 2007: ''[[After Torture There's Pain]]''\n\n==References==\n{{Reflist}}\n\n==External links==\n* [http://www.armyofthepharaohs.com Official AOTP site]\n* [https://web.archive.org/web/20101026014936/http://www.enemysoil.com/artists/army-of-the-pharaohs Enemy Soil AOTP page] (archived)\n* [http://www.babygrande.com Babygrande website]\n\n{{Army of the Pharaohs |state=expanded}}\n{{Jedi Mind Tricks}}\n{{OuterSpace}}\n{{Vinnie Paz}}\n{{Apathy}}\n{{Celph Titled}}\n{{Reef the Lost Cauze}}\n{{King Syze}}\n{{Doap Nixon}}\n{{MC Esoteric}}\n\n{{Authority control}}\n\n[[Category:American hip hop groups]]\n[[Category:Musical groups from Pennsylvania]]\n[[Category:Rappers from Philadelphia]]\n[[Category:Hip hop collectives]]\n[[Category:Musical groups from Philadelphia]]\n[[Category:Hip hop groups from Philadelphia]]\n[[Category:Hip hop supergroups]]\n[[Category:Underground hip hop groups]]\n[[Category:Musical groups established in 1998]]\n[[Category:1998 establishments in Pennsylvania]]\n[[Category:Hardcore hip hop groups]]\n[[Category:Horrorcore groups]]"} +{"title":"Ashland Global","content":"{{short description|American chemical company}}\n{{Infobox company\n| name = Ashland Global Holdings, Inc.\n| logo = Ashland 4color process.png\n| logo_size = 250px\n| type = [[Public company|Public]]\n| traded_as = {{NYSE|ASH}}
[[List of S&P 400 companies|S&P 400 Component]]\n| foundation = 1924\n| location = [[Wilmington, Delaware]], [[United States| U.S.]]\n| key_people = [[Chairman of the Board]], Guillermo Novo ([[CEO]])\n| industry = [[Manufacturing]] & [[Chemical]] [[Distribution (marketing)|Distribution]]\n| products = [[Chemical substance|Chemicals]]
[[Plastic]]s
[[Product (business)|Products]]
[[Departmentalization|Specialized Products]]
[[Service (economics)|Services]]\n| revenue = {{nowrap|{{decrease}} US$ 4.948 billion (FY 2016)\n{{cite web|url=https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1674862/000167486216000008/a9302016ash10k.htm |title=Ashland, Form 10-K, Annual Report, Filing Date Nov 21, 2016 |publisher=sec.gov |access-date =September 7, 2017}}}}\n| operating_income = {{decrease}} US$ $327 million (FY 2016)\n| net_income = {{decrease}} US$ -$29 million (FY 2016)\n| assets = {{decrease}} US$ 3.16 billion (FY 2016)\n| equity = {{decrease}} US$ 57 million (FY 2016)\n| num_employees = 6,500{{Cite web|url=http://fortune.com/fortune500/ashland-global-holdings/|title=Ashland Global Holdings|website=Fortune|access-date=2019-02-28|archive-date=2020-03-01|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200301153503/https://fortune.com/fortune500/ashland-global-holdings/|url-status=dead}}\n| num_employees_year = 2017\n| homepage = {{URL|http://www.ashland.com/}}\n}}\n\n'''Ashland Inc.''' is an American chemical company [[headquartered]] in [[Wilmington, Delaware]]. The company traces its roots back to the city of [[Ashland, Kentucky]], where it was headquartered from 1924 to 1999. The company has five wholly owned divisions, which include Chemical Intermediates and Solvents, Composites, Industrial Specialties, Personal and Home Care, & Pharmaceuticals, Food and Beverage, and Agriculture. Until 2017, the company was the primary manufacturer of [[Valvoline]].\n\n==History==\n\n===Founding and early years===\nAshland was founded in 1924 as the '''Ashland Refining Company''' in [[Catlettsburg, Kentucky]], by [[Paul G. Blazer]].{{cite web\n |title=Corporate History\n |publisher=Ashland Inc.\n |year=2007\n |url=http://www.ashland.com/press_room/corporate_history.asp\n |access-date=2007-05-08\n |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070509034327/http://www.ashland.com/press_room/corporate_history.asp\n |archive-date=9 May 2007\n |url-status=dead\n}}\n\nIn October 1923, J. Fred Miles of the Swiss Oil [[Company]] of [[Lexington, Kentucky]]{{cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8eFSK4o--M0C&q=kentucky+press+association+kentuckian+of+the+year&pg=PA87 | title=John E. Kleber Editor-in Chief, ''The Kentucky Encyclopedia: Blazer, Paul Garrett'' (Lexington : University of Kentucky Press, 1992)Page 87| isbn=0813128838| last1=Kleber| first1=John E.}} employed Paul G. Blazer and assigned him the task of locating, purchasing and operating a refinery in northeastern Kentucky. Blazer selected a location on the banks of the [[Big Sandy River (Ohio River)|Big Sandy River]] approximately two miles south of the [[Ohio River]] near the community of Leach Railroad Station, Kentucky. One mile south of the city of Catlettsburg, the site contained an existing refinery which was purchased by Blazer which had been in operation since 1916. The Catlettsburg site was advantageous due to its location near the Ohio River and offered an efficient means of transportation for the fledgling company. With funds supplied by Swiss Oil, Blazer arranged to buy, at a price of $212,500, the small unprofitable 1,000 barrel per day refinery of Great Eastern Refining Company which had been owned by coal operators in [[Huntington, West Virginia]]. With the purchase of the refinery came a small towboat and oil barge.{{cite book | url=http://kykinfolk.com/kyboyd/general/Speech/1956Speech.pdf | title=\"E Pluribus Unum!\" \"One Out of Many\" An Oil Company Grows Through Acquisitions, An Address at Lexington by member Paul G. Blazer, American Newcomen Society, copyright 1956 Page 9 | access-date=2014-10-04 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081201150913/http://kykinfolk.com/kyboyd/general/Speech/1956Speech.pdf | archive-date=2008-12-01 | url-status=dead }}\n\nOn February 2, 1924, Blazer and three Swiss Oil executives incorporated Ashland Refining Company, with a capital of $250,000. They took over the operations of the [[Catlettsburg Refinery]] which had twenty-five employees who were working seven days per week and twelve hours per day. Blazer moved from Lexington to Ashland. The only member of the Swiss Oil organization to come to Ashland with Blazer was Ashland Refining Company's first treasurer, William Waples.\n\nAshland's refinery operations in Catlettsburg proved to be successful even from the very first month. Wages were increased and the hours of work were reduced. After making repairs and purchasing some new, modern equipment, the refinery soon had output of 500,000 barrels a year (1370 barrels per calendar day) and sales of $1,300,000. In only a few years, the Ashland Refining Company began to show larger returns than the parent company.\nAshland Refining Co. grew rapidly through both internal expansion and acquisitions including Union Gas and Oil Company (1925), Tri-State Refining Company (1930), and Cumberland Pipeline Company (1931).{{cite web | url=http://www.virginia.edu/igpr/APAG/apagoilhistory.html | title= Ashland Inc. History: Petroleum Archives Project - Arabian Peninsula & Gulf Studies Program - University of Virginia - Prepared with support from The Kuwait Foundation for the Advancement of Sciences}}\n\nBy 1933, Ashland Refining Company owned more than 1,000 wells, 800 miles of pipelines, bulk distribution plants in twelve cities, service stations, river transportation terminals and river equipment. In 1936, under Blazer's leadership, the company's ownership changed from Swiss Oil to the Ashland Oil and Refining Company shareholder group and was headquartered in Ashland, Kentucky. Blazer was appointed Chief Executive Officer of the company.\n\nBlazer's success as manager was recognized by major stockholders. They gave him the power to run Ashland as his own operation, though at no point during his tenure as Chief Executive Officer (1936–1957) did he own a controlling interest in the company.{{cite book | url= https://books.google.com/books?id=8eFSK4o--M0C&q=kentucky+press+association+kentuckian+of+the+year&pg=PA37| title=John E. Kleber Editor-in Chief, ''The Kentucky Encyclopedia: Ashland Oil, Inc.'' (Lexington : University of Kentucky Press, 1992)Page 37| isbn=0813128838| last1=Kleber| first1=John E.}}\n\nBlazer's philosophy of supporting the well-being of company employees was evident early on. Two of his early changes were offering employees' sick leave with full pay, and in 1947 the introduction of an employee profit-sharing plan. This move made the company one of the first in the region to offer such benefits. Blazer supported creative arts and invited nearby Greenup County educator and internationally acclaimed author [[Jesse Stuart]] to open each annual meeting with a story, a poem, or a bit of humor. He also was a pastor at his local church.\n\n===Post-World War II===\n\nAfter the end of [[World War II]], Ashland teamed with [[Sperry Corporation]] to develop the introduction of radar on commercial river vessels and teamed with various shipyards to develop the integrated tow. The \"jumbo\" tank barge of 195 ft. by 35 ft. became the industry standard and was used by Ashland. Under Blazer's control, the company grew to become a [[Forbes 500]] company by relying on barges to bring in [[crude oil]] and deliver refined products to independent marketers.{{cite web | url=http://www.mississippirivermuseum.com/features_halloffame_detail.cfm?memberID=83 | title= National Mississippi River Museum & Aquarium - Achievement Award Winners - Robert \"Bob\" L. Gray}} In the process, Ashland soon operated the nation's largest inland towing fleet{{cite web | url=http://www.mississippirivermuseum.com/features_halloffame_detail.cfm?memberID=93 | title= National Mississippi River Museum & Aquarium - Achievement Award Winners - William J. Hull}} and in 1953 the [[Port of Huntington-Tristate]] exceeded Pittsburgh as the busiest port on the Ohio River{{cite web | url=http://www.iwr.usace.army.mil/Portals/70/docs/iwrreports/IWR004-002287-002364.pdf | title=Michael C. Robinson: National Waterways Study – U.S. Army Engineer Water Resources Support Center – Institute for Water Resources: History of Navigation in the Ohio River Basin 1983 Page 39}} and the busiest inland port in the United States, a title it retains to date.\n\nAshland Oil & Refining Company also grew through many acquisitions such as the Allied Oil Company (1948), Cleveland and Lakeland Tankers (1948), Aetna Oil Company (1949), Freedom-Valvoline Company (1950), Frontier Oil of Buffalo (1950) and National Refining Company (1950).\n\nBy 1953, Ashland Oil and Refining Company had 3,518 miles of crude oil pipelines, 252 miles of product lines, six refineries processing an average of 124,000 barrels a day, operated nine tow boats on the inland waterways, and owned over 100 barges.\nAlthough still involved as chairman of Ashland's Finance Committee and Executive Committee, Blazer stepped down as Chief Executive Officer in 1957.\n\nLouisville Refining Company was purchased in 1959. United Carbon was purchased in 1963.\n\nIn 1966, Ashland Oil and Refinery Company, Inc.'s sales had grown to $699,000,000.\n\nDiversification continued with the purchase of Warren Brothers in 1966, which later was to become Ashland Paving and Construction. A major leap into the chemical industry occurred in 1967 when Ashland purchased ADM Chemical Group. This chemical distribution segment of the business would go on to be one of the primary functions of the company in the later part of the 20th century. In 1969, the company reorganized to form Ashland Petroleum with [[Robert T. McCowan]] as its first president,{{cite news |title=News from Ashland |agency=Ashland, Inc. |publisher=Public Affairs Department |date=June 12, 1980}} as well as entering into a joint venture in [[Coal mining]] under the name [[Arch Coal|Arch Mineral]].\n\n===1980s-1990s===\nIn the 1980s and early 1990s, Ashland continued to expand, buying The Permian Corporation which it merged with [[Scurlock Oil Company]] in 1991 to form a subsidiary known as Scurlock Permian Corporation. In 1992, most of [[Unocal Corporation|Unocal]]'s chemical distribution business was acquired, making Ashland the top chemical distributor in North America. At this time, the Industrial Chemicals & Solvents (IC&S) division was established. The company's name was changed from \"Ashland Oil, Incorporated\" to the present \"Ashland, Inc.\" in 1995, which noted the reduced importance of oil in the overall business.{{cite web|url=http://edgar.secdatabase.com/2554/769494000027/filing-main.htm |title=Ashland, Form 10-K, Annual Report, Filing Date Dec 8, 1994 |publisher=secdatabase.com |access-date =January 15, 2013}}\n\nIn 1998, the petroleum division merged with [[Marathon Oil]] to form [[Marathon Petroleum|Marathon Ashland Petroleum, LLC]] (MAP).{{cite web|url=http://edgar.secdatabase.com/826/769497000298/filing-main.htm |title=Ashland, Form 8-K, Current Report, Filing Date Dec 12, 1997 |publisher=secdatabase.com |access-date =January 15, 2013}} Following that in 1999, Ashland was #102 on the ''Fortune 200'' list of companies when it agreed to sell its Scurlock Permian subsidiary to [[Plains All American Pipeline]] and the headquarters were moved from Ashland to [[Covington, Kentucky]], although the company maintained an office building in Russell, adjacent to Ashland.{{cite web|url=http://edgar.secdatabase.com/1784/89924399001186/filing-main.htm |title=Plains All American Pipeline, Form 8-K, Current Report, Filing Date May 27, 1999 |publisher=secdatabase.com |access-date =January 15, 2013}}{{cite web|url=http://www.bizjournals.com/louisville/stories/1998/07/13/daily15.html|title=Ashland Inc. to move headquarters to Covington, Ky. - Louisville - Louisville Business First}} A monumental change came in 2005, when Ashland sold its shares of the petroleum joint venture to Marathon Oil,{{cite web|url=http://edgar.secdatabase.com/1042/769405000191/filing-main.htm |title=Ashland, Form 8-K, Current Report, Filing Date Jun 29, 2005 |publisher=secdatabase.com |access-date =January 15, 2013}} effectively dissolving the remnants of their petroleum division. After the sale, the company was no longer involved in the refining or marketing of fuels. The [[Catlettsburg Refinery|original oil refinery]] in [[Catlettsburg, Kentucky]], is still in operation to date, owned and operated by Marathon. In 2006, Ashland sold APAC (the paving and construction division) to the Oldcastle Materials subsidiary of Oldcastle, Inc. of [[Dublin, Ireland]].{{cite web|url=http://edgar.secdatabase.com/2871/130501406000214/filing-main.htm |title=Ashland, Form 8-K, Current Report, Filing Date Aug 21, 2006 |publisher=secdatabase.com |access-date =January 15, 2013}}\n\n===Recent years===\n\nAshland purchased the adhesive and emulsions divisions of [[Air Products & Chemicals|Air Products and Chemicals, Inc.]] in 2008.{{cite web|url=http://pdf.secdatabase.com/2466/0001305014-08-000142.pdf |title=Ashland, Form 8-K, Current Report, Filing Date Jun 9, 2008 |publisher=secdatabase.com |access-date =January 15, 2013}}{{Cite news |url=http://news.cincinnati.com/apps/pbcs.dll/article?AID=/20080701/BIZ01/307010009/1076/BIZ |title=Ashland buys business for $92M |date=July 1, 2008 |newspaper=[[Cincinnati Enquirer]] }}\n\nAshland announced plans to acquire [[Hercules Inc.|Hercules, Inc.]] on July 11, 2008, for $3.3B.{{cite web|url=http://edgar.secdatabase.com/2689/119312508150274/filing-main.htm |title=Ashland, Form 8-K, Current Report, Filing Date Jul 14, 2008 |publisher=secdatabase.com |access-date =January 15, 2013}} On November 13, 2008, the transaction was completed.{{cite web|url=http://pdf.secdatabase.com/2630/0001305014-08-000306.pdf |title=Ashland, Form 8-K, Current Report, Filing Date Nov 14, 2008 |publisher=secdatabase.com |access-date =January 15, 2013}}\n\nIn July 2010 Ashland merged its foundry chemicals activity with Süd-Chemie of [[Munich, Germany]], to form ASK Chemicals L.P. with headquarters in [[Dublin, Ohio]].\n\nIn November 2010 Ashland announced plans to sell its distribution business known as Ashland Distribution to TPG Capital for $930 Million.{{cite web|url=http://edgar.secdatabase.com/1174/95015710002019/filing-main.htm |title=Ashland, Form 8-K, Current Report, Filing Date Nov 10, 2010 |publisher=secdatabase.com |access-date =January 15, 2013}} The Ashland Distribution business had been a part of Ashland since 1969 when it was known as Ashland Chemical. With revenues of $3.4 billion, the Ashland Distribution business had approximately 2,000 employees across North America and Europe, and entered the China plastics market in 2009. The sale was finalized April 1, 2011, with a final sale price of US$979 million. The new privately held company was named Nexeo Solutions, which was subsequestly purchased by Univar in 2019 to create [[Univar Solutions]].{{cite web|url=http://pdf.secdatabase.com/392/0001305014-11-000067.pdf |title=Ashland, Form 10-Q, Quarterly Report, Filing Date Aug 5, 2011 |publisher=secdatabase.com |access-date =January 15, 2013}}{{Cite web|title=Nexeo Solutions {{!}} Acquisition Notice|url=https://www.nexeosolutions.com/|access-date=2021-09-03|website=www.nexeosolutions.com}}\n\nIn May 2011 Ashland announced that it had bought the privately owned company International Specialty Products, Inc. (ISP) for $3.2 billion. ISP is a supplier of specialty chemicals and performance-enhancing products for consumer and industrial markets.{{cite web|url=http://edgar.secdatabase.com/881/95015711000393/filing-main.htm |title=Ashland, Form 8-K, Current Report, Filing Date May 31, 2011 |publisher=secdatabase.com |access-date =January 15, 2013}}\n\nIn 2014, Ashland Water Technologies was sold to a private equity fund managed by [[Clayton, Dubilier & Rice]].{{Cite web|url=https://solenis.com/en/news-events/news/solenis-new-name-ashland-water-technologies/|title=Solenis is the New Name for Ashland Water Technologies |date=August 1, 2014 |website=Solenis}}\n\nIn May 2017, Ashland spun off its Valvoline business as [[Valvoline Inc.|Valvoline, Inc.]] (NYSE:VVV), the final step of reorganizing itself as a global specialty chemicals company.{{Cite news |url=https://www.bizjournals.com/cincinnati/news/2017/05/15/greater-cincinnati-public-company-completes-split.html |first=Erin |last=Caproni |title=Greater Cincinnati public company completes split |date=May 15, 2017 |newspaper=[[Cincinnati Business Journal]] }}\n\nIn January 2019, Ashland struck a deal with activist investor Cruiser Capital Advisors, which had planned to mount a proxy fight to replace four board directors. Instead, the two parties reached an agreement involving a consulting role for one of Cruiser's director nominees and more input regarding future board appointees.{{Cite web|url=https://investor.ashland.com/news-releases/news-release-details/ashland-announces-agreement-cruiser-capital|title=Ashland announces agreement with Cruiser Capital|website=Ashland Global Holdings Inc.|language=en|access-date=2019-01-28}}\n\nIn October 2019, Ashland announced Guillermo Novo would succeed William A. Wulfsohn as chairman and chief executive officer\n\n==See also== \n* [[List of S&P 400 companies]]\n\n==References==\n{{reflist}}\n\n==External links==\n* [http://www.ashland.com Ashland official website]\n{{Finance links\n| name = Ashland Global\n| symbol = ASH\n| reuters = ASH.N\n| bloomberg = ASH:US\n| sec_cik = ASH\n| yahoo = ASH\n| google = ASH\n| nasdaq = ASH\n}}\n\n{{S&P 400 companies}}\n{{Authority control}}\n\n[[Category:Chemical companies of the United States]]\n[[Category:Plastics companies of the United States]]\n[[Category:Manufacturing companies based in Kentucky]]\n[[Category:Companies based in Wilmington, Delaware]]\n[[Category:Covington, Kentucky]]\n[[Category:American companies established in 1924]]\n[[Category:Chemical companies established in 1924]]\n[[Category:1924 establishments in Kentucky]]\n[[Category:Companies listed on the New York Stock Exchange]]\n[[Category:Ashland, Kentucky]]"} +{"title":"Ashland Oil","redirect":"Ashland Global"} +{"title":"At The Circus","redirect":"At the Circus"} +{"title":"Automobles","redirect":"Car"} +{"title":"Banshu","redirect":"Banshū"} +{"title":"Banshu Province","redirect":"Harima Province"} +{"title":"Battle River—Camrose","content":"\n'''Battle River—Camrose''' was a federal [[electoral district (Canada)|electoral district]] in [[Alberta]], Canada, that was represented in the [[House of Commons of Canada]] from 1953 to 1968.\n\nThis riding was created in 1952 from parts of [[Battle River (electoral district)|Battle River]], and [[Camrose (federal electoral district)|Camrose]] [[Riding (division)|ridings]]. It was abolished in 1966 when it was redistributed into [[Battle River (electoral district)|Battle River]], [[Vegreville (federal electoral district)|Vegreville]] and [[Wetaskiwin (federal electoral district)|Wetaskiwin]] ridings.\n\n==Election results==\n\n{{Canadian election result/top|CA|1953}}\n{{CANelec|CA|Social Credit|[[Robert Fair (Canadian politician)|Robert Fair]] |9,238}}\n{{CANelec|CA|Liberal|F. Clifford Saville|4,531}}\n{{CANelec|CA|CCF|Alfred O. Arnston|2,261}}\n{{CANelec|CA|PC|Chalres H. McCleary|1,784}}\n{{CANelec|CA|Labor-Progressive|Ewart Pearse Taylor|426}}\n{{end}}\n\n{{CanElec1-by|20 June 1955|On Mr. Fair's death, 11 November 1954}}\n{{CANelec|CA|Social Credit|[[James A. Smith (Canadian politician)|James A. Smith]] |8,455}}\n{{CANelec|CA|Liberal|F. Mac Smith|8,067}}\n{{CANelec|CA|CCF|[[William Irvine (Canadian politician)|William Irvine]]|3,753}}\n{{end}}\n\n{{Canadian election result/top|CA|1957}}\n{{CANelec|CA|Social Credit|[[James A. Smith (Canadian politician)|James A. Smith]] |10,945}}\n{{CANelec|CA|Liberal|S. Carl Heckbert|5,523}}\n{{CANelec|CA|PC|[[Clifford Smallwood]] |3,808}}\n{{CANelec|CA|CCF|Harold Rolseth|2,180}}\n{{end}}\n\n{{Canadian election result/top|CA|1958}}\n{{CANelec|CA|PC|[[Clifford Smallwood]] |13,049}}\n{{CANelec|CA|Social Credit|[[James A. Smith (Canadian politician)|James A. Smith]]|6,137}}\n{{CANelec|CA|Liberal|Francis Clifford Saville|2,216}}\n{{CANelec|CA|CCF|Harold Rolseth|1,340}}\n{{end}}\n\n{{Canadian election result/top|CA|1962}}\n{{CANelec|CA|PC|[[Clifford Smallwood]] |12,883}}\n{{CANelec|CA|Social Credit|[[James A. Smith (Canadian politician)|James A. Smith]]|6,758}}\n{{CANelec|CA|Liberal|Robert A. Jones| 2,976}}\n{{CANelec|CA|NDP|Alfred O. Arnston|1,488}}\n{{end}}\n\n{{Canadian election result/top|CA|1963}}\n{{CANelec|CA|PC|[[Clifford Smallwood]] |15,565}}\n{{CANelec|CA|Social Credit|Arthur Henry Rosenau|5,984}}\n{{CANelec|CA|Liberal|Stanley J. Perka|2,752}}\n{{CANelec|CA|NDP|Alfred O. Arnston|1,283}}\n{{end}}\n\n{{Canadian election result/top|CA|1965}}\n{{CANelec|CA|PC|[[Clifford Smallwood]] |14,015}}\n{{CANelec|CA|Social Credit|Frederick R. Barber|5,531}}\n{{CANelec|CA|Liberal|Harold J. Yerxa|2,929}}\n{{CANelec|CA|NDP|Alfred O. Arnston|1,745}}\n{{end}}\n\n== See also ==\n\n* [[List of Canadian federal electoral districts]]\n* [[Historical federal electoral districts of Canada]]\n\n== External links ==\n* {{CanRiding|ID=811|name=Battle River—Camrose}}\n\n{{coord missing|Alberta}}\n\n{{DEFAULTSORT:Battle River-Camrose}}\n[[Category:Former federal electoral districts of Alberta]]"} +{"title":"Battle of Pacocha","content":"{{EngvarB|date=July 2014}}\n{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2014}}\n\n{{Infobox military conflict|\n| conflict = Battle of Pacocha\n| image = Combate de Pacocha.jpg\n| image_size = 300px\n| caption = ''The Naval Combat in the Pacific between HMS SHAH and HMS AMETHYST and the Peruvian Rebel Ironclad Turret Ram HUASCAR on May 29th 1877'', [[William Frederick Mitchell]]\n| date = 29 May 1877\n| place = Off [[Ilo, Peru|Ylo]], [[Pacific Ocean]]{{Cite newspaper The Times |title= Great Britain And Peru.|date=June 5, 1877 |page=10 |issue=28960 }}\n| result = Indecisive\n| combatant1 = {{flagcountry|UKGBI}}\n| combatant2 = {{flagdeco|Peru}} [[Nicolás de Piérola|Peruvian Rebels]]\n| commander1 = {{flagdeco|UK|naval}} [[Algernon de Horsey|Algernon Horsey]]\n| commander2 = {{flagdeco|Peru}} [[Luis Germán Astete|Luis Astete]]\n| strength1 = 1 frigate
1 corvette
2 artillery boats\n| strength2 = 1 monitor\n| casualties1 = Unknown wounded\n| casualties2 = 1 killed
Unknown wounded{{Cite book|author=Robert Stem|title=Destroyer Battles: Epics of Naval Close Combat|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9-7RAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA15|date=18 September 2008|publisher=Seaforth Publishing|isbn=978-1-84832-007-9|page=18}}\n}}\n\nThe '''Battle of Pacocha''' was a naval battle that took place on 29 May 1877 between the rebel-held Peruvian monitor [[Huáscar (ship)|''Huáscar'']] and the British ships {{HMS|Shah|1873|6}} and {{HMS|Amethyst|1873|6}}. The vessels did not inflict significant damage on each other, however the battle is notable for seeing the first combat use of the self-propelled [[torpedo]].\n\n== Background ==\nIn May 1877, [[Nicolás de Piérola]], former Minister of Finance, initiated an attempt to overthrow then-President [[Mariano Ignacio Prado]]. As part of this coup attempt, on 6 May two of his supporters, Colonel Lorranaga and Major Echenique, boarded ''Huáscar'' at the port of [[Callao]] while the captain and executive officer were ashore. Officers remaining on the ship were part of the plot and persuaded the crew to join their cause. Now in rebel hands, ''Huáscar'' put to sea with [[Luis Germán Astete]] in command. Other Peruvian naval ships present in the port, such as [[USS Catawba (1864)|''Atahualpa'']], were in a state of disrepair and unable to pursue.{{Cite news | newspaper=The Times |title=The Huascar |date=June 14, 1877 |page=14 |issue=28968 }}\n\nThe rebels used the ship to harass commercial shipping, especially off Callao, the main commercial port of Peru. However, after she forcibly boarded some British merchant ships, British authorities sent HMS ''Shah'' and HMS ''Amethyst'', under command of Rear Admiral [[Algernon de Horsey]], to capture the vessel, with authorization and reward offered by the Peruvian government of Mariano Ignacio Prado.\n\nOn May 16, it appeared in the port of Antofagasta, Bolivia, where he picked up Nicolás de Piérola, as Supreme Chief of Peru, and his entourage of followers..\n\n== Battle ==\n''Huáscar'' escaped after a fierce exchange of fire. Her guns were undermanned, and she fired just 40 rounds. ''Shah''{{'}}s mast was damaged by splinters. On the British side, ''Shah'' fired 237 shots and ''Amethyst'' 190, but they carried no armour-piercing ammunition. ''Huáscar'' was hit 60 times, but her armour shield caused all the shots to bounce off harmlessly. In a last-ditch effort to sink ''Huáscar'', two small [[torpedo ram]]s from ''Shah'' attempted to torpedo her, but ''Huáscar'' escaped under the cover of darkness. The rebel crew was forced to surrender their ship to the Peruvian government ships squadron just two days later.\n\nThis battle saw the first use of the newly invented self-propelled [[torpedo]], which at the time had just entered limited service with the [[Royal Navy]]. The monitor''Huáscar'' evaded the torpedo.\n\n== References ==\n{{Reflist|30em}}\n\n== External links ==\n*[https://web.archive.org/web/20040803142718/http://members.lycos.co.uk/Juan39/BATTLE_OF_PACOCHA.html Britons And Peruvians Fight At Sea]\n\n{{coord missing|Pacific Ocean}}\n\n{{DEFAULTSORT:Pacocha}}\n[[Category:Naval battles involving the United Kingdom]]\n[[Category:Naval battles involving Peru]]\n[[Category:Conflicts in 1877]]\n[[Category:International maritime incidents]]\n[[Category:Peru–United Kingdom relations]]\n[[Category:Maritime incidents in May 1877]]\n\n\n{{UK-battle-stub}}"} +{"title":"Beant Singh (assassin)","content":"{{Short description|Sikh bodyguard and assassin of Indian Prime Minister Indira Gandhi}}\n{{Other uses|Beant Singh (disambiguation)}}\n{{more citations needed|date=September 2015}}\n{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2020}}\n{{Infobox person\n| name = Beant Singh\n| image = Photograph of Beant Singh, one of two assassins of Indira Gandhi.jpg\n| caption = \n| native_name = \n| birth_name = Beant Singh\n| birth_date = {{birth date|1959|01|06|df=y}}\n| birth_place = [[Jaitu, East Punjab]], India\n| death_date = {{Death date and age|df=yes|1984|10|31|1959|01|06}}\n| death_place = [[New Delhi]], India\n| death_cause = Shot by police officers after assassinating [[Indira Gandhi]]\n| occupation = Bodyguard of the Prime Minister of India\n| employer = [[Government of India]]\n| title = ''Quomi [[Shaheed]]'' (martyr of the community) by [[Akal Takht]]{{cite web |title=Sri Akal Takht Sahib honours Bhai Satwant Singh and Bhai Kehar Singh |url=https://singhstation.net/2014/01/sri-akal-takht-sahib-honours-bhai-satwant-singh-and-bhai-kehar-singh/ |website=SinghStation |date=6 January 2014 |quote=Subsequently, the Akal Takht and the SGPC, granted Beant Singh, Satwant Singh and Kehar Singh, the status of “quami shaheed” (martyrs of the community). Their portraits have also been displayed at the Sikh Museum inside the Golden Temple complex. Their relatives have been honoured at Akal Takht at every anniversary of their execution, for the last 24 years.}}\n| criminal_charge = [[Assassination of Indira Gandhi]]\n| criminal_penalty = \n| criminal_status = \n| spouse = {{marriage|[[Bimal Kaur Khalsa]]|1976}}\n| mother = \n| father = [[Baba Sucha Singh]]\n}}\n\n'''Beant Singh''' (6 January 1959{{dash}}31 October 1984) was one of the bodyguards along with [[Satwant Singh]], who [[Assassination of Indira Gandhi|assassinated]] the [[Prime Minister of India]], [[Indira Gandhi]], at her [[New Delhi]] residence on 31 October 1984.{{cite news |date=31 October 1984 |title=1984: Assassination and revenge |publisher=BBC News |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/witness/october/31/newsid_3961000/3961851.stm |url-status=live |access-date=15 December 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090215211511/http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/witness/october/31/newsid_3961000/3961851.stm |archive-date=15 February 2009}}\n\n==Early life and family==\n[[File:Photograph of Beant Singh in ceremonial garb, one of two assassins of Indira Gandhi.jpg|thumb|Photograph of Beant Singh in ceremonial garb]]\nBeant Singh was born in a [[Ramdasia]] [[Sikh]]{{Cite web |last=Singh |first=Pukhraj |title=Bluestar Baby Boomers |url=https://www.newslaundry.com/2014/05/31/bluestar-baby-boomers |access-date=2022-12-05 |website=Newslaundry}} to [[Baba Sucha Singh]] and Kartar Kaur.\n\nSingh's widow [[Bimal Kaur Khalsa]] initially joined the Sikh militant group,{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1986/06/06/world/sikhs-sought-in-slaying.html|title=Sikhs Sought in Slaying|location=India; Amritsar (India)|work=[[The New York Times]]|date=6 June 1986|access-date=13 October 2012}} and then got imprisoned. Later she was elected from [[Ropar (Lok Sabha constituency)|Ropar Constituency]]. His father, [[Baba Sucha Singh]], was also an elected member of the [[Lok Sabha]] from [[Bathinda (Lok Sabha constituency)]].{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1989/12/22/world/india-s-new-chief-given-a-go-ahead.html|title=India's New Chief Given A Go-Ahead - New York Times|work=[[The New York Times]]|date=22 December 1989|access-date=13 October 2012|first=Barbara|last=Crossette}}{{cite web |author=MyNews.in |url=http://www.mynews.in/News/'Father_didn't_kill_Indira_Gandhi_to_make_Sikhs_happy'_Beant_Singh's_son__N28948.html|title='Father didn't kill Indira Gandhi to make Sikhs happy': Beant Singh's son|publisher=MyNews.in|access-date=13 October 2012|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140305192505/http://www.mynews.in/News/%27Father_didn%27t_kill_Indira_Gandhi_to_make_Sikhs_happy%27_Beant_Singh%27s_son__N28948.html|archive-date=5 March 2014}}{{cite web|url=http://www.indiaenews.com/india/20091031/229171.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120225141005/http://www.indiaenews.com/india/20091031/229171.htm|url-status=usurped|archive-date=25 February 2012|title=Family profile|publisher=Indiaenews.com|date=28 September 2012|access-date=25 January 2018}}\n\nTheir son Sarbjit Singh is a leader of [[Shiromani Akali Dal|SAD (Mann)]].{{citation needed|date=October 2023}}\n\n==Assassination of Indira Gandhi and death==\n{{Main|Assassination of Indira Gandhi}}\n\nThe motivation for the assassination of Indira Gandhi was revenge for the Operation Bluestar carried out by the Indian government in Harmandir Sahib, in Amritsar, India.\n\nGandhi passed a wicket gate guarded by Satwant and Beant Singh, and the two men opened fire. Beant fired three rounds into her abdomen from his .38 (9.7 mm) revolver, then Satwant fired 30 rounds from his Sterling sub-machine gun after she had fallen to the ground. Both men then threw down their weapons, and Beant said \"I have done what I had to do. You do what you want to do.\" In the next six minutes, Border Police officers Tarsem Singh Jamwal and Ram Saran captured and killed Beant because one of the guards was using derogatory words against the Sikh community which prompted Beant Singh to empty a pitcher of water on the guard, and in return other guards shot Beant Singh to death, while Satwant was arrested by Gandhi's other bodyguards. Both Satwant Singh and Beant Singh never tried to run away from the guards or the custody; Satwant Singh was seriously wounded by the guards. Satwant Singh was hanged in 1989 with accomplice [[Kehar Singh]].\n\n==Legacy==\n\nIn 2003, a [[Bhog]] ceremony was held at the highest Sikh temporal seat in [[Akal Takht]], located in the [[Golden Temple|Golden Temple Complex]] in [[Amritsar]], where tributes were paid.\n\nIn 2004, his death anniversary was again observed at [[Akal Takht]], Amritsar, where his mother was honored by the head priest and tributes were paid to Satwant Singh and [[Kehar Singh]] by various political parties.{{cite web|url=http://www.tribuneindia.com/2004/20040107/punjab1.htm#3|title=The Tribune, Chandigarh, India - Punjab|publisher=Tribuneindia.com|access-date=19 January 2013}}\n\nOn 6 January 2008, the [[Akal Takht]] declared Beant Singh and Satwant Singh 'martyrs of Sikhism',{{cite web|url=http://www.tribuneindia.com/2003/20030107/punjab1.htm#19|title=Chandigarh, India - Punjab|publisher=Tribuneindia.com|date=7 January 2003}}{{cite news|url=http://www.hindu.com/2008/01/07/stories/2008010762501200.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080110102918/http://www.hindu.com/2008/01/07/stories/2008010762501200.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=10 January 2008|title=National: Indira Gandhi killers labelled martyrs|date=7 January 2003|access-date=13 October 2012|work=[[The Hindu]]|location=Chennai, India}}{{cite web|url=http://www.indianexpress.com/news/indira-assassin-great-martyr-vedanti/258427|title=Indira assassin 'great martyr': Vedanti|work=The Indian Express|date=7 January 2003|access-date=13 October 2012}}\n\n[[Shiromani Akali Dal]], the Sikhism-centric political party in India, observed the death anniversary of Beant Singh and Satwant Singh as 'martyrdom' for the first time on 31 October 2008;{{cite web|url=http://www.tribuneindia.com/2008/20081101/bathinda.htm#3|title=Chandigarh, India - Bathinda Edition|publisher=Tribuneindia.com|access-date=25 January 2018}} every 31 October since, their 'martyrdom day' has been observed at Sri Akal Takht Sahib.{{cite web|url=http://www.tribuneindia.com/2009/20091101/punjab.htm#4|title=Chandigarh, India - Punjab|publisher=Tribuneindia.com|date=1 November 2009|access-date=25 January 2018}}\n\n==References==\n{{Reflist}}\n\n{{DEFAULTSORT:Singh, Beant}}\n[[Category:1984 deaths]]\n[[Category:Indian Sikhs]]\n[[Category:People from Rupnagar]]\n[[Category:Deaths by firearm in India]]\n[[Category:People shot dead by law enforcement officers in India]]\n[[Category:1959 births]]\n[[Category:Punjabi people]]\n[[Category:Assassination of Indira Gandhi]]\n[[Category:1984 murders in India]]\n[[Category:Prisoners who died in Indian detention]]\n[[Category:Assassins of heads of government]]\n[[Category:Indian people imprisoned on charges of terrorism]]\n[[Category:Indian people who died in prison custody]]"} +{"title":"Bedford railway station","content":"{{Short description|Railway station in Bedfordshire, England}}\n{{about|the station in Bedford, Bedfordshire, England|the proposed station in Bedford, Virginia|Bedford station (Virginia)}}\n{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2015}}\n{{Use British English|date=March 2015}}\n{{Infobox station\n| name = Bedford\n| symbol_location = gb\n| symbol = rail\n| image = Bedford railway station MMB 06 222022.jpg\n| address = \n| borough = [[Bedford]], [[Borough of Bedford]]\n| country = England\n| coordinates = {{coord|52|08|11|N|00|28|46|W|type:railwaystation_region:GB_scale:10000|display=inline,title}}\n| grid_name = [[Ordnance Survey National Grid|Grid reference]]\n| grid_position = {{gbmapscaled|TL041497|25|TL041497}}\n| manager = [[Govia Thameslink Railway|Thameslink]]\n| platforms = 5\n| code = BDM\n| classification = [[United Kingdom railway station categories|DfT category]] C1\n| original = [[Midland Railway]]\n| pregroup = Midland Railway\n| postgroup = [[London, Midland and Scottish Railway]]\n| years1 = {{start date|1859|02|01|df=y}}\n| events1 = Opened as ''Bedford''\n| years2 = 1890\n| events2 = Avoiding lines built\n| years3 = 2 June 1924\n| events3 = Renamed ''Bedford Midland Road''\n| years4 = 8 May 1978\n| events4 = Renamed ''Bedford Midland''\n| years5 = 5 May 1988\n| events5 = Renamed ''Bedford''\n| mpassengers =\n{{Rail pass box |pass_year=2018/19 |passengers={{increase}} 4.058 million |interchange={{pad|1em}}{{decrease}} 49,544}}\n{{Rail pass box |pass_year=2019/20 |passengers={{decrease}} 3.870 million |interchange={{pad|1em}}{{increase}} 54,944}}\n{{Rail pass box |pass_year=2020/21 |passengers={{decrease}} 0.837 million |interchange={{pad|1em}}{{decrease}} 10,947}}\n{{Rail pass box |pass_year=2021/22 |passengers={{increase}} 2.324 million |interchange={{pad|1em}}{{increase}} 29,922}}\n{{Rail pass box |pass_year=2022/23 |passengers={{increase}} 3.036 million |interchange={{pad|1em}}{{increase}} 40,131}}\n| footnotes = Passenger statistics from the [[Office of Rail and Road]]\n| mapframe = yes\n| mapframe-zoom = 13\n}}\n{{Bedford Lines|collapse=yes}}\n{{Bedford railway map}}\n'''Bedford railway station''' (formerly '''Bedford Midland Road''' and historically referred to on some signage as '''Bedford Midland''') is the larger of two railway stations in the town of [[Bedford]] in [[Bedfordshire]], England. It is on the [[Midland Main Line]] from [[St Pancras railway station|London St Pancras]] to the [[East Midlands]] and the terminus of the [[Marston Vale line]] from [[Bletchley railway station|Bletchley]] through [[Bedford St Johns railway station|Bedford St Johns]].\n\n== History ==\nThe original station was built by the [[Midland Railway]] in 1859 on its line to the [[Great Northern Railway (Great Britain)|Great Northern]] at [[Hitchin]]. It was on land known as \"Freemen's Common\" approximately {{convert|200|yd|m}} south of the current station on Ashburnham Road.\n\nThe [[London and North Western Railway]] (LNWR) also had a station on its line between {{rws|Bletchley}} and {{rws|Cambridge}}. The Midland crossed it on the level and there was a serious collision when an LNWR train passed a red signal. (Curiously, both drivers were named John Perkins). Following this accident, the Midland built a flyover in 1885.Radford, B., (1983) ''Midland Line Memories: a Pictorial History of the Midland Railway Main Line Between London (St Pancras) & Derby'' London: Bloomsbury Books.\n\nThe extension to {{rws|St Pancras}} opened in 1868. The connection to {{rws|Hitchin}} ceased public services during 1961, but the line north of Bedford to Wigston Junction is still officially referred to as the Leicester to Hitchin line.Jacobs, G., ''(Ed)'' (2005 2Rev) ''Railway Track Diagrams: Midlands and North West: Book 4 Chart 2,3'' Bradford on Avon:TRACKmaps. At this time the station was substantially altered, with the replacement of a level crossing by the Queen's Park overbridge. In 1890 fast lines were added to the west to allow expresses to bypass the station.\n\nSerious damage occurred during [[World War II]] when a bomb destroyed the booking hall's glass ceiling. The current station was built to replace it and was opened by [[Peter Parker (British businessman)|Sir Peter Parker]] (chairman of [[British Rail|BR]]) on 9 October 1978.{{cite magazine|magazine=Railway Magazine |date=June 1979 |page=267 |volume=125 |issue=938 |editor-first=J.N. |editor-last=Slater |location=London |publisher=IPC Transport Press |title=Bedford Electrification On Schedule }}{{cite journal|editor-first=Charles|editor-last=Long|title=Bedford station opened|journal=[[Modern Railways]]|date=December 1978|volume=35|number=363|page=544}} The £1 million station, which was re-sited about {{convert|110|yd|m}} north of the original 1857 station, had a large square concourse housing a ticket office, travel centre and [[Travellers Fare]] buffet. The station car park was enlarged to cater for 450 cars plus 52 short-wait spaces in the forecourt which had separate areas for cars and taxis to set down and pick up passengers. A covered walkway linked the station with bus stops in Ashburnham Road. As part of the modernisation work, the slow lines were realigned to the west next to the 1890 fast lines to pass between two new platforms.\n\nAlthough the intention was for what remained of the old awnings to be transferred to the [[Midland Railway - Butterley|Midland Railway]] at [[Butterley]] in [[Derbyshire]] it proved impossible to save them. Nothing remains of the original station buildings.\n\nServices over the Marston Vale line to/from {{rws|Bletchley}} were transferred here from the old LNWR St Johns station in May 1984. A new connection, which runs along the formation formerly used by the abandoned line to Hitchin (closed to passenger traffic from 1 January 1962 and completely three years later), was laid from the Marston Vale branch up to the main line to permit this. The original [[Bedford St Johns railway station|St Johns]] station closed on 14 May 1984 with a replacement halt on the new chord opening the same day.[http://www.disused-stations.org.uk/b/bedford_st_johns/ Station Name - Bedford St Johns] ''Disused Stations Site Record''; Retrieved 23 August 2016. Bletchley trains henceforth used a bay platform (numbered 1A) on the eastern side of the station.\n\nBy 1983, Midland Main Line electrification under British Rail reached Bedford, and [[British Rail Class 317|Class 317]] [[electric multiple unit]]s began running to {{rws|Moorgate}}. The track through platform 4 towards the [[East Midlands]] remained un-electrified until the 2020s [[Midland Main Line railway upgrade]].\n\nServices through Luton Airport Parkway are operated by [[Luton Airport Express]] and [[Thameslink]] using {{brc|360}} and {{brc|700|n}} EMUs. The Luton Airport Express is run by [[East Midlands Railway]], and became an official separate brand for their \"Connect\" service in 2023.{{cite web|url= https://www.lutonairportexpress.co.uk|title= Luton Airport Express website|date=31 March 2023 |language=en}}\n\n== Services ==\n[[File:Bedford (Midland) railway station.jpg|thumb|The main entrance on 4 June 1962]]\n[[File:BedfordTrainStationMainBuilding.jpg|thumb|right|The main entrance on 13 January 2007 from the car park.]]\n\nThe station is predominantly served by three operators and managed by Thameslink.\n\n* [[East Midlands Railway]]\n* [[West Midlands Trains|London Northwestern Railway]] \n* [[Govia Thameslink Railway|Thameslink]]\n\nMost [[East Midlands Railway]] services that call at Bedford are [[Luton Airport Express]] services. This service started in May 2021 as \"EMR Connect\" and is operated by {{brc|360}} [[Electric multiple unit]]s running on the twice hourly stopping service from [[St Pancras railway station|London St Pancras]] to {{rws|Corby}}.\n\nOccasional “EMR Intercity” services do call at Bedford during the peak hours and on Sunday mornings to [[Nottingham station|Nottingham]] and {{rws|Leicester}} without requiring a connection at {{rws|Kettering}}.{{Cite web|title=Trains from Bedford to London {{!}} EMR {{!}} East Midlands Railway|url=https://www.eastmidlandsrailway.co.uk/train-times/bedford-to-london|access-date=2021-07-05|website=www.eastmidlandsrailway.co.uk}}\n\nThe station is the northern terminus of the [[Thameslink (route)|Thameslink route]] with [[Govia Thameslink Railway|Thameslink]] services operating to {{rws|Brighton}} through {{rws|St Albans City}} and London St Pancras. Services from the station also call at {{rws|Luton Airport Parkway}} and {{rws|Gatwick Airport}}. Additional services start or terminate at Gatwick Airport or {{rws|Three Bridges}}. These services use {{brc|700}} [[electric multiple unit]]s. Thameslink also runs a few services a day to {{rws|Sutton|London}} on the [[Sutton Loop Line]], via both [[Wimbledon station|Wimbledon]] and [[Mitcham Junction station|Mitcham Junction]].{{NRtimes|May 2016.|52}}\n\nLondon Northwestern Railway operates local services to {{rws|Bletchley}} via the [[Marston Vale line]] using {{brc|150}}{{Cite web |date=2023-11-10 |title=Marston Vale Line trains to run again after route suspension |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/cd1pde1ppy0o |access-date=2023-11-10 |website=BBC News |language=en-GB}} units. There is no Sunday service on this line.{{cite web|url=https://www.londonnorthwesternrailway.co.uk/media/2967/download?inline|title=Train times {{!}} Bletchley to Bedford|website=London Northwestern Railway}}\n\nThe typical off-peak service in trains per hour (tph) is: \n* 2tph to {{rws|Brighton}} via {{rws|Gatwick Airport}} (Thameslink)\n* 2tph to {{rws|Three Bridges}} via {{rws|Redhill}} (Thameslink)\n* 2tph to [[St Pancras railway station|London St Pancras]] (Luton Airport Express)\n* 2tph to {{rws|Corby}} (Luton Airport Express)\n* 1tph to {{rws|Bletchley}} (London Northwestern Railway)\n\n{{rail start}}\n{{rail line|previous={{stnlnk|Wellingborough}}|next={{stnlnk|Luton}}|route=[[East Midlands Railway]]
{{smalldiv|[[Midland Main Line|London to Corby Connect]]}}|col={{EMR colour}} }}\n{{s-rail-national|next=Flitwick|toc=Thameslink|route={{smalldiv|[[Thameslink]]}}}}\n{{rail line|previous={{stnlnk|Bedford St Johns}}|route=[[West Midlands Trains|London Northwestern Railway]]
{{smalldiv|\n{{unbulletedlist|list_style=text-align:center|[[Marston Vale line]]|Monday-Saturday only}}}}|col={{LNW colour}} }}\n{{Disused Rail Insert}}\n{{s-rail-national|next=Cardington|toc=LMS|route={{smalldiv|[[Bedford–Hitchin line]]}}|status=Disused|note2={{smalldiv|Line and station closed}}}}\n{{s-rail-national|previous=Turvey|toc=LMS|route={{smalldiv|[[Bedford–Northampton line]]}}|status=Disused|note={{smalldiv|Line and station closed}}}}\n{{Historical Rail Insert}}\n{{s-rail-national|next=Ampthill|previous=Oakley|county1=Bedford|toc=Midland Railway|notemid={{smalldiv|[[Midland Main Line]]}}|status=Historical|note={{smalldiv|Line open, station closed}}|note2={{smalldiv|Line open, station closed}}}}\n{{s-note|text=Future Services}}\n{{rail line|next=undecided{{efn|\"in the Tempsford area\"}}|previous={{rws|Ridgmont}}|route=[[East West Rail]]
{{smalldiv|[[East West Rail|Oxford to Cambridge]]}}|col= {{temporary rail colour}}}}\n{{s-end}}\n\n== Community Rail Partnership ==\n\nIn common with other stations on the Bedford to Bletchley [[Marston Vale Line|Marston Vale line]], Bedford station is covered by the Marston Vale Community Rail Partnership. The partnership aims to increase use of the Marston Vale line by getting local people involved with their local line.\n\nA second CRP with Bedford Midland as its northern terminus - the Beds & Herts Community Rail Partnership (formerly the Bedford to St Albans City Community Rail Partnership) - has been set up, covering the eight stations on the Midland main line between Bedford Midland and St Albans City{{cite web | url=https://www.thameslinkrailway.com/about-us/corporate-and-social-responsibility/communities/bedford-to-st-albans-crp | title =Bedford to St Albans Community Rail Partnership |publisher= [[Thameslink Railway]]}}\n\n== Facilities ==\n[[File:Class 230 at Bedford 2.jpg|alt=|thumb|Class 230 003 LNWR at Bedford]]\n[[File:Bedford Station from the station footbridge.jpg|thumb|Bedford Station from the station footbridge - looking north. An East Midlands Railway High Speed train is leaving platform 4 heading north.]]\n\nThe station has the following facilities:\n*2 waiting rooms\n*Cafe/newsagent/bar and coffee bar\n*Telephones\n*Post box\n*[[Automatic Teller Machine|ATM]]\n*Ticket machines\n*Toilets\n*Car park\n*Fully wheelchair accessible\n* [[Turnstile|Ticket barriers]]\n\nThe station is in the Bedford zone of the [[PlusBus]] scheme, where train and bus tickets can be bought together to save money.\n\n== Future developments ==\nThe station will be the eastern terminus for Phase 2 of [[East West Rail]], a plan to reopen the railway from {{rws|Oxford}} and {{rws|Aylesbury}}. {{as of|November 2020}}, extension to {{rws|Cambridge}} and [[East Anglia]] via \"a new station in the {{rws|Tempsford}} area\" is [[East West Rail#Central section|planned but not scheduled]]. Bedford station will be rebuilt for East West Rail in 2023.{{Cite web|title=Bletchley to Bedford|url=https://eastwestrail.co.uk/the-project/bletchley-to-bedford|access-date=2021-03-05|website=East West Rail|language=en-GB}} \n\n== See also ==\n* [[Bedford St Johns railway station]]\n\n==Notes==\n{{Notelist}}\n\n== References ==\n{{reflist}}\n\n== External links ==\n* [http://www.marstonvalecommunityrail.org.uk/ Marston Vale Community Rail Partnership]\n{{commons category|Bedford railway station}}\n{{stn art lnk|BDM|MK401DS}}\n\n{{Railway stations in Bedfordshire}}\n{{TSGN and SE Stations|CityFlyer=y|Ashford=y|Catford Loop=y|SE None=y|SN None=y}}\n{{Railway stations served by East Midlands Railway}}\n\n{{DEFAULTSORT:Bedford Railway Station}}\n[[Category:Buildings and structures in Bedford]]\n[[Category:Railway stations in Bedfordshire]]\n[[Category:DfT Category C1 stations]]\n[[Category:Former Midland Railway stations]]\n[[Category:Railway stations in Great Britain opened in 1859]]\n[[Category:Railway stations served by East Midlands Railway]]\n[[Category:Railway stations served by Govia Thameslink Railway]]\n[[Category:Railway stations served by West Midlands Trains]]\n[[Category:1859 establishments in England]]\n[[Category:Transport in Bedford]]\n[[Category:Train driver depots in England]]\n[[Category:East West Rail]]"} +{"title":"Ben Cheney","content":"{{more citations needed|date=December 2010}}\n{{Use mdy dates|date=August 2023}} \n{{Infobox person\n| name = Ben Cheney\n| birth_name = Ben Bradbury Cheney\n| birth_date = {{birth date|1905|03|24}}\n| birth_place = [[Lima, Montana]], U.S.\n| death_date = {{death date and age|1971|05|18|1905|03|24}}\n| death_place = [[Tacoma, Washington]], U.S.\n}}\n'''Ben Bradbury Cheney''' (March 24, 1905 – May 18, 1971) was an American businessman and sports enthusiast active in the states of the U.S. Pacific Coast. Born in [[Lima, Montana]] in 1905, he moved to live with his grandparents in [[South Bend, Washington]] at the age of eight; in 1924 he moved to Tacoma to attend business college. He founded the Cheney Lumber Company in 1936.{{cite web|url=https://www.worldforestry.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/03/CHENEY-BEN-B..pdf|title=Ben B. Cheney|website=worldforestry.org|access-date=19 August 2023}}\n\nHe is known for his efforts in constructing [[Cheney Stadium]] in [[Tacoma, Washington]], today home to the [[Tacoma Rainiers]] [[Minor League Baseball]] team.\n \nIn the lumber industry, Cheney established mills in Tacoma and in [[Medford, Oregon]]. He also constructed mills in [[Greenville, California|Greenville]], [[Pondosa, California|Pondosa]], and [[Arcata, California|Arcata]], [[California]].{{cite web|title=An American Dream Shared: The Legacy of Ben B. Cheney|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NZCofCrp-Zk |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211213/NZCofCrp-Zk |archive-date=2021-12-13 |url-status=live|website=YouTube|publisher=Ben B. Cheney Foundation|accessdate=29 May 2018}}{{cbignore}} Cheney came up with the idea of standardizing an 8-foot 2-by-4 around 1937 as a way to use timber that was wasted when railroad ties were cut out of large logs. By 1940, large railroad car loads of 2x4s were beginning to be shipped and used in construction.E-mail from Ken Ristine, Senior Program Officer, Ben B. Cheney Foundation\n\nAs a sports enthusiast, Cheney sponsored sports teams in all the towns in which he was in business. He held an 11% stake in the San Francisco Giants. Cheney is most famous for helping build [[Cheney Stadium]] in Tacoma, personally contributing $100,000 to cover construction overruns of the stadium. A grinning, life-size bronze statue of Cheney, complete with scorecard and peanuts, occupies a front row seat in the grandstand of Cheney Stadium.{{cite web | first = Erik | last = Lacitis | title = Memories fade, but Ben Cheney lives on through stadium | publisher = The Seattle Times | date = April 19, 2005 | url = http://community.seattletimes.nwsource.com/archive/?date=20050419&slug=cheney19m | accessdate = 2008-09-13}}\n\nIn 1955, Cheney established the Cheney Foundation, a charity which encourages the growth and prosperity of communities where the Cheney Lumber Company was once active.{{cite web | title = Ben B. Cheney | publisher = The Ben B. Cheney Foundation | url = http://www.benbcheneyfoundation.org/cheneybio.html | accessdate = 2008-09-13 | url-status = dead | archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20080724074734/http://www.benbcheneyfoundation.org/cheneybio.html | archivedate = 2008-07-24 }} Cheney died in Tacoma in 1971, bequeathing $10 million to his ongoing charity.\n\n==References==\n{{Reflist}}\n\n{{Authority control}}\n\n{{DEFAULTSORT:Cheney}}\n[[Category:1905 births]]\n[[Category:1971 deaths]]\n[[Category:20th-century American businesspeople]]\n\n\n{{US-business-bio-1900s-stub}}\n{{US-baseball-business-bio-stub}}"} +{"title":"Beneventan Script","redirect":"Beneventan script"} +{"title":"Bengt Gabrielsson, Greve Oxenstierna","redirect":"Bengt Gabrielsson Oxenstierna"} diff --git a/be/test/olap/rowset/segment_v2/inverted_index/data/sorted_wikipedia-50-2.json b/be/test/olap/rowset/segment_v2/inverted_index/data/sorted_wikipedia-50-2.json new file mode 100644 index 00000000000000..859f55797be63c --- /dev/null +++ b/be/test/olap/rowset/segment_v2/inverted_index/data/sorted_wikipedia-50-2.json @@ -0,0 +1,50 @@ +{"title":"100 Rifles","content":"{{short description|1969 American Western film}}\n{{Use American English|date=October 2021}}\n{{Use mdy dates|date=July 2020}}\n{{Infobox film\n| name = 100 Rifles\n| image = 100 Rifles (movie poster).jpg\n| caption = Theatrical release poster\n| director = [[Tom Gries]]\n| producer = [[Marvin Schwartz]]\n| screenplay = [[Clair Huffaker]]
Tom Gries\n| based_on = {{based on|''The Californio''
1967 novel|Robert MacLeod}}\n| starring = [[Jim Brown]]
[[Raquel Welch]]
[[Burt Reynolds]] \n| music = [[Jerry Goldsmith]]\n| cinematography = Cecilio Paniagua\n| editing = [[Robert L. Simpson (film editor)|Robert L. Simpson]]\n| color_process = [[DeLuxe Color|Color by DeLuxe]]\n| studio = Marvin Schwartz Productions\n| distributor = [[20th Century Fox]]\n| released = {{Film date|1969|3|26}}\n| runtime = 110 minutes\n| country = United States\n| language = English
Spanish\n| gross = $3.5 million (US/ Canada rentals)Solomon, Aubrey. Twentieth Century Fox: A Corporate and Financial History (The Scarecrow Filmmakers Series). Lanham, Maryland: Scarecrow Press, 1989. {{ISBN|978-0-8108-4244-1}}. p231\"Big Rental Films of 1969\", ''Variety'', 7 January 1970 p. 15\n| budget = $3,920,000Solomon, Aubrey. Twentieth Century Fox: A Corporate and Financial History (The Scarecrow Filmmakers Series). Lanham, Maryland: Scarecrow Press, 1989. {{ISBN|978-0-8108-4244-1}}. p255\n}}\n\n'''''100 Rifles''''' is a 1969 American [[Western film]] directed by [[Tom Gries]] and starring [[Jim Brown]], [[Raquel Welch]] and [[Burt Reynolds]]. It is based on Robert MacLeod's 1966 novel ''The Californio''. The film was shot in Spain. The original music score was composed by [[Jerry Goldsmith]], who had previously also scored ''[[Bandolero!]]'', another Western starring Welch.{{cite web|last=Clemmensen|first=Christian|url=http://www.filmtracks.com/composers/goldsmith.shtml|title=Jerry Goldsmith (1929–2004) tribute|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111101175348/http://www.filmtracks.com/composers/goldsmith.shtml |archive-date=1 November 2011 |publisher=[[Filmtracks.com]] |access-date=11 February 2011}}\n\n==Plot==\nIn 1912 [[Sonora]], [[Mexico]], Arizona lawman Lyedecker chases Yaqui Joe, a half-[[Yaqui]], half-white bank robber who has stolen $6,000. Both men are captured by the Mexican general Verdugo.\n\nLyedecker learns that Joe used the loot to buy 100 rifles for the Yaqui people, who are being repressed by the government. Lyedecker is not interested in Joe's motive, and intends to recover the money and apprehend Joe to further his career.\n\nThe two men escape a Mexican firing squad and flee to the hills, where they are joined by Sarita, a beautiful Indian revolutionary. Sarita has a vendetta against the soldiers, who murdered her father. The fugitives become allies. The soldiers raid and burn a village that the rebels have just left, taking its children as hostages. Sarita tells Lydecker that she will allow him to take Yaqui Joe with him back to Phoenix afterwards if he stays with them to help rescue the children. She later warms up to Lyedecker and they make love.\n\nLeading the Yaqui against Verdugo's forces, they ambush and derail the General's train and overcome his soldiers in an extended firefight. Sarita is killed in the battle. Lyedecker decides to return home alone and allow Yaqui Joe to take over as the rebel leader.\n\n==Cast==\n* [[Jim Brown]] as Sheriff Lyedecker\n* [[Raquel Welch]] as Sarita\n* [[Burt Reynolds]] as Joe \"Yaqui Joe\" Herrera\n* [[Fernando Lamas]] as General Verdugo\n* [[Dan O'Herlihy]] as Steven Grimes, the railroad rep.\n* [[Eric Braeden]] (credited as Hans Gudegast) as Lieutenant Franz Von Klemme\n* [[Michael Forest]] as Humara\n* [[Aldo Sambrell]] as Sergeant Paletes\n* [[Soledad Miranda]] as prostitute in hotel\n* Alberto Dalbés as Padre Francisco (Alberto Dalbes)\n* Charly Bravo as Lopez (Carlos Bravo)\n* [[José Manuel Martín]] as Sarita's Father (Jose Manuel Martin)\n* [[Akim Tamiroff]] as General Romero (scenes deleted)\n* [[Sancho Gracia]] as Mexican Leader (uncredited)\n* [[Lorenzo Lamas]] as Indian Boy (uncredited)\n\n==Production==\n{{Too many quotes|section=section|both=both|date=August 2023}}\n\n===Development===\nThe film was the first of a four-picture deal between producer Martin Schwartz and [[20th Century Fox]].{{cite news|author=Martin, Betty|date=31 May 1967|title='Insurgents' for Crenna|work=Los Angeles Times|page=d12}} It was based on a novel by Robert McLeod, and the script was originally written by Clair Huffaker.{{cite news|author=Scheuer, Philip K.|date=13 August 1967|title=The One-Man Revolt in Hollywood|work=Los Angeles Times|page=c14}}\n\nTom Gries signed to direct following his successful feature debut with ''[[Will Penny]]''. Gries wrote two further drafts of the script himself. \"He says he's not a carpenter\", reported the ''Los Angeles Times'', \"He says he can't work with a script that he doesn't believe in himself.\" Huffaker later requested his name be removed from the credits and replaced with the pseudonym Cecil Hanson because \"the finished product... bears absolutely no resemblance to my original script.\" However, Huffaker's name does appear in the film's credits.{{cite news|title=Huffaker Asks Name Removal|date=14 February 1969|work=Los Angeles Times|page=d10}}\n\n===Casting===\nThe leads were given to Raquel Welch (Gries: \"in some situations, this woman is just a piece of candy but I think she will prove in this film that she can act as well\"), Jim Brown (\"he's a great actor with a lot of appeal\", said Gries), and Burt Reynolds.\n\n\"I'd like to bring a style to the screen that means something to the cats out on the street\", said Brown. \"It's an image I want to portray of a strong black man in breaking down social taboos. In ''100 Rifles''... it's a different thing for a black man to be a lawman, get the woman and ride away into the sunset.\"{{cite news|author=Hollie I. West|date=26 March 1969|title=Jim Brown: Crisp and Direct as a Fullback|work=The Washington Post and Times-Herald|page=B1}}\n\nIt was the fifth film Burt Reynolds had made in a row. The first four – ''[[Shark! (film)|Shark!]]'', ''[[Fade In (film)|Fade In]]'', ''[[Impasse (1969 film)|Impasse]]'' and ''[[Sam Whiskey|Whiskey Renegades]]'' – had not been released when ''100 Rifles'' was being shot.{{cite news|author=Johnson, Patricia|date=11 August 1968|title=Ex-Stunt Man Leaps into Star Status|work=Los Angeles Times|page=c18}}\n\nFor his role, Brown was paid a salary of $200,000 in addition to five percent of the film's box office.{{cite news|url=https://www.usatoday.com/story/sports/columnist/mike-freeman/2023/05/19/jim-brown-hollywood-legend-activist-nfl-legend/70237611007/|title=Jim Brown was a Hollywood legend, an activist and highly flawed. 'I do what I want to do'|first=Mike|last=Freeman|publisher=USA Today|date=May 19, 2023}} At the time, few black actors earned this kind of salary.\n\n===Filming===\n\"I was playing Yaqui Joe, supposedly an Indian with a moustache\", said Reynolds. \"Raquel had a Spanish accent that sounded like a cross between [[Carmen Miranda]] and [[ZaSu Pitts]]. Jimmy Brown was afraid of only two things in the entire world: one was heights, the other was horses. And he was on a horse fighting me on a cliff. It just didn't work.\"{{cite news|author=Siskel, Gene|date=27 November 1976|title=Workaholic Burt Reynolds sets up his next task: Light comedy|work=Chicago Tribune|page=e2}}\n\nThe film was shot in [[Almería]], Spain in order to save money.{{cite news|author=Johnson, Patricia|date=15 September 1968|title=Where Hollywood Pinches Pesos|work=Los Angeles Times|page=c20}} \"It's a tough, physical picture\", said Gries, who was hospitalized for three days during the shoot with typhus.\n\n\"I play a half breed but... I send it up\", said Reynolds, \"I make it seem like the other 'half' of the guy is from Alabama. I play it nasty, dirty, funky. I look like a Christmas tree – wrist bands, arm bands. At the beginning I even wore these funky spurs. But every time I walked I couldn't hear dialog.\"{{cite news|author=Clifford, Terry|date=6 April 1969|title=Burt Reynolds, Who Plays Half-Breeds Stoic About Roles|work=Chicago Tribune|page=f14}}\n\nThere were a number of press reports that Brown and Welch clashed during filming. Brown later said:\n
The thing I wanted to avoid most was any suggestion that I was coming on to her. So I withdrew. If I'd tried to socialise, we'd have had problems. You know, Raquel is married too and out of respect for her husband I wanted to deal with Raquel through him... She was so suspicious and concerned that we were there to steal something away, or something. You can get very hung up on who's going to get the close ups and so on... [Burt Reynolds] was usually a stabilising influence [between the stars]... He's a heck of a cat. He had various talks with Raquel and tried to assure her that nothing was going on, that we weren't trying to steal anything.{{cite news|author=Haber, Joyce|date=3 November 1968|title=Super Fullback Talks About Super Body|work=Los Angeles Times|page=q13}}
\nWelch later confirmed the tension:\n
It was an atmosphere. And it was really, in all seriousness, as ambiguous as hell. I don't know why it happened and I don't think Jimmy knows why it happened... My attitude on a film has always been, once it goes I'm interested only in my job. I'm not interested in asserting myself on a picture. Because it means too much to me.
\n\"I spent the entire time refereeing fights between Jim Brown and Raquel Welch\", said Reynolds.{{Cite news|author=BURT PRELUTSKY|title=Two Centerfolds.|work=Los Angeles Times|date=24 December 1972|page=k14}} He elaborated:\n
It started because they were kind of attracted to each other. After a while they both displayed a little temperament, but don't forget we were out in the middle of the bloody desert with the temperature at 110. Of course, I don't think they'll ever work together again. The critics have really been knocking those two – murdering them – but as far as I know no one ever said they were [[Alfred Lunt|Lunt]] and [[Lynn Fontanne|Fontanne]]. Jim is the most honest man I know... And Raquel – one of the gutsiest broads I know, physically. She did all her own stunts. There's also a performance in there somewhere.
\nWelch later said she \"was the baloney in a cheesecake factory\" on that film. \"I wanted to keep up with all the action with the boys.\" She was sorry Tom Gries \"wanted to get all the sex scenes [with Jim Brown] in the can in the first day. There was no time for icing – and it made it difficult for me.\" She says Brown \"was very forceful and I am feisty. I was a little uncomfortable with too much male aggression. But – it turned out to be great exploitation for the film, now as you look back. It broke new ground.\"{{cite news | url=https://variety.com/2008/scene/columns/1968-welch-gets-cozy-with-co-star-1117992047/ | title=1968: Welch gets cozy with co-star | author=Army Archerd | work=Variety | date=11 September 2008 | access-date=11 December 2017 | archive-date=10 December 2017 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171210231709/http://variety.com/2008/scene/columns/1968-welch-gets-cozy-with-co-star-1117992047/ | url-status=live }}\n\n==Reception==\n===Box office===\nThe film opened on 26 March 1969 and grossed $301,315 in its first five days from nine cities.{{cite magazine|magazine=[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]]|title=This Picture Has a Message (Advert)|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_variety_1969-04-02_254_7/page/23|date=2 April 1969|page=23}}\n\nAccording to Fox records the film required $8,225,000 in rentals to break even and by 11 December 1970 had made $6,900,000 so made a loss to the studio.{{cite book|page=328|title=The Fox that got away : the last days of the Zanuck dynasty at Twentieth Century-Fox|last=Silverman|first=Stephen M|year=1988|publisher=L. Stuart}}\n\n===Critical response===\nOn [[review aggregator]] [[Rotten Tomatoes]], the film has two reviews, with an [[Weighted arithmetic mean|average rating]] of 4/10.{{cite web|url=https://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/100_rifles|title=100 Rifles (1969)|publisher=[[Rotten Tomatoes]]|accessdate=9 October 2019|archive-date=20 April 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190420114834/https://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/100_rifles|url-status=live}}\n\n[[Quentin Tarantino]] said the \"mediocre final product still seems like a shamefully wasted opportunity (I mean Jesus Christ, how do you fuck up a movie starring Jim Brown, Burt Reynolds and Raquel Welch?).\"{{cite web|website=The New Beverly Cinema|first=Quentin|last=Tarantino|title=I Escaped from Devil's Island|date=6 April 2020|url=https://thenewbev.com/tarantinos-reviews/i-escaped-from-devils-island/?fbclid=IwAR0yx6FYh_-ZmdfrQaysB_1Umh84GidHEIAGgX2w39u03g95JZ-4DSB92WY|access-date=7 April 2020|archive-date=19 August 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200819045813/https://thenewbev.com/tarantinos-reviews/i-escaped-from-devils-island/?fbclid=IwAR0yx6FYh_-ZmdfrQaysB_1Umh84GidHEIAGgX2w39u03g95JZ-4DSB92WY|url-status=dead}}\n\n==See also==\n* [[List of American films of 1969]]\n\n==References==\n{{reflist}}\n\n==External links==\n* {{IMDb title|id=0063970|title=100 Rifles}}\n* {{AllMovie title|id=16|title=100 Rifles}}\n* {{TCMDb title|id=85685}}\n* {{AFI film|23798}}\n* {{Rotten Tomatoes|100_rifles}}\n* [https://web.archive.org/web/20131215211353/http://www.dbcult.com/movie-database/100-rifles-1969/ 100 Rifles] at [http://www.dbcult.com/ DBCult Film Institute]\n* [https://www.nytimes.com/movie/review?res=9800E6DB153AEE34BC4F51DFB5668382679EDE Review of film] at New York Times\n\n{{Tom Gries}}\n\n[[Category:1969 films]]\n[[Category:1960s English-language films]]\n[[Category:1969 Western (genre) films]]\n[[Category:20th Century Fox films]]\n[[Category:African-American drama films]]\n[[Category:African-American Western (genre) films]]\n[[Category:Films about interracial romance]]\n[[Category:Films about Native Americans]]\n[[Category:Films based on American novels]]\n[[Category:Films based on Western (genre) novels]]\n[[Category:Films directed by Tom Gries]]\n[[Category:Films scored by Jerry Goldsmith]]\n[[Category:Films set in 1912]]\n[[Category:Films set in Mexico]]\n[[Category:Films shot in Almería]]\n[[Category:Mexican Revolution films]]\n[[Category:1969 drama films]]\n[[Category:1960s American films]]\n[[Category:Yaqui in popular culture]]"} +{"title":"4-By The Beatles (EP)","redirect":"4 by the Beatles"} +{"title":"Abitibi (electoral district)","redirect":"Abitibi—Baie-James—Nunavik—Eeyou"} +{"title":"Adblock Plus","content":"{{Distinguish|AdBlock}}\n{{short description|Content-filtering and ad blocking browser extension}}\n{{Use mdy dates|date=March 2022}}\n{{Infobox software\n| name = Adblock Plus\n| logo = Adblock Plus 2014 Logo.svg\n| screenshot = Adblock-plus-1.2-en-preferences-add-exception-xfwm4.png\n| caption = Preferences dialog box of Adblock Plus showing a group of filters\n| developer = Eyeo GmbH{{cite web |last=Palant |first=Wladimir |title=Introducing Eyeo GmbH, the company behind Adblock Plus |url=https://adblockplus.org/blog/introducing-eyeo-gmbh-the-company-behind-adblock-plus |publisher=Adblockplus.org |access-date=January 10, 2014 |archive-date=August 14, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180814074244/https://adblockplus.org/blog/introducing-eyeo-gmbh-the-company-behind-adblock-plus |url-status=live }}{{cite web |last=Hern |first=Alex |title=Adblock Plus: the tiny plugin threatening the internet's business model |date=October 14, 2013 |url=https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2013/oct/14/the-tiny-german-company-threatening-the-internets-business-model |publisher=Theguardian.com |access-date=December 13, 2016 |archive-date=July 31, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180731213128/https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2013/oct/14/the-tiny-german-company-threatening-the-internets-business-model |url-status=live }}{{cite news |last1=Sartoros |first1=Alkimos |last2=Dernbach |first2=Christoph |title=Adblock Plus: Erpresser-Vorwürfe gegen umstrittenen Werbeblocker ''(German)'' |newspaper=Der Spiegel |date=July 3, 2013 |url=http://www.spiegel.de/netzwelt/netzpolitik/adblock-plus-vorwuerfe-gegen-umstrittenen-werbeblocker-a-909207.html |publisher=Spiegel.de |access-date=January 10, 2014 |archive-date=May 7, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160507142657/http://www.spiegel.de/netzwelt/netzpolitik/adblock-plus-vorwuerfe-gegen-umstrittenen-werbeblocker-a-909207.html |url-status=live }}
'''Current CTO:'''
Felix H. Dahlke{{cite web | url=https://blog.adblockplus.org/blog/new-role | title=New role | Adblock Plus and (A little) more | access-date=October 23, 2022 | archive-date=October 23, 2022 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221023055537/https://blog.adblockplus.org/blog/new-role | url-status=live }}'''
Former lead developers:'''
Wladimir Palant,
Henrik Aasted Sørensen,
Michael McDonald\n| released = {{Start date and age|2005|10|23}}{{cite web |last1=Palant |first1=Wladimir |title=Adblock Plus and (a little) more: Adblock - the evolution |url=https://adblockplus.org/blog/adblock-the-evolution |website=adblockplus.org |access-date=December 22, 2017 |language=en |date=September 10, 2006 |archive-date=July 9, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180709094404/https://adblockplus.org/blog/adblock-the-evolution |url-status=live }}\n| ver layout = stacked\n| programming language = [[JavaScript]], [[XUL]], [[Cascading Style Sheets|CSS]]\n| genre = [[Add-on (Mozilla)|Mozilla extension]]
[[mobile app]]\n| license = [[GNU General Public License|GPLv3]]\n}}\n'''Adblock Plus''' ('''ABP''') is a [[Free and open-source software|free and open-source]]{{cite web |url=http://adblockplus.org/en/about |title=Adblock Plus : About |author=Adblock Plus |publisher=Adblock Plus |access-date=June 20, 2012 |archive-date=November 3, 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111103221251/http://adblockplus.org/en/about |url-status=live }}{{cite web |url=http://adblockplus.org/en/source |title=Adblock Plus : Source Code |author=Adblock Plus |publisher=Adblock Plus |access-date=June 20, 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120610235351/http://adblockplus.org/en/source |archive-date=June 10, 2012 |url-status=dead}} [[browser extension]] for [[Content filtering|content-filtering]] and [[ad blocking]]. It is developed by Eyeo [[Gesellschaft mit beschränkter Haftung|GmbH]], a German software company. The extension has been released for [[Firefox|Mozilla Firefox]] (including [[Firefox for mobile|mobile]]),{{cite web |url=https://addons.mozilla.org/en-US/mobile/addon/adblock-plus/ |title=Adblock Plus :: Add-ons for Mozilla |author=Mozilla |publisher=Mozilla |access-date=July 10, 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111016092234/https://addons.mozilla.org/en-US/mobile/addon/adblock-plus/ |archive-date=October 16, 2011 |url-status=dead }} [[Google Chrome]], [[Internet Explorer]], [[Microsoft Edge]] ([[Chromium (web browser)|Chromium]] based version), [[Opera (web browser)|Opera]], [[Safari (web browser)|Safari]], [[Yandex Browser]], and [[Android (operating system)|Android]].\n\nIn 2011, Adblock Plus and Eyeo attracted [[#Controversies|considerable controversy]] over its \"Acceptable Ads\"{{Cite web |url=https://acceptableads.com/en/solutions/ |title=Reach new audiences with Acceptable Ads |website=acceptableads.com |access-date=September 22, 2016 |archive-date=May 4, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190504170603/https://acceptableads.com/en/solutions/ |url-status=dead}} program to \"allow certain non-intrusive ads\" (such as [[Google Ads]]) to be allowed under the extension's default settings. While participation in the whitelisting process was free for small websites, large advertising companies were required to pay a fee in order for their ads to be whitelisted.{{cite news |url=http://www.ft.com/cms/s/0/80a8ce54-a61d-11e4-9bd3-00144feab7de.html#axzz3yUQViQs5 |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221211191221/https://www.ft.com/content/80a8ce54-a61d-11e4-9bd3-00144feab7de#axzz3yUQViQs5 |archive-date=December 11, 2022 |url-status=live |title=Google, Microsoft and Amazon pay to get around ad blocking tool |newspaper=Financial Times |date=February 2015 |last1=Cookson |first1=Robert |url-access=subscription |access-date=January 27, 2016 }}{{cite web |url=https://gizmodo.com/chrome-will-soon-block-autoplay-videos-with-sound-heres-1814207806 |title=Chrome Will Soon Block Autoplay Videos With Sound—Here's Why You Should Be Worried |first1=Rhett |last1=Jones |date=September 15, 2017 |access-date=September 15, 2017 |website=[[Gizmodo]] |archive-date=February 28, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200228094031/https://gizmodo.com/chrome-will-soon-block-autoplay-videos-with-sound-heres-1814207806 |url-status=live }}\n\n==Background==\nThe original version of Adblock (0.1) was written as a side project for [[Firefox]] by Danish software developer Henrik Aasted Sørensen, a university student at the time, in 2002.{{Cite web |url=http://adblockplus.org/en/history |title=Adblock Plus: A not so short history of Adblock |last=Palant |first=Wladimir |website=adblockplus.org |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061109142754/http://adblockplus.org/en/history |archive-date=November 9, 2006 |url-status=dead |access-date=December 22, 2017}}{{Cite news |url=http://www.businessinsider.com/interview-with-the-inventor-of-the-ad-blocker-henrik-aasted-srensen-2015-7 |title=The inventor of Adblock tells us he wrote the code as a 'procrastination project' at university — and he's never made money from it |last=O'Reilly |first=Lara |date=July 14, 2015 |work=Business Insider |access-date=December 22, 2017 |language=en |archive-date=February 9, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190209164853/https://www.businessinsider.com/interview-with-the-inventor-of-the-ad-blocker-henrik-aasted-srensen-2015-7 |url-status=live }} It hid image ads through user-defined filters from the page but did not prevent them from being downloaded. Sørensen maintained the open-source project until Adblock 0.3 after which the project changed hands. Since Adblock 0.3, Adblock no longer officially offers \"stable releases\" but instead offers \"development builds\" or \"nightly builds\"; Adblock 0.3 is the last official stable release of Adblock.{{Cite web |url=https://adblockplus.org/blog/adblock-the-evolution |title=Adblock Plus and (a little) more: Adblock - the evolution |last=Palant |first=Wladimir |date=September 10, 2006 |website=adblockplus.org |access-date=December 22, 2017 |archive-date=July 9, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180709094404/https://adblockplus.org/blog/adblock-the-evolution |url-status=live }}\n\nStarting with '''Adblock 0.4''', in early 2003, the development of AdBlock was taken over by a developer with the [[pseudonym]] ''rue''. Adblock 0.4 used [[XBL]] to hide the ads and with this objects like Flash or Java could also be blocked. As with prior versions, ads were still downloaded.\n\n'''AdBlock 0.5''', 2004, used content policies for ad blocking which prevented the ads from being downloaded instead of simply hiding them. Background images, scripts and stylesheets could be blocked through this approach as well. XBL support was dropped in this version in favor of content policies. Adblock 0.5 integrated several changes made in a fork of Adblock developed by Wladimir Palant.\n\nSometime after Adblock 0.5's release, the development of the project stalled. Development stagnated beginning in 2004 and entirely stopped in early 2005. Michael McDonald created a separate enhanced version of AdBlock called '''AdBlock Plus 0.5''' to improve upon the original and add additional features. No update for the original AdBlock was issued even after Firefox 1.5's release in November 2005. An official update supporting 1.5 was released more than a month later. In the meantime, McDonald had released a compatible AdBlock Plus version for Firefox 1.5.\n\nPalant later took over development of Adblock Plus from McDonald and rewrote the codebase, releasing '''Adblock Plus 0.6''' in January 2006, thus making Adblock Plus a separate extension and not simply an enhanced version of Adblock.\n\nDevelopment of the original Adblock stopped with version 0.5 and the project was abandoned in late 2006.{{Cite web |url=http://adblock.mozdev.org/index.html |title=mozdev.org - adblock: index |website=adblock.mozdev.org |language=en |access-date=December 22, 2017 |archive-date=January 25, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190125152758/http://adblock.mozdev.org/index.html |url-status=dead}}\n\n==History and statistics==\nMichael McDonald created Adblock Plus 0.5, which improved on the original Adblock by incorporating the following features:\n* whitelisting\n* support for blocking background images\n* subscription to filters with a fixed address and automatic updates\n* the ability to hide [[HTML element]]s, allowing a greater range of images to be blocked\n* the ability to hide ads on a per-site basis, instead of globally\n* [[memory leak]] fixes\n* improvements to the [[user interface]]\n\nMcDonald discontinued development and transferred the name to Wladimir Palant, who released Adblock Plus 0.6 with a rewritten codebase in January 2006.{{cite web |url=https://adblockplus.org/en/about |title=About Adblock Plus |website=Adblockplus.org |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130708050413/http://adblockplus.org/en/about |archive-date=July 8, 2013 |url-status=dead |access-date=November 4, 2011}} ''[[PC World (magazine)|PC World]]'' chose Adblock Plus as one of the 100 best products of 2007, featuring in at 95.{{cite magazine |url=http://www.pcworld.com/article/131935-11/the_100_best_products_of_2007.html |title=PC World - The 100 Best Products of 2007 |date=May 21, 2007 |editor-last=Dahl |editor-first=Eric |magazine=[[PC World (magazine)|PC World]] |access-date=August 19, 2007 |archive-date=July 29, 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080729005853/http://www.pcworld.com/article/131935-11/the_100_best_products_of_2007.html |url-status=dead }} AdBlock Plus was initially written around Mozilla's [[Add-on (Mozilla)|extension]] API. The extension supported not just Firefox, but less popular applications like [[SeaMonkey]], [[K-Meleon]], [[Firefox for Android|Fennec]], Prism, and even the Songbird media player because they each included Mozilla's [[Gecko (software)|Gecko]] rendering engine. Palant expressed reluctance to support popular but technologically unrelated browsers and stated, \"I am not going to maintain two unrelated projects.\"{{cite web |access-date=2 September 2022 |date=11 February 2022 |last=Palant |first=Wladimir |title=How are supported applications chosen for Adblock Plus? |publisher=eyeo GmbH |url=https://blog.adblockplus.org/blog/how-are-supported-applications-chosen-for-adblock-plus |website=Adblock Plus and (a little) more |archive-date=August 29, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220829080801/https://blog.adblockplus.org/blog/how-are-supported-applications-chosen-for-adblock-plus |url-status=live }}\n\nIn 2010, AdBlock Plus acquired the existing AdThwart extension for Chrome.{{cite web | url=https://techcrunch.com/2010/12/15/adblock-plus-chrome/ | title=Good News, Adblock Plus Fans – Soon, There Will be a Google Chrome Extension | date=December 15, 2010 }} Palant used this as a base to build Adblock Plus for Google Chrome. It has been available since December 2010 and has over 10 million users.{{Cite web |url=https://chrome.google.com/webstore/detail/adblock-plus/cfhdojbkjhnklbpkdaibdccddilifddb |title=Adblock Plus - Chrome Web Store |last=adblockplus.org |website=chrome.google.com |language=en |access-date=December 22, 2017 |archive-date=March 1, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130301011821/https://chrome.google.com/webstore/detail/adblock-plus/cfhdojbkjhnklbpkdaibdccddilifddb |url-status=live }} After [[Firefox]] and [[Microsoft Edge]] adopted Google's Web Extensions API, the Chrome version became the basis for those browsers as well. Ad Block Plus became the most popular extension for Firefox, with around 14 million users as of December 2017.{{Cite web |url=https://addons.mozilla.org/en-US/firefox/addon/adblock-plus/statistics/usage/?last=365 |title=Statistics for Adblock Plus |website=addons.mozilla.org |language=en-US |access-date=December 22, 2017 |archive-date=March 27, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190327090951/https://addons.mozilla.org/en-US/firefox/addon/adblock-plus/statistics/usage/?last=365 |url-status=live }}\n\nIn 2011, Palant, Till Faida and Tim Schumacher incorporated Adblock Plus as Eyeo GmbH, stylized eyeo.\n\nAdblock Plus was released as an app for [[Android (operating system)|Android]] devices in November 2012. On March 3, 2013, the Android app was removed from the [[Google Play#Google Play Store on Android|Google Play Store]] along with similar ad-blocking apps.{{Cite web |title=Adblock Plus and (a little) more: Adblock Plus for Android removed from Google Play store |url=https://adblockplus.org/blog/adblock-plus-for-android-removed-from-google-play-store |website=adblockplus.org |access-date=August 13, 2015 |archive-date=September 17, 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150917011057/https://adblockplus.org/blog/adblock-plus-for-android-removed-from-google-play-store |url-status=live }} Some apps remain in the Play Store with the caveat that they require [[Rooting (Android OS)|root access]] in order to function.{{Citation needed|date=December 2017}} Adblock Plus, while not in the Play Store, is still available on the app's website. Users can download the [[Android application package|.Apk file]] directly and install it as a third-party app if they allow \"Unknown Sources\" in Android settings. The application page as of December 2017 features the Adblock Browser for Android instead of the original app.{{Cite web |title=Install Adblock Plus for Android |url=https://adblockplus.org/en/android-install |website=adblockplus.org |access-date=August 13, 2015 |archive-date=September 6, 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150906042153/https://adblockplus.org/en/android-install |url-status=live }}\n\nAdblock Plus was made available for [[Internet Explorer]] in August 2013,{{cite web |url=https://adblockplus.org/releases/adblock-plus-10-for-internet-explorer-released |title=Adblock Plus 1.0 for Internet Explorer released |publisher=Adblock Plus |access-date=September 26, 2013 |archive-date=September 28, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130928162952/https://adblockplus.org/releases/adblock-plus-10-for-internet-explorer-released |url-status=live }} [[Safari (web browser)|Safari]] since January 2014,{{cite web |url=https://adblockplus.org/releases/adblock-plus-for-safari-beta-released |title=Adblock Plus for Safari Beta released |access-date=January 21, 2014 |archive-date=February 1, 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140201220200/https://adblockplus.org/releases/adblock-plus-for-safari-beta-released |url-status=live }} and [[Yandex Browser]] since December 2014.{{cite web |last1=Williams |first1=Ben |title=Adblock Plus now available on Yandex Browser |url=https://adblockplus.org/blog/adblock-plus-now-available-on-yandex-browser |publisher=Adblock Plus |access-date=January 23, 2015 |archive-date=January 23, 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150123090731/https://adblockplus.org/blog/adblock-plus-now-available-on-yandex-browser |url-status=live }}\n\nAn Adblock Plus [[Web browser|browser]] beta version was made available in May 2015, called the \"[https://adblockplus.org/en/adblock-browser Adblock Browser]\".{{cite news |last1=Williams |first1=Ben |title=Adblock Browser is here |url=https://adblockplus.org/blog/adblock-browser-is-here |access-date=May 20, 2015 |date=May 20, 2015 |archive-date=July 22, 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150722153426/https://adblockplus.org/blog/adblock-browser-is-here |url-status=live }} Adblock Browser 1.0 was released on September 7, 2015, based on [[Firefox for mobile]].{{cite web |title=Adblock Browser for Android |publisher=Google Play Store |date=September 7, 2015 |url=https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=org.adblockplus.browser |access-date=September 9, 2015}}\n\nAdblock Plus has created an independent board to review what is an acceptable ad and what is not.{{Cite web |title=Adblock Plus creators plan independent board to decide ad acceptability |url=http://www.pcworld.com/article/2988079/browsers/adblock-plus-creators-plan-independent-board-to-decide-ad-acceptability.html |access-date=October 5, 2015 |archive-date=October 6, 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151006052619/http://www.pcworld.com/article/2988079/browsers/adblock-plus-creators-plan-independent-board-to-decide-ad-acceptability.html |url-status=live }}{{Cite web |title=AdBlock Plus to introduce independent board to oversee Acceptable Ads program |url=http://betanews.com/2015/09/30/adblock-plus-to-introduce-independent-board-to-oversee-acceptable-ads-program/ |website=BetaNews |date=September 30, 2015 |access-date=October 5, 2015 |archive-date=October 6, 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151006004937/http://betanews.com/2015/09/30/adblock-plus-to-introduce-independent-board-to-oversee-acceptable-ads-program/ |url-status=live }}\n\n==Operation==\nLike Mozilla's built-in image blocker, Adblock Plus blocks [[Hypertext Transfer Protocol|HTTP]] and [[HTTPS]] requests according to their source address and additional context information and can block [[Iframes|iframe]]s, [[JavaScript|script]]s, and [[Adobe Flash|Flash]]. It also uses automatically generated user [[Style sheet (web development)|stylesheets]] to hide elements such as text ads on a page as they load instead of blocking them, known as element hiding.{{cite web |url=https://adblockplus.org/en/faq_internal#elemhide |title=FAQ - Adblock Plus internals |publisher=Adblockplus.org |access-date=November 4, 2011 |archive-date=October 26, 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111026221838/http://adblockplus.org/en/faq_internal#elemhide |url-status=live }}\n\n===Android===\nOn rooted devices, the Android app blocks ads on all web traffic including mobile networks. For non-rooted devices, ads are only blocked through a [[Wi-Fi|Wi-Fi connection]] and requires the user to set up a local proxy server for each network in order for the app to function.{{Cite web |title=About Adblock Plus for Android |url=https://adblockplus.org/en/android-about |website=adblockplus.org |access-date=August 13, 2015 |archive-date=July 26, 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150726165808/https://adblockplus.org/en/android-about |url-status=dead}} The app uses a local proxy server to intercept web traffic and remove ads before showing content to the user. Most of the content that users are trying to block will be removed, though some content is missed, and the app is not as reliable at blocking ads as the browser versions. The app can be configured to auto-start every time the device reboots, minimizing the action required by the user.\n\n===Filters===\nBasic filter rules can include wildcards represented by asterisks (*). Sites and objects can be whitelisted with filters that start with two ''at'' signs (@@). [[Regular expression]]s delimited by slashes (/) can be used by advanced users. Adblock Plus also supports a more-sophisticated syntax that gives fine-grain control over filters.{{cite web |url=https://adblockplus.org/en/filters#options |title=Writing Adblock Plus filters |publisher=Adblockplus.org |access-date=November 4, 2011 |archive-date=November 3, 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111103214109/http://adblockplus.org/en/filters#options |url-status=live }}\nAn example of the sophisticated filtering would be wikipedia.org##div#centralNotice, which will hide the centralNotice element used by Wikipedia to display donation requests. The first part of the filter is the domain name, followed by two pound signs, and a [[CSS|CSS selector]]. This type of filtering is called cosmetic filtering, as it hides parts of the website after it has loaded. Both [[uBlock Origin]] and [[AdGuard|AdGuard's browser extension and apps]] also support this type of filtering.\n\n===Filter subscriptions===\nUsers can add external filtersets. Adblock Plus includes the ability to use one or more external filter subscriptions that are automatically updated. [[Filterset.G]] is incompatible with this system (and Adblock Plus specifically recommends against using Filterset.G for other reasons as well), but other filtersets can be added by typing their addresses. A list of known Adblock Plus subscriptions is maintained on the Adblock Plus [[#External links|official website]].{{cite web |url=http://adblockplus.org/subscriptions |title=Known Adblock Plus subscriptions |publisher=adblockplus.org |access-date=September 15, 2016 |archive-date=February 28, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200228094038/https://adblockplus.org/subscriptions |url-status=live }}\n\nEasyList{{cite web |url=https://easylist.to/ |title=The Official EasyList Website |work=easylist.to |access-date=September 15, 2016 |archive-date=February 27, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200227163740/https://easylist.to/ |url-status=live }} was the most popular Adblock Plus filter list as of August 2011, with over 12 million subscribers.{{Cite news |url=https://easylist.to/2011/09/01/easylist-statistics:-august-2011 |work=EasyList |title=EasyList Statistics: August 2011 |date=September 1, 2011 |access-date=September 2, 2011 |archive-date=February 28, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200228094028/https://easylist.to/2011/09/01/easylist-statistics:-august-2011 |url-status=live }}/ Created by Rick Petnel,{{Cite news |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2008/06/24/AR2008062401287.html |newspaper=The Washington Post |title=One Man, One Long List, No More Web Ads |first=Peter |last=Whoriskey |date=June 25, 2008 |access-date=April 23, 2010 |archive-date=February 7, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180207063116/http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2008/06/24/AR2008062401287.html |url-status=live }} it became officially recommended by the Adblock Plus program, and filter lists for other languages were built on top of it. Petnel died in 2009{{cite web |url=http://www.legacy.com/obituaries/timesunion-albany/obituary-preview.aspx?n=richard-j-petnel&pid=125731751&referrer=1329 |title=Richard J. Petnel Obituary: View Richard Petnel's Obituary by Albany Times Union |publisher=Legacy.com |access-date=November 4, 2011 |archive-date=June 11, 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110611043607/http://www.legacy.com/obituaries/timesunion-albany/obituary-preview.aspx?n=richard-j-petnel&pid=125731751&referrer=1329 |url-status=live }}{{cite web |url=https://adblockplus.org/blog/sad-news |title=Adblock Plus and (a little) more: Sad news |publisher=Adblockplus.org |access-date=November 4, 2011 |archive-date=February 28, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200228094028/https://adblockplus.org/blog/sad-news |url-status=live }} following which Palant placed a user named \"Ares2\" as the new maintainer.{{cite web |url=https://adblockplus.org/blog/what-is-going-on-with-easylist |title=Adblock Plus and (a little) more: What is going on with EasyList |publisher=Adblockplus.org |access-date=November 4, 2011 |archive-date=February 28, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200228094358/https://adblockplus.org/blog/what-is-going-on-with-easylist |url-status=live }} The filter lists EasyList and EasyPrivacy are both subscribed by default in [[uBlock Origin]] but not in Adblock Plus itself. Both of these filter lists will also be used by Google Chrome starting February 15, 2018, on sites not complying with the Better Ads Standards.{{Cite news |url=https://www.ctrl.blog/entry/chrome-adblocker |title=Here's how Google Chrome's new ad blocker works |last=Aleksandersen |first=Daniel |work=Ctrl blog |access-date=February 6, 2018 |language=en |archive-date=May 5, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190505233237/https://www.ctrl.blog/entry/chrome-adblocker |url-status=live }}\n\nIn May 2013, the former second most popular Adblock Plus filter list, Fanboy's List, was merged with EasyList.{{cite web |url=https://easylist.to/2013/05/17/easylist-merges-with-fanboy-s-list |title=EasyList merges with Fanboy's List |publisher=EasyList |date=May 17, 2013 |access-date=September 3, 2013 |archive-date=February 28, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200228094027/https://easylist.to/2013/05/17/easylist-merges-with-fanboy-s-list |url-status=live }}\n\n===Legal challenges===\nIn December 2014, it was reported that [[Zeit Online]] and [[Handelsblatt]] had brought suit against Eyeo GmbH in the {{Interlanguage link multi|Landgericht Hamburg|de}}.{{cite web |url=http://www.horizont.net/medien/nachrichten/Adblocker-Klage-Auch-Zeit-Online-klagt-gegen-Adblock-Plus-Mutter-Eyeo-131979 |publisher=horizont.net |title=Auch Zeit Online klagt gegen Adblock-Plus-Mutter Eyeo |language=de |date=December 17, 2014 |access-date=June 4, 2015 |archive-date=April 19, 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150419070557/http://www.horizont.net/medien/nachrichten/Adblocker-Klage-Auch-Zeit-Online-klagt-gegen-Adblock-Plus-Mutter-Eyeo-131979 |url-status=live }}{{cite web |url=http://www.internetworld.de/onlinemarketing/adblocker/adblock-plus-axel-springer-klagt-eyeo-911380.html |publisher=Internet World Business |title=Prozessauftakt in Köln - Adblock Plus: Axel Springer klagt gegen Eyeo |language=de |date=March 11, 2015 |access-date=March 15, 2015 |archive-date=March 14, 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150314181708/http://www.internetworld.de/onlinemarketing/adblocker/adblock-plus-axel-springer-klagt-eyeo-911380.html |url-status=live }}{{cite web |url=http://www.internetworld.de/onlinemarketing/adblocker/sueddeutsche-klagt-adblock-plus-912568.html |publisher=Internet World Business |title=Auch Süddeutsche klagt gegen Adblock Plus |language=de |access-date=March 15, 2015 |date=March 13, 2015 |archive-date=March 14, 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150314181916/http://www.internetworld.de/onlinemarketing/adblocker/sueddeutsche-klagt-adblock-plus-912568.html |url-status=live }}\nIn April 2015 the court rejected the suit.[http://www.rechtsprechung-hamburg.de/jportal/portal/page/bsharprod.psml?doc.id=JURE150011562&st=ent&doctyp=juris-r&showdoccase=1 Landsgericht Hamburg 16. Kammer für Handelssachen, Urteil vom 21.04.2015, 416 HKO 159/14] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151117020722/http://www.rechtsprechung-hamburg.de/jportal/portal/page/bsharprod.psml?doc.id=JURE150011562&st=ent&doctyp=juris-r&showdoccase=1 |date=November 17, 2015 }} (Anonymized){{cite web |url=https://adblockplus.org/blog/restating-the-obvious-adblocking-declared-legal |title=Restating the obvious: adblocking declared legal. |author=Ben Williams |work=Adblock Plus and (a little) more |language=en |date=April 21, 2015 |access-date=October 25, 2015 |archive-date=November 17, 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151117022859/https://adblockplus.org/blog/restating-the-obvious-adblocking-declared-legal |url-status=live }}{{cite web |url=http://www.heise.de/newsticker/meldung/Landgericht-Hamburg-Adblock-Plus-darf-weiter-blocken-2616148.html |publisher=heise online |title=Landgericht Hamburg: Adblock Plus darf weiter blocken |date=April 21, 2015 |language=de |access-date=April 30, 2015 |archive-date=April 26, 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150426034231/http://www.heise.de/newsticker/meldung/Landgericht-Hamburg-Adblock-Plus-darf-weiter-blocken-2616148.html |url-status=live }}\n[[Axel Springer SE]] has filed a court order for the removal of the Adblock Plus post{{cite magazine |title=AdBlock Plus accuses Axel Springer of censorship after ad-block move |url=http://digiday.com/publishers/adblock-plus-accuses-axel-springer-censorship-ad-block-move/ |magazine=[[Digiday]] |access-date=November 13, 2015 |language=en-US |archive-date=November 13, 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151113151606/http://digiday.com/publishers/adblock-plus-accuses-axel-springer-censorship-ad-block-move/ |url-status=live }} though there is a redacted version{{Cite web |title=Adblock Plus • View topic - bild.de adblock detect unskippable |url=https://adblockplus.org/forum/viewtopic.php?f=2&t=41068 |website=adblockplus.org |access-date=November 13, 2015 |archive-date=November 17, 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151117024011/https://adblockplus.org/forum/viewtopic.php?f=2&t=41068 |url-status=live }} and people have posted videos and posts on how to get around the Axel Springer wall.{{Citation |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fCg8uYZi0wI |access-date=November 13, 2015 |language=de |title=Bild.de AdBlock Sperre umgehen |archive-date=March 9, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160309211331/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fCg8uYZi0wI |url-status=live }}{{better source|date=December 2015|reason=YouTube videos are self-published and therefore not reliable sources}} However, in April 2018, Germany's [[Federal Constitutional Court]] found in favour of Eyeo and ruled that Adblock Plus did not violate any laws.{{cite web |url=https://www.engadget.com/2018/04/20/german-supreme-court-ad-blocking/ |title=German court says ad-blocking is legal |first=Daniel |last=Cooper |date=April 20, 2018 |access-date=April 20, 2018 |work=[[Engadget]] |archive-date=April 20, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180420133016/https://www.engadget.com/2018/04/20/german-supreme-court-ad-blocking/ |url-status=live }}\n\nIn August 2017, the Admiral advertising company sent a [[Digital Millennium Copyright Act]] (DMCA) takedown notice to EasyList to remove the domain ''functionalclam.com'' from the blacklist. Admiral argues that the domain is part of its access control technology of its advertising platform, and therefore the blacklisting is an attempt to circumvent a technical protection measure, which is forbidden under the DMCA section 1201.{{Cite web |url=https://gizmodo.com/a-copyright-claim-was-reportedly-used-to-stop-ad-blocki-1797767169 |title=A Copyright Claim Was Reportedly Used to Stop Ad Blocking, But It's Complicated |last=Jones |first=Rhett |work=[[Gizmodo]] |date=August 12, 2017 |access-date=August 12, 2017 |archive-date=August 14, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170814180846/http://gizmodo.com/a-copyright-claim-was-reportedly-used-to-stop-ad-blocki-1797767169 |url-status=live }}\n\n==Detection==\nSome webmasters have used [[JavaScript]] to detect the effects of the popular Adblock Plus filters.{{cite web |url=http://adblockdetector.com/ |title=Adblock Detector (v. 1.0) - A JavaScript way of doing ad block detection |access-date=June 22, 2016 |author=Larsen, Dan |work=adblockdetector.com |quote=Adblock Detector is a javascript, that can help site owners to detect ad blockers like Adblock Plus. It is not bullet proof, but definitely better than nothing, if you want to make sure your visitor are not blocking your ads! |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120701123426/http://adblockdetector.com/ |archive-date=July 1, 2012}}{{cite web |url=http://www.browserleaks.com/proxy |title=Content Filters and Proxy Detection |work=BrowserLeaks.com |access-date=June 22, 2016 |quote=The set of demos that try to determine Content Filters usage, is the type of applications that operate between the browser and the web page, and are designed to manipulate the connection and content of a visited web pages. Among them are TOR Browser, Privixy, Adblock Detectors. |archive-date=June 17, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160617050314/http://www.browserleaks.com/proxy |url-status=live }} This is done by generating a [[honeypot (computing)|honeypot]]-like URL, verifying its delivery, and [[Document Object Model|DOM]] verification after the web page is rendered by the web browser, to ensure the expected advertising elements are present. Detection is simplified since the extension is not yet capable of replacing content; Loopback proxies provide this additional functionality.\n\nThese methods do not detect the presence of the Adblock Plus extension directly, only the effects of the filters. They are vulnerable to continued filter updates, and whitelist-filtering web scripts with extensions such as [[NoScript]].\n\nAn attempt was made to detect the plug-in itself, but that detection method was rendered unusable by the 0.7.5.2 update of Adblock Plus.{{cite web |url=https://adblockplus.org/en/changelog-0.7.5.2 |title=Detailed changelog for Adblock Plus 0.7.5.2 |publisher=Adblockplus.org |access-date=November 4, 2011 |archive-date=September 29, 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110929153144/https://adblockplus.org/en/changelog-0.7.5.2 |url-status=dead }}\n\nGoogle Chrome had a defect in [[Content Security Policy]] that allowed the detection of any installed extension, including Adblock Plus for Google Chrome.{{cite web |url=http://blog.kotowicz.net/2012/02/intro-to-chrome-addons-hacking.html |title=Intro to Chrome addons hacking: fingerprinting |work=The World. According to Koto |date=February 17, 2012 |access-date=June 22, 2016 |quote=Webpages can sometimes interact with Chrome addons and that might be dangerous, more on that later. Meanwhile, a warmup - trick to detect addons you have installed. |archive-date=July 7, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160707075823/http://blog.kotowicz.net/2012/02/intro-to-chrome-addons-hacking.html |url-status=live }} The solution for this issue arrived in Google Chrome 18, and required each developer to make changes to their extensions.{{cite web |url=https://developer.chrome.com/stable/extensions/tut_migration_to_manifest_v2.html |title=Google Chrome Extensions: Migrate to Manifest V2 |access-date=February 11, 2013 |archive-date=January 21, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130121133228/http://developer.chrome.com/stable/extensions/tut_migration_to_manifest_v2.html |url-status=live }} Adblock Plus for Google Chrome fixed this in version 1.3.{{cite web |url=https://adblockplus.org/releases/adblock-plus-13-for-google-chrome-released |title=Adblock Plus 1.3 for Google Chrome released |publisher=Adblockplus.org |access-date=February 11, 2013 |archive-date=February 3, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130203115841/http://adblockplus.org/releases/adblock-plus-13-for-google-chrome-released |url-status=live }}\n\n==Security==\nStarting with Adblock Plus 3.2 for Chrome, Firefox and Opera,{{Cite web |url=https://adblockplus.org/releases/adblock-plus-32-for-chrome-firefox-and-opera-released |title=Adblock Plus and (a little) more: Adblock Plus 3.2 for Chrome, Firefox and Opera released |date=July 17, 2018 |website=adblockplus.org |language=en-us |access-date=April 4, 2020 |archive-date=August 9, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200809223702/https://adblockplus.org/releases/adblock-plus-32-for-chrome-firefox-and-opera-released |url-status=live }} the Adblock Plus filter syntax allowed filter lists to execute arbitrary code in the context of certain kinds of web pages via the $rewrite filter option.{{Cite web |url=https://help.eyeo.com/adblockplus/how-to-write-filters#rewrite |title=How to write filters |date=April 4, 2020 |website=adblockplus.org |language=en-us |access-date=April 4, 2020 |archive-date=April 14, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200414224857/https://help.eyeo.com/adblockplus/how-to-write-filters#rewrite |url-status=live }} This feature could be used by list maintainers to fix bugs in web pages caused by ad blocking or to circumvent ad blocker detection, but also could be abused by malicious filter rules.{{Cite web |url=https://armin.dev/blog/2019/04/adblock-plus-code-injection/ |title=Adblock Plus filter lists may execute arbitrary code in web pages |date=April 15, 2019 |website=armin.dev |language=en-us |access-date=April 15, 2019 |archive-date=April 15, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190415160002/https://armin.dev/blog/2019/04/adblock-plus-code-injection/ |url-status=live }} This issue was not unique to Adblock Plus and affected all extensions that offered such functionality. By contrast, uBlock Origin did not support this functionality and required all such scripts to pass a manual verification by the uBlock Origin maintainers. The issue was fixed in Adblock Plus 3.5.2 for Chrome, Firefox and Opera.{{Cite web |url=https://adblockplus.org/releases/adblock-plus-352-for-chrome-firefox-and-opera-released |title=Adblock Plus and (a little) more: Adblock Plus 3.5.2 for Chrome, Firefox and Opera released |date=April 20, 2019 |website=adblockplus.org |language=en-us |access-date=April 4, 2020 |archive-date=September 19, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200919032749/https://adblockplus.org/releases/adblock-plus-352-for-chrome-firefox-and-opera-released |url-status=live }}\n\n==Reception==\n\n=== Ad filtering, ad whitelisting, and \"acceptable ads\" ===\n{{Main|Ad filtering}}\nThe owners of some websites which use third-party hosted [[online advertising]] to fund the hosting of their websites have argued that the use of ad-blocking software such as Adblock Plus risks cutting off their revenue stream.{{cite web |url=http://wordswithmeaning.org/2012/04/an-open-letter-regarding-adblock-and-revenue-loss/ |title=An Open Letter Regarding AdBlock and Revenue Loss |publisher=wordswithmeaning.org |date=April 19, 2012 |access-date=June 28, 2013 |archive-date=April 27, 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120427112818/http://wordswithmeaning.org/2012/04/an-open-letter-regarding-adblock-and-revenue-loss/ |url-status=dead}}{{cite web |url=https://arstechnica.com/business/2010/03/why-ad-blocking-is-devastating-to-the-sites-you-love/ |title=Why Ad Blocking is devastating to the sites you love |website=[[Ars Technica]] |date=March 6, 2010 |access-date=June 14, 2017 |archive-date=July 19, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170719172320/https://arstechnica.com/business/2010/03/why-ad-blocking-is-devastating-to-the-sites-you-love/ |url-status=live }} While some websites such as ''[[The New York Times]]'' and ''[[The Daily Telegraph]]'' have successfully implemented subscription and membership-based [[paywall]] systems for revenue,{{cite web |url=http://www.journalism.co.uk/news/two-years-of-the-new-york-times-paywall/s2/a552534/ |title=Two years in: Reflections on the New York Times paywall |publisher=[[journalism.co.uk]] |date=March 28, 2013 |access-date=June 28, 2013 |archive-date=June 4, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130604180158/http://www.journalism.co.uk/news/two-years-of-the-new-york-times-paywall/s2/a552534/ |url-status=live }} many websites today rely on third-party hosted online advertising to function.\n\nOn December 5, 2011, Wladimir Palant announced that certain \"acceptable\" ads would be whitelisted in upcoming builds of the Adblock Plus software, with the option to remove whitelisted ads by using a custom setting in the software. According to Palant, only static advertisements with a maximum of one script will be permitted as \"acceptable\", with a preference towards text-only content. The announcement generated controversy both on Adblock Plus's website and on [[social media]] sites like [[Reddit]].{{cite web |last=Palant |first=Wladimir |url=https://adblockplus.org/development-builds/allowing-acceptable-ads-in-adblock-plus |title=Allowing acceptable ads in Adblock Plus |publisher=Adblock Plus |date=December 5, 2011 |access-date=December 12, 2011 |archive-date=December 13, 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111213034520/https://adblockplus.org/development-builds/allowing-acceptable-ads-in-adblock-plus |url-status=live }}{{Failed verification|date=November 2018}}\n\nStarting with version 2.0, Adblock Plus started allowing \"acceptable ads\" by default,{{cite web |title=What are Acceptable Ads? |url=https://adblockplus.org/en/acceptable-ads#what-are-those |website=Adblock Plus |access-date=May 12, 2019 |archive-date=October 11, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231011111043/https://adblockplus.org/en/acceptable-ads#what-are-those |url-status=live }} with acceptable ad standards being set by [[The Acceptable Ads Committee]].{{cite web |date=March 24, 2020 |title=Acceptable Ads Committee |url=https://acceptableads.com/en/committee/ |website=Acceptable Ads |access-date=May 12, 2019 |archive-date=May 4, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190504170715/https://acceptableads.com/en/committee/ |url-status=live }} They charge large institutions fees to become whitelisted and marked as \"acceptable\", stating \"[Adblock Plus] only charge large entities a license fee so that we can offer the same whitelisting services to everyone and maintain our resources to develop the best software for our users.\" on their about page.{{cite web |title=How is Adblock Plus financed? |url=https://adblockplus.org/en/about#monetization |website=Adblock Plus |access-date=May 12, 2019 |archive-date=July 8, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130708050413/http://adblockplus.org/en/about#monetization |url-status=live }}\n\nIn 2012, Adblock Plus's managing director Till Faida told the Swiss newspaper ''Thurgauer Zeitung'' that the \"strategic partners\" on Adblock Plus's whitelist would not be named, but that the partnership is part of the company's \"Acceptable Ads\" whitelist project.{{cite news |url=http://www.thurgauerzeitung.ch/aktuell/digital/Mit-aufdringlicher-Werbung-uebertrieben;art119505,3206247 |title=Mit aufdringlicher Werbung übertrieben |language=de |date=November 20, 2012 |access-date=June 28, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130629223125/http://www.thurgauerzeitung.ch/aktuell/digital/Mit-aufdringlicher-Werbung-uebertrieben;art119505,3206247 |archive-date=June 29, 2013 |url-status=dead}} In February 2013, an anonymous source accused Palant of offering to add his site's advertisements to the whitelist in return for one-third of the advertisement revenue.{{cite web |url=http://www.digitaltrends.com/web/adblock-plus-accused-of-shaking-down-websites/ |title=Media mafiosos: Is Adblock Plus shaking down websites for cash to let ads through? |publisher=[[Digital Trends]] |date=February 21, 2013 |access-date=May 23, 2013 |archive-date=June 26, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130626063455/http://www.digitaltrends.com/web/adblock-plus-accused-of-shaking-down-websites/ |url-status=live }} In June 2013, blogger Sascha Pallenberg accused the developers of Adblock Plus of maintaining business connections to \"strategic partners in the advertising industry\", and called ABP a \"mafia-like advertising network\".{{cite web |url=http://www.h-online.com/newsticker/news/item/Serious-accusations-against-Adblock-Plus-1897360.html |title=Serious accusations against Adblock Plus |publisher=[[The H]] |date=June 26, 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131208011244/http://www.h-online.com/newsticker/news/item/Serious-accusations-against-AdBlock-Plus-1897360.html |archive-date=December 8, 2013}} He alleged that Adblock Plus whitelisted all ads coming from \"friendly\" sites and subsidiaries, and promoted their product using fake reviews and pornography.{{cite web |url=http://www.techeye.net/business/adblock-plus-denies-ad-fixing-allegations |title=Adblock Plus denies ad fixing allegations |date=June 27, 2013 |publisher=[[TechEye]] |access-date=June 7, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160806093816/http://www.techeye.net/business/adblock-plus-denies-ad-fixing-allegations |archive-date=August 6, 2016 |url-status=dead }} Faida responded to Pallenberg's accusations, stating that \"a large part of the information concerning the collaboration with our partners is correct\", but that the company did not see these industry connections as a [[conflict of interest]]. He said that the company is convinced that the \"acceptable ads\" business model will be successful and says that the whitelisting criteria are \"completely transparent\". He also stated that \"We have an initiative called Acceptable Ads to support websites with unobtrusive ads. Every website can participate. The [Pallenberg] article on purpose just slanders our good name\".\n\nAttacks were made in 2016 against ad-blocking with paid whitelists—though Adblock Plus was not mentioned by name—by content providers who provide content free of charge to users, deriving revenue from advertisements, and by industry and government sources who criticise the \"unsavoury\" business model, which has been described as a \"modern-day protection racket\".{{cite web |url=https://www.theguardian.com/media/2016/mar/09/adblocking-business-model-trinity-mirror-guardian-media-group#comment-70244828 |title=Adblocking 'pretty unsavoury' business model, says Trinity Mirror chief |newspaper=The Guardian |date=March 9, 2016 |author=Mark Sweney |access-date=March 9, 2016 |quote=\"They offer software for free [to consumers] and then come to us and say 'your site's OK so if you pay us we will ensure ads on your sites get through'. There is something extremely unhealthy about this business model.\" |archive-date=March 9, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160309115130/http://www.theguardian.com/media/2016/mar/09/adblocking-business-model-trinity-mirror-guardian-media-group#comment-70244828 |url-status=live }}\n\nIn May 2016, Adblock Plus's parent company Eyeo began a collaboration with the online donation service [[Flattr]] to create a service that would allow users to automatically donate money to online publishers based on their engagement. The service was conceived as a way for users to automatically support online publishers as an alternative to advertising; Eyeo would acquire Flattr outright the following year, seeking to expand upon this model as Flattr's main service.{{cite web |title=AdBlock Plus teams up with Flattr to help readers pay publishers |url=https://techcrunch.com/2016/05/03/adblock-plus-teams-up-with-flattr-to-help-readers-pay-publishers/ |website=TechCrunch |date=May 3, 2016 |access-date=April 5, 2017 |archive-date=July 14, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170714231543/https://techcrunch.com/2016/05/03/adblock-plus-teams-up-with-flattr-to-help-readers-pay-publishers/ |url-status=live }}{{cite web |title=The company behind Adblock Plus is acquiring micropayment service Flattr |url=https://techcrunch.com/2017/04/05/adblock-plus-acquires-flattr/ |website=TechCrunch |date=April 5, 2017 |publisher=AOL |access-date=April 5, 2017}} In September 2016, Eyeo announced that it would launch a \"marketplace\" for ads that meet its acceptability criteria.{{cite web |title=Adblock Plus now sells ads |url=https://www.theverge.com/2016/9/13/12890050/adblock-plus-now-sells-ads |website=The Verge |date=September 13, 2016 |publisher=Vox Media |access-date=April 5, 2017 |archive-date=April 6, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170406020827/http://www.theverge.com/2016/9/13/12890050/adblock-plus-now-sells-ads |url-status=live }}\n\n==See also==\n* [[AdBlock]]\n* [[AdGuard]]\n* [[AdWare]]\n* [[uBlock Origin]]\n\n==References==\n{{Reflist|colwidth=30em}}\n\n==External links==\n{{commonscat}}\n* {{Official website}}\n* {{Cite news |author=NPR Staff |date=July 20, 2015 |title=With Ad Blocking Use on the Rise, What Happens to Online Publishers? |url=https://www.npr.org/sections/alltechconsidered/2015/07/20/424630545/with-ad-blocking-use-on-the-rise-what-happens-to-online-publishers |work=[[All Things Considered]] |publisher=[[NPR]] |access-date=July 20, 2015}} Contains a short interview with Adblock Plus Chairman Tim Schumacher.\n\n[[Category:2006 software]]\n[[Category:Ad blocking software]]\n[[Category:Advertising and marketing controversies]]\n[[Category:Android (operating system) software]]\n[[Category:Free Firefox WebExtensions]]\n[[Category:Free and open-source Android software]]\n[[Category:Google Chrome extensions]]\n[[Category:Internet Explorer add-ons]]\n[[Category:Microsoft Edge extensions]]\n[[Category:Online advertising]]\n[[Category:Software using the GPL license]]"} +{"title":"Aframomum melegueta","redirect":"Grains of paradise"} +{"title":"Alexander Stamboliski","redirect":"Aleksandar Stamboliyski"} +{"title":"Always Be My Baby","content":"{{Short description|1996 single by Mariah Carey}}\n{{About||the Sara Evans country song|You'll Always Be My Baby||Always Be My Maybe (disambiguation) {{!}}Always Be My Maybe}}\n{{Use American English|date=September 2020}}\n{{Use mdy dates|date=December 2017}}\n{{Infobox song\n| name = Always Be My Baby\n| cover = Always Be My Baby (Mariah Carey single - cover art).jpg\n| alt = A black-and-white photo of Carey smiling from the song's remix video, sporting a long wavy hairstyle and wearing a large hat.\n| type = single\n| artist = [[Mariah Carey]]\n| album = [[Daydream (Mariah Carey album)|Daydream]]\n| B-side = {{Unbulleted list|\"Slipping Away\"|\"Long Ago\"}}\n| released = {{Start date|1996|2|20}}\n| recorded = 1994–1995\n| studio = \n| venue = \n| genre = {{flat list|\n* [[Pop music|Pop]]\n* [[Contemporary R&B|R&B]]{{cite magazine|url=http://www.complex.com/music/best-90s-r-b-songs/mariah-carey-always-be-my-baby|title=Mariah Carey \"Always Be My Baby\" (1995) – The Best 90s R&B Songs|magazine=[[Complex (magazine)|Complex]]|last=Werthman|first=Christine|date=March 22, 2017|access-date=May 31, 2017|archive-date=May 17, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170517052108/http://www.complex.com/music/best-90s-r-b-songs/mariah-carey-always-be-my-baby|url-status=live}}\n}}\n| length = 4:18\n| label = [[Columbia Records|Columbia]]\n| composer = {{flat list|\n* [[Jermaine Dupri]]\n* [[Mariah Carey]]\n* [[Manuel Seal]]\n}}\n| lyricist = Mariah Carey\n| producer = {{flat list|\n* Mariah Carey\n* Jermaine Dupri\n}}\n| prev_title = [[Open Arms (Journey song)#Mariah Carey version|Open Arms]]\n| prev_year = 1995\n| next_title = [[Forever (Mariah Carey song)|Forever]]\n| next_year = 1996\n| misc = {{External music video|{{YouTube|LfRNRymrv9k|\"Always Be My Baby\"}}}}\n}}\n\n\"'''Always Be My Baby'''\" is a song recorded by American singer-songwriter, and record producer [[Mariah Carey]] for her fifth studio album, ''[[Daydream (Mariah Carey album)|Daydream]]'' (1995). It was released by [[Columbia Records]] on February 20, 1996, as the third single in the United States and fourth worldwide. Written and produced by Carey, [[Jermaine Dupri]] and [[Manuel Seal]], \"Always Be My Baby\" is a [[Tempo|midtempo]] song, with lyrics describing the feeling of attachment and unity the singer feels towards her estranged lover, even though they are no longer together, she says he will always be a part of her and will \"always be her baby\" even after they move on.\n\n\"Always Be My Baby\" received critical acclaim with reviewers praising its mellow production and Carey's vocals. The song was a commercial success, becoming Carey's eleventh chart topper on the ''[[Billboard (magazine)|Billboard]]'' [[Billboard Hot 100|Hot 100]], tying her with [[Madonna]] and [[Whitney Houston]] for most number-one singles by a female artist at the time. It spent two weeks atop the chart and became Carey's eighth chart-topper on the Canadian [[RPM (magazine)|''RPM'' Top Singles]] chart. The song is [[Music recording certification|certified]] five-times platinum in the US with 1,254,000 units coming from physical sales, 890,000 coming from digital sales, and 856,000 coming from streaming equivalent units. It is also certified platinum by RIAA for selling 1 million units as master tone in the US by 2007. In other regions, the single performed well, peaking at number three in the United Kingdom, number five in New Zealand, number 17 in Australia and in the top 20 in most music markets where it charted.\n\nThe accompanying music video for \"Always Be My Baby\" features scenes of Carey frolicking by a campsite in upstate New York, as well as swinging on a Cooper Tire over a lake. Additional inter-cuts include scenes of two children, one male and female, sneaking out at night and spending time together by a campfire similar to Carey's location. Most scenes from the video were filmed at [[The Fresh Air Fund]]'s Camp Mariah, named after Carey for her generous support and dedication to Fresh Air Fund children. The song was performed live during her [[Daydream World Tour]] (1996) and many of her future tours and concerts. \"Always Be My Baby\" was also featured in Carey's compilation albums: ''[[Number 1's (Mariah Carey album)|#1's]]'' (1998), ''[[Greatest Hits (Mariah Carey album)|Greatest Hits]]'' (2001), ''[[The Ballads (Mariah Carey album)|The Ballads]]'' (2008) and ''[[Number 1 to Infinity|#1 to Infinity]]'' (2015). The U.S. and Canadian [[B-side]] \"Slipping Away\" is included in the compilation album ''[[The Rarities (Mariah Carey album)|The Rarities]]'' (2020).\n\n== Background and recording ==\nWhile Carey was writing and commencing the recording of ''Daydream'' from late 1994, she began searching for different producers, in order to give her work a new sound.{{harvnb|Bronson|2003|p=845}} [[Jermaine Dupri]], who had risen to fame during that period and previously remixed Carey's song \"[[Never Forget You (Mariah Carey song)|Never Forget You]]\" for its single release in 1994, began working with Carey on material for her album. After recording the song in December 1994, Carey recalled that she chose to work with Dupri because he had a \"very distinct vibe.\" Additionally, Carey commissioned the assistance of [[hip hop|hip-hop]] and [[contemporary R&B]] producer, [[Manuel Seal]]. As Seal played different keys on the piano, Carey led him with the melody she was \"hearing inside her head\" and began humming the phrase \"always be my baby.\" In an interview with [[Fred Bronson]], Carey discussed the process it took to write and produce the song:\n
\nJermaine, Manuel and I sat down and Jermaine programmed the drums. I told him the feel I wanted and Manuel put his hands on the keyboards and I started singing the melody. We went back and forth with the bridge and the B-section. I had the outline of the lyrics and started singing 'Always be my baby' off the top of my head.\n
\n\"Always Be My Baby\" marked the first of several collaborations between Carey and Dupri.{{Cite web|url=https://people.com/music/mariah-carey-number-one-hits-complete-guide/|title=A Complete Guide to All of Mariah Carey's Number One Hits|last=Runtagh|first=Jordan|date=April 11, 2018|website=People|access-date=November 20, 2018|archive-date=January 15, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230115111523/https://people.com/music/mariah-carey-number-one-hits-complete-guide/|url-status=live}} Like producers before him, Dupri commended Carey's vocal abilities, \"she can pretty much do anything with her voice. She's really strong vocally.\" Another musical craft the song featured was the inclusion of heavy background vocals of her lower registers, with Carey then belting and singing the higher notes over her background vocals and melody, creating a \"double voice effect\". When discussing the technique used in the background vocals, Carey said:\n
\nThe background vocals are an important part of the picture for me. That's why I like to do them myself a lot of the time, or initially I'll lay down the tracks. I'll double my voice or do a couple of tracks of my own voice. It's easy for me to match my voice. And then if I'm going to use other background singers, I'll let them go on top of mine.\n
\n\n== Composition ==\n{{listen\n| filename = Alwaysbemybaby.ogg\n| title=\"Always Be My Baby\"\n| description = A 26-second sample of the song, featuring background vocals described as \"double voice\".\n| format = [[Ogg]]\n}}\n\n\"Always Be My Baby\" is a \"carefree\" midtempo [[ballad]],{{Cite web|url=https://www.newsday.com/entertainment/music/mariah-carey-s-greatest-hits-ranked-we-belong-together-always-be-my-baby-more-1.12699741|title=Mariah Carey's greatest hits, ranked: 'We Belong Together,' 'Always be my Baby,' more|last=Gamboa|first=Glenn|date=March 15, 2017|website=Newsday|access-date=November 20, 2018|archive-date=November 20, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181120221140/https://www.newsday.com/entertainment/music/mariah-carey-s-greatest-hits-ranked-we-belong-together-always-be-my-baby-more-1.12699741|url-status=live}} which incorporates [[pop music|pop]] and [[contemporary R&B|R&B]] genres.{{Cite news|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/music/what-to-listen-to/best-mariah-carey-songs/always-baby_mariah-carey/|title=10 of the best Mariah Carey songs|newspaper=The Telegraph|date=October 10, 2017|access-date=October 31, 2018|archive-date=November 1, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181101015420/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/music/what-to-listen-to/best-mariah-carey-songs/always-baby_mariah-carey/|url-status=live}} ''[[Rolling Stone]]'' contributor Brittany Spanos identified the track as \"one of her more straightforward pop hits from the early portion of her career, featuring a catchy chorus and one of her most tender vocal performances.\"{{Cite magazine|url=https://www.rollingstone.com/music/music-lists/readers-poll-5-best-mariah-carey-songs-115402/always-be-my-baby-115846/|title=Readers' Poll: 5 Best Mariah Carey Songs|last=Spanos|first=Brittany|author-link=Brittany Spanos |date=February 8, 2017|magazine=Rolling Stone|access-date=November 20, 2018|archive-date=November 20, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181120221354/https://www.rollingstone.com/music/music-lists/readers-poll-5-best-mariah-carey-songs-115402/always-be-my-baby-115846/|url-status=live}} It has a \"relaxed pop\" [[tempo]] of 80 beats per minute.{{Cite book|title=Mariah Carey: Original Keys for Singers|year=2007|author=[[Hal Leonard]]|pages=4–12|publisher=Hal Leonard |isbn=978-1-4234-1996-9}} The song features a \"double voice\" which is an effect Carey created in the studio, where her lower vocal notes are used as backup, and her [[belt (music)|higher chest notes]] are used as the song's main focal point. Carey's [[vocal range]] spans two [[octave]]s and one [[semitone]] from the low [[musical note|note]] of E3 to the high note of F5. Describing the track as \"buoyant\", ''[[Pitchfork (website)|Pitchfork]]'''s Jamieson Cox wrote that \"there are moments ... where all you hear is Mariah singing over rock-solid piano chords,\" finding the arrangement and simplicity \"almost surprising given her taste for the ostentatious.\"{{Cite web|url=https://pitchfork.com/reviews/albums/mariah-carey-daydream/|title=Mariah Carey – Daydream|last=Cox|first=Jamieson|date=December 10, 2017|website=Pitchfork|access-date=November 20, 2018|archive-date=December 10, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171210065342/https://pitchfork.com/reviews/albums/mariah-carey-daydream/|url-status=live}} Jordan Runtagh, writing for ''[[People (magazine)|People]]'', described the song as \"somewhere between a breezy love song and wistful breakup ode\". ''[[The Daily Telegraph]]'' described the track as a love song whose \"lyrics describe the sense of attachment Carey still feels towards her former lover\". Its lyrics feature several [[Ad libitum|ad libs]], opening with \"doo-doo-doo dow\",{{Cite magazine|url=https://ew.com/music/2018/03/27/ranking-mariah-carey-no-1-hits/|title=Celebrate Mariah Carey's birthday with the ultimate ranking of her No. 1 hits|last1=Anderson|first1=Kyle|last2=Biedenharn|first2=Isabella|date=March 27, 2018|magazine=Entertainment Weekly|access-date=November 20, 2018|last3=Greenblatt|first3=Leah|last4=Rackliffe|first4=Chris|last5=Jason|first5=Sheeler|last6=Vain|first6=Madison|archive-date=November 20, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181120221250/https://ew.com/music/2018/03/27/ranking-mariah-carey-no-1-hits/|url-status=live}} which is also used throughout the song's chorus.\n\n== Critical reception ==\n\"Always Be My Baby\" received acclaim from music critics. [[Larry Flick]] from ''[[Billboard (magazine)|Billboard]]'' described it as \"a delightfully bright and funky finger-snapper\". He added that \"the pop princess reminds us that she has the loose-wristed soul to go with those deliciously soaring and dramatic high notes amid a sweet arrangement of easy acoustic guitars, rolling piano lines, and chipper jeep beats.\"{{cite magazine|first=Larry|last=Flick|title=Rewievs & Previews: Singles|url=https://worldradiohistory.com/Archive-All-Music/Billboard/90s/1996/BB-1996-03-09.pdf|magazine=[[Billboard (magazine)|Billboard]]|date=March 9, 1996|page=76|access-date=November 24, 2022|author-link=Larry Flick|archive-date=November 22, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221122172232/https://worldradiohistory.com/Archive-All-Music/Billboard/90s/1996/BB-1996-03-09.pdf|url-status=live}} Daina Darzin from ''[[Cashbox (magazine)|Cash Box]]'' noted its \"swoop of pure, airy harmonies and gently syncopated [[Contemporary R&B|R&B]] rhythms\".{{cite magazine|first=Daina|last=Darzin|title=Pop Singles|url=https://worldradiohistory.com/Archive-All-Music/Cash-Box/90s/1996/CB-1996-03-30.pdf|magazine=[[Cashbox (magazine)|Cash Box]]|date=March 30, 1996|page=7|access-date=November 12, 2022|archive-date=November 13, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221113043845/https://worldradiohistory.com/Archive-All-Music/Cash-Box/90s/1996/CB-1996-03-30.pdf|url-status=live}} Ken Tucker from ''[[Entertainment Weekly]]'' complimented the song's \"relaxed swing\", and felt that its instrumentation helped make it a standout from the album.{{cite magazine|url=http://www.ew.com/ew/article/0,,299059,00.html |title=Daydream (1995) |last=Tucker |first=Ken |magazine=[[Entertainment Weekly]] |publisher=[[Time Warner]] |date=October 13, 1995 |access-date=October 20, 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131031195513/http://www.ew.com/ew/article/0%2C%2C299059%2C00.html |archive-date=October 31, 2013 |url-status = live}} Alan Jones from ''[[Music Week]]'' stated that \"it's a concise, fairly subdued and very catchy tune and a fine showcase for Carey, who resists the temptation to indulge too heavily in vocal gymnastics.\"{{cite magazine|url=https://worldradiohistory.com/UK/Music-Week/1996/Music-Week-1996-06-15.pdf|first=Alan|last=Jones|title=Talking Music|magazine=[[Music Week]]|date=June 15, 1996|page=10|access-date=August 22, 2021|archive-date=September 23, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210923204042/https://worldradiohistory.com/UK/Music-Week/1996/Music-Week-1996-06-15.pdf|url-status=live}} [[Stephen Holden]], editor of ''[[The New York Times]]'', complimented \"Always Be My Baby\", calling it one of \"the best on the album.\"{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1995/10/08/arts/pop-music-mariah-carey-glides-into-new-territory.html|title=Pop Music; Mariah Carey Glides Into New Territory|last=Holden|first=Stephen|work=[[The New York Times]]|date=October 8, 1995|access-date=October 20, 2010|author-link=Stephen Holden|archive-date=January 23, 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120123151641/http://www.nytimes.com/1995/10/08/arts/pop-music-mariah-carey-glides-into-new-territory.html|url-status=live}} At the [[38th Grammy Awards]] the song received a nomination for [[Grammy Award for Best Female R&B Vocal Performance|Best Female R&B Vocal Performance]].{{cite news|url=http://www.cnn.com/SHOWBIZ/Music/9601/grammy_noms/grammy_list.html|title=List of Grammy nominees|date=January 4, 1996|access-date=January 26, 2011|publisher=CNN| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20121207073959/http://www.cnn.com/SHOWBIZ/Music/9601/grammy_noms/grammy_list.html | archive-date = December 7, 2012|url-status = live}} In 2017, ''Rolling Stone'' readers voted \"Always Be My Baby\" the fifth greatest song of Carey's career, while ''[[Entertainment Weekly]]'' ranked the song second in a similar poll, writing, \"there's no way we would ever try to shake her — even if we didn't know yet that 'always' really would last this long.\" Ranking \"Always Be My Baby\" Carey's second best number-one song, Glenn Gamboa of ''[[Newsday]]'' noted that the song \"still shows off her legendary range, but also shows that she can be chill and laid-back enough to make 'doobedoo oh' work as a chorus.\"\n\n=== Accolades ===\n{|class=\"sortable wikitable\"\n|-\n! Publication\n! Accolade\n! Rank\n! class=\"unsortable\"|{{abbr|Ref.|Reference}}\n|-\n| ''[[Pitchfork (magazine)|Pitchfork]]''\n| The 250 Best Songs of the 1990s\n| {{center|49}}\n| {{center|{{Cite web|url=https://pitchfork.com/features/lists-and-guides/the-best-songs-of-the-1990s/|title=The 250 Best Songs of the 1990s|website=Pitchfork|date=September 27, 2022|access-date=September 28, 2022|archive-date=September 28, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220928011014/https://pitchfork.com/features/lists-and-guides/the-best-songs-of-the-1990s/|url-status=live}}}}\n|}\n\n== Chart performance ==\n\"Always Be My Baby\" was released by [[Columbia Records]] on March 9, 1996, in Europe, and debuted at number two on the [[Billboard Hot 100|''Billboard'' Hot 100]] on the issue dated April 6, 1996, behind [[Celine Dion]]'s \"[[Because You Loved Me]]\", which had replaced Carey's previous single, \"[[One Sweet Day]]\", at number one.{{harvnb|Nickson|1998|p=145}} \"Always Be My Baby\" stayed at number two for four weeks, and topped the Hot 100 on May 4, 1996, where it spent two weeks before returning to the number two position for an additional five weeks. At the end of its US chart run, the song spent a total of nine weeks at number two, the [[List of Billboard Hot 100 chart achievements and milestones#Most weeks at number two (without hitting number one)|fourth longest stay]] in the chart's history. The song became Carey's 11th chart topper in the United States, tying her with [[Madonna]] and [[Whitney Houston]] as the female solo artist with the most number-one singles, a record she soon passed. After spending two weeks atop the Hot 100, the three singles from ''Daydream'' had given Carey a combined 26 weeks (six months) atop the chart, something never duplicated by another artist until Usher and the Black Eyed Peas in the mid to late 2000s. In Canada, the song became Carey's eighth chart topper, after it ascended to the number one position on the [[RPM (magazine)|Canadian ''RPM'' Singles Chart]] during the week of May 20, 1996.{{cite magazine|url=http://www.collectionscanada.gc.ca/rpm/028020-119.01-e.php?&file_num=nlc008388.2976&type=1&interval=50&PHPSESSID=4dp17sl7hp9qmhhj3vmcenr836|title=Top Singles – Volume 63, No. 14, May 20, 1996|magazine=RPM|date=May 20, 1996|access-date=September 13, 2010| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20131104003652/http://www.collectionscanada.gc.ca/rpm/028020-119.01-e.php?&file_num=nlc008388.2976&type=1&interval=50&PHPSESSID=4dp17sl7hp9qmhhj3vmcenr836 | archive-date = November 4, 2013|url-status = live}}\n\nWhile it charted well inside the US, the song didn't manage to chart as high as her previous two singles \"Fantasy\" and \"One Sweet Day\" elsewhere. In Australia, the song entered the [[ARIA Charts|Australian Singles Chart]] at number 28 during the week of March 13, 1996. The song spent 16 weeks fluctuating in the chart before spending its last week at number 47 on June 30.{{cite web|url=http://australian-charts.com/showitem.asp?interpret=Mariah+Carey&titel=Always+Be+My+Baby&cat=s|title=Mariah Carey – Always Be My Baby|work=Australiancharts.com|publisher=Hung Medien|access-date=December 9, 2010| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20131026215818/http://australian-charts.com/showitem.asp?interpret=Mariah+Carey&titel=Always+Be+My+Baby&cat=s | archive-date = October 26, 2013|url-status = live}} \"Always Be My Baby\" was certified [[List of music recording certifications|double platinum]] by the [[Australian Recording Industry Association]] (ARIA), denoting sales and streams of over 140,000. The song debuted and peaked at number five in New Zealand, spending three consecutive weeks at the position. After 16 weeks, the song fell off the [[Recording Industry Association of New Zealand|singles chart]] and was certified gold by the [[Recording Industry Association of New Zealand]] (RIANZ).{{cite web|url=https://charts.nz/showitem.asp?interpret=Mariah+Carey&titel=Always+Be+My+Baby&cat=s|title=Mariah Carey – Always Be My Baby|work=charts.nz|publisher=Hung Medien|access-date=December 9, 2010|archive-date=January 15, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230115111526/https://charts.nz/showitem.asp?interpret=Mariah+Carey&titel=Always+Be+My+Baby&cat=s|url-status=live}}{{cite book |last= Scapolo |first= Dean |title= The Complete New Zealand Music Charts 1966–2006 |year= 2007 |publisher= Maurienne House |isbn= 978-1-877443-00-8}} In the United Kingdom, the song entered the [[UK Singles Chart]] at number three, where it peaked.{{cite web|url=https://www.officialcharts.com/charts/singles-chart/19960616/7501/|title=Chart Archive: 22nd June 1996|work=[[Official Charts Company]]|date=June 22, 1996|access-date=November 28, 2010|archive-date=January 27, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160127023150/http://www.officialcharts.com/charts/singles-chart/19960616/7501/|url-status=live}} In its second week, the song fell to number four, staying on the chart for a total of ten weeks.{{cite web|url=https://www.officialcharts.com/search/singles/Always%20Be%20My%20Baby|url-status=dead|title=Mariah Carey – Always Be My Baby|work=[[Official Charts Company]]|access-date=December 9, 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150412082317/http://www.officialcharts.com/search/singles/ALWAYS%20BE%20MY%20BABY/|archive-date=April 12, 2015}} As of 2008, sales in the UK are estimated at 220,000.{{cite web|url=http://www.mtv.co.uk/shows/mtv-official-countdowns/episode/mariah-carey-official-top-20 |title=Mariah Carey Official Top 20 Best Selling Singles in the UK |publisher=[[MTV (UK and Ireland)|MTV]]. [[MTV Networks Europe]] |access-date=November 10, 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101103004502/http://www.mtv.co.uk/shows/mtv-official-countdowns/episode/mariah-carey-official-top-20 |archive-date=November 3, 2010 |url-status = dead}} In Ireland, the song peaked at number ten on the [[Irish Singles Chart]], spending nine weeks in the chart.{{cite web|url=http://www.irishcharts.ie/search/placement |title=Search The Charts |publisher=[[Irish Recorded Music Association]] |access-date=December 9, 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090602061251/http://www.irishcharts.ie/search/placement |archive-date=June 2, 2009 |url-status = dead}} In the Netherlands, \"Always Be My Baby\" entered the singles chart at number 43 during the week on April 20, 1996. The song peaked at number 27, spending one week at the position and five weeks in the chart overall.{{cite web|url=http://dutchcharts.nl/showitem.asp?interpret=Mariah+Carey&titel=Always+Be+My+Baby&cat=s|title=Mariah Carey – Always Be My Baby|work=Dutchcharts.nl|publisher=Hung Medien|access-date=December 10, 2010| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20121012185933/http://dutchcharts.nl/showitem.asp?interpret=Mariah+Carey&titel=Always+Be+My+Baby&cat=s | archive-date = October 12, 2012|url-status = live}} \"Always Be My Baby\" entered the singles chart in Sweden at number 58 during the week of May 3, 1996. After peaking at number 38 and spending a total of five weeks in the chart, the song fell off the [[Sverigetopplistan|Swedish Singles Chart]].{{cite web|url=http://swedishcharts.com/showitem.asp?interpret=Mariah+Carey&titel=Always+Be+My+Baby&cat=s|title=Mariah Carey – Always Be My Baby|work=Swedishcharts.com|publisher=Hung Medien|access-date=December 10, 2010| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20131024190203/http://swedishcharts.com/showitem.asp?interpret=Mariah+Carey&titel=Always+Be+My+Baby&cat=s | archive-date = October 24, 2013|url-status = live}}\n\n== Music video ==\n\nThe accompanying [[music video]] for \"Always Be My Baby\" was the second video Carey's directed. In it, she is the seemingly happy narrator of a tale of young love, as a young boy and a girl elope in the middle of the night. The video was filmed on location at Carey's sponsored charity, [[the Fresh Air Fund]] upstate New York camp. The video begins with scenes of Carey, in a denim jacket, jeans, and bare feet, on a lakeside tire-swing, smiling and beginning to retell a story of young love. As she sits upon the swing, scenes of two children sneaking out of their [[bungalow]] in the middle of the night are shown. They frolic together beside a fireplace, soon coming up to the lakeside swing Carey had been on before. They soon go swimming wearing their clothes, much like Carey did in her video for \"[[Dreamlover (song)|Dreamlover]]\" though she does not jump into the water herself this time. As they jump into the water, Carey is then seen by the campfire they passed on their journey to the lake, smiling with friends and enjoying herself by the fire. Eventually the boy and girl are seen kissing underwater. The video concludes with scenes of the young boy and girl walking together back to their bungalow, walking hand-in-hand. Having possibly witnessed the entire event, Carey is seen once again by the large swing, chuckling and staring into the night's sky. On August 14, 2020, the music video was re-released in a [[remastered]] form, in [[High-definition video|HD]] quality.\n\nAn alternate video was shot for the song's remix. It too was directed by Carey, and was shot in black and white. The shot of Carey in a beret that would become the cover for this single is a scene from the video. The video features Da Brat and Xscape and a cameo appearance by Jermaine Dupri. It begins with Carey and the others recording in Carey's in-home studio. In the video, Carey is wearing a large white, puffy jacket and long golden hair. Scenes of Carey by her indoor pool are shown, with cameos made by her dog, Jack. Da Brat and Xscape are seen poolside with Carey, playing cards and drinking beer, as they further bond and laugh. Towards the end of the video, scenes of the studio are shown, intermingled with snippets of Carey walking inside the mansion she shared with then-husband [[Tommy Mottola]]. The video ends with Carey and Da Brat bonding by the studio and pool.\n\n== Live performances and cover versions ==\nCarey performed the song throughout the entire run of her [[Daydream World Tour]] (1996), [[Rainbow World Tour]] (2000), [[The Adventures of Mimi Tour|The Adventures of Mimi]] (2006), [[The Elusive Chanteuse Show]] (2014), [[Caution World Tour]] (2019) and during select shows on her [[Charmbracelet World Tour: An Intimate Evening with Mariah Carey|Charmbracelet World Tour]] (2002–03), and [[Angels Advocate Tour]] (2009–10). During the Japanese shows in 1996, Carey donned a white suit and jacket, and featured three female back-up singers. Red spotlights were used throughout the performance, as well as some light dance routines{{citation needed|date=October 2021}} During her Rainbow World Tour, Carey wore a two piece outfit, a pair of pants and top, with golden heels. Three back-up singers were provided, one male and two female, while Carey interacted with the front row fans.{{citation needed|date=October 2021}} On her Adventures of Mimi Tour in 2006, Carey donned a pair of black leggings, worn with a bikini-like top. Wearing [[Christian Louboutin]] pumps, Carey sang on the arena's secondary stage, where she sang three of the set-list's titles.{{citation needed|date=October 2021}} On her Elusive Chanteuse Show in 2014, Carey often used the song as her encore, entering the stage in a tight-fitted blue gown and black gloves. Carey included the song in her 2015 Las Vegas residency, [[Mariah Carey Number 1's (residency)|Mariah Carey Number 1's]], where she walked through the audience for the second verse and chorus. Carey also included the song in her 2018–2019 Las Vegas residency [[The Butterfly Returns]], where she was accompanied by her children Moroccan and Monroe in selected dates.\n\nOn the [[American Idol (season 7)|seventh season]] of ''[[American Idol]]'', [[David Cook (singer)|David Cook]] performed a [[Rock music|rock]] arrangement of the song during the April 15, 2008, episode, in which Carey mentored the contestants on her songs.{{cite web|url=http://www.mtv.com/news/articles/1585646/20080416/carey_mariah.jhtml|title='American Idol' Recap: Teary David Cook, Powerful David Archuleta Master Mariah Carey Night|last=Cantiello|first=Jim|work=[[MTV News]]|publisher=MTV|date=April 16, 2008|access-date=December 10, 2010| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20100420075813/http://www.mtv.com/news/articles/1585646/20080416/carey_mariah.jhtml | archive-date = April 20, 2010|url-status = dead}} His version received high praise from all three judges, and even Carey herself. Cook's studio recording of the song was released on the [[iTunes Store]] during the show's run as \"Always Be My Baby (American Idol Studio Version) – Single\" and was among the season's best-selling singles.\n\nIn 2020, during the [[COVID-19 pandemic]], Carey closed out [[Fox Broadcasting Company|FOX]]'s ''[[iHeart Living Room Concert for America]]'' with the song.{{Cite web|url=https://www.iheart.com/content/2020-03-29-mariah-carey-closes-out-living-room-concert-for-america-with-a-twist/|title=Mariah Carey Closes Out Living Room Concert For America With A Twist|website=iHeart Radio|access-date=May 7, 2021|archive-date=May 7, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210507064744/https://www.iheart.com/content/2020-03-29-mariah-carey-closes-out-living-room-concert-for-america-with-a-twist/|url-status=live}}\n\n== Remixes ==\nThe main remix for the song was also produced by Jermaine Dupri. Known as the \"Mr. Dupri Mix\", it features re-sung vocals with all of the lyrics and most of the melodic structure retained while using a sample of the song \"[[Tell Me If You Still Care]]\" by [[The SOS Band]]. It includes a rap from [[Da Brat]] and background vocals from [[Xscape (band)|Xscape]].{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/entertainment-arts-54340236|title=The Meaning Of Mariah Carey: Six revelations from the singer's memoir|work=BBC News|date=September 29, 2020|access-date=May 7, 2021|archive-date=April 11, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210411181703/https://www.bbc.com/news/entertainment-arts-54340236|url-status=live}}\n\nCarey recorded yet another set of vocals for dance remixes produced by [[David Morales]] that were initially only released on maxi-single in the UK until their release in the US as part of \"#MC30\", a promotional campaign marking the 30th anniversary of Carey's self-titled debut. The main dance remix, named the \"Always Club Mix\" (along with its edit, the \"Def Classic Radio Mix\"), has a totally new melodic structure and lyrics altered to fit the new melody and song structure. DJ [[Satoshi Tomiie]] also created a dance [[Dub music|dub]] that used these new vocals; calling it the \"ST Dub\", it appeared on the maxi-single that included the Morales mixes.\n\n=== Other versions ===\nThe original album vocals were also remixed into a reggae version that included Jamaican-American reggae rap artist [[Vicious (rapper)|Li'l Vicious]]. Called the \"Reggae Soul Mix\", this remix includes a rap breakdown by Vicious, with him shouting over Carey's vocals throughout the track.\n\nIn 2021, Carey recorded a new version of the song which was included in the [[HBO Max]]'s animated television special, ''[[The Runaway Bunny (TV special)|The Runaway Bunny]]'' based on the [[The Runaway Bunny|book of the same name]].{{Cite web|url=https://decider.com/2021/04/08/the-runaway-bunny-hbo-max-adaptation/|title='The Runaway Bunny' on HBO Max Will Make Millennials Sob|access-date=May 7, 2021|website=Decider|date=April 8, 2021|archive-date=May 7, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210507064744/https://decider.com/2021/04/08/the-runaway-bunny-hbo-max-adaptation/|url-status=live}}\n\n== Track listings ==\n{{col-begin}}\n{{col-2}}\n* '''Worldwide CD single'''{{cite AV media notes|title=Always Be My Baby|others=[[Mariah Carey]]|date=1996|type=US CD Single liner notes|publisher=[[Columbia Records]]|id=44K 78277}}{{cite AV media notes|title=Always Be My Baby|others=[[Mariah Carey]]|date=1996|type=UK CD Single liner notes|publisher=[[Columbia Records]]|id=663334 2}}\n# \"Always Be My Baby\" (album version) – 4:19\n# \"Always Be My Baby\" (Mr. Dupri Mix) [feat. Da Brat & Xscape] – 4:43\n# \"Always Be My Baby\" (Mr. Dupri Extended Mix) [feat. Da Brat & Xscape] – 5:33\n# \"Always Be My Baby\" (Reggae Soul Mix) [feat. Lil' Vicious] – 4:56\n# \"Always Be My Baby\" (Mr. Dupri No Rap Radio Mix) [feat. Xscape] – 3:44\n\n* '''US 7-inch single'''{{cite AV media notes|title=Always Be My Baby|others=[[Mariah Carey]]|date=1996|type=US 12-inch Single liner notes|publisher=[[Columbia Records]]|id=38-78276}}{{cite AV media notes|title=Always Be My Baby|others=[[Mariah Carey]]|date=1996|type=UK 12-inch Single liner notes|publisher=[[Columbia Records]]|id=38-78276}}\n# \"Always Be My Baby\" – 4:18\n# \"Long Ago\" – 4:32\n\n* '''US and Canada CD single'''\n# \"Always Be My Baby\" (album version) – 4:18\n# \"Always Be My Baby\" (Mr. Dupri Mix) – 4:40\n# \"Slipping Away\" – 4:30\n\n* '''Worldwide 12-inch single'''{{cite AV media notes|title=Always Be My Baby|others=[[Mariah Carey]]|date=1996|type=US 12-inch Single liner notes|publisher=[[Columbia Records]]|id=44 78313}}{{cite AV media notes|title=Always Be My Baby|others=[[Mariah Carey]]|date=1996|type=UK 12-inch Single liner notes|publisher=[[Columbia Records]]|id=09-870783-17}}\n# \"Always Be My Baby\" (Always Club) – 10:51\n# \"Always Be My Baby\" (Dub-A-Baby) – 7:16\n# \"Always Be My Baby\" (Groove a Pella) – 7:15\n# \"Always Be My Baby\" (ST Dub) – 7:12\n\n{{col-2}}\n* '''UK CD single (Part 1)'''\n# \"Always Be My Baby\" (Album Version) – 4:17\n# \"Always Be My Baby\" (Mr. Dupri Extended Mix) – 5:33\n# \"Always Be My Baby\" (Mr. Dupri No Rap Radio Mix) – 3:43\n# \"Always Be My Baby\" (Reggae Soul Mix) – 4:54\n# \"Always Be My Baby\" (Reggae Soul Dub Mix) – 4:53\n\n* '''UK CD single (Part 2)'''\n# \"Always Be My Baby\" (Def Classic Radio Mix) – 4:08\n# \"Always Be My Baby\" (Always Club Mix) – 10:24\n# \"Always Be My Baby\" (Dub-A-Baby) – 7:15\n# \"Always Be My Baby\" (Groove A Pella) – 7:08\n# \"Always Be My Baby\" (ST Dub) – 7:13\n\n* '''Always Be My Baby EP'''{{Cite web|url=https://music.apple.com/us/album/always-be-my-baby-ep/1526896725|title=Always Be My Baby EP by Mariah Carey|website=iTunes|access-date=February 9, 2021|archive-date=January 21, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210121165558/https://music.apple.com/us/album/always-be-my-baby-ep/1526896725|url-status=live}}\n# \"Always Be My Baby\" (feat. Da Brat & Xscape – Mr. Dupri Mix) – 4:42\n# \"Always Be My Baby\" (feat. Xscape – Mr. Dupri No Rap Radio Mix) – 3:43\n# \"Always Be My Baby\" (feat. Da Brat & Xscape – Mr. Dupri Extended Mix) – 5:32\n# \"Always Be My Baby\" (Def Classic Radio Version) – 4:09\n# \"Always Be My Baby\" (Always Club Mix) – 10:26\n# \"Always Be My Baby\" (Groove A Pella) – 7:10\n# \"Always Be My Baby\" (Dub-A-Baby) – 7:16\n# \"Always Be My Baby\" (ST Dub) – 7:14\n# \"Always Be My Baby\" (Live at Madison Square Garden – October 1995) – 3:48\n{{col-end}}\n\n== Credits and personnel ==\nCredits are adapted from the ''Daydream'' liner notes.{{cite AV media notes |title=Daydream (Liner Notes) |title-link=Daydream (Mariah Carey album) |others=Mariah Carey |year=1995 |first=Mariah |last=Carey |author-link=Mariah Carey |type=Compact Disc |publisher=Columbia Records |location=New York City, New York }}\n* Mariah Carey – [[record producer|co-production]], [[arrangement]], [[songwriter|songwriting]], [[singing|vocals]], [[background vocals]]\n* Jermaine Dupri – co-production, songwriting\n* Manuel Seal Jr. – co-production, songwriting\n\n== Charts ==\n{{col-begin}}\n{{col-2}}\n\n=== Weekly charts ===\n{|class=\"wikitable sortable plainrowheaders\" style=\"text-align:center;\"\n|+Weekly chart performance for \"Always Be My Baby\"\n!Chart (1996−2022)\n!Peak
position\n|-\n{{single chart|Australia|17|artist=Mariah Carey|song=Always Be My Baby|access-date=May 23, 2015|rowheader=true}}\n|-\n!scope=\"row\"|[[Benelux]] Airplay (''[[Music & Media]]''){{cite magazine|title=Major Market Airplay|magazine=[[Music & Media]]|date=May 11, 1996|page=35}}\n|10\n|-\n{{single chart|Canadatopsingles|1|chartid=2976|access-date=May 23, 2015|rowheader=true}}\n|-\n{{single chart|Canadaadultcontemporary|1|chartid=2970|access-date=May 31, 2015|rowheader=true}}\n|-\n{{single chart|Canadadance|20|chartid=3015|access-date=August 17, 2020|rowheader=true}}\n|-\n!scope=\"row\"|Canada [[Retail Singles]] (''[[The Record (magazine)|The Record]]''){{cite book|last=Lwin|first=Nanda|author-link=Nanda Lwin|date=2000|title=Top 40 Hits: The Essential Chart Guide|publisher=Music Data Canada|page=59|isbn=1-896594-13-1}}\n|16\n|-\n!scope=\"row\"|Canada Contemporary Hit Radio (''[[The Record (magazine)|The Record]]'')\n|1\n|-\n!scope=\"row\"|Canada Hit Parade (AC/CHR/Rock) (''[[The Record (magazine)|The Record]]'')\n|2\n|-\n!scope=\"row\"|[[DACH]] Airplay (''[[Music & Media]]''){{cite magazine|title=Major Market Airplay|magazine=[[Music & Media]]|date=June 22, 1996|page=27}}\n|13\n|-\n!scope=\"row\"|Europe ([[European Hot 100 Singles]]){{cite magazine|url=http://thunder.prohosting.com/~euro100/archive/1996/euro9627.txt |title=The Eurochart Hot 100 Singles |magazine=Music & Media |date=July 6, 1996 |access-date=May 23, 2015 |url-status = dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080513181456/http://thunder.prohosting.com/~euro100/archive/1996/euro9627.txt |archive-date=May 13, 2008 }}\n|19\n|-\n!scope=\"row\"|Europe Adult Contemporary (''[[Music & Media]]''){{cite web|url=https://worldradiohistory.com/UK/Music-and-Media/90s/1996/MM-1996-06-01.pdf|title=Adult Contemporary Europe – ACE Top 25|work=Music & Media|date=June 1, 1996|access-date=August 24, 2021|archive-date=July 28, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210728110414/https://worldradiohistory.com/UK/Music-and-Media/90s/1996/MM-1996-06-01.pdf|url-status=live}}\n|10\n|-\n{{single chart|Germany|76|artist=Mariah Carey|song=Always Be My Baby|songid=15542|access-date=July 17, 2020|rowheader=true}}\n|-\n{{single chart|Hungarysingle|34|year=2022|week=44|access-date=November 10, 2022|rowheader=true}}\n|-\n!scope=\"row\"|Iceland ([[Íslenski listinn|Íslenski Listinn Topp 40]]){{cite news |url=https://timarit.is/page/2941087#page/n25/mode/2up |title=Íslenski Listinn Nr. 172: Vikuna 1.6. – 7.6. '96 |newspaper=[[Dagblaðið Vísir]] |language=is |page=26 |date=June 1, 1996 |access-date=April 4, 2018 |archive-date=November 7, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201107050654/https://timarit.is/page/2941087#page/n25/mode/2up |url-status=live }}\n|29\n|-\n{{single chart|Ireland2|10|song=Always Be My Baby|access-date=May 23, 2015|rowheader=true}}\n|-\n!scope=\"row\"|Japan ([[Oricon Singles Chart|Oricon]]){{cite web|url=http://www.oricon.co.jp/prof/artist/163336/ranking/cd_single/ |script-title=ja:マライア・キャリーのアルバム売り上げランキング |language=ja |publisher=[[Oricon]] |access-date=May 23, 2015 |url-status = dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131206022755/http://www.oricon.co.jp/prof/artist/163336/ranking/cd_single/ |archive-date=December 6, 2013 }}\n|79\n|-\n{{single chart|Dutch40|30|year=1996|week=17|access-date=May 20, 2015|rowheader=true}}\n|-\n{{single chart|Dutch100|27|artist=Mariah Carey|song=Always Be My Baby|access-date=May 23, 2015|rowheader=true}}\n|-\n{{single chart|New Zealand|5|artist=Mariah Carey|song=Always Be My Baby|access-date=May 23, 2015|rowheader=true}}\n|-\n!scope=\"row\"|Panama ([[UPI]]){{cite journal|url=http://h.elsiglodetorreon.com.mx/Default/Scripting/ArticleWin.asp?From=Search&Key=EDT%2F1996%2F05%2F18%2F38%2FAr03800.xml&CollName=EDT_1990_1999&DOCID=80799&PageLabelPrint=38&skin=ElSiglo&sLanguage=English&Content=ALL&selLanguage=&sPublication=EDT&sDateFrom=01%252F01%252F1996&sDateTo=12%252F31%252F1996&dummy=1996&sQuery=Mariah%2BCarey&x=4&y=7&RefineQueryView=&StartFrom=5&ViewMode=HTML|title=Discos más populares de Latinoamérica|journal=[[El Siglo de Torreón]]|date=May 18, 1996|page=38|access-date=July 15, 2022|language=es|archive-date=July 15, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220715161527/http://h.elsiglodetorreon.com.mx/Default/Scripting/ArticleWin.asp?From=Search&Key=EDT%2F1996%2F05%2F18%2F38%2FAr03800.xml&CollName=EDT_1990_1999&DOCID=80799&PageLabelPrint=38&skin=ElSiglo&sLanguage=English&Content=ALL&selLanguage=&sPublication=EDT&sDateFrom=01%252F01%252F1996&sDateTo=12%252F31%252F1996&dummy=1996&sQuery=Mariah%2BCarey&x=4&y=7&RefineQueryView=&StartFrom=5&ViewMode=HTML|url-status=live}}\n|align=\"center\"|4\n|-\n!scope=\"row\"|Scandinavia Airplay (''[[Music & Media]]''){{cite magazine|title=Major Market Airplay|magazine=[[Music & Media]]|date=June 8, 1996|page=31}}\n|12\n|-\n{{single chart|Scotland|11|date=19960818|access-date=April 29, 2023|rowheader=true}}\n|-\n!scope=\"row\"|Spain Airplay (''[[Music & Media]]''){{cite magazine|title=Major Market Airplay|magazine=[[Music & Media]]|date=August 24, 1996|page=23}}\n|14\n|-\n{{single chart|Sweden|38|artist=Mariah Carey|song=Always Be My Baby|access-date=May 23, 2015|rowheader=true}}\n|-\n{{single chart|UKsinglesbyname|3|artist=Mariah Carey|artistid=25943|access-date=May 1, 2021|rowheader=true}}\n|-\n!scope=\"row\"|UK [[Record Mirror Club Chart|Club]] (''[[Music Week]]''){{cite magazine|date=May 25, 1996|title=The ''RM'' Club Chart|department=''[[Record Mirror]]'' Dance Update|magazine=[[Music Week]]|page=8}}
{{small|''Satoshi Tomiie/David Morales/Jermaine Dupri mixes''}}\n|9\n|-\n{{single chart|UKdance|16|date=1996-05-05|access-date=January 21, 2022|rowheader=true}}\n|-\n{{single chart|UKrandb|2|date=1996-06-16|artist=Mariah Carey|song=Always Be My Baby|access-date=May 23, 2015|rowheader=true}}\n|-\n!scope=\"row\"|UK Airplay (''[[Music & Media]]''){{cite magazine|title=Major Market Airplay|magazine=[[Music & Media]]|date=July 20, 1996|page=23}}\n|1\n|-\n{{single chart|Billboardhot100|1|artist=Mariah Carey|access-date=May 22, 2015|rowheader=true}}\n|-\n{{single chart|Billboardadultcontemporary|2|artist=Mariah Carey|access-date=May 22, 2015|rowheader=true}}\n|-\n{{single chart|Billboardadultpopsongs|2|artist=Mariah Carey|access-date=May 22, 2015|rowheader=true}}\n|-\n{{single chart|Billboarddanceclubplay|6|artist=Mariah Carey|access-date=May 20, 2015|rowheader=true}}\n|-\n{{single chart|Billboarddancesales|4|artist=Mariah Carey|access-date=December 9, 2022|rowheader=true}}\n|-\n{{single chart|Billboardrandbhiphop|1|artist=Mariah Carey|access-date=May 22, 2015|rowheader=true}}\n|-\n{{single chart|Billboardpopsongs|3|artist=Mariah Carey|access-date=May 22, 2015|rowheader=true}}\n|-\n{{single chart|Billboardrhythmic|1|artist=Mariah Carey|access-date=May 22, 2015|rowheader=true}}\n|-\n!scope=\"row\"|US Top 100 Pop Singles (''[[Cashbox (magazine)|Cash Box]]''){{cite magazine|date=May 11, 1996|title=Top 100 Pop Singles|magazine=[[Cashbox (magazine)|Cash Box]]|page=6}}\n|1\n|-\n!scope=\"row\"|US Top 100 Urban Singles (''[[Cashbox (magazine)|Cash Box]]''){{cite magazine|date=May 11, 1996|title=Top 100 Urban Singles|magazine=[[Cashbox (magazine)|Cash Box]]|page=10}}\n|1\n|-\n!scope=\"row\"|US Adult Contemporary (''[[Radio & Records]]''){{cite magazine|date=June 28, 1996|title=AC Top 30|magazine=[[Radio & Records]]|page=59|id={{ProQuest|1017285417}}}}\n|2\n|-\n!scope=\"row\"|US CHR/Pop (''[[Radio & Records]]''){{cite magazine|date=June 21, 1996|title=CHR/Pop Top 50|magazine=[[Radio & Records]]|page=40|id={{ProQuest|1017298324}}}}\n|2\n|-\n!scope=\"row\"|US CHR/Rhythmic (''[[Radio & Records]]''){{cite magazine|date=April 12, 1996|title=National Airplay Overview|magazine=[[Radio & Records]]|page=110|id={{ProQuest|1017282944}}}}\n|1\n|-\n!scope=\"row\"|US Hot AC (''[[Radio & Records]]''){{cite magazine|date=May 31, 1996|title=Hot AC Top 30|magazine=[[Radio & Records]]|page=78|id={{ProQuest|1017285367}}}}\n|2\n|-\n!scope=\"row\"|US Urban (''[[Radio & Records]]'')\n|1\n|-\n!scope=\"row\"|US Urban AC (''[[Radio & Records]]''){{cite magazine|date=May 31, 1996|title=Urban AC Top 30|magazine=[[Radio & Records]]|page=48|id={{ProQuest|1017282231}}}}\n|3\n|}\n\n{| class=\"wikitable plainrowheaders\" style=\"text-align:center\"\n|-\n! Chart (2019)\n! Peak
position\n|-\n!scope=\"row\"|US [[R&B Digital Songs]] ([[Billboard (magazine)|''Billboard'']]){{cite magazine |title=Mariah Carey Chart History (R&B Digital Song Sales) |url=https://www.billboard.com/artist/mariah-carey/chart-history/rdt/ |magazine=Billboard |access-date=March 27, 2020 |archive-date=October 12, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191012050232/https://www.billboard.com/music/mariah-carey/chart-history/RDT |url-status=live }}\n|15\n|}\n{{col-2}}\n\n=== Year-end charts ===\n{|class=\"wikitable sortable plainrowheaders\" style=\"text-align:center;\"\n|+Year-end chart performance for \"Always Be My Baby\"\n!Chart (1996)\n!Position\n|-\n!scope=\"row\"|Australia (ARIA){{cite book|author=Gavin Ryan|title=Australia's Music Charts 1988–2010|year=2011|publisher=Moonlight Publishing|location=Mt. Martha, VIC, Australia}}\n|64\n|-\n!scope=\"row\"|Canada Top Singles (''RPM''){{cite magazine|url=https://www.bac-lac.gc.ca/eng/discover/films-videos-sound-recordings/rpm/Pages/image.aspx?Image=nlc008388.9730&URLjpg=http%3a%2f%2fwww.collectionscanada.gc.ca%2fobj%2f028020%2ff4%2fnlc008388.9730.gif&Ecopy=nlc008388.9730|title=RPM Year End Top 100 Hit Tracks|magazine=[[RPM (magazine)|RPM]]|publisher=[[Library and Archives Canada]]|access-date=August 17, 2020|archive-date=April 13, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210413131538/https://www.bac-lac.gc.ca/eng/discover/films-videos-sound-recordings/rpm/Pages/image.aspx?Image=nlc008388.9730&URLjpg=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.collectionscanada.gc.ca%2Fobj%2F028020%2Ff4%2Fnlc008388.9730.gif&Ecopy=nlc008388.9730|url-status=live}}\n|21\n|-\n!scope=\"row\"|Canada Adult Contemporary (''RPM''){{cite magazine|url=https://www.bac-lac.gc.ca/eng/discover/films-videos-sound-recordings/rpm/Pages/image.aspx?Image=nlc008388.9742&URLjpg=http%3a%2f%2fwww.collectionscanada.gc.ca%2fobj%2f028020%2ff4%2fnlc008388.9742.gif&Ecopy=nlc008388.9742|title=RPM Year End Top 100 Adult Contemporary Tracks|magazine=[[RPM (magazine)|RPM]]|publisher=[[Library and Archives Canada]]|access-date=August 17, 2020|archive-date=April 17, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210417145540/https://www.bac-lac.gc.ca/eng/discover/films-videos-sound-recordings/rpm/Pages/image.aspx?Image=nlc008388.9742&URLjpg=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.collectionscanada.gc.ca%2Fobj%2F028020%2Ff4%2Fnlc008388.9742.gif&Ecopy=nlc008388.9742|url-status=live}}\n|6\n|-\n!scope=\"row\"|New Zealand (Recorded Music NZ){{cite web|url=https://nztop40.co.nz/chart/index_chart?chart=3885|title=Top Selling Singles of 1996|publisher=RIANZ|access-date=May 23, 2015|archive-date=April 10, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220410013711/https://nztop40.co.nz/chart/index_chart?chart=3885|url-status=live}}\n|28\n|-\n!scope=\"row\"|UK Singles (OCC){{cite magazine |title=Top 100 Singles 1996 |magazine=[[Music Week]] |page=25 |date=18 January 1997}}\n|57\n|-\n!scope=\"row\"|US ''Billboard'' Hot 100{{cite magazine|url=http://www.americanradiohistory.com/Archive-Billboard/90s/1996/BB-1996-12-28.pdf|title=The Year in Music: 1996|magazine=[[Billboard (magazine)|Billboard]]|date=December 28, 1996|access-date=May 23, 2015}}\n|5\n|-\n!scope=\"row\"|US Adult Contemporary (''Billboard'')\n|11\n|-\n!scope=\"row\"|US Adult Contemporary (''Radio & Records''){{cite magazine|date=December 13, 1996|title=96 of 1996|magazine=[[Radio & Records]]|page=70|id={{ProQuest|1017293708}}}}\n|8\n|-\n!scope=\"row\"|US Adult Top 40 (''Billboard'')\n|21\n|-\n!scope=\"row\"|US Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs (''Billboard'')\n|19\n|-\n!scope=\"row\"|US Mainstream Top 40 (''Billboard''){{cite magazine|url=https://www.americanradiohistory.com/Archive-Billboard/Billboard-Airplay/1996/BBAM-1996-12-27.pdf|title=Most Played Mainstream Top 40 Songs Of 1996|magazine=[[Billboard Magazine|Billboard]]|volume=4|issue=53|page=30|date=December 27, 1996|access-date=March 28, 2020|archive-date=August 26, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200826130632/https://worldradiohistory.com/Archive-Billboard/Billboard-Airplay/1996/BBAM-1996-12-27.pdf|url-status=live}}\n|9\n|-\n!scope=\"row\"|US Rhythmic (''Billboard''){{cite magazine|url=https://www.americanradiohistory.com/Archive-Billboard/Billboard-Airplay/1996/BBAM-1996-12-27.pdf|title=Most Played Rhythmic Top 40 Songs Of 1996|magazine=[[Billboard Magazine|Billboard]]|volume=4|issue=53|page=32|date=December 27, 1996|access-date=March 28, 2020|archive-date=August 26, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200826130632/https://worldradiohistory.com/Archive-Billboard/Billboard-Airplay/1996/BBAM-1996-12-27.pdf|url-status=live}}\n|3\n|-\n!scope=\"row\"|US CHR/Pop (''Radio & Records''){{cite magazine|date=December 13, 1996|title=96 of 1996|magazine=[[Radio & Records]]|page=28|id={{ProQuest|1017298476}}}}\n|8\n|-\n!scope=\"row\"|US CHR/Rhythmic (''Radio & Records''){{cite magazine|date=December 13, 1996|title=96 of 1996|magazine=[[Radio & Records]]|page=32|id={{ProQuest|1017298542}}}}\n|1\n|-\n!scope=\"row\"|US Hot AC (''Radio & Records''){{cite magazine|date=December 13, 1996|title=96 of 1996|magazine=[[Radio & Records]]|page=72|id={{ProQuest|1017293735}}}}\n|12\n|-\n!scope=\"row\"|US Urban (''Radio & Records''){{cite magazine|date=December 13, 1996|title=96 of 1996|magazine=[[Radio & Records]]|page=45|id={{ProQuest|1017298417}}}}\n|14\n|-\n!scope=\"row\"|US Urban AC (''Radio & Records''){{cite magazine|date=December 13, 1996|title=96 of 1996|magazine=[[Radio & Records]]|page=47|id={{ProQuest|1017298452}}}}\n|11\n|}\n\n=== Decade-end charts ===\n{|class=\"wikitable plainrowheaders\" style=\"text-align:center;\"\n|+Decade-end chart performance for \"Always Be My Baby\"\n!Chart (1990–1999)\n!Position\n|-\n!scope=\"row\"|US ''Billboard'' Hot 100{{cite magazine|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9w0EAAAAMBAJ&pg=RA1-PA4|title=Hot 100 Singles of the '90s|magazine=Billboard|date=December 25, 1999|access-date=October 15, 2010}}\n|49\n|}\n{{col-end}}\n\n== Certifications and sales ==\n{{certification Table Top|caption=Certifications and sales for \"Always Be My Baby\"}}\n{{certification Table Entry|type=single|region=Australia|artist=Mariah Carey|title=Always Be My Baby|award=Platinum|number=2|certyear=2019|relyear=1996|access-date=August 17, 2020|refname=\"auscert\"}}\n{{certification Table Entry|type=single|region=New Zealand|artist=Mariah Carey|title=Always Be My Baby|award=Gold|certyear=1996|relyear=1996|id=3728|access-date=May 7, 2015}}\n{{certification Table Entry|region=United Kingdom|artist=Mariah Carey|title=Always Be My Baby|type=single|award=Platinum|certyear=2022|relyear=1996|id=11788-771-1|access-date=December 9, 2022}}\n{{certification Table Entry|type=single|region=United States|artist=Mariah Carey|title=Always Be My Baby|award=Platinum|number=5|certyear=2022|relyear=1996|access-date=March 27, 2022|refname=RIAA}}\n{{certification Table Entry|type=single|region=United States|artist=Mariah Carey|title=Always Be My Baby|award=Platinum|note=Mastertone|certyear=2007|relyear=2004|digital=true|access-date=December 9, 2022|refname=RIAA1}}\n{{Certification Table Bottom|noshipments=yes|streaming=true}}\n\n== Release history ==\n{|class=\"wikitable sortable plainrowheaders\"\n|+ Release dates and formats for \"Always Be My Baby\"\n! scope=\"col\"| Region\n! scope=\"col\"| Date\n! scope=\"col\"| Format(s)\n! scope=\"col\"| Label(s)\n! scope=\"col\"| {{abbr|Ref.|Reference(s)}}\n|-\n! scope=\"row\"| Canada\n| February 20, 1996\n| [[CD single]]\n| rowspan=\"2\"| [[Columbia Records|Columbia]]\n| {{center|{{cite web|url=http://www.sonymusic.ca/artists/MariahCarey/index.cgi?nav=discography|title=Mariah Carey|publisher=[[Sony Music Canada]]|access-date=February 20, 2022|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20031127112953/http://www.sonymusic.ca/artists/MariahCarey/index.cgi?nav=discography|archive-date=November 27, 2003}}}}\n|-\n! scope=\"row\"| United States\n| February 27, 1996\n| {{hlist|[[Contemporary hit radio]]|[[rhythmic contemporary radio]]}}\n| {{center|{{cite magazine|title=Selected New Releases|magazine=[[Radio & Records]]|pages=36, 42|date=February 23, 1996|id={{ProQuest|1017280720}}, {{ProQuest|1017280818}}}}}}\n|-\n! scope=\"row\"| Japan\n| March 7, 1996\n| [[Mini CD single]]\n| [[Sony Music Japan]]\n| {{center|{{cite web|url=https://www.oricon.co.jp/prof/163336/products/237838/1/|title=オールウェイズ・ビー・マイ・ベイビー|trans-title=Always Be My Baby|language=ja|publisher=[[Oricon]]|access-date=February 20, 2022|archive-date=February 20, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220220065111/https://www.oricon.co.jp/prof/163336/products/237838/1/|url-status=live}}}}\n|-\n! scope=\"row\"|United States\n| March 12, 1996\n| {{hlist|7-inch vinyl|12-inch vinyl|cassette single|cassette maxi single|CD single|CD maxi single}}\n| rowspan=\"2\"| Columbia\n| {{center|{{cite magazine|title=Hot 100 Singles|date=April 6, 1996|magazine=[[Billboard (magazine)|Billboard]]|page=112|id={{ProQuest|1505944938}}}}}}\n|-\n! scope=\"row\"| United Kingdom\n| June 3, 1996\n| {{hlist|[[Cassette single]]|CD single}}\n| {{center|{{cite magazine|title=New Releases: Singles|magazine=[[Music Week]]|page=27|date=June 1, 1996}}}}\n|}\n\n== References ==\n{{Reflist}}\n\n'''Works cited'''\n* {{Citation\n| last = Bronson\n| first = Fred\n| title = The Billboard Book of Number 1 Hits\n| publisher = Billboard Books\n| year = 2003\n| isbn = 978-0-8230-7677-2\n| author-link = Fred Bronson\n}}\n* {{cite book|author-link=Chris Nickson|last=Nickson|first=Chris|title=Mariah Carey revisited|year=1998|publisher=St. Martin's Griffin|location=New York|isbn=978-0-312-19512-0}}\n\n{{Mariah Carey singles}}\n{{Authority control}}\n{{Good article}}\n\n[[Category:1990s ballads]]\n[[Category:1996 singles]]\n[[Category:Mariah Carey songs]]\n[[Category:Billboard Hot 100 number-one singles]]\n[[Category:RPM Top Singles number-one singles]]\n[[Category:Pop ballads]]\n[[Category:Music videos directed by Mariah Carey]]\n[[Category:Songs written by Mariah Carey]]\n[[Category:Songs written by Manuel Seal]]\n[[Category:Songs written by Jermaine Dupri]]\n[[Category:Song recordings produced by Jermaine Dupri]]\n[[Category:1995 songs]]\n[[Category:1996 songs]]\n[[Category:Columbia Records singles]]\n[[Category:Sony Music singles]]\n[[Category:Contemporary R&B ballads]]"} +{"title":"Annapolis Valley (electoral district)","redirect":"Kings—Hants"} +{"title":"Anyox","content":"{{Short description|Ghost town in British Columbia, Canada}}\n[[File:Anyox British Columbia 1911.jpg|200px|thumb|right|Anyox, British Columbia]]\n'''Anyox''' was a small company-owned mining town in [[British Columbia]], Canada.{{BCGNIS|36025|Anyox}} Today it is a [[ghost town]], abandoned and largely destroyed. It is located on the shores of Granby Bay in coastal [[Observatory Inlet]], about {{convert|60|km|mi|0|abbr=off}} southeast of (but without a land link to) [[Stewart, British Columbia]], and about {{convert|20|km|mi|0|abbr=off}}, across wilderness east of the tip of the [[Southeast Alaska|Alaska Panhandle]].\n\n==Early history==\nThe remote valley was long a hunting and trapping area for the [[Nisga'a]], and the name Anyox means “hidden waters” in the [[Nisga'a language]].{{cite AV media | people=Muir, Andrew (Writer, Director) |date=2018 | title=Relics | medium=Documentary | location=Canada | publisher=Straycat Media}} The first Europeans in the area were the members of the [[Vancouver Expedition]], who surveyed the inlet in 1793.\n\nNisga'a legends told of a mountain of gold, attracting speculators for years. In 1910, the [[Granby Consolidated Mining, Smelting and Power Company]] (Granby Consolidated) started buying land in the area. They soon found gold.\n\n==Town and mines==\nGranby Consolidated started construction of the town in 1912. By 1914, Anyox had grown to a population of almost 3,000 residents, as the mine and smelter were put into full operation; rich lodes of copper and other precious metals were mined from the nearby mountains. Granby Consolidated moved its copper mining interests here from [[Phoenix, British Columbia|Phoenix]], British Columbia. Copper was mined from the Hidden Creek and Bonanza deposits and smelted on site. [[Coal]] to fuel the [[smelter]] was shipped from the company built and owned town of Granby on [[Vancouver Island]] and [[Fernie, British Columbia|Fernie]] in southeastern British Columbia.\n\nAnyox had no rail or road links to the rest of British Columbia, and all connections were served by ocean steamers, which traveled to [[Prince Rupert, British Columbia|Prince Rupert]] ({{convert|145|km|mi|abbr=on|0}} southwest){{cite web |url=https://blogs.unbc.ca/unbcexptour/category/the-town-that-got-lost-anyox-exploration/ |title=The Mystery of the \"STOLEN\" Anyox Light Bulbs! |author=Brycer |publisher=[[University of Northern British Columbia]] |date=2018-02-28 |accessdate=2018-09-14}} and [[Vancouver]].\n\nThe company town was a very large operation, with onsite railways, machine shops, curling rink, golf course and a hospital. In the spring of 1918, Granby Consolidated built the first wooden tennis court in Canada for additional recreation. The same year, incoming ships brought the [[1918 influenza pandemic|Spanish flu epidemic]] to Anyox. Charles Clarkson Rhodes, the Chief Accountant for the Granby Consolidated operations in Anyox, died on October 29, 1918, while he was helping to treat patients in the Anyox Hospital. Dozens of workers and residents of Anyox died from the flu epidemic.\n\nIn the early 1920s, the concrete pioneer and dam engineer [[John S. Eastwood]] designed a [[hydroelectric]] dam, which, at {{convert|156|ft|m|0}} high, was the tallest dam in Canada for many years.{{cite web |url=http://library.ucr.edu/wrca/collections/portraits/eastwood.html |publisher=[[Water Resources Collections and Archives]] |title=John Samuel Eastwood, 1857-1924 (Archived copy) |accessdate=2018-09-15 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120602003042/http://library.ucr.edu/wrca/collections/portraits/eastwood.html |archivedate=2012-06-02}} Anyox was almost wiped out by forest fires in 1923, but the townsite was rebuilt, and mining operations continued. [[Acid rain]] from the smelter denuded the trees from the hillsides, which soon became bare.\n\nThe [[Great Depression]] drove down the demand for copper, which was effectively the beginning of the end for Anyox. Operations continued but were steadily scaled down while the company stockpiled {{convert|100000000|lb|tonne|abbr=off}} of copper, three years of production, which it was unable to sell. The mine shut down in 1935, and the town was abandoned. Salvage operations in the 1940s removed most machinery and steel from the town, and two forest fires, in 1942 and 1943, burned all of the remaining wood structures.{{cite news |url=http://northword.ca/features/the-paradox-of-anyox-new-hope-springs-from-old-mine-site |title=The Paradox of Anyox—New hope springs from old mine site |first=Joanne |last=Campbell |work=Northword Magazine |date=2015-03-27 |accessdate=2018-09-15}}\n\nDuring its 25 year existence, Anyox's mines and smelters produced {{convert|140000|oz|tonne|0|abbr=off}} of gold, {{convert|8000000|oz|tonne|abbr=off}} of silver and {{convert|760000000|lb|tonne|abbr=off}} of copper.\n\n==Ongoing developments==\nActive mineral exploration continues in the area. In the 1980s, local entrepreneurs teamed with Vancouver investors to purchase the long dormant operations from the owner of record. Whenever there is a rise in the price of copper, there is speculation about the possibility of re-development, but none has ever occurred.\n\nSince 2000, the current owners have been trying to attract interest in rehabilitating the hydroelectric dam to supply the British Columbia grid or to attract and serve an on-site [[liquefied natural gas|natural gas liquefaction]] facility.\n\nThe town was the subject of the 2022 documentary film ''[[Anyox (film)|Anyox]]''.Marc van de Klashorst, [https://icsfilm.org/festivals/cinema-du-reel/cinema-du-reel-2022-review-anyox-jessica-johnson-ryan-ermacora/ \"Cinéma du Réel 2022 review: Anyox (Jessica Johnson & Ryan Ermacora)\"]. ''International Cinephile Society'', March 14, 2022.\n\n==Notable residents==\nFormer Vancouver Mayor [[Jack Volrich]] was one of the 351 people born in Anyox, as was [[Thomas Waterland]], MLA for [[Yale-Lillooet]] from 1975 to 1986.\n\n[[Reid Mitchell]], who represented Canada in basketball at the 1948 Olympics, was also born in Anyox.\n\n==See also==\n* [[Kitsault]]\n\n==References==\n{{Reflist}}\n\n==External links==\n*[http://bcmarina.com/Places/Anyox/Websize/thumbnails.html Pictures of Anyox today]\n\n{{Authority control}}\n{{Coord|55.417|N|129.833|W|display=title|type:city_region:CA_source:GNS-enwiki}}\n\n[[Category:Ghost towns in British Columbia]]\n[[Category:Company towns in Canada]]\n[[Category:North Coast of British Columbia]]"} +{"title":"Argenteuil—Papineau","redirect":"Argenteuil—Papineau—Mirabel"} +{"title":"Art of Ancient Greece","redirect":"Ancient Greek art"} +{"title":"BSG 75","redirect":"Battlestar Galactica (fictional spacecraft)"} +{"title":"BSG-75","redirect":"Battlestar Galactica (fictional spacecraft)"} +{"title":"BSG75","redirect":"Battlestar Galactica (fictional spacecraft)"} +{"title":"Bangor & Aroostook","redirect":"Bangor and Aroostook Railroad"} +{"title":"Barrie—Simcoe—Bradford","redirect":"Barrie (federal electoral district)"} +{"title":"Bas-Richelieu—Nicolet—Becancour","redirect":"Bécancour—Nicolet—Saurel"} +{"title":"Battleford—Kindersley","content":"'''Battleford—Kindersley''' was a federal [[electoral district (Canada)|electoral district]] (riding) n [[Saskatchewan]], Canada, that was represented in the [[House of Commons of Canada]] from 1968 to 1979.\n\nThis [[Riding (division)|riding]] was created in 1966 from parts of [[Kindersley (electoral district)|Kindersley]], [[The Battlefords (federal electoral district)|The Battlefords]] and [[Rosetown—Biggar (federal electoral district)|Rosetown—Biggar]] ridings.\n\nIt was abolished in 1976 when it was redistributed into [[Kindersley—Lloydminster]] and [[The Battlefords—Meadow Lake]] ridings.\n\n==Election results==\n\n{{Canadian election result/top|CA|1968}}\n{{CANelec|CA|NDP|THOMSON, Rod |10,583}}\n{{CANelec|CA|PC|CANTELON, Reg |9,941}}\n{{CANelec|CA|Liberal|STEIERT, Anthony C. |7,872}}\n{{end}}\n\n{{Canadian election result/top|CA|1972}}\n{{CANelec|CA|PC|[[Norval Horner|HORNER, Norval]] |10,373}}\n{{CANelec|CA|NDP|THOMSON, Rod |10,122}}\n{{CANelec|CA|Liberal|KELLER, Edward C. |8,286}}\n{{CANelec|CA|Social Credit|LEESON, Madge |498}}\n{{end}}\n\n{{Canadian election result/top|CA|1974}}\n{{CANelec|CA|Liberal|[[Joseph McIsaac|MCISAAC, J. Clifford]] |10,751}}\n{{CANelec|CA|PC|HORNER, Norval |10,666}}\n{{CANelec|CA|NDP|THOMSON, Rod |7,711}}\n{{end}}\n\n== See also ==\n\n* [[List of Canadian federal electoral districts]]\n* [[Historical federal electoral districts of Canada]]\n\n== Sources ==\n* {{CanRiding|ID=821|name=Battleford—Kindersley (1966–1976)}}\n\n{{DEFAULTSORT:Battleford-Kindersley}}\n[[Category:Former federal electoral districts of Saskatchewan]]"} +{"title":"Beaches (federal electoral district)","content":"{{for|the defunct provincial electoral district|Beaches (provincial electoral district)}}\n{{Infobox Canada electoral district\n| province = Ontario\n| image = Beaches riding.png\n| caption = Beaches in relation to other electoral districts in Toronto\n| fed-status = defunct\n| fed-district-number = \n| fed-created = 1976\n| fed-abolished = 1987\n| fed-election-first = 1979\n| fed-election-last = 1988\n| fed-rep = \n| fed-rep-link =\n| fed-rep-party = \n| fed-rep-party-link = \n| demo-pop-ref = \n| demo-area-ref = \n| demo-electors-ref =\n| demo-census-date = \n| demo-pop = \n| demo-electors = \n| demo-electors-date = \n| demo-area = \n| demo-cd = [[Toronto]]\n| demo-csd = Toronto\n}}\n'''Beaches''' was a federal [[electoral district (Canada)|electoral district]] in [[Toronto|Toronto, Ontario]], Canada, represented in the [[House of Commons of Canada]] from 1979 to 1988.\n\nThe [[Riding (division)|riding]] was created in 1976, from parts of [[Broadview (federal electoral district)|Broadview]], [[Greenwood (Ontario federal electoral district)|Greenwood]] and [[York East (federal electoral district)|York East]] [[Riding (division)|ridings]].\n\n==Boundaries==\nIt was created in 1976 with the following boundaries - from Leslie Street where it meets [[Lake Ontario]], the boundary proceeded north along Leslie to [[Queen Street East]]. It went west along Queen to Jones Avenue then north along Jones to [[Gerrard Street (Toronto)|Gerrard Street East]], east along Gerrard and then north on [[Greenwood Avenue, Toronto|Greenwood Avenue]] to the city limits. It followed the city limits east to [[Victoria Park Avenue]] and then south following Victoria Park back to the lake.\n\nThe electoral district was abolished in 1987 when it was redistributed between [[Beaches—Woodbine]] and [[Broadview—Greenwood]] ridings.\n\n==Members of Parliament==\n\n{{CanMP}}\n{{CanMP nodata|''Riding created from'' [[Broadview (federal electoral district)|Broadview]], [[Greenwood (Ontario federal electoral district)|Greenwood]] ''and'' [[York East (federal electoral district)|York East]]}}\n{{CanMP row\n| FromYr = 1979\n| ToYr = 1980\n| Assembly# = 31\n| CanParty = PC\n| RepName = Robin Richardson\n}}\n{{CanMP row\n| FromYr = 1980\n| ToYr = 1984\n| Assembly# = 32\n| CanParty = NDP\n| PartyTerms# = 2\n| RepName = Neil Young\n| RepLink = Neil Young (politician)\n| RepTerms# = 2\n}}\n{{CanMP row\n| FromYr = 1984\n| ToYr = 1988\n| Assembly# = 33\n}}\n{{CanMP nodata|''Riding dissolved into'' [[Beaches—Woodbine]] ''and'' [[Broadview—Greenwood]]}}\n{{CanMP nodata|{{cite web|title=Robin Richardson|url=https://lop.parl.ca/sites/ParlInfo/default/en_CA/People/Profile?personId=881|work=Parliamentary History|publisher=Parliament of Canada|access-date=2019-09-24|location=Ottawa|year=2019}}{{cite web|title=Neil Young|url=https://lop.parl.ca/sites/ParlInfo/default/en_CA/People/Profile?personId=8587|work=Parliamentary History|publisher=Parliament of Canada|access-date=2019-09-24|location=Ottawa|year=2012}}}}\n{{CanMP end}}\n\n==Election results==\n\n{{Canadian election result/top|CA|1979|percent=yes}}\n{{CANelec|CA|Progressive Conservative|Robin Richardson|12,840|34.5}}\n{{CANelec|CA|NDP|Neil Young|12,322|33.1}}\n{{CANelec|CA|Liberal|Brian Fullerton|11,232|30.2}}\n{{CANelec|CA|Libertarian|David Anderson|388|1.0}}\n{{CANelec|CA|Independent|Donald A. Daley|129|0.3}}\n{{CANelec|CA|Rhinoceros|Judi Skuce|111|0.3}}\n{{CANelec|CA|Marxist-Leninist|Jim McKibbin|91|0.2}}\n{{CANelec|CA|Independent|Jim McMillan|69|0.2}}\n{{Canadian election result/total|Turnout|37,182|100.0 }}\n{{Canadian election result/source|Parliament of Canada:{{cite web |url=https://lop.parl.ca/sites/ParlInfo/default/en_CA/ElectionsRidings/Ridings/Profile?OrganizationId=831 |title=History of Federal Ridings since 1867:Beaches, Ontario (1976-1987) |publisher=Parliament of Canada |access-date=2019-09-24}}}}\n{{end}}\n\n{{Canadian election result/top|CA|1980|percent=yes}}\n{{CANelec|CA|NDP|Neil Young|12,675|35.6}}\n{{CANelec|CA|Liberal|Terry O'Reilly|11,179|31.4}}\n{{CANelec|CA|Progressive Conservative|Robin Richardson|11,179|31.4}}\n{{CANelec|CA|Libertarian|Dennis Corrigan|272|0.8}}\n{{CANelec|CA|Rhinoceros|David Reid|214|0.6}}\n{{CANelec|CA|Marxist-Leninist|Jim McKibbin|60|0.2}}\n{{CANelec|CA|Independent|Vince Corriero|45|0.1}}\n{{Canadian election result/total|Turnout|35,624|100.0 }}\n{{Canadian election result/source|Parliament of Canada:}}\n{{end}}\n\n{{Canadian election result/top|CA|1984|percent=yes}}\n{{CANelec|CA|NDP|Neil Young|14,914|40.6}}\n{{CANelec|CA|Progressive Conservative|Jack Jones|12,443|33.9}}\n{{CANelec|CA|Liberal|Terry Kelly|8,155|22.2}}\n{{CANelec|CA|Green|Trevor Hancock|581|1.6}}\n{{CANelec|CA|Libertarian|Dennis Corrigan|353|1.0}}\n{{CANelec|CA|Independent|Terrence Kennedy|132|0.4}}\n{{CANelec|CA|Independent|[[John Turmel]]|112|0.3}}\n{{CANelec|CA|Commonwealth of Canada|Ron Thorsen|27|0.1}}\n{{Canadian election result/total|Turnout|36,177|100.0 }}\n{{Canadian election result/source|Parliament of Canada:}}\n{{end}}\n\n==References==\n{{Reflist}}\n\n{{Ridings in Ontario}}\n\n{{DEFAULTSORT:Beaches (electoral district)}}\n[[Category:Former federal electoral districts of Ontario]]\n[[Category:Federal electoral districts of Toronto]]"} +{"title":"Beauport—Montmorency—Côte-de-Beaupré—Île-d'Orléans","redirect":"Montmorency (federal electoral district)"} +{"title":"Beauport—Montmorency—Orléans","redirect":"Montmorency (federal electoral district)"} +{"title":"Beaver River (federal electoral district)","content":"\n'''Beaver River''' was a federal [[electoral district (Canada)|electoral district]] represented in the [[House of Commons of Canada]] from 1988 to 1997.\n\nIt was located in the [[provinces and territories of Canada|province]] of [[Alberta]]. This riding was created in 1987, and was first used in the [[1988 Canadian federal election|federal election]] of 1988. It was abolished in 1996, with its area becoming part of [[Lakeland (electoral district)|Lakeland]].\n\nThe [[1989 Beaver River federal by-election|1989 by-election]] was won by the [[Reform Party of Canada]].\n\n==Members of Parliament==\n{{CanMP|Beaver River}}\n{{CanMP nodata|''Riding created''}}\n{{CanMP row\n| FromYr = 1988\n| ToYr = 1988\n| Assembly# = 34\n| CanParty = PC\n| RepName = John Dahmer\n| RepTerms# = \n| PartyTerms# = \n| #ByElections = 1\n}}\n{{CanMP row\n| FromYr = 1989\n| ToYr = 1993\n| RepName = Deborah Grey\n| CanParty = Reform\n| RepTerms# = 2\n| PartyTerms# = 2\n}}\n{{CanMP row\n| FromYr = 1993\n| ToYr = 1997\n| Assembly# = 35\n}}\n{{CanMP nodata|''Riding dissolved''}}\n{{CanMP end}}\n\n==Electoral history==\n\n{{1988 Canadian federal election/Beaver River}}\n\n{{Canadian election result/top|CA|[[1989 Beaver River federal by-election|March 13, 1989]]|Beaver River (federal electoral district)|Beaver River|by=yes|reason=upon death of [[John Dahmer]]|percent=yes|change=yes}}\n{{CANelec|CA|Reform|[[Deborah Grey]]|11,154|48.70%| +35.32%}}\n{{CANelec|CA|PC|[[Dave Broda]]|6,912|30.18%| -14.12%}}\n{{CANelec|CA|Liberal|Ernie O. Brosseau|2,756|12.03%| -8.98%}}\n{{CANelec|CA|NDP|Barbara Bonneau|2,081|9.09%| -11.80%}}\n{{CANelec/total|Total valid votes|22,903|100.00%}}\n{{CANelec/gain|CA|Reform|PC| +24.72%}}\n{{end}}\n\n{{Canadian election result/top|CA|1993|Beaver River (federal electoral district)|Beaver River|percent=yes|change=yes}}\n{{CANelec|CA|Reform|[[Deborah Grey]]|17,731|57.97%| +9.27%}}\n{{CANelec|CA|Liberal|Michael J. Zacharko|7,526|24.60%| +12.57%}}\n{{CANelec|CA|PC|[[Dave Broda]]|3,855|12.60%| -17.58%}}\n{{CANelec|CA|NDP|Eugene Houle|1,058|3.46%| -5.63%}}\n{{CANelec|CA|Natural Law|Guy C. Germain|294|0.96%}}\n{{CANelec|CA|Independent|B.H. Bud Glenn|94|0.31%}}\n{{CANelec/total|Total valid votes|30,588|100.00%}}\n{{CANelec/hold|CA|Reform| -1.65%}}\n{{end}}\n\n== See also ==\n\n* [[List of Canadian federal electoral districts]]\n* [[Historical federal electoral districts of Canada]]\n\n== References ==\n*{{CanRiding|ID=883|name=Beaver River}}\n\n{{coord missing|Alberta}}\n\n[[Category:Former federal electoral districts of Alberta]]"} +{"title":"Belarus at the 2000 Summer Olympics","content":"{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2021}}\n{{infobox country at games\n| NOC = BLR\n| NOCname = [[Belarus Olympic Committee]]\n| games = Summer Olympics\n| year = 2000\n| flagcaption = \n| oldcode = \n| website = {{url|www.noc.by }} {{in lang|ru|en}}\n| location = [[Sydney]]\n| competitors = 139 (72 men and 67 women)\n| sports = 20\n| flagbearer = [[Sergey Lishtvan]]\n| rank = 23\n| gold = 3\n| silver = 3\n| bronze = 11\n| officials = \n| appearances = auto\n| app_begin_year = 1996\n| app_end_year = \n| summerappearances = \n| winterappearances = \n| seealso = {{flagIOC|RU1}} (1900–1912)
{{flagIOC|POL}} (1924–1936)
{{flagIOC|URS}} (1952–1988)
{{flagIOC|EUN}} (1992)\n}}\n\n'''[[Belarus]]''' competed at the '''[[2000 Summer Olympics]]''' in [[Sydney]], [[Australia]]. 139 competitors, 72 men and 67 women, took part in 109 events in 20 sports.{{cite web |url=https://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/countries/BLR/summer/2000/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200417042526/https://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/countries/BLR/summer/2000/ |url-status=dead |archive-date=17 April 2020 |title=Belarus at the 2000 Summer Games |access-date=26 February 2012 |work=sports-reference.com}} Belarus had its best ever showing both in terms of gold and overall medals at these games. The gold medal result will be later matched in [[Belarus at the 2008 Summer Olympics|2008]].\n\n==Medalists==\n{{main|2000 Summer Olympics medal table}}\n{| class=\"wikitable sortable\" style=\"font-size:90%\"\n|-\n!Medal\n!Name\n!Sport\n!Event\n|-\n| {{gold medal}} || [[Yanina Karolchyk-Pravalinskaya|Yanina Karolchik]] || [[Athletics at the 2000 Summer Olympics|Athletics]] || [[Athletics at the 2000 Summer Olympics – Women's shot put|Women's shot put]]\n|-\n| {{gold medal}} || [[Ellina Zvereva]] || [[Athletics at the 2000 Summer Olympics|Athletics]] || [[Athletics at the 2000 Summer Olympics – Women's shot put|Women's discus]]\n|-\n| {{gold medal}} || [[Ekaterina Karsten]] || [[Rowing at the 2000 Summer Olympics|Rowing]] || [[Rowing at the 2000 Summer Olympics – Women's single sculls|Women's single sculls]]\n|-\n| {{silver medal}} || [[Yulia Raskina]] || [[Gymnastics at the 2000 Summer Olympics|Gymnastics]] || [[Gymnastics at the 2000 Summer Olympics – Women's rhythmic individual all-around|Women's individual all-around]]\n|-\n| {{silver medal}} || [[Tatyana Ananko]]
[[Tatyana Belan]]
[[Anna Glazkova]]
[[Irina Ilyenkova]]
[[Maria Lazuk]]
[[Olga Puzhevich]] || [[Gymnastics at the 2000 Summer Olympics|Gymnastics]] || [[Gymnastics at the 2000 Summer Olympics – Women's rhythmic group all-around|Women's group all around]]\n|-\n| {{silver medal}} || [[Igor Basinsky]] || [[Shooting at the 2000 Summer Olympics|Shooting]] || [[Shooting at the 2000 Summer Olympics – Men's 50 metre pistol|Men's 50 metre pistol]]\n|-\n| {{bronze medal}} || [[Irina Yatchenko]] || [[Athletics at the 2000 Summer Olympics|Athletics]] || [[Athletics at the 2000 Summer Olympics – Women's discus throw|Women's discus throw]]\n|-\n| {{bronze medal}} || [[Igor Astapkovich]] || [[Athletics at the 2000 Summer Olympics|Athletics]] || [[Athletics at the 2000 Summer Olympics – Men's discus throw|Men's discus throw]]\n|-\n| {{bronze medal}} || [[Natalya Sazanovich]] || [[Athletics at the 2000 Summer Olympics|Athletics]] || [[Athletics at the 2000 Summer Olympics – Women's heptathlon|Women's heptathlon]]\n|-\n| {{bronze medal}} || [[Anatoly Laryukov]] || [[Judo at the 2000 Summer Olympics|Judo]] || [[Judo at the 2000 Summer Olympics – Men's 73 kg|Men's half-middleweight]]\n|-\n| {{bronze medal}} || [[Pavel Dovgal]] || [[Modern pentathlon at the 2000 Summer Olympics|Modern pentathlon]] || [[Modern pentathlon at the 2000 Summer Olympics – Men's|Men's competition]]\n|-\n| {{bronze medal}} || [[Igor Basinsky]] || [[Shooting at the 2000 Summer Olympics|Shooting]] || [[Shooting at the 2000 Summer Olympics - Men's 10 metre air pistol|Men's 10 metre air pistol]]\n|-\n| {{bronze medal}} || [[Lalita Yauhleuskaya]] || [[Shooting at the 2000 Summer Olympics|Shooting]] || [[Shooting at the 2000 Summer Olympics - Women's 25 metre pistol|Women's 25 metre pistol]]\n|-\n| {{bronze medal}} || [[Sergei Martynov (sport shooter)|Sergei Martynov]] || [[Shooting at the 2000 Summer Olympics|Shooting]] || [[Shooting at the 2000 Summer Olympics - Men's 50 metre rifle prone|Men's 50 metre rifle prone]]\n|-\n| {{bronze medal}} || [[Gennady Oleshchuk]] || [[Weightlifting at the 2000 Summer Olympics|Weightlifting]] || [[Weightlifting at the 2000 Summer Olympics - Men's 62 kg|Men's 62 kg]]\n|-\n| {{bronze medal}} || [[Siarhei Laurenau|Sergey Lavrenov]] || [[Weightlifting at the 2000 Summer Olympics|Weightlifting]] || [[Weightlifting at the 2000 Summer Olympics - Men's 69 kg|Men's 69 kg]]\n|-\n| {{bronze medal}} || [[Dmitry Debelka]] || [[Wrestling at the 2000 Summer Olympics|Wrestling]] || [[Wrestling at the 2000 Summer Olympics – Men's Greco-Roman 130 kg|Men's Greco-Roman 130 kg]]\n|}\n\n==Archery==\n{{main article|Archery at the 2000 Summer Olympics}}\nIn its second Olympic archery competition, Belarus was represented by two women. They were not as successful as they had been four years earlier, but two of the archers still won in their first matches.\n\n{| class=\"wikitable\" style=\"font-size:90%\"\n|-\n!rowspan=\"2\"|Athlete\n!rowspan=\"2\"|Event\n!colspan=\"2\"|Ranking round\n!Round of 64\n!Round of 32\n!Round of 16\n!Quarterfinals\n!Semifinals\n!colspan=\"2\"|Final / {{abbr|BM|Bronze medal match}}\n|- style=\"font-size:95%\"\n!Score\n!Seed\n!Opposition
Score\n!Opposition
Score\n!Opposition
Score\n!Opposition
Score\n!Opposition
Score\n!Opposition
Score\n!Rank\n|-\n|align=left|[[Anna Karaseva]]\n|align=left rowspan=2|[[Archery at the 2000 Summer Olympics - Women's individual|Women's individual]]\n|align=center|629\n|align=center|29\n|align=center|{{flagIOCathlete|[[Almudena Gallardo|Gallardo]]|ESP|2000 Summer}}
'''W''' 163-162\n|align=center|{{flagIOCathlete|[[Yun Mi-jin|Yun]]|KOR|2000 Summer}}
'''L''' 152-162\n|align=center colspan=5|did not advance\n|-\n|align=left|[[Olga Moroz]]\n|align=center|620\n|align=center|41\n|align=center|{{flagIOCathlete|[[Joanna Nowicka|Nowicka]]|POL|2000 Summer}}
'''L''' 139-152\n|align=center colspan=6|did not advance\n|}\n\n==Athletics==\n{{main article|Athletics at the 2000 Summer Olympics}}\n\n;Men\n;;Road events\n{| class=wikitable style=\"font-size:90%; text-align:center\"\n|-\n!rowspan=2|Athlete\n!rowspan=2|Event\n!colspan=2|Heat\n!colspan=2|Quarterfinal\n!colspan=2|Semifinal\n!colspan=2|Final\n|-style=font-size:95%\n!Time\n!Rank\n!Time\n!Rank\n!Time\n!Rank\n!Time\n!Rank\n|-\n|align=left|[[Viktor Ginko]]\n|align=left|[[Athletics at the 2000 Summer Olympics – Men's 50 kilometres walk|50 km walk]]\n|colspan=6 {{n/a}}\n| colspan=2|DQ\n|-\n|align=left|[[Mikhail Khmelnitskiy]]\n|align=left rowspan=3|[[Athletics at the 2000 Summer Olympics – Men's 20 kilometres walk|20 km walk]]\n|colspan=6 {{n/a}}\n| 1:28:02\n| 34\n|-\n|align=left|[[Andrey Makarov (racewalker)|Andrey Makarov]]\n|colspan=6 {{n/a}}\n| 1:23:33 \n| 17\n|-\n|align=left|[[Artur Meleshkevich]]\n|colspan=6 {{n/a}}\n| 1:24:50\n| 21\n|-\n|align=left|[[Pavel Pelepyagin]]\n|align=left rowspan=1|[[Athletics at the 2000 Summer Olympics – Men's 800 metres|800 m]]\n| 01:46.67\n| 1 '''Q'''\n| colspan=2{{n/a}}\n| 01:50.37 \n| 7\n| colspan=2|did not advance\n|-\n|align=left|[[Leonid Vershinin]]\n|align=left rowspan=1|[[Athletics at the 2000 Summer Olympics – Men's 400 metres hurdles|400 m hurdles]]\n| 51.84\n| 53\n| colspan=6|did not advance\n|}\n\n;;Field events\n{| class=wikitable style=\"font-size:90%; text-align:center\"\n|-\n!rowspan=2|Athlete\n!rowspan=2|Event\n!colspan=2|Qualification\n!colspan=2|Final\n|-style=font-size:95%\n!Result\n!Rank\n!Result\n!Rank\n|-\n|align=left|[[Igor Astapkovich]]\n|align=left|[[Athletics at the 2000 Summer Olympics – Men's hammer throw|Hammer Throw]]\n| 79.81\n| 1 '''Q'''\n|79.17 \n|{{bronze03}}\n|-\n|align=left|[[Leonid Cherevko]]\n|align=left rowspan=3|[[Athletics at the 2000 Summer Olympics – Men's discus throw|Discus throw]]\n| 58.32\n| 33\n| colspan=2|did not advance\n|-\n|align=left|[[Vladimir Dubrovshchik]]\n| 64.03\n| 7 '''Q'''\n| 65.13\n| '''7'''\n|-\n|align=left|[[Vasiliy Kaptyukh]]\n| 65.90\n| 4 '''Q'''\n| 67.59\n| '''4'''\n|-\n|align=left|[[Aleksei Lelin]]\n|align=left rowspan=1|[[Athletics at the 2000 Summer Olympics – Men's high jump|High jump]]\n| 2.15\n| 34\n| colspan=2|did not advance\n|-\n|align=left|[[Andrei Mikhnevich]]\n|align=left|[[Athletics at the 2000 Summer Olympics – Men's shot put|Shot put]]\n| 19.97\n| 7 '''q'''\n| 19.48\n| 9\n|-\n|align=left|[[Vladimir Sasimovich]]\n|align=left|[[Athletics at the 2000 Summer Olympics – Men's javelin throw|Javelin Throw]]\n| 78.04\n| 24\n| colspan=2|did not advance\n|-\n|align=left|[[Ivan Tikhon]]\n|align=left|[[Athletics at the 2000 Summer Olympics – Men's hammer throw|Hammer Throw]]\n| 76.90\n| 10 '''q'''\n| 79.17\n| '''4'''\n|}\n\n;Women\n;;Track & road events\n{| class=wikitable style=\"font-size:90%; text-align:center\"\n|-\n!rowspan=2|Athlete\n!rowspan=2|Event\n!colspan=2|Heat\n!colspan=2|Quarterfinal\n!colspan=2|Semifinal\n!colspan=2|Final\n|-style=font-size:95%\n!Time\n!Rank\n!Time\n!Rank\n!Time\n!Rank\n!Time\n!Rank\n|-\n|align=left|[[Natasha Dukhnova]]\n|align=left|[[Athletics at the 2000 Summer Olympics – Women's 800 metres|800m]]\n| 02:03.20\n| 22\n| colspan=6| did not advance\n|-\n|align=left|[[Nataliya Misyulya]] \n|align=left rowspan=3|[[Athletics at the 2000 Summer Olympics – Women's 20 kilometres walk|20 km walk]]\n|colspan=6 {{n/a}}\n| 1:33:08 \n| 9\n|-\n|align=left|[[Larisa Ramazanova]]\n|colspan=6 {{n/a}}\n| 1:37:39\n| 32\n|-\n|align=left|[[Valentina Tsybulskaya]] \n|colspan=6 {{n/a}}\n| 1:36:44\n| 28\n|-\n|align=left|[[Elena Bunnik]]
[[Anna Kazak]]
[[Irina Khlyustova]]
[[Natalya Sologub]]\n|align=left|[[Athletics at the 2000 Summer Olympics – Women's 4 × 400 metres relay|4 x 400 m relay]]\n| 03:26.31\n| 9\n| colspan=6| did not advance\n|}\n\n;;Field events\n{| class=wikitable style=\"font-size:90%; text-align:center\"\n|-\n!rowspan=2|Athlete\n!rowspan=2|Event\n!colspan=2|Qualification\n!colspan=2|Final\n|-style=font-size:95%\n!Result\n!Rank\n!Result\n!Rank\n|-\n|align=left|[[Lyudmila Gubkina]]\n|align=left rowspan=1|[[Athletics at the 2000 Summer Olympics – Women's hammer throw|Hammer Throw]]\n| 63.29\n| 10 '''q'''\n| 67.08\n| '''6'''\n|-\n|align=left|'''[[Yanina Karolchyk-Pravalinskaya|Yanina Karolchyk]]'''\n|align=left rowspan=1|[[Athletics at the 2000 Summer Olympics – Women's shot put|Shot put]]\n| 19.36\n| 1 '''Q'''\n| 20.56\n|{{gold01}}\n|-\n|align=left|[[Natallia Safronava]]\n|align=left|[[Athletics at the 2000 Summer Olympics – Women's triple jump|Triple Jump]]\n| 13.91\n| 15\n| colspan=2| did not advance\n|-\n|align=left|[[Tatyana Shevchik]]\n|align=left|[[Athletics at the 2000 Summer Olympics – Women's high jump|High Jump]]\n| 1.85\n| 30\n| colspan=2| did not advance\n|-\n|align=left|[[Svetlana Sudak]]\n|align=left rowspan=2|[[Athletics at the 2000 Summer Olympics – Women's hammer throw|Hammer Throw]]\n| 63.83\n| 8 '''q'''\n| 64.21\n| 10\n|-\n|align=left|[[Olga Tsander]]\n| colspan=2| NM\n| colspan=2| did not advance\n|-\n|align=left|'''[[Irina Yatchenko]]'''\n|align=left rowspan=2|[[Athletics at the 2000 Summer Olympics – Women's discus throw|Discus Throw]]\n| 62.72\n| 5 '''q'''\n|65.20\n|{{bronze03}}\n|-\n|align=left|'''[[Ellina Zvereva]]'''\n| 64.81\n| 1 '''Q'''\n|68.40\n|{{gold01}}\n|}\n\n;;Combined events - [[Athletics at the 2000 Summer Olympics – Women's heptathlon|Heptathlon]]\n{| class=wikitable style=\"font-size:90%; text-align:center\"\n|-\n!Athlete\n!Event\n!{{tooltip|100H|100 meter hurdles}}\n!{{tooltip|HJ|High jump}}\n!{{tooltip|SP|Shot put}}\n!{{tooltip|200 m|200 meters}}\n!{{tooltip|LJ|Long jump}}\n!{{tooltip|JT|Javelin throw}}\n!{{tooltip|800 m|800 meters}}\n!Points\n!Rank\n|-\n|align=left rowspan=2|'''[[Natalya Sazanovich]]'''\n!style=font-size:95%|Result\n|13.45\n|1.84\n|14.79\n|24.12\n|6.50\n|43.97\n|02:16.41\n|rowspan=2| 6527\n|rowspan=2| {{bronze03}}\n|-\n!style=font-size:95%|Points\n|1058\n|1029\n|847\n|969\n|1007\n|744\n|873\n|}\n\n==Boxing==\n{{main article|Boxing at the 2000 Summer Olympics}}\n\n;Men\n{| class=wikitable style=\"font-size:90%; text-align:center\"\n|-\n!rowspan=\"2\"|Athlete\n!rowspan=\"2\"|Event\n!Round of 32\n!Round of 16\n!Quarterfinals\n!Semifinals\n!colspan=\"2\"|Final\n|-\n!Opposition
Result\n!Opposition
Result\n!Opposition
Result\n!Opposition
Result\n!Opposition
Result\n!Rank\n|-\n|align=left|[[Sergey Bykovsky]]\n|align=left|[[Boxing at the 2000 Summer Olympics – Light welterweight|Light welterweight]]\n|{{flagIOCathlete|[[Romeo Brin|Brin]]|PHI|2000 Summer}}
'''W''' 8-3\n|{{flagIOCathlete|[[Nurhan Suleymanoglu|Suleymanoglu]]|TUR|2000 Summer}}
'''W''' 8-8\n|{{flagIOCathlete|[[Mahamadkadyz Abdullaev|Abdullaev]]|UZB|2000 Summer}}
'''L''' 6-9\n|colspan=\"2\"|did not advance\n|5\n|}\n\n==Canoeing==\n{{main article|Canoeing at the 2000 Summer Olympics}}\n\n===Sprint===\n;Men\n{| class=wikitable style=\"font-size:90%; text-align:center\"\n|-\n!rowspan=2|Athlete\n!rowspan=2|Event\n!colspan=2|Heat\n!colspan=2|Repechage\n!colspan=2|Semifinal\n!colspan=2|Final\n|-style=font-size:95%\n!Time\n!Rank\n!Time\n!Rank\n!Time\n!Rank\n!Time\n!Rank\n|-\n|align=left|[[Aleksandr Maseikov]]\n|align=left|[[Canoeing at the 2000 Summer Olympics – Men's C-1 500 metres|C-1 500 m]]\n|01:54.468\n|7 '''Q'''\n| colspan=2 {{n/a|BYE}}\n|01:55.035\n|8\n| colspan=2|did not advance\n|-\n|}\n;Women\n{| class=wikitable style=\"font-size:90%; text-align:center\"\n|-\n!rowspan=2|Athlete\n!rowspan=2|Event\n!colspan=2|Heat\n!colspan=2|Repechage\n!colspan=2|Semifinal\n!colspan=2|Final\n|-style=font-size:95%\n!Time\n!Rank\n!Time\n!Rank\n!Time\n!Rank\n!Time\n!Rank\n|-\n|align=left|[[Elena Bet]]
[[Svetlana Vakula]]\n|align=left|[[Canoeing at the 2000 Summer Olympics – Women's K-2 500 metres|K-2 500 m]]\n|1:55.757\n|7 '''Q'''\n|colspan=2 {{n/a|BYE}}\n|1:49.758 \n|7\n|colspan=2|did not advance\n|-\n|align=left|[[Alesya Bakunova]]
[[Elena Bet]]
[[Natalya Bondarenko]]
[[Svetlana Vakula]]\n|align=left|[[Canoeing at the 2000 Summer Olympics – Women's K-4 500 metres|K-4 500 m]]\n|01:34.734\n|2 '''Q'''\n|colspan=2 {{n/a}}\n|colspan=2 {{n/a|BYE}}\n|01:37.748\n|'''6'''\n|}\n\n==Diving==\n{{main article|Diving at the 2000 Summer Olympics}}\n;Men\n{| class=wikitable style=\"font-size:90%; text-align:center\"\n|-\n!rowspan=2|Athlete\n!rowspan=2|Event\n!colspan=2|Preliminary\n!colspan=4|Semifinal\n!colspan=4|Final\n|-style=font-size:95%\n!Points\n!Rank\n!Points\n!Rank\n!Total\n!Rank\n!Points\n!Rank\n!Total\n!Rank\n|-\n|align=left|[[Vyacheslav Khamulkin]]\n|align=left|[[Diving at the 2000 Summer Olympics – Men's 3 metre springboard|3 m springboard]]\n|357.03 \n|23\n|colspan=8|did not advance\n|}\n\n;Women\n{| class=wikitable style=\"font-size:90%; text-align:center\"\n|-\n!rowspan=2|Athlete\n!rowspan=2|Event\n!colspan=2|Preliminary\n!colspan=4|Semifinal\n!colspan=4|Final\n|-style=font-size:95%\n!Points\n!Rank\n!Points\n!Rank\n!Total\n!Rank\n!Points\n!Rank\n!Total\n!Rank\n|-\n|align=left|[[Svetlana Alekseyeva]]\n|align=left|[[Diving at the 2000 Summer Olympics – Women's 3 metre springboard|3 m springboard]]\n|260.91\n|17 '''Q'''\n|216.48 \n|12\n|477.39\n|15\n|colspan=4| did not advance\n|}\n\n==Fencing==\n{{main article|Fencing at the 2000 Summer Olympics}}\nFour fencers, all men, represented Belarus in 2000.\n;Men\n{| class=\"wikitable\" style=\"font-size:90%\"\n|-\n!rowspan=\"2\"|Athlete\n!rowspan=\"2\"|Event\n!Round of 64\n!Round of 32\n!Round of 16\n!Quarterfinal\n!Semifinal\n!colspan=2|Final / {{abbr|BM|Bronze medal match}}\n|-style=\"font-size:95%\"\n!Opposition
Score\n!Opposition
Score\n!Opposition
Score\n!Opposition
Score\n!Opposition
Score\n!Opposition
Score\n!Rank\n|-align=center\n|align=left |[[Andrey Murashko]]\n|align=left rowspan=3|[[Fencing at the 2000 Summer Olympics – Men's épée|Individual épée]]\n|{{flagIOCathlete|[[Tamir Bloom|Bloom]]|USA|2000 Summer}}
'''L''' 4-8\n|colspan=5|did not advance\n|38\n|-align=center\n|align=left |[[Vladimir Pchenikin]] \n|{{n/a|BYE}}\n|{{flagIOCathlete|[[Paolo Milanoli|Milanoli]]|ITA|2000 Summer}}
'''L''' 9-15\n|colspan=4|did not advance\n|31\n|-align=center\n|align=left |[[Vitaly Zakharov]]\n|{{n/a|BYE}}\n|{{flagIOCathlete|[[Lee Sang-Yeop|Sang-Yeop]]|KOR|2000 Summer}}
'''L''' 14-15\n|colspan=4|did not advance\n|24\n|-align=center\n|align=left|[[Vitaly Zakharov]]
[[Andrey Murashko]]
[[Vladimir Pchenikin]]\n|align=left|[[Fencing at the 2000 Summer Olympics – Men's team épée|Team épée]]\n|colspan=2 {{n/a}}\n|{{flagIOCteam|AUT|2000 Summer}}
'''W''' 45-44\n|{{flagIOCteam|KOR|2000 Summer}}
'''L''' 44-45\n|{{flagIOCteam|AUS|2000 Summer}}
'''W''' 45-34\n|{{flagIOCteam|GER|2000 Summer}}
'''L''' 37-41\n|'''6'''\n|-align=center\n|align=left|[[Dmitry Lapkes]]\n|align=left|[[Fencing at the 2000 Summer Olympics – Men's sabre|Individual sabre]]\n|{{flagIOCathlete|[[Mahmoud Samir (fencer)|Samir]]|EGY|2000 Summer}}
'''W''' 15-7\n|{{flagIOCathlete|[[Raffaelo Caserta|Careta]]|ITA|2000 Summer}}
'''W''' 15–9\n|{{flagIOCathlete|[[Mihai Covaliu|Covaliu]]|ROU|2000 Summer}}
'''L''' 11–15\n|colspan=3|did not advance\n|15\n|}\n\n==Gymnastics==\n{{main article|Gymnastics at the 2000 Summer Olympics}}\n;Men\n;Team\n{| class=\"wikitable\" style=\"font-size:90%\"\n|-\n!rowspan=3|Athlete\n!rowspan=3|Event\n!colspan =8|Qualification\n!colspan =8|Final\n|-style=\"font-size:95%\"\n!colspan=6|Apparatus\n!rowspan=2|Total\n!rowspan=2|Rank\n!colspan=6|Apparatus\n!rowspan=2|Total\n!rowspan=2|Rank\n|- style=\"font-size:95%\"\n!{{Tooltip| F | Floor}}\n!{{Tooltip| PH | Pommel horse }}\n!{{Tooltip| R | Rings}}\n!{{Tooltip| V | Vault}}\n!{{Tooltip| PB | Parallel bars}}\n!{{Tooltip| HB | Horizontal bar}}\n!{{Tooltip| F | Floor}}\n!{{Tooltip| PH | Pommel horse }}\n!{{Tooltip| R | Rings}}\n!{{Tooltip| V | Vault}}\n!{{Tooltip| PB | Parallel bars}}\n!{{Tooltip| HB | Horizontal bar}}\n|-align=center\n|align=left|[[Aleksei Sinkevich]]\n|align=left rowspan=7|[[Gymnastics at the 2000 Summer Olympics – Men's artistic team all-around|Team]]\n|9.462 \t\n|9.587\t\n|9.462\n|9.312\t\n|9.287 \t\n|9.512\t\n|56.622\n|16 '''Q''' \t\t\n|8.750 \t\n|9.587 \t\n|9.500 \t\n|9.137 \n|9.575\n|9.512\n|56.061\n|23\n|-align=center\n|align=left|[[Vitaly Rudnitski]]\n|9.525 \t\n|colspan=1 {{n/a}}\n|9.487\n|9.125\n|9.262\n|colspan=1 {{n/a}}\n|37.399\n|73\n|colspan=8 |did not advance\n|-align=center\n|align=left|[[Ivan Ivankov]]\n|8.925 \n|9.625 \n|9.675 '''Q'''\n|9.350 \t\n|9.662 '''Q'''\n|9.712 \n|56.949\n|11 '''Q'''\n|9.575 \t\n|9.725 \t\n|9.762 \t\n|9.500 \t\n|9.700 \t\n|9.762 \t\n|58.024\n|'''4'''\n|-align=center\n|align=left|[[Aleksandr Shostak]]\n|colspan=1 {{n/a}}\n|9.462\n|9.537\n|colspan=1 {{n/a}}\n|9.412\n|9.562\n|37.973\n|69\n|colspan=8 |did not advance\n|-align=center\n|align=left|[[Ivan Pavlovsky (gymnast)|Ivan Pavlovski]]\n|9.350 \t\n|9.325\n|9.337\n|9.350\n|9.462\n|9.550\n|56.374\n|22 '''Q'''\n|8.925\n|9.500\n|9.312\n|9.437\n|8.375\n|9.362\n|54.911\n|33\n|-align=center\n|align=left|[[Aleksandr Kruzhilov]]\n|9.462 \t\n|9.237\n|colspan=1 {{n/a}}\n|9.025\n|colspan=1 {{n/a}}\n|9.500\n|37.224\n|75\n|colspan=8 |did not advance\n|-align=center\n|align=left|'''Total'''\n|37.799 (3) \t\n|37.999 (11)\t\n|38.161 (7)\t\n|37.137 (9)\t\n|37.823 (7)\t\n|38.336 (7)\n|227.255 \n|'''8'''\n|colspan=8 |did not advance\n|}\n\n;Individual finals\n{| class=\"wikitable\" style=\"font-size:90%\"\n|-\n!rowspan=2|Athlete\n!rowspan=2|Event\n!colspan =6|Apparatus\n!rowspan=2|Total\n!rowspan=2|Rank\n|-style=\"font-size:95%\"\n!{{Tooltip| F | Floor}}\n!{{Tooltip| PH | Pommel horse }}\n!{{Tooltip| R | Rings}}\n!{{Tooltip| V | Vault}}\n!{{Tooltip| PB | Parallel bars}}\n!{{Tooltip| HB | Horizontal bar}}\n|-align=center\n|align=left rowspan=2|[[Ivan Ivankov]]\n|align=left|[[Gymnastics at the 2000 Summer Olympics – Men's rings|Rings]]\n|colspan=2 {{n/a}}\n|9.700\n|colspan=3 {{n/a}} \n|9.700\n|'''5'''\n|-align=center\n|align=left|[[Gymnastics at the 2000 Summer Olympics – Men's parallel bars|Parallel bars]]\n|colspan=4 {{n/a}}\n|9.775 \n|colspan=1 {{n/a}}\n|9.775 \n|'''5'''\n|}\n\n;Women\n;Team\n{| class=\"wikitable\" style=\"font-size:90%\"\n|-\n!rowspan=3|Athlete\n!rowspan=3|Event\n!colspan=6|Qualification\n!colspan=6|Final\n|- style=\"font-size:95%\"\n!colspan=4|Apparatus\n!rowspan=2|Total\n!rowspan=2|Rank\n!colspan=4|Apparatus\n!rowspan=2|Total\n!rowspan=2|Rank\n|- style=\"font-size:95%\"\n!{{Tooltip| V | Vault}}\n!{{Tooltip| UB | Uneven bars}}\n!{{Tooltip| BB | Balance beam}}\n!{{Tooltip| F | Floor}}\n!{{Tooltip| V | Vault}}\n!{{Tooltip| UB | Uneven bars}}\n!{{Tooltip| BB | Balance beam}}\n!{{Tooltip| F | Floor}}\n|-align=center\n|align=left|[[Tatyana Grigorenko]]\n|align=left rowspan=7|[[Gymnastics at the 2000 Summer Olympics – Women's artistic team all-around|Team]]\n|9.062\n|colspan=1 {{n/a}}\n|8.425\n|7.200\n|24.687\n|79\n|colspan=8 |did not advance\n|-align=center\n|align=left|[[Anna Meisak]]\n|colspan=1 {{n/a}}\n|8.812\n|8.550\n|colspan=1 {{n/a}}\n|17.362\n|91\n|colspan=6 |did not advance\n|-align=center\n|align=left|[[Natalya Naranovich]]\n|8.949\n|9.350\n|colspan=1 {{n/a}}\n|8.850\n|27.149\n|75\n|colspan=6 |did not advance\n|-align=center\n|align=left|[[Alena Polozkova]]\n|9.106 \t\n|9.575 \t\n|9.375\n|9.500\n|37.556\n|23 '''Q'''\n|9.100\n|8.225\n|9.275\n|9.562\n|36.162\n|33\n|-align=center\n|align=left|[[Marina Zarzhitskaya]]\n|9.431 \n|9.237\n|9.050\n|9.050\n|36.768\n|40 '''Q'''\n|9.387\n|9.637\n|9.150\n|8.700\n|36.874\n|26\n|-align=center\n|align=left|[[Tatyana Zharganova]]\n|9.018\n|9.712\n|9.212\n|8.500\n|36.442\n|46\n|colspan=6 |did not advance\n|-align=center\n|align=left|'''Total'''\n|36.617 (11) \t\n|37.874 (10) \t\n|36.187 (12) \t\n|35.900 (12) \t\n|146.578 \n|12\n|colspan=6 |did not advance\n|}\n\n;Individual finals\n{| class=\"wikitable\" style=\"font-size:90%\"\n|-\n!rowspan=2|Athlete\n!rowspan=2|Event\n!colspan =4|Apparatus\n!rowspan=2|Total\n!rowspan=2|Rank\n|-style=\"font-size:95%\"\n!{{Tooltip| V | Vault}}\n!{{Tooltip| UB | Uneven bars}}\n!{{Tooltip| BB | Balance beam}}\n!{{Tooltip| F | Floor}}\n|-align=center\n|align=left rowspan=1|[[Tatyana Zharganova]]\n|align=left|[[Gymnastics at the 2000 Summer Olympics – Women's uneven bars|Uneven bars]]\n|colspan=1 {{n/a}}\n|9.737 \n|colspan=2 {{n/a}}\n|9.737 \n|'''5'''\n|}\n\n==Judo==\n{{main article|Judo at the 2000 Summer Olympics}}\n;Men\n{| class=\"wikitable\" style=\"font-size:90%\"\n|-\n!rowspan=\"2\"|Athlete\n!rowspan=\"2\"|Event\n!Preliminary\n!Round of 32\n!Round of 16\n!Quarterfinals\n!Semifinals\n!Repechage 1\n!Repechage 2\n!Repechage 3\n!colspan=2|Final / {{abbr|BM|Bronze medal match}}\n|-style=\"font-size:95%\"\n!Opposition
Result\n!Opposition
Result\n!Opposition
Result\n!Opposition
Result\n!Opposition
Result\n!Opposition
Result\n!Opposition
Result\n!Opposition
Result\n!Opposition
Result\n!Rank\n|-align=center\n|align=left|[[Natik Bagirov]]\n|align=left|[[Judo at the 2000 Summer Olympics – Men's 60 kg|−60 kg]]\n|{{n/a|BYE}}\n|{{flagIOCathlete|[[Denílson Lourenço|Lourenço]]|BRA|2000 Summer}}
'''W''' 0101-0100\n|{{flagIOCathlete|[[Elchin Ismayilov|Ismayilov]]|AZE|2000 Summer}}
'''L''' 0010-1100\n|colspan=6|did not advance\n|17\n|-align=center\n|align=left|'''[[ Anatoly Laryukhov]]'''\n|align=left|[[Judo at the 2000 Summer Olympics – Men's 73 kg|−73 kg]]\n|{{n/a|BYE}}\n|{{flagIOCathlete|[[Ferrid Kheder|Kheder]]|FRA|2000 Summer}}
'''W''' 1000-0010\n|{{flagIOCathlete|[[Germán Velasco|Velasco]]|PER|2000 Summer}}
'''W''' 1000-0010\n|{{flagIOCathlete|[[Gennadiy Bilodid|Bilodid]]|UKR|2000 Summer}}
'''W''' 1000-0100\n|{{flagIOCathlete|[[Giuseppe Maddaloni|Maddaloni]]|ITA|2000 Summer}}
'''L''' 0100-0000\n|colspan=3 {{n/a|BYE}}\n|{{flagIOCathlete|[[Jimmy Pedro|Pedro]]|USA|2000 Summer}}
'''W''' 1000-0000\n|{{bronze03}}\n|-align=center\n|align=left|[[Siarhei Kukharenka]]\n|align=left|[[Judo at the 2000 Summer Olympics – Men's 81 kg|−81 kg]]\n|{{n/a|BYE}}\n|{{flagIOCathlete|[[Chen Chun-ching|Chen]]|TPE|2000 Summer}}
'''W''' 1000-0000\n|{{flagIOCathlete|[[Kwak Ok-chol|Kwak]]|PRK|2000 Summer}}
'''L''' 0010-0010\n|colspan=6|did not advance\n|17\n|-align=center\n|align=left|[[Leonid Svirid]]\n|align=left|[[Judo at the 2000 Summer Olympics – Men's 100 kg|−100 kg]]\n|{{n/a|BYE}}\n|{{flagIOCathlete|[[Radu Ivan|Ivan]]|ROU|2000 Summer}}
'''L''' 0000-0100\n|colspan=7|did not advance\n|17\n|-align=center\n|align=left|[[Ruslan Scharapov]]\n|align=left|[[Judo at the 2000 Summer Olympics – Men's +100 kg|+100 kg]]\n|{{n/a}}\n|{{flagIOCathlete|[[Shinichi Shinohara|Shinohara]]|JPN|1996 Summer}}
'''L''' 0000-1000\n|colspan=3|did not advance\n|{{flagIOCathlete|[[Vyacheslav Berduta|Berduta]]|KAZ|2000 Summer}}
'''W''' 1000-0100\n|{{flagIOCathlete|[[Ángel Sánchez (judoka)|Sánchez]]|CUB|2000 Summer}}
'''W''' 1000-0100\n|{{flagIOCathlete|[[Pan Song|Pan]]|CHN|2000 Summer}}
'''W''' 0100-0011\n|{{flagIOCathlete|[[Indrek Pertelson|Pertelson]]|EST|2000 Summer}}
'''L''' 0000-1000\n|'''5'''\n|}\n\n==Modern pentathlon==\n{{main article|Modern pentathlon at the 2000 Summer Olympics}}\n{| class=\"wikitable\" style=\"font-size:90%\"\n|-\n!rowspan=\"2\"|Athlete\n!rowspan=\"2\"|Event\n!colspan=3|Shooting
(10 m air pistol)\n!colspan=3|Fencing
(épée one touch)\n!colspan=3|Swimming
(200 m freestyle)\n!colspan=3|Riding
(show jumping)\n!colspan=3|Running
(3000 m)\n!rowspan=2|Total points\n!rowspan=2|Final rank\n|-style=\"font-size:95%\"\n!Points\n!Rank\n!MP Points\n!Wins\n!Rank\n!MP points\n!Time\n!Rank\n!MP points\n!Penalties\n!Rank\n!MP points\n!Time\n!Rank\n!MP Points\n|-align=center\n|align=left|'''[[Pavel Dovgal]]'''\n|align=left|[[Modern pentathlon at the 2000 Summer Olympics|Men's]]\n|186 \n|1\n|1168\n|10\n|17\n|760\n|2:04.62\n|4\n|1254\n|30\n|1\n|1070\n|9:38.75\n|12\n|1086\n|5338\n|{{bronze03}}\n|-align=center\n|align=left|[[Janna Choubenok]]\n|align=left rowspan=1|[[Modern pentathlon at the 2000 Summer Olympics|Women's]]\n|179\n|19\n|1084\n|12\n|18\n|840\n|2:25.89\n|11\n|1142\n|90\n|9\n|1010\n|11:17.89\n|11\n|1010\n|5086\n|'''6'''\n|}\n\n==Rhythmic gymnastics==\n{{main article|Rhythmic gymnastics at the 2000 Summer Olympics}}\n=== Individual ===\n{| class=wikitable style=\"font-size:90%; text-align:center\"\n|-\n!rowspan=\"2\"|Athlete\n!rowspan=\"2\"|Event\n!colspan=6|Qualification\n!colspan=6|Final\n|-style=\"font-size:95%\"\n!Rope\n!Hoop\n!Ball\n!Ribbon\n!Total\n!Rank\n!Rope\n!Hoop\n!Ball\n!Ribbon\n!Total\n!Rank\n|-\n|align=left|'''[[Yulia Raskina]]'''\n|align=left rowspan=2|[[Gymnastics at the 2000 Summer Olympics – Women's rhythmic individual all-around|Individual]]\n|9.900\n|9.908\n|9.908\n|9.908\n|39.624\n|2 '''Q'''\n|9.908\n|9.791\n|9.983\n|9.916\n|39.548\n|{{silver02}}\n|-\n|align=left|[[Valeria Vatkina]]\n|9.750\n|9.733\n|9.775\n|9.800\n|39.058\n|6 '''Q'''\n|9.791\n|9.750\n|9.666\n|9.750\n|38.957\n|'''8'''\n|}\n\n=== Team ===\n{| class=wikitable style=\"font-size:90%; text-align:center\"\n|-\n!rowspan=\"2\"|Athlete\n!rowspan=\"2\"|Event\n!colspan=4|Qualification\n!colspan=4|Final\n|-style=\"font-size:95%\"\n!Clubs\n!Ribbons
& Hoops\n!Total\n!Rank\n!Clubs\n!Ribbons
& Hoops\n!Total\n!Rank\n|-\n|align=left|'''[[Tatyana Ananko]]'''
'''[[Tatyana Belan]]'''
'''[[Anna Glazkova]]'''
'''[[Irina Ilyenkova]]'''
'''[[Maria Lazuk]]'''
'''[[Olga Puzhevich]]'''\n|align=left|[[Gymnastics at the 2000 Summer Olympics – Women's rhythmic group all-around|Group]]\n|19.700\n||19.666\n|39.366\n|2 '''Q'''\n|19.800\n|19.700\n|39.500\n|{{silver02}}\n|}\n\n==Rowing==\n{{main article|Rowing at the 2000 Summer Olympics}}\n;Women\n{| class=\"wikitable\" style=\"font-size:90%; text-align:center\"\n|-style=\"font-size:95%\"\n!rowspan=\"2\"|Athlete\n!rowspan=\"2\"|Event\n!colspan=\"2\"|Heats\n!colspan=\"2\"|Repechages\n!colspan=\"2\"|Semifinals\n!colspan=\"2\"|Final\n|-style=\"font-size:95%\"\n!Time\n!Rank\n!Time\n!Rank\n!Time\n!Rank\n!Time \n!Rank\n|-\n|align=left|'''[[Ekaterina Karsten]]'''\n|align=left|[[Rowing at the 2000 Summer Olympics – Women's single sculls|Single sculls]]\n|7:47.73 \n|1 '''Q'''\n|colspan=2 {{n/a|BYE}}\n|7:40.36 \n|2 '''FA'''\n|7:28.14 \n|{{gold01}}\n|-\n|align=left|[[Irina Bazilevskaya]]
[[Marina Kuzhmar]]
[[Olga Berezneva]]
[[Marina Znak]]
[[Yuliya Bichik]]
[[Inessa Zakharevskaya]]
[[Nataliya Gelakh]]
[[Olga Tratsevskaya]]
[[Valentina Khokhlova]]\n|align=left|[[Rowing at the 2000 Summer Olympics – Women's eight|Eights]]\n|6:19.02 \n|3 '''R'''\n|6:19.42 \n|4 '''FA'''\n|colspan=2 {{n/a}}\n|6:13.57 \n|'''4'''\n|}\n\n==Sailing==\n{{main article|Sailing at the 2000 Summer Olympics}}\n;Men\n{| class=\"wikitable\" style=\"font-size:90%\"\n!rowspan=\"2\"|Athlete\n!rowspan=\"2\"|Event\n!colspan=11|Race\n!rowspan=2|Net points\n!rowspan=2|Final rank\n|-style=\"font-size:95%\"\n!1\n!2\n!3\n!4\n!5\n!6\n!7\n!8\n!9\n!10\n!11\n|-align=center\n|align=left|[[Igor Ivashintsov]]
[[Mikhail Protasevich]]\n|align=left|[[Sailing at the 2000 Summer Olympics – Men's 470|470]]\n|15\n|29 \n|20\n|20 \n|23\n|14\n|18\n|DSQ \n|24\n|5\n|14\n|153\n|21 \n|}\n;Women\n{| class=\"wikitable\" style=\"font-size:90%\"\n!rowspan=\"2\"|Athlete\n!rowspan=\"2\"|Event\n!colspan=11|Race\n!rowspan=2|Net points\n!rowspan=2|Final rank\n|-style=\"font-size:95%\"\n!1\n!2\n!3\n!4\n!5\n!6\n!7\n!8\n!9\n!10\n!11\n|-align=center\n|align=left|[[Tatiana Drozdovskaya]]\n|align=left|[[Sailing at the 2000 Summer Olympics – Europe|Europe]]\n|25\n|16\n|17\n|17\n|26 \n|27 \n|OCS \n|18\n|21\n|17\n|19\n|176\n|24\n|}\n;Open\n{| class=\"wikitable\" style=\"font-size:90%\"\n!rowspan=\"2\"|Athlete\n!rowspan=\"2\"|Event\n!colspan=11|Race\n!rowspan=2|Net points\n!rowspan=2|Final rank\n|-style=\"font-size:95%\"\n!1\n!2\n!3\n!4\n!5\n!6\n!7\n!8\n!9\n!10\n!11\n|-align=center\n|align=left|[[Aleksandr Mumyga]]\n|align=left|[[Sailing at the 2000 Summer Olympics – Laser|Laser]]\n|28\n|27\n|20\n|29\n|20\n|29\n|40 \n|34 \n|28\n|32\n|30\n|243\n|32 \n|}\n'''M''' = Medal race; EL = Eliminated – did not advance into the medal race; CAN = Race cancelled\n\n==Shooting==\n{{main article|Shooting at the 2000 Summer Olympics}}\n;Men\n{| class=\"wikitable\" style=\"font-size:90%; text-align:center\"\n|-\n!rowspan=\"2\"|Athlete\n!rowspan=\"2\"|Event\n!colspan=\"2\"|Qualification\n!colspan=\"2\"|Final\n|-\n!Score\n!Rank\n!Score\n!Rank\n|-\n|align=left rowspan=2|'''[[Igor Basinski]]'''\n|align=left|[[Shooting at the 2000 Summer Olympics – Men's 10 metre air pistol|10 m air pistol]]\n|583\n|4 '''Q'''\n|682.7\n|{{bronze3}}\n|-\n|align=left|[[Shooting at the 2000 Summer Olympics – Men's 50 metre pistol|50 m pistol]]\n|569\n|2 '''Q'''\n|663.3 \n|{{silver02}}\n|-\n|align=left rowspan=2|[[Anatoli Klimenko]]\n|align=left|[[Shooting at the 2000 Summer Olympics – Men's 10 metre air rifle|10 m air rifle]]\n|593\n|2 '''Q'''\n|693.4\n|'''4'''\n|-\n|align=left|[[Shooting at the 2000 Summer Olympics – Men's 50 metre rifle three positions|50 m rifle three positions]]\n|1157\n|25\n|colspan=\"2\" align=\"center\"|did not advance\n|-\n|align=left|[[Oleg Khvatsovas]]\n|align=left|[[Shooting at the 2000 Summer Olympics – Men's 25 metre rapid fire pistol|25 m rapid fire pistol]]\n|586\n|5 '''Q'''\n|682.4 \n|'''6'''\n|-\n|align=left rowspan=2|[[Kanstantsin Lukashyk]]\n|align=left|[[Shooting at the 2000 Summer Olympics – Men's 10 metre air pistol|10 m air pistol]]\n|577\n|15\n|colspan=\"2\" align=\"center\"|did not advance\n|-\n|align=left|[[Shooting at the 2000 Summer Olympics – Men's 50 metre pistol|50 m pistol]]\n|560\n|9\n|colspan=\"2\"|did not advance\n|-\n|align=left rowspan=2|'''[[Sergei Martynov (sport shooter)|Sergei Martynov]]'''\n|align=left|[[Shooting at the 2000 Summer Olympics – Men's 50 metre rifle prone|50 m rifle prone]]\n|598\n|2 '''Q'''\n|700.3\n|{{bronze03}}\n|-\n|align=left|[[Shooting at the 2000 Summer Olympics – Men's 50 metre rifle three positions|50 m rifle three positions]]\n|1164\n|9\n|colspan=\"2\"|did not advance\n|-\n|align=left rowspan=2|[[Georgi Nekhayev]]\n|align=left|[[Shooting at the 2000 Summer Olympics – Men's 10 metre air rifle|10 m air rifle]]\n|588\n|18\n|colspan=\"2\"|did not advance\n|-\n|align=left|[[Shooting at the 2000 Summer Olympics – Men's 50 metre rifle prone|50 m rifle prone]]\n|593\n|19\n|colspan=\"2\"|did not advance\n|}\n\n;Women\n{| class=\"wikitable\" style=\"font-size:90%; text-align:center\"\n|-\n!rowspan=\"2\"|Athlete\n!rowspan=\"2\"|Event\n!colspan=\"2\"|Qualification\n!colspan=\"2\"|Final\n|-\n!Score\n!Rank\n!Score\n!Rank\n|-\n|align=left|[[Viktoria Chaika]]\n|align=left|[[Shooting at the 2000 Summer Olympics – Women's 10 metre air pistol|10 m air pistol]]\n|align=\"center\"|381\n|align=\"center\"|11\n|colspan=\"2\" align=\"center\"|did not advance\n|-\n|align=left|[[Oksana Kovtonovich]]\n|align=left|[[Shooting at the 2000 Summer Olympics – Women's 10 metre air rifle|10 m air rifle]]\n|389\n|32\n|colspan=\"2\"|did not advance\n|-\n|align=left rowspan=2|[[Olga Pogrebniak]]\n|align=left|[[Shooting at the 2000 Summer Olympics – Women's 50 metre rifle three positions|50 m rifle three positions]]\n|578\n|11\n|colspan=\"2\"|did not advance\n|-\n|align=left|[[Shooting at the 2000 Summer Olympics – Women's 10 metre air rifle|10 m air rifle]]\n|393\n|9\n|colspan=\"2\"|did not advance\n|-\n|align=left|[[Irina Shilova]]\n|align=left|[[Shooting at the 2000 Summer Olympics – Women's 50 metre rifle three positions|50 m rifle three positions]]\n|574\n|20\n|colspan=\"2\"|did not advance\n|-\n|align=left|[[Yulia Sinyak]]\n|align=left|[[Shooting at the 2000 Summer Olympics – Women's 25 metre pistol|25 m pistol]]\n|584\n|4 '''Q'''\n|685.9\n|'''4'''\n|-\n|align=left rowspan=2|'''[[Lalita Yauhleuskaya]]'''\n|align=left|[[Shooting at the 2000 Summer Olympics – Women's 25 metre pistol|25 m pistol]]\n|583\n|5 '''Q'''\n|686.0\n|{{bronze03}}\n|-\n|align=left|[[Shooting at the 2000 Summer Olympics – Women's 10 metre air pistol|10 m air pistol]]\n|381\n|11\n|colspan=\"2\" align=\"center\"|did not advance\n|}\n\n==Swimming==\n{{main article|Swimming at the 2000 Summer Olympics}}\n;Men\n{|class=wikitable style=\"font-size:90%\"\n|-\n!rowspan=\"2\"|Athlete\n!rowspan=\"2\"|Event\n!colspan=\"2\"|Heat\n!colspan=\"2\"|Semifinal\n!colspan=\"2\"|Final\n|-style=\"font-size:95%\"\n!Time\n!Rank\n!Time\n!Rank\n!Time\n!Rank\n|-align=center\n|align=left rowspan=2|[[Aliaksandr Hukau]]\n|align=left|[[Swimming at the 2000 Summer Olympics – Men's 100 metre breaststroke|100 metre breaststroke]]\n|1:04.96\n|46\n|colspan=4|did not advance\n|-align=center\n|align=left|[[Swimming at the 2000 Summer Olympics – Men's 200 metre breaststroke|200 metre breaststroke]]\n|2:16.93\n|22\n|colspan=4|did not advance\n|-align=center\n|align=left rowspan=1|[[Dimitri Kalinovski]]\n|align=left|[[Swimming at the 2000 Summer Olympics – Men's 50 metre freestyle|50 metre freestyle]]\n|23.21\n|34\n|colspan=6|did not advance\n|-align=center\n|align=left|[[Igor Koleda]]\n|align=left|[[Swimming at the 2000 Summer Olympics – Men's 200 metre freestyle|200 metre freestyle]]\n|1:49.01\n|7 '''Q'''\n|1:49.52\n|12\n|colspan=2|did not advance\n|-align=center\n|align=left rowspan=2|[[Dmitry Koptur]]\n|align=left|[[Swimming at the 2000 Summer Olympics – Men's 400 metre freestyle|400 metre freestyle]]\n|03:55.26\n|22\n|colspan=6|did not advance\n|-align=center\n|align=left|[[Swimming at the 2000 Summer Olympics – Men's 1500 metre freestyle|1500 m freestyle]]\n|15:29.62\n|20\n|colspan=4|did not advance\n|-align=center\n|align=left rowspan=1|[[Aleh Rukhlevich]]\n|align=left|[[Swimming at the 2000 Summer Olympics – Men's 100 metre freestyle|100 metre freestyle]]\n|50.96\n|30\n|colspan=6|did not advance\n|-align=center\n|align=left|[[Igor Koleda]]
[[Pavel Lagun]]
[[Dmitry Kalinovsky]]
[[Aleh Rukhlevich]]\n|align=left|[[Swimming at the 2000 Summer Olympics – Men's 4 × 100 metre freestyle relay|4 × 100 m freestyle relay]]\n|03:20.85\n|10\n|colspan=4|did not advance\n|-align=center\n|align=left|[[Igor Koleda]]
[[Pavel Lagun]]
[[Dmitry Koptur]]
[[Valery Khuroshvili]]\n|align=left|[[Swimming at the 2000 Summer Olympics – Men's 4 × 200 metre freestyle relay|4 × 200 m freestyle relay]]\n|07:24.83\n|12\n|colspan=4|did not advance\n|}\n;Women\n{|class=wikitable style=\"font-size:90%\"\n|-\n!rowspan=\"2\"|Athlete\n!rowspan=\"2\"|Event\n!colspan=\"2\"|Heat\n!colspan=\"2\"|Final B\n!colspan=\"2\"|Final\n|-style=\"font-size:95%\"\n!Time\n!Rank\n!Time\n!Rank\n!Time\n!Rank\n|-align=center\n|align=left rowspan=2|[[Natalya Baranovskaya]]\n|align=left|[[Swimming at the 2000 Summer Olympics – Women's 200 metre freestyle|200 metre freestyle]]\n|02:00.58\n|10 '''Q'''\n|01:59.90\n|3 '''Q'''\n|01:59.28\n|'''6''' '''NR'''\n|-align=center\n|align=left|[[Swimming at the 2000 Summer Olympics – Women's 400 metre freestyle|400 metre freestyle]]\n|04:12.67 \n|13\n|colspan=4|did not advance\n|-align=center\n|align=left rowspan=2|[[Alena Popchanka]]\n|align=left|[[Swimming at the 2000 Summer Olympics – Women's 50 metre freestyle|50 metre freestyle]]\n|26.1\n|26\n|colspan=4|did not advance\n|-align=center\n|align=left|[[Swimming at the 2000 Summer Olympics – Women's 100 metre freestyle|100 metre freestyle]]\n|56.33\n|16 '''Q'''\n|56.4 \n|16\n|colspan=2|did not advance\n|}\n\n==Synchronized swimming==\n{{main article|Synchronized swimming at the 2000 Summer Olympics}}\n{| class=\"wikitable\" style=\"font-size:90%\"\n|-\n!rowspan=2|Athlete\n!rowspan=2|Event\n!colspan=2|Technical routine\n!colspan=2|Free routine\n!colspan=2|Preliminary\n!colspan=3|Free routine (final)\n|- style=\"font-size:95%\"\n!Points\n!Rank\n!Points\n!Rank\n!Total \n!Rank\n!Points\n!Total\n!Rank\n|- align=center\n|align=left|[[Krystsina Markovich|Khrystsina Nadezhdina]]
[[Natallia Sakharuk]]||[[Synchronized swimming at the 2000 Summer Olympics – Women's duet|Duet]]\n|30.287 \n||17\n||55.164 \n||20\n||85.451 \n||19\n|colspan=3|did not advance\n|}\n\n==Table tennis==\n{{main article|Table tennis at the 2000 Summer Olympics}}\n;Men\n{| class=wikitable style=\"font-size:90%; text-align:center\"\n|-\n!rowspan=2|Athlete\n!rowspan=2|Event\n!colspan=3|Group stage\n!Round of 32\n!Round of 16\n!Quarterfinal\n!Semifinal\n!colspan=2|Final / {{abbr|BM|Bronze medal match}}\n|-style=font-size:95%\n!Opposition
Result\n!Opposition
Result\n!Rank\n!Opposition
Result\n!Opposition
Result\n!Opposition
Result\n!Opposition
Result\n!Opposition
Result\n!Rank\n|-\n|align=left|[[Yevgeny Shchetinin]]\n|align=left|[[Table tennis at the 2000 Summer Olympics – Men's singles|Men's singles]]\n|{{flagIOCathlete|[[Philippe Saive|Saive]]|BEL|2000 Summer}}
'''L''' 1–3\n|{{flagIOCathlete|[[Augusto Morales|Morales]]|CHI|2000 Summer}}
'''W''' 3–0\n|2\n|colspan=5|did not advance\n|33\n|-\n|align=left|[[Vladimir Samsonov]]\n|align=left|[[Table tennis at the 2000 Summer Olympics – Men's singles|Men's singles]]\n|colspan=3 {{n/a|BYE}}\n|{{flagIOCathlete|[[Chang Yen-shu|Chang]]|TPE|2000 Summer}}
'''W''' 3–0\n|{{flagIOCathlete|[[Christophe Legout|Legout]]|FRA|2000 Summer}}
'''W''' 3–0\n|{{flagIOCathlete|[[Jan-Ove Waldner|Waldner]]|SWE|2000 Summer}}
'''L''' 2–3\n|colspan=2|did not advance\n|'''5'''\n|-\n|align=left|[[Vladimir Samsonov]]
[[Evgueni Chtchetinine]]\n|align=left|[[Table tennis at the 2000 Summer Olympics – Men's doubles|Men's doubles]]\n|{{flagIOCathlete|[[Fredrik Håkansson|Håkansson]] /
[[Peter Karlsson (table tennis)|Karlsson]]|SWE|2000 Summer}}
'''L''' 0–2\n|{{flagIOCathlete|[[David Zhuang|Zhuang]] /
[[Todd Sweeris|Sweeris]]|USA|2000 Summer}}
'''W''' 2–0\n|2\n|{{n/a}}\n|colspan=4|did not advance\n|17\n|}\n;Women\n{| class=wikitable style=\"font-size:90%; text-align:center\"\n|-\n!rowspan=2|Athlete\n!rowspan=2|Event\n!colspan=3|Group stage\n!Round of 32\n!Round of 16\n!Quarterfinal\n!Semifinal\n!colspan=2|Final / {{abbr|BM|Bronze medal match}}\n|-style=font-size:95%\n!Opposition
Result\n!Opposition
Result\n!Rank\n!Opposition
Result\n!Opposition
Result\n!Opposition
Result\n!Opposition
Result\n!Opposition
Result\n!Rank\n|-\n|align=left|[[Tatyana Kostromina]]\n|align=left rowspan=3|[[Table tennis at the 2000 Summer Olympics – Women's singles|Women's singles]]\n|{{flagIOCathlete|[[Marie Svensson|Svensson]]|SWE|2000 Summer}}
'''L''' 2–3\n|{{flagIOCathlete|[[Tatiana Al-Najar|Al-Najar]]|JOR|2000 Summer}}
'''W''' 3–0\n|2\n|colspan=5|did not advance\n|33\n|-\n|align=left|[[Veronika Pavlovich]]\n|{{flagIOCathlete|[[Anne Boileau|Boileau]]|FRA|2000 Summer}}
'''L''' 0–3\n|{{flagIOCathlete|[[Poulomi Ghatak|Ghatak]]|IND|2000 Summer}}
'''W''' 3–0\n|2\n|colspan=5|did not advance\n|33\n|-\n|align=left|[[Viktoria Pavlovich]]\n|{{flagIOCathlete|[[Åsa Svensson|Svensson]]|SWE|2000 Summer}}
'''L''' 1–3\n|{{flagIOCathlete|[[Shahira El-Alfy|El-Alfy]]|EGY|2000 Summer}}
'''W''' 3–0\n|2\n|colspan=5|did not advance\n|33\n|-\n|align=left|[[Tatyana Kostromina]]
[[Viktoria Pavlovich]]\n|align=left|[[Table tennis at the 2000 Summer Olympics – Women's doubles|Women's doubles]]\n|{{flagIOCathlete|[[Åsa Svensson|Svensson]] /
[[Marie Svensson|Svensson]]|SWE|2000 Summer}}
'''W''' 2–1\n|{{flagIOCathlete|[[Shaimaa Abdul-Aziz|Abdul-Aziz]] /
[[Bacent Othman|Othman]]|EGY|2000 Summer}}
'''W''' 2-0\n|1 '''Q'''\n|{{n/a}}\n|{{flagIOCathlete|[[Lee Eun-Sil|Eun-Sil]] /
[[Suk Eun-Mi|Eun-Mi]]|KOR|2000 Summer}}
'''L''' 0-3\n|colspan=3|did not advance\n|9\n|}\n\n==Tennis==\n{{main article|Tennis at the 2000 Summer Olympics}}\n;Men\n{| class=wikitable style=\"font-size:90%; text-align:center\"\n|-\n!rowspan=2|Athlete\n!rowspan=2|Event\n!Round of 64\n!Round of 32\n!Round of 16\n!Quarterfinal\n!Semifinal\n!colspan=2|Final / {{abbr|BM|Bronze medal match}}\n|-style=font-size:95%\n!Opposition
Result\n!Opposition
Result\n!Opposition
Result\n!Opposition
Result\n!Opposition
Result\n!Opposition
Result\n!Rank\n|-\n|align=left|[[Max Mirnyi]]\n|align=left rowspan=2|[[Tennis at the 2000 Summer Olympics – Men's singles|Singles]]\n|{{flagIOCathlete|[[Lleyton Hewitt|Hewitt]]|AUS|2000 Summer}}
'''W''' 6-3, 6–3\n|{{flagIOCathlete|[[Jiří Vaněk (tennis)|Vaněk]]|CZE|2000 Summer}}
'''W''' 6-7, 6–4, 11-9\n|{{flagIOCathlete|[[Mariano Zabaleta|Zabaleta]]|ARG|2000 Summer}}
'''W''' 7–6, 6–2\n|{{flagIOCathlete|[[Tommy Haas|Haas]]|GER|2000 Summer}}
'''L''' 6-4, 5-7, 3-6\n|colspan=2|did not advance\n|'''5'''\n|-\n|align=left|[[Vladimir Voltchkov]]\n|{{flagIOCathlete|[[Gastón Gaudio|Gaudio]]|ARG|2000 Summer}}
'''L''' 7–6, 4-6, 6-1\n|{{flagIOCathlete|[[Arnaud Di Pasquale|Di Pasquale]]|FRA|2000 Summer}}
'''L''' 2–6, 2-6\n|colspan=6|did not advance\n|-\n|align=left|[[Max Mirnyi]]
[[Vladimir Voltchkov]]\n|align=left|[[Tennis at the 2000 Summer Olympics – Men's doubles|Doubles]]\n|{{n/a}}\n|{{flagIOCathlete|[[Nicklas Kulti|Kulti]] /
[[Mikael Tillström|Tillström]]|SWE|2000 Summer}}
'''W''' 6–3, 4-4r\n|{{flagIOCathlete|[[Arnaud Clément|Clément]] /
[[Nicolas Escudé|Escudé]]|FRA|2000 Summer}}
'''W''' 6–4, 7-6\n|{{flagIOCathlete|[[Àlex Corretja|Corretja]] /
[[Albert Costa|Costa]]|ESP|2000 Summer}}
'''L''' 7–6, 3-6, 5-7\n|colspan=2|did not advance\n|'''5'''\n|}\n;Women\n{| class=wikitable style=\"font-size:90%; text-align:center\"\n|-\n!rowspan=2|Athlete\n!rowspan=2|Event\n!Round of 64\n!Round of 32\n!Round of 16\n!Quarterfinal\n!Semifinal\n!colspan=2|Final / {{abbr|BM|Bronze medal match}}\n|-style=font-size:95%\n!Opposition
Result\n!Opposition
Result\n!Opposition
Result\n!Opposition
Result\n!Opposition
Result\n!Opposition
Result\n!Rank\n|-\n|align=left|[[Olga Barabanschikova]]\n|align=left rowspan=2|[[Tennis at the 2000 Summer Olympics – Women's singles|Singles]]\n|{{flagIOCathlete|[[Patricia Wartusch|Wartusch]]|AUT|2000 Summer}}
'''L''' 4–6, 2-6\n|colspan=6|did not advance\n|-\n|align=left|[[Natasha Zvereva]]\n|{{flagIOCathlete|[[María Emilia Salerni|Salerni]]|ARG|2000 Summer}}
'''L''' 3–6, 6-4, 2-6\n|colspan=6|did not advance\n|-\n|align=left|[[Olga Barabanschikova]]
[[Natasha Zvereva]]\n|align=left|[[Tennis at the 2000 Summer Olympics – Women's doubles|Doubles]]\n|{{n/a}}\n|{{flagIOCathlete|[[Patricia Wartusch|Wartusch]] /
[[Barbara Schett|Schett]]|AUT|2000 Summer}}
'''W''' 6–2, 6–2\n|{{flagIOCathlete|[[Conchita Martínez|Martínez]] /
[[Arantxa Sánchez Vicario|Vicario]]|ESP|2000 Summer}}
'''W''' 6–4, 7-5\n|{{flagIOCathlete|[[Petra Mandula|Mandula]] /
[[Katalin Marosi|Marosi]]|HUN|2000 Summer}}
'''W''' 6–3, 7-5\n|{{flagIOCathlete|[[Kristie Boogert|Boogert]] /
[[Miriam Oremans|Oremans]]|NED|2000 Summer}}
'''L''' 3–6, 2-6\n|{{flagIOCathlete|[[Els Callens|Callens]] /
[[Dominique Monami|Monami]]|BEL|2000 Summer}}
'''L''' 6-4, 4–6, 1-6\n|'''4'''\n|}\n\n==Trampolining==\n{{main article|Trampolining at the 2000 Summer Olympics}}\n{| class=\"wikitable\" style=\"font-size:90%\"\n|-\n!rowspan=\"2\"|Athlete\n!rowspan=\"2\"|Event\n!colspan=\"2\"|Qualification\n!colspan=\"2\"|Final\n|- style=\"font-size:95%\"\n!Score\n!Rank\n!Score\n!Rank\n|-\n|align=left|[[Dimitri Polyarush]]\n|align=left|[[Gymnastics at the 2000 Summer Olympics – Men's trampoline|Men’s]]\n|align=center|68.30\n|align=center|3 '''Q'''\n|align=center|38.10\n|align=center|'''5'''\n|-\n|align=left|[[Natalia Karpenkova]]\n|align=left|[[Gymnastics at the 2000 Summer Olympics – Women's trampoline|Women’s]]\n|align=center|63.80\n|align=center|5 '''Q'''\n|align=center|35.80\n|align=center|'''5'''\n|}\n\n==Weightlifting==\n{{main article|Weightlifting at the 2000 Summer Olympics}}\n;Men\n{| class=\"wikitable\" style=\"font-size:90%; text-align:center\"\n|-\n!rowspan=\"2\"|Athlete\n!rowspan=\"2\"|Event\n!colspan=\"2\"|Snatch\n!colspan=\"2\"|Clean & Jerk\n!rowspan=\"2\"|Total\n!rowspan=\"2\"|Rank\n|-style=\"font-size:95%\"\n!Result\n!Rank\n!Result\n!Rank\n|-\n|align=left|[[Vitaly Derbenyov]]\n|align=left|[[Weightlifting at the 2000 Summer Olympics – Men's 56 kg|– 56 kg]]\n|125.0\n|5\n|150.0\n|9\n|275.0\n|'''7'''\n|-\n|align=left|'''[[Gennady Oleshchuk]]'''\n|align=left|[[Weightlifting at the 2000 Summer Olympics – Men's 62 kg|– 62 kg]]\n|142.5\n|3\n|175.0\n|3\n|317.5\n|{{bronze03}}\n|-\n|align=left|'''[[Siarhei Laurenau|Sergey Lavrenov]]'''\n|align=left|[[Weightlifting at the 2000 Summer Olympics – Men's 69 kg|– 69 kg]]\n|157.5\n|3\n|182.5\n|7\n|340.0\n|{{bronze03}}\n|-\n|align=left|[[Pavel Bazuk]]\n|align=left|[[Weightlifting at the 2000 Summer Olympics – Men's 94 kg|– 94 kg]]\n|167.5\n|16\n|197.5\n|16\n|365.0\n|16\n|}\n\n;Women\n{| class=\"wikitable\" style=\"font-size:90%; text-align:center\"\n|-\n!rowspan=\"2\"|Athlete\n!rowspan=\"2\"|Event\n!colspan=\"2\"|Snatch\n!colspan=\"2\"|Clean & Jerk\n!rowspan=\"2\"|Total\n!rowspan=\"2\"|Rank\n|-style=\"font-size:95%\"\n!Result\n!Rank\n!Result\n!Rank\n|-align=center\n|align=left|[[Hanna Batsiushka]]\n|align=left|[[Weightlifting at the 2000 Summer Olympics – Women's 58 kg|– 58 kg]]\n|90.0\n|8\n|107.5\n|8\n|197.5\n|'''8'''\n|}\n\n==Wrestling==\n{{main article|Wrestling at the 2000 Summer Olympics}}\n\n;Freestyle\n{| class=\"wikitable\" style=\"font-size:90%; text-align:center\"\n!rowspan=\"2\"|Athlete\n!rowspan=\"2\"|Event\n!colspan=4|Elimination Pool\n!Quarterfinal\n!Semifinal\n!colspan=2|Final / {{abbr|BM|Bronze medal match}}\n|-style=\"font-size: 95%\"\n!Opposition
Result\n!Opposition
Result\n!Opposition
Result\n!Rank\n!Opposition
Result\n!Opposition
Result\n!Opposition
Result\n!Rank\n|-\n|align=left|[[Herman Kantoyeu]]\n|align=left|[[Wrestling at the 2000 Summer Olympics – Men's freestyle 54 kg|−54 kg]]\n|{{flagIOCathlete|[[Wilfredo García|García]]|CUB|2000 Summer}}
'''W''' 7-1\n|{{flagIOCathlete|[[Nurdin Donbaev|Donbaev]]|KGZ|2000 Summer}}
'''L''' 2-5\n|{{n/a}}\n|1 '''Q'''\n|{{flagIOCathlete|[[Maulen Mamyrov|Mamyrov]]|KAZ|2000 Summer}}
'''W''' 4-2\n|{{flagIOCathlete|[[Sammie Henson|Henson]]|USA|2000 Summer}}
'''L''' 0-4\n|{{flagIOCathlete|[[Amiran Kardanov|Kardanov]]|GRE|2000 Summer}}
'''L''' 4-5\n|'''4'''\n|-\n|align=left|[[Aleksandr Guzov]]\n|align=left|[[Wrestling at the 2000 Summer Olympics – Men's freestyle 58 kg|−58 kg]]\n|{{flagIOCathlete|[[Cory O'Brien|O'Brien]]|AUS|2000 Summer}}
'''W''' 14-4\n|{{flagIOCathlete|[[Oyuunbilegiin Pürevbaatar|Pürevbaatar]]|MGL|2000 Summer}}
'''L''' 1-3\n|{{n/a}}\n|2\n|colspan=3|did not advance\n|'''8'''\n|-\n|align=left|[[Mikalai Savin]]\n|align=left|[[Wrestling at the 2000 Summer Olympics – Men's freestyle 63 kg|−63 kg]]\n|{{flagIOCathlete|[[Arshak Hayrapetyan|Hayrapetyan]]|ARM|2000 Summer}}
'''L''' 4-7\n|{{flagIOCathlete|[[Maksat Boburbekov|Boburbekov]]|KGZ|2000 Summer}}
'''W''' 4-1\n|{{n/a}}\n|2\n|colspan=3|did not advance\n|12\n|-align=center\n|align=left|[[Sergey Demchenko]]\n|align=left|[[Wrestling at the 2000 Summer Olympics – Men's freestyle 69 kg|−69 kg]]\n|{{flagIOCathlete|[[Cameron Johnston (wrestler)|Johnston]]|AUS|2000 Summer}}
'''W''' 10-0\n|{{flagIOCathlete|[[Almaz Askarov (wrestler)|Askarov]]|KGZ|2000 Summer}}
'''W''' 3-0\n|{{flagIOCathlete|[[Ruslan Veliyev|Veliyev]]|KAZ|2000 Summer}}
'''W''' WO\n|1 '''Q'''\n|{{n/a|BYE}}\n|{{flagIOCathlete|[[Arsen Gitinov|Gitinov]]|RUS|2000 Summer}}
'''L''' 2-3\n|{{flagIOCathlete|[[Lincoln McIlravy|McIlravy]]|USA|2000 Summer}}
'''L''' 1-3\n|'''4'''\n|-\n|align=left|[[Beibulat Musaev]]\n|align=left|[[Wrestling at the 2000 Summer Olympics – Men's freestyle 85 kg|−85 kg]]\n|{{flagIOCathlete|[[Adam Saitiev|Saitiev]]|RUS|2000 Summer}}
'''L''' 1-4\n|{{flagIOCathlete|[[Igor Praporshchikov|Praporshchikov]]|AUS|2000 Summer}}
'''W''' 13-0\n|{{n/a}}\n|2\n|colspan=3|did not advance\n|9\n|-\n|align=left|[[Aleksandr Shemarov]]\n|align=left|[[Wrestling at the 2000 Summer Olympics – Men's freestyle 97 kg|−97 kg]]\n|{{flagIOCathlete|[[Gabriel Szerda|Szerda]]|AUS|2000 Summer}}
'''W''' 7-0\n|{{flagIOCathlete|[[Dean Schmeichel|Schmeichel]]|CAN|2000 Summer}}
'''W''' 5–0 \n|{{flagIOCathlete|[[Marek Garmulewicz|Garmulewicz]]|POL|2000 Summer}}
'''L''' 2-3\n|2\n|colspan=3|did not advance\n|'''7'''\n|-\n|align=left|[[Aleksey Medvedev (wrestler)|Aleksey Medvedev]]\n|align=left|[[Wrestling at the 2000 Summer Olympics – Men's freestyle 130 kg|−130 kg]]\n|{{flagIOCathlete|[[Aleksandr Kovalevsky|Kovalevsky]]|KGZ|2000 Summer}}
'''W''' 3-2\n|{{flagIOCathlete|[[Chen Xingqiang|Xingqiang]]|CHN|2000 Summer}}
'''W''' 3-0\n|{{n/a|BYE}}\n|1 '''Q'''\n|{{flagIOCathlete|[[Alexis Rodríguez (wrestler)|Rodríguez]]|CUB|2000 Summer}}
'''L''' 0-4\n|{{n/a|BYE}}\n|{{flagIOCathlete|[[Kerry McCoy (wrestler)|McCoy]]|USA|2000 Summer}}
'''L''' WO\n|'''6'''\n|}\n\n;Greco-Roman\n{| class=\"wikitable\" style=\"font-size:90%; text-align:center\"\n!rowspan=\"2\"|Athlete\n!rowspan=\"2\"|Event\n!colspan=4|Elimination Pool\n!Quarterfinal\n!Semifinal\n!colspan=2|Final / {{abbr|BM|Bronze medal match}}\n|-style=\"font-size: 95%\"\n!Opposition
Result\n!Opposition
Result\n!Opposition
Result\n!Rank\n!Opposition
Result\n!Opposition
Result\n!Opposition
Result\n!Rank\n|-\n|align=left|[[Igor Petrenko (wrestler)|Igor Petrenko]]\n|align=left|[[Wrestling at the 2000 Summer Olympics – Men's Greco-Roman 58 kg|−58 kg]]\n|{{flagIOCathlete|[[Karen Mnatsakanyan|Mnatsakanyan]]|ARM|2000 Summer}}
'''W''' 4-2\n|{{flagIOCathlete|[[Jim Gruenwald|Gruenwald]]|USA|2000 Summer}}
'''L''' 0-4\n|{{n/a}}\n|2\n|colspan=3|did not advance\n|13\n|-\n|align=left|[[Vitaly Zhuk]]\n|align=left|[[Wrestling at the 2000 Summer Olympics – Men's Greco-Roman 63 kg|−63 kg]]\n|{{flagIOCathlete|[[Michael Beilin|Beilin]]|ISR|2000 Summer}}
'''L''' 0-1\n|{{flagIOCathlete|[[Bakhodir Kurbanov|Kurbanov]]|UZB|2000 Summer}}
'''L''' 1-6\n|{{n/a}}\n|3\n|colspan=3|did not advance\n|17\n|-\n|align=left|[[Vladimir Kopytov]]\n|align=left|[[Wrestling at the 2000 Summer Olympics – Men's Greco-Roman 69 kg|−69 kg]]\n|{{flagIOCathlete|[[Rustam Adzhi|Adzhi]]|UKR|2000 Summer}}
'''L''' 0-3\n|{{flagIOCathlete|[[Aleksey Glushkov|Glushkov]]|RUS|2000 Summer}}
'''L''' 0-11\n|{{flagIOCathlete|[[Ryszard Wolny|Wolny]]|POL|2000 Summer}}
'''L''' PA\n|4\n|colspan=3|did not advance\n|17\n|-\n|align=left|[[Viachaslau Makaranka]]\n|align=left|[[Wrestling at the 2000 Summer Olympics – Men's Greco-Roman 76 kg|−76 kg]]\n|{{flagIOCathlete|[[David Manukyan|Manukyan]]|UKR|2000 Summer}}
'''L''' 1-12\n|{{flagIOCathlete|[[Artur Michalkiewicz|Michalkiewicz]]|POL|2000 Summer}}
'''W''' 4-1\n|{{flagIOCathlete|[[Faafetai Iutana|Iutana]]|SAM|2000 Summer}}
'''W''' 42-0\n|2\n|colspan=3|did not advance\n|'''7'''\n|-\n|align=left|[[Valery Tsilent]]\n|align=left|[[Wrestling at the 2000 Summer Olympics – Men's Greco-Roman 85 kg|−85 kg]]\n|{{flagIOCathlete|[[Aleksandr Menshchikov|Menshchikov]]|RUS|2000 Summer}}
'''W''' 3-0\n|{{flagIOCathlete|[[Vyacheslav Oliynyk|Oliynyk]]|UKR|2000 Summer}}
'''L''' 1-6\n|{{n/a}}\n|1 '''Q'''\n|{{flagIOCathlete|[[Mukhran Vakhtangadze|Vakhtangadze]]|GEO|2000 Summer}}
'''L''' 5-6\n|{{n/a|BYE}}\n|{{flagIOCathlete|[[Luis Enrique Méndez|Méndez]]|CUB|2000 Summer}}
'''W''' 4-0\n|'''4'''\n|-\n|align=left|[[Sergey Lishtvan]]\n|align=left|[[Wrestling at the 2000 Summer Olympics – Men's Greco-Roman 97 kg|−97 kg]]\n|{{flagIOCathlete|[[Mindaugas Ežerskis|Ežerskis]]|LTU|2000 Summer}}
'''L''' 1–3\n|{{flagIOCathlete|[[Hassene Fkiri|Fkiri]]|TUN|2000 Summer}}
'''W''' 10-0\n|{{flagIOCathlete|[[Davyd Saldadze|Saldadze]]|UKR|2000 Summer}}
'''L''' 2-5 \n|3\n|colspan=3|did not advance\n|9\n|-\n|align=left|'''[[Dmitry Debelka]]'''\n|align=left|[[Wrestling at the 2000 Summer Olympics – Men's Greco-Roman 130 kg|−130 kg]]\n|{{flagIOCathlete|[[Mirian Giorgadze|Giorgadze]]|GEO|2000 Summer}}
'''W''' 3-0\n|{{flagIOCathlete|[[Eddy Bengtsson|Bengtsson]]|SWE|2000 Summer}}
'''W''' 2–1\n|{{n/a|BYE}}\n|1 '''Q'''\n|{{n/a|BYE}}\n|{{flagIOCathlete|[[Aleksandr Karelin|Karelin]]|RUS|2000 Summer}}
'''L''' 0–3 \n|{{flagIOCathlete|[[Yuri Evseichik|Evseichik]]|ISR|2000 Summer}}
'''W''' 1-0\n|{{bronze03}}\n|}\n\n==Notes==\n{{refbegin}}\n*Wallechinsky, David (2004). ''The Complete Book of the Summer Olympics (Athens 2004 Edition)''. Toronto, Canada. {{ISBN|1-894963-32-6}}. \n*International Olympic Committee (2001). [https://webarchive.nla.gov.au/awa/20020918140000/http://pandora.nla.gov.au/pan/13323/20020919-0000/www.gamesinfo.com.au/results/results.pdf The Results]{{cbignore|bot=medic}}. Retrieved 12 November 2005.\n*Sydney Organising Committee for the Olympic Games (2001). [https://web.archive.org/web/20001109071400/http://www.olympics.com/eng/ Official Report of the XXVII Olympiad Volume 1: Preparing for the Games]. Retrieved 20 November 2005.\n*Sydney Organising Committee for the Olympic Games (2001). [https://web.archive.org/web/20090327000622/http://www.la84foundation.org/6oic/OfficialReports/2000/2000v2.pdf Official Report of the XXVII Olympiad Volume 2: Celebrating the Games]. Retrieved 20 November 2005.\n*Sydney Organising Committee for the Olympic Games (2001). [https://web.archive.org/web/20070927222411/http://www.la84foundation.org/6oic/OfficialReports/2000/Results.pdf The Results]. Retrieved 20 November 2005.\n*[https://web.archive.org/web/20150705032224/http://www.olympic.org/ International Olympic Committee Web Site]\n{{refend}}\n\n==References==\n{{reflist}}\n\n{{NOCin2000SummerOlympics}}\n{{Country at games navbox|Belarus|Olympics}}\n\n[[Category:Nations at the 2000 Summer Olympics]]\n[[Category:Belarus at the Summer Olympics by year|2000]]\n[[Category:2000 in Belarusian sport|Summer Olympics]]"} +{"title":"Bella Ciao","redirect":"Bella ciao"} +{"title":"Bernard Fokke","content":"{{Short description|17th-century Frisian-born captain for the Dutch East India Company.}}\n'''Bernard''' or '''Barend Fokke''', sometimes known as '''Barend Fockesz''', was a 17th-century, [[Frisians|Frisian]]-born [[Captain (nautical)|captain]] for the [[Dutch East India Company]]. He was renowned for the uncanny speed of his trips from the [[Dutch Republic]] to [[Java (island)|Java]]. For example, in 1678, he traveled the distance in 3 months and 4 (or 10) days, delivering governor [[Rijckloff van Goens]] a stack of letters from which the traveling time could be confirmed. In later times, a [[statue]] was erected of him on the small island Kuipertje, near the harbor of [[Batavia, Dutch East Indies|Batavia]]. The statue was destroyed by the English in 1808.{{Harvnb|Meder|2008|p=118}}\n\nHis fast trips caused people to suspect that he was aided by the [[Devil]], and he is often considered to have been a model for the legendary captain of the ''[[Flying Dutchman]]'', a ghostly ship doomed to sail the seas forever.{{Harvnb|Eyers|2011|p=}}\n\n==References==\n;Notes\n{{Reflist}}\n\n;Bibliography\n*{{citation |last=Eyers |first=Jonathan |title=Don't Shoot the Albatross!: Nautical Myths and Superstitions |year=2011 |publisher=A&C Black |isbn=978-1-4081-3131-2}}\n*{{citation |last=Meder |first=Theo |title=The Flying Dutchman and Other Folktales from the Netherlands |year=2008 |publisher=Libraries Unlimited |isbn=978-1-59158-490-2}}\n\n{{DEFAULTSORT:Fokke, Bernard}}\n[[Category:17th-century births]]\n[[Category:Year of death uncertain]]\n[[Category:Dutch sailors]]\n[[Category:Sea captains]]\n[[Category:People from Friesland]]\n[[Category:Dutch folklore]]\n[[Category:Flying Dutchman]]\n[[Category:Frisians]]\n[[Category:Deal with the Devil]]\n[[Category:Maritime folklore]]\n[[Category:Folklore of the Benelux]]\n{{Netherlands-bio-stub}}"} +{"title":"Berosus","content":"'''Berosus''' may refer to:\n*In Greek mythology:\n**Berosus, father of Tanais by [[Lysippe (Amazon)]]\n**Berosus, father of the [[Sibyl]] Sabbe by Erymanthe\n*[[Berossus]] (3rd century BC), Hellenistic-era Babylonian writer and astronomer\n*[[Berosus (beetle)]], a genus of beetles of the family [[Hydrophilidae]]\n*[[Berosus (crater)]], a lunar crater\n\n{{disambig}}"} +{"title":"Berthier—Montcalm","content":"\n{{Infobox Canada electoral district\n| name = Berthier—Montcalm\n| province = Quebec\n| image = \n| caption = \n| fed-status = defunct\n| fed-district-number = \n| fed-created = 1987\n| fed-abolished = 2003\n| fed-election-first = 1988\n| fed-election-last = 2002 by-election\n| fed-rep = \n| fed-rep-party = \n| demo-pop-ref = \n| demo-area-ref = \n| demo-electors-ref = \n| demo-census-date = \n| demo-pop = \t\n| demo-electors = \n| demo-electors-date = \n| demo-area = \t\n| demo-cd = \n| demo-csd = \n}}\n\n'''Berthier—Montcalm''' was a federal [[electoral district (Canada)|electoral district]] in [[Quebec]], Canada, that was represented in the [[House of Commons of Canada]] from 1988 to 2004.\n\nThis [[Riding (division)|riding]] was created in 1987 from [[Berthier—Maskinongé—Lanaudière]] riding. It was abolished in 2003 when it was redistributed into [[Berthier—Maskinongé]], [[Laurentides—Labelle]], [[Montcalm (federal electoral district)|Montcalm]] and [[Rivière-du-Nord (electoral district)|Rivière-du-Nord]] ridings.\n\nBerthier—Montcalm consisted of the towns of Berthierville, Louiseville and Saint-Gabriel; parts of the Counties of Berthier, Joliette, Maskinongé, Montcalm, and Saint-Maurice. In 1996, the riding was redefined to consist of the cities of Berthierville, Laurentides and Saint-Gabriel, the county regional municipalities of Montcalm, D'Autray and Matawinie (including Manouane Indian Reserve No. 26), and the Village Municipality of New Glasgow and the Municipality of Sainte-Sophie in the County Regional Municipality of La Rivière-du-Nord.\n\n==Members of Parliament==\n\nThis riding has elected the following [[Member of Parliament|members of Parliament]]:\n\n{{CanMP}}\n{{CanMP nodata|Berthier—Montcalm
''Riding created from'' [[Berthier—Maskinongé—Lanaudière]]}}\n{{CanMP row\n| FromYr = 1988\n| ToYr = 1993\n| Assembly# = 34\n| CanParty = PC\n| RepName = Robert de Cotret\n| RepTerms# = 1\n| PartyTerms# = 1\n}}\n{{CanMP row\n| FromYr = 1993\n| ToYr = 1997\n| Assembly# = 35\n| CanParty = BQ\n| RepName = Michel Bellehumeur\n| RepTerms# = 3\n| PartyTerms# = 4\n}}\n{{CanMP row\n| FromYr = 1997\n| ToYr = 2000\n| Assembly# = 36\n}}\n{{CanMP row\n| FromYr = 2000\n| ToYr = 2002\n| Assembly# = 37\n| #ByElections = 1\n}}\n{{CanMP row\n| FromYr = 2002\n| ToYr = 2004\n| RepName = Roger Gaudet\n| RepTerms# = 1\n}}\n{{CanMP nodata|''Riding dissolved into'' [[Berthier—Maskinongé]], [[Laurentides—Labelle]],
[[Montcalm (federal electoral district)|Montcalm]] ''and'' [[Rivière-du-Nord (electoral district)|Rivière-du-Nord]]}}\n{{CanMP end}}\n\n==Electoral history==\n\n{{Election box begin | title=[[1988 Canadian federal election]]}}\n|-\n{{Canadian party colour|CA|PC|row}} \n|[[Progressive Conservative Party of Canada|Progressive Conservative]]\n|[[Robert de Cotret]]\n|align=\"right\"|29,370 \n{{Canadian party colour|CA|Liberal|row}} \n|[[Liberal Party of Canada|Liberal]]\n|Maurice Roberge\n|align=\"right\"|13,624\n{{Canadian party colour|CA|NDP|row}} \n|[[New Democratic Party of Canada|New Democratic]]\n|Pierre Arès\n|align=\"right\"|5,883 \n{{CANelec|CA |Green |Roberte Sylvestre|2,084 }}\n{{Canadian party colour|CA|Independent|row}} \n|No affiliation\n|[[Antonio Yanakis]]\n|align=\"right\"|1,292\n{{end}}\n\n{{Election box begin | title=[[1993 Canadian federal election]]}}\n{{CANelec|CA|BQ|[[Michel Bellehumeur]]|36,065}}\n{{Canadian party colour|CA|Liberal|row}} \n|[[Liberal Party of Canada|Liberal]]\n|Madeleine Bélanger\n|align=\"right\"|16,133\n{{Canadian party colour|CA|PC|row}} \n|[[Progressive Conservative Party of Canada|Progressive Conservative]]\n|Réal Naud\n|align=\"right\"|5,358 \n{{Canadian party colour|CA|Natural Law|row}} \n|[[Natural Law Party of Canada|Natural Law]]\n|Réal Croteau\n|align=\"right\"|804 \n{{Canadian party colour|CA|NDP|row}} \n|[[New Democratic Party of Canada|New Democratic]]\n|Jean-Pierre de Billy\n|align=\"right\"|591 \n{{CANelec|CA|National|Laurent Harvey|276}}\n{{end}}\n\n{{Election box begin | title=[[1997 Canadian federal election]]}}\n{{CANelec|CA|BQ|[[Michel Bellehumeur]]|32,707 }}\n{{Canadian party colour|CA|Liberal|row}} \n|[[Liberal Party of Canada|Liberal]]\n|Lise Perreault\n|align=\"right\"|15,073 \n{{Canadian party colour|CA|PC|row}} \n|[[Progressive Conservative Party of Canada|Progressive Conservative]]\n|Réal Naud\n|align=\"right\"|13,338\n{{Canadian party colour|CA|NDP|row}} \n|[[New Democratic Party of Canada|New Democratic]]\n|Jean-Pierre de Billy\n|align=\"right\"|1,009 \n{{end}}\n\n{{Election box begin | title=[[2000 Canadian federal election]]}}\n{{CANelec|CA|BQ|[[Michel Bellehumeur]]|31,703 }}\n{{Canadian party colour|CA|Liberal|row}} \n|[[Liberal Party of Canada|Liberal]]\n|Jean-Carle Hudon\n|align=\"right\"|16,675 \n{{CANelec|CA|Canadian Alliance|Réal Naud|2,853 }}\n{{Canadian party colour|CA|PC|row}} \n|[[Progressive Conservative Party of Canada|Progressive Conservative]]\n|Paul Lavigne\n|align=\"right\"|2,014 \n{{CANelec|CA|Marijuana|Sébastien Hénault|1,460}}\n{{Canadian party colour|CA|NDP|row}} \n|[[New Democratic Party of Canada|New Democratic]]\n|Jean-Pierre de Billy\n|align=\"right\"|829 \n{{end}}\n\n{{Election box begin | title=By-election on Mr. Bellehumeur's resignation, 18 May 2002:}}\n{{CANelec|CA|BQ|[[Roger Gaudet]]|13,747 }}\n{{Canadian party colour|CA|Liberal|row}} \n|[[Liberal Party of Canada|Liberal]]\n|Richard Giroux\n|align=\"right\"|11,646 \n{{Canadian party colour|CA|NDP|row}} \n|[[New Democratic Party of Canada|New Democratic]]\n|François Rivest\n|align=\"right\"|977 \n{{Canadian party colour|CA|PC|row}} \n|[[Progressive Conservative Party of Canada|Progressive Conservative]]\n|Richard Lafleur\n|align=\"right\"|598\n{{CANelec|CA|Canadian Alliance|Réal Naud|475}}\n{{end}}\n\n== See also ==\n\n* [[List of Canadian federal electoral districts]]\n* [[Historical federal electoral districts of Canada]]\n\n== External links ==\n* [http://www2.parl.gc.ca/Sites/LOP/HFER/hfer.asp?Language=E&Search=Det&Include=Y&rid=873 Riding history from the] [[Library of Parliament]]\n\n{{Ridings in Quebec}}\n\n{{DEFAULTSORT:Berthier-Montcalm}}\n[[Category:Former federal electoral districts of Quebec]]"} +{"title":"Billie Dove","content":"{{Short description|American actress (1903–1997)}}\n{{Use American English|date=July 2020}}\n{{Use mdy dates|date=August 2014}}\n{{Infobox person\n| name = Billie Dove\n| birth_name = Bertha Eugenie Bohny\n| image = Billy Dove portrait photograph with roses (retouched).jpg\n| caption = Dove in 1920\n| birth_date = {{Birth date|1903|5|14|mf=yes}}\n| birth_place = New York City, U.S.\n| death_date = {{Death date and age|1997|12|31|1903|5|14|mf=yes}}\n| death_place = [[Woodland Hills, California]], U.S.\n| resting_place = [[Forest Lawn Memorial Park (Glendale)|Forest Lawn Memorial Park]], [[Glendale, California]]\n| occupation = Actress\n| years_active = 1921–1932, 1962\n| spouse = {{Plainlist|\n* {{marriage|[[Irvin Willat]]|1923|1929|end=div}}\n* {{marriage|Robert Kenaston|1935|1970|end=died}}\n* {{marriage|John Miller|1973|end=div}}\n}}\n| children = 2\n}}\n\n'''Lillian Bohny''' (born '''Bertha Eugenie Bohny''';{{Cite web|url=https://search.ancestry.com/cgi-bin/sse.dll?dbid=61779&h=2504737&indiv=try&o_vc=Record:OtherRecord&rhSource=60901&requr=281474977005568&ur=0&gsfn=&gsln=&h=2504737|title=Join Ancestry®|website=Ancestry.com|accessdate=October 25, 2021}} May 14, 1903 – December 31, 1997), known professionally as '''Billie Dove''', was an American actress.\n\n== Early life and career ==\nDove was born Bertha Eugenie Bohny in New York City in 1903 to Charles and Bertha (née Kagl) Bohny,{{Cite web |url=https://users.monash.edu/~pringle/silent/ssotm/May97/ |title=Billie Dove - Silent Star of May, 1997 |access-date=October 22, 2021 |archive-date=October 22, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211022045144/https://users.monash.edu/~pringle/silent/ssotm/May97/ |url-status=dead }} both immigrants from Switzerland. She had a younger brother, Charles Reinhardt Bohny (1906-1963).{{Cite web |url=https://www.ancestry.com/imageviewer/collections/6061/images/4314018-00767?pid=46331125 |title=Archived copy |website=[[Ancestry.com]] |access-date=May 19, 2021 |archive-date=September 19, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210919025335/https://www.ancestry.com/imageviewer/collections/6061/images/4314018-00767?pid=46331125 |url-status=dead }} As a teen, she worked as a model to help support her family and was hired as a teenager by [[Florenz Ziegfeld]] to appear in his [[Ziegfeld Follies|Ziegfeld Follies Revue]]. She legally changed her name to Lillian Bohny in the early 1920s and moved to Hollywood, where she began appearing in silent films. She soon became one of the more popular actresses of the 1920s, appearing in [[Douglas Fairbanks]]' smash hit [[Technicolor]] film ''[[The Black Pirate]]'' (1926), as Rodeo West in ''The Painted Angel'' (1929), and ''[[American Beauty (1927 film)|The American Beauty]]'' (1927).\n\nShe married [[Irvin Willat]], the director of her seventh film, in 1923. The two divorced in 1929. Dove had a legion of male fans, one of her more persistent was [[Howard Hughes]]. She had a three-year romance with Hughes and was engaged to marry him, but she ended the relationship.\n\nHughes cast her as a comedian in his film ''[[Cock of the Air]]'' (1932). She also appeared in his movie ''[[The Age for Love]]'' (1931).{{cite book |last1=Dietrich |first1=Noah |last2=Thomas |first2=Bob |title=Howard, The Amazing Mr. Hughes |date=1972 |publisher=Fawcett Publications, Inc. |location=Greenwich |pages=89}}\n\nDove was also a pilot, poet, and painter.\n\n==Early retirement==\nFollowing her last film, ''[[Blondie of the Follies]]'' (1932), Dove retired from the screen to be with her family. She married wealthy oil executive Robert Alan Kenaston in 1935,{{Cite web |url=https://www.ancestry.com/imageviewer/collections/61460/images/47732_B354069-00048?pid=225047 |title=Archived copy |website=[[Ancestry.com]] |access-date=May 19, 2021 |archive-date=September 19, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210919025313/https://www.ancestry.com/imageviewer/collections/61460/images/47732_B354069-00048?pid=225047 |url-status=dead }} a marriage that lasted for 35 years until his death in 1970. The couple had a son, Robert Alan Kenaston, Jr., who married actress [[Claire Kelly]] and died in 1995 from cancer, and an adopted daughter, Gail who briefly married media mogul [[Merv Adelson]].[https://articles.latimes.com/1999/feb/22/news/mn-10531 Los Angeles Times: \"Gail Adelson; Hostess, Home Designer to the Stars\" by Myrna Oliver] February 22, 1999 Billie Dove later had a brief third marriage, in 1973, to architect John Miller, which ended in divorce.{{Cite web |date=1998-01-14 |title=Obituary: Billie Dove |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/obituaries/obituary-billie-dove-1138574.html |access-date=2023-05-16 |website=The Independent |language=en}}\n\n==Last years==\nAside from a cameo in ''[[Diamond Head (film)|Diamond Head]]'' (1963), Dove never returned to the movies. She spent her retirement years in [[Rancho Mirage]], then moved to the [[Motion Picture & Television Country House and Hospital]] in Woodland Hills, California where she died of pneumonia on New Year's Eve 1997, aged 94.\n\nShe is interred in the Freedom Mausoleum at [[Forest Lawn Memorial Park (Glendale)|Forest Lawn Glendale]].\n\n==Legacy==\nDove has a star on the [[Hollywood Walk of Fame]] located at 6351 Hollywood Blvd. Jazz singer [[Billie Holiday]] took her professional pseudonym from Dove as an admirer of the actress.\n\n== Filmography ==\n{| class=\"wikitable\"\n|-\n!style=\"background:#B0C4DE;\" | Year\n!style=\"background:#B0C4DE;\" | Title\n!style=\"background:#B0C4DE;\" | Role\n!style=\"background:#B0C4DE;\" | Note\n|-\n|rowspan=2|1921 || ''[[Get-Rich-Quick Wallingford (1921 film)|Get-Rich-Quick Wallingford]]'' ||Dorothy Wells || '''Lost''' film\n|-\n| ''[[At the Stage Door]]''||Mary Mathews || '''Lost''' film\n|-\n|rowspan=4|1922|| ''[[Polly of the Follies]]'' || Alysia Potter|| '''Lost''' film
Trailer survives\n|-\n| ''[[Beyond the Rainbow]]'' ||Marion Taylor || A copy is held at the [[UCLA Film and Television Archive]]\n|-\n| ''[[Youth to Youth]]'' || Eve Allison|| '''Lost''' film\n|-\n| ''[[One Week of Love]]''|| Bathing Party Guest|| '''Lost''' film
Uncredited \n|-\n|rowspan=5|1923 || ''[[All the Brothers Were Valiant (1923 film)|All the Brothers Were Valiant]]'' ||Priscilla Holt || '''Lost''' film\n|-\n| ''[[Madness of Youth]]'' ||Nanette Benning || '''Lost''' film\n|-\n| ''[[Soft Boiled]]'' || The Girl|| A copy is held at the [[George Eastman Museum]]\n|-\n| ''[[The Lone Star Ranger (1923 film)|The Lone Star Ranger]]'' || Helen Longstreth|| '''Lost''' film\n|-\n| ''[[The Thrill Chaser]]'' || Olala Ussan|| '''Lost''' film\n|-\n|rowspan=6|1924 || ''[[On Time (film)|On Time]]'' || Helen Hendon|| '''Lost''' film\n|-\n| ''[[Try and Get It]]''|| Rhoda Perrin|| A copy is held at the [[Library of Congress]]\n|-\n| ''[[Yankee Madness]]'' ||Dolores || '''Lost''' film\n|-\n| ''[[Wanderer of the Wasteland (1924 film)|Wanderer of the Wasteland]]''||Ruth Virey || '''Lost''' film
filmed in [[Technicolor#Process 2|Technicolor]]\n|-\n| ''[[The Roughneck]]'' || Felicity Arden|| '''Lost''' film\n|-\n| ''[[The Folly of Vanity]]'' ||Alice || A copy is held at the [[Czech Film Archive]]\n|-\n|rowspan=6|1925 || ''[[The Air Mail]]'' ||Alice Rendon || An '''incomplete''' copy is held at the Library of Congress\n|-\n| ''[[The Light of Western Stars (1925 film)|The Light of Western Stars]]'' ||Madeleine Hammond || '''Lost''' film\n|-\n| ''[[Wild Horse Mesa (1925 film)|Wild Horse Mesa]]''|| Sue Melberne ||\n|-\n| ''[[The Lucky Horseshoe]]'' ||Eleanor Hunt || A copy is preserved at the [[Museum of Modern Art]]\n|-\n| ''[[The Fighting Heart (1925 film)|The Fighting Heart]]''||Doris Anderson || '''Lost''' film\n|-\n| ''[[The Ancient Highway]]'' ||Antoinette St. Ives || '''Lost''' film\n|-\n|rowspan=4|1926 || ''[[The Black Pirate]]'' ||Princess Isobel || Filmed in [[Technicolor#Process 3|Technicolor]]\n|-\n| ''[[The Lone Wolf Returns (1926 film)|The Lone Wolf Returns]]''||Marcia Mayfair || A copy is held at the George Eastman Museum\n|-\n| ''[[The Marriage Clause]]'' ||Sylvia Jordan || An '''incomplete''' copy is held at the Library of Congress\n|-\n| ''[[Kid Boots (film)|Kid Boots]]'' ||Eleanore Belmore || A copy is held at the Library of Congress\n|-\n|rowspan=6|1927 || ''[[An Affair of the Follies]]'' ||Tamara|| '''Lost''' film\n|-\n| ''[[Sensation Seekers]]'' ||Luena \"Egypt\" Hagen ||\n|-\n| ''[[The Tender Hour]]'' || Marcia Kane|| \n|-\n| ''[[The Stolen Bride (1927 film)|The Stolen Bride]]''||Sari ||\n|-\n| ''[[American Beauty (1927 film)|The American Beauty]]'' ||Millicent Howard || '''Lost''' film\n|-\n| ''[[The Love Mart]]'' ||Antoinette Frobelle || '''Lost''' film\n|-\n|rowspan=4|1928 || ''[[The Heart of a Follies Girl]]'' ||Teddy O'Day || '''Lost''' film\n|-\n| ''[[Yellow Lily]]''||Judith Peredy || A copy is held at the [[BFI National Archive]]\n|-\n| ''[[Night Watch (1928 film)|Night Watch]]'' ||Yvonne Corlaix || A copy is held at the [[Cineteca Italiana]]\n|-\n| ''[[Adoration (1928 film)|Adoration]]'' ||Elena || A copy is held at the Czech Film Archive\n|-\n|rowspan=4|1929 || ''[[Careers (film)|Careers]]'' ||Hélène Gromaire ||\n|-\n| ''[[The Man and the Moment]]'' ||Joan Winslow ||\n|-\n| ''[[Her Private Life]]'' || Lady Helen Haden|| \n|-\n| ''[[The Painted Angel]]'' ||Mammie Hudler || '''Lost''' film; Vitaphone track survives \n|-\n|rowspan=4|1930 || ''[[The Other Tomorrow]]'' ||Edith Larrison || '''Lost''' film\n|-\n| ''[[A Notorious Affair]]'' ||Patricia Hanley ||\n|-\n| ''[[Sweethearts and Wives]]''||Femme de Chambre ||\n|-\n| ''[[One Night at Susie's]]'' || Mary Martin||\n|-\n|rowspan=2|1931 || ''[[The Lady Who Dared]]'' || Margaret Townsend||\n|-\n| ''[[The Age for Love]]'' ||Jean Hurt || '''Lost''' film\n|-\n|rowspan=2|1932 || ''[[Cock of the Air]]'' ||Lili de Rosseau ||\n|-\n| ''[[Blondie of the Follies]]''||Lottie ||\n|-\n|1962 || ''[[Diamond Head (film)|Diamond Head]]'' ||Herself ||Cameo role\n|}\n\n==References==\n{{reflist|refs=\nOther sources including [http://www.familytreelegends.com/records/caldeaths?c=search&first=Lillian&last=Kenaston&spelling=Exact&5_year=&5_month=0&5_day=0&6_year=&6_month=0&6_day=0&4=&7=&8=&SubmitSearch.x=13&SubmitSearch.y=16&SubmitSearch=Submit the California registry of births and deaths] cite 1900 or 1901 as her year of birth, although the [http://search.ancestry.com/cgi-bin/sse.dll?gl=35&rank=1&new=1&so=3&MSAV=0&msT=1&gss=ms_f-35&gsfn=Lillian&gsln=Bohny&msfng0=Charles&msmng0=Bertha&uidh=000&=b&=r&=y&=f&=m&_83004003-n_xcl=m 1910 census] supports 1903 as her year of birth, as does [https://michaelgankerich.wordpress.com/tag/billie-dove her entry in the New York City Birth Registry].\nDrew, William M. [http://www.csse.monash.edu.au/~pringle/silent/ssotm/May97/ Billie Dove profile] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080724064958/http://www.csse.monash.edu.au/~pringle/silent/ssotm/May97/ |date=July 24, 2008 }}, ''The Lady in the Main Title: On the Twenties and Thirties''. Vestal Press, 1997.\nWagner, Bruce. [https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/1998/07/20/moving-pictures-10 \"Moving Pictures\"], Annals of Hollywood, ''The New Yorker''. July 20, 1998, p. 54.\n{{cite news |last1=Gussow |first1=Mel |title=Billie Dove, Damsel in Distress In Silent Films, Is Dead at 97 |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1998/01/06/movies/billie-dove-damsel-in-distress-in-silent-films-is-dead-at-97.html |url-access=subscription |date=6 January 1998 |access-date=2 April 2020 |work=[[The New York Times]]}}\n[http://www.goldensilents.com/stars/billiedove.html \"Billie Dove (1903–1997)\"], ''Goldensilents.com''. Retrieved February 17, 2015.\nKliment, Bud. ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=AAH2fH6UXlAC&pg=PA29 Billie Holiday]''. Holloway House Publishing, 1990, p. 29. {{ISBN|978-0-87067-561-4}}.\n}}\n\n==External links==\n{{Portal|Biography}}\n{{Commons category|Billie Dove}}\n* {{IMDb name|0235521}}\n* {{Find a Grave|3720}}\n* [http://film.virtual-history.com/person.php?personid=811 Photographs and bibliography for Billie Dove], film.virtual-history.com; accessed February 17, 2015.\n\n{{Authority control}}\n\n{{DEFAULTSORT:Dove, Billie}}\n[[Category:1903 births]]\n[[Category:1997 deaths]]\n[[Category:American silent film actresses]]\n[[Category:Deaths from pneumonia in California]]\n[[Category:Actresses from Greater Los Angeles]]\n[[Category:Ziegfeld girls]]\n[[Category:American people of Swiss descent]]\n[[Category:Burials at Forest Lawn Memorial Park (Glendale)]]\n[[Category:American women aviators]]\n[[Category:20th-century American actresses]]\n[[Category:Actresses from New York City]]\n[[Category:Actresses from the Golden Age of Hollywood]]"} +{"title":"Blainville—Deux-Montagne","redirect":"Blainville—Deux-Montagnes"} +{"title":"Blainville—Deux-Montagnes","content":"{{Use Canadian English|date=January 2023}}\n{{Infobox Canada electoral district\n| name = Blainville—Deux-Montagnes\n| province = Quebec\n| image = \n| caption = \n| fed-status = defunct\n| fed-district-number = \n| fed-created = 1976\n| fed-abolished = 1996\n| fed-election-first = 1979\n| fed-election-last = 1993\n| fed-rep = \n| fed-rep-party = \n| demo-pop-ref = \n| demo-area-ref = \n| demo-electors-ref = \n| demo-census-date = \n| demo-pop = \t\n| demo-electors = \n| demo-electors-date = \n| demo-area = \t\n| demo-cd = \n| demo-csd = \n}}\n\n'''Blainville—Deux-Montagnes''' (formerly known as '''Deux-Montagnes''') was a federal [[electoral district (Canada)|electoral district]] in [[Quebec]], Canada, that was represented in the [[House of Commons of Canada]] from 1979 to 1997.\n\nThe [[Riding (division)|riding]] was created as \"Deux-Montagnes\" in 1976 from parts of [[Argenteuil—Deux-Montagnes]] and [[Terrebonne—Blainville|Terrebonne]] ridings. It was renamed \"Blainville—Deux-Montagnes\" in 1977. The electoral district was abolished in 1996, and divided between [[Saint-Eustache—Sainte-Thérèse]] and [[Terrebonne—Blainville]] ridings.\n\nBlainville—Deux-Montagnes initially consisted of the cities of Deux-Montagnes and Sainte-Thérèse; the towns of Blainville, Boisbriand, Lorraine, Rosemère, Saint Eustache and Sainte-Marthe-surle-Lac; and the village municipality of Pointe-Calumet and the parish municipality of Saint-Joseph-du-Lac in the county of Deux-Montagnes. In 1987, it was redefined to consist of the towns of Blainville, Boisbriand, Deux-Montagnes, Lorraine, Rosemère, Saint-Eustache, Sainte-Marthe-sur-le-Lac and Sainte-Thérèse.\n\n==Members of Parliament==\n\nThis riding has elected the following [[Member of Parliament|members of Parliament]]:\n\n{{CanMP}}\n{{CanMP nodata|Blainville—Deux-Montagnes
''Riding created from'' [[Argenteuil—Deux-Montagnes]] ''and'' [[Terrebonne (federal electoral district)|Terrebonne]]}}\n{{CanMP row\n| FromYr = 1979\n| ToYr = 1980\n| Assembly# = 31\n| CanParty = Liberal\n| RepName = Francis Fox\n| RepTerms# = 2\n| PartyTerms# = 2\n}}\n{{CanMP row\n| FromYr = 1980\n| ToYr = 1984\n| Assembly# = 32\n}}\n{{CanMP row\n| FromYr = 1984\n| ToYr = 1988\n| Assembly# = 33\n| CanParty = PC\n| RepName = Monique Landry\n| RepTerms# = 2\n| PartyTerms# = 2\n}}\n{{CanMP row\n| FromYr = 1988\n| ToYr = 1993\n| Assembly# = 34\n}}\n{{CanMP row\n| FromYr = 1993\n| ToYr = 1997\n| Assembly# = 35\n| CanParty = BQ\n| RepName = Paul Mercier\n| RepLink = Paul Mercier (Bloc Québécois MP)\n| RepTerms# = 1\n| PartyTerms# = 1\n}}\n{{CanMP nodata|''Riding dissolved into'' [[Saint-Eustache—Sainte-Thérèse]] ''and'' [[Terrebonne—Blainville]]}}\n{{CanMP end}}\n\n==Election results==\n\n{{Election box begin | title=[[1979 Canadian federal election]]}}\n{{Canadian party colour|CA|Liberal|row}} \n|[[Liberal Party of Canada|Liberal]]\n|[[Francis Fox]]\n|align=\"right\"|34,885\n{{CANelec|CA|Social Credit|Carmen Paquin-Houle| 5,972}}\n{{Canadian party colour|CA|PC|row}} \n|[[Progressive Conservative Party of Canada|Progressive Conservative]]\n|François de Sales Robert\n|align=\"right\"|5,042 \n{{Canadian party colour|CA|NDP|row}} \n|[[New Democratic Party of Canada|New Democratic]]\n|Normand Labrie \n|align=\"right\"|3,472\n{{CANelec |CA |Rhinoceros (historical) |Claude Dicaire |1,325}}\n{{CANelec|CA|Libertarian|Richard Kendall|211}}\n{{CANelec|CA|Union populaire|Guy Rainville |170}}\n{{CANelec|CA|Marxist-Leninist|Christiane Tardif |146 }}\n{{end}}\n\n{{Election box begin | title=[[1980 Canadian federal election]]}}\n|-\n{{Canadian party colour|CA|Liberal|row}} \n|[[Liberal Party of Canada|Liberal]]\n|[[Francis Fox]] \n|align=\"right\"|35,979\n{{Canadian party colour|CA|NDP|row}} \n|[[New Democratic Party of Canada|New Democratic]]\n|Normand Labrie\n|align=\"right\"|5,460\n{{Canadian party colour|CA|PC|row}} \n|[[Progressive Conservative Party of Canada|Progressive Conservative]]\n|François de Sales Robert \n|align=\"right\"| 3,448 \n{{CANelec|CA|Social Credit|Carmen Paquin-Houle|1,699 }}\n{{CANelec |CA |Rhinoceros (historical) |Philippe Sarto Grenier |1,685}}\n{{CANelec|CA|Union populaire|Pierre Desrosiers| 213}}\n{{CANelec|CA|Libertarian|Richard Kendall|73}}\n{{CANelec|CA|Marxist-Leninist|Carolyn Zapf|58 }}\n{{end}}\n\n{{Election box begin | title=[[1984 Canadian federal election]]}}\n{{Canadian party colour|CA|PC|row}} \n|[[Progressive Conservative Party of Canada|Progressive Conservative]]\n|[[Monique Landry]]\n|align=\"right\"|28,863\n{{Canadian party colour|CA|Liberal|row}} \n|[[Liberal Party of Canada|Liberal]]\n|[[Francis Fox]] \n|align=\"right\"|23,732\n{{Canadian party colour|CA|NDP|row}} \n|[[New Democratic Party of Canada|New Democratic]]\n| Normand J. Labrie\n|align=\"right\"|5,609 \n{{CANelec |CA |Rhinoceros (historical) |Réjean O. Lafrenière |1,558}}\n{{CANelec|CA|Parti nationaliste|Daniel Epinat|1,032 }}\n{{CANelec|CA|Social Credit|Sylvie Houle |255}}\n{{Canadian party colour|CA|Independent|row}} \n|No affiliation\n|Charles C. Chiasson\n|align=\"right\"|113 \n{{CANelec|CA|PCC|Sylvain G. Pelchat|58}}\n{{Canadian party colour|CA|Independent|row}} \n|[[Independent politician#Canada|Independent]]\n|Katy S. Le Rougetel \n|align=\"right\"|26 \n{{end}}\n\n{{Election box begin | title=[[1988 Canadian federal election]]}}\n{{Canadian party colour|CA|PC|row}} \n|[[Progressive Conservative Party of Canada|Progressive Conservative]]\n|[[Monique Landry]]\n|align=\"right\"|40,810\n{{Canadian party colour|CA|Liberal|row}} \n|[[Liberal Party of Canada|Liberal]]\n|Zsolt Pogany\n|align=\"right\"|13,787\n{{Canadian party colour|CA|NDP|row}} \n|[[New Democratic Party of Canada|New Democratic]]\n|Louisette Tremblay-Hinton\n|align=\"right\"|9,243\n{{CANelec |CA |Rhinoceros (historical) |Gilles Libellule Lehoux |1,782}}\n{{CANelec|CA|PCC|[[Gilles Gervais]]|150}}\n{{end}}\n\n{{Election box begin | title=[[1993 Canadian federal election]]}}\n{{CANelec|CA|BQ|[[Paul Mercier (Bloc Québécois MP)|Paul Mercier]]| 47,931 }}\n{{Canadian party colour|CA|Liberal|row}} \n|[[Liberal Party of Canada|Liberal]]\n|Pierre Brien\n|align=\"right\"|18,830 \n{{Canadian party colour|CA|PC|row}} \n|[[Progressive Conservative Party of Canada|Progressive Conservative]]\n|[[Monique Landry]]\n|align=\"right\"|11,823\n{{Canadian party colour|CA|Natural Law|row}} \n|[[Natural Law Party of Canada|Natural Law]]\n|Linda Légaré-St-Cyr\n|align=\"right\"|1,009\n{{Canadian party colour|CA|NDP|row}} \n|[[New Democratic Party of Canada|New Democratic]]\n|Jean-Paul Rioux\n|align=\"right\"| 853 \n{{CANelec|CA|Libertarian|Richard Kirkman Kendall| 498}}\n{{CANelec|CA|PCC|Gisèle Ray|115 }}\n{{end}}\n\n== See also ==\n\n* [[List of Canadian federal electoral districts]]\n* [[Historical federal electoral districts of Canada]]\n\n== External links ==\n* [http://www2.parl.gc.ca/Sites/LOP/HFER/hfer.asp?Language=E&Search=Det&rid=1117&Include= Riding history for Deux-Montagnes from the] [[Library of Parliament]]\n*[http://www2.parl.gc.ca/Sites/LOP/HFER/hfer.asp?Language=E&Search=Det&rid=50&Include= Riding history for Blainville—Deux-Montagnes from the] [[Library of Parliament]]\n\n{{Ridings in Quebec}}\n\n{{DEFAULTSORT:Blainville-Deux-Montagnes}}\n[[Category:Former federal electoral districts of Quebec]]\n[[Category:Blainville, Quebec]]"} +{"title":"Blow fly","redirect":"Blowfly"} +{"title":"Bombing of Vietnam's Dikes","redirect":"Proposed bombing of Vietnam's dikes"} +{"title":"Bombing of the dikes","redirect":"Proposed bombing of Vietnam's dikes"} +{"title":"Bombing of the dykes","redirect":"Proposed bombing of Vietnam's dikes"} +{"title":"Bonaventure—Îles-de-la-Madeleine","redirect":"Bonaventure (federal electoral district)"} +{"title":"Bonavista—Trinity—Conception","content":"{{Infobox Canada electoral district\n| province = Newfoundland and Labrador\n| image = \n| caption = \n| fed-status = defunct\n| fed-created = 1966\n| fed-abolished = 2003\n| fed-election-first = 1968\n| fed-election-last = 2002 by-election\n}}\n\n'''Bonavista—Trinity—Conception''' was a federal [[electoral district (Canada)|electoral district]] in [[Newfoundland and Labrador]], Canada, that was represented in the [[House of Commons of Canada]] from 1968 to 2003.\n\nThis [[Riding (division)|riding]] was created in 1966 from parts of [[Bonavista—Twillingate]] and [[Trinity—Conception]] ridings.\nIt was abolished in 2003 when it was redistributed into [[Avalon (electoral district)|Avalon]], [[Bonavista—Gander—Grand Falls—Windsor|Bonavista—Exploits]] and [[Random—Burin—St. George's]] ridings.\n\nIt initially consisted of the provincial districts of Trinity North, Trinity South, Bay de Verde, Carbonear, Harbour Grace and Port de Grave, and part of the provincial district of Bonavista South.\n\n==Members of Parliament==\n\nThis riding elected the following [[Member of Parliament|members of Parliament]]:\n\n{{CanMP}}\n{{CanMP nodata|Bonavista—Trinity—Conception
''Riding created from'' [[Bonavista—Twillingate]] ''and'' [[Trinity—Conception]]}}\n{{CanMP row\n| FromYr = 1968\n| ToYr = 1972\n| Assembly# = 28\n| CanParty = PC\n| PartyTerms# = 1\n| RepName = Frank Moores\n| RepTerms# = 1\n}}\n{{CanMP row\n| FromYr = 1972\n| ToYr = 1974\n| Assembly# = 29\n| CanParty = Liberal\n| PartyTerms# = 4\n| RepName = Dave Rooney\n| RepTerms# = 4\n}}\n{{CanMP row\n| FromYr = 1974\n| ToYr = 1979\n| Assembly# = 30\n}}\n{{CanMP row\n| FromYr = 1979\n| ToYr = 1980\n| Assembly# = 31\n}}\n{{CanMP row\n| FromYr = 1980\n| ToYr = 1984\n| Assembly# = 32\n}}\n{{CanMP row\n| FromYr = 1984\n| ToYr = 1988\n| Assembly# = 33\n| CanParty = PC\n| PartyTerms# = 1\n| RepName = Morrissey Johnson\n| RepTerms# = 1\n}}\n{{CanMP row\n| FromYr = 1988\n| ToYr = 1993\n| Assembly# = 34\n| CanParty = Liberal\n| PartyTerms# = 5\n| RepName = Fred Mifflin\n| RepTerms# = 3\n}}\n{{CanMP row\n| FromYr = 1993\n| ToYr = 1997\n| Assembly# = 35\n}}\n{{CanMP row\n| FromYr = 1997\n| ToYr = 2000\n| Assembly# = 36\n}}\n{{CanMP row\n| FromYr = 2000\n| ToYr = 2002\n| Assembly# = 37\n| RepName = Brian Tobin\n| RepTerms# = 1\n| #ByElections = 1\n}}\n{{CanMP row\n| FromYr = 2002\n| ToYr = 2004\n| RepName = John Efford\n| RepTerms# = 1\n}}\n{{CanMP nodata|''Riding dissolved into'' [[Avalon (electoral district)|Avalon]], [[Bonavista—Gander—Grand Falls—Windsor|Bonavista—Exploits]]
''and'' [[Random—Burin—St. George's]]}}\n{{CanMP end}}\n\n==Election results==\n\n{{Canadian election result/top|CA|1968|percent=yes|change=yes}}\n{{CANelec|CA|PC|[[Frank Moores]]|14,823|58.27}}\n{{CANelec|CA|Liberal|James Roy Tucker|10,082|39.64}}\n{{CANelec|CA|NDP|Fraser Lloyd March|532|2.09}}\n{{CANelec/total|Total valid votes|25,437|100.0}}\n{{end}}\n\n{{Canadian election result/top|CA|1972|percent=yes|change=yes}}\n{{CANelec|CA|Liberal|[[Dave Rooney]]|12,635|54.91|+15.27}}\n{{CANelec|CA|PC|Fred Woodman|8,799|38.24|-20.03}}\n{{CANelec|CA|NDP|Edgar Alexander Russell|832|3.62|+1.53}}\n{{CANelec|XX|Independent|[[Sam Drover]]|616|2.68|–}}\n{{CANelec|CA|Social Credit|S. Carey Skinner|127|0.55|–}}\n{{CANelec/total|Total valid votes|23,009|100.0}}\n{{end}}\n\n{{Canadian election result/top|CA|1974|percent=yes|change=yes}}\n{{CANelec|CA|Liberal|[[Dave Rooney]]|13,258|50.12|-4.79}}\n{{CANelec|CA|PC|[[John Lundrigan]]|12,117|45.81|+7.57}}\n{{CANelec|CA|NDP|Ted Noseworthy|1,078|4.08|+0.46}}\n{{CANelec/total|Total valid votes|26,453|100.0}}\n{{end}}\n\n{{Canadian election result/top|CA|1979|percent=yes|change=yes}}\n{{CANelec|CA|Liberal|[[Dave Rooney]]|11,314|45.80|-4.32}}\n{{CANelec|CA|NDP|W.A. Bill Parsons|7,448|30.15|+26.07}}\n{{CANelec|CA|PC|Patrick J. Layman|5,943|24.06|-21.75}}\n{{CANelec/total|Total valid votes|24,705|100.0}}\n{{end}}\n\n{{Canadian election result/top|CA|1980|percent=yes|change=yes}}\n{{CANelec|CA|Liberal|[[Dave Rooney]]|14,467|52.08|+6.28}}\n{{CANelec|CA|PC|Edward G. Bailey|8,388|30.20|+6.14}}\n{{CANelec|CA|NDP|Anne Robbins|4,619|16.63|-13.52}}\n{{CANelec|XX|Independent|Ted Noseworthy|302|1.09|–}}\n{{CANelec/total|Total valid votes|27,776|100.0}}\n{{end}}\n\n{{Canadian election result/top|CA|1984|percent=yes|change=yes}}\n{{CANelec|CA|PC|[[Morrissey Johnson]]|19,015|55.04|+24.84}}\n{{CANelec|CA|Liberal|Dave Rooney|14,103|40.82|-11.26}}\n{{CANelec|CA|NDP|Susan Maher|1,432|4.15|-12.48}}\n{{CANelec/total|Total valid votes|34,550|100.0}}\n{{end}}\n\n{{Canadian election result/top|CA|1988|percent=yes|change=yes}}}\n{{CANelec|CA|Liberal|[[Fred Mifflin]]|21,290|51.34|+10.52}}\n{{CANelec|CA|PC|Morrissey Johnson|17,809|42.94|-12.10}}\n{{CANelec|CA|NDP|Larry Welsh|2,372|5.72|+1.57}}\n{{CANelec/total|Total valid votes|41,471|100.0}}\n{{end}}\n\n{{Canadian election result/top|CA|1993|percent=yes|change=yes}}\n{{CANelec|CA|Liberal|[[Fred Mifflin]]|26,435|74.83|23.49}}\n{{CANelec|CA|PC|Charlie Brett|7,479|21.17|-21.77}}\n{{CANelec|CA|NDP|Clem George|1,043|2.95|-2.77}}\n{{CANelec|CA|Natural Law|Lynn Tobin|370|1.05|–}}\n{{CANelec/total|Total valid votes|35,327|100.0}}\n{{end}}\n\n{{Canadian election result/top|CA|1997|percent=yes|change=yes}}\n{{CANelec|CA|Liberal|[[Fred Mifflin]]|12,929|35.25|-39.58}}\n{{CANelec|CA|NDP|Fraser March|12,359|33.70|+30.75}}\n{{CANelec|CA|PC|Randy Dawe|10,332|28.17|+7.00}}\n{{CANelec|XX|Independent|L. Christopher Randell|1,054|2.87|–}}\n{{CANelec/total|Total valid votes|36,674|100.0}}\n{{end}}\n\n{{Canadian election result/top|CA|2000|percent=yes|change=yes}}\n{{CANelec|CA|Liberal|[[Brian Tobin]]|22,096|54.38|+19.13}}\n{{CANelec|CA|PC|Jim Morgan|11,009|27.10|-1.07}}\n{{CANelec|CA|NDP|Fraser March|6,473|15.93|-17.77}}\n{{CANelec|CA|Canadian Alliance|Randy Wayne Dawe|1,051|2.59|–}}\n{{CANelec/total|Total valid votes|40,629|100.0}}\n{{end}}\n\n{{CANelec/top|CA|May 13, 2002|Bonavista-Trinity-Conception|by=yes|percent=yes|change=yes|reason=Resignation of [[Brian Tobin]]}}\n{{CANelec|CA|Liberal|[[John Efford]]|18,665|74.82|20.44}}\n{{CANelec|CA|PC|Michelle Brazil|5,281|21.17|-5.93}}\n{{CANelec|CA|NDP|Jim Gill|588|2.36|-13.57}}\n{{CANelec|CA|Canadian Alliance|David Tulett|166|0.67|-1.92}}\n{{CANelec|CA|Green|[[Chris Bradshaw]]|139|0.56|–}}\n{{CANelec|XX|Independent|Brent Rockwood|106|0.42|–}}\n{{CANelec/total|Total valid votes|24,945|100.0}}\n{{end}}\n\n== See also ==\n\n* [[List of Canadian federal electoral districts]]\n* [[Historical federal electoral districts of Canada]]\n\n== External links ==\n* [http://www2.parl.gc.ca/Sites/LOP/HFER/hfer.asp?Language=E&Search=Det&Include=Y&rid=53 Riding history for Bonavista—Trinity—Conception (1966–2003) from the] [[Library of Parliament]]\n\n{{Ridings in Newfoundland}}\n\n{{DEFAULTSORT:Bonavista-Trinity-Conception}}\n[[Category:Former federal electoral districts of Newfoundland and Labrador]]"} +{"title":"Boston & Maine","redirect":"Boston and Maine Railroad"} +{"title":"Boston-area streetcar lines/old","redirect":"Boston-area streetcar lines"} +{"title":"Brampton (federal electoral district)","content":"''For the defunct provincial electoral district, see [[Brampton (provincial electoral district)]].''\n{{Infobox Canada electoral district\n| name = Brampton\n| province = Ontario\n| image = \n| caption = \n| fed-status = defunct\n| fed-district-number = \n| fed-created = 1987\n| fed-abolished = 1996\n| fed-election-first = 1988\n| fed-election-last = 1993\n| fed-rep = \n| fed-rep-party = \n| fed-rep-color = \n| demo-pop-ref = {{cite web |title=1991 Census Area Profiles |url=https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/English/census91/data/profiles/Rp-eng.cfm?TABID=2&LANG=E&APATH=1&DETAIL=0&DIM=0&FL=A&FREE=0&GC=0&GK=0&GRP=1&PID=221&PRID=0&PTYPE=56079&S=0&SHOWALL=0&SUB=0&Temporal=1991&THEME=113&VID=0&VNAMEE=&VNAMEF= |publisher=Statistics Canada |access-date=July 26, 2020 |date=1991}}\n| demo-area-ref = \n| demo-electors-ref = \n| demo-census-date = 1991\n| demo-pop = 166746\n| demo-electors = \n| demo-electors-date = \n| demo-area = \n| demo-cd = \n| demo-csd = \n}}\n\n'''Brampton''' was a federal [[electoral district (Canada)|electoral district]] in [[Ontario]], Canada, that was represented in the [[House of Commons of Canada]] from 1988 to 1997. This riding was created in 1987, from [[Brampton—Georgetown]] riding, and was abolished in 1996, when it was redistributed between [[Brampton Centre (federal electoral district)|Brampton Centre]] and [[Brampton West—Mississauga (federal electoral district)|Brampton West—Mississauga]] ridings.\n\nIt consisted of that part of the City of Brampton lying west of Dixie Road.\n\n==History==\n\nIncumbent [[John McDermid]] was made the Minister of Housing two weeks before the 1988 federal election was called, shortly after negotiating the [[Canada–United States Free Trade Agreement]].Stevie Cameron, \"Brampton's new housing minister running hard to stay in the House\", ''The Globe and Mail'', 14 November 1988, A10.\n\nThree weeks after the election was called, Liberals nominated Harbhajan Pandori, a 41-year-old computer analyst for Canadian Tire. He was a resident of Mississauga, and \"president of the large Sikh temple.\" He campaigned against the proposed federal sales tax (the [[Goods and services tax (Canada)|GST]]) and \"[[supermailboxes]]\" in new subdivisions. NDP candidate John Morris focused on campaigning against free trade.\n\n==Members of Parliament==\n\nThis riding has elected the following [[Member of Parliament|members of Parliament]]:\n\n{{CanMP}}\n{{CanMP nodata|''Riding created from'' [[Brampton—Georgetown]]}}\n{{CanMP row\n| FromYr = 1988\n| ToYr = 1993\n| Assembly# = 34\n| CanParty = PC\n| RepName = John McDermid\n}}\n{{CanMP row\n| FromYr = 1993\n| ToYr = 1997\n| Assembly# = 35\n| CanParty = Liberal\n| RepName = Colleen Beaumier\n}}\n{{CanMP nodata|''Riding dissolved into'' [[Brampton Centre (federal electoral district)|Brampton Centre]] ''and'' [[Brampton West—Mississauga (federal electoral district)|Brampton West—Mississauga]]}}\n{{CanMP end}}\n\n==Election results==\n{{1988 Canadian federal election/Brampton}}\n{{Canadian election result/top|CA|1993}}\n|-\n{{Canadian party colour|CA|Liberal|row}}\n|[[Liberal Party of Canada|Liberal]]\n|[[Colleen Beaumier]]\n|align=\"right\"|35,203\n{{CANelec|CA|Reform|Ernie McDonald|18,196 }}\n{{Canadian party colour|CA|PC|row}}\n|[[Progressive Conservative Party of Canada|Progressive Conservative]]\n|[[Susan Fennell]]\n|align=\"right\"|12,134\n{{Canadian party colour|CA|NDP|row}}\n|[[New Democratic Party (Canada)|New Democratic Party]]\n|John Morris\n|align=\"right\"|1,925\n{{Canadian party colour|CA|Natural Law|row}}\n|[[Natural Law Party of Canada|Natural Law]]\n|Maxim Newby\n|align=\"right\"|455\n{{CANelec|CA|Marxist-Leninist|Amarjit Dhillon|245 }}\n{{end}}\n\n== See also ==\n\n* [[List of Canadian federal electoral districts]]\n* [[Historical federal electoral districts of Canada]]\n\n==References==\n\n\n== External links ==\n\n* Website of the [https://www.parl.ca/ Parliament of Canada]\n\n{{Ridings in Ontario}}\n\n{{coord missing|Ontario}}\n\n[[Category:Former federal electoral districts of Ontario]]\n[[Category:Politics of Brampton]]\n\n\n{{ontario-stub}}"} +{"title":"Brampton Centre (federal electoral district)","content":"{{short description|Federal electoral district in Ontario, Canada}}\n{{use mdy dates|date=October 2021}}\n{{for|the future provincial electoral district|Brampton Centre (provincial electoral district)}}\n{{Infobox Canada electoral district\n| province = Ontario\n| image = Brampton Centre 2015.svg\n| caption = Brampton Centre in relation to other [[Greater Toronto Area]] districts\n| fed-status = active\n| fed-district-number = 35008\n| fed-created = 1996\n| fed-abolished =\n| fed-election-first = 1997\n| fed-election-last = 2021\n| fed-rep = [[Shafqat Ali]]\n| fed-rep-party = Liberal\n| demo-pop-ref = [[#2016fed|Statistics Canada]]: 2017\n| demo-area-ref = [[#2016fed|Statistics Canada]]: 2017\n| demo-electors-ref = \n| demo-census-date = [[Canada 2016 Census|2016]]\n| demo-pop = 102270\n| demo-electors = 64148\n| demo-electors-date = 2015\n| demo-area = 43.70\n| demo-cd = [[Peel Regional Municipality|Peel]]\n| demo-csd = [[Brampton]]\n}}\n\n'''Brampton Centre''' ({{lang-fr|'''Brampton-Centre'''}}) is a federal [[electoral district (Canada)|electoral district]] in [[Ontario]], Canada, that is represented in the [[House of Commons of Canada]]. This riding was created in 1996 from parts of [[Brampton (federal electoral district)|Brampton]] [[Riding (division)|riding]] and in 2013, [[Elections Canada]] redistributed 3 ridings in the city of Brampton to bring back Brampton Centre. This was primarily due to large population increases in the Greater Toronto Area, and Peel Region in particular.{{Cite web|url=http://www.redecoupage-federal-redistribution.ca/content.asp?section=on&dir=now/reports/35008&document=index&lang=e|title = Brampton Centre – Commission's Report - Redistribution Federal Electoral Districts}}\n\n==Geography==\n\nThe riding was recreated for the federal election held 19 October 2015. The newly carved out Brampton Centre riding was reconstituted by taking portions of [[Brampton—Springdale (federal electoral district)|Brampton—Springdale]], [[Bramalea—Gore—Malton (federal electoral district)|Bramalea—Gore—Malton]] and a small portion of [[Mississauga—Brampton South]].\n\nThe new boundaries start from Hurontario Street and Bovaird Drive West; South on Main Street to the intersection of Vodden Street; East on Vodden Street East to Kennedy Road; Kennedy Road south to Steeles Avenue East; West on Steeles Avenue to Hurontario Street; South on Hurontario Street to [[Highway 407]]; East on Highway 407 to Torbram Road; North on Torbram Road to Williams Parkway; West on Williams Parkway to [[Highway 410]]; North on Highway 410 to Bovaird Drive East; West on Bovaird Drive East to Main Street.{{Cite web|url=http://www.elections.ca/res/cir/maps2/mapprov.asp?map=35008&lang=e|title=Brampton Centre}}\n\n==Members of Parliament==\nThe riding has elected the following [[members of Parliament]]:\n\n{{CanMP}}\n{{CanMP nodata|Brampton Centre
''Riding created from'' [[Brampton (federal electoral district)|Brampton]]}}\n{{CanMP row\n| FromYr = 1997\n| ToYr = 2000\n| Assembly# = 36\n| RepName = Sarkis Assadourian\n| CanParty = Liberal\n| RepTerms# = 2\n| PartyTerms# = 2\n}}\n{{CanMP row\n| FromYr = 2000\n| ToYr = 2004\n| Assembly# = 37\n}}\n{{CanMP nodata|''Riding dissolved into'' [[Brampton—Springdale (federal electoral district)|Brampton—Springdale]]
''and'' [[Brampton West (federal electoral district)|Brampton West]]}}\n{{CanMP nodata|''Riding re-created from'' [[Bramalea—Gore—Malton (federal electoral district)|Bramalea—Gore—Malton]],
[[Brampton—Springdale (federal electoral district)|Brampton—Springdale]] ''and'' [[Mississauga—Brampton South]]}}\n{{CanMP row\n| FromYr = 2015\n| ToYr = 2019\n| Assembly# = 42\n| RepName = Ramesh Sangha\n| CanParty = Liberal\n| RepTerms# = 3\n| PartyTerms# = 2\n}}\n{{CanMP row\n| FromYr = 2019\n| ToYr = 2021\n| Assembly# = 43\n| #ByElections = 1\n}}\n{{CanMP row\n| FromYr = 2021\n| ToYr = 2021\n| CanParty = Independent\n| PartyTerms# = 1\n}}\n{{CanMP row\n| FromYr = 2021\n| ToYr = \n| Assembly# = 44\n| RepName = Shafqat Ali\n| CanParty = Liberal\n| RepTerms# = 1\n| PartyTerms# = 1\n}}\n{{CanMP end}}\n\n==Election results==\n===2015–present===\n{{Image frame\n| content = {{Graph:Chart\n | width=300\n | height=300\n | type=line\n | xAxisTitle=Year\n | yAxisTitle=Vote share\n | xAxisMin=2011\n | xAxisMax=2021\n | yAxisMin=0\n | yAxisMax=0.5\n | yAxisFormat=%\n | legend=Legend\n | y1Title=Liberal\n | y2Title=Conservative\n | y3Title=NDP\n | y4Title=Green\n | linewidth=2\n | x=2011,2015,2019,2021\n | y1=0.2535,0.4864,0.472, 0.477\n | y2=0.4641,0.3367,0.269, 0.325\n | y3=0.232,0.1512,0.197, 0.175\n | y4=0.0445,0.0213,0.042,\n | colors=#DC241f,#1c1cff,#FAA61A,#6AB023\n | showSymbols=true }}\n| caption=Graph of election results in Brampton Centre (since 2011 (redistributed), minor parties that never got 2% of the vote or didn't run consistently are omitted)\n| align=center\n}}\n\n{{2021 Canadian federal election/Brampton Centre}}\n{{2019 Canadian federal election/Brampton Centre}}\n{{2015 Canadian federal election/Brampton Centre}}\n\n{| class=\"wikitable\"\n|-\n! colspan=\"4\" | [[2011 Canadian federal election|2011 federal election]] redistributed results[http://www.punditsguide.ca/riding.php?riding=1954 Pundits' Guide to Canadian Elections]\n|-\n! bgcolor=\"#DDDDFF\" width=\"130px\" colspan=\"2\" | Party\n! bgcolor=\"#DDDDFF\" width=\"50px\" | Vote\n! bgcolor=\"#DDDDFF\" width=\"30px\" | %\n|-\n| {{Canadian party colour|CA|Conservative|background}} |  \n| [[Conservative Party of Canada|Conservative]] ||align=right| 16,148 ||align=right| 46.41\n|-\n| {{Canadian party colour|CA|Liberal|background}} |  \n| [[Liberal Party of Canada|Liberal]] ||align=right| 8,822 ||align=right| 25.35\n|-\n| {{Canadian party colour|CA|NDP|background}} |  \n| [[New Democratic Party (Canada)|New Democratic]] ||align=right| 8,074 ||align=right| 23.20\n|-\n| {{Canadian party colour|CA|Green|background}} |  \n| [[Green Party of Canada|Green]] ||align=right| 1,548 ||align=right| 4.45\n|-\n| {{Canadian party colour|CA|Independents|background}} |  \n| Others ||align=right| 205 ||align=right| 0.59\n|}\n\n===1997–2000===\n{{Image frame\n| content = {{Graph:Chart\n | width=300\n | height=300\n | type=line\n | xAxisTitle=Year\n | yAxisTitle=Vote share\n | xAxisMin=1996\n | xAxisMax=2003\n | yAxisMin=0\n | yAxisMax=0.6\n | yAxisFormat=%\n | legend=Legend\n | y1Title=Liberal\n | y2Title=PC\n | y3Title=NDP\n | y4Title=Reform/Alliance\n | linewidth=2\n | x=1997,2000\n | y1=0.4885,0.5064\n | y2=0.1475,0.2545\n | y3=0.0767,0.0495\n | y4=0.2839,0.1723\n | colors=#DC241f,#3686ff,#FAA61A,#018a63\n | showSymbols=true }}\n| caption=Graph of election results in Brampton Centre (1996-2003, minor parties that never got 2% of the vote or didn't run consistently are omitted)\n| align=center\n}}\n{{2000 Canadian federal election/Brampton Centre}}\n{{1997 Canadian federal election/Brampton Centre}}\n\n==Demographics==\n\n:''According to the [[2021 Canadian census]]''{{Cite web |last=Government of Canada |first=Statistics Canada |date=2022-02-09 |title=Profile table, Census Profile, 2021 Census of Population - Brampton Centre [Federal electoral district (2013 Representation Order)], Ontario |url=https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2021/dp-pd/prof/index.cfm?Lang=E |access-date=2023-03-07 |website=www12.statcan.gc.ca}}\n\n* '''Languages :''' 54.0% English, 9.6% Punjabi, 3.4% Urdu, 3.2% Spanish, 2.6% Tagalog, 2.5% Hindi, 1.6% Portuguese, 1.9% Gujarati, 1.0% Italian, 1.2% Tamil\n* '''Religions:''' 49.7% Christian (24.3% Catholic, 2.7% Pentecostal, 2.5% Anglican, 2.0% United Church, 1.2% Christian Orthodox, 1.0% Baptist, 16.0% Other), 12.5% Hindu, 10.3% Sikh, 9.5% Muslim, 1.3% Buddhist, 16.1% None\n* '''Median income:''' $37,200 (2020)\n* '''Average income:''' $43,680 (2020)\n\n{| class=\"wikitable collapsible sortable\"\n|+ [[Panethnicity|Panethnic]] groups in Brampton Centre (2011−2021)\n! rowspan=\"2\" |[[Panethnicity|Panethnic]] group\n! colspan=\"2\" |2021{{Cite web |last=Government of Canada |first=Statistics Canada |date=2022-10-26 |title= Census Profile, 2021 Census of Population |url=https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2021/dp-pd/prof/details/page.cfm?Lang=E&SearchText=Brampton%20Centre&DGUIDlist=2013A000435008&GENDERlist=1,2,3&STATISTIClist=1,4&HEADERlist=0 |access-date=2023-12-25 |website=www12.statcan.gc.ca}}\n! colspan=\"2\" |2016{{Cite web |last=Government of Canada |first=Statistics Canada |date=2021-10-27 |title= Census Profile, 2016 Census |url=https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2016/dp-pd/prof/details/page.cfm?Lang=E&Geo1=FED&Code1=35008&Geo2=PR&Code2=35&SearchText=Brampton%20Centre&SearchType=Begins&SearchPR=01&B1=All&TABID=1&type=0 |access-date=2023-12-25 |website=www12.statcan.gc.ca}}\n! colspan=\"2\" |2011{{Cite web |last=Government of Canada |first=Statistics Canada |date=2015-11-27 |title= NHS Profile |url=https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/nhs-enm/2011/dp-pd/prof/details/page.cfm?Lang=E&Geo1=FED2013&Code1=35008&Data=Count&SearchText=Brampton%20Centre&SearchType=Begins&SearchPR=01&A1=All&B1=All&Custom=&TABID=1 |access-date=2023-12-25 |website=www12.statcan.gc.ca}}\n|-\n![[Population|{{abbr|Pop.|Population}}]]\n!{{Abbr|%|percentage}}\n!{{abbr|Pop.|Population}}\n!{{Abbr|%|percentage}}\n!{{abbr|Pop.|Population}}\n!{{Abbr|%|percentage}}\n|-\n| [[South Asian Canadians|South Asian]]\n| 33,555\n| {{Percentage | 33555 | 103835 | 2 }}\n| 26,630\n| {{Percentage | 26630 | 101755 | 2 }}\n| 26,905\n| {{Percentage | 26905 | 102980 | 2 }}\n|-\n| [[European Canadians|European]]{{efn|Statistic includes all persons that did not make up part of a visible minority or an indigenous identity.|name=euro}}\n| 32,475\n| {{Percentage | 32475 | 103835 | 2 }}\n| 39,705\n| {{Percentage | 39705 | 101755 | 2 }}\n| 46,510\n| {{Percentage | 46510 | 102980 | 2 }}\n|-\n| [[African-Canadian|African]]\n| 15,845\n| {{Percentage | 15845 | 103835 | 2 }}\n| 15,570\n| {{Percentage | 15570 | 101755 | 2 }}\n| 12,450\n| {{Percentage | 12450 | 102980 | 2 }}\n|-\n| [[Southeast Asia|Southeast Asian]]{{efn|Statistic includes total responses of \"Filipino\" and \"Southeast Asian\" under visible minority section on census.|name=SoutheastAsian}}\n| 7,120\n| {{Percentage | 7120 | 103835 | 2 }}\n| 6,575\n| {{Percentage | 6575 | 101755 | 2 }}\n| 5,535\n| {{Percentage | 5535 | 102980 | 2 }}\n|-\n| [[Latin American Canadians|Latin American]]\n| 4,675\n| {{Percentage | 4675 | 103835 | 2 }}\n| 3,925\n| {{Percentage | 3925 | 101755 | 2 }}\n| 3,395\n| {{Percentage | 3395 | 102980 | 2 }}\n|-\n| [[Middle Eastern Canadians|Middle Eastern]]{{efn|Statistic includes total responses of \"West Asian\" and \"Arab\" under visible minority section on census.|name=MiddleEastern}}\n| 2,455\n| {{Percentage | 2455 | 103835 | 2 }}\n| 1,985\n| {{Percentage | 1985 | 101755 | 2 }}\n| 1,370\n| {{Percentage | 1370 | 102980 | 2 }}\n|-\n| [[East Asian Canadians|East Asian]]{{efn|Statistic includes total responses of \"Chinese\", \"Korean\", and \"Japanese\" under visible minority section on census.|name=EastAsian}}\n| 1,315\n| {{Percentage | 1315 | 103835 | 2 }}\n| 1,890\n| {{Percentage | 1890 | 101755 | 2 }}\n| 2,145\n| {{Percentage | 2145 | 102980 | 2 }}\n|-\n| [[Indigenous peoples in Canada|Indigenous]]\n| 1,075\n| {{Percentage | 1075 | 103835 | 2 }}\n| 1,165\n| {{Percentage | 1165 | 101755 | 2 }}\n| 1,130\n| {{Percentage | 1130 | 102980 | 2 }}\n|-\n| Other/[[Multiracial people|multiracial]]{{efn|Statistic includes total responses of \"Visible minority, {{abbr|n.i.e.|not included elsewhere}}\" and \"Multiple visible minorities\" under visible minority section on census.|name=Other}}\n| 5,325\n| {{Percentage | 5325 | 103835 | 2 }}\n| 4,305\n| {{Percentage | 4305 | 101755 | 2 }}\n| 3,545\n| {{Percentage | 3545 | 102980 | 2 }}\n|-\n! Total responses\n! 103,835\n! {{Percentage | 103835 | 104557 | 2 }}\n! 101,755\n! {{Percentage | 101755 | 102270 | 2 }}\n! 102,980\n! {{Percentage | 102980 | 103122 | 2 }}\n|- class=\"sortbottom\"\n! Total population\n! 104,557\n! {{Percentage | 104557 | 104557 | 2 }}\n! 102,270\n! {{Percentage | 102270 | 102270 | 2 }}\n! 103,122\n! {{Percentage | 103122 | 103122 | 2 }}\n|- class=\"sortbottom\"\n| colspan=\"15\" |{{small|Notes: Totals greater than 100% due to multiple origin responses.
Demographics based on [[2012 Canadian federal electoral redistribution]] riding boundaries.}}\n|}\n\n== See also ==\n* [[List of Canadian federal electoral districts]]\n* http://www.redecoupage-federal-redistribution.ca/content.asp?section=on&dir=now/reports/35008&document=index&lang=e\n* [[Historical federal electoral districts of Canada]]\n\n== Notes ==\n{{notelist}}\n\n==References==\n{{Reflist}}\n\n== External links ==\n* [http://www2.parl.gc.ca/Sites/LOP/HFER/hfer.asp?Language=E&Search=Det&Include=Y&rid=990 Federal riding history from the] [[Library of Parliament]]\n* http://www.elections.ca/res/cir/maps2/mapprov.asp?map=35008&lang=e\n\n{{Brampton}}\n{{Ridings in Brampton Mississauga Oakville}}\n{{Ridings in Ontario}}\n\n{{coord|43.705|N|79.730|W|display=title}}\n\n[[Category:Former federal electoral districts of Ontario]]\n[[Category:Ontario federal electoral districts]]\n[[Category:Politics of Brampton]]\n[[Category:1997 establishments in Ontario]]\n[[Category:2004 disestablishments in Ontario]]\n[[Category:2015 establishments in Ontario]]"} +{"title":"Brampton West—Mississauga (federal electoral district)","content":"{{for|the defunct provincial electoral district|Brampton West—Mississauga (provincial electoral district)}}\n{{Infobox Canada electoral district\n| province = Ontario\n| image = [[File:Brampton West-Mississauga (riding map).png|250px]]\n| caption = Map of the riding\n| fed-status = defunct\n| fed-district-number = \n| fed-created = 1996\n| fed-abolished = 2003\n| fed-election-first = 1997\n| fed-election-last = 2000\n| fed-rep = \n| fed-rep-party = \n| demo-pop-ref = \n| demo-area-ref = \n| demo-electors-ref =\n| demo-census-date = \n| demo-pop = \n| demo-electors = \n| demo-electors-date = \n| demo-area = \n| demo-cd = [[Peel Regional Municipality|Peel]]\n| demo-csd = [[Brampton]], [[Mississauga]]\n}}\n\n'''Brampton West—Mississauga''' was a federal [[electoral district (Canada)|electoral district]] in [[Ontario]], Canada, that was represented in the [[House of Commons of Canada]] from 1997 to 2004. This riding was created in 1996, from parts of [[Brampton (federal electoral district)|Brampton]] [[Riding (division)|riding]].\n\nIt consisted of the parts of the cities of Brampton and Mississauga bounded by a line drawn from the northwest corner of the City of Brampton northeast along that limit, southeast along McLaughlin Road, northeast along Highway No. 7, southeast along Main Street, northeast along Steeles Avenue, southeast along Kennedy Road, southwest along the limit between the cities of Brampton and Mississauga, southeast along Hurontario Street, east along the Macdonald-Cartier Freeway, southeast along Highway No. 403, southwest along Eglinton Avenue, northwest along the Credit River, west along the Macdonald-Cartier Freeway to the eastern corner of the Town of Halton Hills on the limit of the City of Mississauga, northwest along the limits of the cities of Mississauga and Brampton to the point of commencement.\n\nThe electoral district was abolished in 2003 when it was redistributed between [[Brampton West (federal electoral district)|Brampton West]], [[Mississauga—Brampton South]] and [[Mississauga—Streetsville (federal electoral district)|Mississauga—Streetsville]] ridings.\n\n==Members of Parliament==\nThe riding has elected the following [[members of Parliament]]:\n\n{{CanMP}}\n{{CanMP nodata|Brampton West—Mississauga
''Riding created from'' [[Brampton (federal electoral district)|Brampton]]}}\n{{CanMP row\n| FromYr = 1997\n| ToYr = 2000\n| Assembly# = 36\n| RepName = Colleen Beaumier\n| CanParty = Liberal\n| RepTerms# = 2\n| PartyTerms# = 2\n}}\n{{CanMP row\n| FromYr = 2000\n| ToYr = 2004\n| Assembly# = 37\n}}\n{{CanMP nodata|''Riding dissolved into'' [[Brampton West (federal electoral district)|Brampton West]],
[[Mississauga—Brampton South]]
''and'' [[Mississauga—Streetsville (federal electoral district)|Mississauga—Streetsville]]}}\n{{CanMP end}}\n\n==Election results==\n\n{{Canadian election result/top|CA|1993}}\n|-\n{{CANelec|CA|Liberal|[[Colleen Beaumier]]|35,203}}\n{{CANelec|CA|Reform|Ernie Mcdonald|18,196}}\n{{CANelec|CA|PC|[[Susan Fennell]]|12,134}}\n{{CANelec|CA|NDP|John Morris|1,925}}\n{{CANelec|CA|Natural Law|Maxim Newby|455}}\n{{CANelec|CA|Marxist-Leninist|Amarjit Dhillon|245 }}\n{{end}}\n\n{{Canadian election result/top|CA|1997}}\n{{CANelec|CA|Liberal|[[Colleen Beaumier]]| 27,297 }}\n{{CANelec|CA|PC|Kirk Robertson| 8,447 }}\n{{CANelec|CA|Reform|Ernie McDonald| 7,569 }}\n{{CANelec|CA|NDP|Nirmal Dhinsa| 2,192 }}\n|}\n\n{{Canadian election result/top|CA|2000}}\n{{CANelec|CA|Liberal|[[Colleen Beaumier]] | 31,041 }}\n{{CANelec|CA|Canadian Alliance|Hardial Sangha| 7,666 }}\n{{CANelec|CA|PC|W. Glenn Harewood| 5,957 }}\n{{CANelec|CA|NDP|Matt Harsant| 1,567 }}\n{{CANelec|CA|Green|Mike Hofer|529 }}\n|}\n\n== See also ==\n* [[List of Canadian federal electoral districts]]\n* [[Historical federal electoral districts of Canada]]\n\n== External links ==\n* [http://www2.parl.gc.ca/Sites/LOP/HFER/hfer.asp?Language=E&Search=Det&Include=Y&rid=991 Federal riding history from the] [[Library of Parliament]]\n\n{{Ridings in Ontario}}\n\n{{coord missing|Ontario}}\n\n{{DEFAULTSORT:Brampton West-Mississauga}}\n[[Category:Former federal electoral districts of Ontario]]\n[[Category:Politics of Brampton]]\n[[Category:Politics of Mississauga]]"} +{"title":"Brampton—Georgetown","content":"\n{{Infobox Canada electoral district\n| name = Brampton—Georgetown\n| province = Ontario\n| image = \n| caption = \n| fed-status = defunct\n| fed-district-number = \n| fed-created = 1976\n| fed-abolished = 1987\n| fed-election-first = 1979\n| fed-election-last = 1984\n| fed-rep = \n| fed-rep-party = \n| fed-rep-color = \n| demo-pop-ref = \n| demo-area-ref = \n| demo-electors-ref = \n| demo-census-date = \n| demo-pop = \t\n| demo-electors = \n| demo-electors-date = \n| demo-area = \n| demo-cd = \n| demo-csd = \n}}\n\n'''Brampton–Georgetown''' (also known as '''Brampton–Halton Hills''') was a federal [[electoral district (Canada)|electoral district]] in [[Ontario]], Canada, that was represented in the [[House of Commons of Canada]] from 1979 to 1988.\n\nThe riding was represented from 1979 to 1988 by the Honourable [[John McDermid]] of the [[Progressive Conservative Party of Canada]].\n\nIt was created as \"Brampton–Halton Hills\" [[Riding (division)|riding]] in 1976 from parts of [[Halton (federal electoral district)|Halton]], [[Peel South|Mississauga]] and [[Peel—Dufferin—Simcoe]] ridings. It was renamed \"Brampton–Georgetown\" in 1977. It consisted of city of [[Brampton, Ontario|Brampton]], and the northern part of the Town of Halton Hills.\n\nThe electoral district was abolished in 1987 when it was redistributed between [[Brampton (federal electoral district)|Brampton]] and [[Halton—Peel]] ridings.\n\n==Members of Parliament==\n{{CanMP}}\n{{CanMP nodata|''Riding created from'' [[Halton (federal electoral district)|Halton]], [[Peel South|Mississauga]] ''and'' [[Peel—Dufferin—Simcoe]]}}\n{{CanMP row\n| FromYr = 1979\n| ToYr = 1980\n| Assembly# = 31\n| CanParty = PC\n| RepName = John McDermid\n| RepTerms# = 3\n| PartyTerms# = 3\n}}\n{{CanMP row\n| FromYr = 1980\n| ToYr = 1984\n| Assembly# = 32\n}}\n{{CanMP row\n| FromYr = 1984\n| ToYr = 1988\n| Assembly# = 33\n}}\n{{CanMP nodata|''Riding dissolved into'' [[Brampton (federal electoral district)|Brampton]] ''and'' [[Halton—Peel]]}}\n{{CanMP end}}\n\n==Election results==\n\n{{Canadian election result/top|CA|1979}}\n{{CANelec|CA|PC|[[John McDermid]]| 31,042 }}\n{{CANelec|CA|Liberal|[[Ross Milne (Canadian politician)|Ross Milne]]| 22,270 }}\n{{CANelec|CA|NDP|David Moulton| 11,584 }}\n{{CANelec|CA|Libertarian|Joe Yundt| 243 }}\n{{CANelec|CA|Communist|James Bridgewood|77}}\n{{CANelec|CA|Marxist-Leninist|Marsha Fine| 45 }}\n|}\n\n{{Canadian election result/top|CA|1980}}\n{{CANelec|CA|PC|[[John McDermid]]| 25,243 }}\n{{CANelec|CA|Liberal|[[Ross Milne (Canadian politician)|Ross Milne]]| 24,876 }}\n{{CANelec|CA|NDP|David Moulton| 11,978 }}\n{{CANelec|CA|Libertarian|Joe Yundt| 201 }}\n{{CANelec|CA|Communist|Jim Bridgewood|64}}\n{{CANelec|CA|Marxist-Leninist|Marsha Fine| 40 }}\n|}\n\n{{Canadian election result/top|CA|1984}}\n{{CANelec|CA|PC|[[John McDermid]]| 47,743 }}\n{{CANelec|CA|Liberal|[[Ross Milne (Canadian politician)|Ross Milne]]| 23,325 }}\n{{CANelec|CA|NDP|John Deamer| 13,356 }}\n{{CANelec|CA|Green|Steven Kaasgaard| 458 }}\n{{CANelec|CA|Communist|Jim Bridgewood|153}}\n|}\n\n== See also ==\n* [[List of Canadian federal electoral districts]]\n* [[Historical federal electoral districts of Canada]]\n\n== External links ==\n* [http://www2.parl.gc.ca/Sites/LOP/HFER/hfer.asp?Language=E&Search=Det&Include=Y&rid=60 Riding history from the] [[Library of Parliament]]\n\n{{Ridings in Ontario}}\n\n{{DEFAULTSORT:Brampton-Georgetown}}\n[[Category:Former federal electoral districts of Ontario]]\n[[Category:Politics of Brampton]]"} +{"title":"Bras d'Or (electoral district)","redirect":"Cape Breton—Canso"} +{"title":"Brossard—La-Prairie","redirect":"Brossard—La Prairie"} +{"title":"Bruce—Grey","redirect":"Bruce—Grey—Owen Sound (federal electoral district)"} +{"title":"Burin—St. George's","content":"{{Infobox Canada electoral district\n| province = Newfoundland and Labrador\n| image = \n| caption = \n| fed-status = defunct\n| fed-created = 1976\n| fed-abolished = 2003\n| fed-election-first = 1979\n| fed-election-last = 2004\n}}\n\n'''Burin—St. George's''' was a federal [[electoral district (Canada)|electoral district]] in [[Newfoundland and Labrador]], Canada, that was represented in the [[House of Commons of Canada]] from 1979 to 2004.\n\nThis [[Riding (division)|riding]] was created in 1976 from parts of [[Burin—Burgeo]], [[Humber—St. George's—St. Barbe]] ridings.\n\nIt was abolished in 2003 when it was merged into [[Random—Burin—St. George's]].\n\n==Members of Parliament==\n{{CanMP}}\n{{CanMP NoData|''Riding created from'' [[Burin—Burgeo]] ''and'' [[Humber—St. George's—St. Barbe]]}}\n{{CanMP row\n | FromYr = 1979\n | ToYr = 1979\n | Assembly# = 31\n | CanParty = Liberal\n | RepName = Don Jamieson\n | RepLink = Don Jamieson (politician)\n | #ByElections = 1\n | PartyTerms# = 3\n | RepTerms# = 1\n }}\n{{CanMP row\n | FromYr = 1979\n | ToYr = 1980\n | RepName = Roger Simmons\n | RepTerms# = 2\n }}\n{{CanMP row\n | FromYr = 1980\n | ToYr = 1984\n | Assembly# = 32\n }}\n{{CanMP row\n | FromYr = 1984\n | ToYr = 1988\n | Assembly# = 33\n | CanParty = PC\n | RepName = Joseph Price\n | RepLink = Joseph Price (politician)\n }}\n{{CanMP row\n | FromYr = 1988\n | ToYr = 1993\n | Assembly# = 34\n | CanParty = Liberal\n | RepName = Roger Simmons\n | PartyTerms# = 2\n | RepTerms# = 2\n }}\n{{CanMP row\n | FromYr = 1993\n | ToYr = 1997\n | Assembly# = 35\n }}\n{{CanMP row\n | FromYr = 1997\n | ToYr = 2000\n | Assembly# = 36\n | CanParty = PC\n | RepName = Bill Matthews \n | RepTerms# = 2\n }}\n{{CanMP row\n | FromYr = 2000\n | ToYr = 2004\n | Assembly# = 37\n | CanParty = Liberal \n }}\n{{CanMP NoData|''Riding dissolved into ''[[Random—Burin—St. George's]]}}\n{{CanMP end}}\n\n==Election results==\n\n{{Canadian election result/top|CA|1979}}\n{{CANelec|CA|Liberal|[[Don Jamieson (politician)|Don Jamieson]]|14,960}}\n{{CANelec|CA|NDP|Ross Senior|3,943}}\n{{CANelec|CA|PC|Allen Evans|2,366}}\n{{end}}\n\n{{Canadian election result/top|CA|September 19, 1979|by=yes|reason=Resignation of [[Don Jamieson (politician)|Don Jamieson]]}}\n{{CANelec|CA|Liberal|[[Roger Simmons]]|10,434}}\n{{CANelec|CA|NDP|Dave Mackinnon|4,587}}\n{{CANelec|CA|PC|Walter Carter|4,308}}\n{{end}}\n\n{{Canadian election result/top|CA|1980}}\n{{CANelec|CA|Liberal|[[Roger Simmons]]|14,979}}\n{{CANelec|CA|PC|James Oxford| 3,522}}\n{{CANelec|CA|NDP|Peter Fenwick|2,929}}\n{{end}}\n\n{{Canadian election result/top|CA|1984}}\n{{CANelec|CA|PC|[[Joe Price (politician)|Joe Price]]|13,184}}\n{{CANelec|CA|Liberal|Roger Simmons|12,885}}\n{{CANelec|CA|NDP|L. Joseph Edwards|1,767}}\n{{end}}\n\n{{Canadian election result/top|CA|1988}}\n{{CANelec|CA|Liberal|[[Roger Simmons]]|18,527}}\n{{CANelec|CA|PC|Joe Price|17,488}}\n{{CANelec|CA|NDP|L. Joseph Edwards|2,299}}\n{{end}}\n\n{{Canadian election result/top|CA|1993}}\n{{CANelec|CA|Liberal|[[Roger Simmons]]|24,600}}\n{{CANelec|CA|PC|Paul A. Gallant|4,935}}\n{{CANelec|CA|NDP|Mark Noseworthy|757}}\n{{CANelec|CA|Natural Law|Michael Rendell|418}}\n{{end}}\n\n{{Canadian election result/top|CA|1997}}\n{{CANelec|CA|PC|[[Bill Matthews]]|13,884}}\n{{CANelec|CA|Liberal|Roger Simmons|11,715}}\n{{CANelec|CA|NDP|David A. Sullivan|4,784}}\n{{end}}\n\n{{Canadian election result/top|CA|2000}}\n{{CANelec|CA|Liberal|[[Bill Matthews]]|14,603}}\n{{CANelec|XX|Independent|Sam Synard|7,891}}\n{{CANelec|CA|PC|Fred Pottle|5,799}}\n{{CANelec|CA|Canadian Alliance|[[Peter Fenwick (politician)|Peter Fenwick]]|1,511}}\n{{CANelec|CA|NDP|David Sullivan|924}}\n{{end}}\n\n== See also ==\n\n* [[List of Canadian federal electoral districts]]\n* [[Historical federal electoral districts of Canada]]\n\n== External links ==\n* [http://www2.parl.gc.ca/Sites/LOP/HFER/hfer.asp?Language=E&Search=Det&Include=Y&rid=86 Riding history for Burin—St. George's (1976–1996)] from [[Library of Parliament]]\n* [http://www2.parl.gc.ca/Sites/LOP/HFER/hfer.asp?Language=E&Search=Det&Include=Y&rid=1237 Riding history for Burin—St. George's (1996–2003)] from Library of Parliament\n\n{{Ridings in Newfoundland}}\n\n{{DEFAULTSORT:Burin-St. George's}}\n[[Category:Former federal electoral districts of Newfoundland and Labrador]]"} +{"title":"Burnaby (federal electoral district)","content":"{{for|the historical provincial electoral district of the same name|Burnaby (provincial electoral district)}}\n{{Infobox Canada electoral district\n| name = Burnaby\n| province = British Columbia\n| image = \n| caption = \n| fed-status = defunct\n| fed-district-number = \n| fed-created = 1976\n| fed-abolished = 1987\n| fed-election-first = 1979\n| fed-election-last = 1984\n| fed-rep = \n| fed-rep-link = \n| fed-rep-party = \n| fed-rep-party-link = \n| demo-pop-ref = \n| demo-area-ref = \n| demo-electors-ref = \n| demo-census-date = \n| demo-pop = \n| demo-electors = \n| demo-electors-date = \n| demo-area = \t\n| demo-cd = \n| demo-csd = \n}}\n\n'''Burnaby''' was a federal [[electoral district (Canada)|electoral district]] in [[British Columbia]], Canada, that was represented in the [[House of Commons of Canada]] from 1979 to 1988.\n\nThis [[Riding (division)|riding]] was created in 1976 from parts of [[Burnaby—Richmond—Delta]], [[Burnaby—Seymour]] and [[New Westminster (federal electoral district)|New Westminster]] ridings\n\nIt was abolished in 1987 when it was redistributed into [[Burnaby—Kingsway]] and [[New Westminster—Burnaby]] ridings.\n\n==Members of Parliament==\n\n{{CanMP}}\n{{CanMP nodata|''Riding created from'' [[Burnaby—Richmond—Delta]],
[[Burnaby—Seymour]]''and'' [[New Westminster (federal electoral district)|New Westminster]]}}\n{{CanMP row\n| FromYr = 1979\n| ToYr = 1980\n| Assembly# = 31\n| CanParty = NDP\n| RepName = Svend Robinson\n| RepTerms# = 3\n| PartyTerms# = 3\n}}\n{{CanMP row\n| FromYr = 1980\n| ToYr = 1984\n| Assembly# = 32\n}}\n{{CanMP row\n| FromYr = 1984\n| ToYr = 1988\n| Assembly# = 33\n}}\n{{CanMP nodata|''Riding dissolved into'' [[Burnaby—Kingsway]]
''and'' [[New Westminster—Burnaby]]}}\n{{CanMP end}}\n\n==Election results==\n\n{{CANelec/top|CA|1984|percent=yes|change=yes}}\n{{CANelec|CA|NDP|[[Svend Robinson]]|28,318|48.00|+5.57}}\n{{CANelec|CA|PC|Bill Langas|20,697|35.09|-1.51}}\n{{CANelec|CA|Liberal|Mike Hillman|9,612|16.29|-4.52}}\n{{CANelec|CA|Green|Blair T. Longley|364|0.62|–}}\n{{CANelec/total|Total valid votes|58,991|100.0  }}\n{{CANelec/hold|CA|NDP|+3.54}}\n{{end}}\n\n{{CANelec/top|CA|1980|percent=yes|change=yes}}\n{{CANelec|CA|NDP|[[Svend Robinson]]|21,587|42.43|+2.67}}\n{{CANelec|CA|PC|Hugh Mawby|18,619|36.60|-0.29}}\n{{CANelec|CA|Liberal|Doreen A. Lawson|10,585|20.81|-2.54}}\n{{CANelec|CA|Marxist-Leninist|Brian K. Sproule|81|0.16|–}}\n{{CANelec/total|Total valid votes|50,872|100.0  }}\n{{CANelec/hold|CA|NDP|+1.48}}\n{{end}}\n\n{{CANelec/top|CA|1979|percent=yes}}\n{{CANelec|CA|NDP|[[Svend Robinson]]|20,604|39.76}}\n{{CANelec|CA|PC|Hugh Mawby|19,119|36.89}}\n{{CANelec|CA|Liberal|Doreen A. Lawson|12,099|23.35}}\n{{CANelec/total|Total valid votes|51,822|100.0  }}\n{{CANelec/note|This riding was created from parts of [[Burnaby—Richmond—Delta]], [[Burnaby—Seymour]] and [[New Westminster (federal electoral district)|New Westminster]], which elected a Progressive Conservative, a Liberal and a New Democrat, respectively, in the last election.}}\n{{end}}\n\n== See also ==\n\n* [[List of Canadian federal electoral districts]]\n* [[Historical federal electoral districts of Canada]]\n\n== External links ==\n* [http://www2.parl.gc.ca/Sites/LOP/HFER/hfer.asp?Language=E&Search=Det&Include=Y&rid=88 Riding history from the] [[Library of Parliament]]\n\n{{coord missing|British Columbia}}\n\n[[Category:Former federal electoral districts of British Columbia]]"} +{"title":"Burnaby—Kingsway","content":"{{Infobox Canada electoral district\n| province = British Columbia\n| image = \n| caption = \n| fed-status = defunct\n| fed-district-number = \n| fed-created = 1987\n| fed-abolished = 1996\n| fed-election-first = 1988\n| fed-election-last = 1993\n| fed-rep = \n| fed-rep-link = \n| fed-rep-party = \n| fed-rep-party-link = \n| demo-pop-ref = \n| demo-area-ref = \n| demo-electors-ref = \n| demo-census-date = \n| demo-pop = \n| demo-electors = \n| demo-electors-date = \n| demo-area = \t\n| demo-cd = \n| demo-csd = \n}}\n\n'''Burnaby—Kingsway''' was a federal [[electoral district (Canada)|electoral district]] in [[British Columbia]], Canada, that was represented in the [[House of Commons of Canada]] from 1988 to 1997.\n\nThis [[Riding (division)|riding]] was created in 1987 from parts of [[Burnaby (federal electoral district)|Burnaby]], [[North Vancouver—Burnaby]] and [[Vancouver Kingsway]] ridings.\n\nIt was abolished in 1996 when it was merged into [[Burnaby—Douglas]] riding.\n\nFor its entire history it was represented by [[New Democratic Party of Canada|New Democratic Party]] [[Member of Parliament]] (MP) [[Svend Robinson]].\n\n==Members of Parliament==\n\n{{CanMP}}\n{{CanMP nodata|''Riding created from'' [[Burnaby (federal electoral district)|Burnaby]], [[North Vancouver—Burnaby]]
''and'' [[Vancouver Kingsway]]}}\n{{CanMP row\n| FromYr = 1988\n| ToYr = 1993\n| Assembly# = 34\n| CanParty = NDP\n| RepName = Svend Robinson\n| RepTerms# = 2\n| PartyTerms# = 2\n}}\n{{CanMP row\n| FromYr = 1993\n| ToYr = 1997\n| Assembly# = 35\n}}\n{{CanMP nodata|''Riding dissolved into'' [[Burnaby—Douglas]]}}\n{{CanMP end}}\n\n==Election results==\n\n{{CANelec/top|CA|1993|percent=yes|change=yes}}\n{{CANelec|CA|NDP|[[Svend Robinson]]|18,287|33.94|-9.28}}\n{{CANelec|CA|Liberal|Kwangyul Peck|14,130|26.23|+4.01}}\n{{CANelec|CA|Reform|John Carpay|13,463|24.99|+22.32}}\n{{CANelec|CA|PC|Adele Haines|5,353|9.94|-20.06}}\n{{CANelec|CA|National|Daniel Fontaine|1,562|2.90|–}}\n{{CANelec|CA|Natural Law|Deborah Rubin|375|0.70|–}}\n{{CANelec|CA|Libertarian|Carlo Nigro|373|0.69|-0.30}}\n{{CANelec|CA|Independent|Poldi Meindl|130|0.24|+0.08}}\n{{CANelec|CA|Commonwealth of Canada|Mike Milkovich|117|0.22|–}}\n{{CANelec|CA|Independent|Byrun F. Tylor|50|0.09|–}}\n{{CANelec|CA|Marxist-Leninist|Joseph Theriault|39|0.07|–}}\n{{CANelec/total|Total valid votes|53,879|100.0  }}\n{{CANelec/hold|CA|NDP|-6.64}}\n{{end}}\n\n{{CANelec/top|CA|1988|percent=yes}}\n{{CANelec|CA|NDP|[[Svend Robinson]]|25,150|43.22}}\n{{CANelec|CA|PC|John Bitonti|17,455|30.00}}\n{{CANelec|CA|Liberal|Samuel Stevens|12,933|22.22}}\n{{CANelec|CA|Reform|John L. Soanes|1,552|2.67}}\n{{CANelec|CA|Libertarian|Mark J.T. Lane|575|0.99}}\n{{CANelec|CA|Green|Sunee Yuuho|231|0.40}}\n{{CANelec|CA|Independent|David John Bader|203|0.35}}\n{{CANelec|CA|Independent|Poldi Meindl|93|0.16}}\n{{CANelec/total|Total valid votes|58,192|100.0  }}\n{{CANelec/note|This riding was created from parts of [[Burnaby (federal electoral district)|Burnaby]], [[North Vancouver—Burnaby]] and [[Vancouver Kingsway]], which elected two New Democrats and one Progressive Conservative (North Vancouver—Burnaby) in the previous election. [[Svend Robinson]] was the incumbent from Burnaby.}}\n{{end}}\n\n== See also ==\n\n* [[List of Canadian federal electoral districts]]\n* [[Historical federal electoral districts of Canada]]\n\n== External links ==\n*[http://www2.parl.gc.ca/Sites/LOP/HFER/hfer.asp?Language=E&Search=Det&Include=Y&rid=877 Riding history from the] [[Library of Parliament]]\n\n{{DEFAULTSORT:Burnaby-Kingsway}}\n[[Category:Former federal electoral districts of British Columbia]]"} +{"title":"Bussells","redirect":"Bussell family"} +{"title":"Cape Breton Highlands—Canso","content":"\n{{Infobox Canada electoral district\n| name = Cape Breton Highlands—Canso\n| province = Nova Scotia\n| image = \n| caption = \n| fed-status = defunct\n| fed-district-number = \n| fed-created = 1966\n| fed-abolished = 1996\n| fed-election-first = 1968\n| fed-election-last = 1993\n| fed-rep = \n| fed-rep-party = \n| demo-pop-ref = \n| demo-area-ref = \n| demo-electors-ref = \n| demo-census-date = \n| demo-pop = \n| demo-electors = \n| demo-electors-date = \n| demo-area = \n| demo-cd = \n| demo-csd = \n}}\n\n'''Cape Breton Highlands—Canso''' was a federal [[electoral district (Canada)|electoral district]] in the [[provinces and territories of Canada|province]] of [[Nova Scotia]], Canada, that was represented in the [[House of Commons of Canada]] from 1968 to 1997.\n\n==History==\n\nThis riding was created in 1966 from [[Antigonish—Guysborough]], [[Inverness—Richmond]] and [[North Cape Breton and Victoria]] ridings.\n\nIt consisted initially of:\n* the counties of Antigonish and Inverness, and\n* parts of the counties of Guysborough, Victoria and Richmond.\n\nIn 1987, it was redefined to consist of:\n* the County of Antigonish, and\n* parts of the Counties of Inverness, Victoria, Richmond and Guysborough lying to the east of the meridian of Longitude 62(30'00\" West.\n\nIt was abolished in 1996 when it was redistributed into [[Bras d'Or (electoral district)|Bras d'Or]], [[Pictou—Antigonish—Guysborough]] and [[Sydney—Victoria]] ridings.\n\n==Members of Parliament==\n\n{{CanMP}}\n{{CanMP nodata|Cape Breton Highlands—Canso
''Riding created from'' [[Antigonish—Guysborough]], [[Inverness—Richmond]]
''and'' [[North Cape Breton and Victoria]]}}\n{{CanMP row\n| FromYr = 1968\n| ToYr = 1972\n| Assembly# = 28\n| CanParty = Liberal\n| PartyTerms# = 5\n| RepName = Allan MacEachen\n| RepTerms# = 5\n}}\n{{CanMP row\n| FromYr = 1972\n| ToYr = 1974\n| Assembly# = 29\n}}\n{{CanMP row\n| FromYr = 1974\n| ToYr = 1979\n| Assembly# = 30\n}}\n{{CanMP row\n| FromYr = 1979\n| ToYr = 1980\n| Assembly# = 31\n}}\n{{CanMP row\n| FromYr = 1980\n| ToYr = 1984\n| Assembly# = 32\n}}\n{{CanMP row\n| FromYr = 1984\n| ToYr = 1988\n| Assembly# = 33\n| CanParty = PC\n| PartyTerms# = 1\n| RepName = Lawrence O'Neil\n| RepTerms# = 1\n}}\n{{CanMP row\n| FromYr = 1988\n| ToYr = 1993\n| Assembly# = 34\n| CanParty = Liberal\n| PartyTerms# = 2\n| RepName = Francis LeBlanc\n| RepTerms# = 2\n}}\n{{CanMP row\n| FromYr = 1993\n| ToYr = 1997\n| Assembly# = 35\n}}\n{{CanMP nodata|''Riding dissolved into'' [[Bras d'Or (electoral district)|Bras d'Or]], [[Pictou—Antigonish—Guysborough]]
''and'' [[Sydney—Victoria]]}}\n{{CanMP end}}\n\n==Election results==\n\n{{Canadian election result/top|CA|1968}}\n{{CANelec|CA|Liberal|[[Allan J. MacEachen]]|13,725}}\n{{CANelec|CA|PC|D. Hugh Gillis|13,195}}\n{{CANelec|CA|NDP|Ieva Jessens|445}}\n{{end}}\n\n{{Canadian election result/top|CA|1972}}\n{{CANelec|CA|Liberal|[[Allan J. MacEachen]]|16,929}}\n{{CANelec|CA|PC|[[Angus MacIsaac]]|14,463}}\n{{CANelec|CA|NDP|Robert Schwaab|1,929}}\n{{end}}\n\n{{Canadian election result/top|CA|1974}}\n{{CANelec|CA|Liberal|[[Allan J. MacEachen]]|17,977}}\n{{CANelec|CA|PC|[[Angus MacIsaac]]|12,401}}\n{{CANelec|CA|NDP|Alick Mackenzie Slater|1,819}}\n{{end}}\n\n{{Canadian election result/top|CA|1979}}\n{{CANelec|CA|Liberal|[[Allan J. MacEachen]]|17,047}}\n{{CANelec|CA|PC|F.B. William Bill Kelly|13,736}}\n{{CANelec|CA|NDP|William J. Woodfine|4,657}}\n{{end}}\n\n{{Canadian election result/top|CA|1980}}\n{{CANelec|CA|Liberal|[[Allan J. MacEachen]]|18,262}}\n{{CANelec|CA|PC|F.B. William Bill Kelly|12,799}}\n{{CANelec|CA|NDP|William J. Woodfine|4,902}}\n{{CANelec|CA|Independent|[[Elizabeth May]]|272}}\n{{end}}\n\n{{Canadian election result/top|CA|1984}}\n{{CANelec|CA|PC|[[Lawrence O'Neil]]|19,371}}\n{{CANelec|CA|Liberal|Kenzie MacKinnon|15,026}}\n{{CANelec|CA|NDP|Daniel W. MacInnes|4,308}}\n{{end}}\n\n{{Canadian election result/top|CA|1988}}\n{{CANelec|CA|Liberal|[[Francis LeBlanc]]|20,318}}\n{{CANelec|CA|PC|[[Lawrence O'Neil]]|17,557}}\n{{CANelec|CA|NDP|Wilf Cude|2,036}}\n{{end}}\n\n{{Canadian election result/top|CA|1993}}\n{{CANelec|CA|Liberal|[[Francis LeBlanc]]|22,713}}\n{{CANelec|CA|PC|Lewis MacKinnon|7,916}}\n{{CANelec|CA|Reform|Henry Van Berkel|2,972}}\n{{CANelec|CA|NDP|Junior Bernard|1,375}}\n{{CANelec|CA|Natural Law|Earl Lafford|337}}\n{{end}}\n\n== See also ==\n\n* [[List of Canadian federal electoral districts]]\n* [[Historical federal electoral districts of Canada]]\n\n== External links ==\n*[http://www2.parl.gc.ca/Sites/LOP/HFER/hfer.asp?Language=E&Search=Det&Include=Y&rid=108 Riding history for (1966–1996) from the] [[Library of Parliament]]\n\n{{Ridings in Nova Scotia}}\n\n{{coord missing|Nova Scotia}}\n\n{{DEFAULTSORT:Cape Breton Highlands-Canso}}\n[[Category:Former federal electoral districts of Nova Scotia]]"}