diff --git a/ons-spark/_toc.yml b/ons-spark/_toc.yml
index 791d88c9..aad53361 100644
--- a/ons-spark/_toc.yml
+++ b/ons-spark/_toc.yml
@@ -54,6 +54,7 @@ parts:
   - file: spark-analysis/interpolation
   - file: spark-analysis/logistic-regression
   - file: spark-analysis/visualisation
+  - file: spark-analysis/flags
   - file: spark-analysis/bin-continuous-variable
   - file: spark-analysis/cramer_v
 - caption: Testing and Debugging
diff --git a/ons-spark/raw-notebooks/flags/flags.ipynb b/ons-spark/raw-notebooks/flags/flags.ipynb
new file mode 100755
index 00000000..22beae9c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ons-spark/raw-notebooks/flags/flags.ipynb
@@ -0,0 +1,267 @@
+{
+ "cells": [
+  {
+   "cell_type": "markdown",
+   "metadata": {},
+   "source": [
+    "# Flags in Spark\n",
+    "\n",
+    "A flag is a column that indicates whether a certain condition, such as a threshold value, is met. The flag is typically a 0 or 1 depending on whether the condition has been met.\n",
+    "\n",
+    "Our example will show how you can create a flag for age differences greater than a threshold wihtin a given group. **Note**: Additional use cases for creating flags will be added to this page at a later date.\n",
+    "\n",
+    "## Creating an age-difference flag\n",
+    "\n",
+    "Given an `group` and `age` columns, we want to highlight if the top 2 values in `age` column per `group` have difference greater than a specified threshold value.\n",
+    "\n",
+    "It is likely that there are *many* ways of doing this. Below is one method using the functions available from `pyspark.sql` and some dummy data. \n",
+    "\n",
+    "As is good practice, first import the packages you will be using and start your Spark session:"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 1,
+   "metadata": {},
+   "outputs": [],
+   "source": [
+    "import pyspark.sql.functions as F\n",
+    "from pyspark.sql import SparkSession, Window"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "markdown",
+   "metadata": {},
+   "source": [
+    "```r\n",
+    "library(sparklyr)\n",
+    "library(dplyr)\n",
+    "```"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 2,
+   "metadata": {},
+   "outputs": [],
+   "source": [
+    "spark = (SparkSession.builder.master(\"local[2]\")\n",
+    "         .appName(\"flags\")\n",
+    "         .getOrCreate())"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "markdown",
+   "metadata": {},
+   "source": [
+    "```r\n",
+    "default_config <- sparklyr::spark_config()\n",
+    "\n",
+    "sc <- sparklyr::spark_connect(\n",
+    "    master = \"local[2]\",\n",
+    "    app_name = \"flags\",\n",
+    "    config = default_config)\n",
+    "\n",
+    "```"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "markdown",
+   "metadata": {},
+   "source": [
+    "### Creating your dummy data\n",
+    "\n",
+    "The dataframe `df` will have an `id` column from 0 to 4. To create multiple `id` entries we will do a `.CrossJoin` with the numbers from 0 to 2 and then drop the latter column. To find more information on cross joins please refer to the [page on cross joins](https://best-practice-and-impact.github.io/ons-spark/spark-functions/cross-joins.html). Finally, we will add an `age` column with random numbers from 1 to 10. "
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 3,
+   "metadata": {},
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "name": "stdout",
+     "output_type": "stream",
+     "text": [
+      "+-----+---+\n",
+      "|group|age|\n",
+      "+-----+---+\n",
+      "|    0|  7|\n",
+      "|    0|  9|\n",
+      "|    0| 10|\n",
+      "|    1|  9|\n",
+      "|    1|  5|\n",
+      "|    1|  6|\n",
+      "|    2|  4|\n",
+      "|    2|  3|\n",
+      "|    2| 10|\n",
+      "|    3|  1|\n",
+      "|    3|  4|\n",
+      "|    3| 10|\n",
+      "|    4|  8|\n",
+      "|    4|  7|\n",
+      "|    4|  3|\n",
+      "+-----+---+\n",
+      "\n"
+     ]
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "df = (\n",
+    "    spark.range(5).select((F.col(\"id\")).alias(\"group\"))\n",
+    "    .crossJoin(\n",
+    "        spark.range(3)\n",
+    "        .withColumnRenamed(\"id\",\"drop\")\n",
+    "    ).drop(\"drop\")\n",
+    "    .withColumn(\"age\", F.ceil(F.rand(seed=42)*10)))\n",
+    "\n",
+    "df.show()"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "markdown",
+   "metadata": {},
+   "source": [
+    "```r\n",
+    "set.seed(42)\n",
+    "\n",
+    "df = sparklyr::sdf_seq(sc, 0, 4) %>%\n",
+    "    rename(\"group\" = \"id\") %>%\n",
+    "    cross_join(sparklyr::sdf_seq(sc, 0, 2)) %>%\n",
+    "    rename(\"drop\" = \"id\") %>%\n",
+    "    select(-c(drop)) %>%\n",
+    "    mutate(age = ceil(rand()*10))\n",
+    "       \n",
+    "print(df,n=15)\n",
+    "```"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "markdown",
+   "metadata": {},
+   "source": [
+    "### Creating your columns \n",
+    "\n",
+    "There will be more than one way to get the desired result. Note that the method outlined here spells out the process in detail; please feel free to combine some of the steps (without sacrificing code readability of course!).\n",
+    "\n",
+    "Now that we have dummy data we want to create a `window` over `id` that is ordered by `age` in descending order. We then want to create the following columns:\n",
+    "\n",
+    "- `age_lag` showing the next highest age within an id\n",
+    "- `age_diff` the difference between `age` and `age_lag` columns\n",
+    "- `age_order` numbered oldest to youngest\n",
+    "- `top_two_age_diff` returns the age difference between two oldest entries within an id, 0 for other rows\n",
+    "- `age_diff_flag` flag to tell us if the age difference is greater than some threshold, 5 chosen here\n",
+    "\n",
+    "The two columns at the end are intermediary, therefore these could be dropped if no longer needed, using `.drop`."
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 4,
+   "metadata": {},
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "name": "stdout",
+     "output_type": "stream",
+     "text": [
+      "+-----+---+-------+--------+---------+----------------+-------------+\n",
+      "|group|age|age_lag|age_diff|age_order|top_two_age_diff|age_diff_flag|\n",
+      "+-----+---+-------+--------+---------+----------------+-------------+\n",
+      "|    0| 10|      9|       1|        1|               1|            0|\n",
+      "|    0|  9|      7|       2|        2|               0|            0|\n",
+      "|    0|  7|   null|    null|        3|               0|            0|\n",
+      "|    1|  9|      6|       3|        1|               3|            0|\n",
+      "|    1|  6|      5|       1|        2|               0|            0|\n",
+      "|    1|  5|   null|    null|        3|               0|            0|\n",
+      "|    3| 10|      4|       6|        1|               6|            1|\n",
+      "|    3|  4|      1|       3|        2|               0|            0|\n",
+      "|    3|  1|   null|    null|        3|               0|            0|\n",
+      "|    2| 10|      4|       6|        1|               6|            1|\n",
+      "|    2|  4|      3|       1|        2|               0|            0|\n",
+      "|    2|  3|   null|    null|        3|               0|            0|\n",
+      "|    4|  8|      7|       1|        1|               1|            0|\n",
+      "|    4|  7|      3|       4|        2|               0|            0|\n",
+      "|    4|  3|   null|    null|        3|               0|            0|\n",
+      "+-----+---+-------+--------+---------+----------------+-------------+\n",
+      "\n"
+     ]
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "order_window = Window.partitionBy(\"group\").orderBy(F.desc(\"age\"))\n",
+    "\n",
+    "df = df.withColumn(\"age_lag\", F.lag(F.col(\"age\"), -1).over(order_window))\n",
+    "df = df.withColumn(\"age_diff\", F.col(\"age\") - F.col(\"age_lag\"))\n",
+    "df = df.withColumn(\"age_order\", F.row_number().over(order_window))\n",
+    "df = df.withColumn(\"top_two_age_diff\", F.when((F.col(\"age_order\") == 1), F.col(\"age_diff\")).otherwise(0))\n",
+    "df = df.withColumn(\"age_diff_flag\", F.when(F.col(\"top_two_age_diff\") > 5, 1).otherwise(0))\n",
+    "\n",
+    "df.show()"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "markdown",
+   "metadata": {},
+   "source": [
+    "```r\n",
+    "df <- df %>%\n",
+    "    group_by(group) %>%\n",
+    "    arrange(desc(age)) %>%\n",
+    "    mutate(age_lag = lag(age,n = -1))  %>%\n",
+    "    mutate(age_diff = age - age_lag) %>%\n",
+    "    group_by(group) %>%\n",
+    "    mutate(age_order = row_number()) %>%\n",
+    "    mutate(top_two_age_diff = ifelse(age_order == 1,\n",
+    "                                  age_diff,\n",
+    "                                  0\n",
+    "                                  )) %>%\n",
+    "    mutate(age_diff_flag = ifelse(top_two_age_diff > 5,\n",
+    "                                  1,\n",
+    "                                  0\n",
+    "                                  ))\n",
+    "\n",
+    "print(df, n = 15)\n",
+    "```"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "markdown",
+   "metadata": {},
+   "source": [
+    "As you can see in the table above, a flag column has been created with the values 0 and 1. If the age difference is greater than 5 then the flag = 1, if less than 5 then the flag = 0. \n",
+    "\n",
+    "### Further Resources"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "markdown",
+   "metadata": {},
+   "source": [
+    "Spark at the ONS articles:\n",
+    "- [Cross joins](https://best-practice-and-impact.github.io/ons-spark/spark-functions/cross-joins.html)\n",
+    "- [Window functions](https://best-practice-and-impact.github.io/ons-spark/spark-functions/window-functions.html)"
+   ]
+  }
+ ],
+ "metadata": {
+  "kernelspec": {
+   "display_name": "Python 3",
+   "language": "python",
+   "name": "python3"
+  },
+  "language_info": {
+   "codemirror_mode": {
+    "name": "ipython",
+    "version": 3
+   },
+   "file_extension": ".py",
+   "mimetype": "text/x-python",
+   "name": "python",
+   "nbconvert_exporter": "python",
+   "pygments_lexer": "ipython3",
+   "version": "3.6.8"
+  }
+ },
+ "nbformat": 4,
+ "nbformat_minor": 2
+}
diff --git a/ons-spark/raw-notebooks/flags/outputs.csv b/ons-spark/raw-notebooks/flags/outputs.csv
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..e2a3405e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ons-spark/raw-notebooks/flags/outputs.csv
@@ -0,0 +1,81 @@
+cell_no,execution_count,tidy_python_output,r_output
+1,1,,
+3,2,,
+6,3,"+-----+---+
+|group|age|
++-----+---+
+|    0|  7|
+|    0|  9|
+|    0| 10|
+|    1|  9|
+|    1|  5|
+|    1|  6|
+|    2|  4|
+|    2|  3|
+|    2| 10|
+|    3|  1|
+|    3|  4|
+|    3| 10|
+|    4|  8|
+|    4|  7|
+|    4|  3|
++-----+---+
+","# Source: spark<?> [?? x 2]
+   group   age
+   <int> <dbl>
+ 1     0     7
+ 2     1     1
+ 3     0     3
+ 4     0     6
+ 5     1     5
+ 6     1     5
+ 7     2     1
+ 8     3     1
+ 9     4     2
+10     2     8
+11     2     7
+12     3     5
+13     3    10
+14     4     3
+15     4     4
+"
+9,4,"+-----+---+-------+--------+---------+----------------+-------------+
+|group|age|age_lag|age_diff|age_order|top_two_age_diff|age_diff_flag|
++-----+---+-------+--------+---------+----------------+-------------+
+|    0| 10|      9|       1|        1|               1|            0|
+|    0|  9|      7|       2|        2|               0|            0|
+|    0|  7|   null|    null|        3|               0|            0|
+|    1|  9|      6|       3|        1|               3|            0|
+|    1|  6|      5|       1|        2|               0|            0|
+|    1|  5|   null|    null|        3|               0|            0|
+|    3| 10|      4|       6|        1|               6|            1|
+|    3|  4|      1|       3|        2|               0|            0|
+|    3|  1|   null|    null|        3|               0|            0|
+|    2| 10|      4|       6|        1|               6|            1|
+|    2|  4|      3|       1|        2|               0|            0|
+|    2|  3|   null|    null|        3|               0|            0|
+|    4|  8|      7|       1|        1|               1|            0|
+|    4|  7|      3|       4|        2|               0|            0|
+|    4|  3|   null|    null|        3|               0|            0|
++-----+---+-------+--------+---------+----------------+-------------+
+","# Source:     spark<?> [?? x 7]
+# Groups:     group
+# Ordered by: desc(age)
+   group   age age_lag age_diff age_order top_two_age_diff age_diff_flag
+   <int> <dbl>   <dbl>    <dbl>     <int>            <dbl>         <dbl>
+ 1     1     9       8        1         1                1             0
+ 2     1     8       4        4         2                0             0
+ 3     1     4      NA       NA         3                0             0
+ 4     3    10       8        2         1                2             0
+ 5     3     8       5        3         2                0             0
+ 6     3     5      NA       NA         3                0             0
+ 7     0     8       8        0         1                0             0
+ 8     0     8       4        4         2                0             0
+ 9     0     4      NA       NA         3                0             0
+10     2     9       6        3         1                3             0
+11     2     6       2        4         2                0             0
+12     2     2      NA       NA         3                0             0
+13     4     6       2        4         1                4             0
+14     4     2       1        1         2                0             0
+15     4     1      NA       NA         3                0             0
+"
diff --git a/ons-spark/raw-notebooks/flags/r_input.R b/ons-spark/raw-notebooks/flags/r_input.R
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..2559e386
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ons-spark/raw-notebooks/flags/r_input.R
@@ -0,0 +1,40 @@
+options(warn = -1)
+library(sparklyr)
+library(dplyr)
+
+default_config <- sparklyr::spark_config()
+
+sc <- sparklyr::spark_connect(
+    master = "local[2]",
+    app_name = "flags",
+    config = default_config)
+
+
+set.seed(42)
+
+df = sparklyr::sdf_seq(sc, 0, 4) %>%
+    rename("group" = "id") %>%
+    cross_join(sparklyr::sdf_seq(sc, 0, 2)) %>%
+    rename("drop" = "id") %>%
+    select(-c(drop)) %>%
+    mutate(age = ceil(rand()*10))
+       
+print(df,n=15)
+
+df <- df %>%
+    group_by(group) %>%
+    arrange(desc(age)) %>%
+    mutate(age_lag = lag(age,n = -1))  %>%
+    mutate(age_diff = age - age_lag) %>%
+    group_by(group) %>%
+    mutate(age_order = row_number()) %>%
+    mutate(top_two_age_diff = ifelse(age_order == 1,
+                                  age_diff,
+                                  0
+                                  )) %>%
+    mutate(age_diff_flag = ifelse(top_two_age_diff > 5,
+                                  1,
+                                  0
+                                  ))
+
+print(df, n = 15)
diff --git a/ons-spark/spark-analysis/flags.md b/ons-spark/spark-analysis/flags.md
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..fa7f2060
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ons-spark/spark-analysis/flags.md
@@ -0,0 +1,226 @@
+# Flags in Spark
+
+A flag is a column that indicates whether a certain condition, such as a threshold value, is met. The flag is typically a 0 or 1 depending on whether the condition has been met.
+
+Our example will show how you can create a flag for age differences greater than a threshold wihtin a given group. **Note**: Additional use cases for creating flags will be added to this page at a later date.
+
+## Creating an age-difference flag
+
+Given an `group` and `age` columns, we want to highlight if the top 2 values in `age` column per `group` have difference greater than a specified threshold value.
+
+It is likely that there are *many* ways of doing this. Below is one method using the functions available from `pyspark.sql` and some dummy data. 
+
+As is good practice, first import the packages you will be using and start your Spark session:
+````{tabs}
+```{code-tab} py
+import pyspark.sql.functions as F
+from pyspark.sql import SparkSession, Window
+```
+
+```{code-tab} r R
+
+library(sparklyr)
+library(dplyr)
+
+```
+````
+
+````{tabs}
+```{code-tab} py
+spark = (SparkSession.builder.master("local[2]")
+         .appName("flags")
+         .getOrCreate())
+```
+
+```{code-tab} r R
+
+default_config <- sparklyr::spark_config()
+
+sc <- sparklyr::spark_connect(
+    master = "local[2]",
+    app_name = "flags",
+    config = default_config)
+
+
+```
+````
+### Creating your dummy data
+
+The dataframe `df` will have an `id` column from 0 to 4. To create multiple `id` entries we will do a `.CrossJoin` with the numbers from 0 to 2 and then drop the latter column. To find more information on cross joins please refer to the [page on cross joins](https://best-practice-and-impact.github.io/ons-spark/spark-functions/cross-joins.html). Finally, we will add an `age` column with random numbers from 1 to 10. 
+````{tabs}
+```{code-tab} py
+df = (
+    spark.range(5).select((F.col("id")).alias("group"))
+    .crossJoin(
+        spark.range(3)
+        .withColumnRenamed("id","drop")
+    ).drop("drop")
+    .withColumn("age", F.ceil(F.rand(seed=42)*10)))
+
+df.show()
+```
+
+```{code-tab} r R
+
+set.seed(42)
+
+df = sparklyr::sdf_seq(sc, 0, 4) %>%
+    rename("group" = "id") %>%
+    cross_join(sparklyr::sdf_seq(sc, 0, 2)) %>%
+    rename("drop" = "id") %>%
+    select(-c(drop)) %>%
+    mutate(age = ceil(rand()*10))
+       
+print(df,n=15)
+
+```
+````
+
+````{tabs}
+
+```{code-tab} plaintext Python Output
++-----+---+
+|group|age|
++-----+---+
+|    0|  7|
+|    0|  9|
+|    0| 10|
+|    1|  9|
+|    1|  5|
+|    1|  6|
+|    2|  4|
+|    2|  3|
+|    2| 10|
+|    3|  1|
+|    3|  4|
+|    3| 10|
+|    4|  8|
+|    4|  7|
+|    4|  3|
++-----+---+
+```
+
+```{code-tab} plaintext R Output
+# Source: spark<?> [?? x 2]
+   group   age
+   <int> <dbl>
+ 1     0     7
+ 2     1     1
+ 3     0     3
+ 4     0     6
+ 5     1     5
+ 6     1     5
+ 7     2     1
+ 8     3     1
+ 9     4     2
+10     2     8
+11     2     7
+12     3     5
+13     3    10
+14     4     3
+15     4     4
+```
+````
+### Creating your columns 
+
+There will be more than one way to get the desired result. Note that the method outlined here spells out the process in detail; please feel free to combine some of the steps (without sacrificing code readability of course!).
+
+Now that we have dummy data we want to create a `window` over `id` that is ordered by `age` in descending order. We then want to create the following columns:
+
+- `age_lag` showing the next highest age within an id
+- `age_diff` the difference between `age` and `age_lag` columns
+- `age_order` numbered oldest to youngest
+- `top_two_age_diff` returns the age difference between two oldest entries within an id, 0 for other rows
+- `age_diff_flag` flag to tell us if the age difference is greater than some threshold, 5 chosen here
+
+The two columns at the end are intermediary, therefore these could be dropped if no longer needed, using `.drop`.
+````{tabs}
+```{code-tab} py
+order_window = Window.partitionBy("group").orderBy(F.desc("age"))
+
+df = df.withColumn("age_lag", F.lag(F.col("age"), -1).over(order_window))
+df = df.withColumn("age_diff", F.col("age") - F.col("age_lag"))
+df = df.withColumn("age_order", F.row_number().over(order_window))
+df = df.withColumn("top_two_age_diff", F.when((F.col("age_order") == 1), F.col("age_diff")).otherwise(0))
+df = df.withColumn("age_diff_flag", F.when(F.col("top_two_age_diff") > 5, 1).otherwise(0))
+
+df.show()
+```
+
+```{code-tab} r R
+
+df <- df %>%
+    group_by(group) %>%
+    arrange(desc(age)) %>%
+    mutate(age_lag = lag(age,n = -1))  %>%
+    mutate(age_diff = age - age_lag) %>%
+    group_by(group) %>%
+    mutate(age_order = row_number()) %>%
+    mutate(top_two_age_diff = ifelse(age_order == 1,
+                                  age_diff,
+                                  0
+                                  )) %>%
+    mutate(age_diff_flag = ifelse(top_two_age_diff > 5,
+                                  1,
+                                  0
+                                  ))
+
+print(df, n = 15)
+
+```
+````
+
+````{tabs}
+
+```{code-tab} plaintext Python Output
++-----+---+-------+--------+---------+----------------+-------------+
+|group|age|age_lag|age_diff|age_order|top_two_age_diff|age_diff_flag|
++-----+---+-------+--------+---------+----------------+-------------+
+|    0| 10|      9|       1|        1|               1|            0|
+|    0|  9|      7|       2|        2|               0|            0|
+|    0|  7|   null|    null|        3|               0|            0|
+|    1|  9|      6|       3|        1|               3|            0|
+|    1|  6|      5|       1|        2|               0|            0|
+|    1|  5|   null|    null|        3|               0|            0|
+|    3| 10|      4|       6|        1|               6|            1|
+|    3|  4|      1|       3|        2|               0|            0|
+|    3|  1|   null|    null|        3|               0|            0|
+|    2| 10|      4|       6|        1|               6|            1|
+|    2|  4|      3|       1|        2|               0|            0|
+|    2|  3|   null|    null|        3|               0|            0|
+|    4|  8|      7|       1|        1|               1|            0|
+|    4|  7|      3|       4|        2|               0|            0|
+|    4|  3|   null|    null|        3|               0|            0|
++-----+---+-------+--------+---------+----------------+-------------+
+```
+
+```{code-tab} plaintext R Output
+# Source:     spark<?> [?? x 7]
+# Groups:     group
+# Ordered by: desc(age)
+   group   age age_lag age_diff age_order top_two_age_diff age_diff_flag
+   <int> <dbl>   <dbl>    <dbl>     <int>            <dbl>         <dbl>
+ 1     1     9       8        1         1                1             0
+ 2     1     8       4        4         2                0             0
+ 3     1     4      NA       NA         3                0             0
+ 4     3    10       8        2         1                2             0
+ 5     3     8       5        3         2                0             0
+ 6     3     5      NA       NA         3                0             0
+ 7     0     8       8        0         1                0             0
+ 8     0     8       4        4         2                0             0
+ 9     0     4      NA       NA         3                0             0
+10     2     9       6        3         1                3             0
+11     2     6       2        4         2                0             0
+12     2     2      NA       NA         3                0             0
+13     4     6       2        4         1                4             0
+14     4     2       1        1         2                0             0
+15     4     1      NA       NA         3                0             0
+```
+````
+As you can see in the table above, a flag column has been created with the values 0 and 1. If the age difference is greater than 5 then the flag = 1, if less than 5 then the flag = 0. 
+
+### Further Resources
+
+Spark at the ONS articles:
+- [Cross joins](https://best-practice-and-impact.github.io/ons-spark/spark-functions/cross-joins.html)
+- [Window functions](https://best-practice-and-impact.github.io/ons-spark/spark-functions/window-functions.html)
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