sql: add support for Partial Statistics Collection [MAIN ISSUE]

[faizaanmadhani]

This is the main issue for Epic CRDB-19449 -- implementing partial statistics collection. Linked here are the related issues and PRs for this feature

• Add a partial statistics predicate column to system.table_statistics to indicate that a statistic collected is partial. Related PRs:

  • sql: add partial statistics predicate column to system.table_statistics #91248
  • rfcs: update the partial stats collection rfc to reflect implementation #91759
  • sql: Fix syntax error when inserting into system.table_statistics #92419

• Support collecting and adding partial table statistics at the extreme values of columns. Related PRs:

  • sql: support collecting and adding single-column partial table statistics USING EXTREMES to system.table_statistics #91228
  • sql: Fix create partial stats test cases #92617

• Merge the partial and full statistics and store them in the statistics cache. This is when they can be used by the optimizer. Related PR:

  • sql: merge partial and full table statistics #91933

• Meta issue for making partial stats production-ready and enabling it by default (disabled in sql: disallow creating partial stats by default #98500)

  • sql: meta issue for enabling partial statistics collection "at extremes" #125950

• Collect partial statistics at extremes automatically. Related PR:

  • sql: add support for collecting partial statistics automatically #93067
  • Depends on supporting partial statistics at extremes without specifying columns
    • Support partial stats at extremes without specifying columns #127832

• Other misc. issues:

  • Support EXPLAIN ANALYZE with creating unspecified partial stats #128904
  • Support partial stats at extremes on hash-sharded indexes and REGIONAL BY ROW tables #128725

• Support multi-column partial statistics USING EXTREMES

  • Support Multi-Column Partial Statistics USING EXTREMES #94076

• Collect partial statistics on arbitrary ranges using a WHERE expression

  • sql: collect partial statistics on arbitrary constraints using WHERE expressions #93998

• Statement bundles should include partial statistics

  • sql/stats: after inject or restore of partial statistics, cannot create merged statistics #94101