release-20.2: kvserver: sync cluster version setting to store

[tbg]

Backport 1/1 commits from #55240.

/cc @cockroachdb/release

Fixes #54908.

---

Writes to a storage.Engine are not sync'ed by default, meaning that
they can get lost due to an ill-timed crash.

Fixes #54906.

(The backport will take care of #54908).

Release note (bug fix): a rare scenario in which a node would refuse
to start after updating the binary was fixed. The log message would
indicate: "store [...], last used with cockroach version [...], is too
old for running version [...] (which requires data from [...] or
later)".

[cockroach-teamcity]

This change is 

[petermattis]

Reviewable status: complete! 1 of 0 LGTMs obtained (waiting on @petermattis)

[tbg]

Got a flake on TestLogic/fakedist/schema/user_schema_search_path. Don't see an issue about it. @jordanlewis know anything about this?

 --- FAIL: TestLogic/fakedist/schema/user_schema_search_path (0.84s)
                logic.go:2112: 
                     
                    testdata/logic_test/schema:538: SELECT
                      database_name, parent_id, schema_name, parent_schema_id, name, table_id
                    FROM crdb_internal.tables
                    WHERE database_name IN ('test', 'new_db')
                    expected:
                        test    52   myschema2    54   tb                55
                        test    52   myschema2    54   v                 58
                        test    52   myschema2    54   s                 59
                        test    52   myschema2    54   tb2               60
                        test    52   [62]         62   myschema_t1       64
                        test    52   [62]         62   myschema_t2       65
                        test    52   [62]         62   myschema_seq1     66
                        test    52   [62]         62   myschema_t3       67
                        test    52   otherschema  70   otherschema_v1    71
                        test    52   otherschema  70   otherschema_t1    72
                        test    52   otherschema  70   otherschema_seq1  73
                        test    52   [75]         75   scdrop1_t1        78
                        test    52   [75]         75   scdrop1_t2        79
                        test    52   [76]         76   scdrop2_t1        80
                        test    52   [76]         76   scdrop2_v1        81
                        test    52   [77]         77   scdrop3_v1        82
                        test    52   privs        90   tbl               93
                        test    52   privs        90   usage_tbl         96
                        new_db  103  [104]        104  bar               105
                        new_db  103  public       29   public_table      107
                        new_db  103  testuser     106  test_table        108
                        new_db  103  public       29   test_table        109
                    but found (query options: "rowsort" -> ignore the following ordering of rows) :
                        test    52   myschema2    54   tb                55
                        test    52   myschema2    54   v                 58
                        test    52   myschema2    54   s                 59
                        test    52   myschema2    54   tb2               60
                        test    52   [62]         62   myschema_t1       64
                        test    52   [62]         62   myschema_t2       65
                        test    52   [62]         62   myschema_seq1     66
                        test    52   [62]         62   myschema_t3       68
                        test    52   otherschema  71   otherschema_v1    72
                        test    52   otherschema  71   otherschema_t1    73
                        test    52   otherschema  71   otherschema_seq1  74
                        test    52   [76]         76   scdrop1_t1        79
                        test    52   [76]         76   scdrop1_t2        80
                        test    52   [77]         77   scdrop2_t1        81
                        test    52   [77]         77   scdrop2_v1        82
                        test    52   [78]         78   scdrop3_v1        83
                        test    52   privs        91   tbl               94
                        test    52   privs        91   usage_tbl         97
                        new_db  104  [105]        105  bar               106
                        new_db  104  public       29   public_table      108
                        new_db  104  testuser     107  test_table        109
                        new_db  104  public       29   test_table        110

[tbg]

#55745