diff --git a/src/aws_encryption_sdk/key_providers/base.py b/src/aws_encryption_sdk/key_providers/base.py
index a855ee596..5fa99cc1c 100644
--- a/src/aws_encryption_sdk/key_providers/base.py
+++ b/src/aws_encryption_sdk/key_providers/base.py
@@ -12,6 +12,7 @@
     ConfigMismatchError,
     DecryptKeyError,
     IncorrectMasterKeyError,
+    InvalidDataKeyError,
     InvalidKeyIdError,
     MasterKeyProviderError,
 )
@@ -256,7 +257,7 @@ def decrypt_data_key(self, encrypted_data_key, algorithm, encryption_context):
                     # //# input encryption context.
 
                     data_key = master_key.decrypt_data_key(encrypted_data_key, algorithm, encryption_context)
-                except (IncorrectMasterKeyError, DecryptKeyError) as error:
+                except (IncorrectMasterKeyError, DecryptKeyError, InvalidDataKeyError) as error:
                     _LOGGER.debug(
                         "%s raised when attempting to decrypt data key with master key %s",
                         repr(error),
@@ -304,8 +305,8 @@ def decrypt_data_key_from_list(self, encrypted_data_keys, algorithm, encryption_
             try:
                 data_key = self.decrypt_data_key(encrypted_data_key, algorithm, encryption_context)
             # MasterKeyProvider.decrypt_data_key throws DecryptKeyError
-            # but MasterKey.decrypt_data_key throws IncorrectMasterKeyError
-            except (DecryptKeyError, IncorrectMasterKeyError):
+            # but MasterKey.decrypt_data_key throws IncorrectMasterKeyError and InvalidDataKeyError
+            except (DecryptKeyError, IncorrectMasterKeyError, InvalidDataKeyError):
                 continue
             else:
                 break
diff --git a/test_vector_handlers/src/awses_test_vectors/manifests/master_key.py b/test_vector_handlers/src/awses_test_vectors/manifests/master_key.py
index 49b517eae..a81c37a03 100644
--- a/test_vector_handlers/src/awses_test_vectors/manifests/master_key.py
+++ b/test_vector_handlers/src/awses_test_vectors/manifests/master_key.py
@@ -7,8 +7,9 @@
 """
 import attr
 import six
+from aws_encryption_sdk.exceptions import InvalidKeyIdError
 from aws_encryption_sdk.identifiers import EncryptionKeyType, WrappingAlgorithm
-from aws_encryption_sdk.key_providers.base import MasterKeyProvider  # noqa pylint: disable=unused-import
+from aws_encryption_sdk.key_providers.base import MasterKeyProvider, MasterKeyProviderConfig
 from aws_encryption_sdk.key_providers.kms import (  # noqa pylint: disable=unused-import
     DiscoveryFilter,
     KMSMasterKey,
@@ -290,6 +291,44 @@ def scenario_spec(self):
         return spec
 
 
+class TestVectorsMultiMasterKeyProvider(MasterKeyProvider):
+    """
+    Provider for other MasterKeyProviders.
+    Acts as a "multi" MasterKeyProvider for use in test vectors.
+
+    There is some disagreement between the spec
+    and how Python ESDK implements MasterKey;
+    this class fills that gap.
+
+    In the ESDK-Python, MasterKey extends MasterKeyProvider;
+    i.e. MasterKey "is a" MasterKeyProvider; isinstance(some_master_key, MasterKeyProvider) == True.
+
+    From AWS ESDK specification:
+    "A master key MUST supply itself and MUST NOT supply any other master keys."
+    https://github.com/awslabs/aws-encryption-sdk-specification/blob/master/framework/master-key-interface.md#get-master-key
+
+    The MasterKey class overrides MasterKeyProvider's `decrypt_data_key` method to correct this gap.
+    However, this modification suggests that this "is a" relationship is not entirely true.
+
+    master_key_provider_from_master_key_specs expects to return a MasterKeyProvider, not a MasterKey.
+    master_key_provider_from_master_key_specs uses this class to always return a MasterKeyProvider
+    that wraps any MasterKeyProvider or MasterKey loaded from a spec.
+    """
+
+    _config_class = MasterKeyProviderConfig
+    provider_id = "aws-test-vectors-multi-master-key-provider"
+    _members = []
+
+    def add_key(self, key_provider):
+        """Add a MKP to the list of configured MKPs."""
+        self._members.append(key_provider)
+
+    def _new_master_key(self, key_id):
+        # This MKP does not have a key associated with it.
+        # ESDK-Python will find keys in _members.
+        raise InvalidKeyIdError()
+
+
 def master_key_provider_from_master_key_specs(keys, master_key_specs):
     # type: (KeysManifest, Iterable[MasterKeySpec]) -> MasterKeyProvider
     """Build and combine all master key providers identified by the provided specs and
@@ -302,8 +341,7 @@ def master_key_provider_from_master_key_specs(keys, master_key_specs):
     :rtype: MasterKeyProvider
     """
     master_keys = [spec.master_key(keys) for spec in master_key_specs]
-    primary = master_keys[0]
-    others = master_keys[1:]
-    for master_key in others:
-        primary.add_master_key_provider(master_key)
-    return primary
+    mkp = TestVectorsMultiMasterKeyProvider()
+    for master_key in master_keys:
+        mkp.add_key(master_key)
+    return mkp