diff --git a/common/utils/src/main/resources/error/error-classes.json b/common/utils/src/main/resources/error/error-classes.json
index 87e43fe0e38c7..738b13df9a3be 100644
--- a/common/utils/src/main/resources/error/error-classes.json
+++ b/common/utils/src/main/resources/error/error-classes.json
@@ -875,6 +875,12 @@
     ],
     "sqlState" : "42K01"
   },
+  "DATA_SOURCE_ALREADY_EXISTS" : {
+    "message" : [
+      "Data source '<provider>' already exists. Please choose a different name for the new data source."
+    ],
+    "sqlState" : "42710"
+  },
   "DATA_SOURCE_NOT_EXIST" : {
     "message" : [
       "Data source '<provider>' not found. Please make sure the data source is registered."
diff --git a/docs/sql-error-conditions.md b/docs/sql-error-conditions.md
index 3f4074af9b780..fcb39529653e2 100644
--- a/docs/sql-error-conditions.md
+++ b/docs/sql-error-conditions.md
@@ -474,6 +474,12 @@ For more details see [DATATYPE_MISMATCH](sql-error-conditions-datatype-mismatch-
 
 DataType `<type>` requires a length parameter, for example `<type>`(10). Please specify the length.
 
+### DATA_SOURCE_ALREADY_EXISTS
+
+[SQLSTATE: 42710](sql-error-conditions-sqlstates.html#class-42-syntax-error-or-access-rule-violation)
+
+Data source '`<provider>`' already exists. Please choose a different name for the new data source.
+
 ### DATA_SOURCE_NOT_EXIST
 
 [SQLSTATE: 42704](sql-error-conditions-sqlstates.html#class-42-syntax-error-or-access-rule-violation)
diff --git a/sql/catalyst/src/main/scala/org/apache/spark/sql/errors/QueryCompilationErrors.scala b/sql/catalyst/src/main/scala/org/apache/spark/sql/errors/QueryCompilationErrors.scala
index bc847d1c00699..87be47c0b01b3 100644
--- a/sql/catalyst/src/main/scala/org/apache/spark/sql/errors/QueryCompilationErrors.scala
+++ b/sql/catalyst/src/main/scala/org/apache/spark/sql/errors/QueryCompilationErrors.scala
@@ -3856,6 +3856,12 @@ private[sql] object QueryCompilationErrors extends QueryErrorsBase with Compilat
         "reason" -> reason))
   }
 
+  def dataSourceAlreadyExists(name: String): Throwable = {
+    new AnalysisException(
+      errorClass = "DATA_SOURCE_ALREADY_EXISTS",
+      messageParameters = Map("provider" -> name))
+  }
+
   def dataSourceDoesNotExist(name: String): Throwable = {
     new AnalysisException(
       errorClass = "DATA_SOURCE_NOT_EXIST",
diff --git a/sql/core/src/main/scala/org/apache/spark/sql/DataSourceRegistration.scala b/sql/core/src/main/scala/org/apache/spark/sql/DataSourceRegistration.scala
index 936286eb0da51..2434103f4b806 100644
--- a/sql/core/src/main/scala/org/apache/spark/sql/DataSourceRegistration.scala
+++ b/sql/core/src/main/scala/org/apache/spark/sql/DataSourceRegistration.scala
@@ -17,10 +17,13 @@
 
 package org.apache.spark.sql
 
+import org.apache.spark.SparkClassNotFoundException
 import org.apache.spark.annotation.Evolving
 import org.apache.spark.internal.Logging
-import org.apache.spark.sql.execution.datasources.DataSourceManager
+import org.apache.spark.sql.errors.QueryCompilationErrors
+import org.apache.spark.sql.execution.datasources.{DataSource, DataSourceManager}
 import org.apache.spark.sql.execution.python.UserDefinedPythonDataSource
+import org.apache.spark.sql.internal.SQLConf
 
 /**
  * Functions for registering user-defined data sources.
@@ -43,6 +46,34 @@ private[sql] class DataSourceRegistration private[sql] (dataSourceManager: DataS
          | pythonExec: ${dataSource.dataSourceCls.pythonExec}
       """.stripMargin)
 
+    checkDataSourceExists(name)
+
     dataSourceManager.registerDataSource(name, dataSource)
   }
+
+  /**
+   * Checks if the specified data source exists.
+   *
+   * This method allows for user-defined data sources to be registered even if they
+   * have the same name as an existing data source in the registry. However, if the
+   * data source can be successfully loaded and is not a user-defined one, an error
+   * is thrown to prevent lookup errors with built-in or Scala/Java data sources.
+   */
+  private def checkDataSourceExists(name: String): Unit = {
+    // Allow re-registration of user-defined data sources.
+    // TODO(SPARK-46616): disallow re-registration of statically registered data sources.
+    if (dataSourceManager.dataSourceExists(name)) return
+
+    try {
+      DataSource.lookupDataSource(name, SQLConf.get)
+      throw QueryCompilationErrors.dataSourceAlreadyExists(name)
+    } catch {
+      case e: SparkClassNotFoundException if e.getErrorClass == "DATA_SOURCE_NOT_FOUND" => // OK
+      case _: Throwable =>
+        // If there are other errors when resolving the data source, it's unclear whether
+        // it's safe to proceed. To prevent potential lookup errors, treat it as an existing
+        // data source and prevent re-registration.
+        throw QueryCompilationErrors.dataSourceAlreadyExists(name)
+    }
+  }
 }
diff --git a/sql/core/src/test/scala/org/apache/spark/sql/execution/python/PythonDataSourceSuite.scala b/sql/core/src/test/scala/org/apache/spark/sql/execution/python/PythonDataSourceSuite.scala
index 3e7cd82db8d72..02bccc363e37e 100644
--- a/sql/core/src/test/scala/org/apache/spark/sql/execution/python/PythonDataSourceSuite.scala
+++ b/sql/core/src/test/scala/org/apache/spark/sql/execution/python/PythonDataSourceSuite.scala
@@ -284,6 +284,33 @@ class PythonDataSourceSuite extends QueryTest with SharedSparkSession {
     }
   }
 
+  test("SPARK-46522: data source name conflicts") {
+    assume(shouldTestPandasUDFs)
+    val dataSourceScript =
+      s"""
+         |from pyspark.sql.datasource import DataSource
+         |
+         |class $dataSourceName(DataSource):
+         |    ...
+         |""".stripMargin
+    val dataSource = createUserDefinedPythonDataSource(dataSourceName, dataSourceScript)
+    Seq(
+      "text", "json", "csv", "avro", "orc", "parquet", "jdbc",
+      "binaryFile", "xml", "kafka", "noop",
+      "org.apache.spark.sql.test",
+      "org.apache.spark.sql.hive.orc"
+    ).foreach { provider =>
+      withClue(s"Data source: $provider") {
+        checkError(
+          exception = intercept[AnalysisException] {
+            spark.dataSource.registerPython(provider, dataSource)
+          },
+          errorClass = "DATA_SOURCE_ALREADY_EXISTS",
+          parameters = Map("provider" -> provider))
+      }
+    }
+  }
+
   test("reader not implemented") {
     assume(shouldTestPandasUDFs)
     val dataSourceScript =