diff --git a/Sources/HomomorphicEncryption/Bfv/Bfv+Encode.swift b/Sources/HomomorphicEncryption/Bfv/Bfv+Encode.swift
index 9340f07b..d49701fe 100644
--- a/Sources/HomomorphicEncryption/Bfv/Bfv+Encode.swift
+++ b/Sources/HomomorphicEncryption/Bfv/Bfv+Encode.swift
@@ -26,7 +26,7 @@ extension Bfv {
 
     @inlinable
     // swiftlint:disable:next missing_docs attributes
-    public static func encode(context: Context<Bfv<T>>, values: [some ScalarType],
+    public static func encode(context: Context<Bfv<T>>, values: some Collection<Scalar>,
                               format: EncodeFormat) throws -> CoeffPlaintext
     {
         try context.encode(values: values, format: format)
@@ -34,7 +34,7 @@ extension Bfv {
 
     @inlinable
     // swiftlint:disable:next missing_docs attributes
-    public static func encode(context: Context<Bfv<T>>, signedValues: [some SignedScalarType],
+    public static func encode(context: Context<Bfv<T>>, signedValues: some Collection<Scalar.SignedScalar>,
                               format: EncodeFormat) throws -> CoeffPlaintext
     {
         try context.encode(signedValues: signedValues, format: format)
@@ -42,7 +42,7 @@ extension Bfv {
 
     @inlinable
     // swiftlint:disable:next missing_docs attributes
-    public static func encode(context: Context<Bfv<T>>, values: [some ScalarType], format: EncodeFormat,
+    public static func encode(context: Context<Bfv<T>>, values: some Collection<Scalar>, format: EncodeFormat,
                               moduliCount: Int?) throws -> EvalPlaintext
     {
         let coeffPlaintext = try Self.encode(context: context, values: values, format: format)
@@ -53,7 +53,7 @@ extension Bfv {
     // swiftlint:disable:next missing_docs attributes
     public static func encode(
         context: Context<Bfv<T>>,
-        signedValues: [some SignedScalarType],
+        signedValues: some Collection<Scalar.SignedScalar>,
         format: EncodeFormat,
         moduliCount: Int?) throws -> EvalPlaintext
     {
diff --git a/Sources/HomomorphicEncryption/Encoding.swift b/Sources/HomomorphicEncryption/Encoding.swift
index 738e8a6f..0e5055cc 100644
--- a/Sources/HomomorphicEncryption/Encoding.swift
+++ b/Sources/HomomorphicEncryption/Encoding.swift
@@ -25,7 +25,9 @@ extension Context {
     /// - Returns: The plaintext encoding `values`.
     /// - Throws: Error upon failure to encode.
     @inlinable
-    public func encode(values: [some ScalarType], format: EncodeFormat) throws -> Plaintext<Scheme, Coeff> {
+    public func encode(values: some Collection<Scheme.Scalar>,
+                       format: EncodeFormat) throws -> Plaintext<Scheme, Coeff>
+    {
         try validDataForEncoding(values: values)
         switch format {
         case .coefficient:
@@ -44,7 +46,9 @@ extension Context {
     /// - Returns: The plaintext encoding `signedValues`.
     /// - Throws: Error upon failure to encode.
     @inlinable
-    public func encode(signedValues: [some SignedScalarType], format: EncodeFormat) throws -> Plaintext<Scheme, Coeff> {
+    public func encode(signedValues: some Collection<Scheme.SignedScalar>,
+                       format: EncodeFormat) throws -> Plaintext<Scheme, Coeff>
+    {
         let signedModulus = Scheme.Scalar.SignedScalar(plaintextModulus)
         let bounds = -(signedModulus >> 1)...((signedModulus - 1) >> 1)
         let centeredValues = try signedValues.map { value in
@@ -60,13 +64,14 @@ extension Context {
     /// - Parameters:
     ///   - values: Values to encode.
     ///   - format: Encoding format.
-    ///   - moduliCount: Optional number of moduli. If not set, encoding will use the top-level ciphertext with all the
+    ///   - moduliCount: Optional number of moduli. If not set, encoding will use the top-level ciphertext context with
+    /// all the
     /// moduli.
     /// - Returns: The plaintext encoding `values`.
     /// - Throws: Error upon failure to encode.
     @inlinable
     public func encode(
-        values: [some ScalarType],
+        values: some Collection<Scheme.Scalar>,
         format: EncodeFormat,
         moduliCount: Int? = nil) throws -> Plaintext<Scheme, Eval>
     {
@@ -77,12 +82,13 @@ extension Context {
     /// - Parameters:
     ///   - signedValues: Signed values to encode.
     ///   - format: Encoding format.
-    ///   - moduliCount: Optional number of moduli. If not set, encoding will use the top-level ciphertext with all the
+    ///   - moduliCount: Optional number of moduli. If not set, encoding will use the top-level ciphertext context with
+    /// all the
     /// moduli.
     /// - Returns: The plaintext encoding `signedValues`.
     /// - Throws: Error upon failure to encode.
     @inlinable
-    public func encode(signedValues: [some SignedScalarType], format: EncodeFormat,
+    public func encode(signedValues: some Collection<Scheme.SignedScalar>, format: EncodeFormat,
                        moduliCount: Int? = nil) throws -> Plaintext<Scheme, Eval>
     {
         try Scheme.encode(context: self, signedValues: signedValues, format: format, moduliCount: moduliCount)
@@ -135,7 +141,7 @@ extension Context {
     }
 
     @inlinable
-    func validDataForEncoding(values: [some ScalarType]) throws {
+    func validDataForEncoding(values: some Collection<Scheme.Scalar>) throws {
         guard values.count <= encryptionParameters.polyDegree else {
             throw HeError.encodingDataCountExceedsLimit(count: values.count, limit: encryptionParameters.polyDegree)
         }
@@ -155,7 +161,7 @@ extension Context {
     /// `f(x) = values_0 + values_1 x + ... values_{N_1} x^{N-1}`, padding
     /// with 0 coefficients if fewer than `N` values are provided.
     @inlinable
-    func encodeCoefficient(values: [some ScalarType]) throws
+    func encodeCoefficient(values: some Collection<Scheme.Scalar>) throws
         -> Plaintext<Scheme, Coeff>
     {
         if values.isEmpty {
@@ -163,7 +169,7 @@ extension Context {
         }
         let polyDegree = plaintextContext.degree
         var array: Array2d<Scheme.Scalar> = Array2d(array: Array2d(
-            data: values,
+            data: Array(values),
             rowCount: 1,
             columnCount: values.count))
         array.resizeColumn(newColumnCount: polyDegree, defaultValue: Scheme.Scalar(0))
@@ -214,12 +220,12 @@ extension Context {
     }
 
     @inlinable
-    func encodeSimd(values: [some ScalarType]) throws -> Plaintext<Scheme, Coeff> {
+    func encodeSimd(values: some Collection<Scheme.Scalar>) throws -> Plaintext<Scheme, Coeff> {
         guard !simdEncodingMatrix.isEmpty else { throw HeError.simdEncodingNotSupported(for: encryptionParameters) }
         let polyDegree = encryptionParameters.polyDegree
         var array = Array2d<Scheme.Scalar>.zero(rowCount: 1, columnCount: polyDegree)
-        for index in 0..<values.count {
-            array[0, simdEncodingMatrix[index]] = Scheme.Scalar(values[index])
+        for (index, value) in values.enumerated() {
+            array[0, simdEncodingMatrix[index]] = Scheme.Scalar(value)
         }
         let poly = PolyRq<_, Eval>(context: plaintextContext, data: array)
         let coeffPoly = try poly.inverseNtt()
diff --git a/Sources/HomomorphicEncryption/HeScheme.swift b/Sources/HomomorphicEncryption/HeScheme.swift
index 84c11b40..175598a4 100644
--- a/Sources/HomomorphicEncryption/HeScheme.swift
+++ b/Sources/HomomorphicEncryption/HeScheme.swift
@@ -172,7 +172,8 @@ public protocol HeScheme {
     /// - Throws: Error upon failure to encode.
     /// - seealso: ``Context/encode(values:format:)`` for an alternative API.
     /// - seealso: ``HeScheme/encode(context:signedValues:format:)`` to encode signed values.
-    static func encode(context: Context<Self>, values: [some ScalarType], format: EncodeFormat) throws -> CoeffPlaintext
+    static func encode(context: Context<Self>, values: some Collection<Scalar>, format: EncodeFormat) throws
+        -> CoeffPlaintext
 
     /// Encodes signed values into a plaintext with coefficient format.
     ///
@@ -184,7 +185,7 @@ public protocol HeScheme {
     /// - Throws: Error upon failure to encode.
     /// - seealso: ``Context/encode(signedValues:format:)`` for an alternative API.
     /// - seealso: ``HeScheme/encode(context:values:format)`` to encode unsigned values.
-    static func encode(context: Context<Self>, signedValues: [some SignedScalarType], format: EncodeFormat) throws
+    static func encode(context: Context<Self>, signedValues: some Collection<SignedScalar>, format: EncodeFormat) throws
         -> CoeffPlaintext
 
     /// Encodes values into a plaintext with evaluation format.
@@ -194,13 +195,14 @@ public protocol HeScheme {
     ///   - context: Context for HE computation.
     ///   - values: Values to encode.
     ///   - format: Encoding format.
-    ///   - moduliCount: Optional number of moduli. If not set, encoding will use the top-level ciphertext with all the
+    ///   - moduliCount: Optional number of moduli. If not set, encoding will use the top-level ciphertext context with
+    /// all the
     /// moduli.
     /// - Returns: A plaintext encoding `values`.
     /// - Throws: Error upon failure to encode.
     /// - seealso: ``Context/encode(values:format:moduliCount:)`` for an alternative API.
     /// - seealso: ``HeScheme/encode(context:signedValues:format:moduliCount:)`` to encode signed values.
-    static func encode(context: Context<Self>, values: [some ScalarType], format: EncodeFormat,
+    static func encode(context: Context<Self>, values: some Collection<Scalar>, format: EncodeFormat,
                        moduliCount: Int?) throws -> EvalPlaintext
 
     /// Encodes signed values into a plaintext with evaluation format.
@@ -210,13 +212,14 @@ public protocol HeScheme {
     ///   - context: Context for HE computation.
     ///   - signedValues: Signed values to encode.
     ///   - format: Encoding format.
-    ///   - moduliCount: Optional number of moduli. If not set, encoding will use the top-level ciphertext with all the
+    ///   - moduliCount: Optional number of moduli. If not set, encoding will use the top-level ciphertext context with
+    /// all the
     /// moduli.
     /// - Returns: A plaintext encoding `signedValues`.
     /// - Throws: Error upon failure to encode.
     /// - seealso: ``Context/encode(signedValues:format:moduliCount:)`` for an alternative API.
     /// - seealso: ``HeScheme/encode(context:values:format:moduliCount:)`` to encode unsigned values.
-    static func encode(context: Context<Self>, signedValues: [some SignedScalarType], format: EncodeFormat,
+    static func encode(context: Context<Self>, signedValues: some Collection<Scalar.SignedScalar>, format: EncodeFormat,
                        moduliCount: Int?) throws -> EvalPlaintext
 
     /// Decodes a plaintext in ``Coeff`` format.
diff --git a/Sources/HomomorphicEncryption/NoOpScheme.swift b/Sources/HomomorphicEncryption/NoOpScheme.swift
index bc4ee300..15ecf5cb 100644
--- a/Sources/HomomorphicEncryption/NoOpScheme.swift
+++ b/Sources/HomomorphicEncryption/NoOpScheme.swift
@@ -56,19 +56,19 @@ public enum NoOpScheme: HeScheme {
         return SimdEncodingDimensions(rowCount: 2, columnCount: parameters.polyDegree / 2)
     }
 
-    public static func encode(context: Context<NoOpScheme>, values: [some ScalarType],
+    public static func encode(context: Context<NoOpScheme>, values: some Collection<Scalar>,
                               format: EncodeFormat) throws -> CoeffPlaintext
     {
         try context.encode(values: values, format: format)
     }
 
-    public static func encode(context: Context<NoOpScheme>, signedValues: [some SignedScalarType],
+    public static func encode(context: Context<NoOpScheme>, signedValues: some Collection<SignedScalar>,
                               format: EncodeFormat) throws -> CoeffPlaintext
     {
         try context.encode(signedValues: signedValues, format: format)
     }
 
-    public static func encode(context: Context<NoOpScheme>, values: [some ScalarType],
+    public static func encode(context: Context<NoOpScheme>, values: some Collection<Scalar>,
                               format: EncodeFormat, moduliCount _: Int?) throws -> EvalPlaintext
     {
         let coeffPlaintext = try Self.encode(context: context, values: values, format: format)
@@ -77,7 +77,7 @@ public enum NoOpScheme: HeScheme {
 
     public static func encode(
         context: Context<NoOpScheme>,
-        signedValues: [some SignedScalarType],
+        signedValues: some Collection<SignedScalar>,
         format: EncodeFormat,
         moduliCount _: Int?) throws -> EvalPlaintext
     {
diff --git a/Sources/PrivateNearestNeighborsSearch/PlaintextMatrix.swift b/Sources/PrivateNearestNeighborsSearch/PlaintextMatrix.swift
index 9212993b..92d06fe3 100644
--- a/Sources/PrivateNearestNeighborsSearch/PlaintextMatrix.swift
+++ b/Sources/PrivateNearestNeighborsSearch/PlaintextMatrix.swift
@@ -270,8 +270,8 @@ public struct PlaintextMatrix<Scheme: HeScheme, Format: PolyFormat>: Equatable,
     /// - Returns: The plaintexts for `denseColumn` packing.
     /// - Throws: Error upon plaintext to compute the plaintexts.
     @inlinable
-    static func denseColumnPlaintexts<V: ScalarType>(context: Context<Scheme>, dimensions: MatrixDimensions,
-                                                     values: [V]) throws -> [Scheme.CoeffPlaintext]
+    static func denseColumnPlaintexts(context: Context<Scheme>, dimensions: MatrixDimensions,
+                                      values: [Scheme.Scalar]) throws -> [Scheme.CoeffPlaintext]
     {
         let degree = context.degree
         guard let simdColumnCount = context.simdDimensions?.columnCount else {
@@ -286,7 +286,7 @@ public struct PlaintextMatrix<Scheme: HeScheme, Format: PolyFormat>: Equatable,
         var plaintexts: [Scheme.CoeffPlaintext] = []
         plaintexts.reserveCapacity(expectedPlaintextCount)
 
-        var packedValues: [V] = []
+        var packedValues: [Scheme.Scalar] = []
         packedValues.reserveCapacity(degree)
         for colIndex in 0..<dimensions.columnCount {
             for rowIndex in 0..<dimensions.rowCount {
@@ -303,7 +303,7 @@ public struct PlaintextMatrix<Scheme: HeScheme, Format: PolyFormat>: Equatable,
             if packedValues.count < simdColumnCount, (simdColumnCount + 1...degree).contains(nextColumnCount) {
                 // Next data column fits in next SIMD row; pad 0s to this SIMD row
                 let padCount = (context.degree - packedValues.count) % simdColumnCount
-                packedValues += [V](repeating: 0, count: padCount)
+                packedValues += [Scheme.Scalar](repeating: 0, count: padCount)
             } else if nextColumnCount > degree {
                 // Next data column requires new plaintext
                 try plaintexts.append(context.encode(values: packedValues, format: .simd))
@@ -326,10 +326,10 @@ public struct PlaintextMatrix<Scheme: HeScheme, Format: PolyFormat>: Equatable,
     /// - Returns: The plaintexts for `denseRow` packing.
     /// - Throws: Error upon failure to compute the plaintexts.
     @inlinable
-    static func denseRowPlaintexts<V: ScalarType>(
+    static func denseRowPlaintexts(
         context: Context<Scheme>,
         dimensions: MatrixDimensions,
-        values: [V]) throws -> [Plaintext<Scheme, Coeff>]
+        values: [Scheme.Scalar]) throws -> [Plaintext<Scheme, Coeff>]
     {
         let encryptionParameters = context.encryptionParameters
         guard let simdDimensions = context.simdDimensions else {
@@ -350,9 +350,9 @@ public struct PlaintextMatrix<Scheme: HeScheme, Format: PolyFormat>: Equatable,
 
         // Pad number of columns to next power of two
         let padColCount = dimensions.columnCount.nextPowerOfTwo - dimensions.columnCount
-        let padValues = [V](repeating: 0, count: padColCount)
+        let padValues = [Scheme.Scalar](repeating: 0, count: padColCount)
 
-        var packedValues: [V] = []
+        var packedValues: [Scheme.Scalar] = []
         packedValues.reserveCapacity(context.degree)
         var valuesIdx = 0
         for _ in 0..<dimensions.rowCount {
@@ -400,11 +400,11 @@ public struct PlaintextMatrix<Scheme: HeScheme, Format: PolyFormat>: Equatable,
     /// - Returns: The plaintexts for diagonal packing.
     /// - Throws: Error upon failure to compute the plaintexts.
     @inlinable
-    static func diagonalPlaintexts<V: ScalarType>(
+    static func diagonalPlaintexts(
         context: Context<Scheme>,
         dimensions: MatrixDimensions,
         packing: MatrixPacking,
-        values: [V]) throws -> [Scheme.CoeffPlaintext]
+        values: [Scheme.Scalar]) throws -> [Scheme.CoeffPlaintext]
     {
         let encryptionParameters = context.encryptionParameters
         guard let simdDimensions = context.simdDimensions else {
@@ -424,7 +424,7 @@ public struct PlaintextMatrix<Scheme: HeScheme, Format: PolyFormat>: Equatable,
         let data = Array2d(data: values, rowCount: dimensions.rowCount, columnCount: dimensions.columnCount)
         // Transposed from original shape, with extra zero columns.
         // Encode diagonals
-        var packedValues = Array2d<V>.zero(
+        var packedValues = Array2d<Scheme.Scalar>.zero(
             rowCount: dimensions.columnCount.nextPowerOfTwo,
             columnCount: dimensions.rowCount)
         for rowIndex in 0..<packedValues.rowCount {
@@ -459,7 +459,7 @@ public struct PlaintextMatrix<Scheme: HeScheme, Format: PolyFormat>: Equatable,
                     chunk[chunk.startIndex..<middle].rotate(toStartAt: middle - rotationStep)
                     chunk[middle...].rotate(toStartAt: chunk.endIndex - rotationStep)
                 }
-                let plaintext = try context.encode(values: Array(chunk), format: .simd)
+                let plaintext = try context.encode(values: chunk, format: .simd)
                 plaintexts.append(plaintext)
             }
         }
diff --git a/Tests/HomomorphicEncryptionProtobufTests/ConversionTests.swift b/Tests/HomomorphicEncryptionProtobufTests/ConversionTests.swift
index 3ba37a7b..75aec3ea 100644
--- a/Tests/HomomorphicEncryptionProtobufTests/ConversionTests.swift
+++ b/Tests/HomomorphicEncryptionProtobufTests/ConversionTests.swift
@@ -153,15 +153,13 @@ class ConversionTests: XCTestCase {
             let context: Context<Scheme> = try TestUtils.getTestContext()
             let values = TestUtils.getRandomPlaintextData(count: context.degree, in: 0..<context.plaintextModulus)
             do { // CoeffPlaintext
-                let plaintext: Scheme.CoeffPlaintext = try context.encode(values: values,
-                                                                          format: format)
+                let plaintext: Scheme.CoeffPlaintext = try context.encode(values: values, format: format)
                 let proto = plaintext.serialize().proto()
                 let deserialized: Scheme.CoeffPlaintext = try Plaintext(deserialize: proto.native(), context: context)
                 XCTAssertEqual(deserialized, plaintext)
             }
             do { // EvalPlaintext
-                let plaintext: Scheme.EvalPlaintext = try context.encode(values: values,
-                                                                         format: format)
+                let plaintext: Scheme.EvalPlaintext = try context.encode(values: values, format: format)
                 let proto = plaintext.serialize().proto()
                 let deserialized: Scheme.EvalPlaintext = try Plaintext(deserialize: proto.native(), context: context)
                 XCTAssertEqual(deserialized, plaintext)
diff --git a/Tests/HomomorphicEncryptionTests/HeAPITests.swift b/Tests/HomomorphicEncryptionTests/HeAPITests.swift
index a505aa30..70eda0f6 100644
--- a/Tests/HomomorphicEncryptionTests/HeAPITests.swift
+++ b/Tests/HomomorphicEncryptionTests/HeAPITests.swift
@@ -216,8 +216,7 @@ class HeAPITests: XCTestCase {
         XCTAssert(evalCiphertext.isTransparent())
         XCTAssert(canonicalCiphertext.isTransparent())
 
-        let zeroPlaintext: Scheme.CoeffPlaintext = try context.encode(values: zeros,
-                                                                      format: .coefficient)
+        let zeroPlaintext: Scheme.CoeffPlaintext = try context.encode(values: zeros, format: .coefficient)
         let nonTransparentZero = try zeroPlaintext.encrypt(using: testEnv.secretKey)
         if Scheme.self != NoOpScheme.self {
             XCTAssertFalse(nonTransparentZero.isTransparent())
diff --git a/Tests/HomomorphicEncryptionTests/SerializationTests.swift b/Tests/HomomorphicEncryptionTests/SerializationTests.swift
index 09699706..ae3fafd7 100644
--- a/Tests/HomomorphicEncryptionTests/SerializationTests.swift
+++ b/Tests/HomomorphicEncryptionTests/SerializationTests.swift
@@ -111,15 +111,13 @@ class SerializationTests: XCTestCase {
             let context: Context<Scheme> = try TestUtils.getTestContext()
             let values = TestUtils.getRandomPlaintextData(count: context.degree, in: 0..<context.plaintextModulus)
             do { // CoeffPlaintext
-                let plaintext: Scheme.CoeffPlaintext = try context.encode(values: values,
-                                                                          format: format)
+                let plaintext: Scheme.CoeffPlaintext = try context.encode(values: values, format: format)
                 let serialized = plaintext.serialize()
                 let deserialized: Scheme.CoeffPlaintext = try Plaintext(deserialize: serialized, context: context)
                 XCTAssertEqual(deserialized, plaintext)
             }
             do { // EvalPlaintext
-                let plaintext: Scheme.EvalPlaintext = try context.encode(values: values,
-                                                                         format: format)
+                let plaintext: Scheme.EvalPlaintext = try context.encode(values: values, format: format)
                 let serialized = plaintext.serialize()
                 let deserialized: Scheme.EvalPlaintext = try Plaintext(deserialize: serialized, context: context)
                 XCTAssertEqual(deserialized, plaintext)
diff --git a/Tests/PrivateInformationRetrievalTests/PirUtilTests.swift b/Tests/PrivateInformationRetrievalTests/PirUtilTests.swift
index 097c8577..59e25aad 100644
--- a/Tests/PrivateInformationRetrievalTests/PirUtilTests.swift
+++ b/Tests/PrivateInformationRetrievalTests/PirUtilTests.swift
@@ -45,8 +45,7 @@ class PirUtilTests: XCTestCase {
             let data: [Scheme.Scalar] = TestUtils.getRandomPlaintextData(
                 count: degree,
                 in: 0..<plaintextModulus)
-            let plaintext: Plaintext<Scheme, Coeff> = try context.encode(values: data,
-                                                                         format: .coefficient)
+            let plaintext: Plaintext<Scheme, Coeff> = try context.encode(values: data, format: .coefficient)
             let secretKey = try context.generateSecretKey()
 
             let expandedQueryCount = degree