diff --git a/.gitignore b/.gitignore new file mode 100644 index 0000000..2c4c3ec --- /dev/null +++ b/.gitignore @@ -0,0 +1,71 @@ +# Created by .ignore support plugin (hsz.mobi) +### Node template +# Logs +logs +*.log + +# Runtime data +pids +*.pid +*.seed + +# Directory for instrumented libs generated by jscoverage/JSCover +lib-cov + +# Coverage directory used by tools like istanbul +coverage + +# Grunt intermediate storage (http://gruntjs.com/creating-plugins#storing-task-files) +.grunt + +# node-waf configuration +.lock-wscript + +# Compiled binary addons (http://nodejs.org/api/addons.html) +build/Release + +# Dependency directory +# https://www.npmjs.org/doc/misc/npm-faq.html#should-i-check-my-node_modules-folder-into-git- +node_modules + + +### Ruby template +*.gem +*.rbc +/.config +/coverage/ +/InstalledFiles +/pkg/ +/spec/reports/ +/test/tmp/ +/test/version_tmp/ +/tmp/ + +## Specific to RubyMotion: +.dat* +.repl_history +build/ + +## Documentation cache and generated files: +/.yardoc/ +/_yardoc/ +/doc/ +/rdoc/ + +## Environment normalisation: +/.bundle/ +/lib/bundler/man/ + +# for a library or gem, you might want to ignore these files since the code is +# intended to run in multiple environments; otherwise, check them in: +# Gemfile.lock +# .ruby-version +# .ruby-gemset + +# unless supporting rvm < 1.11.0 or doing something fancy, ignore this: +.rvmrc + + + +test/log +public/js/build \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/.testiumrc b/.testiumrc new file mode 100644 index 0000000..69331c6 --- /dev/null +++ b/.testiumrc @@ -0,0 +1,3 @@ +launch=true +[app] +port=9295 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/Gemfile b/Gemfile new file mode 100644 index 0000000..2bb4665 --- /dev/null +++ b/Gemfile @@ -0,0 +1,4 @@ +source :rubygems + +gem 'sinatra' +gem 'json' diff --git a/Gemfile.lock b/Gemfile.lock new file mode 100644 index 0000000..c83ee71 --- /dev/null +++ b/Gemfile.lock @@ -0,0 +1,19 @@ +GEM + remote: http://rubygems.org/ + specs: + json (1.8.2) + rack (1.6.0) + rack-protection (1.5.3) + rack + sinatra (1.4.5) + rack (~> 1.4) + rack-protection (~> 1.4) + tilt (~> 1.3, >= 1.3.4) + tilt (1.4.1) + +PLATFORMS + ruby + +DEPENDENCIES + json + sinatra diff --git a/package.json b/package.json new file mode 100644 index 0000000..d36c847 --- /dev/null +++ b/package.json @@ -0,0 +1,37 @@ +{ + "name": "monologue", + "version": "1.0.0", + "description": "coding kata @ monologue", + "main": "index.js", + "scripts": { + "start": "rackup --port 9295", + "build": "mkdir -p public/js/build/ && browserify public/js/app.js -o public/js/build/app.js", + "watch": "mkdir -p public/js/build/ && watchify public/js/app.js -o public/js/build/app.js", + "test": "mocha test/" + }, + "repository": { + "type": "git", + "url": "https://github.com/coding-kata/monologue" + }, + "keywords": [ + "ruby", + "test", + "e2e" + ], + "author": "azu", + "license": "MIT", + "bugs": { + "url": "https://github.com/coding-kata/monologue/issues" + }, + "homepage": "https://github.com/coding-kata/monologue", + "devDependencies": { + "browserify": "^8.1.1", + "espower-loader": "^0.10.0", + "intelli-espower-loader": "^0.6.0", + "mocha": "^2.1.0", + "phantomjs": "^1.9.13", + "power-assert": "^0.10.1", + "testium": "^2.3.0", + "watchify": "^2.2.1" + } +} diff --git a/public/index.html b/public/index.html index 67add32..918981a 100644 --- a/public/index.html +++ b/public/index.html @@ -4,7 +4,9 @@ Monologue - + + +
@@ -13,14 +15,14 @@ Monologue
-
+
+ \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/public/js/Constants/status-constant.js b/public/js/Constants/status-constant.js new file mode 100644 index 0000000..d819402 --- /dev/null +++ b/public/js/Constants/status-constant.js @@ -0,0 +1,6 @@ +// LICENSE : MIT +"use strict"; +var action = { + STATUS_ADD: "add" +}; +module.exports = action; \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/public/js/Dispatcher/status-dispatcher.js b/public/js/Dispatcher/status-dispatcher.js new file mode 100644 index 0000000..862124d --- /dev/null +++ b/public/js/Dispatcher/status-dispatcher.js @@ -0,0 +1,5 @@ +// LICENSE : MIT +"use strict"; + +var dispatcher = _.clone(Backbone.Events); +module.exports = dispatcher; \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/public/js/Models/Status.js b/public/js/Models/Status.js new file mode 100644 index 0000000..ba99bdc --- /dev/null +++ b/public/js/Models/Status.js @@ -0,0 +1,6 @@ +// LICENSE : MIT +"use strict"; +var Status = Backbone.Model.extend({ + url: "/statuses" +}); +module.exports = Status; \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/public/js/Models/StatusCollection.js b/public/js/Models/StatusCollection.js new file mode 100644 index 0000000..c28443b --- /dev/null +++ b/public/js/Models/StatusCollection.js @@ -0,0 +1,14 @@ +// LICENSE : MIT +"use strict"; +var Status = require("./Status"); +var StatusList = Backbone.Collection.extend({ + model: Status +}); +StatusList.prototype.fetchList = function (options) { + $.ajax({ + url: '/statuses', + dataType: 'json', + success: options.success + }); +}; +module.exports = StatusList; \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/public/js/Views/NewStatusView.js b/public/js/Views/NewStatusView.js new file mode 100644 index 0000000..65f225a --- /dev/null +++ b/public/js/Views/NewStatusView.js @@ -0,0 +1,27 @@ +// LICENSE : MIT +"use strict"; +/** + * @type {Backbone.Events} + */ +var emitter = require("../Dispatcher/status-dispatcher"); +var action = require("../Constants/status-constant"); +var NewStatusView = Backbone.View.extend({ + initialize: function (options) { + var that = this; + this.collection.on(action.STATUS_ADD, this.clearInput, this); + $(this.el).on('submit', function (event) { + event.preventDefault(); + that.addStatus(event); + }); + }, + addStatus: function (event) { + this.collection.create({ + text: $(this.el).find("textarea").val() + }); + }, + clearInput: function clearInput() { + $(this.el).val(""); + } +}); + +module.exports = NewStatusView; \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/public/js/Views/StatusesView.js b/public/js/Views/StatusesView.js new file mode 100644 index 0000000..ec1b858 --- /dev/null +++ b/public/js/Views/StatusesView.js @@ -0,0 +1,17 @@ +// LICENSE : MIT +"use strict"; +/** + * @type {Backbone.Events} + */ +var emitter = require("../Dispatcher/status-dispatcher"); +var action = require("../Constants/status-constant"); +var StatuesView = Backbone.View.extend({ + initialize: function (options) { + this.collection.on(action.STATUS_ADD, this.appendStatus, this); + }, + appendStatus: function (status) { + $(this.el).append('
  • ' + status.escape("text") + ''); + } +}); + +module.exports = StatuesView; \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/public/js/app.js b/public/js/app.js index 856bf80..5480411 100644 --- a/public/js/app.js +++ b/public/js/app.js @@ -1,25 +1,22 @@ -jQuery(function($) { - $('form').on('submit', function() { - $.ajax({ - url: '/statuses', - type: 'POST', - dataType: 'json', - data: {text: $(this).find('textarea').val()}, - success: function(data) { - $('#statuses').append('
  • ' + data.text + '
    • '); - } +var StatusList = require("./Models/StatusCollection"); +var NewStatusView = require("./Views/NewStatusView"); +var StatusesView = require("./Views/StatusesView"); +jQuery(function ($) { + var statuses = new StatusList(); + new NewStatusView({ + el: $('#js-new-status'), + collection: statuses + }); + new StatusesView({ + el: $('#statuses'), + collection: statuses + }); + statuses.fetchList({ + success: function (data) { + var $statuses = $('#statuses'); + for (var i = 0; data.length > i; i++) { + $statuses.append('
  • ' + data[i].text + '
    • '); + } + } }); - return false; - }); - - $.ajax({ - url: '/statuses', - dataType: 'json', - success: function(data) { - var $statuses = $('#statuses'); - for(var i = 0; data.length > i; i++) { - $statuses.append('
  • ' + data[i].text + '
    • '); - } - } - }) }); \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/public/js/backbone.js b/public/js/backbone.js new file mode 100644 index 0000000..24a550a --- /dev/null +++ b/public/js/backbone.js @@ -0,0 +1,1608 @@ +// Backbone.js 1.1.2 + +// (c) 2010-2014 Jeremy Ashkenas, DocumentCloud and Investigative Reporters & Editors +// Backbone may be freely distributed under the MIT license. +// For all details and documentation: +// http://backbonejs.org + +(function(root, factory) { + + // Set up Backbone appropriately for the environment. Start with AMD. + if (typeof define === 'function' && define.amd) { + define(['underscore', 'jquery', 'exports'], function(_, $, exports) { + // Export global even in AMD case in case this script is loaded with + // others that may still expect a global Backbone. + root.Backbone = factory(root, exports, _, $); + }); + + // Next for Node.js or CommonJS. jQuery may not be needed as a module. + } else if (typeof exports !== 'undefined') { + var _ = require('underscore'); + factory(root, exports, _); + + // Finally, as a browser global. + } else { + root.Backbone = factory(root, {}, root._, (root.jQuery || root.Zepto || root.ender || root.$)); + } + +}(this, function(root, Backbone, _, $) { + + // Initial Setup + // ------------- + + // Save the previous value of the `Backbone` variable, so that it can be + // restored later on, if `noConflict` is used. + var previousBackbone = root.Backbone; + + // Create local references to array methods we'll want to use later. + var array = []; + var push = array.push; + var slice = array.slice; + var splice = array.splice; + + // Current version of the library. Keep in sync with `package.json`. + Backbone.VERSION = '1.1.2'; + + // For Backbone's purposes, jQuery, Zepto, Ender, or My Library (kidding) owns + // the `$` variable. + Backbone.$ = $; + + // Runs Backbone.js in *noConflict* mode, returning the `Backbone` variable + // to its previous owner. Returns a reference to this Backbone object. + Backbone.noConflict = function() { + root.Backbone = previousBackbone; + return this; + }; + + // Turn on `emulateHTTP` to support legacy HTTP servers. Setting this option + // will fake `"PATCH"`, `"PUT"` and `"DELETE"` requests via the `_method` parameter and + // set a `X-Http-Method-Override` header. + Backbone.emulateHTTP = false; + + // Turn on `emulateJSON` to support legacy servers that can't deal with direct + // `application/json` requests ... will encode the body as + // `application/x-www-form-urlencoded` instead and will send the model in a + // form param named `model`. + Backbone.emulateJSON = false; + + // Backbone.Events + // --------------- + + // A module that can be mixed in to *any object* in order to provide it with + // custom events. You may bind with `on` or remove with `off` callback + // functions to an event; `trigger`-ing an event fires all callbacks in + // succession. + // + // var object = {}; + // _.extend(object, Backbone.Events); + // object.on('expand', function(){ alert('expanded'); }); + // object.trigger('expand'); + // + var Events = Backbone.Events = { + + // Bind an event to a `callback` function. Passing `"all"` will bind + // the callback to all events fired. + on: function(name, callback, context) { + if (!eventsApi(this, 'on', name, [callback, context]) || !callback) return this; + this._events || (this._events = {}); + var events = this._events[name] || (this._events[name] = []); + events.push({callback: callback, context: context, ctx: context || this}); + return this; + }, + + // Bind an event to only be triggered a single time. After the first time + // the callback is invoked, it will be removed. + once: function(name, callback, context) { + if (!eventsApi(this, 'once', name, [callback, context]) || !callback) return this; + var self = this; + var once = _.once(function() { + self.off(name, once); + callback.apply(this, arguments); + }); + once._callback = callback; + return this.on(name, once, context); + }, + + // Remove one or many callbacks. If `context` is null, removes all + // callbacks with that function. If `callback` is null, removes all + // callbacks for the event. If `name` is null, removes all bound + // callbacks for all events. + off: function(name, callback, context) { + var retain, ev, events, names, i, l, j, k; + if (!this._events || !eventsApi(this, 'off', name, [callback, context])) return this; + if (!name && !callback && !context) { + this._events = void 0; + return this; + } + names = name ? [name] : _.keys(this._events); + for (i = 0, l = names.length; i < l; i++) { + name = names[i]; + if (events = this._events[name]) { + this._events[name] = retain = []; + if (callback || context) { + for (j = 0, k = events.length; j < k; j++) { + ev = events[j]; + if ((callback && callback !== ev.callback && callback !== ev.callback._callback) || + (context && context !== ev.context)) { + retain.push(ev); + } + } + } + if (!retain.length) delete this._events[name]; + } + } + + return this; + }, + + // Trigger one or many events, firing all bound callbacks. Callbacks are + // passed the same arguments as `trigger` is, apart from the event name + // (unless you're listening on `"all"`, which will cause your callback to + // receive the true name of the event as the first argument). + trigger: function(name) { + if (!this._events) return this; + var args = slice.call(arguments, 1); + if (!eventsApi(this, 'trigger', name, args)) return this; + var events = this._events[name]; + var allEvents = this._events.all; + if (events) triggerEvents(events, args); + if (allEvents) triggerEvents(allEvents, arguments); + return this; + }, + + // Tell this object to stop listening to either specific events ... or + // to every object it's currently listening to. + stopListening: function(obj, name, callback) { + var listeningTo = this._listeningTo; + if (!listeningTo) return this; + var remove = !name && !callback; + if (!callback && typeof name === 'object') callback = this; + if (obj) (listeningTo = {})[obj._listenId] = obj; + for (var id in listeningTo) { + obj = listeningTo[id]; + obj.off(name, callback, this); + if (remove || _.isEmpty(obj._events)) delete this._listeningTo[id]; + } + return this; + } + + }; + + // Regular expression used to split event strings. + var eventSplitter = /\s+/; + + // Implement fancy features of the Events API such as multiple event + // names `"change blur"` and jQuery-style event maps `{change: action}` + // in terms of the existing API. + var eventsApi = function(obj, action, name, rest) { + if (!name) return true; + + // Handle event maps. + if (typeof name === 'object') { + for (var key in name) { + obj[action].apply(obj, [key, name[key]].concat(rest)); + } + return false; + } + + // Handle space separated event names. + if (eventSplitter.test(name)) { + var names = name.split(eventSplitter); + for (var i = 0, l = names.length; i < l; i++) { + obj[action].apply(obj, [names[i]].concat(rest)); + } + return false; + } + + return true; + }; + + // A difficult-to-believe, but optimized internal dispatch function for + // triggering events. Tries to keep the usual cases speedy (most internal + // Backbone events have 3 arguments). + var triggerEvents = function(events, args) { + var ev, i = -1, l = events.length, a1 = args[0], a2 = args[1], a3 = args[2]; + switch (args.length) { + case 0: while (++i < l) (ev = events[i]).callback.call(ev.ctx); return; + case 1: while (++i < l) (ev = events[i]).callback.call(ev.ctx, a1); return; + case 2: while (++i < l) (ev = events[i]).callback.call(ev.ctx, a1, a2); return; + case 3: while (++i < l) (ev = events[i]).callback.call(ev.ctx, a1, a2, a3); return; + default: while (++i < l) (ev = events[i]).callback.apply(ev.ctx, args); return; + } + }; + + var listenMethods = {listenTo: 'on', listenToOnce: 'once'}; + + // Inversion-of-control versions of `on` and `once`. Tell *this* object to + // listen to an event in another object ... keeping track of what it's + // listening to. + _.each(listenMethods, function(implementation, method) { + Events[method] = function(obj, name, callback) { + var listeningTo = this._listeningTo || (this._listeningTo = {}); + var id = obj._listenId || (obj._listenId = _.uniqueId('l')); + listeningTo[id] = obj; + if (!callback && typeof name === 'object') callback = this; + obj[implementation](name, callback, this); + return this; + }; + }); + + // Aliases for backwards compatibility. + Events.bind = Events.on; + Events.unbind = Events.off; + + // Allow the `Backbone` object to serve as a global event bus, for folks who + // want global "pubsub" in a convenient place. + _.extend(Backbone, Events); + + // Backbone.Model + // -------------- + + // Backbone **Models** are the basic data object in the framework -- + // frequently representing a row in a table in a database on your server. + // A discrete chunk of data and a bunch of useful, related methods for + // performing computations and transformations on that data. + + // Create a new model with the specified attributes. A client id (`cid`) + // is automatically generated and assigned for you. + var Model = Backbone.Model = function(attributes, options) { + var attrs = attributes || {}; + options || (options = {}); + this.cid = _.uniqueId('c'); + this.attributes = {}; + if (options.collection) this.collection = options.collection; + if (options.parse) attrs = this.parse(attrs, options) || {}; + attrs = _.defaults({}, attrs, _.result(this, 'defaults')); + this.set(attrs, options); + this.changed = {}; + this.initialize.apply(this, arguments); + }; + + // Attach all inheritable methods to the Model prototype. + _.extend(Model.prototype, Events, { + + // A hash of attributes whose current and previous value differ. + changed: null, + + // The value returned during the last failed validation. + validationError: null, + + // The default name for the JSON `id` attribute is `"id"`. MongoDB and + // CouchDB users may want to set this to `"_id"`. + idAttribute: 'id', + + // Initialize is an empty function by default. Override it with your own + // initialization logic. + initialize: function(){}, + + // Return a copy of the model's `attributes` object. + toJSON: function(options) { + return _.clone(this.attributes); + }, + + // Proxy `Backbone.sync` by default -- but override this if you need + // custom syncing semantics for *this* particular model. + sync: function() { + return Backbone.sync.apply(this, arguments); + }, + + // Get the value of an attribute. + get: function(attr) { + return this.attributes[attr]; + }, + + // Get the HTML-escaped value of an attribute. + escape: function(attr) { + return _.escape(this.get(attr)); + }, + + // Returns `true` if the attribute contains a value that is not null + // or undefined. + has: function(attr) { + return this.get(attr) != null; + }, + + // Set a hash of model attributes on the object, firing `"change"`. This is + // the core primitive operation of a model, updating the data and notifying + // anyone who needs to know about the change in state. The heart of the beast. + set: function(key, val, options) { + var attr, attrs, unset, changes, silent, changing, prev, current; + if (key == null) return this; + + // Handle both `"key", value` and `{key: value}` -style arguments. + if (typeof key === 'object') { + attrs = key; + options = val; + } else { + (attrs = {})[key] = val; + } + + options || (options = {}); + + // Run validation. + if (!this._validate(attrs, options)) return false; + + // Extract attributes and options. + unset = options.unset; + silent = options.silent; + changes = []; + changing = this._changing; + this._changing = true; + + if (!changing) { + this._previousAttributes = _.clone(this.attributes); + this.changed = {}; + } + current = this.attributes, prev = this._previousAttributes; + + // Check for changes of `id`. + if (this.idAttribute in attrs) this.id = attrs[this.idAttribute]; + + // For each `set` attribute, update or delete the current value. + for (attr in attrs) { + val = attrs[attr]; + if (!_.isEqual(current[attr], val)) changes.push(attr); + if (!_.isEqual(prev[attr], val)) { + this.changed[attr] = val; + } else { + delete this.changed[attr]; + } + unset ? delete current[attr] : current[attr] = val; + } + + // Trigger all relevant attribute changes. + if (!silent) { + if (changes.length) this._pending = options; + for (var i = 0, l = changes.length; i < l; i++) { + this.trigger('change:' + changes[i], this, current[changes[i]], options); + } + } + + // You might be wondering why there's a `while` loop here. Changes can + // be recursively nested within `"change"` events. + if (changing) return this; + if (!silent) { + while (this._pending) { + options = this._pending; + this._pending = false; + this.trigger('change', this, options); + } + } + this._pending = false; + this._changing = false; + return this; + }, + + // Remove an attribute from the model, firing `"change"`. `unset` is a noop + // if the attribute doesn't exist. + unset: function(attr, options) { + return this.set(attr, void 0, _.extend({}, options, {unset: true})); + }, + + // Clear all attributes on the model, firing `"change"`. + clear: function(options) { + var attrs = {}; + for (var key in this.attributes) attrs[key] = void 0; + return this.set(attrs, _.extend({}, options, {unset: true})); + }, + + // Determine if the model has changed since the last `"change"` event. + // If you specify an attribute name, determine if that attribute has changed. + hasChanged: function(attr) { + if (attr == null) return !_.isEmpty(this.changed); + return _.has(this.changed, attr); + }, + + // Return an object containing all the attributes that have changed, or + // false if there are no changed attributes. Useful for determining what + // parts of a view need to be updated and/or what attributes need to be + // persisted to the server. Unset attributes will be set to undefined. + // You can also pass an attributes object to diff against the model, + // determining if there *would be* a change. + changedAttributes: function(diff) { + if (!diff) return this.hasChanged() ? _.clone(this.changed) : false; + var val, changed = false; + var old = this._changing ? this._previousAttributes : this.attributes; + for (var attr in diff) { + if (_.isEqual(old[attr], (val = diff[attr]))) continue; + (changed || (changed = {}))[attr] = val; + } + return changed; + }, + + // Get the previous value of an attribute, recorded at the time the last + // `"change"` event was fired. + previous: function(attr) { + if (attr == null || !this._previousAttributes) return null; + return this._previousAttributes[attr]; + }, + + // Get all of the attributes of the model at the time of the previous + // `"change"` event. + previousAttributes: function() { + return _.clone(this._previousAttributes); + }, + + // Fetch the model from the server. If the server's representation of the + // model differs from its current attributes, they will be overridden, + // triggering a `"change"` event. + fetch: function(options) { + options = options ? _.clone(options) : {}; + if (options.parse === void 0) options.parse = true; + var model = this; + var success = options.success; + options.success = function(resp) { + if (!model.set(model.parse(resp, options), options)) return false; + if (success) success(model, resp, options); + model.trigger('sync', model, resp, options); + }; + wrapError(this, options); + return this.sync('read', this, options); + }, + + // Set a hash of model attributes, and sync the model to the server. + // If the server returns an attributes hash that differs, the model's + // state will be `set` again. + save: function(key, val, options) { + var attrs, method, xhr, attributes = this.attributes; + + // Handle both `"key", value` and `{key: value}` -style arguments. + if (key == null || typeof key === 'object') { + attrs = key; + options = val; + } else { + (attrs = {})[key] = val; + } + + options = _.extend({validate: true}, options); + + // If we're not waiting and attributes exist, save acts as + // `set(attr).save(null, opts)` with validation. Otherwise, check if + // the model will be valid when the attributes, if any, are set. + if (attrs && !options.wait) { + if (!this.set(attrs, options)) return false; + } else { + if (!this._validate(attrs, options)) return false; + } + + // Set temporary attributes if `{wait: true}`. + if (attrs && options.wait) { + this.attributes = _.extend({}, attributes, attrs); + } + + // After a successful server-side save, the client is (optionally) + // updated with the server-side state. + if (options.parse === void 0) options.parse = true; + var model = this; + var success = options.success; + options.success = function(resp) { + // Ensure attributes are restored during synchronous saves. + model.attributes = attributes; + var serverAttrs = model.parse(resp, options); + if (options.wait) serverAttrs = _.extend(attrs || {}, serverAttrs); + if (_.isObject(serverAttrs) && !model.set(serverAttrs, options)) { + return false; + } + if (success) success(model, resp, options); + model.trigger('sync', model, resp, options); + }; + wrapError(this, options); + + method = this.isNew() ? 'create' : (options.patch ? 'patch' : 'update'); + if (method === 'patch') options.attrs = attrs; + xhr = this.sync(method, this, options); + + // Restore attributes. + if (attrs && options.wait) this.attributes = attributes; + + return xhr; + }, + + // Destroy this model on the server if it was already persisted. + // Optimistically removes the model from its collection, if it has one. + // If `wait: true` is passed, waits for the server to respond before removal. + destroy: function(options) { + options = options ? _.clone(options) : {}; + var model = this; + var success = options.success; + + var destroy = function() { + model.trigger('destroy', model, model.collection, options); + }; + + options.success = function(resp) { + if (options.wait || model.isNew()) destroy(); + if (success) success(model, resp, options); + if (!model.isNew()) model.trigger('sync', model, resp, options); + }; + + if (this.isNew()) { + options.success(); + return false; + } + wrapError(this, options); + + var xhr = this.sync('delete', this, options); + if (!options.wait) destroy(); + return xhr; + }, + + // Default URL for the model's representation on the server -- if you're + // using Backbone's restful methods, override this to change the endpoint + // that will be called. + url: function() { + var base = + _.result(this, 'urlRoot') || + _.result(this.collection, 'url') || + urlError(); + if (this.isNew()) return base; + return base.replace(/([^\/])$/, '$1/') + encodeURIComponent(this.id); + }, + + // **parse** converts a response into the hash of attributes to be `set` on + // the model. The default implementation is just to pass the response along. + parse: function(resp, options) { + return resp; + }, + + // Create a new model with identical attributes to this one. + clone: function() { + return new this.constructor(this.attributes); + }, + + // A model is new if it has never been saved to the server, and lacks an id. + isNew: function() { + return !this.has(this.idAttribute); + }, + + // Check if the model is currently in a valid state. + isValid: function(options) { + return this._validate({}, _.extend(options || {}, { validate: true })); + }, + + // Run validation against the next complete set of model attributes, + // returning `true` if all is well. Otherwise, fire an `"invalid"` event. + _validate: function(attrs, options) { + if (!options.validate || !this.validate) return true; + attrs = _.extend({}, this.attributes, attrs); + var error = this.validationError = this.validate(attrs, options) || null; + if (!error) return true; + this.trigger('invalid', this, error, _.extend(options, {validationError: error})); + return false; + } + + }); + + // Underscore methods that we want to implement on the Model. + var modelMethods = ['keys', 'values', 'pairs', 'invert', 'pick', 'omit']; + + // Mix in each Underscore method as a proxy to `Model#attributes`. + _.each(modelMethods, function(method) { + Model.prototype[method] = function() { + var args = slice.call(arguments); + args.unshift(this.attributes); + return _[method].apply(_, args); + }; + }); + + // Backbone.Collection + // ------------------- + + // If models tend to represent a single row of data, a Backbone Collection is + // more analagous to a table full of data ... or a small slice or page of that + // table, or a collection of rows that belong together for a particular reason + // -- all of the messages in this particular folder, all of the documents + // belonging to this particular author, and so on. Collections maintain + // indexes of their models, both in order, and for lookup by `id`. + + // Create a new **Collection**, perhaps to contain a specific type of `model`. + // If a `comparator` is specified, the Collection will maintain + // its models in sort order, as they're added and removed. + var Collection = Backbone.Collection = function(models, options) { + options || (options = {}); + if (options.model) this.model = options.model; + if (options.comparator !== void 0) this.comparator = options.comparator; + this._reset(); + this.initialize.apply(this, arguments); + if (models) this.reset(models, _.extend({silent: true}, options)); + }; + + // Default options for `Collection#set`. + var setOptions = {add: true, remove: true, merge: true}; + var addOptions = {add: true, remove: false}; + + // Define the Collection's inheritable methods. + _.extend(Collection.prototype, Events, { + + // The default model for a collection is just a **Backbone.Model**. + // This should be overridden in most cases. + model: Model, + + // Initialize is an empty function by default. Override it with your own + // initialization logic. + initialize: function(){}, + + // The JSON representation of a Collection is an array of the + // models' attributes. + toJSON: function(options) { + return this.map(function(model){ return model.toJSON(options); }); + }, + + // Proxy `Backbone.sync` by default. + sync: function() { + return Backbone.sync.apply(this, arguments); + }, + + // Add a model, or list of models to the set. + add: function(models, options) { + return this.set(models, _.extend({merge: false}, options, addOptions)); + }, + + // Remove a model, or a list of models from the set. + remove: function(models, options) { + var singular = !_.isArray(models); + models = singular ? [models] : _.clone(models); + options || (options = {}); + var i, l, index, model; + for (i = 0, l = models.length; i < l; i++) { + model = models[i] = this.get(models[i]); + if (!model) continue; + delete this._byId[model.id]; + delete this._byId[model.cid]; + index = this.indexOf(model); + this.models.splice(index, 1); + this.length--; + if (!options.silent) { + options.index = index; + model.trigger('remove', model, this, options); + } + this._removeReference(model, options); + } + return singular ? models[0] : models; + }, + + // Update a collection by `set`-ing a new list of models, adding new ones, + // removing models that are no longer present, and merging models that + // already exist in the collection, as necessary. Similar to **Model#set**, + // the core operation for updating the data contained by the collection. + set: function(models, options) { + options = _.defaults({}, options, setOptions); + if (options.parse) models = this.parse(models, options); + var singular = !_.isArray(models); + models = singular ? (models ? [models] : []) : _.clone(models); + var i, l, id, model, attrs, existing, sort; + var at = options.at; + var targetModel = this.model; + var sortable = this.comparator && (at == null) && options.sort !== false; + var sortAttr = _.isString(this.comparator) ? this.comparator : null; + var toAdd = [], toRemove = [], modelMap = {}; + var add = options.add, merge = options.merge, remove = options.remove; + var order = !sortable && add && remove ? [] : false; + + // Turn bare objects into model references, and prevent invalid models + // from being added. + for (i = 0, l = models.length; i < l; i++) { + attrs = models[i] || {}; + if (attrs instanceof Model) { + id = model = attrs; + } else { + id = attrs[targetModel.prototype.idAttribute || 'id']; + } + + // If a duplicate is found, prevent it from being added and + // optionally merge it into the existing model. + if (existing = this.get(id)) { + if (remove) modelMap[existing.cid] = true; + if (merge) { + attrs = attrs === model ? model.attributes : attrs; + if (options.parse) attrs = existing.parse(attrs, options); + existing.set(attrs, options); + if (sortable && !sort && existing.hasChanged(sortAttr)) sort = true; + } + models[i] = existing; + + // If this is a new, valid model, push it to the `toAdd` list. + } else if (add) { + model = models[i] = this._prepareModel(attrs, options); + if (!model) continue; + toAdd.push(model); + this._addReference(model, options); + } + + // Do not add multiple models with the same `id`. + model = existing || model; + if (order && (model.isNew() || !modelMap[model.id])) order.push(model); + modelMap[model.id] = true; + } + + // Remove nonexistent models if appropriate. + if (remove) { + for (i = 0, l = this.length; i < l; ++i) { + if (!modelMap[(model = this.models[i]).cid]) toRemove.push(model); + } + if (toRemove.length) this.remove(toRemove, options); + } + + // See if sorting is needed, update `length` and splice in new models. + if (toAdd.length || (order && order.length)) { + if (sortable) sort = true; + this.length += toAdd.length; + if (at != null) { + for (i = 0, l = toAdd.length; i < l; i++) { + this.models.splice(at + i, 0, toAdd[i]); + } + } else { + if (order) this.models.length = 0; + var orderedModels = order || toAdd; + for (i = 0, l = orderedModels.length; i < l; i++) { + this.models.push(orderedModels[i]); + } + } + } + + // Silently sort the collection if appropriate. + if (sort) this.sort({silent: true}); + + // Unless silenced, it's time to fire all appropriate add/sort events. + if (!options.silent) { + for (i = 0, l = toAdd.length; i < l; i++) { + (model = toAdd[i]).trigger('add', model, this, options); + } + if (sort || (order && order.length)) this.trigger('sort', this, options); + } + + // Return the added (or merged) model (or models). + return singular ? models[0] : models; + }, + + // When you have more items than you want to add or remove individually, + // you can reset the entire set with a new list of models, without firing + // any granular `add` or `remove` events. Fires `reset` when finished. + // Useful for bulk operations and optimizations. + reset: function(models, options) { + options || (options = {}); + for (var i = 0, l = this.models.length; i < l; i++) { + this._removeReference(this.models[i], options); + } + options.previousModels = this.models; + this._reset(); + models = this.add(models, _.extend({silent: true}, options)); + if (!options.silent) this.trigger('reset', this, options); + return models; + }, + + // Add a model to the end of the collection. + push: function(model, options) { + return this.add(model, _.extend({at: this.length}, options)); + }, + + // Remove a model from the end of the collection. + pop: function(options) { + var model = this.at(this.length - 1); + this.remove(model, options); + return model; + }, + + // Add a model to the beginning of the collection. + unshift: function(model, options) { + return this.add(model, _.extend({at: 0}, options)); + }, + + // Remove a model from the beginning of the collection. + shift: function(options) { + var model = this.at(0); + this.remove(model, options); + return model; + }, + + // Slice out a sub-array of models from the collection. + slice: function() { + return slice.apply(this.models, arguments); + }, + + // Get a model from the set by id. + get: function(obj) { + if (obj == null) return void 0; + return this._byId[obj] || this._byId[obj.id] || this._byId[obj.cid]; + }, + + // Get the model at the given index. + at: function(index) { + return this.models[index]; + }, + + // Return models with matching attributes. Useful for simple cases of + // `filter`. + where: function(attrs, first) { + if (_.isEmpty(attrs)) return first ? void 0 : []; + return this[first ? 'find' : 'filter'](function(model) { + for (var key in attrs) { + if (attrs[key] !== model.get(key)) return false; + } + return true; + }); + }, + + // Return the first model with matching attributes. Useful for simple cases + // of `find`. + findWhere: function(attrs) { + return this.where(attrs, true); + }, + + // Force the collection to re-sort itself. You don't need to call this under + // normal circumstances, as the set will maintain sort order as each item + // is added. + sort: function(options) { + if (!this.comparator) throw new Error('Cannot sort a set without a comparator'); + options || (options = {}); + + // Run sort based on type of `comparator`. + if (_.isString(this.comparator) || this.comparator.length === 1) { + this.models = this.sortBy(this.comparator, this); + } else { + this.models.sort(_.bind(this.comparator, this)); + } + + if (!options.silent) this.trigger('sort', this, options); + return this; + }, + + // Pluck an attribute from each model in the collection. + pluck: function(attr) { + return _.invoke(this.models, 'get', attr); + }, + + // Fetch the default set of models for this collection, resetting the + // collection when they arrive. If `reset: true` is passed, the response + // data will be passed through the `reset` method instead of `set`. + fetch: function(options) { + options = options ? _.clone(options) : {}; + if (options.parse === void 0) options.parse = true; + var success = options.success; + var collection = this; + options.success = function(resp) { + var method = options.reset ? 'reset' : 'set'; + collection[method](resp, options); + if (success) success(collection, resp, options); + collection.trigger('sync', collection, resp, options); + }; + wrapError(this, options); + return this.sync('read', this, options); + }, + + // Create a new instance of a model in this collection. Add the model to the + // collection immediately, unless `wait: true` is passed, in which case we + // wait for the server to agree. + create: function(model, options) { + options = options ? _.clone(options) : {}; + if (!(model = this._prepareModel(model, options))) return false; + if (!options.wait) this.add(model, options); + var collection = this; + var success = options.success; + options.success = function(model, resp) { + if (options.wait) collection.add(model, options); + if (success) success(model, resp, options); + }; + model.save(null, options); + return model; + }, + + // **parse** converts a response into a list of models to be added to the + // collection. The default implementation is just to pass it through. + parse: function(resp, options) { + return resp; + }, + + // Create a new collection with an identical list of models as this one. + clone: function() { + return new this.constructor(this.models); + }, + + // Private method to reset all internal state. Called when the collection + // is first initialized or reset. + _reset: function() { + this.length = 0; + this.models = []; + this._byId = {}; + }, + + // Prepare a hash of attributes (or other model) to be added to this + // collection. + _prepareModel: function(attrs, options) { + if (attrs instanceof Model) return attrs; + options = options ? _.clone(options) : {}; + options.collection = this; + var model = new this.model(attrs, options); + if (!model.validationError) return model; + this.trigger('invalid', this, model.validationError, options); + return false; + }, + + // Internal method to create a model's ties to a collection. + _addReference: function(model, options) { + this._byId[model.cid] = model; + if (model.id != null) this._byId[model.id] = model; + if (!model.collection) model.collection = this; + model.on('all', this._onModelEvent, this); + }, + + // Internal method to sever a model's ties to a collection. + _removeReference: function(model, options) { + if (this === model.collection) delete model.collection; + model.off('all', this._onModelEvent, this); + }, + + // Internal method called every time a model in the set fires an event. + // Sets need to update their indexes when models change ids. All other + // events simply proxy through. "add" and "remove" events that originate + // in other collections are ignored. + _onModelEvent: function(event, model, collection, options) { + if ((event === 'add' || event === 'remove') && collection !== this) return; + if (event === 'destroy') this.remove(model, options); + if (model && event === 'change:' + model.idAttribute) { + delete this._byId[model.previous(model.idAttribute)]; + if (model.id != null) this._byId[model.id] = model; + } + this.trigger.apply(this, arguments); + } + + }); + + // Underscore methods that we want to implement on the Collection. + // 90% of the core usefulness of Backbone Collections is actually implemented + // right here: + var methods = ['forEach', 'each', 'map', 'collect', 'reduce', 'foldl', + 'inject', 'reduceRight', 'foldr', 'find', 'detect', 'filter', 'select', + 'reject', 'every', 'all', 'some', 'any', 'include', 'contains', 'invoke', + 'max', 'min', 'toArray', 'size', 'first', 'head', 'take', 'initial', 'rest', + 'tail', 'drop', 'last', 'without', 'difference', 'indexOf', 'shuffle', + 'lastIndexOf', 'isEmpty', 'chain', 'sample']; + + // Mix in each Underscore method as a proxy to `Collection#models`. + _.each(methods, function(method) { + Collection.prototype[method] = function() { + var args = slice.call(arguments); + args.unshift(this.models); + return _[method].apply(_, args); + }; + }); + + // Underscore methods that take a property name as an argument. + var attributeMethods = ['groupBy', 'countBy', 'sortBy', 'indexBy']; + + // Use attributes instead of properties. + _.each(attributeMethods, function(method) { + Collection.prototype[method] = function(value, context) { + var iterator = _.isFunction(value) ? value : function(model) { + return model.get(value); + }; + return _[method](this.models, iterator, context); + }; + }); + + // Backbone.View + // ------------- + + // Backbone Views are almost more convention than they are actual code. A View + // is simply a JavaScript object that represents a logical chunk of UI in the + // DOM. This might be a single item, an entire list, a sidebar or panel, or + // even the surrounding frame which wraps your whole app. Defining a chunk of + // UI as a **View** allows you to define your DOM events declaratively, without + // having to worry about render order ... and makes it easy for the view to + // react to specific changes in the state of your models. + + // Creating a Backbone.View creates its initial element outside of the DOM, + // if an existing element is not provided... + var View = Backbone.View = function(options) { + this.cid = _.uniqueId('view'); + options || (options = {}); + _.extend(this, _.pick(options, viewOptions)); + this._ensureElement(); + this.initialize.apply(this, arguments); + this.delegateEvents(); + }; + + // Cached regex to split keys for `delegate`. + var delegateEventSplitter = /^(\S+)\s*(.*)$/; + + // List of view options to be merged as properties. + var viewOptions = ['model', 'collection', 'el', 'id', 'attributes', 'className', 'tagName', 'events']; + + // Set up all inheritable **Backbone.View** properties and methods. + _.extend(View.prototype, Events, { + + // The default `tagName` of a View's element is `"div"`. + tagName: 'div', + + // jQuery delegate for element lookup, scoped to DOM elements within the + // current view. This should be preferred to global lookups where possible. + $: function(selector) { + return this.$el.find(selector); + }, + + // Initialize is an empty function by default. Override it with your own + // initialization logic. + initialize: function(){}, + + // **render** is the core function that your view should override, in order + // to populate its element (`this.el`), with the appropriate HTML. The + // convention is for **render** to always return `this`. + render: function() { + return this; + }, + + // Remove this view by taking the element out of the DOM, and removing any + // applicable Backbone.Events listeners. + remove: function() { + this.$el.remove(); + this.stopListening(); + return this; + }, + + // Change the view's element (`this.el` property), including event + // re-delegation. + setElement: function(element, delegate) { + if (this.$el) this.undelegateEvents(); + this.$el = element instanceof Backbone.$ ? element : Backbone.$(element); + this.el = this.$el[0]; + if (delegate !== false) this.delegateEvents(); + return this; + }, + + // Set callbacks, where `this.events` is a hash of + // + // *{"event selector": "callback"}* + // + // { + // 'mousedown .title': 'edit', + // 'click .button': 'save', + // 'click .open': function(e) { ... } + // } + // + // pairs. Callbacks will be bound to the view, with `this` set properly. + // Uses event delegation for efficiency. + // Omitting the selector binds the event to `this.el`. + // This only works for delegate-able events: not `focus`, `blur`, and + // not `change`, `submit`, and `reset` in Internet Explorer. + delegateEvents: function(events) { + if (!(events || (events = _.result(this, 'events')))) return this; + this.undelegateEvents(); + for (var key in events) { + var method = events[key]; + if (!_.isFunction(method)) method = this[events[key]]; + if (!method) continue; + + var match = key.match(delegateEventSplitter); + var eventName = match[1], selector = match[2]; + method = _.bind(method, this); + eventName += '.delegateEvents' + this.cid; + if (selector === '') { + this.$el.on(eventName, method); + } else { + this.$el.on(eventName, selector, method); + } + } + return this; + }, + + // Clears all callbacks previously bound to the view with `delegateEvents`. + // You usually don't need to use this, but may wish to if you have multiple + // Backbone views attached to the same DOM element. + undelegateEvents: function() { + this.$el.off('.delegateEvents' + this.cid); + return this; + }, + + // Ensure that the View has a DOM element to render into. + // If `this.el` is a string, pass it through `$()`, take the first + // matching element, and re-assign it to `el`. Otherwise, create + // an element from the `id`, `className` and `tagName` properties. + _ensureElement: function() { + if (!this.el) { + var attrs = _.extend({}, _.result(this, 'attributes')); + if (this.id) attrs.id = _.result(this, 'id'); + if (this.className) attrs['class'] = _.result(this, 'className'); + var $el = Backbone.$('<' + _.result(this, 'tagName') + '>').attr(attrs); + this.setElement($el, false); + } else { + this.setElement(_.result(this, 'el'), false); + } + } + + }); + + // Backbone.sync + // ------------- + + // Override this function to change the manner in which Backbone persists + // models to the server. You will be passed the type of request, and the + // model in question. By default, makes a RESTful Ajax request + // to the model's `url()`. Some possible customizations could be: + // + // * Use `setTimeout` to batch rapid-fire updates into a single request. + // * Send up the models as XML instead of JSON. + // * Persist models via WebSockets instead of Ajax. + // + // Turn on `Backbone.emulateHTTP` in order to send `PUT` and `DELETE` requests + // as `POST`, with a `_method` parameter containing the true HTTP method, + // as well as all requests with the body as `application/x-www-form-urlencoded` + // instead of `application/json` with the model in a param named `model`. + // Useful when interfacing with server-side languages like **PHP** that make + // it difficult to read the body of `PUT` requests. + Backbone.sync = function(method, model, options) { + var type = methodMap[method]; + + // Default options, unless specified. + _.defaults(options || (options = {}), { + emulateHTTP: Backbone.emulateHTTP, + emulateJSON: Backbone.emulateJSON + }); + + // Default JSON-request options. + var params = {type: type, dataType: 'json'}; + + // Ensure that we have a URL. + if (!options.url) { + params.url = _.result(model, 'url') || urlError(); + } + + // Ensure that we have the appropriate request data. + if (options.data == null && model && (method === 'create' || method === 'update' || method === 'patch')) { + params.contentType = 'application/json'; + params.data = JSON.stringify(options.attrs || model.toJSON(options)); + } + + // For older servers, emulate JSON by encoding the request into an HTML-form. + if (options.emulateJSON) { + params.contentType = 'application/x-www-form-urlencoded'; + params.data = params.data ? {model: params.data} : {}; + } + + // For older servers, emulate HTTP by mimicking the HTTP method with `_method` + // And an `X-HTTP-Method-Override` header. + if (options.emulateHTTP && (type === 'PUT' || type === 'DELETE' || type === 'PATCH')) { + params.type = 'POST'; + if (options.emulateJSON) params.data._method = type; + var beforeSend = options.beforeSend; + options.beforeSend = function(xhr) { + xhr.setRequestHeader('X-HTTP-Method-Override', type); + if (beforeSend) return beforeSend.apply(this, arguments); + }; + } + + // Don't process data on a non-GET request. + if (params.type !== 'GET' && !options.emulateJSON) { + params.processData = false; + } + + // If we're sending a `PATCH` request, and we're in an old Internet Explorer + // that still has ActiveX enabled by default, override jQuery to use that + // for XHR instead. Remove this line when jQuery supports `PATCH` on IE8. + if (params.type === 'PATCH' && noXhrPatch) { + params.xhr = function() { + return new ActiveXObject("Microsoft.XMLHTTP"); + }; + } + + // Make the request, allowing the user to override any Ajax options. + var xhr = options.xhr = Backbone.ajax(_.extend(params, options)); + model.trigger('request', model, xhr, options); + return xhr; + }; + + var noXhrPatch = + typeof window !== 'undefined' && !!window.ActiveXObject && + !(window.XMLHttpRequest && (new XMLHttpRequest).dispatchEvent); + + // Map from CRUD to HTTP for our default `Backbone.sync` implementation. + var methodMap = { + 'create': 'POST', + 'update': 'PUT', + 'patch': 'PATCH', + 'delete': 'DELETE', + 'read': 'GET' + }; + + // Set the default implementation of `Backbone.ajax` to proxy through to `$`. + // Override this if you'd like to use a different library. + Backbone.ajax = function() { + return Backbone.$.ajax.apply(Backbone.$, arguments); + }; + + // Backbone.Router + // --------------- + + // Routers map faux-URLs to actions, and fire events when routes are + // matched. Creating a new one sets its `routes` hash, if not set statically. + var Router = Backbone.Router = function(options) { + options || (options = {}); + if (options.routes) this.routes = options.routes; + this._bindRoutes(); + this.initialize.apply(this, arguments); + }; + + // Cached regular expressions for matching named param parts and splatted + // parts of route strings. + var optionalParam = /\((.*?)\)/g; + var namedParam = /(\(\?)?:\w+/g; + var splatParam = /\*\w+/g; + var escapeRegExp = /[\-{}\[\]+?.,\\\^$|#\s]/g; + + // Set up all inheritable **Backbone.Router** properties and methods. + _.extend(Router.prototype, Events, { + + // Initialize is an empty function by default. Override it with your own + // initialization logic. + initialize: function(){}, + + // Manually bind a single named route to a callback. For example: + // + // this.route('search/:query/p:num', 'search', function(query, num) { + // ... + // }); + // + route: function(route, name, callback) { + if (!_.isRegExp(route)) route = this._routeToRegExp(route); + if (_.isFunction(name)) { + callback = name; + name = ''; + } + if (!callback) callback = this[name]; + var router = this; + Backbone.history.route(route, function(fragment) { + var args = router._extractParameters(route, fragment); + router.execute(callback, args); + router.trigger.apply(router, ['route:' + name].concat(args)); + router.trigger('route', name, args); + Backbone.history.trigger('route', router, name, args); + }); + return this; + }, + + // Execute a route handler with the provided parameters. This is an + // excellent place to do pre-route setup or post-route cleanup. + execute: function(callback, args) { + if (callback) callback.apply(this, args); + }, + + // Simple proxy to `Backbone.history` to save a fragment into the history. + navigate: function(fragment, options) { + Backbone.history.navigate(fragment, options); + return this; + }, + + // Bind all defined routes to `Backbone.history`. We have to reverse the + // order of the routes here to support behavior where the most general + // routes can be defined at the bottom of the route map. + _bindRoutes: function() { + if (!this.routes) return; + this.routes = _.result(this, 'routes'); + var route, routes = _.keys(this.routes); + while ((route = routes.pop()) != null) { + this.route(route, this.routes[route]); + } + }, + + // Convert a route string into a regular expression, suitable for matching + // against the current location hash. + _routeToRegExp: function(route) { + route = route.replace(escapeRegExp, '\\$&') + .replace(optionalParam, '(?:$1)?') + .replace(namedParam, function(match, optional) { + return optional ? match : '([^/?]+)'; + }) + .replace(splatParam, '([^?]*?)'); + return new RegExp('^' + route + '(?:\\?([\\s\\S]*))?$'); + }, + + // Given a route, and a URL fragment that it matches, return the array of + // extracted decoded parameters. Empty or unmatched parameters will be + // treated as `null` to normalize cross-browser behavior. + _extractParameters: function(route, fragment) { + var params = route.exec(fragment).slice(1); + return _.map(params, function(param, i) { + // Don't decode the search params. + if (i === params.length - 1) return param || null; + return param ? decodeURIComponent(param) : null; + }); + } + + }); + + // Backbone.History + // ---------------- + + // Handles cross-browser history management, based on either + // [pushState](http://diveintohtml5.info/history.html) and real URLs, or + // [onhashchange](https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/DOM/window.onhashchange) + // and URL fragments. If the browser supports neither (old IE, natch), + // falls back to polling. + var History = Backbone.History = function() { + this.handlers = []; + _.bindAll(this, 'checkUrl'); + + // Ensure that `History` can be used outside of the browser. + if (typeof window !== 'undefined') { + this.location = window.location; + this.history = window.history; + } + }; + + // Cached regex for stripping a leading hash/slash and trailing space. + var routeStripper = /^[#\/]|\s+$/g; + + // Cached regex for stripping leading and trailing slashes. + var rootStripper = /^\/+|\/+$/g; + + // Cached regex for detecting MSIE. + var isExplorer = /msie [\w.]+/; + + // Cached regex for removing a trailing slash. + var trailingSlash = /\/$/; + + // Cached regex for stripping urls of hash. + var pathStripper = /#.*$/; + + // Has the history handling already been started? + History.started = false; + + // Set up all inheritable **Backbone.History** properties and methods. + _.extend(History.prototype, Events, { + + // The default interval to poll for hash changes, if necessary, is + // twenty times a second. + interval: 50, + + // Are we at the app root? + atRoot: function() { + return this.location.pathname.replace(/[^\/]$/, '$&/') === this.root; + }, + + // Gets the true hash value. Cannot use location.hash directly due to bug + // in Firefox where location.hash will always be decoded. + getHash: function(window) { + var match = (window || this).location.href.match(/#(.*)$/); + return match ? match[1] : ''; + }, + + // Get the cross-browser normalized URL fragment, either from the URL, + // the hash, or the override. + getFragment: function(fragment, forcePushState) { + if (fragment == null) { + if (this._hasPushState || !this._wantsHashChange || forcePushState) { + fragment = decodeURI(this.location.pathname + this.location.search); + var root = this.root.replace(trailingSlash, ''); + if (!fragment.indexOf(root)) fragment = fragment.slice(root.length); + } else { + fragment = this.getHash(); + } + } + return fragment.replace(routeStripper, ''); + }, + + // Start the hash change handling, returning `true` if the current URL matches + // an existing route, and `false` otherwise. + start: function(options) { + if (History.started) throw new Error("Backbone.history has already been started"); + History.started = true; + + // Figure out the initial configuration. Do we need an iframe? + // Is pushState desired ... is it available? + this.options = _.extend({root: '/'}, this.options, options); + this.root = this.options.root; + this._wantsHashChange = this.options.hashChange !== false; + this._wantsPushState = !!this.options.pushState; + this._hasPushState = !!(this.options.pushState && this.history && this.history.pushState); + var fragment = this.getFragment(); + var docMode = document.documentMode; + var oldIE = (isExplorer.exec(navigator.userAgent.toLowerCase()) && (!docMode || docMode <= 7)); + + // Normalize root to always include a leading and trailing slash. + this.root = ('/' + this.root + '/').replace(rootStripper, '/'); + + if (oldIE && this._wantsHashChange) { + var frame = Backbone.$('