- Introduction
- Terminology Used by CI/CD Tools and Technologies
- Terminology Used by SCM Tools and Technologies
- Mapping of Terms
- References
There are many ways to greet someone and as humans if we do not understand the word being used we have the ability to observe body language, process tone, and even touch. These many different natural inputs allow us as humans to establish shared vocabulary upon which we have been able to build successful components relevant to our way of living and social norms of interacting.
Unfortunately for machines, this process is not so easy as we humans have to decide if we want to establish norms which we often surface when talking about machine interactions as protocols and best practices or requirements.
Continuous Integration (CI) and Continuous Delivery (CD) practitioners have many tools at their disposal but it is often the case that what we call a pipeline in today’s tool of choice is not called the same thing in the tool we use tomorrow. Again, we can within our sphere of influence and interaction adjust for these nuances but machines talking to one another do not have that same luxury necessarily.
The purpose of this document is to collect the basic terms used by CI/CD tools and technologies in order to work on establishing a shared vocabulary for us humans to communicate and collaborate better.
If you are looking for the terminology used for common pipeline stages and steps, please consult the pipelines terminology document which is located next to this document.
This section contains list of some key terms used by various CI/CD tools and technologies.
ArgoCD is a declarative, GitOps continuous delivery tool for Kubernetes.
Some of the core ArgoCD concept are listed below: [16]
- Application: A group of Kubernetes resources as defined by a manifest. This is a Custom Resource Definition (CRD).
- Application controller [19]: Kubernetes controller which continuously monitors running applications and compares live vs. desired state.
- Application source type: Which tool is used to build the application.
- Target state: The desired state of an application, as represented by files in a Git repository.
- Live state: The live state of that application. What pods etc are deployed.
- Sync status: Whether or not the live state matches the target state. Is the deployed application the same as Git says it should be?
- Sync: The process of making an application move to its target state. E.g. by applying changes to a Kubernetes cluster.
- Sync operation status: Whether or not a sync succeeded.
- Refresh: Compare the latest code in Git with the live state. Figure out what is different.
- Health: The health of the application, is it running correctly? Can it serve requests?
- Tool: A tool to create manifests from a directory of files. E.g. Kustomize or Ksonnet. See Application Source Type.
- Configuration management tool: See tool.
- Configuration management plugin: A custom tool.
- Project [17]: A logical grouping of applications. They enable control over deployment permissions based on source, target and kind, among other criteria.
- Sync phases [18]: Pre-sync, sync and post-sync allow for controlled orchestrated execution of sync operations.
- Sync waves: Within any one sync phase, an additional control of sequential execution is accomplished using waves, to ensure certain resources are healthy before subsequent resources are synced.
CDEvents is a common specification for Continuous Delivery events, enabling interoperability in the complete software production ecosystem.
Note: The CDEvents vocabulary is under early development and might thus change quite a lot before reaching a stable set of terms. That work can be followed on the CDEvents Documentation page.
Some of the core CDEvents terms are listed below. [21]
- Event: An Event is a data record expressing an occurrence, within the software production ecosystem, and its context.
- Task: A Task could for example perform a build, run some tests or publish an artifact.
- Pipeline: A Pipeline is composed by a set of Tasks to be performed.
- TaskRun: An instantiation of a Task.
- PipelineRun: An instantiation of a Pipeline.
- Change: A Change identifies a proposed set of changes to the content of a source code repository.
- Artifact: An Artifact is usually produced as output of a build process.
- Environment: An Environment is a platform which may run a service.
- Service: A service can represent for example a binary that is running, a daemon, an application or a docker container.
CircleCI allows teams to rapidly build quality projects, at scale.
Some of the core CircleCI terms are listed below. [1]
- Step: A step is a collection of executable commands.
- Job: A job is a collection of steps.
- Workflow: A Workflow is a set of rules for defining a collection of jobs and their run order. (used interchangeably with pipeline)
- Pipeline: A pipeline is an object that you may configure and run on the CircleCI platform.
- Executor: Defines the underlying technology to run a job.
Codefresh is a modern CI/CD platform with native Docker, Kubernetes and Helm support that allows you to easily build, integrate, and deploy your product.
Some of the core Codefresh concepts are listed below: [20]
- Projects: The top-level concept in Codefresh. You can create projects to group pipelines that are related. In most cases a single project will be a single application (that itself contains many micro-services).
- Pipelines: Each project can have multiple pipelines. Pipelines that belong to a single project are easily managed all together.
- Pipeline Steps: Each pipeline has a definition that defines the pipeline steps that are executed each time this pipeline is triggered. The definition of a pipeline is described in a special codefresh.yml file.
- Triggers: Each pipeline can have zero, one, or more triggers. Triggers are the linking medium between a pipeline and a git repository. Codefresh supports several kinds of triggers such as Git, Cron or Docker push triggers.
Eiffel is a technology agnostic CI/CD event protocol. The events and their parameters are generic enough to cover any kind of CI/CD engine/framework and SCMs.
Some of the terms used in Eiffel events are listed below. [14]
- Activity: An activity is any kind of action in a CI/CD system, normally triggered by an operation done in an SCM system or by a previous activity. Activities are hierarchical. Activities could be whole pipelines, pipeline steps or any level of pipeline sub steps.
- Event: An Eiffel event is a broadcast notification telling any consumer about an event occurring in the CI/CD pipeline.
- Artifact: Artifacts are items or software packages generated in a CI/CD pipeline, for example a built binary or a Docker image. An artifact should be possible to identify using a purl (package URL). An artifact is often the subject of a test executed or a delivery performed within a CI/CD pipeline.
- Environment: An Eiffel environment defines the environment in which an activity is executed. Could be for example a host, node, service name/uri, a Docker image or some other kind of machine configuration definition.
- Source Change: A source change is the unit of a review. It results in a single commit when merged to the Git repository.
- Submit: A submit is the action of merging a source change to its intended target branch.
- Pipeline: A pipeline is not a term defined by Eiffel, but it is used in the Eiffel protocol documentation when explaining how Eiffel events can be combined to form a chain of activities often triggered by a source change being created or submitted.
- Step: A step is not a term defined by Eiffel, but it is used in the Eiffel protocol documentation to exemplify activities executed in a pipeline.
GitHub Actions enables the creation of custom software development life cycle (SDLC) workflows using GitHub repositories.
Some of the core GitHub Actions terms are listed below. [2]
- Action: Individual tasks that you combine as steps to create a job. Actions are the smallest portable building block of a workflow.
- Step: A step is a set of tasks performed by a job.
- Job: A defined task made up of steps.
- Workflow: Workflows are made up of one or more jobs and can be scheduled or activated by an event.
- Workflow run: An instance of your workflow that runs when the pre configured event occurs.
- Event: A specific activity that triggers a workflow run.
- Runner: Any machine with the GitHub Actions runner application installed.
GitLab CI/CD is a part of the GitLab DevOps platform that allows users to apply all the continuous methods (Continuous Integration, Delivery, and Deployment) to their software with no third-party application or integration needed.
Some of the core GitLab CI/CD terms are listed below. [3]
- Job: Instructions that a runner has to execute.
- Stage: Elements to group and run jobs in certain way - jobs in same stage are run in parallel and jobs in next stage run after the jobs from the previous stage completed successfully.
- Pipeline: A collection of jobs split into different stages.
- Runner: An agent or server that executes each job individually that can spin up or down as needed.
- Trigger: Trigger allows you to define downstream pipeline trigger.
Harness is a modern software delivery platform which enables developers to fully automate and govern the build and deploy processes, with faster feedback loops thereby enhancing the developer experience.
Some of the core Harness terms are listed below. [15]
- Manager: Where your deployment configurations are stored and pipelines are managed. Either available as a SaaS or on-prem.
- Delegate: Worker node that is installed in your environment which performs Continuous Delivery tasks by connecting to your infrastructure.
- Application: How a deployment project is organized.
- Service: Represent your microservices and applications.
- Environment: Represent your deployment infrastructure e.g Dev, QA, Prod.
- Workflow: Model how your application is deployed, verified, and rolled back in steps.
- Pipeline: Model your entire release process in stages.
- Infrastructure Provisioner: Infrastructure as code orchestration.
- Triggers: To automate deployments using a variety of conditions, such as Git events, new artifacts, schedules, and the success of other Pipelines.
Jenkins is an open source automation server which enables developers around the world to reliably build, test, and deploy their software.
Some of the core Jenkins terms are listed below. [4]
- Job: A user-configured description of work which Jenkins should perform, such as building a piece of software, etc.
- Project: A deprecated term, synonymous with Job.
- Stage: Stage is part of Pipeline, and used for defining a conceptually distinct subset of the entire Pipeline
- Pipeline: A user-defined model of a continuous delivery pipeline (see Jenkins Pipeline).
- Agent: A machine or a container which is connected to the Jenkins master and capable of executing Pipelines or Jobs. Both the Master and Agents are considered to be Nodes.
- Node: A machine or a container which is part of the Jenkins environment and capable of executing Pipelines or Jobs. Both the Master and Agents are considered to be Nodes.
- Trigger: A criteria for triggering a new Pipeline run or a Job.
Jenkins X provides pipeline automation, built-in GitOps, and preview environments to help teams collaborate and accelerate their software delivery at any scale.
Some of the core Jenkins X terms are listed below. [5]
- Step: Basic building block to execute one or more commands.
- Stage: Collection of steps and the required configuration.
- Pipeline: Collection of one or more stages to run.
- Agent: Container image or Jenkins agent to schedule pipelines on.
- Trigger: A pipeline trigger defines when to automatically run a pipeline.
Keptn is an event-based control plane for continuous delivery and automated operations for cloud-native applications.
Some of the core Keptn terms are listed below. [6]
- Shipyard: A shipyard is the declarative means to divide an environment into stages and to specify workflows for each stage.
- Workflow: A workflow declares a set of tasks for implementing a delivery or operations process. A workflow is triggered by an external event, i.e., by a domain event. Examples for domain events would be the availablity of a new artifact that should be deployed (i.e., a
new-artifactevent) or the occurence of a problem (i.e., aproblemevent). - Task: A task is the smallest executable unit in a workflow. A task is triggered by an event.
- Event: An event triggers a task and contains relevant data for the respective task.
- Keptn-service: A Keptn-service is the unit executing a task. It can be responsible for executing one or many tasks and is triggered by an event of a task.
Screwdriver is an open source build platform designed for Continuous Delivery.
Some of the core Screwdriver terms are listed below. [7]
- Step: List of commands to execute.
- Job: Collection of the steps to run.
- Workflow: Collection and order of jobs to run.
- Pipeline: Used interchangeably with workflow. (citation needed)
- Trigger: A pipeline trigger defines when to automatically run a pipeline or job. (citation needed)
Spinnaker is an open source, multi-cloud continuous delivery platform for releasing software changes with high velocity and confidence.
Some of the core Spinnaker terms are listed below. [8]
- Task: An atomic function to perform.
- Stage: A collection of sequential Tasks and composed Stages that describe a higher-level action the Pipeline will perform either linearly or in parallel.
- Pipeline: The pipeline is the key deployment management construct in Spinnaker. It consists of a sequence of actions, known as stages.
- Pipeline Template: A parameterized pipeline, minus the pipeline configuration found on a pipeline instance. This template helps developers create pipelines that follow a pattern that you establish.
- Pipeline configuration: The same as the configuration for a pipeline not created from a template, plus variable bindings and a reference to the template.
- Cluster: Logical groupings of Server Groups in Spinnaker.
- Provider: A Cloud Provider is an interface to a set of virtual resources that Spinnaker has control over.
- Trigger: A pipeline trigger defines when to automatically run a pipeline.
The Tekton Pipelines project provides k8s-style resources for declaring CI/CD-style pipelines.
Some of the core Tekton terms are listed below. [9]
- Step: a specific function to perform.
- Task: is a collection of sequential steps you would want to run as part of your continuous integration flow. A task will run inside a pod on your cluster.
- Pipeline: stateless, reusable, parameterized collection of tasks. Tasks are linked together in a Pipeline, which describes the end-to-end deployment for an application.
- PipelineRun: an instantiation of a Pipeline definition, filling in the Pipeline's parameters with concrete values
- Trigger: Triggers is a Kubernetes Custom Resource Defintion (CRD) controller that allows you to extract information from event payloads (a "trigger") to create Kubernetes resources.
Woodpecker is an open source, simple CI/CD engine with great extensibility.
Some of the core Woodpecker terms are listed below. [22]
- Pipeline: Triggered by events like webhooks, crons or manual events. It contains one or more workflows.
- Workflow: Represents a sequential list of steps which are executed as a task by an agent. The results of the workflow reports the result back to SCM Tools.
- Workspace: Contains the shared state of a workflow.
- Step: Are commands to be executed in a sequence within a specific environment (container image) declared by it.
- Plugin: Are steps that have pre declared commands witch are just configured by settings.
- Agent: Do have a backend engine, default is docker. They execute workflows.
- Server: Interacts with the SCM Tools and orchestrate tasks to agents.
Zuul is a program that drives continuous integration, delivery, and deployment systems with a focus on project gating and interrelated projects.
Some of the core Zuul terms are listed below. [10]
- Job: A job is a unit of work performed by Zuul on an item enqueued into a pipeline.
- Pipeline: A pipeline describes a workflow operation in Zuul. It associates jobs for a given project with triggering and reporting events. to one or more projects.
- Trigger: Descriptions of events which should cause something to be enqueued into a pipeline.
- Node: Virtual or static machines where the jobs are scheduled on.
- Executor: Executors are responsible for running jobs.
This section contains list of some key terms of various SCM tools and technologies.
Gerrit is a free, web-based team code collaboration tool.
Some of the core Gerrit terms are listed below. [11]
- Change: The unit of review. Results in a single commit when merged to the Git repository. Change numbers (identifiers) are unique and never change.
- Patch Set: A revision of a Change. Each time a Change is modified, it will receive a new Patch Set. Patch Set numbering starts from 1. Technically, a Patch Set is a unique Git commit.
- Review: Process that enables peer-review to improve the quality of code.
- Approval Category: Name for a scope that is checked during review process. Could be given by reviewers or CI/CD processes.
- Submit: An action that allows Gerrit to merge a Change to the Git repository.
GitHub is a hosted software development version control system using Git.
Some of the core GitHub terms are listed below. [12]
- Pull Request: Proposed changes to a repository submitted by a user and accepted or rejected by a repository's collaborators.
- Review: Process that enables peer-review to improve the quality of code.
- Status Check: Status checks are external processes, such as continuous integration builds, which run for each commit you make in a repository.
- Check: A check is a type of status check on GitHub.
- Merge: Acceptance of a PR by the maintainers.
GitLab is a web-based DevOps lifecycle tool that provides a Git-repository manager providing wiki, issue-tracking and CI/CD pipeline features.
Some of the core GitLab terms are listed below. [13]
- Merge Request: MR is the basis of GitLab as a code collaboration and version control platform. It is as simple as the name implies: a request to merge one branch into another.
- Review: Process that enables peer-review to improve the quality of code.
- Merge Check: Checks to ensure MR can be merged without issues.
- Merge: Acceptance of a MR by the maintainers.
The Tools and Technologies listed in this document use more or less same terminology for naming things with few differences, workflow vs pipeline or runner vs node except the smaller units of work.
Fields marked as N/A in the tables below means that the author of this document failed to identify corresponding term in the documentation of those tools and does not mean those units of work are not supported by the tools. Fields containing a question mark is the author's guess and might be incorrect.
The table below is an attempt to create a mapping of different terms used by CI/CD Tools and Technologies and could contain errors. The main term used while creating the table is pipeline since almost all the tools listed in this document use the word pipeline to describe pretty similar things. Smaller units of terms then mapped based on how they are described in relation to pipeline in corresponding documentation.
| Project | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| ArgoCD | Sync Wave | Sync Phase | Sync | N/A | Event | Application Controller |
| CDEvents | ? | ? | Task | Pipeline | Event | Environment |
| CircleCI | N/A | Step | Job | Workflow | Trigger | Executor |
| Codefresh | N/A | Step | Stage | Pipeline | Trigger | Runtime environment |
| Eiffel | Activity | Activity | Activity | Activity | Event | Environment |
| GitHub Actions | Action | Step | Job | Workflow | Event | Runner |
| GitLab CI/CD | N/A | Job | Stage | Pipeline | Trigger | Runner |
| Harness | N/A | Step | Pipeline | Workflow | Trigger | Delegate |
| Jenkins | N/A | Job | Stage | Pipeline | Trigger | Agent/Node |
| Jenkins X | N/A | Step | Stage | Pipeline | Trigger | Agent |
| Keptn | N/A | N/A | Task | Workflow | Event | Keptn-service |
| Screwdriver | N/A | Step | Job | Pipeline | Trigger | N/A |
| Spinnaker | N/A | Task | Stage | Pipeline | Trigger | Cluster |
| Tekton | N/A | Step | Task | Pipeline | Trigger | Resource (?) |
| Woodpecker | N/A | Step | Workflow | Pipeline | Event | Agent |
| Zuul | N/A | N/A | Job | Pipeline | Trigger | Node (?) |
The table below is an attempt to create a mapping of different terms used by SCM Tools and Technologies.
| Project | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| CDEvents | Change | (Not defined) | (Not defined) | N/A | Merge |
| Eiffel | (Change) | Source Change | Activity | N/A | Submit |
| Gerrit | Change | Patch Set | Review | Change State? | Submit |
| GitHub | Pull Request | (PR commit) | Review | Check? | Merge |
| GitLab | Merge Request | (MR commit) | Review | Merge Check? | Merge |