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+# RFC: Default Stack Environments
+
+## Background
+
+At the moment, if a `Stack` is defined without `env`, it is said to be an environment-agnostic stack. This technically means that `stack.account` and `stack.region` will resolve to `{ "Ref": "AWS::AccountId" }` and `{ "Ref": "AWS::Region" }`. The implication are that code that relies on parsing one of these values will fail (e.g. the EKS library has an [AMI map](https://github.com/aws/aws-cdk/blob/master/packages/%40aws-cdk/aws-eks/lib/ami.ts) keyed by `stack.region`).
+
+Users are able to explicitly "inherit" the CLI's current environment by using a couple of environment variables which are always populated by the CLI:
+
+```ts
+new Stack(this, 'MyStack', { 
+  env: { 
+    account: process.env.CDK_DEFAULT_ACCOUNT, 
+    region: process.env.CDK_DEFAULT_REGION 
+  } 
+}
+```
+
+Prior to introducing explicit support for environment agnostic stacks ([PR](https://github.com/aws/aws-cdk/pull/2922)), falling back to the CLI's current environment was the default behavior if you didn't specify `env`.
+
+The problem with this approach was that if users wanted to use `cdk synth` and use the resulting artifact (template/cloud-assembly) in CI/CD systems, they couldn't rely on the fact that results will be deterministic since they will be dependent on the specific runtime environment. For example, in one environment `AWS_DEFAULT_REGION` can be set to `us-east-1` and in another it will be set to `us-west-2`, which can technically result in a totally different output.
+
+## Problem
+
+The current situation creates undesired friction when getting started with certain modules of the CDK (and potentially 3rd party modules as well that depend on explicit env). For example, if a user wishes to deploy an EKS cluster with `cdk deploy`, they will have to define their stacks with explicit `env` (either specify account/region or use `CDK_DEFAULT_XXX`).
+
+## Opportunity
+
+When using `cdk deploy` directly with an app that has stack(s) without explicit `env`, the synthesized output is an **intermediate artifact** that is never visible. In this case, defaulting to the current account/region is safe and is probably what most users expect.
+
+## Proposal
+
+The proposal is:
+
+1. Add an `--default-env=inherit|explicit|agnostic` switch to the CLI which will control the default env mode.
+2. Extend the semantics of `CDK_DEFAULT_ACCOUNT` and `CDK_DEFAULT_REGION` to be able to express these three modes (currently it cannot express environment-agnosticness).
+3. Change the default behavior of `env` in `Stack` to fall back to `CDK_DEFAULT_ACCOUNT` and `CDK_DEFAULT_REGION` if an explicit value is not specified.
+4. If `env` is not explicitly set and `CDK_DEFAULT_XXX` is undefined, stack initialization **will fail with an error**.
+5. The default mode for `cdk deploy` will be `inherit`. This is because when a stack without env is deployed with the CLI, we *know* where it's going. There's no point playing this game here.
+6. The default mode for `cdk synth` will be `explicit`. The implication of this (detalied below) is that if users wish to synthesize an artifact from their CDK app and deploy it at a later stage, they will have to either explicitly specify `env` for all stacks or use `cdk synth --default-env=inherit|agnostic`.
+7. Make it easier to explicitly indicate that a stack is environment-agnostic. This can already be acheieved today using `{ env: { region: Aws.REGION, account: Aws.ACCOUNT_ID } }` but can be made easier with `{ env: Stack.ANY_ENV }`.
+
+## Implications
+
+It also means that `cdk synth` will fail unless all stacks have a specific environment specified (either env-specific or env-agnostic), which may be undesirable for certain use cases. 
+
+Let's look at what people use `cdk synth` for:
+
+1. **Inspection/debugging/demo**: usually this involves emitting a template output to STDOUT and inspecting it or showing it to others.
+2. **CI/CD**: using `cdk.out` (the "cloud assembly") or the templates inside it as a self-contained artifact which can later be deployed using `cdk-deploy --app cdk.out`.
+
+For the 2nd use case (CI/CD), where `cdk synth` is used during build to produce a deployment artifact, we feel that requiring explicitness is actually a benefit. Deterministic infrastructure definitions are an important tenent of the AWS CDK, and requiring that users be explicit when they deploy apps through CI/CD is actually an added value. If users wish to synthesize environment agnostic templates, they can simply specify `env: Stack.ANY_ENV` when they define their stacks.
+
+The 1st use case, however, where `cdk synth` is used to print a template to STDOUT for inspection, is something we still wish to support without requiring users to explicitly specify `env`s. 
+
+Before we decide what to do about that, we should acknowledge that the current behavior of `cdk synth` is a bit confusing today:
+
+- If the app includes more than a single stack, `cdk synth` requires that you specify the stack name in order to print to STDOUT, otherwise it just creates `cdk.out`.
+- When `cdk synth` prints to STDOUT is prints in YAML (unless `--json` is specified), while `cdk.out` always uses JSON ([#2965](https://github.com/aws/aws-cdk/issues/2965)).
+- `cdk.out` is created no matter what, for both use cases of `synth` and even if it the app was synthesized implicitly as part of `cdk deploy`. This also somewhat causes confusion.
+
+We propose to separate the "synth" use cases into two different CLI commands: `cdk print` and `cdk synth`. The first will serve the inspection use case and the second the CI/CD use case. This way, we can decide that `--default-env` will have a different default behavior for these two commands. For `cdk print` we will default to `agnostic` and for `cdk synth` we will default to `explicit`.