diff --git a/Makefile.am b/Makefile.am
index 99fdca0183929..d160bda53afe1 100644
--- a/Makefile.am
+++ b/Makefile.am
@@ -193,6 +193,7 @@ LCOV_FILTER_PATTERN = \
 	-p "/usr/lib/" \
 	-p "/usr/lib64/" \
 	-p "src/dashbls/" \
+	-p "src/immer/" \
 	-p "src/leveldb/" \
 	-p "src/crc32c/" \
 	-p "src/bench/" \
diff --git a/configure.ac b/configure.ac
index 396978c587f98..95f837b548d4a 100644
--- a/configure.ac
+++ b/configure.ac
@@ -1520,9 +1520,6 @@ dnl check if libgmp is present
 AC_CHECK_HEADER([gmp.h],, AC_MSG_ERROR(libgmp headers missing))
 AC_CHECK_LIB([gmp],  [__gmpz_init],GMP_LIBS=-lgmp, AC_MSG_ERROR(libgmp missing))
 
-dnl check if immer headers-only library is present
-AC_CHECK_HEADER([immer/map.hpp],, AC_MSG_ERROR(immer map headers missing))
-
 AC_MSG_CHECKING([whether to build dashd])
 AM_CONDITIONAL([BUILD_BITCOIND], [test x$build_bitcoind = xyes])
 AC_MSG_RESULT($build_bitcoind)
diff --git a/contrib/devtools/copyright_header.py b/contrib/devtools/copyright_header.py
index b5852ac2b0c7a..66727aaebcf31 100755
--- a/contrib/devtools/copyright_header.py
+++ b/contrib/devtools/copyright_header.py
@@ -34,6 +34,7 @@
     # git subtrees
     "src/crypto/ctaes/",
     "src/dashbls/",
+    "src/immer/",
     "src/leveldb/",
     "src/secp256k1/",
     "src/univalue/",
diff --git a/depends/packages/immer.mk b/depends/packages/immer.mk
deleted file mode 100644
index 444759939d575..0000000000000
--- a/depends/packages/immer.mk
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,41 +0,0 @@
-package=immer
-$(package)_version=v0.7.0
-$(package)_download_path=https://github.com/arximboldi/immer/archive
-$(package)_download_file=$($(package)_version).tar.gz
-$(package)_file_name=$(package)-$($(package)_download_file)
-$(package)_sha256_hash=cf67ab428aa3610eb0f72d0ea936c15cce3f91df26ee143ab783acd053507fe4
-$(package)_build_subdir=build_tmp
-$(package)_dependencies=cmake boost
-
-define $(package)_fetch_cmds
-$(call fetch_file,$(package),$($(package)_download_path),$($(package)_download_file),$($(package)_file_name),$($(package)_sha256_hash))
-endef
-
-define $(package)_set_vars
-  $(package)_config_opts=-DCMAKE_INSTALL_INCLUDEDIR=$(host_prefix)/include
-  $(package)_config_opts+=-DCMAKE_INSTALL_LIBDIR=$(host_prefix)/lib
-  $(package)_config_opts_linux=-DCMAKE_SYSTEM_NAME=Linux
-  $(package)_config_opts_darwin=-DCMAKE_SYSTEM_NAME=Darwin
-  $(package)_config_opts_mingw32=-DCMAKE_SYSTEM_NAME=Windows -DCMAKE_SHARED_LIBRARY_LINK_C_FLAGS=""
-  ifneq ($(darwin_native_toolchain),)
-    $(package)_config_opts_darwin+= -DCMAKE_AR="$(host_prefix)/native/bin/$($(package)_ar)"
-    $(package)_config_opts_darwin+= -DCMAKE_RANLIB="$(host_prefix)/native/bin/$($(package)_ranlib)"
-  endif
-endef
-
-define $(package)_config_cmds
-  export CC="$($(package)_cc)" && \
-  export CXX="$($(package)_cxx)" && \
-  export CFLAGS="$($(package)_cflags) $($(package)_cppflags)" && \
-  export CXXFLAGS="$($(package)_cxxflags) $($(package)_cppflags)" && \
-  export LDFLAGS="$($(package)_ldflags)" && \
-  $(host_prefix)/bin/cmake ../ $($(package)_config_opts)
-endef
-
-define $(package)_build_cmds
-  $(MAKE) $($(package)_build_opts)
-endef
-
-define $(package)_stage_cmds
-  $(MAKE) DESTDIR=$($(package)_staging_dir) install
-endef
diff --git a/depends/packages/packages.mk b/depends/packages/packages.mk
index ace13db5d8740..543ff1dc5df2b 100644
--- a/depends/packages/packages.mk
+++ b/depends/packages/packages.mk
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-packages:=boost libevent gmp backtrace cmake immer
+packages:=boost libevent gmp backtrace cmake
 
 qt_linux_packages:=qt expat dbus libxcb xcb_proto libXau xproto freetype fontconfig libxkbcommon
 
diff --git a/src/Makefile.am b/src/Makefile.am
index 6304c3ed141d6..9952a2bfabf4d 100644
--- a/src/Makefile.am
+++ b/src/Makefile.am
@@ -34,6 +34,7 @@ endif #ENABLE_STACKTRACES
 
 BITCOIN_INCLUDES=-I$(builddir) -I$(srcdir)/secp256k1/include -I$(srcdir)/$(UNIVALUE_INCLUDE_DIR_INT) $(BDB_CPPFLAGS) $(BOOST_CPPFLAGS) $(LEVELDB_CPPFLAGS)
 BITCOIN_INCLUDES+=-I$(srcdir)/dashbls/include -I$(srcdir)/dashbls/depends/relic/include -I$(srcdir)/dashbls/depends/minialloc/include
+BITCOIN_INCLUDES+=-I$(srcdir)/immer
 
 LIBBITCOIN_SERVER=libbitcoin_server.a
 LIBBITCOIN_COMMON=libbitcoin_common.a
@@ -856,6 +857,7 @@ libdashconsensus_la_LDFLAGS = $(AM_LDFLAGS) -no-undefined $(RELDFLAGS)
 libdashconsensus_la_LIBADD = $(LIBDASHBLS) $(LIBSECP256K1) $(GMP_LIBS)
 libdashconsensus_la_CPPFLAGS = $(AM_CPPFLAGS) -I$(builddir)/obj -I$(srcdir)/secp256k1/include -DBUILD_BITCOIN_INTERNAL
 libdashconsensus_la_CPPFLAGS += -I$(srcdir)/dashbls/include -I$(srcdir)/dashbls/depends/relic/include -I$(srcdir)/dashbls/depends/minialloc/include
+libdashconsensus_la_CPPFLAGS += -I$(srcdir)/immer
 libdashconsensus_la_CXXFLAGS = $(AM_CXXFLAGS) $(PIE_FLAGS)
 
 endif
@@ -889,9 +891,13 @@ CLEANFILES += wallet/test/*.gcda wallet/test/*.gcno
 CLEANFILES += zmq/*.gcda zmq/*.gcno
 CLEANFILES += obj/build.h
 
+IMMER_DIST = immer/immer
 LIBDASHBLS_DIST = dashbls
 
-EXTRA_DIST = $(CTAES_DIST) $(LIBDASHBLS_DIST)
+EXTRA_DIST = \
+  $(CTAES_DIST)   \
+  $(IMMER_DIST)   \
+  $(LIBDASHBLS_DIST)
 
 config/bitcoin-config.h: config/stamp-h1
 	@$(MAKE) -C $(top_builddir) $(subdir)/$(@)
diff --git a/src/immer/.clang-format b/src/immer/.clang-format
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000..97c11d2d758f5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/immer/.clang-format
@@ -0,0 +1,39 @@
+---
+AlignAfterOpenBracket: Align
+AlignConsecutiveAssignments: 'true'
+AlignEscapedNewlines: Right
+AlignTrailingComments: 'true'
+AllowShortFunctionsOnASingleLine: 'true'
+AllowShortBlocksOnASingleLine: 'true'
+AlwaysBreakTemplateDeclarations: 'true'
+AccessModifierOffset: -4
+BinPackArguments: 'false'
+BinPackParameters: 'false'
+BreakBeforeBraces: Mozilla
+BreakBeforeInheritanceComma: 'true'
+BreakBeforeTernaryOperators: 'true'
+BreakConstructorInitializers: BeforeComma
+BreakStringLiterals: 'true'
+ColumnLimit: '80'
+CompactNamespaces: 'false'
+ConstructorInitializerAllOnOneLineOrOnePerLine: 'false'
+FixNamespaceComments: 'true'
+ForEachMacros: ['IMMER_CATCH', 'IMMER_TRY']
+IndentCaseLabels: 'false'
+IndentWidth: '4'
+IndentWrappedFunctionNames: 'false'
+KeepEmptyLinesAtTheStartOfBlocks: 'false'
+Language: Cpp
+MaxEmptyLinesToKeep: '1'
+NamespaceIndentation: None
+PointerAlignment: Left
+ReflowComments: 'true'
+SortIncludes: 'true'
+SortUsingDeclarations: 'true'
+SpaceAfterCStyleCast: 'true'
+SpaceAfterTemplateKeyword: 'true'
+SpaceBeforeAssignmentOperators: 'true'
+SpaceBeforeParens: ControlStatements
+TabWidth: '4'
+UseTab: Never
+...
diff --git a/src/immer/.dir-locals.el b/src/immer/.dir-locals.el
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000..8adc4f1d20320
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/immer/.dir-locals.el
@@ -0,0 +1,7 @@
+((nil .
+      ((indent-tabs-mode . nil)
+       (show-trailing-whitespace . t)))
+ (c-mode .
+         ((mode . c++)))
+ (c++-mode .
+          ((eval add-hook 'before-save-hook #'clang-format-buffer nil t))))
diff --git a/src/immer/.github/FUNDING.yml b/src/immer/.github/FUNDING.yml
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000..defc6ca1fa1de
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/immer/.github/FUNDING.yml
@@ -0,0 +1,3 @@
+github: arximboldi
+patreon: sinusoidal
+custom: ["paypal.me/sinusoidal", sinusoid.al]
diff --git a/src/immer/.github/workflows/test.yml b/src/immer/.github/workflows/test.yml
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000..830892969a7b1
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/immer/.github/workflows/test.yml
@@ -0,0 +1,123 @@
+name: test
+on: [push, pull_request]
+jobs:
+  build:
+    runs-on: ubuntu-latest
+    steps:
+      - uses: actions/checkout@v2
+        with:
+          fetch-depth: 0 # needed for fetchGit in default.nix
+      - uses: cachix/install-nix-action@v12
+        with:
+          nix_path: nixpkgs=channel:nixos-unstable
+          install_url: "https://releases.nixos.org/nix/nix-2.3.16/install"
+      - uses: cachix/cachix-action@v8
+        with:
+          name: arximboldi
+          signingKey: '${{ secrets.CACHIX_SIGNING_KEY }}'
+      - run: nix-build
+
+  docs:
+    runs-on: ubuntu-latest
+    steps:
+      - uses: actions/checkout@v2
+        with:
+          submodules: true
+      - uses: cachix/install-nix-action@v12
+        with:
+          nix_path: nixpkgs=channel:nixos-unstable
+          install_url: "https://releases.nixos.org/nix/nix-2.3.16/install"
+      - uses: cachix/cachix-action@v8
+        with:
+          name: arximboldi
+          signingKey: '${{ secrets.CACHIX_SIGNING_KEY }}'
+      - run: nix-shell --run "mkdir build"
+      - run: nix-shell --run "cd build && cmake .."
+      - run: nix-shell --run "cd build && make docs"
+      - uses: shimataro/ssh-key-action@v2
+        if: github.ref == 'refs/heads/master'
+        with:
+          key: ${{ secrets.SINUSOIDES_SSH_KEY }}
+          known_hosts: ${{ secrets.SINUSOIDES_KNOWN_HOSTS }}
+      - run: nix-shell --run "cd build && make upload-docs"
+        if: github.ref == 'refs/heads/master'
+
+  check:
+    strategy:
+      matrix:
+        type: [Debug, Release]
+        toolchain: [gnu-6, gnu-7, llvm-5, llvm-6]
+        std: [14]
+        opts: [[]]
+        include:
+          # coverage
+          - type: Debug
+            toolchain: gnu-9
+            std: 14
+            opts: ['coverage']
+          # std 17
+          - type: Debug
+            toolchain: gnu-8
+            std: 17
+          - type: Debug
+            toolchain: llvm-9
+            std: 17
+            opts: ['fuzzers']
+          # std 20
+          - type: Debug
+            toolchain: gnu-11
+            std: 20
+          - type: Debug
+            toolchain: llvm-13
+            std: 20
+          # sanitizers
+          - type: Debug
+            toolchain: llvm-8
+            std: 14
+            opts: ['sanitizer']
+          # benchmarks
+          - type: Release
+            toolchain: gnu-9
+            std: 14
+            opts: ['benchmark']
+          - type: Release
+            toolchain: llvm-10
+            std: 14
+            opts: ['benchmark']
+    runs-on: ubuntu-latest
+    steps:
+      - uses: actions/checkout@v2
+      - uses: cachix/install-nix-action@v12
+        with:
+          nix_path: nixpkgs=channel:nixos-unstable
+          install_url: "https://releases.nixos.org/nix/nix-2.3.16/install"
+      - uses: cachix/cachix-action@v8
+        with:
+          name: arximboldi
+          signingKey: '${{ secrets.CACHIX_SIGNING_KEY }}'
+      - run: nix-shell --argstr toolchain ${{ matrix.toolchain }} --run "mkdir build"
+      - name: configure CMake
+        run: |
+          nix-shell --argstr toolchain ${{ matrix.toolchain }} --run "
+            cd build && cmake .. \
+              -DCMAKE_BUILD_TYPE=${{ matrix.type }} \
+              -DCHECK_SLOW_TESTS=false \
+              -DCXX_STANDARD=${{ matrix.std }} \
+              -DCHECK_BENCHMARKS=${{ contains(matrix.opts, 'benchmark') }} \
+              -DENABLE_COVERAGE=${{ contains(matrix.opts, 'coverage') }} \
+              -DENABLE_ASAN=${{ contains(matrix.opts, 'sanitize') }} \
+              -DENABLE_LSAN=${{ contains(matrix.opts, 'sanitize') }} \
+              -DENABLE_UBSAN=${{ contains(matrix.opts, 'sanitize') }} \
+              -DCHECK_FUZZERS=${{ contains(matrix.opts, 'fuzzers') }} \
+              -DDISABLE_FREE_LIST=${{ contains(matrix.opts, 'sanitize') }}
+          "
+      - run: nix-shell --argstr toolchain ${{ matrix.toolchain }} --run "cd build && make check -j`nproc`"
+      - run: nix-shell --argstr toolchain ${{ matrix.toolchain }} --run "bash <(curl -s https://codecov.io/bash)"
+        if: ${{ contains(matrix.opts, 'coverage') }}
+      - uses: shimataro/ssh-key-action@v2
+        if: ${{ contains(matrix.opts, 'benchmark') }}
+        with:
+          key: ${{ secrets.SINUSOIDES_SSH_KEY }}
+          known_hosts: ${{ secrets.SINUSOIDES_KNOWN_HOSTS }}
+      - run: nix-shell --run "cd build && make upload-benchmark-reports"
+        if: ${{ contains(matrix.opts, 'benchmark') }}
diff --git a/src/immer/.gitignore b/src/immer/.gitignore
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000..2074141ec2619
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/immer/.gitignore
@@ -0,0 +1,24 @@
+bazel-*
+build/
+build-*/
+reports/
+doc/_build
+doc/_doxygen
+bazel-*
+
+tools/travis/ssh-key
+tools/clojure/target/
+tools/scala/target/
+tools/scala/project/target/
+
+extra/js/out
+extra/js/boost
+
+__pycache__
+
+.gdb_history
+
+.cache
+tools/clojure/.lein*
+
+*.pyc
diff --git a/src/immer/.gitmodules b/src/immer/.gitmodules
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000..53d1686014fd0
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/immer/.gitmodules
@@ -0,0 +1,6 @@
+[submodule "extra/python/lib/pybind11"]
+	path = extra/python/lib/pybind11
+	url = https://github.com/pybind/pybind11.git
+[submodule "tools/sinusoidal-sphinx-theme"]
+	path = tools/sinusoidal-sphinx-theme
+        url = https://github.com/arximboldi/sinusoidal-sphinx-theme.git
diff --git a/src/immer/BUILD b/src/immer/BUILD
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000..3d79830b60a38
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/immer/BUILD
@@ -0,0 +1,11 @@
+package(default_visibility = ["//visibility:public"])
+
+cc_library(
+    name = "immer",
+    include_prefix = "immer",
+    strip_include_prefix =
+        "immer",
+    hdrs = glob([
+        "immer/**/*.hpp",
+    ]),
+)
diff --git a/src/immer/CMakeLists.txt b/src/immer/CMakeLists.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000..2362ecb763379
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/immer/CMakeLists.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,155 @@
+
+cmake_minimum_required(VERSION 3.5.1)
+cmake_policy(SET CMP0048 NEW) # enable project VERSION
+cmake_policy(SET CMP0056 NEW) # honor link flags in try_compile()
+list(APPEND CMAKE_MODULE_PATH "${CMAKE_CURRENT_SOURCE_DIR}/cmake")
+
+project(immer VERSION 0.7.0)
+
+if (NOT MSVC)
+  set(CMAKE_CXX_FLAGS "${CMAKE_CXX_FLAGS} -Wall -Wextra -pedantic -Wno-unused-parameter -Wno-extended-offsetof -Wno-c++17-extensions -Wno-c++1z-extensions -Wno-unknown-warning-option -Wno-type-limits")
+endif()
+set(CMAKE_EXPORT_COMPILE_COMMANDS on)
+set(CMAKE_CXX_EXTENSIONS off)
+if ("${CMAKE_CXX_COMPILER_ID}" STREQUAL "Clang")
+  set(CMAKE_CXX_FLAGS "${CMAKE_CXX_FLAGS} -Qunused-arguments")
+endif()
+
+include(GNUInstallDirs)
+include(ImmerUtils)
+
+#  Options
+#  =======
+
+option(ENABLE_ASAN "compile with address sanitizer enabled")
+option(ENABLE_MSAN "compile with memory sanitizer enabled")
+option(ENABLE_LSAN "compile with leak sanitizer enabled")
+option(ENABLE_UBSAN "compile with undefined behavior sanitizer enabled")
+option(ENABLE_COVERAGE "compile with test coverage support")
+option(DISABLE_WERROR "enable --werror")
+option(DISABLE_FREE_LIST "disables the free list heap")
+option(DISABLE_THREAD_SAFETY "disables thread safety by default")
+option(CHECK_FUZZERS "Add fuzzers as part of make check")
+
+option(ENABLE_PYTHON "enable building python module" off)
+option(ENABLE_GUILE "enable building guile module" off)
+option(ENABLE_BOOST_COROUTINE "run benchmarks with boost coroutine" off)
+
+option(immer_BUILD_TESTS "Build tests" ON)
+option(immer_BUILD_EXAMPLES "Build examples" ON)
+option(immer_BUILD_DOCS "Build docs" ON)
+option(immer_BUILD_EXTRAS "Build extras" ON)
+
+set(CXX_STANDARD 14 CACHE STRING "c++ standard number")
+
+set(CMAKE_CXX_STANDARD ${CXX_STANDARD})
+set(CMAKE_CXX_STANDARD_REQUIRED on)
+
+if (ENABLE_ASAN)
+  set(CMAKE_CXX_FLAGS "${CMAKE_CXX_FLAGS} -fsanitize=address")
+endif()
+if (ENABLE_LSAN)
+  set(CMAKE_CXX_FLAGS "${CMAKE_CXX_FLAGS} -fsanitize=leak")
+endif()
+if (ENABLE_UBSAN)
+  set(CMAKE_CXX_FLAGS "${CMAKE_CXX_FLAGS} -fsanitize=undefined")
+endif()
+if (ENABLE_MSAN)
+  set(CMAKE_CXX_FLAGS "${CMAKE_CXX_FLAGS} -fsanitize=memory")
+endif()
+
+if (NOT MSVC AND NOT DISABLE_WERROR)
+  set(CMAKE_CXX_FLAGS "${CMAKE_CXX_FLAGS} -Werror")
+endif()
+
+#  Dependencies
+#  ============
+
+if (ENABLE_BOOST_COROUTINE)
+  set(immer_boost_components coroutine)
+endif()
+
+find_package(Threads)
+find_package(BoehmGC)
+find_package(Boost 1.56 COMPONENTS ${immer_boost_components})
+
+find_program(CCACHE ccache)
+if (CCACHE)
+  message(STATUS "Using ccache: ${CCACHE}")
+  set_property(GLOBAL PROPERTY RULE_LAUNCH_COMPILE ${CCACHE})
+  set_property(GLOBAL PROPERTY RULE_LAUNCH_LINK ${CCACHE})
+else()
+  message(STATUS "Could not find ccache")
+endif()
+
+if (NOT BOEHM_GC_FOUND)
+  set(BOEHM_GC_LIBRARIES "")
+endif()
+
+#  Targets
+#  =======
+
+# the library
+add_library(immer INTERFACE)
+target_include_directories(immer INTERFACE
+  $<BUILD_INTERFACE:${immer_BINARY_DIR}/>
+  $<BUILD_INTERFACE:${immer_SOURCE_DIR}/>
+  $<INSTALL_INTERFACE:${CMAKE_INSTALL_INCLUDEDIR}>)
+install(TARGETS immer EXPORT ImmerConfig)
+install(EXPORT ImmerConfig DESTINATION "${CMAKE_INSTALL_LIBDIR}/cmake/Immer")
+install(DIRECTORY immer DESTINATION "${CMAKE_INSTALL_INCLUDEDIR}")
+
+# development target to be used in tests, examples, benchmarks...
+immer_canonicalize_cmake_booleans(
+  DISABLE_FREE_LIST
+  DISABLE_THREAD_SAFETY
+  CHECK_SLOW_TESTS)
+add_library(immer-dev INTERFACE)
+target_include_directories(immer-dev SYSTEM INTERFACE
+  ${Boost_INCLUDE_DIR}
+  ${BOEHM_GC_INCLUDE_DIR}
+  ${CMAKE_CURRENT_SOURCE_DIR}/tools/include)
+target_link_libraries(immer-dev INTERFACE
+  immer
+  ${BOEHM_GC_LIBRARIES}
+  ${CMAKE_THREAD_LIBS_INIT})
+target_compile_definitions(immer-dev INTERFACE
+  -DIMMER_CXX_STANDARD=${CXX_STANDARD}
+  -DIMMER_HAS_LIBGC=1
+  -DIMMER_NO_FREE_LIST=${DISABLE_FREE_LIST}
+  -DIMMER_NO_THREAD_SAFETY=${DISABLE_THREAD_SAFETY}
+  -DIMMER_SLOW_TESTS=${CHECK_SLOW_TESTS}
+  -DFMT_HEADER_ONLY=1)
+if (ENABLE_COVERAGE)
+  target_compile_options(immer-dev INTERFACE "--coverage")
+  target_link_libraries(immer-dev INTERFACE "--coverage")
+endif()
+
+#  Testing
+#  =======
+
+if (immer_BUILD_TESTS)
+  enable_testing()
+
+  add_custom_target(check
+    COMMAND ${CMAKE_CTEST_COMMAND} --output-on-failure
+    WORKING_DIRECTORY ${CMAKE_CURRENT_BINARY_DIR}
+    COMMENT "Build and run all the tests and examples.")
+
+  add_subdirectory(test)
+  add_subdirectory(benchmark)
+endif()
+
+if (immer_BUILD_EXAMPLES)
+  add_subdirectory(example)
+endif()
+
+if (immer_BUILD_DOCS)
+  add_subdirectory(doc)
+endif()
+
+if (immer_BUILD_EXTRAS)
+  add_subdirectory(extra/fuzzer)
+  add_subdirectory(extra/python)
+  add_subdirectory(extra/guile)
+endif()
diff --git a/src/immer/LICENSE b/src/immer/LICENSE
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000..36b7cd93cdfba
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/immer/LICENSE
@@ -0,0 +1,23 @@
+Boost Software License - Version 1.0 - August 17th, 2003
+
+Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person or organization
+obtaining a copy of the software and accompanying documentation covered by
+this license (the "Software") to use, reproduce, display, distribute,
+execute, and transmit the Software, and to prepare derivative works of the
+Software, and to permit third-parties to whom the Software is furnished to
+do so, all subject to the following:
+
+The copyright notices in the Software and this entire statement, including
+the above license grant, this restriction and the following disclaimer,
+must be included in all copies of the Software, in whole or in part, and
+all derivative works of the Software, unless such copies or derivative
+works are solely in the form of machine-executable object code generated by
+a source language processor.
+
+THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR
+IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY,
+FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE, TITLE AND NON-INFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT
+SHALL THE COPYRIGHT HOLDERS OR ANYONE DISTRIBUTING THE SOFTWARE BE LIABLE
+FOR ANY DAMAGES OR OTHER LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE,
+ARISING FROM, OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER
+DEALINGS IN THE SOFTWARE.
diff --git a/src/immer/README.rst b/src/immer/README.rst
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000..abf4dceae1467
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/immer/README.rst
@@ -0,0 +1,224 @@
+.. image:: https://github.com/arximboldi/immer/workflows/test/badge.svg
+   :target: https://github.com/arximboldi/immer/actions?query=workflow%3Atest+branch%3Amaster
+   :alt: Github Actions Badge
+
+.. image:: https://codecov.io/gh/arximboldi/immer/branch/master/graph/badge.svg
+   :target: https://codecov.io/gh/arximboldi/immer
+   :alt: CodeCov Badge
+
+.. image:: https://cdn.rawgit.com/arximboldi/immer/355a113782aedc2ea22463444014809269c2376d/doc/_static/sinusoidal-badge.svg
+   :target: https://sinusoid.al
+   :alt: Sinusoidal Engineering badge
+   :align: right
+
+.. raw:: html
+
+   <img width="100%" src="https://cdn.rawgit.com/arximboldi/immer/3888170d247359cc0905eed548cd46897caef0f4/doc/_static/logo-front.svg" alt="Logotype"/>
+
+.. include:introduction/start
+
+**immer** is a library of persistent_ and immutable_ data structures
+written in C++.  These enable whole new kinds of architectures for
+interactive and concurrent programs of striking simplicity,
+correctness, and performance.
+
+.. _persistent: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Persistent_data_structure
+.. _immutable:  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Immutable_object
+
+* **Documentation** (Contents_)
+* **Code** (GitHub_)
+* **CppCon'17 Talk**: *Postmodern Immutable Data Structures* (YouTube_, Slides_)
+* **ICFP'17 Paper**: *Persistence for the masses* (Preprint_)
+
+.. _contents: https://sinusoid.es/immer/#contents
+.. _github: https://github.com/arximboldi/immer
+.. _youtube: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=sPhpelUfu8Q
+.. _slides: https://sinusoid.es/talks/immer-cppcon17
+.. _preprint: https://public.sinusoid.es/misc/immer/immer-icfp17.pdf
+
+
+  .. raw:: html
+
+     <a href="https://www.patreon.com/sinusoidal">
+         <img align="right" src="https://cdn.rawgit.com/arximboldi/immer/master/doc/_static/patreon.svg">
+     </a>
+
+  This library has full months of *pro bono* research and development
+  invested in it.  This is just the first step in a long-term vision
+  of making interactive and concurrent C++ programs easier to
+  write. **Put your logo here and help this project's long term
+  sustainability by buying a sponsorship package:** immer@sinusoid.al
+
+.. include:index/end
+
+Example
+-------
+
+.. github does not support the ``literalinclude`` directive.  This
+   example is copy pasted from ``example/vector/intro.cpp``
+
+.. code-block:: c++
+
+   #include <immer/vector.hpp>
+   int main()
+   {
+       const auto v0 = immer::vector<int>{};
+       const auto v1 = v0.push_back(13);
+       assert(v0.size() == 0 && v1.size() == 1 && v1[0] == 13);
+
+       const auto v2 = v1.set(0, 42);
+       assert(v1[0] == 13 && v2[0] == 42);
+   }
+..
+
+  For a **complete example** check `Ewig, a simple didactic
+  text-editor <https://github.com/arximboldi/ewig>`_ built with this
+  library.  You may also wanna check `Lager, a Redux-like library
+  <https://github.com/arximboldi/lager>`_ for writting interactive
+  software in C++ using a value-oriented design.
+
+
+Why?
+----
+
+In the last few years, there has been a growing interest in immutable
+data structures, motivated by the horizontal scaling of our processing
+power and the ubiquity of highly interactive systems.  Languages like
+Clojure_ and Scala_ provide them by default, and implementations
+for JavaScript like Mori_ and Immutable.js_ are widely used,
+specially in combination with modern UI frameworks like React_.
+
+Interactivity
+    Thanks to *persistence* and *structural sharing*, new values can
+    be efficiently compared with old ones.  This enables simpler ways of
+    *reasoning about change* that sit at the core of modern
+    interactive systems programming paradigms like `reactive
+    programming`_.
+
+Concurrency
+    Passing immutable data structures by value does not need to copy
+    any data. In the absence of mutation, data can be safely read
+    from multiple concurrent processes, and enable concurrency
+    patterns like `share by communicating`_ efficiently.
+
+Parallelism
+   Some recent immutable data structures have interesting properties
+   like :math:`O(log(n))` concatenation, which enable new kinds of
+   `parallelization algorithms`_.
+
+.. _clojure: http://clojure.org/reference/data_structures
+.. _scala: http://docs.scala-lang.org/overviews/collections/overview.html
+
+.. _mori: https://swannodette.github.io/mori/
+.. _immutable.js: https://github.com/facebook/immutable-js
+.. _react: https://facebook.github.io/react/
+
+.. _reactive programming: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reactive_programming
+.. _share by communicating: https://blog.golang.org/share-memory-by-communicating
+.. _parallelization algorithms: http://docs.scala-lang.org/overviews/parallel-collections/overview.html
+
+Features
+--------
+
+Idiomatic
+    This library doesn't pretend that it is written in Haskell.  It
+    leverages features from recent standards to provide an API that is
+    both efficient and natural for a C++ developer.
+
+Performant
+    You use C++ because you need this.  *Immer* implements state of
+    the art data structures with efficient cache utilization and have
+    been proven production ready in other languages.  It also includes
+    our own improvements over that are only possible because of the
+    C++'s ability to abstract over memory layout.  We monitor the
+    performance impact of every change by collecting `benchmark
+    results`_ directly from CI.
+
+.. _benchmark results: https://public.sinusoid.es/misc/immer/reports/
+
+Customizable
+    We leverage templates and `policy-based design`_ to build
+    data-structures that can be adapted to work efficiently for
+    various purposes and architectures, for example, by choosing among
+    various `memory management strategies`.  This turns
+    *immer* into a good foundation to provide immutable data
+    structures to higher level languages with a C runtime, like
+    Python_ or Guile_.
+
+.. _python: https://www.python.org/
+.. _guile: https://www.gnu.org/software/guile/
+.. _policy-based design: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Policy-based_design
+.. _memory management strategies: https://sinusoid.es/immer/memory.html
+
+Dependencies
+------------
+
+This library is written in **C++14** and a compliant compiler is
+necessary.  It is `continuously tested`_ with Clang 3.8 and GCC 6, but
+it might work with other compilers and versions.
+
+No external library is necessary and there are no other requirements.
+
+.. _continuously tested: https://travis-ci.org/arximboldi/immer
+
+Usage
+-----
+
+This is a **header only** library.  You can just copy the ``immer``
+subfolder somewhere in your *include path*.
+
+If you are using the `Nix package manager`_ (we strongly recommend it)
+you can just::
+
+    nix-env -if https://github.com/arximboldi/immer/archive/master.tar.gz
+
+Alternatively, you can use `CMake`_ to install the library in your
+system once you have manually cloned the repository::
+
+    mkdir -p build && cd build
+    cmake .. && sudo make install
+
+.. _nix package manager: https://nixos.org/nix
+.. _cmake: https://cmake.org/
+
+Development
+-----------
+
+In order to develop the library, you will need to compile and run the
+examples, tests and benchmarks.  These require some additional tools.
+The easiest way to install them is by using the `Nix package
+manager`_.  At the root of the repository just type::
+
+    nix-shell
+
+This will download all required dependencies and create an isolated
+environment in which you can use these dependencies, without polluting
+your system.
+
+Then you can proceed to generate a development project using `CMake`_::
+
+    mkdir build && cd build
+    cmake ..
+
+From then on, one may build and run all tests by doing::
+
+    make check
+
+In order to build and run all benchmarks when running ``make check``,
+run ``cmake`` again with the option ``-DCHECK_BENCHMARKS=1``.  The
+results of running the benchmarks will be saved to a folder
+``reports/`` in the project root.
+
+License
+-------
+
+**This software is licensed under the Boost Software License 1.0**.
+
+.. image:: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/cd/Boost.png
+   :alt: Boost logo
+   :target: http://boost.org/LICENSE_1_0.txt
+   :align: right
+
+The full text of the license is can be accessed `via this link
+<http://boost.org/LICENSE_1_0.txt>`_ and is also included
+in the ``LICENSE`` file of this software package.
diff --git a/src/immer/WORKSPACE b/src/immer/WORKSPACE
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000..e69de29bb2d1d
diff --git a/src/immer/benchmark/CMakeLists.txt b/src/immer/benchmark/CMakeLists.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000..c9fcc7e173957
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/immer/benchmark/CMakeLists.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,127 @@
+
+#  Config
+#  ======
+
+option(CHECK_BENCHMARKS "Run benchmarks on check target" off)
+option(BENCHMARK_DISABLE_GC "Disable gc during a measurement")
+
+set(BENCHMARK_PARAM   "N:1000" CACHE STRING "Benchmark parameters")
+set(BENCHMARK_SAMPLES "20"     CACHE STRING "Benchmark samples")
+
+#  Dependencies
+#  ============
+
+find_package(RRB)
+
+if (NOT RRB_FOUND)
+  message(STATUS "Disabling benchmarks")
+  return()
+endif()
+
+# These are expected to be in the include path, the nix-shell
+# environment installs them:
+#
+#    https://github.com/marcusz/steady
+#    https://github.com/deepsea-inria/chunkedseq.git
+#    https://github.com/rsms/immutable-cpp.git
+
+#  Targets
+#  =======
+
+add_custom_target(benchmarks
+  COMMENT "Build all benchmarks.")
+
+execute_process(
+  COMMAND git log -1 --format=%h
+  WORKING_DIRECTORY ${CMAKE_SOURCE_DIR}
+  OUTPUT_VARIABLE immer_git_commit_hash
+  OUTPUT_STRIP_TRAILING_WHITESPACE)
+
+execute_process(
+  COMMAND git status --porcelain
+  WORKING_DIRECTORY ${CMAKE_SOURCE_DIR}
+  OUTPUT_VARIABLE immer_git_status
+  OUTPUT_STRIP_TRAILING_WHITESPACE)
+
+if (NOT immer_git_status STREQUAL "")
+  set(immer_git_commit_hash "${immer_git_commit_hash}+")
+endif()
+
+site_name(immer_hostname)
+
+get_filename_component(immer_compiler_name "${CMAKE_CXX_COMPILER}" NAME)
+
+set(immer_benchmark_report_base_dir "${CMAKE_SOURCE_DIR}/reports")
+set(immer_benchmark_report_dir "${immer_benchmark_report_base_dir}/report_\
+${immer_git_commit_hash}_\
+${immer_hostname}_\
+${immer_compiler_name}_\
+${BENCHMARK_PARAM}_\
+s${BENCHMARK_SAMPLES}")
+
+if(DISABLE_FREE_LIST)
+  set(immer_benchmark_report_dir "${immer_benchmark_report_dir}_nofl")
+endif()
+
+if(DISABLE_THREAD_SAFETY)
+  set(immer_benchmark_report_dir "${immer_benchmark_report_dir}_nots")
+endif()
+
+if(BENCHMARK_DISABLE_GC)
+  set(immer_benchmark_report_dir "${immer_benchmark_report_dir}_nogc")
+endif()
+
+if(CHECK_BENCHMARKS)
+  add_dependencies(check benchmarks)
+endif()
+
+add_custom_target(benchmark-report-dir
+  COMMAND ${CMAKE_COMMAND}
+  -E make_directory ${immer_benchmark_report_dir})
+
+file(GLOB_RECURSE immer_benchmarks "*.cpp")
+foreach(_file IN LISTS immer_benchmarks)
+  immer_target_name_for(_target _output "${_file}")
+  add_executable(${_target} EXCLUDE_FROM_ALL "${_file}")
+  set_target_properties(${_target} PROPERTIES OUTPUT_NAME ${_output})
+  add_dependencies(benchmarks ${_target})
+  add_dependencies(${_target} benchmark-report-dir)
+  target_compile_options(${_target} PUBLIC -Wno-unused-function)
+  target_compile_definitions(${_target} PUBLIC
+    NONIUS_RUNNER
+    IMMER_BENCHMARK_LIBRRB=1
+    IMMER_BENCHMARK_STEADY=1
+    IMMER_BENCHMARK_EXPERIMENTAL=0
+    IMMER_BENCHMARK_DISABLE_GC=${BENCHMARK_DISABLE_GC}
+    IMMER_BENCHMARK_BOOST_COROUTINE=${ENABLE_BOOST_COROUTINE})
+  target_link_libraries(${_target} PUBLIC
+    immer-dev
+    ${RRB_LIBRARIES})
+  target_include_directories(${_target} SYSTEM PUBLIC
+    ${RRB_INCLUDE_DIR})
+  if(CHECK_BENCHMARKS)
+    add_test("benchmark/${_output}" "${CMAKE_SOURCE_DIR}/tools/with-tee.bash"
+      ${immer_benchmark_report_dir}/${_target}.out
+      "${CMAKE_CURRENT_BINARY_DIR}/${_output}" -v
+      -t ${_target}
+      -r html
+      -s ${BENCHMARK_SAMPLES}
+      -p ${BENCHMARK_PARAM}
+      -o ${immer_benchmark_report_dir}/${_target}.html)
+  endif()
+endforeach()
+
+set(immer_ssh_method
+  ssh -p 5488
+      -o StrictHostKeyChecking=no)
+
+add_custom_target(upload-benchmark-reports
+  COMMAND
+  rsync -av -e \"${immer_ssh_method}\"
+        ${immer_benchmark_report_base_dir}
+        raskolnikov@sinusoid.es:public/misc/immer/)
+
+add_custom_target(copy-benchmark-reports
+  COMMAND
+  rsync -av ${immer_benchmark_report_base_dir}
+        ~/public/misc/immer/)
diff --git a/src/immer/benchmark/config.hpp b/src/immer/benchmark/config.hpp
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000..b0c0994a1f6ef
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/immer/benchmark/config.hpp
@@ -0,0 +1,69 @@
+//
+// immer: immutable data structures for C++
+// Copyright (C) 2016, 2017, 2018 Juan Pedro Bolivar Puente
+//
+// This software is distributed under the Boost Software License, Version 1.0.
+// See accompanying file LICENSE or copy at http://boost.org/LICENSE_1_0.txt
+//
+
+#pragma once
+
+#include <nonius.h++>
+
+#include <immer/heap/gc_heap.hpp>
+#include <immer/memory_policy.hpp>
+
+namespace {
+
+NONIUS_PARAM(N, std::size_t{1000})
+
+struct gc_disable
+{
+    gc_disable()
+    {
+#if IMMER_BENCHMARK_DISABLE_GC
+        GC_disable();
+#else
+        GC_gcollect();
+#endif
+    }
+    ~gc_disable()
+    {
+#if IMMER_BENCHMARK_DISABLE_GC
+        GC_enable();
+        GC_gcollect();
+#endif
+    }
+    gc_disable(const gc_disable&) = delete;
+    gc_disable(gc_disable&&)      = delete;
+};
+
+template <typename Meter, typename Fn>
+void measure(Meter& m, Fn&& fn)
+{
+    gc_disable guard;
+    return m.measure(std::forward<Fn>(fn));
+}
+
+using def_memory   = immer::default_memory_policy;
+using gc_memory    = immer::memory_policy<immer::heap_policy<immer::gc_heap>,
+                                       immer::no_refcount_policy,
+                                       immer::default_lock_policy>;
+using gcf_memory   = immer::memory_policy<immer::heap_policy<immer::gc_heap>,
+                                        immer::no_refcount_policy,
+                                        immer::default_lock_policy,
+                                        immer::gc_transience_policy,
+                                        false>;
+using basic_memory = immer::memory_policy<immer::heap_policy<immer::cpp_heap>,
+                                          immer::refcount_policy,
+                                          immer::default_lock_policy>;
+using safe_memory =
+    immer::memory_policy<immer::free_list_heap_policy<immer::cpp_heap>,
+                         immer::refcount_policy,
+                         immer::default_lock_policy>;
+using unsafe_memory =
+    immer::memory_policy<immer::unsafe_free_list_heap_policy<immer::cpp_heap>,
+                         immer::unsafe_refcount_policy,
+                         immer::default_lock_policy>;
+
+} // anonymous namespace
diff --git a/src/immer/benchmark/extra/refcounting.cpp b/src/immer/benchmark/extra/refcounting.cpp
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000..c7c5183e6264b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/immer/benchmark/extra/refcounting.cpp
@@ -0,0 +1,146 @@
+//
+// immer: immutable data structures for C++
+// Copyright (C) 2016, 2017, 2018 Juan Pedro Bolivar Puente
+//
+// This software is distributed under the Boost Software License, Version 1.0.
+// See accompanying file LICENSE or copy at http://boost.org/LICENSE_1_0.txt
+//
+
+#include <immer/detail/ref_count_base.hpp>
+
+#include <nonius.h++>
+#include <boost/intrusive_ptr.hpp>
+
+#include <atomic>
+#include <cstdlib>
+#include <iterator>
+#include <memory>
+#include <utility>
+#include <array>
+#include <vector>
+
+NONIUS_PARAM(N, std::size_t{1000})
+
+constexpr auto benchmark_size = 32u;
+
+struct object_t : immer::detail::ref_count_base<object_t>
+{};
+
+auto make_data()
+{
+    auto objs = std::array<std::unique_ptr<object_t>, benchmark_size>();
+    std::generate(objs.begin(), objs.end(), [] {
+        return std::make_unique<object_t>();
+    });
+    auto refs = std::array<object_t*, benchmark_size>();
+    std::transform(objs.begin(), objs.end(), refs.begin(), [](auto& obj) {
+        return obj.get();
+    });
+    return make_pair(std::move(objs),
+                     std::move(refs));
+}
+
+NONIUS_BENCHMARK("intrusive_ptr", [] (nonius::chronometer meter)
+{
+    auto arr     = std::array<boost::intrusive_ptr<object_t>, benchmark_size>{};
+    auto storage = std::vector<
+        nonius::storage_for<
+            std::array<boost::intrusive_ptr<object_t>, benchmark_size>>> (
+                meter.runs());
+    std::generate(arr.begin(), arr.end(), [] {
+        return new object_t{};
+    });
+    meter.measure([&] (int i) {
+        storage[i].construct(arr);
+    });
+})
+
+NONIUS_BENCHMARK("generic", [] (nonius::chronometer meter)
+{
+    auto data = make_data();
+    auto& refs = data.second;
+    object_t* r[benchmark_size];
+
+    meter.measure([&] {
+        std::transform(refs.begin(), refs.end(), r, [] (auto& p) {
+            if (p) p->ref_count.fetch_add(1, std::memory_order_relaxed);
+            return p;
+        });
+        return r;
+    });
+})
+
+NONIUS_BENCHMARK("manual", [] (nonius::chronometer meter)
+{
+    auto data = make_data();
+    auto& refs = data.second;
+    object_t* r[benchmark_size];
+
+    meter.measure([&] {
+        for (auto& p : refs)
+            if (p) p->ref_count.fetch_add(1, std::memory_order_relaxed);
+        std::copy(refs.begin(), refs.end(), r);
+        return r;
+    });
+})
+
+NONIUS_BENCHMARK("manual - unroll", [] (nonius::chronometer meter)
+{
+    auto data = make_data();
+    auto& refs = data.second;
+    object_t* r[benchmark_size];
+
+    meter.measure([&] {
+        auto e = refs.end();
+        for (auto p = refs.begin(); p != e;) {
+            (*p++)->ref_count.fetch_add(1, std::memory_order_relaxed);
+            (*p++)->ref_count.fetch_add(1, std::memory_order_relaxed);
+            (*p++)->ref_count.fetch_add(1, std::memory_order_relaxed);
+            (*p++)->ref_count.fetch_add(1, std::memory_order_relaxed);
+        }
+        std::copy(refs.begin(), refs.end(), r);
+        return r;
+    });
+})
+
+NONIUS_BENCHMARK("manual - nocheck", [] (nonius::chronometer meter)
+{
+    auto data = make_data();
+    auto& refs = data.second;
+    object_t* r[benchmark_size];
+
+    meter.measure([&] {
+        for (auto& p : refs)
+            p->ref_count.fetch_add(1, std::memory_order_relaxed);
+        std::copy(refs.begin(), refs.end(), r);
+        return r;
+    });
+})
+
+NONIUS_BENCHMARK("manual - constant", [] (nonius::chronometer meter)
+{
+    auto data = make_data();
+    auto& refs = data.second;
+    object_t* r[benchmark_size];
+
+    meter.measure([&] {
+        for (auto i = 0u; i < benchmark_size; ++i)
+            refs[i]->ref_count.fetch_add(1, std::memory_order_relaxed);
+        std::copy(refs.begin(), refs.end(), r);
+        return r;
+    });
+})
+
+NONIUS_BENCHMARK("manual - memcopy", [] (nonius::chronometer meter)
+{
+    auto data = make_data();
+    auto& refs = data.second;
+    object_t* r[benchmark_size];
+
+    meter.measure([&] {
+        for (auto& p : refs)
+            if (p) p->ref_count.fetch_add(1, std::memory_order_relaxed);
+        std::memcpy(r, &refs[0], sizeof(object_t*) * benchmark_size);
+        return r;
+    });
+})
diff --git a/src/immer/benchmark/set/access.hpp b/src/immer/benchmark/set/access.hpp
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000..8605c0ff453c7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/immer/benchmark/set/access.hpp
@@ -0,0 +1,175 @@
+//
+// immer: immutable data structures for C++
+// Copyright (C) 2016, 2017, 2018 Juan Pedro Bolivar Puente
+//
+// This software is distributed under the Boost Software License, Version 1.0.
+// See accompanying file LICENSE or copy at http://boost.org/LICENSE_1_0.txt
+//
+
+#pragma once
+
+#include "benchmark/config.hpp"
+
+#include <immer/set.hpp>
+#include <hash_trie.hpp> // Phil Nash
+#include <boost/container/flat_set.hpp>
+#include <set>
+#include <unordered_set>
+
+namespace {
+
+template <typename T=unsigned>
+auto make_generator_ranged(std::size_t runs)
+{
+    assert(runs > 0);
+    auto engine = std::default_random_engine{13};
+    auto dist = std::uniform_int_distribution<T>{0, (T)runs-1};
+    auto r = std::vector<T>(runs);
+    std::generate_n(r.begin(), runs, std::bind(dist, engine));
+    return r;
+}
+
+template <typename Generator, typename Set>
+auto benchmark_access_std()
+{
+    return [] (nonius::chronometer meter)
+    {
+        auto n  = meter.param<N>();
+        auto g1 = Generator{}(n);
+        auto g2 = make_generator_ranged(n);
+
+        auto v = Set{};
+        for (auto i = 0u; i < n; ++i)
+            v.insert(g1[i]);
+
+        measure(meter, [&] {
+            auto c = 0u;
+            for (auto i = 0u; i < n; ++i)
+                c += v.count(g1[g2[i]]);
+            volatile auto r = c;
+            return r;
+        });
+    };
+}
+
+template <typename Generator, typename Set>
+auto benchmark_access_hamt()
+{
+    return [] (nonius::chronometer meter)
+    {
+        auto n = meter.param<N>();
+        auto g1 = Generator{}(n);
+        auto g2 = make_generator_ranged(n);
+
+        auto v = Set{};
+        for (auto i = 0u; i < n; ++i)
+            v.insert(g1[i]);
+
+        measure(meter, [&] {
+            auto c = 0u;
+            for (auto i = 0u; i < n; ++i) {
+                auto& x = g1[g2[i]];
+                auto leaf = v.find(x).leaf();
+                c += !!(leaf && leaf->find(x));
+            }
+            volatile auto r = c;
+            return r;
+        });
+    };
+}
+
+
+template <typename Generator, typename Set>
+auto benchmark_access()
+{
+    return [] (nonius::chronometer meter)
+    {
+        auto n = meter.param<N>();
+        auto g1 = Generator{}(n);
+        auto g2 = make_generator_ranged(n);
+
+        auto v = Set{};
+        for (auto i = 0u; i < n; ++i)
+            v = v.insert(g1[i]);
+
+        measure(meter, [&] {
+            auto c = 0u;
+            for (auto i = 0u; i < n; ++i)
+                c += v.count(g1[g2[i]]);
+            volatile auto r = c;
+            return r;
+        });
+    };
+}
+
+template <typename Generator, typename Set>
+auto benchmark_bad_access_std()
+{
+    return [] (nonius::chronometer meter)
+    {
+        auto n = meter.param<N>();
+        auto g1 = Generator{}(n*2);
+
+        auto v = Set{};
+        for (auto i = 0u; i < n; ++i)
+            v.insert(g1[i]);
+
+        measure(meter, [&] {
+            auto c = 0u;
+            for (auto i = 0u; i < n; ++i)
+                c += v.count(g1[n+i]);
+            volatile auto r = c;
+            return r;
+        });
+    };
+}
+
+template <typename Generator, typename Set>
+auto benchmark_bad_access_hamt()
+{
+    return [] (nonius::chronometer meter)
+    {
+        auto n = meter.param<N>();
+        auto g1 = Generator{}(n*2);
+
+        auto v = Set{};
+        for (auto i = 0u; i < n; ++i)
+            v.insert(g1[i]);
+
+        measure(meter, [&] {
+            auto c = 0u;
+            for (auto i = 0u; i < n; ++i) {
+                auto& x = g1[n+i];
+                auto leaf = v.find(x).leaf();
+                c += !!(leaf && leaf->find(x));
+            }
+            volatile auto r = c;
+            return r;
+        });
+    };
+}
+
+
+template <typename Generator, typename Set>
+auto benchmark_bad_access()
+{
+    return [] (nonius::chronometer meter)
+    {
+        auto n = meter.param<N>();
+        auto g1 = Generator{}(n*2);
+
+        auto v = Set{};
+        for (auto i = 0u; i < n; ++i)
+            v = v.insert(g1[i]);
+
+        measure(meter, [&] {
+            auto c = 0u;
+            for (auto i = 0u; i < n; ++i)
+                c += v.count(g1[n+i]);
+            volatile auto r = c;
+            return r;
+        });
+    };
+}
+
+} // namespace
diff --git a/src/immer/benchmark/set/access.ipp b/src/immer/benchmark/set/access.ipp
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000..f026d9cfa736e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/immer/benchmark/set/access.ipp
@@ -0,0 +1,30 @@
+//
+// immer: immutable data structures for C++
+// Copyright (C) 2016, 2017, 2018 Juan Pedro Bolivar Puente
+//
+// This software is distributed under the Boost Software License, Version 1.0.
+// See accompanying file LICENSE or copy at http://boost.org/LICENSE_1_0.txt
+//
+
+#include "access.hpp"
+
+#ifndef GENERATOR_T
+#error "you must define a GENERATOR_T"
+#endif
+
+using generator__ = GENERATOR_T;
+using t__ = typename decltype(generator__{}(0))::value_type;
+
+NONIUS_BENCHMARK("std::set", benchmark_access_std<generator__, std::set<t__>>())
+NONIUS_BENCHMARK("std::unordered_set", benchmark_access_std<generator__, std::unordered_set<t__>>())
+NONIUS_BENCHMARK("boost::flat_set", benchmark_access_std<generator__, boost::container::flat_set<t__>>())
+NONIUS_BENCHMARK("hamt::hash_trie", benchmark_access_hamt<generator__, hamt::hash_trie<t__>>())
+NONIUS_BENCHMARK("immer::set/5B", benchmark_access<generator__, immer::set<t__, std::hash<t__>,std::equal_to<t__>,def_memory,5>>())
+NONIUS_BENCHMARK("immer::set/4B", benchmark_access<generator__, immer::set<t__, std::hash<t__>,std::equal_to<t__>,def_memory,4>>())
+
+NONIUS_BENCHMARK("bad/std::set", benchmark_bad_access_std<generator__, std::set<t__>>())
+NONIUS_BENCHMARK("bad/std::unordered_set", benchmark_bad_access_std<generator__, std::unordered_set<t__>>())
+NONIUS_BENCHMARK("bad/boost::flat_set", benchmark_bad_access_std<generator__, boost::container::flat_set<t__>>())
+NONIUS_BENCHMARK("bad/hamt::hash_trie", benchmark_bad_access_hamt<generator__, hamt::hash_trie<t__>>())
+NONIUS_BENCHMARK("bad/immer::set/5B", benchmark_bad_access<generator__, immer::set<t__, std::hash<t__>,std::equal_to<t__>,def_memory,5>>())
+NONIUS_BENCHMARK("bad/immer::set/4B", benchmark_bad_access<generator__, immer::set<t__, std::hash<t__>,std::equal_to<t__>,def_memory,4>>())
diff --git a/src/immer/benchmark/set/insert.hpp b/src/immer/benchmark/set/insert.hpp
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000..be679b4de342b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/immer/benchmark/set/insert.hpp
@@ -0,0 +1,55 @@
+//
+// immer: immutable data structures for C++
+// Copyright (C) 2016, 2017, 2018 Juan Pedro Bolivar Puente
+//
+// This software is distributed under the Boost Software License, Version 1.0.
+// See accompanying file LICENSE or copy at http://boost.org/LICENSE_1_0.txt
+//
+
+#pragma once
+
+#include "benchmark/config.hpp"
+
+#include <immer/set.hpp>
+#include <hash_trie.hpp> // Phil Nash
+#include <boost/container/flat_set.hpp>
+#include <set>
+#include <unordered_set>
+
+namespace {
+
+template <typename Generator, typename Set>
+auto benchmark_insert_mut_std()
+{
+    return [] (nonius::chronometer meter)
+    {
+        auto n = meter.param<N>();
+        auto g = Generator{}(n);
+
+        measure(meter, [&] {
+            auto v = Set{};
+            for (auto i = 0u; i < n; ++i)
+                v.insert(g[i]);
+            return v;
+        });
+    };
+}
+
+template <typename Generator, typename Set>
+auto benchmark_insert()
+{
+    return [] (nonius::chronometer meter)
+    {
+        auto n = meter.param<N>();
+        auto g = Generator{}(n);
+
+        measure(meter, [&] {
+            auto v = Set{};
+            for (auto i = 0u; i < n; ++i)
+                v = v.insert(g[i]);
+            return v;
+        });
+    };
+}
+
+} // namespace
diff --git a/src/immer/benchmark/set/insert.ipp b/src/immer/benchmark/set/insert.ipp
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000..6717ccd57ea73
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/immer/benchmark/set/insert.ipp
@@ -0,0 +1,28 @@
+//
+// immer: immutable data structures for C++
+// Copyright (C) 2016, 2017, 2018 Juan Pedro Bolivar Puente
+//
+// This software is distributed under the Boost Software License, Version 1.0.
+// See accompanying file LICENSE or copy at http://boost.org/LICENSE_1_0.txt
+//
+
+#include "insert.hpp"
+
+#ifndef GENERATOR_T
+#error "you must define a GENERATOR_T"
+#endif
+
+using generator__ = GENERATOR_T;
+using t__ = typename decltype(generator__{}(0))::value_type;
+
+NONIUS_BENCHMARK("std::set", benchmark_insert_mut_std<generator__, std::set<t__>>())
+NONIUS_BENCHMARK("std::unordered_set", benchmark_insert_mut_std<generator__, std::unordered_set<t__>>())
+NONIUS_BENCHMARK("boost::flat_set", benchmark_insert_mut_std<generator__, boost::container::flat_set<t__>>())
+NONIUS_BENCHMARK("hamt::hash_trie", benchmark_insert_mut_std<generator__, hamt::hash_trie<t__>>())
+
+NONIUS_BENCHMARK("immer::set/5B", benchmark_insert<generator__, immer::set<t__, std::hash<t__>,std::equal_to<t__>,def_memory,5>>())
+NONIUS_BENCHMARK("immer::set/4B", benchmark_insert<generator__, immer::set<t__, std::hash<t__>,std::equal_to<t__>,def_memory,4>>())
+#ifndef DISABLE_GC_BENCHMARKS
+NONIUS_BENCHMARK("immer::set/GC", benchmark_insert<generator__, immer::set<t__, std::hash<t__>,std::equal_to<t__>,gc_memory,5>>())
+#endif
+NONIUS_BENCHMARK("immer::set/UN", benchmark_insert<generator__, immer::set<t__, std::hash<t__>,std::equal_to<t__>,unsafe_memory,5>>())
diff --git a/src/immer/benchmark/set/iter.hpp b/src/immer/benchmark/set/iter.hpp
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000..91dd486443677
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/immer/benchmark/set/iter.hpp
@@ -0,0 +1,111 @@
+//
+// immer: immutable data structures for C++
+// Copyright (C) 2016, 2017, 2018 Juan Pedro Bolivar Puente
+//
+// This software is distributed under the Boost Software License, Version 1.0.
+// See accompanying file LICENSE or copy at http://boost.org/LICENSE_1_0.txt
+//
+
+#pragma once
+
+#include "benchmark/config.hpp"
+
+#include <immer/set.hpp>
+#include <immer/box.hpp>
+#include <immer/algorithm.hpp>
+#include <hash_trie.hpp> // Phil Nash
+#include <boost/container/flat_set.hpp>
+#include <set>
+#include <unordered_set>
+#include <numeric>
+
+namespace {
+
+template <typename T>
+struct iter_step
+{
+    unsigned operator() (unsigned x, const T& y) const
+    {
+        return x + y;
+    }
+};
+
+template <>
+struct iter_step<std::string>
+{
+    unsigned operator() (unsigned x, const std::string& y) const
+    {
+        return x + (unsigned) y.size();
+    }
+};
+
+template <>
+struct iter_step<immer::box<std::string>>
+{
+    unsigned operator() (unsigned x, const immer::box<std::string>& y) const
+    {
+        return x + (unsigned) y->size();
+    }
+};
+
+template <typename Generator, typename Set>
+auto benchmark_access_std_iter()
+{
+    return [] (nonius::chronometer meter)
+    {
+        auto n  = meter.param<N>();
+        auto g1 = Generator{}(n);
+
+        auto v = Set{};
+        for (auto i = 0u; i < n; ++i)
+            v.insert(g1[i]);
+
+        using step_t = iter_step<typename decltype(g1)::value_type>;
+        measure(meter, [&] {
+            volatile auto c = std::accumulate(v.begin(), v.end(), 0u, step_t{});
+            return c;
+        });
+    };
+}
+
+template <typename Generator, typename Set>
+auto benchmark_access_reduce()
+{
+    return [] (nonius::chronometer meter)
+    {
+        auto n = meter.param<N>();
+        auto g1 = Generator{}(n);
+
+        auto v = Set{};
+        for (auto i = 0u; i < n; ++i)
+            v = v.insert(g1[i]);
+
+        using step_t = iter_step<typename decltype(g1)::value_type>;
+        measure(meter, [&] {
+            volatile auto c = immer::accumulate(v, 0u, step_t{});
+            return c;
+        });
+    };
+}
+
+template <typename Generator, typename Set>
+auto benchmark_access_iter()
+{
+    return [] (nonius::chronometer meter)
+    {
+        auto n = meter.param<N>();
+        auto g1 = Generator{}(n);
+
+        auto v = Set{};
+        for (auto i = 0u; i < n; ++i)
+            v = v.insert(g1[i]);
+
+        using step_t = iter_step<typename decltype(g1)::value_type>;
+        measure(meter, [&] {
+            volatile auto c = std::accumulate(v.begin(), v.end(), 0u, step_t{});
+            return c;
+        });
+    };
+}
+
+} // namespace
diff --git a/src/immer/benchmark/set/iter.ipp b/src/immer/benchmark/set/iter.ipp
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000..f8c3cb9695cde
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/immer/benchmark/set/iter.ipp
@@ -0,0 +1,25 @@
+//
+// immer: immutable data structures for C++
+// Copyright (C) 2016, 2017, 2018 Juan Pedro Bolivar Puente
+//
+// This software is distributed under the Boost Software License, Version 1.0.
+// See accompanying file LICENSE or copy at http://boost.org/LICENSE_1_0.txt
+//
+
+#include "iter.hpp"
+
+#ifndef GENERATOR_T
+#error "you must define a GENERATOR_T"
+#endif
+
+using generator__ = GENERATOR_T;
+using t__ = typename decltype(generator__{}(0))::value_type;
+
+NONIUS_BENCHMARK("iter/std::set", benchmark_access_std_iter<generator__, std::set<t__>>())
+NONIUS_BENCHMARK("iter/std::unordered_set", benchmark_access_std_iter<generator__, std::unordered_set<t__>>())
+NONIUS_BENCHMARK("iter/boost::flat_set", benchmark_access_std_iter<generator__, boost::container::flat_set<t__>>())
+NONIUS_BENCHMARK("iter/hamt::hash_trie", benchmark_access_std_iter<generator__, hamt::hash_trie<t__>>())
+NONIUS_BENCHMARK("iter/immer::set/5B", benchmark_access_iter<generator__, immer::set<t__, std::hash<t__>,std::equal_to<t__>,def_memory,5>>())
+NONIUS_BENCHMARK("iter/immer::set/4B", benchmark_access_iter<generator__, immer::set<t__, std::hash<t__>,std::equal_to<t__>,def_memory,4>>())
+NONIUS_BENCHMARK("reduce/immer::set/5B", benchmark_access_reduce<generator__, immer::set<t__, std::hash<t__>,std::equal_to<t__>,def_memory,5>>())
+NONIUS_BENCHMARK("reduce/immer::set/4B", benchmark_access_reduce<generator__, immer::set<t__, std::hash<t__>,std::equal_to<t__>,def_memory,4>>())
diff --git a/src/immer/benchmark/set/string-box/access.cpp b/src/immer/benchmark/set/string-box/access.cpp
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000..c3deffbb0636e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/immer/benchmark/set/string-box/access.cpp
@@ -0,0 +1,10 @@
+//
+// immer: immutable data structures for C++
+// Copyright (C) 2016, 2017, 2018 Juan Pedro Bolivar Puente
+//
+// This software is distributed under the Boost Software License, Version 1.0.
+// See accompanying file LICENSE or copy at http://boost.org/LICENSE_1_0.txt
+//
+
+#include "generator.ipp"
+#include "../access.ipp"
diff --git a/src/immer/benchmark/set/string-box/generator.ipp b/src/immer/benchmark/set/string-box/generator.ipp
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000..9adc82e0bdc0a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/immer/benchmark/set/string-box/generator.ipp
@@ -0,0 +1,46 @@
+//
+// immer: immutable data structures for C++
+// Copyright (C) 2016, 2017, 2018 Juan Pedro Bolivar Puente
+//
+// This software is distributed under the Boost Software License, Version 1.0.
+// See accompanying file LICENSE or copy at http://boost.org/LICENSE_1_0.txt
+//
+
+#include <immer/box.hpp>
+
+#include <random>
+#include <vector>
+#include <cassert>
+#include <functional>
+#include <algorithm>
+
+#define GENERATOR_T generate_unsigned
+
+namespace {
+
+struct GENERATOR_T
+{
+    static constexpr auto char_set   = "_-0123456789ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZabcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz";
+    static constexpr auto max_length = 64;
+    static constexpr auto min_length = 8;
+
+    auto operator() (std::size_t runs) const
+    {
+        assert(runs > 0);
+        auto engine = std::default_random_engine{42};
+        auto dist = std::uniform_int_distribution<unsigned>{};
+        auto gen = std::bind(dist, engine);
+        auto r = std::vector<immer::box<std::string>>(runs);
+        std::generate_n(r.begin(), runs, [&] {
+            auto len = gen() % (max_length - min_length) + min_length;
+            auto str = std::string(len, ' ');
+            std::generate_n(str.begin(), len, [&] {
+                return char_set[gen() % sizeof(char_set)];
+            });
+            return str;
+        });
+        return r;
+    }
+};
+
+} // namespace
diff --git a/src/immer/benchmark/set/string-box/insert.cpp b/src/immer/benchmark/set/string-box/insert.cpp
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000..c5762498c23c1
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/immer/benchmark/set/string-box/insert.cpp
@@ -0,0 +1,11 @@
+//
+// immer: immutable data structures for C++
+// Copyright (C) 2016, 2017, 2018 Juan Pedro Bolivar Puente
+//
+// This software is distributed under the Boost Software License, Version 1.0.
+// See accompanying file LICENSE or copy at http://boost.org/LICENSE_1_0.txt
+//
+
+#define DISABLE_GC_BENCHMARKS
+#include "generator.ipp"
+#include "../insert.ipp"
diff --git a/src/immer/benchmark/set/string-box/iter.cpp b/src/immer/benchmark/set/string-box/iter.cpp
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000..83e57e7845d3f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/immer/benchmark/set/string-box/iter.cpp
@@ -0,0 +1,10 @@
+//
+// immer: immutable data structures for C++
+// Copyright (C) 2016, 2017, 2018 Juan Pedro Bolivar Puente
+//
+// This software is distributed under the Boost Software License, Version 1.0.
+// See accompanying file LICENSE or copy at http://boost.org/LICENSE_1_0.txt
+//
+
+#include "generator.ipp"
+#include "../iter.ipp"
diff --git a/src/immer/benchmark/set/string-long/access.cpp b/src/immer/benchmark/set/string-long/access.cpp
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000..c3deffbb0636e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/immer/benchmark/set/string-long/access.cpp
@@ -0,0 +1,10 @@
+//
+// immer: immutable data structures for C++
+// Copyright (C) 2016, 2017, 2018 Juan Pedro Bolivar Puente
+//
+// This software is distributed under the Boost Software License, Version 1.0.
+// See accompanying file LICENSE or copy at http://boost.org/LICENSE_1_0.txt
+//
+
+#include "generator.ipp"
+#include "../access.ipp"
diff --git a/src/immer/benchmark/set/string-long/generator.ipp b/src/immer/benchmark/set/string-long/generator.ipp
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000..386364cc96fe4
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/immer/benchmark/set/string-long/generator.ipp
@@ -0,0 +1,44 @@
+//
+// immer: immutable data structures for C++
+// Copyright (C) 2016, 2017, 2018 Juan Pedro Bolivar Puente
+//
+// This software is distributed under the Boost Software License, Version 1.0.
+// See accompanying file LICENSE or copy at http://boost.org/LICENSE_1_0.txt
+//
+
+#include <random>
+#include <vector>
+#include <cassert>
+#include <functional>
+#include <algorithm>
+
+#define GENERATOR_T generate_unsigned
+
+namespace {
+
+struct GENERATOR_T
+{
+    static constexpr auto char_set   = "_-0123456789ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZabcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz";
+    static constexpr auto max_length = 256;
+    static constexpr auto min_length = 32;
+
+    auto operator() (std::size_t runs) const
+    {
+        assert(runs > 0);
+        auto engine = std::default_random_engine{42};
+        auto dist = std::uniform_int_distribution<unsigned>{};
+        auto gen = std::bind(dist, engine);
+        auto r = std::vector<std::string>(runs);
+        std::generate_n(r.begin(), runs, [&] {
+            auto len = gen() % (max_length - min_length) + min_length;
+            auto str = std::string(len, ' ');
+            std::generate_n(str.begin(), len, [&] {
+                return char_set[gen() % sizeof(char_set)];
+            });
+            return str;
+        });
+        return r;
+    }
+};
+
+} // namespace
diff --git a/src/immer/benchmark/set/string-long/insert.cpp b/src/immer/benchmark/set/string-long/insert.cpp
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000..c5762498c23c1
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/immer/benchmark/set/string-long/insert.cpp
@@ -0,0 +1,11 @@
+//
+// immer: immutable data structures for C++
+// Copyright (C) 2016, 2017, 2018 Juan Pedro Bolivar Puente
+//
+// This software is distributed under the Boost Software License, Version 1.0.
+// See accompanying file LICENSE or copy at http://boost.org/LICENSE_1_0.txt
+//
+
+#define DISABLE_GC_BENCHMARKS
+#include "generator.ipp"
+#include "../insert.ipp"
diff --git a/src/immer/benchmark/set/string-long/iter.cpp b/src/immer/benchmark/set/string-long/iter.cpp
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000..83e57e7845d3f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/immer/benchmark/set/string-long/iter.cpp
@@ -0,0 +1,10 @@
+//
+// immer: immutable data structures for C++
+// Copyright (C) 2016, 2017, 2018 Juan Pedro Bolivar Puente
+//
+// This software is distributed under the Boost Software License, Version 1.0.
+// See accompanying file LICENSE or copy at http://boost.org/LICENSE_1_0.txt
+//
+
+#include "generator.ipp"
+#include "../iter.ipp"
diff --git a/src/immer/benchmark/set/string-short/access.cpp b/src/immer/benchmark/set/string-short/access.cpp
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000..c3deffbb0636e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/immer/benchmark/set/string-short/access.cpp
@@ -0,0 +1,10 @@
+//
+// immer: immutable data structures for C++
+// Copyright (C) 2016, 2017, 2018 Juan Pedro Bolivar Puente
+//
+// This software is distributed under the Boost Software License, Version 1.0.
+// See accompanying file LICENSE or copy at http://boost.org/LICENSE_1_0.txt
+//
+
+#include "generator.ipp"
+#include "../access.ipp"
diff --git a/src/immer/benchmark/set/string-short/generator.ipp b/src/immer/benchmark/set/string-short/generator.ipp
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000..bd40d2d639a8e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/immer/benchmark/set/string-short/generator.ipp
@@ -0,0 +1,44 @@
+//
+// immer: immutable data structures for C++
+// Copyright (C) 2016, 2017, 2018 Juan Pedro Bolivar Puente
+//
+// This software is distributed under the Boost Software License, Version 1.0.
+// See accompanying file LICENSE or copy at http://boost.org/LICENSE_1_0.txt
+//
+
+#include <random>
+#include <vector>
+#include <cassert>
+#include <functional>
+#include <algorithm>
+
+#define GENERATOR_T generate_unsigned
+
+namespace {
+
+struct GENERATOR_T
+{
+    static constexpr auto char_set   = "_-0123456789ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZabcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz";
+    static constexpr auto max_length = 15;
+    static constexpr auto min_length = 4;
+
+    auto operator() (std::size_t runs) const
+    {
+        assert(runs > 0);
+        auto engine = std::default_random_engine{42};
+        auto dist = std::uniform_int_distribution<unsigned>{};
+        auto gen = std::bind(dist, engine);
+        auto r = std::vector<std::string>(runs);
+        std::generate_n(r.begin(), runs, [&] {
+            auto len = gen() % (max_length - min_length) + min_length;
+            auto str = std::string(len, ' ');
+            std::generate_n(str.begin(), len, [&] {
+                return char_set[gen() % sizeof(char_set)];
+            });
+            return str;
+        });
+        return r;
+    }
+};
+
+} // namespace
diff --git a/src/immer/benchmark/set/string-short/insert.cpp b/src/immer/benchmark/set/string-short/insert.cpp
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000..26dfbce292042
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/immer/benchmark/set/string-short/insert.cpp
@@ -0,0 +1,10 @@
+//
+// immer: immutable data structures for C++
+// Copyright (C) 2016, 2017, 2018 Juan Pedro Bolivar Puente
+//
+// This software is distributed under the Boost Software License, Version 1.0.
+// See accompanying file LICENSE or copy at http://boost.org/LICENSE_1_0.txt
+//
+
+#include "generator.ipp"
+#include "../insert.ipp"
diff --git a/src/immer/benchmark/set/string-short/iter.cpp b/src/immer/benchmark/set/string-short/iter.cpp
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000..83e57e7845d3f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/immer/benchmark/set/string-short/iter.cpp
@@ -0,0 +1,10 @@
+//
+// immer: immutable data structures for C++
+// Copyright (C) 2016, 2017, 2018 Juan Pedro Bolivar Puente
+//
+// This software is distributed under the Boost Software License, Version 1.0.
+// See accompanying file LICENSE or copy at http://boost.org/LICENSE_1_0.txt
+//
+
+#include "generator.ipp"
+#include "../iter.ipp"
diff --git a/src/immer/benchmark/set/unsigned/access.cpp b/src/immer/benchmark/set/unsigned/access.cpp
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000..c3deffbb0636e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/immer/benchmark/set/unsigned/access.cpp
@@ -0,0 +1,10 @@
+//
+// immer: immutable data structures for C++
+// Copyright (C) 2016, 2017, 2018 Juan Pedro Bolivar Puente
+//
+// This software is distributed under the Boost Software License, Version 1.0.
+// See accompanying file LICENSE or copy at http://boost.org/LICENSE_1_0.txt
+//
+
+#include "generator.ipp"
+#include "../access.ipp"
diff --git a/src/immer/benchmark/set/unsigned/generator.ipp b/src/immer/benchmark/set/unsigned/generator.ipp
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000..2a2a2a0fb6278
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/immer/benchmark/set/unsigned/generator.ipp
@@ -0,0 +1,32 @@
+//
+// immer: immutable data structures for C++
+// Copyright (C) 2016, 2017, 2018 Juan Pedro Bolivar Puente
+//
+// This software is distributed under the Boost Software License, Version 1.0.
+// See accompanying file LICENSE or copy at http://boost.org/LICENSE_1_0.txt
+//
+
+#include <random>
+#include <vector>
+#include <cassert>
+#include <functional>
+#include <algorithm>
+
+#define GENERATOR_T generate_unsigned
+
+namespace {
+
+struct GENERATOR_T
+{
+    auto operator() (std::size_t runs) const
+    {
+        assert(runs > 0);
+        auto engine = std::default_random_engine{42};
+        auto dist = std::uniform_int_distribution<unsigned>{};
+        auto r = std::vector<unsigned>(runs);
+        std::generate_n(r.begin(), runs, std::bind(dist, engine));
+        return r;
+    }
+};
+
+} // namespace
diff --git a/src/immer/benchmark/set/unsigned/insert.cpp b/src/immer/benchmark/set/unsigned/insert.cpp
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000..26dfbce292042
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/immer/benchmark/set/unsigned/insert.cpp
@@ -0,0 +1,10 @@
+//
+// immer: immutable data structures for C++
+// Copyright (C) 2016, 2017, 2018 Juan Pedro Bolivar Puente
+//
+// This software is distributed under the Boost Software License, Version 1.0.
+// See accompanying file LICENSE or copy at http://boost.org/LICENSE_1_0.txt
+//
+
+#include "generator.ipp"
+#include "../insert.ipp"
diff --git a/src/immer/benchmark/set/unsigned/iter.cpp b/src/immer/benchmark/set/unsigned/iter.cpp
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000..83e57e7845d3f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/immer/benchmark/set/unsigned/iter.cpp
@@ -0,0 +1,10 @@
+//
+// immer: immutable data structures for C++
+// Copyright (C) 2016, 2017, 2018 Juan Pedro Bolivar Puente
+//
+// This software is distributed under the Boost Software License, Version 1.0.
+// See accompanying file LICENSE or copy at http://boost.org/LICENSE_1_0.txt
+//
+
+#include "generator.ipp"
+#include "../iter.ipp"
diff --git a/src/immer/benchmark/vector/access.hpp b/src/immer/benchmark/vector/access.hpp
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000..4dff7a667f332
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/immer/benchmark/vector/access.hpp
@@ -0,0 +1,261 @@
+//
+// immer: immutable data structures for C++
+// Copyright (C) 2016, 2017, 2018 Juan Pedro Bolivar Puente
+//
+// This software is distributed under the Boost Software License, Version 1.0.
+// See accompanying file LICENSE or copy at http://boost.org/LICENSE_1_0.txt
+//
+
+#pragma once
+
+#include "benchmark/vector/common.hpp"
+
+#include <immer/algorithm.hpp>
+
+#if IMMER_BENCHMARK_BOOST_COROUTINE
+#include <boost/coroutine2/all.hpp>
+#endif
+
+namespace {
+
+template <typename Vektor>
+auto benchmark_access_reduce_chunkedseq()
+{
+    return [] (nonius::parameters params)
+    {
+        auto n = params.get<N>();
+        auto v = Vektor{};
+        for (auto i = 0u; i < n; ++i)
+            v.push_back(i);
+        return [=] {
+            auto init = 0u;
+            v.for_each_segment([&] (auto first, auto last) {
+                init = std::accumulate(first, last, init);
+            });
+            return init;
+        };
+    };
+}
+
+template <typename Vektor>
+auto benchmark_access_iter_std()
+{
+    return [] (nonius::parameters params)
+    {
+        auto n = params.get<N>();
+        auto v = Vektor{};
+        for (auto i = 0u; i < n; ++i)
+            v.push_back(i);
+        return [=] {
+            auto volatile x = std::accumulate(v.begin(), v.end(), 0u);
+            return x;
+        };
+    };
+}
+
+template <typename Vektor>
+auto benchmark_access_idx_std()
+{
+    return [] (nonius::parameters params)
+    {
+        auto n = params.get<N>();
+        auto v = Vektor{};
+        for (auto i = 0u; i < n; ++i)
+            v.push_back(i);
+        return [=] {
+            auto r = 0u;
+            for (auto i = 0u; i < n; ++i)
+                r += v[i];
+            volatile auto rr = r;
+            return rr;
+        };
+    };
+}
+
+template <typename Vektor>
+auto benchmark_access_random_std()
+{
+    return [] (nonius::parameters params)
+    {
+        auto n = params.get<N>();
+        auto v = Vektor{};
+        auto g = make_generator(n);
+        for (auto i = 0u; i < n; ++i)
+            v.push_back(i);
+        return [=] {
+            auto r = 0u;
+            for (auto i = 0u; i < n; ++i)
+                r += v[g[i]];
+            volatile auto rr = r;
+            return rr;
+        };
+    };
+}
+
+template <typename Vektor, typename PushFn=push_back_fn>
+auto benchmark_access_iter()
+{
+    return [] (nonius::parameters params)
+    {
+        auto n = params.get<N>();
+
+        auto v = Vektor{};
+        for (auto i = 0u; i < n; ++i)
+            v = PushFn{}(std::move(v), i);
+
+        return [=] {
+            auto volatile x = std::accumulate(v.begin(), v.end(), 0u);
+            return x;
+        };
+    };
+}
+
+#if IMMER_BENCHMARK_BOOST_COROUTINE
+template <typename Vektor, typename PushFn=push_back_fn>
+auto benchmark_access_coro()
+{
+    return [] (nonius::parameters params)
+    {
+        using coro_t = typename boost::coroutines2::coroutine<int>;
+
+        auto n = params.get<N>();
+
+        auto v = Vektor{};
+        for (auto i = 0u; i < n; ++i)
+            v = PushFn{}(std::move(v), i);
+
+        return [=] {
+            auto c = coro_t::pull_type { [&](auto& sink) {
+                v.for_each_chunk([&](auto f, auto l) {
+                    for (; f != l; ++f)
+                        sink(*f);
+                });
+            }};
+            auto volatile x = std::accumulate(begin(c), end(c), 0u);
+            return x;
+        };
+    };
+}
+#endif
+
+template <typename Vektor,
+          typename PushFn=push_back_fn>
+auto benchmark_access_idx()
+{
+    return [] (nonius::parameters params)
+    {
+        auto n = params.get<N>();
+
+        auto v = Vektor{};
+        for (auto i = 0u; i < n; ++i)
+            v = PushFn{}(std::move(v), i);
+
+        return [=] {
+            auto r = 0u;
+            for (auto i = 0u; i < n; ++i)
+                r += v[i];
+            volatile auto rr = r;
+            return rr;
+        };
+    };
+}
+
+template <typename Vektor,
+          typename PushFn=push_back_fn>
+auto benchmark_access_reduce()
+{
+    return [] (nonius::parameters params)
+    {
+        auto n = params.get<N>();
+
+        auto v = Vektor{};
+        for (auto i = 0u; i < n; ++i)
+            v = PushFn{}(std::move(v), i);
+
+        return [=] {
+            auto volatile x = immer::accumulate(v, 0u);
+            return x;
+        };
+    };
+}
+
+template <typename Vektor,
+          typename PushFn=push_back_fn>
+auto benchmark_access_reduce_range()
+{
+    return [] (nonius::parameters params)
+    {
+        auto n = params.get<N>();
+
+        auto v = Vektor{};
+        for (auto i = 0u; i < n; ++i)
+            v = PushFn{}(std::move(v), i);
+
+        return [=] {
+            auto volatile x = immer::accumulate(v.begin(), v.end(), 0u);
+            return x;
+        };
+    };
+}
+
+template <typename Vektor,
+          typename PushFn=push_back_fn>
+auto benchmark_access_random()
+{
+    return [] (nonius::parameters params)
+    {
+        auto n = params.get<N>();
+
+        auto v = Vektor{};
+        for (auto i = 0u; i < n; ++i)
+            v = PushFn{}(std::move(v), i);
+        auto g = make_generator(n);
+
+        return [=] {
+            auto r = 0u;
+            for (auto i = 0u; i < n; ++i)
+                r += v[g[i]];
+            volatile auto rr = r;
+            return rr;
+        };
+    };
+}
+
+template <typename Fn>
+auto benchmark_access_librrb(Fn maker)
+{
+    return
+        [=] (nonius::parameters params) {
+            auto n = params.get<N>();
+            auto v = maker(n);
+            return
+                [=] {
+                    auto r = 0u;
+                    for (auto i = 0u; i < n; ++i)
+                        r += reinterpret_cast<unsigned long>(rrb_nth(v, i));
+                    volatile auto rr = r;
+                    return rr;
+                };
+        };
+}
+
+template <typename Fn>
+auto benchmark_access_random_librrb(Fn maker)
+{
+    return
+        [=] (nonius::parameters params) {
+            auto n = params.get<N>();
+            auto v = maker(n);
+            auto g = make_generator(n);
+            return
+                [=] {
+                    auto r = 0u;
+                    for (auto i = 0u; i < n; ++i)
+                        r += reinterpret_cast<unsigned long>(rrb_nth(v, g[i]));
+                    volatile auto rr = r;
+                    return rr;
+                };
+        };
+}
+
+} // anonymous namespace
diff --git a/src/immer/benchmark/vector/assoc.hpp b/src/immer/benchmark/vector/assoc.hpp
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000..5619d7ee6936d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/immer/benchmark/vector/assoc.hpp
@@ -0,0 +1,245 @@
+//
+// immer: immutable data structures for C++
+// Copyright (C) 2016, 2017, 2018 Juan Pedro Bolivar Puente
+//
+// This software is distributed under the Boost Software License, Version 1.0.
+// See accompanying file LICENSE or copy at http://boost.org/LICENSE_1_0.txt
+//
+
+#pragma once
+
+#include "benchmark/vector/common.hpp"
+
+namespace {
+
+template <typename Vektor>
+auto benchmark_assoc_std()
+{
+    return
+        [] (nonius::chronometer meter)
+        {
+            auto n = meter.param<N>();
+            auto v = Vektor(n, 0);
+            std::iota(v.begin(), v.end(), 0u);
+            auto all = std::vector<Vektor>(meter.runs(), v);
+            meter.measure([&] (int iter) {
+                auto& r = all[iter];
+                for (auto i = 0u; i < n; ++i)
+                    r[i] = n - i;
+                return r;
+            });
+        };
+}
+
+template <typename Vektor>
+auto benchmark_assoc_random_std()
+{
+    return
+        [](nonius::chronometer meter)
+        {
+            auto n = meter.param<N>();
+            auto g = make_generator(n);
+            auto v = Vektor(n, 0);
+            std::iota(v.begin(), v.end(), 0u);
+            auto all = std::vector<Vektor>(meter.runs(), v);
+            meter.measure([&] (int iter) {
+                auto& r = all[iter];
+                for (auto i = 0u; i < n; ++i)
+                    r[g[i]] = n - i;
+                return r;
+            });
+        };
+}
+
+template <typename Vektor,
+          typename PushFn=push_back_fn,
+          typename SetFn=set_fn>
+auto benchmark_assoc()
+{
+    return [] (nonius::chronometer meter)
+    {
+        auto n = meter.param<N>();
+        if (n > get_limit<Vektor>{})
+            nonius::skip();
+
+        auto v = Vektor{};
+        for (auto i = 0u; i < n; ++i)
+            v = PushFn{}(std::move(v), i);
+
+        measure(meter, [&] {
+            auto r = v;
+            for (auto i = 0u; i < n; ++i)
+                r = SetFn{}(r, i, n - i);
+            return r;
+        });
+    };
+}
+
+template <typename Vektor,
+          typename PushFn=push_back_fn>
+auto benchmark_assoc_move()
+{
+    return [] (nonius::chronometer meter)
+    {
+        auto n = meter.param<N>();
+        if (n > get_limit<Vektor>{})
+            nonius::skip();
+
+        auto v = Vektor{};
+        for (auto i = 0u; i < n; ++i)
+            v = PushFn{}(std::move(v), i);
+
+        measure(meter, [&] {
+            auto r = v;
+            for (auto i = 0u; i < n; ++i)
+                r = std::move(r).set(i, n - i);
+            return r;
+        });
+    };
+}
+
+template <typename Vektor,
+          typename PushFn=push_back_fn,
+          typename SetFn=set_fn>
+auto benchmark_assoc_random()
+{
+    return [] (nonius::chronometer meter)
+    {
+        auto n = meter.param<N>();
+        if (n > get_limit<Vektor>{})
+            nonius::skip();
+
+        auto g = make_generator(n);
+        auto v = Vektor{};
+        for (auto i = 0u; i < n; ++i)
+            v = PushFn{}(std::move(v), i);
+
+        measure(meter, [&] {
+            auto r = v;
+            for (auto i = 0u; i < n; ++i)
+                r = SetFn{}(r, g[i], i);
+            return r;
+        });
+    };
+}
+
+template <typename Vektor,
+          typename PushFn=push_back_fn>
+auto benchmark_assoc_mut()
+{
+    return [] (nonius::chronometer meter)
+    {
+        auto n = meter.param<N>();
+        if (n > get_limit<Vektor>{})
+            nonius::skip();
+
+        auto v = Vektor{};
+        for (auto i = 0u; i < n; ++i)
+            v = PushFn{}(std::move(v), i);
+
+        measure(meter, [&] {
+            auto r = v.transient();
+            for (auto i = 0u; i < n; ++i)
+                r.set(i, n - i);
+            return r;
+        });
+    };
+}
+
+template <typename Vektor,
+          typename PushFn=push_back_fn>
+auto benchmark_assoc_mut_random()
+{
+    return [] (nonius::chronometer meter)
+    {
+        auto n = meter.param<N>();
+        if (n > get_limit<Vektor>{})
+            nonius::skip();
+
+        auto g = make_generator(n);
+        auto v = Vektor{};
+        for (auto i = 0u; i < n; ++i)
+            v = PushFn{}(std::move(v), i);
+
+        measure(meter, [&] {
+            auto r = v.transient();
+            for (auto i = 0u; i < n; ++i)
+                r.set(g[i], i);
+            return r;
+        });
+    };
+}
+
+template <typename Fn>
+auto benchmark_assoc_librrb(Fn maker)
+{
+    return
+        [=] (nonius::chronometer meter) {
+            auto n = meter.param<N>();
+            auto v = maker(n);
+            measure(
+                meter, [&] {
+                    auto r = v;
+                    for (auto i = 0u; i < n; ++i)
+                        r = rrb_update(r, i, reinterpret_cast<void*>(n - i));
+                    return r;
+                });
+        };
+}
+
+template <typename Fn>
+auto benchmark_assoc_random_librrb(Fn maker)
+{
+    return
+        [=] (nonius::chronometer meter) {
+            auto n = meter.param<N>();
+            auto v = maker(n);
+            auto g = make_generator(n);
+            measure(
+                meter, [&] {
+                    auto r = v;
+                    for (auto i = 0u; i < n; ++i)
+                        r = rrb_update(r, g[i], reinterpret_cast<void*>(i));
+                    return r;
+                });
+        };
+}
+
+template <typename Fn>
+auto benchmark_assoc_mut_librrb(Fn maker)
+{
+    return
+        [=] (nonius::chronometer meter) {
+            auto n = meter.param<N>();
+            auto v = maker(n);
+            measure(
+                meter, [&] {
+                    auto r = rrb_to_transient(v);
+                    for (auto i = 0u; i < n; ++i)
+                        r = transient_rrb_update(
+                            r, i, reinterpret_cast<void*>(i));
+                    return r;
+                });
+        };
+}
+
+template <typename Fn>
+auto benchmark_assoc_mut_random_librrb(Fn maker)
+{
+    return
+        [=] (nonius::chronometer meter) {
+            auto n = meter.param<N>();
+            auto v = maker(n);
+            auto g = make_generator(n);
+            measure(
+                meter, [&] {
+                    auto r = rrb_to_transient(v);
+                    for (auto i = 0u; i < n; ++i)
+                        r = transient_rrb_update(
+                            r, g[i], reinterpret_cast<void*>(i));
+                    return r;
+                });
+        };
+}
+
+} // anonymous namespace
diff --git a/src/immer/benchmark/vector/branching/access.ipp b/src/immer/benchmark/vector/branching/access.ipp
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000..bd7f985d4df05
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/immer/benchmark/vector/branching/access.ipp
@@ -0,0 +1,20 @@
+//
+// immer: immutable data structures for C++
+// Copyright (C) 2016, 2017, 2018 Juan Pedro Bolivar Puente
+//
+// This software is distributed under the Boost Software License, Version 1.0.
+// See accompanying file LICENSE or copy at http://boost.org/LICENSE_1_0.txt
+//
+
+#include "benchmark/vector/access.hpp"
+#include <immer/flex_vector.hpp>
+
+#ifndef MEMORY_T
+#error "define the MEMORY_T"
+#endif
+
+NONIUS_BENCHMARK("flex/3", benchmark_access_idx<immer::flex_vector<std::size_t,MEMORY_T,3>>())
+NONIUS_BENCHMARK("flex/4", benchmark_access_idx<immer::flex_vector<std::size_t,MEMORY_T,4>>())
+NONIUS_BENCHMARK("flex/5", benchmark_access_idx<immer::flex_vector<std::size_t,MEMORY_T,5>>())
+NONIUS_BENCHMARK("flex/6", benchmark_access_idx<immer::flex_vector<std::size_t,MEMORY_T,6>>())
+NONIUS_BENCHMARK("flex/7", benchmark_access_idx<immer::flex_vector<std::size_t,MEMORY_T,7>>())
diff --git a/src/immer/benchmark/vector/branching/assoc.ipp b/src/immer/benchmark/vector/branching/assoc.ipp
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000..4aa9984f9275c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/immer/benchmark/vector/branching/assoc.ipp
@@ -0,0 +1,20 @@
+//
+// immer: immutable data structures for C++
+// Copyright (C) 2016, 2017, 2018 Juan Pedro Bolivar Puente
+//
+// This software is distributed under the Boost Software License, Version 1.0.
+// See accompanying file LICENSE or copy at http://boost.org/LICENSE_1_0.txt
+//
+
+#include "benchmark/vector/assoc.hpp"
+#include <immer/flex_vector.hpp>
+
+#ifndef MEMORY_T
+#error "define the MEMORY_T"
+#endif
+
+NONIUS_BENCHMARK("flex/3", benchmark_assoc<immer::flex_vector<std::size_t,MEMORY_T,3>>())
+NONIUS_BENCHMARK("flex/4", benchmark_assoc<immer::flex_vector<std::size_t,MEMORY_T,4>>())
+NONIUS_BENCHMARK("flex/5", benchmark_assoc<immer::flex_vector<std::size_t,MEMORY_T,5>>())
+NONIUS_BENCHMARK("flex/6", benchmark_assoc<immer::flex_vector<std::size_t,MEMORY_T,6>>())
+NONIUS_BENCHMARK("flex/7", benchmark_assoc<immer::flex_vector<std::size_t,MEMORY_T,7>>())
diff --git a/src/immer/benchmark/vector/branching/basic/access.cpp b/src/immer/benchmark/vector/branching/basic/access.cpp
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000..23eb25565da0c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/immer/benchmark/vector/branching/basic/access.cpp
@@ -0,0 +1,10 @@
+//
+// immer: immutable data structures for C++
+// Copyright (C) 2016, 2017, 2018 Juan Pedro Bolivar Puente
+//
+// This software is distributed under the Boost Software License, Version 1.0.
+// See accompanying file LICENSE or copy at http://boost.org/LICENSE_1_0.txt
+//
+
+#define MEMORY_T basic_memory
+#include "../access.ipp"
diff --git a/src/immer/benchmark/vector/branching/basic/assoc.cpp b/src/immer/benchmark/vector/branching/basic/assoc.cpp
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000..210a432abab23
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/immer/benchmark/vector/branching/basic/assoc.cpp
@@ -0,0 +1,10 @@
+//
+// immer: immutable data structures for C++
+// Copyright (C) 2016, 2017, 2018 Juan Pedro Bolivar Puente
+//
+// This software is distributed under the Boost Software License, Version 1.0.
+// See accompanying file LICENSE or copy at http://boost.org/LICENSE_1_0.txt
+//
+
+#define MEMORY_T basic_memory
+#include "../assoc.ipp"
diff --git a/src/immer/benchmark/vector/branching/basic/concat.cpp b/src/immer/benchmark/vector/branching/basic/concat.cpp
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000..21163bdc0b942
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/immer/benchmark/vector/branching/basic/concat.cpp
@@ -0,0 +1,10 @@
+//
+// immer: immutable data structures for C++
+// Copyright (C) 2016, 2017, 2018 Juan Pedro Bolivar Puente
+//
+// This software is distributed under the Boost Software License, Version 1.0.
+// See accompanying file LICENSE or copy at http://boost.org/LICENSE_1_0.txt
+//
+
+#define MEMORY_T basic_memory
+#include "../concat.ipp"
diff --git a/src/immer/benchmark/vector/branching/basic/push.cpp b/src/immer/benchmark/vector/branching/basic/push.cpp
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000..6be28f9219f56
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/immer/benchmark/vector/branching/basic/push.cpp
@@ -0,0 +1,10 @@
+//
+// immer: immutable data structures for C++
+// Copyright (C) 2016, 2017, 2018 Juan Pedro Bolivar Puente
+//
+// This software is distributed under the Boost Software License, Version 1.0.
+// See accompanying file LICENSE or copy at http://boost.org/LICENSE_1_0.txt
+//
+
+#define MEMORY_T basic_memory
+#include "../push.ipp"
diff --git a/src/immer/benchmark/vector/branching/concat.ipp b/src/immer/benchmark/vector/branching/concat.ipp
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000..0e21ca0b111fc
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/immer/benchmark/vector/branching/concat.ipp
@@ -0,0 +1,20 @@
+//
+// immer: immutable data structures for C++
+// Copyright (C) 2016, 2017, 2018 Juan Pedro Bolivar Puente
+//
+// This software is distributed under the Boost Software License, Version 1.0.
+// See accompanying file LICENSE or copy at http://boost.org/LICENSE_1_0.txt
+//
+
+#include "benchmark/vector/concat.hpp"
+#include <immer/flex_vector.hpp>
+
+#ifndef MEMORY_T
+#error "define the MEMORY_T"
+#endif
+
+NONIUS_BENCHMARK("flex/3", benchmark_concat<immer::flex_vector<std::size_t,MEMORY_T,3>>())
+NONIUS_BENCHMARK("flex/4", benchmark_concat<immer::flex_vector<std::size_t,MEMORY_T,4>>())
+NONIUS_BENCHMARK("flex/5", benchmark_concat<immer::flex_vector<std::size_t,MEMORY_T,5>>())
+NONIUS_BENCHMARK("flex/6", benchmark_concat<immer::flex_vector<std::size_t,MEMORY_T,6>>())
+NONIUS_BENCHMARK("flex/7", benchmark_concat<immer::flex_vector<std::size_t,MEMORY_T,7>>())
diff --git a/src/immer/benchmark/vector/branching/gc/access.cpp b/src/immer/benchmark/vector/branching/gc/access.cpp
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000..cec060481c737
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/immer/benchmark/vector/branching/gc/access.cpp
@@ -0,0 +1,10 @@
+//
+// immer: immutable data structures for C++
+// Copyright (C) 2016, 2017, 2018 Juan Pedro Bolivar Puente
+//
+// This software is distributed under the Boost Software License, Version 1.0.
+// See accompanying file LICENSE or copy at http://boost.org/LICENSE_1_0.txt
+//
+
+#define MEMORY_T gc_memory
+#include "../access.ipp"
diff --git a/src/immer/benchmark/vector/branching/gc/assoc.cpp b/src/immer/benchmark/vector/branching/gc/assoc.cpp
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000..448b2fd2ff79c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/immer/benchmark/vector/branching/gc/assoc.cpp
@@ -0,0 +1,10 @@
+//
+// immer: immutable data structures for C++
+// Copyright (C) 2016, 2017, 2018 Juan Pedro Bolivar Puente
+//
+// This software is distributed under the Boost Software License, Version 1.0.
+// See accompanying file LICENSE or copy at http://boost.org/LICENSE_1_0.txt
+//
+
+#define MEMORY_T gc_memory
+#include "../assoc.ipp"
diff --git a/src/immer/benchmark/vector/branching/gc/concat.cpp b/src/immer/benchmark/vector/branching/gc/concat.cpp
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000..6c32ca821c8f4
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/immer/benchmark/vector/branching/gc/concat.cpp
@@ -0,0 +1,10 @@
+//
+// immer: immutable data structures for C++
+// Copyright (C) 2016, 2017, 2018 Juan Pedro Bolivar Puente
+//
+// This software is distributed under the Boost Software License, Version 1.0.
+// See accompanying file LICENSE or copy at http://boost.org/LICENSE_1_0.txt
+//
+
+#define MEMORY_T gc_memory
+#include "../concat.ipp"
diff --git a/src/immer/benchmark/vector/branching/gc/push.cpp b/src/immer/benchmark/vector/branching/gc/push.cpp
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000..f1d1e33b92437
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/immer/benchmark/vector/branching/gc/push.cpp
@@ -0,0 +1,10 @@
+//
+// immer: immutable data structures for C++
+// Copyright (C) 2016, 2017, 2018 Juan Pedro Bolivar Puente
+//
+// This software is distributed under the Boost Software License, Version 1.0.
+// See accompanying file LICENSE or copy at http://boost.org/LICENSE_1_0.txt
+//
+
+#define MEMORY_T gc_memory
+#include "../push.ipp"
diff --git a/src/immer/benchmark/vector/branching/push.ipp b/src/immer/benchmark/vector/branching/push.ipp
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000..2f92d6569220f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/immer/benchmark/vector/branching/push.ipp
@@ -0,0 +1,20 @@
+//
+// immer: immutable data structures for C++
+// Copyright (C) 2016, 2017, 2018 Juan Pedro Bolivar Puente
+//
+// This software is distributed under the Boost Software License, Version 1.0.
+// See accompanying file LICENSE or copy at http://boost.org/LICENSE_1_0.txt
+//
+
+#include "benchmark/vector/push.hpp"
+#include <immer/flex_vector.hpp>
+
+#ifndef MEMORY_T
+#error "define the MEMORY_T"
+#endif
+
+NONIUS_BENCHMARK("flex/3", benchmark_push<immer::flex_vector<std::size_t,MEMORY_T,3>>())
+NONIUS_BENCHMARK("flex/4", benchmark_push<immer::flex_vector<std::size_t,MEMORY_T,4>>())
+NONIUS_BENCHMARK("flex/5", benchmark_push<immer::flex_vector<std::size_t,MEMORY_T,5>>())
+NONIUS_BENCHMARK("flex/6", benchmark_push<immer::flex_vector<std::size_t,MEMORY_T,6>>())
+NONIUS_BENCHMARK("flex/7", benchmark_push<immer::flex_vector<std::size_t,MEMORY_T,7>>())
diff --git a/src/immer/benchmark/vector/branching/safe/access.cpp b/src/immer/benchmark/vector/branching/safe/access.cpp
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000..027aa1b7619ea
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/immer/benchmark/vector/branching/safe/access.cpp
@@ -0,0 +1,10 @@
+//
+// immer: immutable data structures for C++
+// Copyright (C) 2016, 2017, 2018 Juan Pedro Bolivar Puente
+//
+// This software is distributed under the Boost Software License, Version 1.0.
+// See accompanying file LICENSE or copy at http://boost.org/LICENSE_1_0.txt
+//
+
+#define MEMORY_T safe_memory
+#include "../access.ipp"
diff --git a/src/immer/benchmark/vector/branching/safe/assoc.cpp b/src/immer/benchmark/vector/branching/safe/assoc.cpp
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000..c2f5b0cc2034c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/immer/benchmark/vector/branching/safe/assoc.cpp
@@ -0,0 +1,10 @@
+//
+// immer: immutable data structures for C++
+// Copyright (C) 2016, 2017, 2018 Juan Pedro Bolivar Puente
+//
+// This software is distributed under the Boost Software License, Version 1.0.
+// See accompanying file LICENSE or copy at http://boost.org/LICENSE_1_0.txt
+//
+
+#define MEMORY_T safe_memory
+#include "../assoc.ipp"
diff --git a/src/immer/benchmark/vector/branching/safe/concat.cpp b/src/immer/benchmark/vector/branching/safe/concat.cpp
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000..3c5dbb8a70a20
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/immer/benchmark/vector/branching/safe/concat.cpp
@@ -0,0 +1,10 @@
+//
+// immer: immutable data structures for C++
+// Copyright (C) 2016, 2017, 2018 Juan Pedro Bolivar Puente
+//
+// This software is distributed under the Boost Software License, Version 1.0.
+// See accompanying file LICENSE or copy at http://boost.org/LICENSE_1_0.txt
+//
+
+#define MEMORY_T safe_memory
+#include "../concat.ipp"
diff --git a/src/immer/benchmark/vector/branching/safe/push.cpp b/src/immer/benchmark/vector/branching/safe/push.cpp
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000..19d5bbd254ea8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/immer/benchmark/vector/branching/safe/push.cpp
@@ -0,0 +1,10 @@
+//
+// immer: immutable data structures for C++
+// Copyright (C) 2016, 2017, 2018 Juan Pedro Bolivar Puente
+//
+// This software is distributed under the Boost Software License, Version 1.0.
+// See accompanying file LICENSE or copy at http://boost.org/LICENSE_1_0.txt
+//
+
+#define MEMORY_T safe_memory
+#include "../push.ipp"
diff --git a/src/immer/benchmark/vector/branching/unsafe/access.cpp b/src/immer/benchmark/vector/branching/unsafe/access.cpp
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000..156d84e717637
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/immer/benchmark/vector/branching/unsafe/access.cpp
@@ -0,0 +1,10 @@
+//
+// immer: immutable data structures for C++
+// Copyright (C) 2016, 2017, 2018 Juan Pedro Bolivar Puente
+//
+// This software is distributed under the Boost Software License, Version 1.0.
+// See accompanying file LICENSE or copy at http://boost.org/LICENSE_1_0.txt
+//
+
+#define MEMORY_T unsafe_memory
+#include "../access.ipp"
diff --git a/src/immer/benchmark/vector/branching/unsafe/assoc.cpp b/src/immer/benchmark/vector/branching/unsafe/assoc.cpp
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000..ff1802c0bc763
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/immer/benchmark/vector/branching/unsafe/assoc.cpp
@@ -0,0 +1,10 @@
+//
+// immer: immutable data structures for C++
+// Copyright (C) 2016, 2017, 2018 Juan Pedro Bolivar Puente
+//
+// This software is distributed under the Boost Software License, Version 1.0.
+// See accompanying file LICENSE or copy at http://boost.org/LICENSE_1_0.txt
+//
+
+#define MEMORY_T unsafe_memory
+#include "../assoc.ipp"
diff --git a/src/immer/benchmark/vector/branching/unsafe/concat.cpp b/src/immer/benchmark/vector/branching/unsafe/concat.cpp
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000..d6d401bd483de
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/immer/benchmark/vector/branching/unsafe/concat.cpp
@@ -0,0 +1,10 @@
+//
+// immer: immutable data structures for C++
+// Copyright (C) 2016, 2017, 2018 Juan Pedro Bolivar Puente
+//
+// This software is distributed under the Boost Software License, Version 1.0.
+// See accompanying file LICENSE or copy at http://boost.org/LICENSE_1_0.txt
+//
+
+#define MEMORY_T unsafe_memory
+#include "../concat.ipp"
diff --git a/src/immer/benchmark/vector/branching/unsafe/push.cpp b/src/immer/benchmark/vector/branching/unsafe/push.cpp
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000..09ba8d7a3759b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/immer/benchmark/vector/branching/unsafe/push.cpp
@@ -0,0 +1,10 @@
+//
+// immer: immutable data structures for C++
+// Copyright (C) 2016, 2017, 2018 Juan Pedro Bolivar Puente
+//
+// This software is distributed under the Boost Software License, Version 1.0.
+// See accompanying file LICENSE or copy at http://boost.org/LICENSE_1_0.txt
+//
+
+#define MEMORY_T unsafe_memory
+#include "../push.ipp"
diff --git a/src/immer/benchmark/vector/common.hpp b/src/immer/benchmark/vector/common.hpp
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000..c96d6d017d9cb
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/immer/benchmark/vector/common.hpp
@@ -0,0 +1,212 @@
+//
+// immer: immutable data structures for C++
+// Copyright (C) 2016, 2017, 2018 Juan Pedro Bolivar Puente
+//
+// This software is distributed under the Boost Software License, Version 1.0.
+// See accompanying file LICENSE or copy at http://boost.org/LICENSE_1_0.txt
+//
+
+#pragma once
+
+#include <utility>
+#include <cstddef>
+#include <limits>
+
+#include "benchmark/config.hpp"
+
+#if IMMER_BENCHMARK_LIBRRB
+extern "C" {
+#define restrict __restrict__
+#include <rrb.h>
+#undef restrict
+}
+#include <immer/heap/gc_heap.hpp>
+#endif
+
+namespace immer {
+template <typename T, typename MP> class array;
+} // namespace immer
+
+namespace {
+
+auto make_generator(std::size_t runs)
+{
+    assert(runs > 0);
+    auto engine = std::default_random_engine{42};
+    auto dist = std::uniform_int_distribution<std::size_t>{0, runs-1};
+    auto r = std::vector<std::size_t>(runs);
+    std::generate_n(r.begin(), runs, std::bind(dist, engine));
+    return r;
+}
+
+struct push_back_fn
+{
+    template <typename T, typename U>
+    auto operator() (T&& v, U&& x)
+    { return std::forward<T>(v).push_back(std::forward<U>(x)); }
+};
+
+struct push_front_fn
+{
+    template <typename T, typename U>
+    auto operator() (T&& v, U&& x)
+    { return std::forward<T>(v).push_front(std::forward<U>(x)); }
+};
+
+struct set_fn
+{
+    template <typename T, typename I, typename U>
+    decltype(auto) operator() (T&& v, I i, U&& x)
+    { return std::forward<T>(v).set(i, std::forward<U>(x)); }
+};
+
+struct store_fn
+{
+    template <typename T, typename I, typename U>
+    decltype(auto) operator() (T&& v, I i, U&& x)
+    { return std::forward<T>(v).store(i, std::forward<U>(x)); }
+};
+
+template <typename T>
+struct get_limit : std::integral_constant<
+    std::size_t, std::numeric_limits<std::size_t>::max()> {};
+
+template <typename T, typename MP>
+struct get_limit<immer::array<T, MP>> : std::integral_constant<
+    std::size_t, 10000> {};
+
+auto make_librrb_vector(std::size_t n)
+{
+    auto v = rrb_create();
+    for (auto i = 0u; i < n; ++i) {
+        v = rrb_push(v, reinterpret_cast<void*>(i));
+    }
+    return v;
+}
+
+auto make_librrb_vector_f(std::size_t n)
+{
+    auto v = rrb_create();
+    for (auto i = 0u; i < n; ++i) {
+        auto f = rrb_push(rrb_create(),
+                          reinterpret_cast<void*>(i));
+        v = rrb_concat(f, v);
+    }
+    return v;
+}
+
+
+// copied from:
+// https://github.com/ivmai/bdwgc/blob/master/include/gc_allocator.h
+
+template <class GC_tp>
+struct GC_type_traits
+{
+  std::false_type GC_is_ptr_free;
+};
+
+# define GC_DECLARE_PTRFREE(T)                  \
+    template<> struct GC_type_traits<T> {       \
+        std::true_type GC_is_ptr_free;          \
+    }
+
+GC_DECLARE_PTRFREE(char);
+GC_DECLARE_PTRFREE(signed char);
+GC_DECLARE_PTRFREE(unsigned char);
+GC_DECLARE_PTRFREE(signed short);
+GC_DECLARE_PTRFREE(unsigned short);
+GC_DECLARE_PTRFREE(signed int);
+GC_DECLARE_PTRFREE(unsigned int);
+GC_DECLARE_PTRFREE(signed long);
+GC_DECLARE_PTRFREE(unsigned long);
+GC_DECLARE_PTRFREE(float);
+GC_DECLARE_PTRFREE(double);
+GC_DECLARE_PTRFREE(long double);
+
+template <class IsPtrFree>
+inline void* GC_selective_alloc(size_t n, IsPtrFree, bool ignore_off_page)
+{
+    return ignore_off_page
+        ? GC_MALLOC_IGNORE_OFF_PAGE(n)
+        : GC_MALLOC(n);
+}
+
+template <>
+inline void* GC_selective_alloc<std::true_type>(size_t n,
+                                                std::true_type,
+                                                bool ignore_off_page)
+{
+    return ignore_off_page
+        ? GC_MALLOC_ATOMIC_IGNORE_OFF_PAGE(n)
+        : GC_MALLOC_ATOMIC(n);
+}
+
+template <class T>
+class gc_allocator
+{
+public:
+    typedef size_t       size_type;
+    typedef ptrdiff_t    difference_type;
+    typedef T*       pointer;
+    typedef const T* const_pointer;
+    typedef T&       reference;
+    typedef const T& const_reference;
+    typedef T        value_type;
+
+    template <class T1> struct rebind {
+        typedef gc_allocator<T1> other;
+    };
+
+    gc_allocator()  {}
+    gc_allocator(const gc_allocator&) throw() {}
+    template <class T1>
+    explicit gc_allocator(const gc_allocator<T1>&) throw() {}
+    ~gc_allocator() throw() {}
+
+    pointer address(reference GC_x) const { return &GC_x; }
+    const_pointer address(const_reference GC_x) const { return &GC_x; }
+
+    // GC_n is permitted to be 0.  The C++ standard says nothing about what
+    // the return value is when GC_n == 0.
+    T* allocate(size_type GC_n, const void* = 0)
+    {
+        GC_type_traits<T> traits;
+        return static_cast<T *>
+            (GC_selective_alloc(GC_n * sizeof(T),
+                                traits.GC_is_ptr_free, false));
+    }
+
+    // p is not permitted to be a null pointer.
+    void deallocate(pointer p, size_type /* GC_n */)
+    { GC_FREE(p); }
+
+    size_type max_size() const throw()
+    { return size_t(-1) / sizeof(T); }
+
+    void construct(pointer p, const T& __val) { new(p) T(__val); }
+    void destroy(pointer p) { p->~T(); }
+};
+
+template<>
+class gc_allocator<void>
+{
+    typedef size_t      size_type;
+    typedef ptrdiff_t   difference_type;
+    typedef void*       pointer;
+    typedef const void* const_pointer;
+    typedef void        value_type;
+
+    template <class T1> struct rebind {
+        typedef gc_allocator<T1> other;
+    };
+};
+
+template <class T1, class T2>
+inline bool operator==(const gc_allocator<T1>&, const gc_allocator<T2>&)
+{ return true; }
+
+template <class T1, class T2>
+inline bool operator!=(const gc_allocator<T1>&, const gc_allocator<T2>&)
+{ return false; }
+
+} // anonymous namespace
diff --git a/src/immer/benchmark/vector/concat.hpp b/src/immer/benchmark/vector/concat.hpp
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000..8656587d5dbdf
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/immer/benchmark/vector/concat.hpp
@@ -0,0 +1,166 @@
+//
+// immer: immutable data structures for C++
+// Copyright (C) 2016, 2017, 2018 Juan Pedro Bolivar Puente
+//
+// This software is distributed under the Boost Software License, Version 1.0.
+// See accompanying file LICENSE or copy at http://boost.org/LICENSE_1_0.txt
+//
+
+#pragma once
+
+#include "benchmark/vector/common.hpp"
+
+namespace {
+
+constexpr auto concat_steps = 10u;
+
+template <typename Vektor,
+          typename PushFn=push_back_fn>
+auto benchmark_concat()
+{
+    return [] (nonius::chronometer meter)
+    {
+        auto n = meter.param<N>();
+
+        auto v = Vektor{};
+        for (auto i = 0u; i < n; ++i)
+            v = PushFn{}(std::move(v), i);
+
+        measure(meter, [&] {
+            return v + v;
+        });
+    };
+}
+
+template <typename Fn>
+auto benchmark_concat_librrb(Fn maker)
+{
+    return
+        [=] (nonius::chronometer meter) {
+            auto n = meter.param<N>();
+            auto v = maker(n);
+            measure(meter, [&] {
+                    return rrb_concat(v, v);
+                });
+        };
+}
+
+template <typename Vektor,
+          typename PushFn=push_back_fn>
+auto benchmark_concat_incr()
+{
+    return
+        [] (nonius::chronometer meter)
+        {
+            auto n = meter.param<N>();
+
+            auto v = Vektor{};
+            for (auto i = 0u; i < n / concat_steps; ++i)
+                v = PushFn{}(std::move(v), i);
+
+            measure(meter, [&] {
+                    auto r = Vektor{};
+                    for (auto i = 0u; i < concat_steps; ++i)
+                        r = r + v;
+                    return r;
+                });
+        };
+}
+
+template <typename Vektor>
+auto benchmark_concat_incr_mut()
+{
+    return
+        [] (nonius::chronometer meter)
+        {
+            auto n = meter.param<N>();
+
+            auto v = Vektor{}.transient();
+            for (auto i = 0u; i < n / concat_steps; ++i)
+                v.push_back(i);
+
+            measure(meter, [&] (int run) {
+                auto r = Vektor{}.transient();
+                for (auto i = 0u; i < concat_steps; ++i)
+                    r.append(v);
+                return r;
+            });
+        };
+}
+
+template <typename Vektor>
+auto benchmark_concat_incr_mut2()
+{
+    return
+        [] (nonius::chronometer meter)
+        {
+            auto n = meter.param<N>();
+
+            using transient_t = typename Vektor::transient_type;
+            using steps_t = std::vector<transient_t, gc_allocator<transient_t>>;
+            auto vs = std::vector<steps_t, gc_allocator<steps_t>>(meter.runs());
+            for (auto k = 0u; k < vs.size(); ++k) {
+                vs[k].reserve(concat_steps);
+                for (auto j = 0u; j < concat_steps; ++j) {
+                    auto vv = Vektor{}.transient();
+                    for (auto i = 0u; i < n / concat_steps; ++i)
+                        vv.push_back(i);
+                    vs[k].push_back(std::move(vv));
+                }
+            }
+            measure(meter, [&] (int run) {
+                auto& vr = vs[run];
+                auto r = Vektor{}.transient();
+                assert(vr.size() == concat_steps);
+                for (auto i = 0u; i < concat_steps; ++i)
+                    r.append(std::move(vr[i]));
+                return r;
+            });
+        };
+}
+
+template <typename Vektor>
+auto benchmark_concat_incr_chunkedseq()
+{
+    return
+        [] (nonius::chronometer meter)
+        {
+            auto n = meter.param<N>();
+
+            using steps_t = std::vector<Vektor>;
+            auto vs = std::vector<steps_t>(meter.runs());
+            for (auto k = 0u; k < vs.size(); ++k) {
+                for (auto j = 0u; j < concat_steps; ++j) {
+                    auto vv = Vektor{};
+                    for (auto i = 0u; i < n / concat_steps; ++i)
+                        vv.push_back(i);
+                    vs[k].push_back(std::move(vv));
+                }
+            }
+            measure(meter, [&] (int run) {
+                auto& vr = vs[run];
+                auto r = Vektor{};
+                for (auto i = 0u; i < concat_steps; ++i)
+                    r.concat(vr[i]);
+                return r;
+            });
+        };
+}
+
+template <typename Fn>
+auto benchmark_concat_incr_librrb(Fn maker)
+{
+    return
+        [=] (nonius::chronometer meter) {
+            auto n = meter.param<N>();
+            auto v = maker(n / concat_steps);
+            measure(meter, [&] {
+                    auto r = rrb_create();
+                    for (auto i = 0ul; i < concat_steps; ++i)
+                        r = rrb_concat(r, v);
+                    return r;
+                });
+        };
+}
+
+} // anonymous namespace
diff --git a/src/immer/benchmark/vector/drop.hpp b/src/immer/benchmark/vector/drop.hpp
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000..0a525f67a50ab
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/immer/benchmark/vector/drop.hpp
@@ -0,0 +1,142 @@
+//
+// immer: immutable data structures for C++
+// Copyright (C) 2016, 2017, 2018 Juan Pedro Bolivar Puente
+//
+// This software is distributed under the Boost Software License, Version 1.0.
+// See accompanying file LICENSE or copy at http://boost.org/LICENSE_1_0.txt
+//
+
+#pragma once
+
+#include "benchmark/vector/common.hpp"
+
+namespace {
+
+template <typename Vektor,
+          typename PushFn=push_back_fn>
+auto benchmark_drop()
+{
+    return [] (nonius::chronometer meter)
+    {
+        auto n = meter.param<N>();
+
+        auto v = Vektor{};
+        for (auto i = 0u; i < n; ++i)
+            v = PushFn{}(std::move(v), i);
+
+        measure(meter, [&] {
+            for (auto i = 0u; i < n; ++i)
+                (void) v.drop(i);
+        });
+    };
+}
+
+template <typename Vektor,
+          typename PushFn=push_back_fn>
+auto benchmark_drop_lin()
+{
+    return [] (nonius::chronometer meter)
+    {
+        auto n = meter.param<N>();
+
+        auto v = Vektor{};
+        for (auto i = 0u; i < n; ++i)
+            v = PushFn{}(std::move(v), i);
+
+        measure(meter, [&] {
+            auto r = v;
+            for (auto i = 0u; i < n; ++i)
+                r = r.drop(1);
+            return r;
+        });
+    };
+}
+
+template <typename Vektor,
+          typename PushFn=push_back_fn>
+auto benchmark_drop_move()
+{
+    return [] (nonius::chronometer meter)
+    {
+        auto n = meter.param<N>();
+
+        auto v = Vektor{};
+        for (auto i = 0u; i < n; ++i)
+            v = PushFn{}(std::move(v), i);
+
+        measure(meter, [&] {
+            auto r = v;
+            for (auto i = 0u; i < n; ++i)
+                r = std::move(r).drop(1);
+            return r;
+        });
+    };
+}
+
+template <typename Vektor,
+          typename PushFn=push_back_fn>
+auto benchmark_drop_mut()
+{
+    return [] (nonius::chronometer meter)
+    {
+        auto n = meter.param<N>();
+
+        auto vv = Vektor{};
+        for (auto i = 0u; i < n; ++i)
+            vv = PushFn{}(std::move(vv), i);
+
+        measure(meter, [&] {
+            auto v = vv.transient();
+            for (auto i = 0u; i < n; ++i)
+                (void) v.drop(1);
+        });
+    };
+}
+
+template <typename Fn>
+auto benchmark_drop_librrb(Fn make)
+{
+    return [=] (nonius::chronometer meter)
+    {
+        auto n = meter.param<N>();
+        auto v = make(n);
+        measure(meter, [&] {
+                for (auto i = 0u; i < n; ++i)
+                    rrb_slice(v, i, n);
+            });
+    };
+}
+
+template <typename Fn>
+auto benchmark_drop_lin_librrb(Fn make)
+{
+    return [=] (nonius::chronometer meter)
+    {
+        auto n = meter.param<N>();
+        auto v = make(n);
+        measure(meter, [&] {
+                auto r = v;
+                for (auto i = 0u; i < n; ++i)
+                    r = rrb_slice(r, 1, n);
+                return r;
+            });
+    };
+}
+
+template <typename Fn>
+auto benchmark_drop_mut_librrb(Fn make)
+{
+    return [=] (nonius::chronometer meter)
+    {
+        auto n = meter.param<N>();
+        auto v = make(n);
+        measure(meter, [&] {
+                auto r = rrb_to_transient(v);
+                for (auto i = 0u; i < n; ++i)
+                    r = transient_rrb_slice(r, 1, n);
+                return r;
+            });
+    };
+}
+
+} // anonymous namespace
diff --git a/src/immer/benchmark/vector/misc/access.cpp b/src/immer/benchmark/vector/misc/access.cpp
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000..9a00266a87d89
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/immer/benchmark/vector/misc/access.cpp
@@ -0,0 +1,94 @@
+//
+// immer: immutable data structures for C++
+// Copyright (C) 2016, 2017, 2018 Juan Pedro Bolivar Puente
+//
+// This software is distributed under the Boost Software License, Version 1.0.
+// See accompanying file LICENSE or copy at http://boost.org/LICENSE_1_0.txt
+//
+
+#include "benchmark/vector/access.hpp"
+
+#include <immer/algorithm.hpp>
+#include <immer/array.hpp>
+#include <immer/flex_vector.hpp>
+#include <immer/vector.hpp>
+
+#if IMMER_BENCHMARK_EXPERIMENTAL
+#include <immer/experimental/dvektor.hpp>
+#endif
+
+#if IMMER_BENCHMARK_STEADY
+#define QUARK_ASSERT_ON 0
+#include <steady/steady_vector.h>
+#endif
+
+#include <vector>
+#include <list>
+#include <numeric>
+
+NONIUS_BENCHMARK("std::vector", benchmark_access_iter_std<std::vector<unsigned>>())
+NONIUS_BENCHMARK("std::vector/idx", benchmark_access_idx_std<std::vector<unsigned>>())
+NONIUS_BENCHMARK("std::vector/random", benchmark_access_random_std<std::vector<unsigned>>())
+NONIUS_BENCHMARK("std::list", benchmark_access_iter_std<std::list<unsigned>>())
+
+#if IMMER_BENCHMARK_LIBRRB
+NONIUS_BENCHMARK("librrb", benchmark_access_librrb(make_librrb_vector))
+NONIUS_BENCHMARK("librrb/F", benchmark_access_librrb(make_librrb_vector_f))
+NONIUS_BENCHMARK("librrb/random", benchmark_access_random_librrb(make_librrb_vector))
+NONIUS_BENCHMARK("librrb/F/random", benchmark_access_random_librrb(make_librrb_vector_f))
+#endif
+
+NONIUS_BENCHMARK("flex/5B",     benchmark_access_iter<immer::flex_vector<unsigned,def_memory,5>>())
+NONIUS_BENCHMARK("flex/F/5B",   benchmark_access_iter<immer::flex_vector<unsigned,def_memory,5>,push_front_fn>())
+NONIUS_BENCHMARK("vector/4B",   benchmark_access_iter<immer::vector<unsigned,def_memory,4>>())
+NONIUS_BENCHMARK("vector/5B",   benchmark_access_iter<immer::vector<unsigned,def_memory,5>>())
+NONIUS_BENCHMARK("vector/6B",   benchmark_access_iter<immer::vector<unsigned,def_memory,6>>())
+
+#if IMMER_BENCHMARK_EXPERIMENTAL
+NONIUS_BENCHMARK("dvektor/4B",  benchmark_access_iter<immer::dvektor<unsigned,def_memory,4>>())
+NONIUS_BENCHMARK("dvektor/5B",  benchmark_access_iter<immer::dvektor<unsigned,def_memory,5>>())
+NONIUS_BENCHMARK("dvektor/6B",  benchmark_access_iter<immer::dvektor<unsigned,def_memory,6>>())
+#endif
+
+#if IMMER_BENCHMARK_STEADY
+NONIUS_BENCHMARK("steady/idx",      benchmark_access_idx<steady::vector<unsigned>>())
+#endif
+
+NONIUS_BENCHMARK("flex/5B/idx",     benchmark_access_idx<immer::flex_vector<unsigned,def_memory,5>>())
+NONIUS_BENCHMARK("flex/F/5B/idx",   benchmark_access_idx<immer::flex_vector<unsigned,def_memory,5>,push_front_fn>())
+NONIUS_BENCHMARK("vector/4B/idx",   benchmark_access_idx<immer::vector<unsigned,def_memory,4>>())
+NONIUS_BENCHMARK("vector/5B/idx",   benchmark_access_idx<immer::vector<unsigned,def_memory,5>>())
+NONIUS_BENCHMARK("vector/6B/idx",   benchmark_access_idx<immer::vector<unsigned,def_memory,6>>())
+#if IMMER_BENCHMARK_EXPERIMENTAL
+NONIUS_BENCHMARK("dvektor/4B/idx",  benchmark_access_idx<immer::dvektor<unsigned,def_memory,4>>())
+NONIUS_BENCHMARK("dvektor/5B/idx",  benchmark_access_idx<immer::dvektor<unsigned,def_memory,5>>())
+NONIUS_BENCHMARK("dvektor/6B/idx",  benchmark_access_idx<immer::dvektor<unsigned,def_memory,6>>())
+#endif
+
+NONIUS_BENCHMARK("flex/5B/reduce_i", benchmark_access_reduce_range<immer::flex_vector<unsigned,def_memory,5>>())
+NONIUS_BENCHMARK("vector/5B/reduce_i", benchmark_access_reduce_range<immer::vector<unsigned,def_memory,5>>())
+
+NONIUS_BENCHMARK("flex/5B/reduce",   benchmark_access_reduce<immer::flex_vector<unsigned,def_memory,5>>())
+NONIUS_BENCHMARK("flex/F/5B/reduce", benchmark_access_reduce<immer::flex_vector<unsigned,def_memory,5>,push_front_fn>())
+NONIUS_BENCHMARK("vector/4B/reduce", benchmark_access_reduce<immer::vector<unsigned,def_memory,4>>())
+NONIUS_BENCHMARK("vector/5B/reduce", benchmark_access_reduce<immer::vector<unsigned,def_memory,5>>())
+NONIUS_BENCHMARK("vector/6B/reduce", benchmark_access_reduce<immer::vector<unsigned,def_memory,6>>())
+
+#if IMMER_BENCHMARK_STEADY
+NONIUS_BENCHMARK("steady/random",      benchmark_access_random<steady::vector<unsigned>>())
+#endif
+
+NONIUS_BENCHMARK("flex/5B/random",     benchmark_access_random<immer::flex_vector<unsigned,def_memory,5>>())
+NONIUS_BENCHMARK("flex/F/5B/random",   benchmark_access_random<immer::flex_vector<unsigned,def_memory,5>, push_front_fn>())
+NONIUS_BENCHMARK("vector/4B/random",   benchmark_access_random<immer::vector<unsigned,def_memory,4>>())
+NONIUS_BENCHMARK("vector/5B/random",   benchmark_access_random<immer::vector<unsigned,def_memory,5>>())
+NONIUS_BENCHMARK("vector/6B/random",   benchmark_access_random<immer::vector<unsigned,def_memory,6>>())
+#if IMMER_BENCHMARK_EXPERIMENTAL
+NONIUS_BENCHMARK("dvektor/4B/random",  benchmark_access_random<immer::dvektor<unsigned,def_memory,4>>())
+NONIUS_BENCHMARK("dvektor/5B/random",  benchmark_access_random<immer::dvektor<unsigned,def_memory,5>>())
+NONIUS_BENCHMARK("dvektor/6B/random",  benchmark_access_random<immer::dvektor<unsigned,def_memory,6>>())
+#endif
+
+#if IMMER_BENCHMARK_BOOST_COROUTINE
+NONIUS_BENCHMARK("vector/5B/coro", benchmark_access_coro<immer::vector<unsigned,def_memory,5>>())
+#endif
diff --git a/src/immer/benchmark/vector/misc/assoc.cpp b/src/immer/benchmark/vector/misc/assoc.cpp
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000..2b3d6d76b9857
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/immer/benchmark/vector/misc/assoc.cpp
@@ -0,0 +1,119 @@
+//
+// immer: immutable data structures for C++
+// Copyright (C) 2016, 2017, 2018 Juan Pedro Bolivar Puente
+//
+// This software is distributed under the Boost Software License, Version 1.0.
+// See accompanying file LICENSE or copy at http://boost.org/LICENSE_1_0.txt
+//
+
+#include "benchmark/vector/assoc.hpp"
+
+#include <immer/array.hpp>
+#include <immer/flex_vector.hpp>
+#include <immer/flex_vector_transient.hpp>
+#include <immer/vector.hpp>
+#include <immer/vector_transient.hpp>
+
+#if IMMER_BENCHMARK_EXPERIMENTAL
+#include <immer/experimental/dvektor.hpp>
+#endif
+
+#include <immer/heap/gc_heap.hpp>
+#include <immer/refcount/no_refcount_policy.hpp>
+#include <immer/refcount/unsafe_refcount_policy.hpp>
+
+#include <vector>
+#include <list>
+
+#if IMMER_BENCHMARK_STEADY
+#define QUARK_ASSERT_ON 0
+#include <steady/steady_vector.h>
+#endif
+
+#if IMMER_BENCHMARK_LIBRRB
+extern "C" {
+#define restrict __restrict__
+#include <rrb.h>
+#undef restrict
+}
+#endif
+
+NONIUS_BENCHMARK("std::vector", benchmark_assoc_std<std::vector<unsigned>>())
+NONIUS_BENCHMARK("std::vector/random", benchmark_assoc_random_std<std::vector<unsigned>>())
+
+#if IMMER_BENCHMARK_LIBRRB
+NONIUS_BENCHMARK("librrb", benchmark_assoc_librrb(make_librrb_vector))
+NONIUS_BENCHMARK("librrb/F", benchmark_assoc_librrb(make_librrb_vector_f))
+NONIUS_BENCHMARK("librrb/random", benchmark_assoc_random_librrb(make_librrb_vector))
+NONIUS_BENCHMARK("t/librrb", benchmark_assoc_mut_librrb(make_librrb_vector))
+NONIUS_BENCHMARK("t/librrb/F", benchmark_assoc_mut_librrb(make_librrb_vector_f))
+NONIUS_BENCHMARK("t/librrb/random", benchmark_assoc_mut_random_librrb(make_librrb_vector))
+#endif
+
+#if IMMER_BENCHMARK_STEADY
+NONIUS_BENCHMARK("steady",     benchmark_assoc<steady::vector<unsigned>, push_back_fn, store_fn>())
+#endif
+
+NONIUS_BENCHMARK("flex/5B",    benchmark_assoc<immer::flex_vector<unsigned,def_memory,5>>())
+NONIUS_BENCHMARK("flex/F/5B",  benchmark_assoc<immer::flex_vector<unsigned,def_memory,5>,push_front_fn>())
+
+NONIUS_BENCHMARK("flex/GC",    benchmark_assoc<immer::flex_vector<unsigned,gc_memory,5>>())
+NONIUS_BENCHMARK("flex/F/GC",  benchmark_assoc<immer::flex_vector<unsigned,gc_memory,5>,push_front_fn>())
+NONIUS_BENCHMARK("flex/F/GCF", benchmark_assoc<immer::flex_vector<unsigned,gcf_memory,5>,push_front_fn>())
+
+NONIUS_BENCHMARK("flex_s/GC",  benchmark_assoc<immer::flex_vector<std::size_t,gc_memory,5>>())
+NONIUS_BENCHMARK("flex_s/F/GC",benchmark_assoc<immer::flex_vector<std::size_t,gc_memory,5>,push_front_fn>())
+NONIUS_BENCHMARK("flex_s/F/GCF",benchmark_assoc<immer::flex_vector<std::size_t,gcf_memory,5>,push_front_fn>())
+
+NONIUS_BENCHMARK("vector/4B",  benchmark_assoc<immer::vector<unsigned,def_memory,4>>())
+NONIUS_BENCHMARK("vector/5B",  benchmark_assoc<immer::vector<unsigned,def_memory,5>>())
+NONIUS_BENCHMARK("vector/6B",  benchmark_assoc<immer::vector<unsigned,def_memory,6>>())
+
+NONIUS_BENCHMARK("vector/GC",  benchmark_assoc<immer::vector<unsigned,gc_memory,5>>())
+NONIUS_BENCHMARK("vector/NO",  benchmark_assoc<immer::vector<unsigned,basic_memory,5>>())
+NONIUS_BENCHMARK("vector/UN",  benchmark_assoc<immer::vector<unsigned,unsafe_memory,5>>())
+
+#if IMMER_BENCHMARK_EXPERIMENTAL
+NONIUS_BENCHMARK("dvektor/4B", benchmark_assoc<immer::dvektor<unsigned,def_memory,4>>())
+NONIUS_BENCHMARK("dvektor/5B", benchmark_assoc<immer::dvektor<unsigned,def_memory,5>>())
+NONIUS_BENCHMARK("dvektor/6B", benchmark_assoc<immer::dvektor<unsigned,def_memory,6>>())
+
+NONIUS_BENCHMARK("dvektor/GC", benchmark_assoc<immer::dvektor<unsigned,gc_memory,5>>())
+NONIUS_BENCHMARK("dvektor/NO", benchmark_assoc<immer::dvektor<unsigned,basic_memory,5>>())
+NONIUS_BENCHMARK("dvektor/UN", benchmark_assoc<immer::dvektor<unsigned,unsafe_memory,5>>())
+#endif
+
+NONIUS_BENCHMARK("array",      benchmark_assoc<immer::array<unsigned>>())
+
+#if IMMER_BENCHMARK_STEADY
+NONIUS_BENCHMARK("steady/random",      benchmark_assoc_random<steady::vector<unsigned>, push_back_fn, store_fn>())
+#endif
+
+NONIUS_BENCHMARK("flex/5B/random",     benchmark_assoc_random<immer::flex_vector<unsigned,def_memory,5>>())
+NONIUS_BENCHMARK("vector/4B/random",   benchmark_assoc_random<immer::vector<unsigned,def_memory,4>>())
+NONIUS_BENCHMARK("vector/5B/random",   benchmark_assoc_random<immer::vector<unsigned,def_memory,5>>())
+NONIUS_BENCHMARK("vector/6B/random",   benchmark_assoc_random<immer::vector<unsigned,def_memory,6>>())
+#if IMMER_BENCHMARK_EXPERIMENTAL
+NONIUS_BENCHMARK("dvektor/4B/random",  benchmark_assoc_random<immer::dvektor<unsigned,def_memory,4>>())
+NONIUS_BENCHMARK("dvektor/5B/random",  benchmark_assoc_random<immer::dvektor<unsigned,def_memory,5>>())
+NONIUS_BENCHMARK("dvektor/6B/random",  benchmark_assoc_random<immer::dvektor<unsigned,def_memory,6>>())
+#endif
+NONIUS_BENCHMARK("array/random",       benchmark_assoc_random<immer::array<unsigned>>())
+
+NONIUS_BENCHMARK("t/vector/5B",  benchmark_assoc_mut<immer::vector<unsigned,def_memory,5>>())
+NONIUS_BENCHMARK("t/vector/GC",  benchmark_assoc_mut<immer::vector<unsigned,gc_memory,5>>())
+NONIUS_BENCHMARK("t/vector/NO",  benchmark_assoc_mut<immer::vector<unsigned,basic_memory,5>>())
+NONIUS_BENCHMARK("t/vector/UN",  benchmark_assoc_mut<immer::vector<unsigned,unsafe_memory,5>>())
+NONIUS_BENCHMARK("t/flex/F/5B",  benchmark_assoc_mut<immer::flex_vector<unsigned,def_memory,5>,push_front_fn>())
+
+NONIUS_BENCHMARK("m/vector/5B",  benchmark_assoc_move<immer::vector<unsigned,def_memory,5>>())
+NONIUS_BENCHMARK("m/vector/GC",  benchmark_assoc_move<immer::vector<unsigned,gc_memory,5>>())
+NONIUS_BENCHMARK("m/vector/NO",  benchmark_assoc_move<immer::vector<unsigned,basic_memory,5>>())
+NONIUS_BENCHMARK("m/vector/UN",  benchmark_assoc_move<immer::vector<unsigned,unsafe_memory,5>>())
+NONIUS_BENCHMARK("m/flex/F/5B",  benchmark_assoc_move<immer::flex_vector<unsigned,def_memory,5>,push_front_fn>())
+
+NONIUS_BENCHMARK("t/vector/5B/random",  benchmark_assoc_mut_random<immer::vector<unsigned,def_memory,5>>())
+NONIUS_BENCHMARK("t/vector/GC/random",  benchmark_assoc_mut_random<immer::vector<unsigned,gc_memory,5>>())
+NONIUS_BENCHMARK("t/vector/NO/random",  benchmark_assoc_mut_random<immer::vector<unsigned,basic_memory,5>>())
+NONIUS_BENCHMARK("t/vector/UN/random",  benchmark_assoc_mut_random<immer::vector<unsigned,unsafe_memory,5>>())
+NONIUS_BENCHMARK("t/flex/F/5B/random",  benchmark_assoc_mut_random<immer::flex_vector<unsigned,def_memory,5>,push_front_fn>())
diff --git a/src/immer/benchmark/vector/misc/concat.cpp b/src/immer/benchmark/vector/misc/concat.cpp
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000..9bc10c5c23094
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/immer/benchmark/vector/misc/concat.cpp
@@ -0,0 +1,49 @@
+//
+// immer: immutable data structures for C++
+// Copyright (C) 2016, 2017, 2018 Juan Pedro Bolivar Puente
+//
+// This software is distributed under the Boost Software License, Version 1.0.
+// See accompanying file LICENSE or copy at http://boost.org/LICENSE_1_0.txt
+//
+
+#include "benchmark/vector/concat.hpp"
+
+#include <immer/flex_vector.hpp>
+#include <immer/flex_vector_transient.hpp>
+#include <immer/heap/gc_heap.hpp>
+#include <immer/refcount/no_refcount_policy.hpp>
+#include <immer/refcount/unsafe_refcount_policy.hpp>
+
+#if IMMER_BENCHMARK_LIBRRB
+extern "C" {
+#define restrict __restrict__
+#include <rrb.h>
+#undef restrict
+}
+#endif
+
+#if IMMER_BENCHMARK_LIBRRB
+NONIUS_BENCHMARK("librrb", benchmark_concat_librrb(make_librrb_vector))
+NONIUS_BENCHMARK("librrb/F", benchmark_concat_librrb(make_librrb_vector_f))
+NONIUS_BENCHMARK("i/librrb", benchmark_concat_incr_librrb(make_librrb_vector))
+#endif
+
+NONIUS_BENCHMARK("flex/4B", benchmark_concat<immer::flex_vector<unsigned,def_memory,4>>())
+NONIUS_BENCHMARK("flex/5B", benchmark_concat<immer::flex_vector<unsigned,def_memory,5>>())
+NONIUS_BENCHMARK("flex/6B", benchmark_concat<immer::flex_vector<unsigned,def_memory,6>>())
+NONIUS_BENCHMARK("flex/GC", benchmark_concat<immer::flex_vector<unsigned,gc_memory,5>>())
+NONIUS_BENCHMARK("flex_s/GC", benchmark_concat<immer::flex_vector<std::size_t,gc_memory,5>>())
+NONIUS_BENCHMARK("flex/NO", benchmark_concat<immer::flex_vector<unsigned,basic_memory,5>>())
+NONIUS_BENCHMARK("flex/UN", benchmark_concat<immer::flex_vector<unsigned,unsafe_memory,5>>())
+
+NONIUS_BENCHMARK("flex/F/5B", benchmark_concat<immer::flex_vector<unsigned,def_memory,5>,push_front_fn>())
+NONIUS_BENCHMARK("flex/F/GC", benchmark_concat<immer::flex_vector<unsigned,gc_memory,5>,push_front_fn>())
+NONIUS_BENCHMARK("flex_s/F/GC", benchmark_concat<immer::flex_vector<std::size_t,gc_memory,5>,push_front_fn>())
+
+NONIUS_BENCHMARK("i/flex/GC", benchmark_concat_incr<immer::flex_vector<unsigned,gc_memory,5>>())
+NONIUS_BENCHMARK("i/flex_s/GC", benchmark_concat_incr<immer::flex_vector<std::size_t,gc_memory,5>>())
+NONIUS_BENCHMARK("i/flex/5B", benchmark_concat_incr<immer::flex_vector<unsigned,def_memory,5>>())
+NONIUS_BENCHMARK("i/flex/UN", benchmark_concat_incr<immer::flex_vector<unsigned,unsafe_memory,5>>())
+
+NONIUS_BENCHMARK("m/flex/GC", benchmark_concat_incr_mut<immer::flex_vector<unsigned,gc_memory,5>>())
+NONIUS_BENCHMARK("m/flex_s/GC", benchmark_concat_incr_mut<immer::flex_vector<std::size_t,gc_memory,5>>())
diff --git a/src/immer/benchmark/vector/misc/drop.cpp b/src/immer/benchmark/vector/misc/drop.cpp
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000..c2ca48390b13f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/immer/benchmark/vector/misc/drop.cpp
@@ -0,0 +1,63 @@
+//
+// immer: immutable data structures for C++
+// Copyright (C) 2016, 2017, 2018 Juan Pedro Bolivar Puente
+//
+// This software is distributed under the Boost Software License, Version 1.0.
+// See accompanying file LICENSE or copy at http://boost.org/LICENSE_1_0.txt
+//
+
+#include "benchmark/vector/drop.hpp"
+
+#include <immer/flex_vector.hpp>
+#include <immer/flex_vector_transient.hpp>
+#include <immer/heap/gc_heap.hpp>
+#include <immer/refcount/no_refcount_policy.hpp>
+#include <immer/refcount/unsafe_refcount_policy.hpp>
+
+#if IMMER_BENCHMARK_LIBRRB
+extern "C" {
+#define restrict __restrict__
+#include <rrb.h>
+#undef restrict
+}
+#endif
+
+#if IMMER_BENCHMARK_LIBRRB
+NONIUS_BENCHMARK("librrb", benchmark_drop_librrb(make_librrb_vector))
+NONIUS_BENCHMARK("librrb/F", benchmark_drop_librrb(make_librrb_vector_f))
+NONIUS_BENCHMARK("l/librrb", benchmark_drop_lin_librrb(make_librrb_vector))
+NONIUS_BENCHMARK("l/librrb/F", benchmark_drop_lin_librrb(make_librrb_vector_f))
+NONIUS_BENCHMARK("t/librrb", benchmark_drop_mut_librrb(make_librrb_vector))
+NONIUS_BENCHMARK("t/librrb/F", benchmark_drop_mut_librrb(make_librrb_vector_f))
+#endif
+
+NONIUS_BENCHMARK("flex/4B", benchmark_drop<immer::flex_vector<unsigned,def_memory,4>>())
+NONIUS_BENCHMARK("flex/5B", benchmark_drop<immer::flex_vector<unsigned,def_memory,5>>())
+NONIUS_BENCHMARK("flex/6B", benchmark_drop<immer::flex_vector<unsigned,def_memory,6>>())
+NONIUS_BENCHMARK("flex/GC", benchmark_drop<immer::flex_vector<unsigned,gc_memory,5>>())
+NONIUS_BENCHMARK("flex/NO", benchmark_drop<immer::flex_vector<unsigned,basic_memory,5>>())
+NONIUS_BENCHMARK("flex/UN", benchmark_drop<immer::flex_vector<unsigned,unsafe_memory,5>>())
+NONIUS_BENCHMARK("flex_s/GC", benchmark_drop<immer::flex_vector<std::size_t,gc_memory,5>>())
+
+NONIUS_BENCHMARK("flex/F/5B", benchmark_drop<immer::flex_vector<unsigned,def_memory,5>, push_front_fn>())
+NONIUS_BENCHMARK("flex/F/GC", benchmark_drop<immer::flex_vector<unsigned,gc_memory,5>, push_front_fn>())
+NONIUS_BENCHMARK("flex/F/GCF", benchmark_drop<immer::flex_vector<unsigned,gcf_memory,5>, push_front_fn>())
+NONIUS_BENCHMARK("flex_s/F/GC", benchmark_drop<immer::flex_vector<std::size_t,gc_memory,5>, push_front_fn>())
+
+NONIUS_BENCHMARK("l/flex/5B", benchmark_drop_lin<immer::flex_vector<unsigned,def_memory,5>>())
+NONIUS_BENCHMARK("l/flex/GC", benchmark_drop_lin<immer::flex_vector<unsigned,gc_memory,5>>())
+NONIUS_BENCHMARK("l/flex/NO", benchmark_drop_lin<immer::flex_vector<unsigned,basic_memory,5>>())
+NONIUS_BENCHMARK("l/flex/UN", benchmark_drop_lin<immer::flex_vector<unsigned,unsafe_memory,5>>())
+NONIUS_BENCHMARK("l/flex/F/5B", benchmark_drop_lin<immer::flex_vector<unsigned,def_memory,5>, push_front_fn>())
+
+NONIUS_BENCHMARK("m/flex/5B", benchmark_drop_move<immer::flex_vector<unsigned,def_memory,5>>())
+NONIUS_BENCHMARK("m/flex/GC", benchmark_drop_move<immer::flex_vector<unsigned,gc_memory,5>>())
+NONIUS_BENCHMARK("m/flex/NO", benchmark_drop_move<immer::flex_vector<unsigned,basic_memory,5>>())
+NONIUS_BENCHMARK("m/flex/UN", benchmark_drop_move<immer::flex_vector<unsigned,unsafe_memory,5>>())
+NONIUS_BENCHMARK("m/flex/F/5B", benchmark_drop_move<immer::flex_vector<unsigned,def_memory,5>, push_front_fn>())
+
+NONIUS_BENCHMARK("t/flex/5B", benchmark_drop_mut<immer::flex_vector<unsigned,def_memory,5>>())
+NONIUS_BENCHMARK("t/flex/GC", benchmark_drop_mut<immer::flex_vector<unsigned,gc_memory,5>>())
+NONIUS_BENCHMARK("t/flex/NO", benchmark_drop_mut<immer::flex_vector<unsigned,basic_memory,5>>())
+NONIUS_BENCHMARK("t/flex/UN", benchmark_drop_mut<immer::flex_vector<unsigned,unsafe_memory,5>>())
+NONIUS_BENCHMARK("t/flex/F/5B", benchmark_drop_mut<immer::flex_vector<unsigned,def_memory,5>, push_front_fn>())
diff --git a/src/immer/benchmark/vector/misc/push-front.cpp b/src/immer/benchmark/vector/misc/push-front.cpp
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000..48b98c8ee9b12
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/immer/benchmark/vector/misc/push-front.cpp
@@ -0,0 +1,30 @@
+//
+// immer: immutable data structures for C++
+// Copyright (C) 2016, 2017, 2018 Juan Pedro Bolivar Puente
+//
+// This software is distributed under the Boost Software License, Version 1.0.
+// See accompanying file LICENSE or copy at http://boost.org/LICENSE_1_0.txt
+//
+
+#include "benchmark/vector/push_front.hpp"
+
+#include <immer/flex_vector.hpp>
+
+#if IMMER_BENCHMARK_LIBRRB
+extern "C" {
+#define restrict __restrict__
+#include <rrb.h>
+#undef restrict
+}
+#endif
+
+#if IMMER_BENCHMARK_LIBRRB
+NONIUS_BENCHMARK("librrb", benchmark_push_front_librrb)
+#endif
+NONIUS_BENCHMARK("flex/4B", bechmark_push_front<immer::flex_vector<unsigned,def_memory,4>>())
+NONIUS_BENCHMARK("flex/5B", bechmark_push_front<immer::flex_vector<unsigned,def_memory,5>>())
+NONIUS_BENCHMARK("flex/6B", bechmark_push_front<immer::flex_vector<unsigned,def_memory,6>>())
+NONIUS_BENCHMARK("flex/GC", bechmark_push_front<immer::flex_vector<unsigned,gc_memory,5>>())
+NONIUS_BENCHMARK("flex_s/GC", bechmark_push_front<immer::flex_vector<std::size_t,gc_memory,5>>())
+NONIUS_BENCHMARK("flex/NO", bechmark_push_front<immer::flex_vector<unsigned,basic_memory,5>>())
+NONIUS_BENCHMARK("flex/UN", bechmark_push_front<immer::flex_vector<unsigned,unsafe_memory,5>>())
diff --git a/src/immer/benchmark/vector/misc/push.cpp b/src/immer/benchmark/vector/misc/push.cpp
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000..98f57600bd782
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/immer/benchmark/vector/misc/push.cpp
@@ -0,0 +1,83 @@
+//
+// immer: immutable data structures for C++
+// Copyright (C) 2016, 2017, 2018 Juan Pedro Bolivar Puente
+//
+// This software is distributed under the Boost Software License, Version 1.0.
+// See accompanying file LICENSE or copy at http://boost.org/LICENSE_1_0.txt
+//
+
+#include "benchmark/vector/push.hpp"
+
+#include <immer/array.hpp>
+#include <immer/flex_vector.hpp>
+#include <immer/vector_transient.hpp>
+#include <immer/vector.hpp>
+
+#if IMMER_BENCHMARK_EXPERIMENTAL
+#include <immer/experimental/dvektor.hpp>
+#endif
+
+#include <immer/heap/gc_heap.hpp>
+#include <immer/refcount/no_refcount_policy.hpp>
+#include <immer/refcount/unsafe_refcount_policy.hpp>
+
+#include <vector>
+#include <list>
+#include <numeric>
+
+#if IMMER_BENCHMARK_STEADY
+#define QUARK_ASSERT_ON 0
+#include <steady/steady_vector.h>
+#endif
+
+#if IMMER_BENCHMARK_LIBRRB
+extern "C" {
+#define restrict __restrict__
+#include <rrb.h>
+#undef restrict
+}
+#endif
+
+#if IMMER_BENCHMARK_LIBRRB
+NONIUS_BENCHMARK("librrb", benchmark_push_librrb)
+NONIUS_BENCHMARK("t/librrb", benchmark_push_mut_librrb)
+#endif
+
+NONIUS_BENCHMARK("std::vector", benchmark_push_mut_std<std::vector<unsigned>>())
+NONIUS_BENCHMARK("std::list",   benchmark_push_mut_std<std::list<unsigned>>())
+
+NONIUS_BENCHMARK("m/vector/5B", benchmark_push_move<immer::vector<unsigned,def_memory,5>>())
+NONIUS_BENCHMARK("m/vector/GC", benchmark_push_move<immer::vector<unsigned,gc_memory,5>>())
+NONIUS_BENCHMARK("m/vector/NO", benchmark_push_move<immer::vector<unsigned,basic_memory,5>>())
+
+NONIUS_BENCHMARK("t/vector/5B", benchmark_push_mut<immer::vector<unsigned,def_memory,5>>())
+NONIUS_BENCHMARK("t/vector/GC", benchmark_push_mut<immer::vector<unsigned,gc_memory,5>>())
+NONIUS_BENCHMARK("t/vector/NO", benchmark_push_mut<immer::vector<unsigned,basic_memory,5>>())
+NONIUS_BENCHMARK("t/vector/UN", benchmark_push_mut<immer::vector<unsigned,unsafe_memory,5>>())
+
+NONIUS_BENCHMARK("flex/5B",    benchmark_push<immer::flex_vector<unsigned,def_memory,5>>())
+NONIUS_BENCHMARK("flex_s/GC",  benchmark_push<immer::flex_vector<std::size_t,gc_memory,5>>())
+
+NONIUS_BENCHMARK("vector/4B",  benchmark_push<immer::vector<unsigned,def_memory,4>>())
+NONIUS_BENCHMARK("vector/5B",  benchmark_push<immer::vector<unsigned,def_memory,5>>())
+NONIUS_BENCHMARK("vector/6B",  benchmark_push<immer::vector<unsigned,def_memory,6>>())
+
+NONIUS_BENCHMARK("vector/GC",  benchmark_push<immer::vector<unsigned,gc_memory,5>>())
+NONIUS_BENCHMARK("vector/NO",  benchmark_push<immer::vector<unsigned,basic_memory,5>>())
+NONIUS_BENCHMARK("vector/UN",  benchmark_push<immer::vector<unsigned,unsafe_memory,5>>())
+
+#if IMMER_BENCHMARK_EXPERIMENTAL
+NONIUS_BENCHMARK("dvektor/4B", benchmark_push<immer::dvektor<unsigned,def_memory,4>>())
+NONIUS_BENCHMARK("dvektor/5B", benchmark_push<immer::dvektor<unsigned,def_memory,5>>())
+NONIUS_BENCHMARK("dvektor/6B", benchmark_push<immer::dvektor<unsigned,def_memory,6>>())
+
+NONIUS_BENCHMARK("dvektor/GC", benchmark_push<immer::dvektor<unsigned,gc_memory,5>>())
+NONIUS_BENCHMARK("dvektor/NO", benchmark_push<immer::dvektor<unsigned,basic_memory,5>>())
+NONIUS_BENCHMARK("dvektor/UN", benchmark_push<immer::dvektor<unsigned,unsafe_memory,5>>())
+#endif
+
+NONIUS_BENCHMARK("array",      benchmark_push<immer::array<unsigned>>())
+
+#if IMMER_BENCHMARK_STEADY
+NONIUS_BENCHMARK("steady",     benchmark_push<steady::vector<unsigned>>())
+#endif
diff --git a/src/immer/benchmark/vector/misc/take.cpp b/src/immer/benchmark/vector/misc/take.cpp
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000..78f0e958db4ca
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/immer/benchmark/vector/misc/take.cpp
@@ -0,0 +1,65 @@
+//
+// immer: immutable data structures for C++
+// Copyright (C) 2016, 2017, 2018 Juan Pedro Bolivar Puente
+//
+// This software is distributed under the Boost Software License, Version 1.0.
+// See accompanying file LICENSE or copy at http://boost.org/LICENSE_1_0.txt
+//
+
+#include "benchmark/vector/take.hpp"
+
+#include <immer/vector.hpp>
+#include <immer/flex_vector.hpp>
+#include <immer/vector_transient.hpp>
+#include <immer/flex_vector_transient.hpp>
+#include <immer/heap/gc_heap.hpp>
+#include <immer/refcount/no_refcount_policy.hpp>
+#include <immer/refcount/unsafe_refcount_policy.hpp>
+
+#if IMMER_BENCHMARK_LIBRRB
+extern "C" {
+#define restrict __restrict__
+#include <rrb.h>
+#undef restrict
+}
+#endif
+
+#if IMMER_BENCHMARK_LIBRRB
+NONIUS_BENCHMARK("librrb", benchmark_take_librrb(make_librrb_vector))
+NONIUS_BENCHMARK("librrb/F", benchmark_take_librrb(make_librrb_vector_f))
+NONIUS_BENCHMARK("l/librrb", benchmark_take_lin_librrb(make_librrb_vector))
+NONIUS_BENCHMARK("l/librrb/F", benchmark_take_lin_librrb(make_librrb_vector_f))
+NONIUS_BENCHMARK("t/librrb", benchmark_take_mut_librrb(make_librrb_vector))
+NONIUS_BENCHMARK("t/librrb/F", benchmark_take_mut_librrb(make_librrb_vector_f))
+#endif
+
+NONIUS_BENCHMARK("vector/4B", benchmark_take<immer::vector<unsigned,def_memory,4>>())
+NONIUS_BENCHMARK("vector/5B", benchmark_take<immer::vector<unsigned,def_memory,5>>())
+NONIUS_BENCHMARK("vector/6B", benchmark_take<immer::vector<unsigned,def_memory,6>>())
+NONIUS_BENCHMARK("vector/GC", benchmark_take<immer::vector<unsigned,gc_memory,5>>())
+NONIUS_BENCHMARK("vector/NO", benchmark_take<immer::vector<unsigned,basic_memory,5>>())
+NONIUS_BENCHMARK("vector/UN", benchmark_take<immer::vector<unsigned,unsafe_memory,5>>())
+NONIUS_BENCHMARK("vector_s/GC", benchmark_take<immer::vector<std::size_t,gc_memory,5>>())
+
+NONIUS_BENCHMARK("flex/F/5B", benchmark_take<immer::flex_vector<unsigned,def_memory,5>, push_front_fn>())
+NONIUS_BENCHMARK("flex/F/GC", benchmark_take<immer::flex_vector<unsigned,gc_memory,5>, push_front_fn>())
+NONIUS_BENCHMARK("flex/F/GCF", benchmark_take<immer::flex_vector<unsigned,gcf_memory,5>, push_front_fn>())
+NONIUS_BENCHMARK("flex_s/F/GC", benchmark_take<immer::flex_vector<std::size_t,gc_memory,5>, push_front_fn>())
+
+NONIUS_BENCHMARK("l/vector/5B", benchmark_take_lin<immer::vector<unsigned,def_memory,5>>())
+NONIUS_BENCHMARK("l/vector/GC", benchmark_take_lin<immer::vector<unsigned,gc_memory,5>>())
+NONIUS_BENCHMARK("l/vector/NO", benchmark_take_lin<immer::vector<unsigned,basic_memory,5>>())
+NONIUS_BENCHMARK("l/vector/UN", benchmark_take_lin<immer::vector<unsigned,unsafe_memory,5>>())
+NONIUS_BENCHMARK("l/flex/F/5B", benchmark_take_lin<immer::flex_vector<unsigned,def_memory,5>, push_front_fn>())
+
+NONIUS_BENCHMARK("m/vector/5B", benchmark_take_move<immer::vector<unsigned,def_memory,5>>())
+NONIUS_BENCHMARK("m/vector/GC", benchmark_take_move<immer::vector<unsigned,gc_memory,5>>())
+NONIUS_BENCHMARK("m/vector/NO", benchmark_take_move<immer::vector<unsigned,basic_memory,5>>())
+NONIUS_BENCHMARK("m/vector/UN", benchmark_take_move<immer::vector<unsigned,unsafe_memory,5>>())
+NONIUS_BENCHMARK("m/flex/F/5B", benchmark_take_move<immer::flex_vector<unsigned,def_memory,5>, push_front_fn>())
+
+NONIUS_BENCHMARK("t/vector/5B", benchmark_take_mut<immer::vector<unsigned,def_memory,5>>())
+NONIUS_BENCHMARK("t/vector/GC", benchmark_take_mut<immer::vector<unsigned,gc_memory,5>>())
+NONIUS_BENCHMARK("t/vector/NO", benchmark_take_mut<immer::vector<unsigned,basic_memory,5>>())
+NONIUS_BENCHMARK("t/vector/UN", benchmark_take_mut<immer::vector<unsigned,unsafe_memory,5>>())
+NONIUS_BENCHMARK("t/flex/F/5B", benchmark_take_mut<immer::flex_vector<unsigned,def_memory,5>, push_front_fn>())
diff --git a/src/immer/benchmark/vector/paper/access.cpp b/src/immer/benchmark/vector/paper/access.cpp
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000..db677a1adb805
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/immer/benchmark/vector/paper/access.cpp
@@ -0,0 +1,31 @@
+//
+// immer: immutable data structures for C++
+// Copyright (C) 2016, 2017, 2018 Juan Pedro Bolivar Puente
+//
+// This software is distributed under the Boost Software License, Version 1.0.
+// See accompanying file LICENSE or copy at http://boost.org/LICENSE_1_0.txt
+//
+
+#include "benchmark/vector/access.hpp"
+#include <immer/flex_vector.hpp>
+#include <chunkedseq/chunkedseq.hpp>
+
+NONIUS_BENCHMARK("idx owrs", benchmark_access_idx<immer::flex_vector<unsigned,def_memory>>())
+NONIUS_BENCHMARK("idx librrb", benchmark_access_librrb(make_librrb_vector))
+NONIUS_BENCHMARK("idx relaxed owrs", benchmark_access_idx<immer::flex_vector<unsigned,def_memory>,push_front_fn>())
+NONIUS_BENCHMARK("idx relaxed librrb", benchmark_access_librrb(make_librrb_vector_f))
+NONIUS_BENCHMARK("idx std::vector", benchmark_access_idx_std<std::vector<unsigned>>())
+NONIUS_BENCHMARK("idx chunkedseq32", benchmark_access_idx_std<pasl::data::chunkedseq::bootstrapped::deque<unsigned, 32>>())
+NONIUS_BENCHMARK("idx chunkedseq", benchmark_access_idx_std<pasl::data::chunkedseq::bootstrapped::deque<unsigned>>())
+
+NONIUS_BENCHMARK("iter orws", benchmark_access_iter<immer::flex_vector<unsigned,def_memory>>())
+NONIUS_BENCHMARK("iter relaxed orws", benchmark_access_iter<immer::flex_vector<unsigned,def_memory>,push_front_fn>())
+NONIUS_BENCHMARK("iter chunkedseq32", benchmark_access_iter_std<pasl::data::chunkedseq::bootstrapped::deque<unsigned, 32>>())
+NONIUS_BENCHMARK("iter chunkedseq", benchmark_access_iter_std<pasl::data::chunkedseq::bootstrapped::deque<unsigned>>())
+
+NONIUS_BENCHMARK("reduce owrs", benchmark_access_reduce<immer::flex_vector<unsigned,def_memory>>())
+NONIUS_BENCHMARK("reduce relaxed owrs", benchmark_access_reduce<immer::flex_vector<unsigned,def_memory>,push_front_fn>())
+NONIUS_BENCHMARK("reduce chunkedseq32", benchmark_access_reduce_chunkedseq<pasl::data::chunkedseq::bootstrapped::deque<unsigned, 32>>())
+NONIUS_BENCHMARK("reduce chunkedseq", benchmark_access_reduce_chunkedseq<pasl::data::chunkedseq::bootstrapped::deque<unsigned>>())
+NONIUS_BENCHMARK("reduce std::vector", benchmark_access_iter_std<std::vector<unsigned>>())
+NONIUS_BENCHMARK("reduce std::list", benchmark_access_iter_std<std::list<unsigned>>())
diff --git a/src/immer/benchmark/vector/paper/assoc-random.cpp b/src/immer/benchmark/vector/paper/assoc-random.cpp
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000..becd4dc0c5b4e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/immer/benchmark/vector/paper/assoc-random.cpp
@@ -0,0 +1,40 @@
+//
+// immer: immutable data structures for C++
+// Copyright (C) 2016, 2017, 2018 Juan Pedro Bolivar Puente
+//
+// This software is distributed under the Boost Software License, Version 1.0.
+// See accompanying file LICENSE or copy at http://boost.org/LICENSE_1_0.txt
+//
+
+#include "benchmark/vector/assoc.hpp"
+#include <immer/flex_vector.hpp>
+#include <immer/flex_vector_transient.hpp>
+#include <chunkedseq/chunkedseq.hpp>
+
+NONIUS_BENCHMARK("ours/basic",   benchmark_assoc_random<immer::flex_vector<unsigned,basic_memory>>())
+NONIUS_BENCHMARK("ours/safe",    benchmark_assoc_random<immer::flex_vector<unsigned,def_memory>>())
+NONIUS_BENCHMARK("ours/unsafe",  benchmark_assoc_random<immer::flex_vector<unsigned,unsafe_memory>>())
+NONIUS_BENCHMARK("ours/gc",      benchmark_assoc_random<immer::flex_vector<unsigned,gc_memory>>())
+NONIUS_BENCHMARK("librrb",       benchmark_assoc_random_librrb(make_librrb_vector))
+
+NONIUS_BENCHMARK("relaxed ours/basic",   benchmark_assoc_random<immer::flex_vector<unsigned,basic_memory>,push_front_fn>())
+NONIUS_BENCHMARK("relaxed ours/safe",    benchmark_assoc_random<immer::flex_vector<unsigned,def_memory>,push_front_fn>())
+NONIUS_BENCHMARK("relaxed ours/unsafe",  benchmark_assoc_random<immer::flex_vector<unsigned,unsafe_memory>,push_front_fn>())
+NONIUS_BENCHMARK("relaxed ours/gc",      benchmark_assoc_random<immer::flex_vector<unsigned,gc_memory>,push_front_fn>())
+NONIUS_BENCHMARK("relaxed librrb",       benchmark_assoc_random_librrb(make_librrb_vector_f))
+
+NONIUS_BENCHMARK("transient ours/basic",   benchmark_assoc_mut_random<immer::flex_vector<unsigned,basic_memory>>())
+NONIUS_BENCHMARK("transient ours/safe",    benchmark_assoc_mut_random<immer::flex_vector<unsigned,def_memory>>())
+NONIUS_BENCHMARK("transient ours/unsafe",  benchmark_assoc_mut_random<immer::flex_vector<unsigned,unsafe_memory>>())
+NONIUS_BENCHMARK("transient ours/gc",      benchmark_assoc_mut_random<immer::flex_vector<unsigned,gc_memory>>())
+NONIUS_BENCHMARK("transient librrb",       benchmark_assoc_mut_random_librrb(make_librrb_vector))
+
+NONIUS_BENCHMARK("transient relaxed ours/basic",   benchmark_assoc_mut_random<immer::flex_vector<unsigned,basic_memory>,push_back_fn>())
+NONIUS_BENCHMARK("transient relaxed ours/safe",    benchmark_assoc_mut_random<immer::flex_vector<unsigned,def_memory>,push_back_fn>())
+NONIUS_BENCHMARK("transient relaxed ours/unsafe",  benchmark_assoc_mut_random<immer::flex_vector<unsigned,unsafe_memory>,push_back_fn>())
+NONIUS_BENCHMARK("transient relaxed ours/gc",      benchmark_assoc_mut_random<immer::flex_vector<unsigned,gc_memory>,push_back_fn>())
+NONIUS_BENCHMARK("transient relaxed librrb",       benchmark_assoc_mut_random_librrb(make_librrb_vector_f))
+
+NONIUS_BENCHMARK("transient std::vector",  benchmark_assoc_random_std<std::vector<unsigned>>())
+NONIUS_BENCHMARK("transient chunkedseq32", benchmark_assoc_random_std<pasl::data::chunkedseq::bootstrapped::deque<unsigned>>())
+NONIUS_BENCHMARK("transient chunkedseq",   benchmark_assoc_random_std<pasl::data::chunkedseq::bootstrapped::deque<unsigned, 32>>())
diff --git a/src/immer/benchmark/vector/paper/assoc.cpp b/src/immer/benchmark/vector/paper/assoc.cpp
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000..fe682ce749344
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/immer/benchmark/vector/paper/assoc.cpp
@@ -0,0 +1,40 @@
+//
+// immer: immutable data structures for C++
+// Copyright (C) 2016, 2017, 2018 Juan Pedro Bolivar Puente
+//
+// This software is distributed under the Boost Software License, Version 1.0.
+// See accompanying file LICENSE or copy at http://boost.org/LICENSE_1_0.txt
+//
+
+#include "benchmark/vector/assoc.hpp"
+#include <immer/flex_vector.hpp>
+#include <immer/flex_vector_transient.hpp>
+#include <chunkedseq/chunkedseq.hpp>
+
+NONIUS_BENCHMARK("ours/basic",   benchmark_assoc<immer::flex_vector<unsigned,basic_memory>>())
+NONIUS_BENCHMARK("ours/safe",    benchmark_assoc<immer::flex_vector<unsigned,def_memory>>())
+NONIUS_BENCHMARK("ours/unsafe",  benchmark_assoc<immer::flex_vector<unsigned,unsafe_memory>>())
+NONIUS_BENCHMARK("ours/gc",      benchmark_assoc<immer::flex_vector<unsigned,gc_memory>>())
+NONIUS_BENCHMARK("librrb",       benchmark_assoc_librrb(make_librrb_vector))
+
+NONIUS_BENCHMARK("relaxed ours/basic",   benchmark_assoc<immer::flex_vector<unsigned,basic_memory>,push_front_fn>())
+NONIUS_BENCHMARK("relaxed ours/safe",    benchmark_assoc<immer::flex_vector<unsigned,def_memory>,push_front_fn>())
+NONIUS_BENCHMARK("relaxed ours/unsafe",  benchmark_assoc<immer::flex_vector<unsigned,unsafe_memory>,push_front_fn>())
+NONIUS_BENCHMARK("relaxed ours/gc",      benchmark_assoc<immer::flex_vector<unsigned,gc_memory>,push_front_fn>())
+NONIUS_BENCHMARK("relaxed librrb",       benchmark_assoc_librrb(make_librrb_vector_f))
+
+NONIUS_BENCHMARK("transient ours/basic",   benchmark_assoc_mut<immer::flex_vector<unsigned,basic_memory>>())
+NONIUS_BENCHMARK("transient ours/safe",    benchmark_assoc_mut<immer::flex_vector<unsigned,def_memory>>())
+NONIUS_BENCHMARK("transient ours/unsafe",  benchmark_assoc_mut<immer::flex_vector<unsigned,unsafe_memory>>())
+NONIUS_BENCHMARK("transient ours/gc",      benchmark_assoc_mut<immer::flex_vector<unsigned,gc_memory>>())
+NONIUS_BENCHMARK("transient librrb",       benchmark_assoc_mut_librrb(make_librrb_vector))
+
+NONIUS_BENCHMARK("transient relaxed ours/basic",   benchmark_assoc_mut<immer::flex_vector<unsigned,basic_memory>,push_back_fn>())
+NONIUS_BENCHMARK("transient relaxed ours/safe",    benchmark_assoc_mut<immer::flex_vector<unsigned,def_memory>,push_back_fn>())
+NONIUS_BENCHMARK("transient relaxed ours/unsafe",  benchmark_assoc_mut<immer::flex_vector<unsigned,unsafe_memory>,push_back_fn>())
+NONIUS_BENCHMARK("transient relaxed ours/gc",      benchmark_assoc_mut<immer::flex_vector<unsigned,gc_memory>,push_back_fn>())
+NONIUS_BENCHMARK("transient relaxed librrb",       benchmark_assoc_mut_librrb(make_librrb_vector_f))
+
+NONIUS_BENCHMARK("transient std::vector",  benchmark_assoc_std<std::vector<unsigned>>())
+NONIUS_BENCHMARK("transient chunkedseq32", benchmark_assoc_std<pasl::data::chunkedseq::bootstrapped::deque<unsigned, 32>>())
+NONIUS_BENCHMARK("transient chunkedseq",   benchmark_assoc_std<pasl::data::chunkedseq::bootstrapped::deque<unsigned>>())
diff --git a/src/immer/benchmark/vector/paper/concat.cpp b/src/immer/benchmark/vector/paper/concat.cpp
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000..af9b3d20eda59
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/immer/benchmark/vector/paper/concat.cpp
@@ -0,0 +1,22 @@
+//
+// immer: immutable data structures for C++
+// Copyright (C) 2016, 2017, 2018 Juan Pedro Bolivar Puente
+//
+// This software is distributed under the Boost Software License, Version 1.0.
+// See accompanying file LICENSE or copy at http://boost.org/LICENSE_1_0.txt
+//
+
+#include "benchmark/vector/concat.hpp"
+#include <immer/flex_vector.hpp>
+#include <immer/flex_vector_transient.hpp>
+#include <chunkedseq/chunkedseq.hpp>
+
+NONIUS_BENCHMARK("ours/basic",   benchmark_concat_incr<immer::flex_vector<unsigned,basic_memory>>())
+NONIUS_BENCHMARK("ours/safe",    benchmark_concat_incr<immer::flex_vector<unsigned,def_memory>>())
+NONIUS_BENCHMARK("ours/unsafe",  benchmark_concat_incr<immer::flex_vector<unsigned,unsafe_memory>>())
+NONIUS_BENCHMARK("ours/gc",      benchmark_concat_incr<immer::flex_vector<unsigned,gc_memory>>())
+NONIUS_BENCHMARK("librrb",       benchmark_concat_incr_librrb(make_librrb_vector))
+
+NONIUS_BENCHMARK("transient ours/gc",      benchmark_concat_incr_mut<immer::flex_vector<unsigned,gc_memory>>())
+NONIUS_BENCHMARK("transient chunkedseq32", benchmark_concat_incr_chunkedseq<pasl::data::chunkedseq::bootstrapped::deque<unsigned, 32>>())
+NONIUS_BENCHMARK("transient chunkedseq",   benchmark_concat_incr_chunkedseq<pasl::data::chunkedseq::bootstrapped::deque<unsigned>>())
diff --git a/src/immer/benchmark/vector/paper/push.cpp b/src/immer/benchmark/vector/paper/push.cpp
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000..7c467985bb3bb
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/immer/benchmark/vector/paper/push.cpp
@@ -0,0 +1,28 @@
+//
+// immer: immutable data structures for C++
+// Copyright (C) 2016, 2017, 2018 Juan Pedro Bolivar Puente
+//
+// This software is distributed under the Boost Software License, Version 1.0.
+// See accompanying file LICENSE or copy at http://boost.org/LICENSE_1_0.txt
+//
+
+#include "benchmark/vector/push.hpp"
+#include <immer/flex_vector.hpp>
+#include <immer/flex_vector_transient.hpp>
+#include <chunkedseq/chunkedseq.hpp>
+
+NONIUS_BENCHMARK("ours/basic",   benchmark_push<immer::flex_vector<unsigned,basic_memory>>())
+NONIUS_BENCHMARK("ours/safe",    benchmark_push<immer::flex_vector<unsigned,def_memory>>())
+NONIUS_BENCHMARK("ours/unsafe",  benchmark_push<immer::flex_vector<unsigned,unsafe_memory>>())
+NONIUS_BENCHMARK("ours/gc",      benchmark_push<immer::flex_vector<unsigned,gc_memory>>())
+NONIUS_BENCHMARK("librrb",       benchmark_push_librrb)
+
+NONIUS_BENCHMARK("transient ours/basic",   benchmark_push_mut<immer::flex_vector<unsigned,basic_memory>>())
+NONIUS_BENCHMARK("transient ours/safe",    benchmark_push_mut<immer::flex_vector<unsigned,def_memory>>())
+NONIUS_BENCHMARK("transient ours/unsafe",  benchmark_push_mut<immer::flex_vector<unsigned,unsafe_memory>>())
+NONIUS_BENCHMARK("transient ours/gc",      benchmark_push_mut<immer::flex_vector<unsigned,gc_memory>>())
+NONIUS_BENCHMARK("transient librrb",       benchmark_push_mut_librrb)
+NONIUS_BENCHMARK("transient std::vector",  benchmark_push_mut_std<std::vector<unsigned>>())
+NONIUS_BENCHMARK("transient std::list",    benchmark_push_mut_std<std::list<unsigned>>())
+NONIUS_BENCHMARK("transient chunkedseq32", benchmark_push_mut_std<pasl::data::chunkedseq::bootstrapped::deque<unsigned, 32>>())
+NONIUS_BENCHMARK("transient chunkedseq",   benchmark_push_mut_std<pasl::data::chunkedseq::bootstrapped::deque<unsigned>>())
diff --git a/src/immer/benchmark/vector/push.hpp b/src/immer/benchmark/vector/push.hpp
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000..83f128c8fcc6b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/immer/benchmark/vector/push.hpp
@@ -0,0 +1,111 @@
+//
+// immer: immutable data structures for C++
+// Copyright (C) 2016, 2017, 2018 Juan Pedro Bolivar Puente
+//
+// This software is distributed under the Boost Software License, Version 1.0.
+// See accompanying file LICENSE or copy at http://boost.org/LICENSE_1_0.txt
+//
+
+#pragma once
+
+#include "benchmark/vector/common.hpp"
+
+namespace {
+
+template <typename Vektor>
+auto benchmark_push_mut_std()
+{
+    return [] (nonius::chronometer meter)
+    {
+        auto n = meter.param<N>();
+        if (n > get_limit<Vektor>{})
+            nonius::skip();
+
+        measure(meter, [&] {
+            auto v = Vektor{};
+            for (auto i = 0u; i < n; ++i)
+                v.push_back(i);
+            return v;
+        });
+    };
+}
+
+template <typename Vektor>
+auto benchmark_push_mut()
+{
+    return [] (nonius::chronometer meter)
+    {
+        auto n = meter.param<N>();
+        if (n > get_limit<Vektor>{})
+            nonius::skip();
+
+        measure(meter, [&] {
+            auto v = Vektor{}.transient();
+            for (auto i = 0u; i < n; ++i)
+                v.push_back(i);
+            return v;
+        });
+    };
+}
+
+template <typename Vektor>
+auto benchmark_push_move()
+{
+    return [] (nonius::chronometer meter)
+    {
+        auto n = meter.param<N>();
+        if (n > get_limit<Vektor>{})
+            nonius::skip();
+
+        measure(meter, [&] {
+            auto v = Vektor{};
+            for (auto i = 0u; i < n; ++i)
+                v = std::move(v).push_back(i);
+            return v;
+        });
+    };
+}
+
+template <typename Vektor>
+auto benchmark_push()
+{
+    return [] (nonius::chronometer meter)
+    {
+        auto n = meter.param<N>();
+        if (n > get_limit<Vektor>{})
+            nonius::skip();
+
+        measure(meter, [&] {
+            auto v = Vektor{};
+            for (auto i = 0u; i < n; ++i)
+                v = v.push_back(i);
+            return v;
+        });
+    };
+}
+
+auto benchmark_push_librrb(nonius::chronometer meter)
+{
+    auto n = meter.param<N>();
+
+    measure(meter, [&] {
+        auto v = rrb_create();
+        for (auto i = 0u; i < n; ++i)
+            v = rrb_push(v, reinterpret_cast<void*>(i));
+        return v;
+    });
+}
+
+auto benchmark_push_mut_librrb(nonius::chronometer meter)
+{
+    auto n = meter.param<N>();
+
+    measure(meter, [&] {
+        auto v = rrb_to_transient(rrb_create());
+        for (auto i = 0u; i < n; ++i)
+            v = transient_rrb_push(v, reinterpret_cast<void*>(i));
+        return v;
+    });
+}
+
+} // anonymous namespace
diff --git a/src/immer/benchmark/vector/push_front.hpp b/src/immer/benchmark/vector/push_front.hpp
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000..25ccbab0f9a6a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/immer/benchmark/vector/push_front.hpp
@@ -0,0 +1,46 @@
+//
+// immer: immutable data structures for C++
+// Copyright (C) 2016, 2017, 2018 Juan Pedro Bolivar Puente
+//
+// This software is distributed under the Boost Software License, Version 1.0.
+// See accompanying file LICENSE or copy at http://boost.org/LICENSE_1_0.txt
+//
+
+#pragma once
+
+#include "benchmark/vector/common.hpp"
+
+namespace {
+
+template <typename Vektor>
+auto bechmark_push_front()
+{
+    return [] (nonius::chronometer meter)
+    {
+        auto n = meter.param<N>();
+
+        measure(meter, [&] {
+            auto v = Vektor{};
+            for (auto i = 0u; i < n; ++i)
+                v = v.push_front(i);
+            return v;
+        });
+    };
+}
+
+auto benchmark_push_front_librrb(nonius::chronometer meter)
+{
+    auto n = meter.param<N>();
+
+    measure(meter, [&] {
+        auto v = rrb_create();
+        for (auto i = 0u; i < n; ++i) {
+            auto f = rrb_push(rrb_create(),
+                              reinterpret_cast<void*>(i));
+            v = rrb_concat(f, v);
+        }
+        return v;
+    });
+}
+
+} // anonymous namespace
diff --git a/src/immer/benchmark/vector/take.hpp b/src/immer/benchmark/vector/take.hpp
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000..bce5aceb0072f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/immer/benchmark/vector/take.hpp
@@ -0,0 +1,144 @@
+//
+// immer: immutable data structures for C++
+// Copyright (C) 2016, 2017, 2018 Juan Pedro Bolivar Puente
+//
+// This software is distributed under the Boost Software License, Version 1.0.
+// See accompanying file LICENSE or copy at http://boost.org/LICENSE_1_0.txt
+//
+
+#pragma once
+
+#include "benchmark/vector/common.hpp"
+
+namespace {
+
+template <typename Vektor,
+          typename PushFn=push_back_fn>
+auto benchmark_take()
+{
+    return [] (nonius::chronometer meter)
+    {
+        auto n = meter.param<N>();
+
+        auto v = Vektor{};
+        for (auto i = 0u; i < n; ++i)
+            v = PushFn{}(std::move(v), i);
+
+        measure(meter, [&] {
+            for (auto i = 0u; i < n; ++i)
+                (void) v.take(i);
+        });
+    };
+}
+
+template <typename Vektor,
+          typename PushFn=push_back_fn>
+auto benchmark_take_lin()
+{
+    return [] (nonius::chronometer meter)
+    {
+        auto n = meter.param<N>();
+
+        auto v = Vektor{};
+        for (auto i = 0u; i < n; ++i)
+            v = PushFn{}(std::move(v), i);
+
+        measure(meter, [&] {
+            auto r = v;
+            for (auto i = n; i > 0; --i)
+                r = r.take(i);
+            return r;
+        });
+    };
+}
+
+template <typename Vektor,
+          typename PushFn=push_back_fn>
+auto benchmark_take_move()
+{
+    return [] (nonius::chronometer meter)
+    {
+        auto n = meter.param<N>();
+
+        auto v = Vektor{};
+        for (auto i = 0u; i < n; ++i)
+            v = PushFn{}(std::move(v), i);
+
+        measure(meter, [&] {
+            auto r = v;
+            for (auto i = n; i > 0; --i)
+                r = std::move(r).take(i);
+            return r;
+        });
+    };
+}
+
+template <typename Vektor,
+          typename PushFn=push_back_fn>
+auto benchmark_take_mut()
+{
+    return [] (nonius::chronometer meter)
+    {
+        auto n = meter.param<N>();
+
+        auto vv = Vektor{};
+        for (auto i = 0u; i < n; ++i)
+            vv = PushFn{}(std::move(vv), i);
+
+        measure(meter, [&] {
+            auto v = vv.transient();
+            for (auto i = n; i > 0; --i)
+                (void) v.take(i);
+        });
+    };
+}
+
+template <typename Fn>
+auto benchmark_take_librrb(Fn make)
+{
+    return [=] (nonius::chronometer meter)
+    {
+        auto n = meter.param<N>();
+        auto v = make(n);
+        measure(meter, [&] {
+                for (auto i = 0u; i < n; ++i)
+                    rrb_slice(v, 0, i);
+            });
+    };
+}
+
+template <typename Fn>
+auto benchmark_take_lin_librrb(Fn make)
+{
+    return [=] (nonius::chronometer meter)
+    {
+        auto n = meter.param<N>();
+        auto v = make(n);
+        measure(
+            meter, [&] {
+                auto r = v;
+                for (auto i = n; i > 0; --i)
+                    r = rrb_slice(r, 0, i);
+                return r;
+            });
+    };
+}
+
+template <typename Fn>
+auto benchmark_take_mut_librrb(Fn make)
+{
+    return [=] (nonius::chronometer meter)
+    {
+        auto n = meter.param<N>();
+        auto v = make(n);
+        measure(
+            meter, [&] {
+                auto r = rrb_to_transient(v);
+                for (auto i = n; i > 0; --i)
+                    r = transient_rrb_slice(r, 0, i);
+                return r;
+            });
+    };
+}
+
+} // anonymous namespace
diff --git a/src/immer/cmake/FindBoehmGC.cmake b/src/immer/cmake/FindBoehmGC.cmake
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000..bdb7240e6d8c4
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/immer/cmake/FindBoehmGC.cmake
@@ -0,0 +1,108 @@
+# - Try to find Boehm GC
+#   Once done, this will define
+#
+#   BOEHM_GC_FOUND - system has Boehm GC
+#   BOEHM_GC_INCLUDE_DIR - the Boehm GC include directories
+#   BOEHM_GC_LIBRARIES - link these to use Boehm GC
+# 
+#   Copyright (c) 2010-2015  Takashi Kato <ktakashi@ymail.com>
+# 
+#   Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
+#   modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions
+#   are met:
+# 
+#   1. Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright
+#      notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
+# 
+#   2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright
+#      notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the
+#      documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution.
+# 
+#   THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE COPYRIGHT HOLDERS AND CONTRIBUTORS
+#   "AS IS" AND ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT
+#   LIMITED TO, THE IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR
+#   A PARTICULAR PURPOSE ARE DISCLAIMED. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE COPYRIGHT
+#   OWNER OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL,
+#   SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED
+#   TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR
+#   PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION) HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF
+#   LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING
+#   NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY OUT OF THE USE OF THIS
+#   SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE.
+# 
+#  $Id: $
+# 
+
+# CMake module to find Boehm GC
+
+# use pkg-config if available
+FIND_PACKAGE(PkgConfig)
+PKG_CHECK_MODULES(PC_BDW_GC QUIET bdw-gc)
+
+# try newer one first in case of gc.h is overwritten.
+FIND_PATH(BOEHM_GC_INCLUDE_DIR gc/gc.h
+  HINTS ${PC_BDW_GC_INCLUDEDIR} ${PC_BDW_GC_INCLUDE_DIRS})
+
+IF (NOT BOEHM_GC_INCLUDE_DIR)
+  FIND_PATH(BOEHM_GC_INCLUDE_DIR gc.h
+    HINTS ${PC_BDW_GC_INCLUDEDIR} ${PC_BDW_GC_INCLUDE_DIRS})
+  IF (BOEHM_GC_INCLUDE_DIR)
+    SET(HAVE_GC_H TRUE)
+  ENDIF()
+ELSE()
+  SET(HAVE_GC_GC_H TRUE)
+ENDIF()
+
+# For FreeBSD we need to use gc-threaded
+IF (${CMAKE_SYSTEM_NAME} STREQUAL "FreeBSD")
+  # checks if 'gc' supports 'GC_get_parallel' and if it does
+  # then use it
+  INCLUDE(${CMAKE_ROOT}/Modules/CheckCSourceCompiles.cmake)
+  # not sure if this links properly...
+  FIND_LIBRARY(BOEHM_GC_LIBRARIES NAMES gc
+    HINTS ${PC_BDW_GC_LIBDIR} ${PC_BDW_GC_LIBRARY_DIRS})
+  MESSAGE(STATUS "GC library ${BOEHM_GC_LIBRARIES}")
+  SET(CMAKE_REQUIRED_LIBRARIES "gc")
+  SET(CMAKE_REQUIRED_DEFINITIONS "-DGC_THREADS")
+  SET(CMAKE_REQUIRED_INCLUDES "${BOEHM_GC_INCLUDE_DIR}")
+  SET(CMAKE_REQUIRED_FLAGS "-L${PC_BDW_GC_LIBRARY_DIRS}")
+  MESSAGE(STATUS "Boehm GC include dir: ${CMAKE_REQUIRED_INCLUDES}")
+  CHECK_C_SOURCE_RUNS(
+    "#include <gc.h>
+int main() {
+int i= GC_get_parallel();
+return 0;
+}
+" GC_GET_PARALLEL_WORKS)
+  IF (NOT GC_GET_PARALLEL_WORKS)
+    MESSAGE(STATUS "Try gc-threaded")
+
+    # bdw-gc-threaded is the proper name for FreeBSD pkg-config
+    PKG_CHECK_MODULES(PC_BDW_GC_THREADED bdw-gc-threaded)
+    FIND_LIBRARY(BOEHM_GC_THREADED_LIBRARIES NAMES gc-threaded
+      HINTS ${PC_BDW_GC_THREADED_LIBDIR} ${PC_BDW_GC_THREADED_THREADED_DIRS})
+
+    MESSAGE(STATUS "GC threaded library ${BOEHM_GC_THREADED_LIBRARIES}")
+    IF (BOEHM_GC_THREADED_LIBRARIES)
+      # OK just use it
+      SET(BOEHM_GC_LIBRARIES "${BOEHM_GC_THREADED_LIBRARIES}")
+    ENDIF()
+  ENDIF()
+ELSE()
+  FIND_LIBRARY(BOEHM_GC_LIBRARIES NAMES gc
+    HINTS ${PC_BDW_GC_LIBDIR} ${PC_BDW_GC_LIBRARY_DIRS})
+  # OpenSolaris uses bgc as Boehm GC runtime in its package manager.
+  # so try it
+  IF (NOT BOEHM_GC_LIBRARIES)
+    FIND_LIBRARY(BOEHM_GC_LIBRARIES NAMES bgc
+      HINTS ${PC_BDW_GC_LIBDIR} ${PC_BDW_GC_LIBRARY_DIRS})
+  ENDIF()
+ENDIF()
+
+MESSAGE(STATUS "Found GC library: ${BOEHM_GC_LIBRARIES}")
+
+INCLUDE(FindPackageHandleStandardArgs)
+FIND_PACKAGE_HANDLE_STANDARD_ARGS(Boehm_GC DEFAULT_MSG
+                                  BOEHM_GC_LIBRARIES BOEHM_GC_INCLUDE_DIR)
+
+MARK_AS_ADVANCED(BOEHM_GC_LIBRARIES BOEHM_GC_INCLUDE_DIR)
diff --git a/src/immer/cmake/FindGuile.cmake b/src/immer/cmake/FindGuile.cmake
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000..2b8781c48f483
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/immer/cmake/FindGuile.cmake
@@ -0,0 +1,326 @@
+#[[.rst
+#
+# FindGuile
+# ---------
+# Find the development libraries for Guile.
+#
+# Exported Vars
+# ~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+#
+# .. variable:: Guile_FOUND
+#
+#    Set to *true* if Guile was found.
+#
+# .. variable:: Guile_INCLUDE_DIRS
+#
+#    A list of include directories.
+#
+# .. variable:: Guile_LIBRARIES
+#
+#    A list of libraries needed to build you project.
+#
+# .. variable:: Guile_VERSION_STRING
+#
+#    Guile full version.
+#
+# .. variable:: Guile_VERSION_MAJOR
+#
+#    Guile major version.
+#
+# .. variable:: Guile_VERSION_MINOR
+#
+#    Guile minor version.
+#
+# .. variable:: Guile_VERSION_PATCH
+#
+#    Guile patch version.
+#
+# .. variable:: Guile_EXECUTABLE
+#
+#    Guile executable (optional).
+#
+# .. variable:: Guile_CONFIG_EXECUTABLE
+#
+#    Guile configuration executable (optional).
+#
+# .. variable:: Guile_ROOT_DIR
+#
+#    Guile installation root dir (optional).
+#
+# .. variable:: Guile_SITE_DIR
+#
+#    Guile installation module site dir (optional).
+#
+# .. variable:: Guile_EXTENSION_DIR
+#
+#    Guile installation extension dir (optional).
+#
+# Control VARS
+# ~~~~~~~~~~~~
+# :envvar:`Guile_ROOT_DIR`
+#
+#   Use this variable to provide hints to :filename:`find_{*}` commands,
+#   you may pass it to :command:`cmake` or set the environtment variable.
+#
+# .. code-block:: cmake
+#
+#    % cmake . -Bbuild -DGuile_ROOT_DIR=<extra-path>
+#
+#    # or
+#    % export Guile_ROOT_DIR=<extra-path>;
+#    % cmake . -Bbuild
+#
+#    # or
+#    % Guile_ROOT_DIR=<extra-path> cmake . -Bbuild
+#
+#
+#]]
+
+
+#[[.rst
+#
+# Copyright © 2016, Edelcides Gonçalves <eatg75 |0x40| gmail>
+#
+# Permission to use, copy, modify, and/or distribute this software for
+# any purpose with or without fee is hereby granted, provided that the
+# above copyright notice and this permission notice appear in all
+# copies.
+#
+# *THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED* **AS IS** *AND ISC DISCLAIMS ALL
+# WARRANTIES WITH REGARD TO THIS SOFTWARE INCLUDING ALL IMPLIED
+# WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS. IN NO EVENT SHALL ISC BE
+# LIABLE FOR ANY SPECIAL, DIRECT, INDIRECT, OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES
+# OR ANY DAMAGES WHATSOEVER RESULTING FROM LOSS OF USE, DATA OR
+# PROFITS, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, NEGLIGENCE OR OTHER
+# TORTIOUS ACTION, ARISING OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE USE OR
+# PERFORMANCE OF THIS SOFTWARE*.
+#
+# This file is not part of CMake
+#
+#]]
+
+
+include (SelectLibraryConfigurations)
+include (FindPackageHandleStandardArgs)
+
+function (_guile_find_component_include_dir component header)
+  find_path ("${component}_INCLUDE_DIR"
+    ${header}
+    HINTS
+    "${GUile_ROOT_DIR}"
+    ENV Guile_ROOT_DIR
+    PATH_SUFFIXES
+    Guile guile Guile-2.0 guile-2.0 Guile/2.0 guile/2.0 GC
+    gc)
+
+  set ("${component}_INCLUDE_DIR" "${${component}_INCLUDE_DIR}"
+    PARENT_SCOPE)
+endfunction ()
+
+function (_guile_find_component_library component_name component)
+
+  find_library ("${component_name}_LIBRARY_RELEASE"
+    NAMES "${component}" "${component}-2.0"
+    HINTS
+    "${GUile_ROOT_DIR}"
+    ENV Guile_ROOT_DIR
+    PATHS
+    /usr/lib/${CMAKE_LIBRARY_ARCHITECTURE}
+    /usr/lib64/${CMAKE_LIBRARY_ARCHITECTURE}
+    /usr/lib32/${CMAKE_LIBRARY_ARCHITECTURE})
+
+  if  (${component_name}_LIBRARY_RELEASE)
+    select_library_configurations (${component_name})
+    set ("${component_name}_LIBRARY_RELEASE"
+      "${${component_name}_LIBRARY_RELEASE}" PARENT_SCOPE)
+    set ("${component_name}_LIBRARY"
+      "${${component_name}_LIBRARY}" PARENT_SCOPE)
+    set ("${component_name}_LIBRARIES"
+      "${${component_name}_LIBRARIES}" PARENT_SCOPE)
+  endif ()
+endfunction ()
+
+function (_guile_find_version_2 header_file macro_name)
+  file (STRINGS "${header_file}" _VERSION
+    REGEX "#define[\t ]+${macro_name}[\t ]+[0-9]+")
+
+  if (_VERSION)
+    string (REGEX REPLACE
+      ".*#define[\t ]+${macro_name}[\t ]+([0-9]+).*"
+      "\\1" _VERSION_VALUE "${_VERSION}")
+    if ("${_VERSION}" STREQUAL "${_VERSION_VALUE}")
+      set (_VERSION_FOUND 0 PARENT_SCOPE)
+    else ()
+      set (_VERSION_FOUND 1 PARENT_SCOPE)
+      set (_VERSION "${_VERSION_VALUE}" PARENT_SCOPE)
+    endif ()
+  else ()
+    set (_VERSION_FOUND 0 PARENT_SCOPE)
+  endif ()
+endfunction ()
+
+
+##### Entry Point #####
+
+set (Guile_FOUND)
+set (Guile_INCLUDE_DIRS)
+set (Guile_LIBRARIES)
+set (Guile_VERSION_STRING)
+set (Guile_VERSION_MAJOR)
+set (Guile_VERSION_MINOR)
+set (Guile_VERSION_PATCH)
+set (Guile_EXECUTABLE)
+
+_guile_find_component_include_dir (Guile "libguile.h")
+if (Guile_INCLUDE_DIR)
+  _guile_find_version_2 ("${Guile_INCLUDE_DIR}/libguile/version.h"
+    SCM_MAJOR_VERSION)
+  if (_VERSION_FOUND)
+    set (Guile_VERSION_MAJOR "${_VERSION}")
+  else ()
+    message (FATAL_ERROR "FindGuile: Failed to find Guile_MAJOR_VERSION.")
+  endif ()
+
+  _guile_find_version_2 ("${Guile_INCLUDE_DIR}/libguile/version.h"
+    SCM_MINOR_VERSION)
+  if (_VERSION_FOUND)
+    set (Guile_VERSION_MINOR "${_VERSION}")
+  else ()
+    message (FATAL_ERROR "FindGuile: Failed to find Guile_MINOR_VERSION.")
+  endif ()
+
+  _guile_find_version_2 ("${Guile_INCLUDE_DIR}/libguile/version.h"
+    SCM_MICRO_VERSION)
+  if (_VERSION_FOUND)
+    set (Guile_VERSION_PATCH "${_VERSION}")
+  else ()
+    message (FATAL_ERROR "FindGuile: Failed to find Guile_MICRO_VERSION.")
+  endif ()
+  set (Guile_VERSION_STRING "${Guile_VERSION_MAJOR}.${Guile_VERSION_MINOR}.${Guile_VERSION_PATCH}")
+
+  unset (_VERSION_FOUND)
+  unset (_VERSION)
+endif ()
+
+_guile_find_component_include_dir (Guile_GC "gc.h")
+_guile_find_component_library (Guile guile)
+_guile_find_component_library (Guile_GC gc)
+
+find_program (Guile_EXECUTABLE
+  guile
+  DOC "Guile executable.")
+
+if (Guile_EXECUTABLE)
+  execute_process (COMMAND ${Guile_EXECUTABLE} --version
+    RESULT_VARIABLE _status
+    OUTPUT_VARIABLE _output
+    OUTPUT_STRIP_TRAILING_WHITESPACE)
+
+  string (REGEX REPLACE ".*\\(GNU Guile\\)[\t ]+([0-9]+)\\..*" "\\1"
+    _guile_ver_major "${_output}")
+
+  string (REGEX REPLACE ".*\\(GNU Guile\\)[\t ]+[0-9]+\\.([0-9]+).*" "\\1"
+    _guile_ver_minor "${_output}")
+
+  string (REGEX REPLACE ".*\\(GNU Guile\\)[\t ]+[0-9]+\\.[0-9]+\\.([0-9]+).*" "\\1"
+    _guile_ver_patch "${_output}")
+
+  set (_version "${_guile_ver_major}.${_guile_ver_minor}.${_guile_ver_patch}")
+
+  if (NOT Guile_FIND_QUIETLY)
+    if (NOT Guile_VERSION_STRING STREQUAL _version)
+      message (WARNING "FindGuile: Versions provided by library differs from the one provided by executable.")
+    endif ()
+
+    if (NOT _status STREQUAL "0")
+      message (WARNING "FindGuile: guile (1) process exited abnormally.")
+    endif ()
+  endif ()
+
+  unset (_version)
+  unset (_status)
+  unset (_version)
+  unset (_guile_ver_major)
+  unset (_guile_ver_minor)
+  unset (_guile_ver_patch)
+endif ()
+
+find_package_handle_standard_args (GC
+  "FindGuile: Failed to find dependency GC."
+  Guile_GC_INCLUDE_DIR
+  Guile_GC_LIBRARY
+  Guile_GC_LIBRARIES
+  Guile_GC_LIBRARY_RELEASE)
+
+find_package_handle_standard_args (Guile
+  REQUIRED_VARS
+  Guile_INCLUDE_DIR
+  Guile_LIBRARY
+  Guile_LIBRARIES
+  Guile_LIBRARY_RELEASE
+  GC_FOUND
+  VERSION_VAR Guile_VERSION_STRING)
+
+if (Guile_FOUND)
+  list (APPEND Guile_INCLUDE_DIRS "${Guile_INCLUDE_DIR}"
+    "${Guile_GC_INCLUDE_DIR}")
+
+  if (NOT TARGET Guile::Library AND NOT TARGET GC::Library)
+    add_library (Guile::GC::Library UNKNOWN IMPORTED)
+    set_property (TARGET Guile::GC::Library APPEND
+      PROPERTY IMPORTED_CONFIGURATIONS RELEASE)
+
+    set_target_properties (Guile::GC::Library
+      PROPERTIES
+      INTERFACE_INCLUDE_DIRS
+      "${Guile_GC_INCLUDE_DIR}"
+      IMPORTED_LOCATION
+      "${Guile_GC_LIBRARY}"
+      IMPORTED_LOCATION_RELEASE
+      "${Guile_GC_LIBRARY_RELEASE}")
+
+    add_library (Guile::Library UNKNOWN IMPORTED)
+    set_property (TARGET Guile::Library APPEND
+      PROPERTY IMPORTED_CONFIGURATIONS RELEASE)
+    set_property (TARGET Guile::Library APPEND
+      PROPERTY
+      INTERFACE_LINK_LIBRARIES
+      Guile::GC::Library)
+
+    set_target_properties (Guile::Library
+      PROPERTIES
+      INTERFACE_INCLUDE_DIRSr
+      "${Guile_INCLUDE_DIR}"
+      IMPORTED_LOCATION "${Guile_LIBRARY}"
+      IMPORTED_LOCATION_RELEASE
+      "${Guile_LIBRARY_RELEASE}")
+
+    set (Guile_LIBRARIES Guile::Library Guile::GC::Library)
+  endif ()
+endif ()
+
+find_program(Guile_CONFIG_EXECUTABLE
+  NAMES guile-config
+  DOC "Guile configutration binary")
+
+if (Guile_CONFIG_EXECUTABLE)
+  execute_process (COMMAND ${Guile_CONFIG_EXECUTABLE} info prefix
+    OUTPUT_VARIABLE Guile_ROOT_DIR
+    OUTPUT_STRIP_TRAILING_WHITESPACE)
+
+  execute_process (COMMAND ${Guile_CONFIG_EXECUTABLE} info sitedir
+    OUTPUT_VARIABLE Guile_SITE_DIR
+    OUTPUT_STRIP_TRAILING_WHITESPACE)
+
+  execute_process (COMMAND ${Guile_CONFIG_EXECUTABLE} info extensiondir
+    OUTPUT_VARIABLE Guile_EXTENSION_DIR
+    OUTPUT_STRIP_TRAILING_WHITESPACE)
+endif ()
+
+mark_as_advanced (Guile_EXECUTABLE
+  Guile_INCLUDE_DIR
+  Guile_LIBRARY
+  Guile_LIBRARY_RELEASE
+  Guile_GC_INCLUDE_DIR
+  Guile_GC_LIBRARY
+  Guile_GC_LIBRARY_RELEASE)
diff --git a/src/immer/cmake/FindRRB.cmake b/src/immer/cmake/FindRRB.cmake
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000..86b552f86e431
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/immer/cmake/FindRRB.cmake
@@ -0,0 +1,15 @@
+# - Try to find c-rrb
+# Once done, this will define
+#
+#  RRB_FOUND - system has RRB
+#  RRB_INCLUDE_DIR - the RRB include directories
+#  RRB_LIBRARIES - link these to use RRB
+
+find_path(RRB_INCLUDE_DIR rrb.h)
+find_library(RRB_LIBRARIES NAMES rrb librrb)
+
+include(FindPackageHandleStandardArgs)
+find_package_handle_standard_args(
+  RRB DEFAULT_MSG RRB_LIBRARIES RRB_INCLUDE_DIR)
+
+mark_as_advanced(RRB_INCLUDE_DIR RRB_LIBRARIES)
diff --git a/src/immer/cmake/ImmerUtils.cmake b/src/immer/cmake/ImmerUtils.cmake
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000..2af63ff6061d2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/immer/cmake/ImmerUtils.cmake
@@ -0,0 +1,24 @@
+
+function(immer_target_name_for out_target out_file file)
+  get_filename_component(_extension ${_file} EXT)
+
+  file(RELATIVE_PATH _relative ${PROJECT_SOURCE_DIR} ${file})
+  string(REPLACE "${_extension}" "" _name ${_relative})
+  string(REGEX REPLACE "/" "-" _name ${_name})
+  set(${out_target} "${_name}" PARENT_SCOPE)
+
+  file(RELATIVE_PATH _relative ${CMAKE_CURRENT_LIST_DIR} ${file})
+  string(REPLACE "${_extension}" "" _name ${_relative})
+  string(REGEX REPLACE "/" "-" _name ${_name})
+  set(${out_file} "${_name}" PARENT_SCOPE)
+endfunction()
+
+function(immer_canonicalize_cmake_booleans)
+  foreach(var ${ARGN})
+    if(${var})
+      set(${var} 1 PARENT_SCOPE)
+    else()
+      set(${var} 0 PARENT_SCOPE)
+    endif()
+  endforeach()
+endfunction()
diff --git a/src/immer/codecov.yml b/src/immer/codecov.yml
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000..ab21ebea5d98d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/immer/codecov.yml
@@ -0,0 +1,2 @@
+ignore:
+  - tools
diff --git a/src/immer/default.nix b/src/immer/default.nix
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000..1a6f0296812fb
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/immer/default.nix
@@ -0,0 +1,14 @@
+with import <nixpkgs> {};
+
+stdenv.mkDerivation rec {
+  name = "immer-git";
+  version = "git";
+  src = fetchGit ./.;
+  nativeBuildInputs = [ cmake ];
+  dontBuild = true;
+  meta = {
+    homepage    = "https://github.com/arximboldi/immer";
+    description = "Postmodern immutable data structures for C++";
+    license     = lib.licenses.boost;
+  };
+}
diff --git a/src/immer/doc/CMakeLists.txt b/src/immer/doc/CMakeLists.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000..8558a3ecf6488
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/immer/doc/CMakeLists.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,22 @@
+
+#  Targets
+#  =======
+
+add_custom_target(doxygen
+  COMMAND doxygen doxygen.config
+  WORKING_DIRECTORY "${CMAKE_SOURCE_DIR}/doc")
+
+add_custom_target(docs
+  COMMAND make html
+  WORKING_DIRECTORY "${CMAKE_SOURCE_DIR}/doc")
+add_dependencies(docs doxygen)
+
+set(immer_ssh_method
+  ssh -p 5488
+      -o StrictHostKeyChecking=no)
+
+add_custom_target(upload-docs
+  COMMAND
+  rsync -av -e \"${immer_ssh_method}\"
+        ${CMAKE_SOURCE_DIR}/doc/_build/html/*
+        raskolnikov@sinusoid.es:public/immer/)
diff --git a/src/immer/doc/Makefile b/src/immer/doc/Makefile
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000..101addd4ef25d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/immer/doc/Makefile
@@ -0,0 +1,226 @@
+# Makefile for Sphinx documentation
+#
+
+# You can set these variables from the command line.
+SPHINXOPTS    =
+SPHINXBUILD   = sphinx-build
+PAPER         =
+BUILDDIR      = _build
+
+# Internal variables.
+PAPEROPT_a4     = -D latex_paper_size=a4
+PAPEROPT_letter = -D latex_paper_size=letter
+ALLSPHINXOPTS   = -d $(BUILDDIR)/doctrees $(PAPEROPT_$(PAPER)) $(SPHINXOPTS) .
+# the i18n builder cannot share the environment and doctrees with the others
+I18NSPHINXOPTS  = $(PAPEROPT_$(PAPER)) $(SPHINXOPTS) .
+
+.PHONY: help
+help:
+	@echo "Please use \`make <target>' where <target> is one of"
+	@echo "  html       to make standalone HTML files"
+	@echo "  dirhtml    to make HTML files named index.html in directories"
+	@echo "  singlehtml to make a single large HTML file"
+	@echo "  pickle     to make pickle files"
+	@echo "  json       to make JSON files"
+	@echo "  htmlhelp   to make HTML files and a HTML help project"
+	@echo "  qthelp     to make HTML files and a qthelp project"
+	@echo "  applehelp  to make an Apple Help Book"
+	@echo "  devhelp    to make HTML files and a Devhelp project"
+	@echo "  epub       to make an epub"
+	@echo "  epub3      to make an epub3"
+	@echo "  latex      to make LaTeX files, you can set PAPER=a4 or PAPER=letter"
+	@echo "  latexpdf   to make LaTeX files and run them through pdflatex"
+	@echo "  latexpdfja to make LaTeX files and run them through platex/dvipdfmx"
+	@echo "  text       to make text files"
+	@echo "  man        to make manual pages"
+	@echo "  texinfo    to make Texinfo files"
+	@echo "  info       to make Texinfo files and run them through makeinfo"
+	@echo "  gettext    to make PO message catalogs"
+	@echo "  changes    to make an overview of all changed/added/deprecated items"
+	@echo "  xml        to make Docutils-native XML files"
+	@echo "  pseudoxml  to make pseudoxml-XML files for display purposes"
+	@echo "  linkcheck  to check all external links for integrity"
+	@echo "  doctest    to run all doctests embedded in the documentation (if enabled)"
+	@echo "  coverage   to run coverage check of the documentation (if enabled)"
+	@echo "  dummy      to check syntax errors of document sources"
+
+.PHONY: clean
+clean:
+	rm -rf $(BUILDDIR)/*
+
+.PHONY: html
+html:
+	$(SPHINXBUILD) -b html $(ALLSPHINXOPTS) $(BUILDDIR)/html
+	bash sphinx-html-hack.bash
+	@echo
+	@echo "Build finished. The HTML pages are in $(BUILDDIR)/html."
+
+.PHONY: dirhtml
+dirhtml:
+	$(SPHINXBUILD) -b dirhtml $(ALLSPHINXOPTS) $(BUILDDIR)/dirhtml
+	@echo
+	@echo "Build finished. The HTML pages are in $(BUILDDIR)/dirhtml."
+
+.PHONY: singlehtml
+singlehtml:
+	$(SPHINXBUILD) -b singlehtml $(ALLSPHINXOPTS) $(BUILDDIR)/singlehtml
+	@echo
+	@echo "Build finished. The HTML page is in $(BUILDDIR)/singlehtml."
+
+.PHONY: pickle
+pickle:
+	$(SPHINXBUILD) -b pickle $(ALLSPHINXOPTS) $(BUILDDIR)/pickle
+	@echo
+	@echo "Build finished; now you can process the pickle files."
+
+.PHONY: json
+json:
+	$(SPHINXBUILD) -b json $(ALLSPHINXOPTS) $(BUILDDIR)/json
+	@echo
+	@echo "Build finished; now you can process the JSON files."
+
+.PHONY: htmlhelp
+htmlhelp:
+	$(SPHINXBUILD) -b htmlhelp $(ALLSPHINXOPTS) $(BUILDDIR)/htmlhelp
+	@echo
+	@echo "Build finished; now you can run HTML Help Workshop with the" \
+	      ".hhp project file in $(BUILDDIR)/htmlhelp."
+
+.PHONY: qthelp
+qthelp:
+	$(SPHINXBUILD) -b qthelp $(ALLSPHINXOPTS) $(BUILDDIR)/qthelp
+	@echo
+	@echo "Build finished; now you can run "qcollectiongenerator" with the" \
+	      ".qhcp project file in $(BUILDDIR)/qthelp, like this:"
+	@echo "# qcollectiongenerator $(BUILDDIR)/qthelp/immer.qhcp"
+	@echo "To view the help file:"
+	@echo "# assistant -collectionFile $(BUILDDIR)/qthelp/immer.qhc"
+
+.PHONY: applehelp
+applehelp:
+	$(SPHINXBUILD) -b applehelp $(ALLSPHINXOPTS) $(BUILDDIR)/applehelp
+	@echo
+	@echo "Build finished. The help book is in $(BUILDDIR)/applehelp."
+	@echo "N.B. You won't be able to view it unless you put it in" \
+	      "~/Library/Documentation/Help or install it in your application" \
+	      "bundle."
+
+.PHONY: devhelp
+devhelp:
+	$(SPHINXBUILD) -b devhelp $(ALLSPHINXOPTS) $(BUILDDIR)/devhelp
+	@echo
+	@echo "Build finished."
+	@echo "To view the help file:"
+	@echo "# mkdir -p $$HOME/.local/share/devhelp/immer"
+	@echo "# ln -s $(BUILDDIR)/devhelp $$HOME/.local/share/devhelp/immer"
+	@echo "# devhelp"
+
+.PHONY: epub
+epub:
+	$(SPHINXBUILD) -b epub $(ALLSPHINXOPTS) $(BUILDDIR)/epub
+	@echo
+	@echo "Build finished. The epub file is in $(BUILDDIR)/epub."
+
+.PHONY: epub3
+epub3:
+	$(SPHINXBUILD) -b epub3 $(ALLSPHINXOPTS) $(BUILDDIR)/epub3
+	@echo
+	@echo "Build finished. The epub3 file is in $(BUILDDIR)/epub3."
+
+.PHONY: latex
+latex:
+	$(SPHINXBUILD) -b latex $(ALLSPHINXOPTS) $(BUILDDIR)/latex
+	@echo
+	@echo "Build finished; the LaTeX files are in $(BUILDDIR)/latex."
+	@echo "Run \`make' in that directory to run these through (pdf)latex" \
+	      "(use \`make latexpdf' here to do that automatically)."
+
+.PHONY: latexpdf
+latexpdf:
+	$(SPHINXBUILD) -b latex $(ALLSPHINXOPTS) $(BUILDDIR)/latex
+	@echo "Running LaTeX files through pdflatex..."
+	$(MAKE) -C $(BUILDDIR)/latex all-pdf
+	@echo "pdflatex finished; the PDF files are in $(BUILDDIR)/latex."
+
+.PHONY: latexpdfja
+latexpdfja:
+	$(SPHINXBUILD) -b latex $(ALLSPHINXOPTS) $(BUILDDIR)/latex
+	@echo "Running LaTeX files through platex and dvipdfmx..."
+	$(MAKE) -C $(BUILDDIR)/latex all-pdf-ja
+	@echo "pdflatex finished; the PDF files are in $(BUILDDIR)/latex."
+
+.PHONY: text
+text:
+	$(SPHINXBUILD) -b text $(ALLSPHINXOPTS) $(BUILDDIR)/text
+	@echo
+	@echo "Build finished. The text files are in $(BUILDDIR)/text."
+
+.PHONY: man
+man:
+	$(SPHINXBUILD) -b man $(ALLSPHINXOPTS) $(BUILDDIR)/man
+	@echo
+	@echo "Build finished. The manual pages are in $(BUILDDIR)/man."
+
+.PHONY: texinfo
+texinfo:
+	$(SPHINXBUILD) -b texinfo $(ALLSPHINXOPTS) $(BUILDDIR)/texinfo
+	@echo
+	@echo "Build finished. The Texinfo files are in $(BUILDDIR)/texinfo."
+	@echo "Run \`make' in that directory to run these through makeinfo" \
+	      "(use \`make info' here to do that automatically)."
+
+.PHONY: info
+info:
+	$(SPHINXBUILD) -b texinfo $(ALLSPHINXOPTS) $(BUILDDIR)/texinfo
+	@echo "Running Texinfo files through makeinfo..."
+	make -C $(BUILDDIR)/texinfo info
+	@echo "makeinfo finished; the Info files are in $(BUILDDIR)/texinfo."
+
+.PHONY: gettext
+gettext:
+	$(SPHINXBUILD) -b gettext $(I18NSPHINXOPTS) $(BUILDDIR)/locale
+	@echo
+	@echo "Build finished. The message catalogs are in $(BUILDDIR)/locale."
+
+.PHONY: changes
+changes:
+	$(SPHINXBUILD) -b changes $(ALLSPHINXOPTS) $(BUILDDIR)/changes
+	@echo
+	@echo "The overview file is in $(BUILDDIR)/changes."
+
+.PHONY: linkcheck
+linkcheck:
+	$(SPHINXBUILD) -b linkcheck $(ALLSPHINXOPTS) $(BUILDDIR)/linkcheck
+	@echo
+	@echo "Link check complete; look for any errors in the above output " \
+	      "or in $(BUILDDIR)/linkcheck/output.txt."
+
+.PHONY: doctest
+doctest:
+	$(SPHINXBUILD) -b doctest $(ALLSPHINXOPTS) $(BUILDDIR)/doctest
+	@echo "Testing of doctests in the sources finished, look at the " \
+	      "results in $(BUILDDIR)/doctest/output.txt."
+
+.PHONY: coverage
+coverage:
+	$(SPHINXBUILD) -b coverage $(ALLSPHINXOPTS) $(BUILDDIR)/coverage
+	@echo "Testing of coverage in the sources finished, look at the " \
+	      "results in $(BUILDDIR)/coverage/python.txt."
+
+.PHONY: xml
+xml:
+	$(SPHINXBUILD) -b xml $(ALLSPHINXOPTS) $(BUILDDIR)/xml
+	@echo
+	@echo "Build finished. The XML files are in $(BUILDDIR)/xml."
+
+.PHONY: pseudoxml
+pseudoxml:
+	$(SPHINXBUILD) -b pseudoxml $(ALLSPHINXOPTS) $(BUILDDIR)/pseudoxml
+	@echo
+	@echo "Build finished. The pseudo-XML files are in $(BUILDDIR)/pseudoxml."
+
+.PHONY: dummy
+dummy:
+	$(SPHINXBUILD) -b dummy $(ALLSPHINXOPTS) $(BUILDDIR)/dummy
+	@echo
+	@echo "Build finished. Dummy builder generates no files."
diff --git a/src/immer/doc/_static/logo-black.svg b/src/immer/doc/_static/logo-black.svg
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000..370e047c4b301
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/immer/doc/_static/logo-black.svg
@@ -0,0 +1,100 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!-- Created with Inkscape (http://www.inkscape.org/) -->
+
+<svg
+   xmlns:dc="http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/"
+   xmlns:cc="http://creativecommons.org/ns#"
+   xmlns:rdf="http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#"
+   xmlns:svg="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"
+   xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"
+   xmlns:sodipodi="http://sodipodi.sourceforge.net/DTD/sodipodi-0.dtd"
+   xmlns:inkscape="http://www.inkscape.org/namespaces/inkscape"
+   width="437.76035"
+   height="141.89464"
+   viewBox="0 0 115.8241 37.542956"
+   version="1.1"
+   id="svg5447"
+   inkscape:version="0.92.1 r15371"
+   sodipodi:docname="logo-black.svg">
+  <defs
+     id="defs5441" />
+  <sodipodi:namedview
+     id="base"
+     pagecolor="#000000"
+     bordercolor="#8b8384"
+     borderopacity="1"
+     inkscape:pageopacity="0"
+     inkscape:pageshadow="2"
+     inkscape:zoom="0.35"
+     inkscape:cx="335.15011"
+     inkscape:cy="98.353481"
+     inkscape:document-units="mm"
+     inkscape:current-layer="g4502"
+     showgrid="false"
+     fit-margin-top="0"
+     fit-margin-left="0"
+     fit-margin-right="0"
+     fit-margin-bottom="0"
+     inkscape:window-width="1152"
+     inkscape:window-height="1080"
+     inkscape:window-x="1920"
+     inkscape:window-y="0"
+     inkscape:window-maximized="0"
+     units="px" />
+  <metadata
+     id="metadata5444">
+    <rdf:RDF>
+      <cc:Work
+         rdf:about="">
+        <dc:format>image/svg+xml</dc:format>
+        <dc:type
+           rdf:resource="http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage" />
+        <dc:title></dc:title>
+      </cc:Work>
+    </rdf:RDF>
+  </metadata>
+  <g
+     inkscape:label="Layer 1"
+     inkscape:groupmode="layer"
+     id="layer1"
+     transform="translate(6.8182189,-70.341619)">
+    <g
+       id="g4502"
+       transform="matrix(0.45286986,0,0,0.45286986,18.570763,48.756461)">
+      <g
+         id="g5321"
+         transform="matrix(0.28222223,0,0,0.28222223,263.62161,572.00923)"
+         style="fill:none;stroke:#ffffff">
+        <g
+           style="fill:none;stroke:#ffffff;stroke-width:20;stroke-miterlimit:4;stroke-dasharray:none"
+           transform="translate(303.46093,-4.9296877)"
+           id="g5317">
+          <path
+             id="rect5315"
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new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000..0282a2f7a41ff
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diff --git a/src/immer/doc/algorithms.rst b/src/immer/doc/algorithms.rst
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000..f7de519c05d9b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/immer/doc/algorithms.rst
@@ -0,0 +1,28 @@
+
+Algorithms
+==========
+
+This module provides overloads of standard algorithms that leverage
+the internal structure of the immutable containers to provide faster
+iteration. These are drop-in replacements of the respective STL
+algorithms that can be a few times faster when applied on immutable
+sequences.
+
+For further convenience they can be passed in just a container where
+the standard library algorithms require being passed in two iterators.
+
+.. note::
+
+   They are a similar idea to `structure-aware iterators`_
+   but implemented using higher order functions in order to support
+   structures of any depth.  The downside is that this sometimes
+   causes the compiler to generate bigger executable files.
+
+.. _structure-aware iterators: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=T3oA3zAMH9M
+
+
+-----
+
+.. doxygengroup:: algorithm
+   :project: immer
+   :content-only:
diff --git a/src/immer/doc/conf.py b/src/immer/doc/conf.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000..3c32cc505ba39
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/immer/doc/conf.py
@@ -0,0 +1,452 @@
+# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
+#
+# immer documentation build configuration file, created by
+# sphinx-quickstart on Thu Oct 27 18:10:24 2016.
+#
+# This file is execfile()d with the current directory set to its
+# containing dir.
+#
+# Note that not all possible configuration values are present in this
+# autogenerated file.
+#
+# All configuration values have a default; values that are commented out
+# serve to show the default.
+
+# If extensions (or modules to document with autodoc) are in another directory,
+# add these directories to sys.path here. If the directory is relative to the
+# documentation root, use os.path.abspath to make it absolute, like shown here.
+#
+# import os
+# import sys
+# sys.path.insert(0, os.path.abspath('.'))
+
+# -- General configuration ------------------------------------------------
+
+# If your documentation needs a minimal Sphinx version, state it here.
+#
+# needs_sphinx = '1.0'
+
+# Add any Sphinx extension module names here, as strings. They can be
+# extensions coming with Sphinx (named 'sphinx.ext.*') or your custom
+# ones.
+extensions = [
+    'sphinx.ext.mathjax',
+    'breathe',
+]
+
+breathe_projects = { "immer": "_doxygen/xml" }
+breathe_default_project = "immer"
+
+# Add any paths that contain templates here, relative to this directory.
+templates_path = ['_templates']
+
+# The suffix(es) of source filenames.
+# You can specify multiple suffix as a list of string:
+#
+from recommonmark.parser import CommonMarkParser
+from recommonmark.transform import AutoStructify
+source_parsers = { '.md': CommonMarkParser, }
+source_suffix = ['.rst', '.md']
+
+def setup(app):
+    app.add_config_value('recommonmark_config', {
+        'enable_eval_rst': True,
+    }, True)
+    app.add_transform(AutoStructify)
+
+# The encoding of source files.
+#
+# source_encoding = 'utf-8-sig'
+
+# The master toctree document.
+master_doc = 'index'
+
+# General information about the project.
+project = u'immer'
+copyright = u'2016, 2017 Juan Pedro Bolivar Puente'
+author = u'Juan Pedro Bolivar Puente'
+
+raw_enabled = True
+
+# The version info for the project you're documenting, acts as replacement for
+# |version| and |release|, also used in various other places throughout the
+# built documents.
+#
+# The short X.Y version.
+version = u'0.0.0'
+# The full version, including alpha/beta/rc tags.
+release = u'0.0.0'
+
+# The language for content autogenerated by Sphinx. Refer to documentation
+# for a list of supported languages.
+#
+# This is also used if you do content translation via gettext catalogs.
+# Usually you set "language" from the command line for these cases.
+language = None
+
+# There are two options for replacing |today|: either, you set today to some
+# non-false value, then it is used:
+#
+# today = ''
+#
+# Else, today_fmt is used as the format for a strftime call.
+#
+# today_fmt = '%B %d, %Y'
+
+# List of patterns, relative to source directory, that match files and
+# directories to ignore when looking for source files.
+# This patterns also effect to html_static_path and html_extra_path
+exclude_patterns = ['_build', 'Thumbs.db', '.DS_Store']
+
+# The reST default role (used for this markup: `text`) to use for all
+# documents.
+#
+# default_role = None
+
+# If true, '()' will be appended to :func: etc. cross-reference text.
+#
+# add_function_parentheses = True
+
+# If true, the current module name will be prepended to all description
+# unit titles (such as .. function::).
+#
+# add_module_names = True
+
+# If true, sectionauthor and moduleauthor directives will be shown in the
+# output. They are ignored by default.
+#
+# show_authors = False
+
+# The name of the Pygments (syntax highlighting) style to use.
+pygments_style = 'sphinx'
+
+# A list of ignored prefixes for module index sorting.
+# modindex_common_prefix = []
+
+# If true, keep warnings as "system message" paragraphs in the built documents.
+# keep_warnings = False
+
+# If true, `todo` and `todoList` produce output, else they produce nothing.
+todo_include_todos = False
+
+
+# -- Options for HTML output ----------------------------------------------
+
+# The theme to use for HTML and HTML Help pages.  See the documentation for
+# a list of builtin themes.
+#
+
+import sys
+import os.path
+sys.path.append(os.path.join(os.path.dirname(__file__),
+                             '../tools/sinusoidal-sphinx-theme'))
+
+import sinusoidal_sphinx_theme
+html_theme_path = sinusoidal_sphinx_theme.html_theme_path()
+html_theme = 'sinusoidal_sphinx_theme'
+extensions.append("sinusoidal_sphinx_theme")
+html_theme_options = {
+    "project_nav_name": "immer",
+    "github_link" : "https://github.com/arximboldi/immer",
+}
+
+# Theme options are theme-specific and customize the look and feel of a theme
+# further.  For a list of options available for each theme, see the
+# documentation.
+#
+# html_theme_options = {}
+
+# Add any paths that contain custom themes here, relative to this directory.
+# html_theme_path = []
+
+# The name for this set of Sphinx documents.
+# "<project> v<release> documentation" by default.
+#
+# html_title = u'immer v0.0.0'
+
+# A shorter title for the navigation bar.  Default is the same as html_title.
+#
+# html_short_title = None
+
+# The name of an image file (relative to this directory) to place at the top
+# of the sidebar.
+#
+html_logo = '_static/logo-black.svg'
+
+# The name of an image file (relative to this directory) to use as a favicon of
+# the docs.  This file should be a Windows icon file (.ico) being 16x16 or 32x32
+# pixels large.
+#
+# html_favicon = None
+
+# Add any paths that contain custom static files (such as style sheets) here,
+# relative to this directory. They are copied after the builtin static files,
+# so a file named "default.css" will overwrite the builtin "default.css".
+html_static_path = ['_static']
+
+# Add any extra paths that contain custom files (such as robots.txt or
+# .htaccess) here, relative to this directory. These files are copied
+# directly to the root of the documentation.
+#
+# html_extra_path = []
+
+# If not None, a 'Last updated on:' timestamp is inserted at every page
+# bottom, using the given strftime format.
+# The empty string is equivalent to '%b %d, %Y'.
+#
+# html_last_updated_fmt = None
+
+# If true, SmartyPants will be used to convert quotes and dashes to
+# typographically correct entities.
+#
+# html_use_smartypants = True
+
+# Custom sidebar templates, maps document names to template names.
+#
+# html_sidebars = {}
+
+# Additional templates that should be rendered to pages, maps page names to
+# template names.
+#
+# html_additional_pages = {}
+
+# If false, no module index is generated.
+#
+# html_domain_indices = True
+
+# If false, no index is generated.
+#
+# html_use_index = True
+
+# If true, the index is split into individual pages for each letter.
+#
+# html_split_index = False
+
+# If true, links to the reST sources are added to the pages.
+#
+# html_show_sourcelink = True
+
+# If true, "Created using Sphinx" is shown in the HTML footer. Default is True.
+#
+# html_show_sphinx = True
+
+# If true, "(C) Copyright ..." is shown in the HTML footer. Default is True.
+#
+# html_show_copyright = True
+
+# If true, an OpenSearch description file will be output, and all pages will
+# contain a <link> tag referring to it.  The value of this option must be the
+# base URL from which the finished HTML is served.
+#
+# html_use_opensearch = ''
+
+# This is the file name suffix for HTML files (e.g. ".xhtml").
+# html_file_suffix = None
+
+# Language to be used for generating the HTML full-text search index.
+# Sphinx supports the following languages:
+#   'da', 'de', 'en', 'es', 'fi', 'fr', 'hu', 'it', 'ja'
+#   'nl', 'no', 'pt', 'ro', 'ru', 'sv', 'tr', 'zh'
+#
+# html_search_language = 'en'
+
+# A dictionary with options for the search language support, empty by default.
+# 'ja' uses this config value.
+# 'zh' user can custom change `jieba` dictionary path.
+#
+# html_search_options = {'type': 'default'}
+
+# The name of a javascript file (relative to the configuration directory) that
+# implements a search results scorer. If empty, the default will be used.
+#
+# html_search_scorer = 'scorer.js'
+
+# Output file base name for HTML help builder.
+htmlhelp_basename = 'immerdoc'
+
+# -- Options for LaTeX output ---------------------------------------------
+
+latex_elements = {
+     # The paper size ('letterpaper' or 'a4paper').
+     #
+     # 'papersize': 'letterpaper',
+
+     # The font size ('10pt', '11pt' or '12pt').
+     #
+     # 'pointsize': '10pt',
+
+     # Additional stuff for the LaTeX preamble.
+     #
+     # 'preamble': '',
+
+     # Latex figure (float) alignment
+     #
+     # 'figure_align': 'htbp',
+}
+
+# Grouping the document tree into LaTeX files. List of tuples
+# (source start file, target name, title,
+#  author, documentclass [howto, manual, or own class]).
+latex_documents = [
+    (master_doc, 'immer.tex', u'immer Documentation',
+     u'Juan Pedro Bolivar Puente', 'manual'),
+]
+
+# The name of an image file (relative to this directory) to place at the top of
+# the title page.
+#
+# latex_logo = None
+
+# For "manual" documents, if this is true, then toplevel headings are parts,
+# not chapters.
+#
+# latex_use_parts = False
+
+# If true, show page references after internal links.
+#
+# latex_show_pagerefs = False
+
+# If true, show URL addresses after external links.
+#
+# latex_show_urls = False
+
+# Documents to append as an appendix to all manuals.
+#
+# latex_appendices = []
+
+# It false, will not define \strong, \code, 	itleref, \crossref ... but only
+# \sphinxstrong, ..., \sphinxtitleref, ... To help avoid clash with user added
+# packages.
+#
+# latex_keep_old_macro_names = True
+
+# If false, no module index is generated.
+#
+# latex_domain_indices = True
+
+
+# -- Options for manual page output ---------------------------------------
+
+# One entry per manual page. List of tuples
+# (source start file, name, description, authors, manual section).
+man_pages = [
+    (master_doc, 'immer', u'immer Documentation',
+     [author], 1)
+]
+
+# If true, show URL addresses after external links.
+#
+# man_show_urls = False
+
+
+# -- Options for Texinfo output -------------------------------------------
+
+# Grouping the document tree into Texinfo files. List of tuples
+# (source start file, target name, title, author,
+#  dir menu entry, description, category)
+texinfo_documents = [
+    (master_doc, 'immer', u'immer Documentation',
+     author, 'immer', 'One line description of project.',
+     'Miscellaneous'),
+]
+
+# Documents to append as an appendix to all manuals.
+#
+# texinfo_appendices = []
+
+# If false, no module index is generated.
+#
+# texinfo_domain_indices = True
+
+# How to display URL addresses: 'footnote', 'no', or 'inline'.
+#
+# texinfo_show_urls = 'footnote'
+
+# If true, do not generate a @detailmenu in the "Top" node's menu.
+#
+# texinfo_no_detailmenu = False
+
+
+# -- Options for Epub output ----------------------------------------------
+
+# Bibliographic Dublin Core info.
+epub_title = project
+epub_author = author
+epub_publisher = author
+epub_copyright = copyright
+
+# The basename for the epub file. It defaults to the project name.
+# epub_basename = project
+
+# The HTML theme for the epub output. Since the default themes are not
+# optimized for small screen space, using the same theme for HTML and epub
+# output is usually not wise. This defaults to 'epub', a theme designed to save
+# visual space.
+#
+# epub_theme = 'epub'
+
+# The language of the text. It defaults to the language option
+# or 'en' if the language is not set.
+#
+# epub_language = ''
+
+# The scheme of the identifier. Typical schemes are ISBN or URL.
+# epub_scheme = ''
+
+# The unique identifier of the text. This can be a ISBN number
+# or the project homepage.
+#
+# epub_identifier = ''
+
+# A unique identification for the text.
+#
+# epub_uid = ''
+
+# A tuple containing the cover image and cover page html template filenames.
+#
+# epub_cover = ()
+
+# A sequence of (type, uri, title) tuples for the guide element of content.opf.
+#
+# epub_guide = ()
+
+# HTML files that should be inserted before the pages created by sphinx.
+# The format is a list of tuples containing the path and title.
+#
+# epub_pre_files = []
+
+# HTML files that should be inserted after the pages created by sphinx.
+# The format is a list of tuples containing the path and title.
+#
+# epub_post_files = []
+
+# A list of files that should not be packed into the epub file.
+epub_exclude_files = ['search.html']
+
+# The depth of the table of contents in toc.ncx.
+#
+# epub_tocdepth = 3
+
+# Allow duplicate toc entries.
+#
+# epub_tocdup = True
+
+# Choose between 'default' and 'includehidden'.
+#
+# epub_tocscope = 'default'
+
+# Fix unsupported image types using the Pillow.
+#
+# epub_fix_images = False
+
+# Scale large images.
+#
+# epub_max_image_width = 0
+
+# How to display URL addresses: 'footnote', 'no', or 'inline'.
+#
+# epub_show_urls = 'inline'
+
+# If false, no index is generated.
+#
+# epub_use_index = True
diff --git a/src/immer/doc/containers.rst b/src/immer/doc/containers.rst
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000..c6913ba4a5e58
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/immer/doc/containers.rst
@@ -0,0 +1,50 @@
+.. highlight:: c++
+
+Containers
+==========
+
+This section describes all the containers provided by the library.
+Check the :ref:`design` section for a general discussion of these
+containers and how to use them.
+
+box
+---
+
+.. doxygenclass:: immer::box
+    :members:
+    :undoc-members:
+
+array
+-----
+
+.. doxygenclass:: immer::array
+    :members:
+    :undoc-members:
+
+vector
+------
+
+.. doxygenclass:: immer::vector
+    :members:
+    :undoc-members:
+
+flex_vector
+-----------
+
+.. doxygenclass:: immer::flex_vector
+    :members:
+    :undoc-members:
+
+set
+---
+
+.. doxygenclass:: immer::set
+    :members:
+    :undoc-members:
+
+map
+---
+
+.. doxygenclass:: immer::map
+    :members:
+    :undoc-members:
diff --git a/src/immer/doc/design.rst b/src/immer/doc/design.rst
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000..27d29e9e617af
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/immer/doc/design.rst
@@ -0,0 +1,268 @@
+.. _design:
+
+Design
+======
+
+This is a library of **immutable containers**.
+
+These containers have all their methods marked ``const``.  Instead of
+mutating them *in place*, they provide manipulation functions that
+*return a new transformed value*, leaving the original value
+unaltered.  In the context of data-structures, this property of
+preserving old values is called **persistence**.
+
+Most of these containers use data-structures in which these operations
+can be done *efficiently*.  In particular, not all data is copied when
+a new value is produced.  Instead, the new values may share,
+internally, common data with other objects.  We sometimes refer to
+this property as **structural sharing**.  This behaviour is
+transparent to the user.
+
+Assigment
+---------
+
+We are sorry, we lied. These containers provide *one mutating
+operation*: **assignment** --- i.e. ``operator=``.
+
+There is a good reason: without ``operator=`` everything becomes
+complicated in C++.  For example, one may not contain non-assignable
+types in many standard containers, assignment would also be disabled
+from your custom types holding immutable containers, and so on and so
+forth.
+
+C++ is a multi-paradigm language with an imperative core.  Thus, it is
+built on the foundation that *variables* can be mutated ---
+i.e. assigned to.  We don't want to ride against this tide.  What we
+want to prevent is in-place *object* manipulation.  Because of C++
+semantics, *variable* assignment is defined in terms of *object
+mutation*, so we have to provide *this very particular mutating
+operation*, but nothing else.  Of course, you are free to mark your
+variables ``const`` to completely forbid assignment.
+
+.. warning::
+
+   **Assignment is not thread safe**.  When a *mutable* variable is
+   shared across multiple threads, protect access using some other
+   mechanism.
+
+   For obvious reasons, all other methods, which are ``const``, are
+   thread-safe.  It is safe to share *immutable* state across multiple
+   threads.
+
+To ``const`` or not to ``const``
+--------------------------------
+
+Many C++ programmers, influenced by functional programming, are trying
+to escape the evils of mutability by using ``const`` whenever
+possible.  We also do it ourselves in many of our examples to
+reinforce the property of immutability.
+
+While in general this is a good practice backed up with very good
+intentions, it has one caveat: *it disables moveability*.  It does so
+even when ``std::move()`` is used.  This makes sense, since moving from
+an object may mutate it, and ``const``, my friends, prevents *all*
+mutations.  For example:
+
+.. literalinclude:: ../example/vector/move.cpp
+   :language: c++
+   :start-after: move-bad/start
+   :end-before:  move-bad/end
+
+One may think that the variable ``v`` is moved into the
+``push_back()`` call.  This is not the case, because the variable
+``v`` is marked ``const``.  Of course, one may enable the move by
+removing it, as in:
+
+.. literalinclude:: ../example/vector/move.cpp
+   :language: c++
+   :start-after: move-good/start
+   :end-before:  move-good/end
+
+So, is it bad style then to use ``const`` as much as possible?  I
+wouldn't say so and it is advisable when ``std::move()`` is not used.
+An alternative style is to not use ``const`` but adopt an `AAA-style
+<aaa>`_ (*Almost Always use Auto*).  This way, it is easy to look for
+mutations by looking for lines that contain ``=`` but no ``auto``.
+Remember that when using our immutable containers ``operator=`` is the
+only way to mutate a variable.
+
+.. _aaa: https://herbsutter.com/2013/08/12/gotw-94-solution-aaa-style-almost-always-auto/
+
+.. admonition:: Why does ``const`` prevent move semantics?
+
+   For those adventurous into the grainy details C++, here is why.
+   ``std::move()`` does not move anything, it is just *a cast* from
+   normal *l-value* references (``T&``) to *r-value* reference
+   (``T&&``).  This is, you pass it a variable, and it returns a
+   reference to its object disguised as an intermediate result.  In
+   exchange, you promise not to do anything with this variable later
+   [#f1]_. It is the role of the thing that *receives the moved-from
+   value* (in the previous example, ``push_back``) to actually do
+   anything interesting with it --- for example, steal its contents
+   😈.
+
+   So if you pass a ``T&`` to ``std::move()`` you get a ``T&&`` and,
+   unsurprisingly, if you pass a ``const T&`` you get a ``const T&&``.
+   But the receivers of the moved-from value (like constructors or our
+   ``push_back()``) maybe be moved-into because they provide an
+   overload that expects ``T&&`` --- without the ``const``!  Since a
+   ``const T&&`` can not be converted into a ``T&&``, the compiler
+   looks up for you another viable overload, and most often finds a
+   copy constructor or something alike that expects a ``const T&`` or
+   just ``T``, to which a ``const T&&`` can be converted.  The code
+   compiles and works correctly, but it is less efficient than we
+   expected.  Our call to ``std::move()`` was fruitless.
+
+   .. [#f1] For the sake of completeness: it is actually allowed to do stuff
+            with the variable *after another value is assigned to it*.
+
+.. _move-semantics:
+
+Leveraging move semantics
+-------------------------
+
+When using :ref:`reference counting<rc>` (which is the default)
+mutating operations can often be faster when operating on *r-value
+references* (temporaries and moved-from values).  Note that this
+removes *persistence*, since one can not access the moved-from value
+anymore!  However, this may be a good idea when doing a chain of
+operations where the intermediate values are not important to us.
+
+For example, let's say we want to write a function that inserts all
+integers in the range :math:`[first, last)` into an immutable vector.
+From the point of view of the caller of the function, this function is
+a *transaction*.  Whatever intermediate vectors are generated inside
+of it can be discarded since the caller can only see the initial
+vector (the one passed in as argument) and the vector with *all* the
+elements.  We may write such function like this:
+
+.. literalinclude:: ../example/vector/iota-move.cpp
+   :language: c++
+   :start-after: myiota/start
+   :end-before:  myiota/end
+
+The intermediate values are *moved* into the next ``push_back()``
+call.  They are going to be discarded anyways, this little
+``std::move`` just makes the whole thing faster, letting ``push_back``
+mutate part of the internal data structure in place when possible.
+
+If you don't like this syntax, :doc:`transients<transients>` may be
+used to obtain similar performance benefits.
+
+.. admonition:: Assigment guarantees
+
+   From the language point of view, the only requirement on moved from
+   values is that they should still be destructible.  We provide the
+   following two additional guarantees:
+
+   - **It is valid to assign to a moved-from variable**.  The variable
+     gets the assigned value and becomes usable again.  This is the
+     behaviour of standard types.
+
+   - **It is valid to assign a moved-from variable to itself**.  For
+     most standard types this is *undefined behaviour*.  However, for our
+     immutable containers types, expressions of the form ``v =
+     std::move(v)`` are well-defined.
+
+Recursive types
+---------------
+
+Most containers will fail to be instantiated with a type of unknown
+size, this is, an *incomplete type*.  This prevents using them for
+building recursive types.  The following code fails to compile:
+
+.. code-block:: c++
+
+  struct my_type
+  {
+      int data;
+      immer::vector<my_type> children;
+  };
+
+However, we can easily workaround this by using an ``immer::box`` to wrap
+the elements in the vector, as in:
+
+.. code-block:: c++
+
+  struct my_type
+  {
+      int data;
+      immer::vector<immer::box<my_type>> children;
+  };
+
+.. admonition:: Standard containers and incomplete types
+
+  While the first example might seem to compile when using some
+  implementations of ``std::vector`` instead of ``immer::vector``, such
+  use is actually forbidden by the standard:
+
+    **17.6.4.8** *Other functions (...)* 2. the effects are undefined in
+    the following cases: (...) In particular---if an incomplete type (3.9)
+    is used as a template argument when instantiating a template
+    component, unless specifically allowed for that component.
+
+.. _batch-update:
+Efficient batch manipulations
+-----------------------------
+
+Sometimes you may write a function that needs to do multiple changes
+to a container.  Like most code you write with this library, this
+function is *pure*: it takes one container value in, and produces a
+new container value out, no side-effects.
+
+Let's say we want to write a function that inserts all integers in the
+range :math:`[first, last)` into an immutable vector:
+
+.. literalinclude:: ../example/vector/iota-slow.cpp
+   :language: c++
+   :start-after: include:myiota/start
+   :end-before:  include:myiota/end
+
+This function works as expected, but it is slower than necessary.
+On every loop iteration, a new value is produced, just to be
+forgotten in the next iteration.
+
+Instead, we can grab a mutable view on the value, a :ref:`transient`.
+Then, we manipulate it *in-place*.  When we are done with it, we
+extract back an immutable value from it.  The code now looks like
+this:
+
+.. _iota-transient:
+
+.. literalinclude:: ../example/vector/iota-transient.cpp
+   :language: c++
+   :start-after: include:myiota/start
+   :end-before:  include:myiota/end
+
+Both conversions are :math:`O(1)`.  Note that calling ``transient()``
+does not break the immutability of the variable it is called on.  The
+new mutable object will adopt its contents, but when a mutation is
+performed, it will copy the data necessary using *copy on write*.
+Subsequent manipulations may hit parts that have already been copied,
+and these changes are done in-place.  Because of this, it does not
+make sense to use transients to do only one change.
+
+.. tip::
+
+   Note that :ref:`move semantics<move-semantics>` can be used instead to
+   support a similar use-case.  However, transients optimise updates
+   even when reference counting is disabled.
+
+.. _std-compat:
+Standard library compatibility
+------------------------------
+
+While the immutable containers provide an interface that follows a
+functional style, this is incompatible with what the standard library
+algorithms sometimes expect. :ref:`transients` try to provide an
+interface as similar as possible to similar standard library
+containers.  Thus, can also be used to interoperate with standard
+library components.
+
+For example the :ref:`myiota() function above<iota-transient>` may as
+well be written using standard library tools:
+
+.. literalinclude:: ../example/vector/iota-transient-std.cpp
+   :language: c++
+   :start-after: include:myiota/start
+   :end-before:  include:myiota/end
diff --git a/src/immer/doc/doxygen.config b/src/immer/doc/doxygen.config
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000..b6002b8d8f073
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/immer/doc/doxygen.config
@@ -0,0 +1,23 @@
+PROJECT_NAME     = "immer"
+OUTPUT_DIRECTORY = _doxygen
+GENERATE_LATEX   = NO
+GENERATE_MAN     = NO
+GENERATE_RTF     = NO
+GENERATE_HTML    = NO
+GENERATE_XML     = YES
+INPUT            = \
+                 ../immer \
+                 ../immer/heap \
+                 ../immer/refcount \
+                 ../immer/transience
+INCLUDE_PATH     = ..
+QUIET            = YES
+
+JAVADOC_AUTOBRIEF = YES
+ENABLE_PREPROCESSING = YES
+MARKDOWN_SUPPORT = YES
+MACRO_EXPANSION = YES
+
+ALIASES  = "rst=\verbatim embed:rst:leading-asterisk\n"
+ALIASES += "endrst=\n\endverbatim"
+ALIASES += "rst{1}=\rst\1\endrst"
diff --git a/src/immer/doc/guile.rst b/src/immer/doc/guile.rst
new file mode 120000
index 0000000000000..dfda6df878f47
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/immer/doc/guile.rst
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+../extra/guile/README.rst
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/src/immer/doc/implementation.rst b/src/immer/doc/implementation.rst
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000..3bfdd9c2b8129
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/immer/doc/implementation.rst
@@ -0,0 +1,6 @@
+Implementation overview
+=======================
+
+.. image:: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e6/%22Work_in_progress%22%2C_animated.gif
+   :alt: Work in Progress
+   :align: center
diff --git a/src/immer/doc/index.rst b/src/immer/doc/index.rst
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000..311549c74bcd9
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/immer/doc/index.rst
@@ -0,0 +1,31 @@
+
+.. include:: ../README.rst
+   :end-before: include:index/end
+
+Contents
+--------
+
+.. toctree::
+   :caption: User Manual
+   :maxdepth: 3
+
+   introduction
+   design
+   containers
+   transients
+   algorithms
+   utilities
+   memory
+
+.. toctree::
+   :caption: Experimental
+   :maxdepth: 3
+
+   python
+   guile
+
+----
+
+* :ref:`genindex`
+* :ref:`modindex`
+* :ref:`search`
diff --git a/src/immer/doc/introduction.rst b/src/immer/doc/introduction.rst
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000..2445cf9df8237
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/immer/doc/introduction.rst
@@ -0,0 +1,6 @@
+
+Introduction
+============
+
+.. include:: ../README.rst
+   :start-after: include:introduction/start
diff --git a/src/immer/doc/memory.rst b/src/immer/doc/memory.rst
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000..3138b249f3f32
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/immer/doc/memory.rst
@@ -0,0 +1,204 @@
+Memory management
+=================
+
+Memory management is specially important for immutable data
+structures.  This is mainly due to:
+
+#. In order to preserve the old value, new memory has to be allocated
+   to store the new data whenever a container is manipulated.  Thus,
+   more allocations are performed *when changing* than with traditional
+   mutable data structures.
+
+#. In order to support *structural sharing* transparently, some kind
+   of garbage collection mechanism is required.  Passing immutable
+   data structures around is, internally, just passing references,
+   thus the system needs to figure out somehow when old values are not
+   referenced anymore and should be deallocated.
+
+Thus, most containers in this library can be customized via policies_
+in order to use different *allocation* and *garbage collection*
+strategies.
+
+.. doxygentypedef:: immer::default_memory_policy
+.. doxygentypedef:: immer::default_heap_policy
+.. doxygentypedef:: immer::default_refcount_policy
+
+.. _policies: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Policy-based_design
+
+.. _memory policy:
+
+Memory policy
+-------------
+
+.. doxygenstruct:: immer::memory_policy
+    :members:
+    :undoc-members:
+
+.. _gc:
+
+Example: tracing garbage collection
+~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+
+It is note worthy that all aspects of a
+:cpp:class:`immer::memory_policy` are not completely orthogonal.
+
+Let's say you want to use a `tracing garbage collector`_. Actually, we
+already provide :cpp:class:`a heap <immer::gc_heap>` that interfaces
+with the `Boehm's conservative garbage collector`_.  Chunks of memory
+allocated with this heap do not need to be deallocated, instead, after
+a certain number of allocations, the heap itself will scan the stack
+and all allocated memory to find references to other blocks of memory.
+The memory that is not referenced anymore is automatically *freed*.
+Thus, no reference counting mechanism is needed, and it makes no sense
+to use this heap with anything else than the
+:cpp:class:`immer::no_refcount_policy`.  Also, a big object can be
+separated in parts that contain pointers and parts that do not, which
+make scanning references faster.  So it makes most sense to use
+``prefer_fewer_bigger_objects = false``.
+
+.. note:: There are few considerations to note when using
+          :cpp:class:`gc_heap` with containers.  Please make sure to
+          read :cpp:class:`its documentation section <immer::gc_heap>`
+          before using it.
+
+.. literalinclude:: ../example/vector/gc.cpp
+   :language: c++
+   :start-after: example/start
+   :end-before:  example/end
+
+
+.. _boehm's conservative garbage collector: https://github.com/ivmai/bdwgc
+.. _tracing garbage collector: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tracing_garbage_collection
+
+Heaps
+-----
+
+A **heap policy** is a `metafunction class`_ that given the sizes of
+the objects that we want to allocate, it *returns* a heap that can
+allocate objects of those sizes.
+
+.. _metafunction class: http://www.boost.org/doc/libs/1_62_0/libs/mpl/doc/refmanual/metafunction-class.html
+
+A **heap** is a type with a methods ``void* allocate(std::size_t)``
+and ``void deallocate(void*)`` that return and release raw memory.
+For a canonical model of this concept check the
+:cpp:class:`immer::cpp_heap`.
+
+.. note:: Currently, *heaps* can only have **global state**.  Having
+          internal state poses conceptual problems for immutable data
+          structures: should a `const` method of a container modify
+          its internal allocator state?  Should every immutable
+          container object have its own internal state, or new objects
+          made from another one just keep a reference to the allocator
+          of the parent?
+
+          On the other hand, having some **scoped state** does make
+          sense for some use-cases of immutable data structures.  For
+          example, we might want to support variations of `region
+          based allocation`_.  This interface might evolve to evolve
+          to support some kind of non-global state to accommodate
+          these use cases.
+
+.. _region based allocation: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Region-based_memory_management
+
+.. admonition:: Why not use the standard allocator interface?
+
+   The standard allocator API was not designed to support different
+   allocation strategies, but to abstract over the underlying memory
+   model instead.  In C++11 the situation improves, but the new API is
+   *stateful*, posing various challenges as described in the previous
+   note.  So far it was easier to provide our own allocation
+   interface.  In the future, we will provide adaptors so
+   standard-compatible allocators can also be used with ``immer``.
+
+Heap policies
+~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+
+.. doxygenstruct:: immer::heap_policy
+   :members:
+   :undoc-members:
+
+.. doxygenstruct:: immer::free_list_heap_policy
+
+Standard heap
+~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+
+.. doxygenstruct:: immer::cpp_heap
+   :members:
+
+Malloc heap
+~~~~~~~~~~~
+
+.. doxygenstruct:: immer::malloc_heap
+   :members:
+
+Garbage collected heap
+~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+
+.. doxygenclass:: immer::gc_heap
+
+Heap adaptors
+~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+
+Inspired by `Andrei Alexandrescu's talk on allocators <allocation
+vexation>`_ and `Emery Berger's heap layers <heap layers>`_ we provide
+allocator adaptors that can be combined using C++ mixins.  These
+enable building more complex allocator out of simpler strategies, or
+provide application specific optimizations on top of general
+allocators.
+
+.. _allocation vexation: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LIb3L4vKZ7U
+.. _heap layers: https://github.com/emeryberger/Heap-Layers
+
+.. doxygenstruct:: immer::with_data
+
+.. doxygenstruct:: immer::free_list_heap
+
+.. doxygenstruct:: immer::thread_local_free_list_heap
+
+.. doxygenstruct:: immer::unsafe_free_list_heap
+
+.. doxygenstruct:: immer::identity_heap
+
+.. doxygenstruct:: immer::debug_size_heap
+
+.. doxygenstruct:: immer::split_heap
+
+.. _rc:
+
+Reference counting
+------------------
+
+`Reference counting`_ is the most commonly used garbage collection
+strategy for C++.  It can be implemented non-intrusively, in a way
+orthogonal to the allocation strategy. It is deterministic, playing
+well with RAII_.
+
+A `memory policy`_ can provide a reference counting strategy that
+containers can use to track their contents.
+
+.. _reference counting: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reference_counting
+.. _raii: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Resource_acquisition_is_initialization
+
+.. doxygenstruct:: immer::refcount_policy
+
+.. doxygenstruct:: immer::unsafe_refcount_policy
+
+.. doxygenstruct:: immer::no_refcount_policy
+
+Transience
+----------
+
+In order to support `transients`, it is needed to provide a mechanism
+to track the ownership of the data allocated inside the container.
+This concept is encapsulated in *transience policies*.
+
+Note that when :ref:`reference counting <rc>` is available, no such mechanism is
+needed.  However, when :ref:`tracing garbage collection<gc>` is used instead,
+a special policy has to be provided.  Otherwise, the transient API is
+still available, but it will perform poorly, since it won't be able to
+mutate any data in place.
+
+.. doxygenstruct:: immer::no_transience_policy
+
+.. doxygenstruct:: immer::gc_transience_policy
diff --git a/src/immer/doc/python.rst b/src/immer/doc/python.rst
new file mode 120000
index 0000000000000..4266420dfb5ba
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/immer/doc/python.rst
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+../extra/python/README.rst
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/src/immer/doc/requirements.txt b/src/immer/doc/requirements.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000..4d0744feec586
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/immer/doc/requirements.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,3 @@
+git+https://github.com/arximboldi/sphinx.git
+git+https://github.com/arximboldi/breathe.git
+recommonmark
diff --git a/src/immer/doc/sphinx-html-hack.bash b/src/immer/doc/sphinx-html-hack.bash
new file mode 100755
index 0000000000000..1dccb9265dd05
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/immer/doc/sphinx-html-hack.bash
@@ -0,0 +1,101 @@
+#!/bin/bash
+
+location=`dirname $0`
+
+echo "Running $0 at $location"
+
+# Fixes issues described here among others
+# https://github.com/michaeljones/breathe/issues/284
+
+fix-missing-class-name()
+{
+    src='<span id="\([^"]*\)"></span>\(.*\)<em class="property">class </em>'
+    dst='<span id=""></span>\2<em class="property">class</em><tt class="descname">\1</tt>'
+    sed -i "s@$src@$dst@g" $location/_build/html/*.html
+}
+
+fix-missing-struct-name()
+{
+    src='<span id="\([^"]*\)"></span>\(.*\)<em class="property">struct </em>'
+    dst='<span id=""></span>\2<em class="property">struct</em><tt class="descname">\1</tt>'
+    sed -i "s@$src@$dst@g" $location/_build/html/*.html
+}
+
+fix-double-using-keyword()
+{
+    src='<em class="property">using</em><em class="property">using </em>'
+    dst='<em class="property">using </em>'
+    sed -i "s@$src@$dst@g" $location/_build/html/*.html
+}
+
+fix-do-not-repeat-type-in-member-using-declaration()
+{
+    src='<em class="property">using </em><code class="descname">\(\([^:]*::\)*\)\([^ ]*\) = \([^<]*\)</code>'
+    dst='<em class="property">using </em><code class="descname">\3 = \4</code>'
+    sed -i "s@$src@$dst@g" $location/_build/html/*.html
+}
+fix-do-not-repeat-type-in-member-using-declaration
+
+fix-remove-double-class-name()
+{
+    # src='<code class="descclassname">\([^&]*\)&lt;\([^&]*\)&gt;::</code>'
+    # dst='<code class="descclassname">\1::</code>'
+    src='<code class="descclassname">\([^<]*\)</code>'
+    dst=''
+    sed -i "s@$src@$dst@g" $location/_build/html/*.html
+}
+
+fix-remove-straneous-typedefs()
+{
+    src='typedef '
+    dst=''
+    sed -i "s@$src@$dst@g" $location/_build/html/*.html
+}
+
+fix-remove-straneous-typedefs-2()
+{
+    src='= typedef '
+    dst='= '
+    sed -i "s@$src@$dst@g" $location/_build/html/*.html
+}
+fix-remove-straneous-typedefs-2
+
+fix-remove-straneous-using-declarations()
+{
+    src='<em class="property">using </em>template&lt;&gt;<br />'
+    dst=''
+    sed -i "s@$src@$dst@g" $location/_build/html/*.html
+}
+
+fix-remove-straneous-template-in-using-declarations-1()
+{
+    src='\(<dl class="type">\n<dt[^>]*>\)\ntemplate&lt;&gt;<br />'
+    dst='\1'
+    pre=':a;N;$!ba;'
+    sed -i "$pre;s@$src@$dst@g" $location/_build/html/*.html
+}
+fix-remove-straneous-template-in-using-declarations-1
+
+fix-remove-straneous-template-in-using-declarations-2()
+{
+    src='></span>template&lt;&gt;<br /><span '
+    dst='></span><span '
+    sed -i "s@$src@$dst@g" $location/_build/html/*.html
+}
+fix-remove-straneous-template-in-using-declarations-2
+
+fix-remove-countainer-css-class-in-member-definitions-causing-overflow()
+{
+    src='breathe-sectiondef\([[:alnum:] _-]*\)container'
+    dst='breathe-sectiondef'
+    sed -i "s@$src@$dst@g" $location/_build/html/*.html
+}
+fix-remove-countainer-css-class-in-member-definitions-causing-overflow
+
+fix-remove-inherits-from()
+{
+    src='<p>Inherits from [^/]*</p>'
+    dst=''
+    sed -i "s@$src@$dst@g" $location/_build/html/*.html
+}
+fix-remove-inherits-from
diff --git a/src/immer/doc/transients.rst b/src/immer/doc/transients.rst
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000..9b385d4db5c6e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/immer/doc/transients.rst
@@ -0,0 +1,51 @@
+.. _transient:
+
+Transients
+==========
+
+*Transients* is a concept borrowed `from Clojure
+<clojure-transients>`_, with some twists to turn make more idiomatic
+in C++.  Essentially, they are a mutable interface built on top of the
+same data structures the implements the immutable containers under the
+hood.
+
+These can be useful for :ref:`performing efficient batch
+updates<batch-update>` or :ref:`interfacing with standard
+algorithms<std-compat>`.
+
+.. _clojure-transients: https://clojure.org/reference/transients
+
+array_transient
+---------------
+
+.. doxygenclass:: immer::array_transient
+    :members:
+    :undoc-members:
+
+vector_transient
+----------------
+
+.. doxygenclass:: immer::vector_transient
+    :members:
+    :undoc-members:
+
+flex_vector_transient
+---------------------
+
+.. doxygenclass:: immer::flex_vector_transient
+    :members:
+    :undoc-members:
+
+set_transient
+-------------
+
+.. doxygenclass:: immer::set_transient
+    :members:
+    :undoc-members:
+
+map_transient
+-------------
+
+.. doxygenclass:: immer::map_transient
+    :members:
+    :undoc-members:
diff --git a/src/immer/doc/utilities.rst b/src/immer/doc/utilities.rst
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000..eaeea475c2633
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/immer/doc/utilities.rst
@@ -0,0 +1,15 @@
+.. highlight:: c++
+
+Utilities
+=========
+
+The library provides also some types that, while they are not exactly
+immutable data-structures, they are very useful when using immutable
+data-structures and value-oriented design in practice.
+
+atom
+----
+
+.. doxygenclass:: immer::atom
+    :members:
+    :undoc-members:
diff --git a/src/immer/example/CMakeLists.txt b/src/immer/example/CMakeLists.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000..2aa0f554279dd
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/immer/example/CMakeLists.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,17 @@
+
+#  Targets
+#  =======
+
+add_custom_target(examples
+  COMMENT "Build all examples.")
+add_dependencies(check examples)
+
+file(GLOB_RECURSE immer_examples "*.cpp")
+foreach(_file IN LISTS immer_examples)
+  immer_target_name_for(_target _output "${_file}")
+  add_executable(${_target} EXCLUDE_FROM_ALL "${_file}")
+  add_dependencies(examples ${_target})
+  set_target_properties(${_target} PROPERTIES OUTPUT_NAME ${_output})
+  target_link_libraries(${_target} PUBLIC immer-dev)
+  add_test("example/${_output}" ${_output})
+endforeach()
diff --git a/src/immer/example/array/array.cpp b/src/immer/example/array/array.cpp
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000..43972ad61a212
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/immer/example/array/array.cpp
@@ -0,0 +1,54 @@
+//
+// immer: immutable data structures for C++
+// Copyright (C) 2016, 2017, 2018 Juan Pedro Bolivar Puente
+//
+// This software is distributed under the Boost Software License, Version 1.0.
+// See accompanying file LICENSE or copy at http://boost.org/LICENSE_1_0.txt
+//
+
+#include <immer/array.hpp>
+
+#include <cassert>
+
+int main()
+{
+    {
+        // include:push-back/start
+        auto v1 = immer::array<int>{1};
+        auto v2 = v1.push_back(8);
+
+        assert((v1 == immer::array<int>{1}));
+        assert((v2 == immer::array<int>{1, 8}));
+        // include:push-back/end
+    }
+
+    {
+        // include:set/start
+        auto v1 = immer::array<int>{1, 2, 3};
+        auto v2 = v1.set(0, 5);
+
+        assert((v1 == immer::array<int>{1, 2, 3}));
+        assert((v2 == immer::array<int>{5, 2, 3}));
+        // include:set/end
+    }
+
+    {
+        // include:update/start
+        auto v1 = immer::array<int>{1, 2, 3, 4};
+        auto v2 = v1.update(2, [&](auto l) { return ++l; });
+
+        assert((v1 == immer::array<int>{1, 2, 3, 4}));
+        assert((v2 == immer::array<int>{1, 2, 4, 4}));
+        // include:update/end
+    }
+
+    {
+        // include:take/start
+        auto v1 = immer::array<int>{1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6};
+        auto v2 = v1.take(3);
+
+        assert((v1 == immer::array<int>{1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6}));
+        assert((v2 == immer::array<int>{1, 2, 3}));
+        // include:take/end
+    }
+}
diff --git a/src/immer/example/box/box.cpp b/src/immer/example/box/box.cpp
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000..8f045e8876ecc
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/immer/example/box/box.cpp
@@ -0,0 +1,25 @@
+//
+// immer: immutable data structures for C++
+// Copyright (C) 2016, 2017, 2018 Juan Pedro Bolivar Puente
+//
+// This software is distributed under the Boost Software License, Version 1.0.
+// See accompanying file LICENSE or copy at http://boost.org/LICENSE_1_0.txt
+//
+
+#include <immer/box.hpp>
+
+#include <cassert>
+#include <string>
+
+int main()
+{
+    {
+        // include:update/start
+        auto v1 = immer::box<std::string>{"hello"};
+        auto v2 = v1.update([&](auto l) { return l + ", world!"; });
+
+        assert((v1 == immer::box<std::string>{"hello"}));
+        assert((v2 == immer::box<std::string>{"hello, world!"}));
+        // include:update/end
+    }
+}
diff --git a/src/immer/example/flex-vector/flex-vector.cpp b/src/immer/example/flex-vector/flex-vector.cpp
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000..7c8a7793393cb
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/immer/example/flex-vector/flex-vector.cpp
@@ -0,0 +1,103 @@
+//
+// immer: immutable data structures for C++
+// Copyright (C) 2016, 2017, 2018 Juan Pedro Bolivar Puente
+//
+// This software is distributed under the Boost Software License, Version 1.0.
+// See accompanying file LICENSE or copy at http://boost.org/LICENSE_1_0.txt
+//
+
+#include <immer/flex_vector.hpp>
+
+#include <cassert>
+
+int main()
+{
+    {
+        // include:push-back/start
+        auto v1 = immer::flex_vector<int>{1};
+        auto v2 = v1.push_back(8);
+
+        assert((v1 == immer::flex_vector<int>{1}));
+        assert((v2 == immer::flex_vector<int>{1, 8}));
+        // include:push-back/end
+    }
+    {
+        // include:push-front/start
+        auto v1 = immer::flex_vector<int>{1};
+        auto v2 = v1.push_front(8);
+
+        assert((v1 == immer::flex_vector<int>{1}));
+        assert((v2 == immer::flex_vector<int>{8, 1}));
+        // include:push-front/end
+    }
+
+    {
+        // include:set/start
+        auto v1 = immer::flex_vector<int>{1, 2, 3};
+        auto v2 = v1.set(0, 5);
+
+        assert((v1 == immer::flex_vector<int>{1, 2, 3}));
+        assert((v2 == immer::flex_vector<int>{5, 2, 3}));
+        // include:set/end
+    }
+
+    {
+        // include:update/start
+        auto v1 = immer::flex_vector<int>{1, 2, 3, 4};
+        auto v2 = v1.update(2, [&](auto l) { return ++l; });
+
+        assert((v1 == immer::flex_vector<int>{1, 2, 3, 4}));
+        assert((v2 == immer::flex_vector<int>{1, 2, 4, 4}));
+        // include:update/end
+    }
+
+    {
+        // include:take/start
+        auto v1 = immer::flex_vector<int>{1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6};
+        auto v2 = v1.take(3);
+
+        assert((v1 == immer::flex_vector<int>{1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6}));
+        assert((v2 == immer::flex_vector<int>{1, 2, 3}));
+        // include:take/end
+    }
+
+    {
+        // include:drop/start
+        auto v1 = immer::flex_vector<int>{1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6};
+        auto v2 = v1.drop(3);
+
+        assert((v1 == immer::flex_vector<int>{1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6}));
+        assert((v2 == immer::flex_vector<int>{4, 5, 6}));
+        // include:drop/end
+    }
+
+    {
+        // include:insert/start
+        auto v1 = immer::flex_vector<int>{1, 2, 3};
+        auto v2 = v1.insert(0, 0);
+
+        assert((v1 == immer::flex_vector<int>{1, 2, 3}));
+        assert((v2 == immer::flex_vector<int>{0, 1, 2, 3}));
+        // include:insert/end
+    }
+
+    {
+        // include:erase/start
+        auto v1 = immer::flex_vector<int>{1, 2, 3, 4, 5};
+        auto v2 = v1.erase(2);
+
+        assert((v1 == immer::flex_vector<int>{1, 2, 3, 4, 5}));
+        assert((v2 == immer::flex_vector<int>{1, 2, 4, 5}));
+        // include:erase/end
+    }
+
+    {
+        // include:concat/start
+        auto v1 = immer::flex_vector<int>{1, 2, 3};
+        auto v2 = v1 + v1;
+
+        assert((v1 == immer::flex_vector<int>{1, 2, 3}));
+        assert((v2 == immer::flex_vector<int>{1, 2, 3, 1, 2, 3}));
+        // include:concat/end
+    }
+}
diff --git a/src/immer/example/map/intro.cpp b/src/immer/example/map/intro.cpp
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000..94222f99b31b7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/immer/example/map/intro.cpp
@@ -0,0 +1,23 @@
+//
+// immer: immutable data structures for C++
+// Copyright (C) 2016, 2017, 2018 Juan Pedro Bolivar Puente
+//
+// This software is distributed under the Boost Software License, Version 1.0.
+// See accompanying file LICENSE or copy at http://boost.org/LICENSE_1_0.txt
+//
+
+#include <string>
+// include:intro/start
+#include <immer/map.hpp>
+int main()
+{
+    const auto v0 = immer::map<std::string, int>{};
+    const auto v1 = v0.set("hello", 42);
+    assert(v0["hello"] == 0);
+    assert(v1["hello"] == 42);
+
+    const auto v2 = v1.erase("hello");
+    assert(*v1.find("hello") == 42);
+    assert(!v2.find("hello"));
+}
+// include:intro/end
diff --git a/src/immer/example/set/intro.cpp b/src/immer/example/set/intro.cpp
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000..be932ce654759
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/immer/example/set/intro.cpp
@@ -0,0 +1,22 @@
+//
+// immer: immutable data structures for C++
+// Copyright (C) 2016, 2017, 2018 Juan Pedro Bolivar Puente
+//
+// This software is distributed under the Boost Software License, Version 1.0.
+// See accompanying file LICENSE or copy at http://boost.org/LICENSE_1_0.txt
+//
+
+// include:intro/start
+#include <immer/set.hpp>
+int main()
+{
+    const auto v0 = immer::set<int>{};
+    const auto v1 = v0.insert(42);
+    assert(v0.count(42) == 0);
+    assert(v1.count(42) == 1);
+
+    const auto v2 = v1.erase(42);
+    assert(v1.count(42) == 1);
+    assert(v2.count(42) == 0);
+}
+// include:intro/end
diff --git a/src/immer/example/vector/fizzbuzz.cpp b/src/immer/example/vector/fizzbuzz.cpp
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000..c7765a6200a04
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/immer/example/vector/fizzbuzz.cpp
@@ -0,0 +1,34 @@
+//
+// immer: immutable data structures for C++
+// Copyright (C) 2016, 2017, 2018 Juan Pedro Bolivar Puente
+//
+// This software is distributed under the Boost Software License, Version 1.0.
+// See accompanying file LICENSE or copy at http://boost.org/LICENSE_1_0.txt
+//
+
+#include <immer/vector.hpp>
+
+#include <iostream>
+#include <string>
+
+// include:fizzbuzz/start
+immer::vector<std::string>
+fizzbuzz(immer::vector<std::string> v, int first, int last)
+{
+    for (auto i = first; i < last; ++i)
+        v = std::move(v).push_back(
+            i % 15 == 0 ? "FizzBuzz"
+                        : i % 5 == 0 ? "Bizz"
+                                     : i % 3 == 0 ? "Fizz" :
+                                                  /* else */ std::to_string(i));
+    return v;
+}
+// include:fizzbuzz/end
+
+int main()
+{
+    auto v = fizzbuzz({}, 0, 100);
+    std::copy(v.begin(),
+              v.end(),
+              std::ostream_iterator<std::string>{std::cout, "\n"});
+}
diff --git a/src/immer/example/vector/gc.cpp b/src/immer/example/vector/gc.cpp
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000..1f06d5c0e4b10
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/immer/example/vector/gc.cpp
@@ -0,0 +1,38 @@
+//
+// immer: immutable data structures for C++
+// Copyright (C) 2016, 2017, 2018 Juan Pedro Bolivar Puente
+//
+// This software is distributed under the Boost Software License, Version 1.0.
+// See accompanying file LICENSE or copy at http://boost.org/LICENSE_1_0.txt
+//
+
+// include:example/start
+#include <immer/heap/gc_heap.hpp>
+#include <immer/heap/heap_policy.hpp>
+#include <immer/memory_policy.hpp>
+#include <immer/refcount/no_refcount_policy.hpp>
+#include <immer/vector.hpp>
+
+#include <iostream>
+
+// declare a memory policy for using a tracing garbage collector
+using gc_policy = immer::memory_policy<immer::heap_policy<immer::gc_heap>,
+                                       immer::no_refcount_policy,
+                                       immer::default_lock_policy,
+                                       immer::gc_transience_policy,
+                                       false>;
+
+// alias the vector type so we are not concerned about memory policies
+// in the places where we actually use it
+template <typename T>
+using my_vector = immer::vector<T, gc_policy>;
+
+int main()
+{
+    auto v =
+        my_vector<const char*>().push_back("hello, ").push_back("world!\n");
+
+    for (auto s : v)
+        std::cout << s;
+}
+// include:example/end
diff --git a/src/immer/example/vector/intro.cpp b/src/immer/example/vector/intro.cpp
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000..ca832e6065520
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/immer/example/vector/intro.cpp
@@ -0,0 +1,22 @@
+//
+// immer: immutable data structures for C++
+// Copyright (C) 2016, 2017, 2018 Juan Pedro Bolivar Puente
+//
+// This software is distributed under the Boost Software License, Version 1.0.
+// See accompanying file LICENSE or copy at http://boost.org/LICENSE_1_0.txt
+//
+
+// include:intro/start
+#include <immer/vector.hpp>
+int main()
+{
+    const auto v0 = immer::vector<int>{};
+    const auto v1 = v0.push_back(13);
+    assert((v0 == immer::vector<int>{}));
+    assert((v1 == immer::vector<int>{13}));
+
+    const auto v2 = v1.set(0, 42);
+    assert(v1[0] == 13);
+    assert(v2[0] == 42);
+}
+// include:intro/end
diff --git a/src/immer/example/vector/iota-move.cpp b/src/immer/example/vector/iota-move.cpp
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000..3d03ba5307f5b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/immer/example/vector/iota-move.cpp
@@ -0,0 +1,25 @@
+//
+// immer: immutable data structures for C++
+// Copyright (C) 2016, 2017, 2018 Juan Pedro Bolivar Puente
+//
+// This software is distributed under the Boost Software License, Version 1.0.
+// See accompanying file LICENSE or copy at http://boost.org/LICENSE_1_0.txt
+//
+
+#include <immer/vector.hpp>
+#include <iostream>
+
+// include:myiota/start
+immer::vector<int> myiota(immer::vector<int> v, int first, int last)
+{
+    for (auto i = first; i < last; ++i)
+        v = std::move(v).push_back(i);
+    return v;
+}
+// include:myiota/end
+
+int main()
+{
+    auto v = myiota({}, 0, 100);
+    std::copy(v.begin(), v.end(), std::ostream_iterator<int>{std::cout, "\n"});
+}
diff --git a/src/immer/example/vector/iota-slow.cpp b/src/immer/example/vector/iota-slow.cpp
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000..a311b7a7ff089
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/immer/example/vector/iota-slow.cpp
@@ -0,0 +1,25 @@
+//
+// immer: immutable data structures for C++
+// Copyright (C) 2016, 2017, 2018 Juan Pedro Bolivar Puente
+//
+// This software is distributed under the Boost Software License, Version 1.0.
+// See accompanying file LICENSE or copy at http://boost.org/LICENSE_1_0.txt
+//
+
+#include <immer/vector.hpp>
+#include <iostream>
+
+// include:myiota/start
+immer::vector<int> myiota(immer::vector<int> v, int first, int last)
+{
+    for (auto i = first; i < last; ++i)
+        v = v.push_back(i);
+    return v;
+}
+// include:myiota/end
+
+int main()
+{
+    auto v = myiota({}, 0, 100);
+    std::copy(v.begin(), v.end(), std::ostream_iterator<int>{std::cout, "\n"});
+}
diff --git a/src/immer/example/vector/iota-transient-std.cpp b/src/immer/example/vector/iota-transient-std.cpp
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000..451f44a103067
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/immer/example/vector/iota-transient-std.cpp
@@ -0,0 +1,29 @@
+//
+// immer: immutable data structures for C++
+// Copyright (C) 2016, 2017, 2018 Juan Pedro Bolivar Puente
+//
+// This software is distributed under the Boost Software License, Version 1.0.
+// See accompanying file LICENSE or copy at http://boost.org/LICENSE_1_0.txt
+//
+
+#include <immer/vector.hpp>
+#include <immer/vector_transient.hpp>
+
+#include <algorithm>
+#include <iostream>
+
+// include:myiota/start
+immer::vector<int> myiota(immer::vector<int> v, int first, int last)
+{
+    auto t = v.transient();
+    std::generate_n(
+        std::back_inserter(t), last - first, [&] { return first++; });
+    return t.persistent();
+}
+// include:myiota/end
+
+int main()
+{
+    auto v = myiota({}, 0, 100);
+    std::copy(v.begin(), v.end(), std::ostream_iterator<int>{std::cout, "\n"});
+}
diff --git a/src/immer/example/vector/iota-transient.cpp b/src/immer/example/vector/iota-transient.cpp
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000..d49b14e5798d8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/immer/example/vector/iota-transient.cpp
@@ -0,0 +1,27 @@
+//
+// immer: immutable data structures for C++
+// Copyright (C) 2016, 2017, 2018 Juan Pedro Bolivar Puente
+//
+// This software is distributed under the Boost Software License, Version 1.0.
+// See accompanying file LICENSE or copy at http://boost.org/LICENSE_1_0.txt
+//
+
+#include <immer/vector.hpp>
+#include <immer/vector_transient.hpp>
+#include <iostream>
+
+// include:myiota/start
+immer::vector<int> myiota(immer::vector<int> v, int first, int last)
+{
+    auto t = v.transient();
+    for (auto i = first; i < last; ++i)
+        t.push_back(i);
+    return t.persistent();
+}
+// include:myiota/end
+
+int main()
+{
+    auto v = myiota({}, 0, 100);
+    std::copy(v.begin(), v.end(), std::ostream_iterator<int>{std::cout, "\n"});
+}
diff --git a/src/immer/example/vector/move.cpp b/src/immer/example/vector/move.cpp
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000..7eb815b62a6e5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/immer/example/vector/move.cpp
@@ -0,0 +1,35 @@
+//
+// immer: immutable data structures for C++
+// Copyright (C) 2016, 2017, 2018 Juan Pedro Bolivar Puente
+//
+// This software is distributed under the Boost Software License, Version 1.0.
+// See accompanying file LICENSE or copy at http://boost.org/LICENSE_1_0.txt
+//
+
+#include <cassert>
+#include <immer/vector.hpp>
+
+// include:move-bad/start
+immer::vector<int> do_stuff(const immer::vector<int> v)
+{
+    return std::move(v).push_back(42);
+}
+// include:move-bad/end
+
+// include:move-good/start
+immer::vector<int> do_stuff_better(immer::vector<int> v)
+{
+    return std::move(v).push_back(42);
+}
+// include:move-good/end
+
+int main()
+{
+    auto v  = immer::vector<int>{};
+    auto v1 = do_stuff(v);
+    auto v2 = do_stuff_better(v);
+    assert(v1.size() == 1);
+    assert(v2.size() == 1);
+    assert(v1[0] == 42);
+    assert(v2[0] == 42);
+}
diff --git a/src/immer/example/vector/vector.cpp b/src/immer/example/vector/vector.cpp
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000..c59c2d1d170bf
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/immer/example/vector/vector.cpp
@@ -0,0 +1,53 @@
+//
+// immer: immutable data structures for C++
+// Copyright (C) 2016, 2017, 2018 Juan Pedro Bolivar Puente
+//
+// This software is distributed under the Boost Software License, Version 1.0.
+// See accompanying file LICENSE or copy at http://boost.org/LICENSE_1_0.txt
+//
+
+#include <cassert>
+#include <immer/vector.hpp>
+
+int main()
+{
+    {
+        // include:push-back/start
+        auto v1 = immer::vector<int>{1};
+        auto v2 = v1.push_back(8);
+
+        assert((v1 == immer::vector<int>{1}));
+        assert((v2 == immer::vector<int>{1, 8}));
+        // include:push-back/end
+    }
+
+    {
+        // include:set/start
+        auto v1 = immer::vector<int>{1, 2, 3};
+        auto v2 = v1.set(0, 5);
+
+        assert((v1 == immer::vector<int>{1, 2, 3}));
+        assert((v2 == immer::vector<int>{5, 2, 3}));
+        // include:set/end
+    }
+
+    {
+        // include:update/start
+        auto v1 = immer::vector<int>{1, 2, 3, 4};
+        auto v2 = v1.update(2, [&](auto l) { return ++l; });
+
+        assert((v1 == immer::vector<int>{1, 2, 3, 4}));
+        assert((v2 == immer::vector<int>{1, 2, 4, 4}));
+        // include:update/end
+    }
+
+    {
+        // include:take/start
+        auto v1 = immer::vector<int>{1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6};
+        auto v2 = v1.take(3);
+
+        assert((v1 == immer::vector<int>{1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6}));
+        assert((v2 == immer::vector<int>{1, 2, 3}));
+        // include:take/end
+    }
+}
diff --git a/src/immer/extra/fuzzer/CMakeLists.txt b/src/immer/extra/fuzzer/CMakeLists.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000..777289f8a12df
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/immer/extra/fuzzer/CMakeLists.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,29 @@
+
+add_custom_target(fuzzers
+  COMMENT "Build all fuzzers.")
+
+if (CHECK_FUZZERS)
+  add_dependencies(tests fuzzers)
+endif()
+
+# LIB_FUZZING_ENGINE is set by the Google OSS-Fuzz
+# infrastructure. Otherwise we use Clang's LibFuzzer
+if (DEFINED ENV{LIB_FUZZING_ENGINE})
+  set(immer_fuzzing_engine $ENV{LIB_FUZZING_ENGINE})
+else()
+  set(immer_fuzzing_engine "-fsanitize=fuzzer")
+endif()
+
+file(GLOB_RECURSE immer_fuzzers "*.cpp")
+foreach(_file IN LISTS immer_fuzzers)
+  immer_target_name_for(_target _output "${_file}")
+  add_executable(${_target} EXCLUDE_FROM_ALL "${_file}")
+  set_target_properties(${_target} PROPERTIES OUTPUT_NAME ${_output})
+  target_compile_options(${_target} PUBLIC ${immer_fuzzing_engine})
+  target_link_libraries(${_target} PUBLIC ${immer_fuzzing_engine}
+    immer-dev)
+  add_dependencies(fuzzers ${_target})
+  if (CHECK_FUZZERS)
+    add_test("fuzzer/${_output}" ${_output} -max_total_time=1)
+  endif()
+endforeach()
diff --git a/src/immer/extra/fuzzer/array-gc.cpp b/src/immer/extra/fuzzer/array-gc.cpp
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000..a157c68ca4b67
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/immer/extra/fuzzer/array-gc.cpp
@@ -0,0 +1,111 @@
+//
+// immer: immutable data structures for C++
+// Copyright (C) 2016, 2017, 2018 Juan Pedro Bolivar Puente
+//
+// This software is distributed under the Boost Software License, Version 1.0.
+// See accompanying file LICENSE or copy at http://boost.org/LICENSE_1_0.txt
+//
+
+#include "fuzzer_gc_guard.hpp"
+#include "fuzzer_input.hpp"
+
+#include <immer/array.hpp>
+#include <immer/array_transient.hpp>
+#include <immer/heap/gc_heap.hpp>
+#include <immer/refcount/no_refcount_policy.hpp>
+
+#include <array>
+
+using gc_memory = immer::memory_policy<immer::heap_policy<immer::gc_heap>,
+                                       immer::no_refcount_policy,
+                                       immer::default_lock_policy,
+                                       immer::gc_transience_policy,
+                                       false>;
+
+extern "C" int LLVMFuzzerTestOneInput(const std::uint8_t* data,
+                                      std::size_t size)
+{
+    constexpr auto var_count = 4;
+
+    auto guard = fuzzer_gc_guard{};
+
+    using array_t     = immer::array<int, gc_memory>;
+    using transient_t = typename array_t::transient_type;
+    using size_t      = std::uint8_t;
+
+    auto vs = std::array<array_t, var_count>{};
+    auto ts = std::array<transient_t, var_count>{};
+
+    auto is_valid_var   = [&](auto idx) { return idx >= 0 && idx < var_count; };
+    auto is_valid_index = [](auto& v) {
+        return [&](auto idx) { return idx >= 0 && idx < v.size(); };
+    };
+    auto is_valid_size = [](auto& v) {
+        return [&](auto idx) { return idx >= 0 && idx <= v.size(); };
+    };
+    // limit doing immutable pushes on vectors that are too big already to
+    // prevent timeouts
+    auto too_big = [](auto&& v) { return v.size() > (std::size_t{1} << 10); };
+    return fuzzer_input{data, size}.run([&](auto& in) {
+        enum ops
+        {
+            op_transient,
+            op_persistent,
+            op_push_back,
+            op_update,
+            op_take,
+            op_push_back_mut,
+            op_update_mut,
+            op_take_mut,
+        };
+        auto dst = read<char>(in, is_valid_var);
+        switch (read<char>(in)) {
+        case op_transient: {
+            auto src = read<char>(in, is_valid_var);
+            ts[dst]  = vs[src].transient();
+            break;
+        }
+        case op_persistent: {
+            auto src = read<char>(in, is_valid_var);
+            vs[dst]  = ts[src].persistent();
+            break;
+        }
+        case op_push_back: {
+            auto src = read<char>(in, is_valid_var);
+            if (!too_big(vs[src]))
+                vs[dst] = vs[src].push_back(42);
+            break;
+        }
+        case op_update: {
+            auto src = read<char>(in, is_valid_var);
+            auto idx = read<size_t>(in, is_valid_index(vs[src]));
+            vs[dst]  = vs[src].update(idx, [](auto x) { return x + 1; });
+            break;
+        }
+        case op_take: {
+            auto src = read<char>(in, is_valid_var);
+            auto idx = read<size_t>(in, is_valid_size(vs[src]));
+            vs[dst]  = vs[src].take(idx);
+            break;
+        }
+        case op_push_back_mut: {
+            if (!too_big(vs[dst]))
+                ts[dst].push_back(13);
+            break;
+        }
+        case op_update_mut: {
+            auto idx = read<size_t>(in, is_valid_index(ts[dst]));
+            ts[dst].update(idx, [](auto x) { return x + 1; });
+            break;
+        }
+        case op_take_mut: {
+            auto idx = read<size_t>(in, is_valid_size(ts[dst]));
+            ts[dst].take(idx);
+            break;
+        }
+        default:
+            break;
+        };
+        return true;
+    });
+}
diff --git a/src/immer/extra/fuzzer/array.cpp b/src/immer/extra/fuzzer/array.cpp
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000..fc4503aa5913a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/immer/extra/fuzzer/array.cpp
@@ -0,0 +1,84 @@
+//
+// immer: immutable data structures for C++
+// Copyright (C) 2016, 2017, 2018 Juan Pedro Bolivar Puente
+//
+// This software is distributed under the Boost Software License, Version 1.0.
+// See accompanying file LICENSE or copy at http://boost.org/LICENSE_1_0.txt
+//
+
+#include "fuzzer_input.hpp"
+
+#include <immer/array.hpp>
+
+#include <array>
+
+extern "C" int LLVMFuzzerTestOneInput(const std::uint8_t* data,
+                                      std::size_t size)
+{
+    constexpr auto var_count = 4;
+
+    using array_t = immer::array<int, immer::default_memory_policy>;
+    using size_t  = std::uint8_t;
+
+    auto vars = std::array<array_t, var_count>{};
+
+    auto is_valid_var   = [&](auto idx) { return idx >= 0 && idx < var_count; };
+    auto is_valid_index = [](auto& v) {
+        return [&](auto idx) { return idx >= 0 && idx < v.size(); };
+    };
+    auto is_valid_size = [](auto& v) {
+        return [&](auto idx) { return idx >= 0 && idx <= v.size(); };
+    };
+    // limit doing immutable pushes on vectors that are too big already to
+    // prevent timeouts
+    auto too_big = [](auto&& v) { return v.size() > (std::size_t{1} << 10); };
+    return fuzzer_input{data, size}.run([&](auto& in) {
+        enum ops
+        {
+            op_push_back,
+            op_update,
+            op_take,
+            op_push_back_move,
+            op_update_move,
+            op_take_move,
+        };
+        auto src = read<char>(in, is_valid_var);
+        auto dst = read<char>(in, is_valid_var);
+        switch (read<char>(in)) {
+        case op_push_back: {
+            if (!too_big(vars[src]))
+                vars[dst] = vars[src].push_back(42);
+            break;
+        }
+        case op_update: {
+            auto idx  = read<size_t>(in, is_valid_index(vars[src]));
+            vars[dst] = vars[src].update(idx, [](auto x) { return x + 1; });
+            break;
+        }
+        case op_take: {
+            auto idx  = read<size_t>(in, is_valid_size(vars[src]));
+            vars[dst] = vars[src].take(idx);
+            break;
+        }
+        case op_push_back_move: {
+            if (!too_big(vars[src]))
+                vars[dst] = std::move(vars[src]).push_back(12);
+            break;
+        }
+        case op_update_move: {
+            auto idx = read<size_t>(in, is_valid_index(vars[src]));
+            vars[dst] =
+                std::move(vars[src]).update(idx, [](auto x) { return x + 1; });
+            break;
+        }
+        case op_take_move: {
+            auto idx  = read<size_t>(in, is_valid_size(vars[src]));
+            vars[dst] = std::move(vars[src]).take(idx);
+            break;
+        }
+        default:
+            break;
+        };
+        return true;
+    });
+}
diff --git a/src/immer/extra/fuzzer/flex-vector-bo.cpp b/src/immer/extra/fuzzer/flex-vector-bo.cpp
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000..d6668f4878131
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/immer/extra/fuzzer/flex-vector-bo.cpp
@@ -0,0 +1,158 @@
+//
+// immer: immutable data structures for C++
+// Copyright (C) 2016, 2017, 2018 Juan Pedro Bolivar Puente
+//
+// This software is distributed under the Boost Software License, Version 1.0.
+// See accompanying file LICENSE or copy at http://boost.org/LICENSE_1_0.txt
+//
+
+#include "fuzzer_input.hpp"
+
+#include <immer/box.hpp>
+#include <immer/flex_vector.hpp>
+
+#include <array>
+
+using bo_memory = immer::memory_policy<immer::heap_policy<immer::cpp_heap>,
+                                       immer::unsafe_refcount_policy,
+                                       immer::no_lock_policy,
+                                       immer::no_transience_policy,
+                                       true>;
+
+extern "C" int LLVMFuzzerTestOneInput(const std::uint8_t* data,
+                                      std::size_t size)
+{
+    constexpr auto var_count = 8;
+    constexpr auto bits      = 3;
+
+    using vector_t = immer::flex_vector<int, bo_memory, bits, bits>;
+    using size_t   = std::uint8_t;
+
+    auto vars = std::array<vector_t, var_count>{};
+
+    auto is_valid_var = [&](auto idx) { return idx >= 0 && idx < var_count; };
+    auto is_valid_var_neq = [](auto other) {
+        return [=](auto idx) {
+            return idx >= 0 && idx < var_count && idx != other;
+        };
+    };
+    auto is_valid_index = [](auto& v) {
+        return [&](auto idx) { return idx >= 0 && idx < v.size(); };
+    };
+    auto is_valid_size = [](auto& v) {
+        return [&](auto idx) { return idx >= 0 && idx <= v.size(); };
+    };
+    auto can_concat = [](auto&& v1, auto&& v2) {
+        return v1.size() + v2.size() < vector_t::max_size();
+    };
+    auto can_compare = [](auto&& v) {
+        // avoid comparing vectors that are too big, and hence, slow to compare
+        return v.size() < (1 << 15);
+    };
+    return fuzzer_input{data, size}.run([&](auto& in) {
+        enum ops
+        {
+            op_push_back,
+            op_update,
+            op_take,
+            op_drop,
+            op_concat,
+            op_push_back_move,
+            op_update_move,
+            op_take_move,
+            op_drop_move,
+            op_concat_move_l,
+            op_concat_move_r,
+            op_concat_move_lr,
+            op_insert,
+            op_erase,
+            op_compare,
+        };
+        auto src = read<char>(in, is_valid_var);
+        auto dst = read<char>(in, is_valid_var);
+        switch (read<char>(in)) {
+        case op_push_back: {
+            vars[dst] = vars[src].push_back(42);
+            break;
+        }
+        case op_update: {
+            auto idx  = read<size_t>(in, is_valid_index(vars[src]));
+            vars[dst] = vars[src].update(idx, [](auto x) { return x + 1; });
+            break;
+        }
+        case op_take: {
+            auto idx  = read<size_t>(in, is_valid_size(vars[src]));
+            vars[dst] = vars[src].take(idx);
+            break;
+        }
+        case op_drop: {
+            auto idx  = read<size_t>(in, is_valid_size(vars[src]));
+            vars[dst] = vars[src].drop(idx);
+            break;
+        }
+        case op_concat: {
+            auto src2 = read<char>(in, is_valid_var);
+            if (can_concat(vars[src], vars[src2]))
+                vars[dst] = vars[src] + vars[src2];
+            break;
+        }
+        case op_push_back_move: {
+            vars[dst] = std::move(vars[src]).push_back(21);
+            break;
+        }
+        case op_update_move: {
+            auto idx = read<size_t>(in, is_valid_index(vars[src]));
+            vars[dst] =
+                std::move(vars[src]).update(idx, [](auto x) { return x + 1; });
+            break;
+        }
+        case op_take_move: {
+            auto idx  = read<size_t>(in, is_valid_size(vars[src]));
+            vars[dst] = std::move(vars[src]).take(idx);
+            break;
+        }
+        case op_drop_move: {
+            auto idx  = read<size_t>(in, is_valid_size(vars[src]));
+            vars[dst] = std::move(vars[src]).drop(idx);
+            break;
+        }
+        case op_concat_move_l: {
+            auto src2 = read<char>(in, is_valid_var_neq(src));
+            if (can_concat(vars[src], vars[src2]))
+                vars[dst] = std::move(vars[src]) + vars[src2];
+            break;
+        }
+        case op_concat_move_r: {
+            auto src2 = read<char>(in, is_valid_var_neq(src));
+            if (can_concat(vars[src], vars[src2]))
+                vars[dst] = vars[src] + std::move(vars[src2]);
+            break;
+        }
+        case op_concat_move_lr: {
+            auto src2 = read<char>(in, is_valid_var_neq(src));
+            if (can_concat(vars[src], vars[src2]))
+                vars[dst] = std::move(vars[src]) + std::move(vars[src2]);
+            break;
+        }
+        case op_compare: {
+            using std::swap;
+            if (can_compare(vars[src]) && vars[src] == vars[dst])
+                swap(vars[src], vars[dst]);
+            break;
+        }
+        case op_erase: {
+            auto idx  = read<size_t>(in, is_valid_index(vars[src]));
+            vars[dst] = vars[src].erase(idx);
+            break;
+        }
+        case op_insert: {
+            auto idx  = read<size_t>(in, is_valid_size(vars[src]));
+            vars[dst] = vars[src].insert(idx, immer::box<int>{42});
+            break;
+        }
+        default:
+            break;
+        };
+        return true;
+    });
+}
diff --git a/src/immer/extra/fuzzer/flex-vector-gc.cpp b/src/immer/extra/fuzzer/flex-vector-gc.cpp
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000..35fbeaaa83b21
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/immer/extra/fuzzer/flex-vector-gc.cpp
@@ -0,0 +1,165 @@
+//
+// immer: immutable data structures for C++
+// Copyright (C) 2016, 2017, 2018 Juan Pedro Bolivar Puente
+//
+// This software is distributed under the Boost Software License, Version 1.0.
+// See accompanying file LICENSE or copy at http://boost.org/LICENSE_1_0.txt
+//
+
+#include "fuzzer_input.hpp"
+
+#include "extra/fuzzer/fuzzer_gc_guard.hpp"
+
+#include <immer/flex_vector.hpp>
+#include <immer/flex_vector_transient.hpp>
+#include <immer/heap/gc_heap.hpp>
+#include <immer/refcount/no_refcount_policy.hpp>
+
+#include <array>
+
+using gc_memory = immer::memory_policy<immer::heap_policy<immer::gc_heap>,
+                                       immer::no_refcount_policy,
+                                       immer::default_lock_policy,
+                                       immer::gc_transience_policy,
+                                       false>;
+
+extern "C" int LLVMFuzzerTestOneInput(const std::uint8_t* data,
+                                      std::size_t size)
+{
+    auto guard = fuzzer_gc_guard{};
+
+    constexpr auto var_count = 4;
+    constexpr auto bits      = 2;
+
+    using vector_t    = immer::flex_vector<int, gc_memory, bits, bits>;
+    using transient_t = typename vector_t::transient_type;
+    using size_t      = std::uint8_t;
+
+    auto vs = std::array<vector_t, var_count>{};
+    auto ts = std::array<transient_t, var_count>{};
+
+    auto is_valid_var = [&](auto idx) { return idx >= 0 && idx < var_count; };
+    auto is_valid_var_neq = [](auto other) {
+        return [=](auto idx) {
+            return idx >= 0 && idx < var_count && idx != other;
+        };
+    };
+    auto is_valid_index = [](auto& v) {
+        return [&](auto idx) { return idx >= 0 && idx < v.size(); };
+    };
+    auto is_valid_size = [](auto& v) {
+        return [&](auto idx) { return idx >= 0 && idx <= v.size(); };
+    };
+    auto can_concat = [](auto&& v1, auto&& v2) {
+        return v1.size() + v2.size() < vector_t::max_size();
+    };
+
+    return fuzzer_input{data, size}.run([&](auto& in) {
+        enum ops
+        {
+            op_transient,
+            op_persistent,
+            op_push_back,
+            op_update,
+            op_take,
+            op_drop,
+            op_concat,
+            op_push_back_mut,
+            op_update_mut,
+            op_take_mut,
+            op_drop_mut,
+            op_prepend_mut,
+            op_prepend_mut_move,
+            op_append_mut,
+            op_append_mut_move,
+        };
+        auto dst = read<char>(in, is_valid_var);
+        switch (read<char>(in)) {
+        case op_transient: {
+            auto src = read<char>(in, is_valid_var);
+            ts[dst]  = vs[src].transient();
+            break;
+        }
+        case op_persistent: {
+            auto src = read<char>(in, is_valid_var);
+            vs[dst]  = ts[src].persistent();
+            break;
+        }
+        case op_push_back: {
+            auto src = read<char>(in, is_valid_var);
+            vs[dst]  = vs[src].push_back(42);
+            break;
+        }
+        case op_update: {
+            auto src = read<char>(in, is_valid_var);
+            auto idx = read<size_t>(in, is_valid_index(vs[src]));
+            vs[dst]  = vs[src].update(idx, [](auto x) { return x + 1; });
+            break;
+        }
+        case op_take: {
+            auto src = read<char>(in, is_valid_var);
+            auto idx = read<size_t>(in, is_valid_size(vs[src]));
+            vs[dst]  = vs[src].take(idx);
+            break;
+        }
+        case op_drop: {
+            auto src = read<char>(in, is_valid_var);
+            auto idx = read<size_t>(in, is_valid_size(vs[src]));
+            vs[dst]  = vs[src].drop(idx);
+            break;
+        }
+        case op_concat: {
+            auto src  = read<char>(in, is_valid_var);
+            auto src2 = read<char>(in, is_valid_var);
+            if (can_concat(vs[src], vs[src2]))
+                vs[dst] = vs[src] + vs[src2];
+            break;
+        }
+        case op_push_back_mut: {
+            ts[dst].push_back(13);
+            break;
+        }
+        case op_update_mut: {
+            auto idx = read<size_t>(in, is_valid_index(ts[dst]));
+            ts[dst].update(idx, [](auto x) { return x + 1; });
+            break;
+        }
+        case op_take_mut: {
+            auto idx = read<size_t>(in, is_valid_size(ts[dst]));
+            ts[dst].take(idx);
+            break;
+        }
+        case op_prepend_mut: {
+            auto src = read<char>(in, is_valid_var_neq(dst));
+            if (can_concat(ts[dst], ts[src]))
+                ts[dst].prepend(ts[src]);
+            break;
+        }
+        case op_prepend_mut_move: {
+            auto src = read<char>(in, is_valid_var_neq(dst));
+            if (can_concat(ts[dst], ts[src])) {
+                ts[dst].prepend(std::move(ts[src]));
+                ts[src] = {};
+            }
+            break;
+        }
+        case op_append_mut: {
+            auto src = read<char>(in, is_valid_var_neq(dst));
+            if (can_concat(ts[dst], ts[src]))
+                ts[dst].append(ts[src]);
+            break;
+        }
+        case op_append_mut_move: {
+            auto src = read<char>(in, is_valid_var_neq(dst));
+            if (can_concat(ts[dst], ts[src])) {
+                ts[dst].append(std::move(ts[src]));
+                ts[src] = {};
+            }
+            break;
+        }
+        default:
+            break;
+        };
+        return true;
+    });
+}
diff --git a/src/immer/extra/fuzzer/flex-vector-st.cpp b/src/immer/extra/fuzzer/flex-vector-st.cpp
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000..1f2edb8528e54
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/immer/extra/fuzzer/flex-vector-st.cpp
@@ -0,0 +1,158 @@
+//
+// immer: immutable data structures for C++
+// Copyright (C) 2016, 2017, 2018 Juan Pedro Bolivar Puente
+//
+// This software is distributed under the Boost Software License, Version 1.0.
+// See accompanying file LICENSE or copy at http://boost.org/LICENSE_1_0.txt
+//
+
+#include "fuzzer_input.hpp"
+
+#include <immer/box.hpp>
+#include <immer/flex_vector.hpp>
+
+#include <array>
+
+using st_memory = immer::memory_policy<immer::heap_policy<immer::cpp_heap>,
+                                       immer::unsafe_refcount_policy,
+                                       immer::no_lock_policy,
+                                       immer::no_transience_policy,
+                                       false>;
+
+extern "C" int LLVMFuzzerTestOneInput(const std::uint8_t* data,
+                                      std::size_t size)
+{
+    constexpr auto var_count = 8;
+    constexpr auto bits      = 3;
+
+    using vector_t = immer::flex_vector<int, st_memory, bits, bits>;
+    using size_t   = std::uint8_t;
+
+    auto vars = std::array<vector_t, var_count>{};
+
+    auto is_valid_var = [&](auto idx) { return idx >= 0 && idx < var_count; };
+    auto is_valid_var_neq = [](auto other) {
+        return [=](auto idx) {
+            return idx >= 0 && idx < var_count && idx != other;
+        };
+    };
+    auto is_valid_index = [](auto& v) {
+        return [&](auto idx) { return idx >= 0 && idx < v.size(); };
+    };
+    auto is_valid_size = [](auto& v) {
+        return [&](auto idx) { return idx >= 0 && idx <= v.size(); };
+    };
+    auto can_concat = [](auto&& v1, auto&& v2) {
+        return v1.size() + v2.size() < vector_t::max_size();
+    };
+    auto can_compare = [](auto&& v) {
+        // avoid comparing vectors that are too big, and hence, slow to compare
+        return v.size() < (1 << 15);
+    };
+    return fuzzer_input{data, size}.run([&](auto& in) {
+        enum ops
+        {
+            op_push_back,
+            op_update,
+            op_take,
+            op_drop,
+            op_concat,
+            op_push_back_move,
+            op_update_move,
+            op_take_move,
+            op_drop_move,
+            op_concat_move_l,
+            op_concat_move_r,
+            op_concat_move_lr,
+            op_insert,
+            op_erase,
+            op_compare,
+        };
+        auto src = read<char>(in, is_valid_var);
+        auto dst = read<char>(in, is_valid_var);
+        switch (read<char>(in)) {
+        case op_push_back: {
+            vars[dst] = vars[src].push_back(42);
+            break;
+        }
+        case op_update: {
+            auto idx  = read<size_t>(in, is_valid_index(vars[src]));
+            vars[dst] = vars[src].update(idx, [](auto x) { return x + 1; });
+            break;
+        }
+        case op_take: {
+            auto idx  = read<size_t>(in, is_valid_size(vars[src]));
+            vars[dst] = vars[src].take(idx);
+            break;
+        }
+        case op_drop: {
+            auto idx  = read<size_t>(in, is_valid_size(vars[src]));
+            vars[dst] = vars[src].drop(idx);
+            break;
+        }
+        case op_concat: {
+            auto src2 = read<char>(in, is_valid_var);
+            if (can_concat(vars[src], vars[src2]))
+                vars[dst] = vars[src] + vars[src2];
+            break;
+        }
+        case op_push_back_move: {
+            vars[dst] = std::move(vars[src]).push_back(21);
+            break;
+        }
+        case op_update_move: {
+            auto idx = read<size_t>(in, is_valid_index(vars[src]));
+            vars[dst] =
+                std::move(vars[src]).update(idx, [](auto x) { return x + 1; });
+            break;
+        }
+        case op_take_move: {
+            auto idx  = read<size_t>(in, is_valid_size(vars[src]));
+            vars[dst] = std::move(vars[src]).take(idx);
+            break;
+        }
+        case op_drop_move: {
+            auto idx  = read<size_t>(in, is_valid_size(vars[src]));
+            vars[dst] = std::move(vars[src]).drop(idx);
+            break;
+        }
+        case op_concat_move_l: {
+            auto src2 = read<char>(in, is_valid_var_neq(src));
+            if (can_concat(vars[src], vars[src2]))
+                vars[dst] = std::move(vars[src]) + vars[src2];
+            break;
+        }
+        case op_concat_move_r: {
+            auto src2 = read<char>(in, is_valid_var_neq(src));
+            if (can_concat(vars[src], vars[src2]))
+                vars[dst] = vars[src] + std::move(vars[src2]);
+            break;
+        }
+        case op_concat_move_lr: {
+            auto src2 = read<char>(in, is_valid_var_neq(src));
+            if (can_concat(vars[src], vars[src2]))
+                vars[dst] = std::move(vars[src]) + std::move(vars[src2]);
+            break;
+        }
+        case op_compare: {
+            using std::swap;
+            if (can_compare(vars[src]) && vars[src] == vars[dst])
+                swap(vars[src], vars[dst]);
+            break;
+        }
+        case op_erase: {
+            auto idx  = read<size_t>(in, is_valid_index(vars[src]));
+            vars[dst] = vars[src].erase(idx);
+            break;
+        }
+        case op_insert: {
+            auto idx  = read<size_t>(in, is_valid_size(vars[src]));
+            vars[dst] = vars[src].insert(idx, immer::box<int>{42});
+            break;
+        }
+        default:
+            break;
+        };
+        return true;
+    });
+}
diff --git a/src/immer/extra/fuzzer/flex-vector.cpp b/src/immer/extra/fuzzer/flex-vector.cpp
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000..512ddcc3219ca
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/immer/extra/fuzzer/flex-vector.cpp
@@ -0,0 +1,153 @@
+//
+// immer: immutable data structures for C++
+// Copyright (C) 2016, 2017, 2018 Juan Pedro Bolivar Puente
+//
+// This software is distributed under the Boost Software License, Version 1.0.
+// See accompanying file LICENSE or copy at http://boost.org/LICENSE_1_0.txt
+//
+
+#include "fuzzer_input.hpp"
+
+#include <immer/box.hpp>
+#include <immer/flex_vector.hpp>
+
+#include <array>
+
+extern "C" int LLVMFuzzerTestOneInput(const std::uint8_t* data,
+                                      std::size_t size)
+{
+    constexpr auto var_count = 8;
+    constexpr auto bits      = 2;
+
+    using vector_t =
+        immer::flex_vector<int, immer::default_memory_policy, bits, bits>;
+    using size_t = std::uint8_t;
+
+    auto vars = std::array<vector_t, var_count>{};
+
+    auto is_valid_var = [&](auto idx) { return idx >= 0 && idx < var_count; };
+    auto is_valid_var_neq = [](auto other) {
+        return [=](auto idx) {
+            return idx >= 0 && idx < var_count && idx != other;
+        };
+    };
+    auto is_valid_index = [](auto& v) {
+        return [&](auto idx) { return idx >= 0 && idx < v.size(); };
+    };
+    auto is_valid_size = [](auto& v) {
+        return [&](auto idx) { return idx >= 0 && idx <= v.size(); };
+    };
+    auto can_concat = [](auto&& v1, auto&& v2) {
+        return v1.size() + v2.size() < vector_t::max_size();
+    };
+    auto can_compare = [](auto&& v) {
+        // avoid comparing vectors that are too big, and hence, slow to compare
+        return v.size() < (1 << 15);
+    };
+    return fuzzer_input{data, size}.run([&](auto& in) {
+        enum ops
+        {
+            op_push_back,
+            op_update,
+            op_take,
+            op_drop,
+            op_concat,
+            op_push_back_move,
+            op_update_move,
+            op_take_move,
+            op_drop_move,
+            op_concat_move_l,
+            op_concat_move_r,
+            op_concat_move_lr,
+            op_insert,
+            op_erase,
+            op_compare,
+        };
+        auto src = read<char>(in, is_valid_var);
+        auto dst = read<char>(in, is_valid_var);
+        switch (read<char>(in)) {
+        case op_push_back: {
+            vars[dst] = vars[src].push_back(42);
+            break;
+        }
+        case op_update: {
+            auto idx  = read<size_t>(in, is_valid_index(vars[src]));
+            vars[dst] = vars[src].update(idx, [](auto x) { return x + 1; });
+            break;
+        }
+        case op_take: {
+            auto idx  = read<size_t>(in, is_valid_size(vars[src]));
+            vars[dst] = vars[src].take(idx);
+            break;
+        }
+        case op_drop: {
+            auto idx  = read<size_t>(in, is_valid_size(vars[src]));
+            vars[dst] = vars[src].drop(idx);
+            break;
+        }
+        case op_concat: {
+            auto src2 = read<char>(in, is_valid_var);
+            if (can_concat(vars[src], vars[src2]))
+                vars[dst] = vars[src] + vars[src2];
+            break;
+        }
+        case op_push_back_move: {
+            vars[dst] = std::move(vars[src]).push_back(21);
+            break;
+        }
+        case op_update_move: {
+            auto idx = read<size_t>(in, is_valid_index(vars[src]));
+            vars[dst] =
+                std::move(vars[src]).update(idx, [](auto x) { return x + 1; });
+            break;
+        }
+        case op_take_move: {
+            auto idx  = read<size_t>(in, is_valid_size(vars[src]));
+            vars[dst] = std::move(vars[src]).take(idx);
+            break;
+        }
+        case op_drop_move: {
+            auto idx  = read<size_t>(in, is_valid_size(vars[src]));
+            vars[dst] = std::move(vars[src]).drop(idx);
+            break;
+        }
+        case op_concat_move_l: {
+            auto src2 = read<char>(in, is_valid_var_neq(src));
+            if (can_concat(vars[src], vars[src2]))
+                vars[dst] = std::move(vars[src]) + vars[src2];
+            break;
+        }
+        case op_concat_move_r: {
+            auto src2 = read<char>(in, is_valid_var_neq(src));
+            if (can_concat(vars[src], vars[src2]))
+                vars[dst] = vars[src] + std::move(vars[src2]);
+            break;
+        }
+        case op_concat_move_lr: {
+            auto src2 = read<char>(in, is_valid_var_neq(src));
+            if (can_concat(vars[src], vars[src2]))
+                vars[dst] = std::move(vars[src]) + std::move(vars[src2]);
+            break;
+        }
+        case op_compare: {
+            using std::swap;
+            if (can_compare(vars[src]) && vars[src] == vars[dst])
+                swap(vars[src], vars[dst]);
+            break;
+        }
+        case op_erase: {
+            auto idx  = read<size_t>(in, is_valid_index(vars[src]));
+            vars[dst] = vars[src].erase(idx);
+            break;
+        }
+        case op_insert: {
+            auto idx  = read<size_t>(in, is_valid_size(vars[src]));
+            vars[dst] = vars[src].insert(idx, immer::box<int>{42});
+            break;
+        }
+        default:
+            break;
+        };
+        return true;
+    });
+}
diff --git a/src/immer/extra/fuzzer/fuzzer_gc_guard.hpp b/src/immer/extra/fuzzer/fuzzer_gc_guard.hpp
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000..f8042e16dcbba
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/immer/extra/fuzzer/fuzzer_gc_guard.hpp
@@ -0,0 +1,22 @@
+//
+// immer: immutable data structures for C++
+// Copyright (C) 2016, 2017, 2018 Juan Pedro Bolivar Puente
+//
+// This software is distributed under the Boost Software License, Version 1.0.
+// See accompanying file LICENSE or copy at http://boost.org/LICENSE_1_0.txt
+//
+
+#pragma once
+
+#include <immer/heap/gc_heap.hpp>
+
+struct fuzzer_gc_guard
+{
+    fuzzer_gc_guard() { GC_disable(); }
+
+    ~fuzzer_gc_guard()
+    {
+        GC_enable();
+        GC_gcollect();
+    }
+};
diff --git a/src/immer/extra/fuzzer/fuzzer_input.hpp b/src/immer/extra/fuzzer/fuzzer_input.hpp
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000..52d5c3901c7c9
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/immer/extra/fuzzer/fuzzer_input.hpp
@@ -0,0 +1,70 @@
+//
+// immer: immutable data structures for C++
+// Copyright (C) 2016, 2017, 2018 Juan Pedro Bolivar Puente
+//
+// This software is distributed under the Boost Software License, Version 1.0.
+// See accompanying file LICENSE or copy at http://boost.org/LICENSE_1_0.txt
+//
+
+#pragma once
+
+#include <cstdint>
+#include <memory>
+#include <stdexcept>
+
+struct no_more_input : std::exception
+{};
+
+constexpr auto fuzzer_input_max_size = 1 << 16;
+
+struct fuzzer_input
+{
+    const std::uint8_t* data_;
+    std::size_t size_;
+
+    const std::uint8_t* next(std::size_t size)
+    {
+        if (size_ < size)
+            throw no_more_input{};
+        auto r = data_;
+        data_ += size;
+        size_ -= size;
+        return r;
+    }
+
+    const std::uint8_t* next(std::size_t size, std::size_t align)
+    {
+        auto& p = const_cast<void*&>(reinterpret_cast<const void*&>(data_));
+        auto r  = std::align(align, size, p, size_);
+        if (r == nullptr)
+            throw no_more_input{};
+        return next(size);
+    }
+
+    template <typename Fn>
+    int run(Fn step)
+    {
+        if (size_ > fuzzer_input_max_size)
+            return 0;
+        try {
+            while (step(*this))
+                continue;
+        } catch (const no_more_input&) {};
+        return 0;
+    }
+};
+
+template <typename T>
+const T& read(fuzzer_input& fz)
+{
+    return *reinterpret_cast<const T*>(fz.next(sizeof(T), alignof(T)));
+}
+
+template <typename T, typename Cond>
+T read(fuzzer_input& fz, Cond cond)
+{
+    auto x = read<T>(fz);
+    while (!cond(x))
+        x = read<T>(fz);
+    return x;
+}
diff --git a/src/immer/extra/fuzzer/load_input.hpp b/src/immer/extra/fuzzer/load_input.hpp
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000..e69de29bb2d1d
diff --git a/src/immer/extra/fuzzer/map-gc.cpp b/src/immer/extra/fuzzer/map-gc.cpp
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000..e5bea5dad029f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/immer/extra/fuzzer/map-gc.cpp
@@ -0,0 +1,102 @@
+//
+// immer: immutable data structures for C++
+// Copyright (C) 2016, 2017, 2018 Juan Pedro Bolivar Puente
+//
+// This software is distributed under the Boost Software License, Version 1.0.
+// See accompanying file LICENSE or copy at http://boost.org/LICENSE_1_0.txt
+//
+
+#include "fuzzer_gc_guard.hpp"
+#include "fuzzer_input.hpp"
+
+#include <immer/heap/gc_heap.hpp>
+#include <immer/map.hpp>
+#include <immer/refcount/no_refcount_policy.hpp>
+
+#include <array>
+
+using gc_memory = immer::memory_policy<immer::heap_policy<immer::gc_heap>,
+                                       immer::no_refcount_policy,
+                                       immer::default_lock_policy,
+                                       immer::gc_transience_policy,
+                                       false>;
+
+struct colliding_hash_t
+{
+    std::size_t operator()(std::size_t x) const { return x & ~15; }
+};
+
+extern "C" int LLVMFuzzerTestOneInput(const std::uint8_t* data,
+                                      std::size_t size)
+{
+    auto guard = fuzzer_gc_guard{};
+
+    constexpr auto var_count = 4;
+
+    using map_t = immer::
+        map<std::size_t, int, colliding_hash_t, std::equal_to<>, gc_memory>;
+
+    auto vars = std::array<map_t, var_count>{};
+
+    auto is_valid_var = [&](auto idx) { return idx >= 0 && idx < var_count; };
+
+    return fuzzer_input{data, size}.run([&](auto& in) {
+        enum ops
+        {
+            op_set,
+            op_erase,
+            op_set_move,
+            op_erase_move,
+            op_iterate,
+            op_find,
+            op_update
+        };
+        auto src = read<char>(in, is_valid_var);
+        auto dst = read<char>(in, is_valid_var);
+        switch (read<char>(in)) {
+        case op_set: {
+            auto value = read<size_t>(in);
+            vars[dst]  = vars[src].set(value, 42);
+            break;
+        }
+        case op_erase: {
+            auto value = read<size_t>(in);
+            vars[dst]  = vars[src].erase(value);
+            break;
+        }
+        case op_set_move: {
+            auto value = read<size_t>(in);
+            vars[dst]  = std::move(vars[src]).set(value, 42);
+            break;
+        }
+        case op_erase_move: {
+            auto value = read<size_t>(in);
+            vars[dst]  = std::move(vars[src]).erase(value);
+            break;
+        }
+        case op_iterate: {
+            auto srcv = vars[src];
+            for (const auto& v : srcv) {
+                vars[dst] = vars[dst].set(v.first, v.second);
+            }
+            break;
+        }
+        case op_find: {
+            auto value = read<size_t>(in);
+            auto res   = vars[src].find(value);
+            if (res != nullptr) {
+                vars[dst] = vars[dst].set(*res, 42);
+            }
+            break;
+        }
+        case op_update: {
+            auto key  = read<size_t>(in);
+            vars[dst] = vars[src].update(key, [](int x) { return x + 1; });
+            break;
+        }
+        default:
+            break;
+        };
+        return true;
+    });
+}
diff --git a/src/immer/extra/fuzzer/map-st.cpp b/src/immer/extra/fuzzer/map-st.cpp
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000..d9abdeb2842fe
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/immer/extra/fuzzer/map-st.cpp
@@ -0,0 +1,97 @@
+//
+// immer: immutable data structures for C++
+// Copyright (C) 2016, 2017, 2018 Juan Pedro Bolivar Puente
+//
+// This software is distributed under the Boost Software License, Version 1.0.
+// See accompanying file LICENSE or copy at http://boost.org/LICENSE_1_0.txt
+//
+
+#include "fuzzer_input.hpp"
+
+#include <immer/map.hpp>
+
+#include <array>
+
+using st_memory = immer::memory_policy<immer::heap_policy<immer::cpp_heap>,
+                                       immer::unsafe_refcount_policy,
+                                       immer::no_lock_policy,
+                                       immer::no_transience_policy,
+                                       false>;
+
+struct colliding_hash_t
+{
+    std::size_t operator()(std::size_t x) const { return x & ~15; }
+};
+
+extern "C" int LLVMFuzzerTestOneInput(const std::uint8_t* data,
+                                      std::size_t size)
+{
+    constexpr auto var_count = 4;
+
+    using map_t = immer::
+        map<std::size_t, int, colliding_hash_t, std::equal_to<>, st_memory>;
+
+    auto vars = std::array<map_t, var_count>{};
+
+    auto is_valid_var = [&](auto idx) { return idx >= 0 && idx < var_count; };
+
+    return fuzzer_input{data, size}.run([&](auto& in) {
+        enum ops
+        {
+            op_set,
+            op_erase,
+            op_set_move,
+            op_erase_move,
+            op_iterate,
+            op_find,
+            op_update
+        };
+        auto src = read<char>(in, is_valid_var);
+        auto dst = read<char>(in, is_valid_var);
+        switch (read<char>(in)) {
+        case op_set: {
+            auto value = read<size_t>(in);
+            vars[dst]  = vars[src].set(value, 42);
+            break;
+        }
+        case op_erase: {
+            auto value = read<size_t>(in);
+            vars[dst]  = vars[src].erase(value);
+            break;
+        }
+        case op_set_move: {
+            auto value = read<size_t>(in);
+            vars[dst]  = std::move(vars[src]).set(value, 42);
+            break;
+        }
+        case op_erase_move: {
+            auto value = read<size_t>(in);
+            vars[dst]  = std::move(vars[src]).erase(value);
+            break;
+        }
+        case op_iterate: {
+            auto srcv = vars[src];
+            for (const auto& v : srcv) {
+                vars[dst] = vars[dst].set(v.first, v.second);
+            }
+            break;
+        }
+        case op_find: {
+            auto value = read<size_t>(in);
+            auto res   = vars[src].find(value);
+            if (res != nullptr) {
+                vars[dst] = vars[dst].set(*res, 42);
+            }
+            break;
+        }
+        case op_update: {
+            auto key  = read<size_t>(in);
+            vars[dst] = vars[src].update(key, [](int x) { return x + 1; });
+            break;
+        }
+        default:
+            break;
+        };
+        return true;
+    });
+}
diff --git a/src/immer/extra/fuzzer/map.cpp b/src/immer/extra/fuzzer/map.cpp
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000..1112b969e1486
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/immer/extra/fuzzer/map.cpp
@@ -0,0 +1,90 @@
+//
+// immer: immutable data structures for C++
+// Copyright (C) 2016, 2017, 2018 Juan Pedro Bolivar Puente
+//
+// This software is distributed under the Boost Software License, Version 1.0.
+// See accompanying file LICENSE or copy at http://boost.org/LICENSE_1_0.txt
+//
+
+#include "fuzzer_input.hpp"
+
+#include <immer/map.hpp>
+
+#include <array>
+
+struct colliding_hash_t
+{
+    std::size_t operator()(std::size_t x) const { return x & ~15; }
+};
+
+extern "C" int LLVMFuzzerTestOneInput(const std::uint8_t* data,
+                                      std::size_t size)
+{
+    constexpr auto var_count = 4;
+
+    using map_t = immer::map<std::size_t, int, colliding_hash_t>;
+
+    auto vars = std::array<map_t, var_count>{};
+
+    auto is_valid_var = [&](auto idx) { return idx >= 0 && idx < var_count; };
+
+    return fuzzer_input{data, size}.run([&](auto& in) {
+        enum ops
+        {
+            op_set,
+            op_erase,
+            op_set_move,
+            op_erase_move,
+            op_iterate,
+            op_find,
+            op_update
+        };
+        auto src = read<char>(in, is_valid_var);
+        auto dst = read<char>(in, is_valid_var);
+        switch (read<char>(in)) {
+        case op_set: {
+            auto value = read<size_t>(in);
+            vars[dst]  = vars[src].set(value, 42);
+            break;
+        }
+        case op_erase: {
+            auto value = read<size_t>(in);
+            vars[dst]  = vars[src].erase(value);
+            break;
+        }
+        case op_set_move: {
+            auto value = read<size_t>(in);
+            vars[dst]  = std::move(vars[src]).set(value, 42);
+            break;
+        }
+        case op_erase_move: {
+            auto value = read<size_t>(in);
+            vars[dst]  = std::move(vars[src]).erase(value);
+            break;
+        }
+        case op_iterate: {
+            auto srcv = vars[src];
+            for (const auto& v : srcv) {
+                vars[dst] = vars[dst].set(v.first, v.second);
+            }
+            break;
+        }
+        case op_find: {
+            auto value = read<size_t>(in);
+            auto res   = vars[src].find(value);
+            if (res != nullptr) {
+                vars[dst] = vars[dst].set(*res, 42);
+            }
+            break;
+        }
+        case op_update: {
+            auto key  = read<size_t>(in);
+            vars[dst] = vars[src].update(key, [](int x) { return x + 1; });
+            break;
+        }
+        default:
+            break;
+        };
+        return true;
+    });
+}
diff --git a/src/immer/extra/fuzzer/set-gc.cpp b/src/immer/extra/fuzzer/set-gc.cpp
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000..994daa8df5ab8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/immer/extra/fuzzer/set-gc.cpp
@@ -0,0 +1,89 @@
+//
+// immer: immutable data structures for C++
+// Copyright (C) 2016, 2017, 2018 Juan Pedro Bolivar Puente
+//
+// This software is distributed under the Boost Software License, Version 1.0.
+// See accompanying file LICENSE or copy at http://boost.org/LICENSE_1_0.txt
+//
+
+#include "fuzzer_gc_guard.hpp"
+#include "fuzzer_input.hpp"
+
+#include <immer/heap/gc_heap.hpp>
+#include <immer/refcount/no_refcount_policy.hpp>
+#include <immer/set.hpp>
+
+#include <immer/algorithm.hpp>
+
+#include <array>
+
+using gc_memory = immer::memory_policy<immer::heap_policy<immer::gc_heap>,
+                                       immer::no_refcount_policy,
+                                       immer::default_lock_policy,
+                                       immer::gc_transience_policy,
+                                       false>;
+
+struct colliding_hash_t
+{
+    std::size_t operator()(std::size_t x) const { return x & ~15; }
+};
+
+extern "C" int LLVMFuzzerTestOneInput(const std::uint8_t* data,
+                                      std::size_t size)
+{
+    auto guard = fuzzer_gc_guard{};
+
+    constexpr auto var_count = 4;
+
+    using set_t =
+        immer::set<size_t, colliding_hash_t, std::equal_to<>, gc_memory>;
+
+    auto vars = std::array<set_t, var_count>{};
+
+    auto is_valid_var = [&](auto idx) { return idx >= 0 && idx < var_count; };
+
+    return fuzzer_input{data, size}.run([&](auto& in) {
+        enum ops
+        {
+            op_insert,
+            op_erase,
+            op_insert_move,
+            op_erase_move,
+            op_iterate
+        };
+        auto src = read<char>(in, is_valid_var);
+        auto dst = read<char>(in, is_valid_var);
+        switch (read<char>(in)) {
+        case op_insert: {
+            auto value = read<size_t>(in);
+            vars[dst]  = vars[src].insert(value);
+            break;
+        }
+        case op_erase: {
+            auto value = read<size_t>(in);
+            vars[dst]  = vars[src].erase(value);
+            break;
+        }
+        case op_insert_move: {
+            auto value = read<size_t>(in);
+            vars[dst]  = std::move(vars[src]).insert(value);
+            break;
+        }
+        case op_erase_move: {
+            auto value = read<size_t>(in);
+            vars[dst]  = std::move(vars[src]).erase(value);
+            break;
+        }
+        case op_iterate: {
+            auto srcv = vars[src];
+            immer::for_each(srcv, [&](auto&& v) {
+                vars[dst] = std::move(vars[dst]).insert(v);
+            });
+            break;
+        }
+        default:
+            break;
+        };
+        return true;
+    });
+}
diff --git a/src/immer/extra/fuzzer/set-st.cpp b/src/immer/extra/fuzzer/set-st.cpp
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000..07353f041aa2d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/immer/extra/fuzzer/set-st.cpp
@@ -0,0 +1,84 @@
+//
+// immer: immutable data structures for C++
+// Copyright (C) 2016, 2017, 2018 Juan Pedro Bolivar Puente
+//
+// This software is distributed under the Boost Software License, Version 1.0.
+// See accompanying file LICENSE or copy at http://boost.org/LICENSE_1_0.txt
+//
+
+#include "fuzzer_input.hpp"
+
+#include <immer/heap/gc_heap.hpp>
+#include <immer/refcount/no_refcount_policy.hpp>
+#include <immer/set.hpp>
+
+#include <array>
+
+using st_memory = immer::memory_policy<immer::heap_policy<immer::cpp_heap>,
+                                       immer::unsafe_refcount_policy,
+                                       immer::no_lock_policy,
+                                       immer::no_transience_policy,
+                                       false>;
+
+struct colliding_hash_t
+{
+    std::size_t operator()(std::size_t x) const { return x & ~15; }
+};
+
+extern "C" int LLVMFuzzerTestOneInput(const std::uint8_t* data,
+                                      std::size_t size)
+{
+    constexpr auto var_count = 4;
+
+    using set_t =
+        immer::set<size_t, colliding_hash_t, std::equal_to<>, st_memory>;
+
+    auto vars = std::array<set_t, var_count>{};
+
+    auto is_valid_var = [&](auto idx) { return idx >= 0 && idx < var_count; };
+
+    return fuzzer_input{data, size}.run([&](auto& in) {
+        enum ops
+        {
+            op_insert,
+            op_erase,
+            op_insert_move,
+            op_erase_move,
+            op_iterate
+        };
+        auto src = read<char>(in, is_valid_var);
+        auto dst = read<char>(in, is_valid_var);
+        switch (read<char>(in)) {
+        case op_insert: {
+            auto value = read<size_t>(in);
+            vars[dst]  = vars[src].insert(value);
+            break;
+        }
+        case op_erase: {
+            auto value = read<size_t>(in);
+            vars[dst]  = vars[src].erase(value);
+            break;
+        }
+        case op_insert_move: {
+            auto value = read<size_t>(in);
+            vars[dst]  = std::move(vars[src]).insert(value);
+            break;
+        }
+        case op_erase_move: {
+            auto value = read<size_t>(in);
+            vars[dst]  = vars[src].erase(value);
+            break;
+        }
+        case op_iterate: {
+            auto srcv = vars[src];
+            for (const auto& v : srcv) {
+                vars[dst] = vars[dst].insert(v);
+            }
+            break;
+        }
+        default:
+            break;
+        };
+        return true;
+    });
+}
diff --git a/src/immer/extra/fuzzer/set.cpp b/src/immer/extra/fuzzer/set.cpp
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000..a00f126fc145a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/immer/extra/fuzzer/set.cpp
@@ -0,0 +1,75 @@
+//
+// immer: immutable data structures for C++
+// Copyright (C) 2016, 2017, 2018 Juan Pedro Bolivar Puente
+//
+// This software is distributed under the Boost Software License, Version 1.0.
+// See accompanying file LICENSE or copy at http://boost.org/LICENSE_1_0.txt
+//
+
+#include "fuzzer_input.hpp"
+
+#include <immer/set.hpp>
+
+#include <array>
+
+struct colliding_hash_t
+{
+    std::size_t operator()(std::size_t x) const { return x & ~15; }
+};
+
+extern "C" int LLVMFuzzerTestOneInput(const std::uint8_t* data,
+                                      std::size_t size)
+{
+    constexpr auto var_count = 4;
+
+    using set_t = immer::set<std::size_t, colliding_hash_t>;
+
+    auto vars = std::array<set_t, var_count>{};
+
+    auto is_valid_var = [&](auto idx) { return idx >= 0 && idx < var_count; };
+
+    return fuzzer_input{data, size}.run([&](auto& in) {
+        enum ops
+        {
+            op_insert,
+            op_erase,
+            op_insert_move,
+            op_erase_move,
+            op_iterate
+        };
+        auto src = read<char>(in, is_valid_var);
+        auto dst = read<char>(in, is_valid_var);
+        switch (read<char>(in)) {
+        case op_insert: {
+            auto value = read<size_t>(in);
+            vars[dst]  = vars[src].insert(value);
+            break;
+        }
+        case op_erase: {
+            auto value = read<size_t>(in);
+            vars[dst]  = vars[src].erase(value);
+            break;
+        }
+        case op_insert_move: {
+            auto value = read<size_t>(in);
+            vars[dst]  = std::move(vars[src]).insert(value);
+            break;
+        }
+        case op_erase_move: {
+            auto value = read<size_t>(in);
+            vars[dst]  = vars[src].erase(value);
+            break;
+        }
+        case op_iterate: {
+            auto srcv = vars[src];
+            for (const auto& v : srcv) {
+                vars[dst] = vars[dst].insert(v);
+            }
+            break;
+        }
+        default:
+            break;
+        };
+        return true;
+    });
+}
diff --git a/src/immer/extra/fuzzer/vector-gc.cpp b/src/immer/extra/fuzzer/vector-gc.cpp
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000..1f9dd172a22ae
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/immer/extra/fuzzer/vector-gc.cpp
@@ -0,0 +1,108 @@
+//
+// immer: immutable data structures for C++
+// Copyright (C) 2016, 2017, 2018 Juan Pedro Bolivar Puente
+//
+// This software is distributed under the Boost Software License, Version 1.0.
+// See accompanying file LICENSE or copy at http://boost.org/LICENSE_1_0.txt
+//
+
+#include "fuzzer_gc_guard.hpp"
+#include "fuzzer_input.hpp"
+
+#include <immer/heap/gc_heap.hpp>
+#include <immer/refcount/no_refcount_policy.hpp>
+#include <immer/vector.hpp>
+#include <immer/vector_transient.hpp>
+
+#include <array>
+
+using gc_memory = immer::memory_policy<immer::heap_policy<immer::gc_heap>,
+                                       immer::no_refcount_policy,
+                                       immer::default_lock_policy,
+                                       immer::gc_transience_policy,
+                                       false>;
+
+extern "C" int LLVMFuzzerTestOneInput(const std::uint8_t* data,
+                                      std::size_t size)
+{
+    auto guard = fuzzer_gc_guard{};
+
+    constexpr auto var_count = 4;
+    constexpr auto bits      = 2;
+
+    using vector_t    = immer::vector<int, gc_memory, bits, bits>;
+    using transient_t = typename vector_t::transient_type;
+    using size_t      = std::uint8_t;
+
+    auto vs = std::array<vector_t, var_count>{};
+    auto ts = std::array<transient_t, var_count>{};
+
+    auto is_valid_var   = [&](auto idx) { return idx >= 0 && idx < var_count; };
+    auto is_valid_index = [](auto& v) {
+        return [&](auto idx) { return idx >= 0 && idx < v.size(); };
+    };
+    auto is_valid_size = [](auto& v) {
+        return [&](auto idx) { return idx >= 0 && idx <= v.size(); };
+    };
+
+    return fuzzer_input{data, size}.run([&](auto& in) {
+        enum ops
+        {
+            op_transient,
+            op_persistent,
+            op_push_back,
+            op_update,
+            op_take,
+            op_push_back_mut,
+            op_update_mut,
+            op_take_mut,
+        };
+        auto dst = read<char>(in, is_valid_var);
+        switch (read<char>(in)) {
+        case op_transient: {
+            auto src = read<char>(in, is_valid_var);
+            ts[dst]  = vs[src].transient();
+            break;
+        }
+        case op_persistent: {
+            auto src = read<char>(in, is_valid_var);
+            vs[dst]  = ts[src].persistent();
+            break;
+        }
+        case op_push_back: {
+            auto src = read<char>(in, is_valid_var);
+            vs[dst]  = vs[src].push_back(42);
+            break;
+        }
+        case op_update: {
+            auto src = read<char>(in, is_valid_var);
+            auto idx = read<size_t>(in, is_valid_index(vs[src]));
+            vs[dst]  = vs[src].update(idx, [](auto x) { return x + 1; });
+            break;
+        }
+        case op_take: {
+            auto src = read<char>(in, is_valid_var);
+            auto idx = read<size_t>(in, is_valid_size(vs[src]));
+            vs[dst]  = vs[src].take(idx);
+            break;
+        }
+        case op_push_back_mut: {
+            ts[dst].push_back(13);
+            break;
+        }
+        case op_update_mut: {
+            auto idx = read<size_t>(in, is_valid_index(ts[dst]));
+            ts[dst].update(idx, [](auto x) { return x + 1; });
+            break;
+        }
+        case op_take_mut: {
+            auto idx = read<size_t>(in, is_valid_size(ts[dst]));
+            ts[dst].take(idx);
+            break;
+        }
+        default:
+            break;
+        };
+        return true;
+    });
+}
diff --git a/src/immer/extra/fuzzer/vector-st.cpp b/src/immer/extra/fuzzer/vector-st.cpp
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000..87a3836882e93
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/immer/extra/fuzzer/vector-st.cpp
@@ -0,0 +1,87 @@
+//
+// immer: immutable data structures for C++
+// Copyright (C) 2016, 2017, 2018 Juan Pedro Bolivar Puente
+//
+// This software is distributed under the Boost Software License, Version 1.0.
+// See accompanying file LICENSE or copy at http://boost.org/LICENSE_1_0.txt
+//
+
+#include "fuzzer_input.hpp"
+
+#include <immer/vector.hpp>
+
+#include <array>
+
+using st_memory = immer::memory_policy<immer::heap_policy<immer::cpp_heap>,
+                                       immer::unsafe_refcount_policy,
+                                       immer::no_lock_policy,
+                                       immer::no_transience_policy,
+                                       false>;
+
+extern "C" int LLVMFuzzerTestOneInput(const std::uint8_t* data,
+                                      std::size_t size)
+{
+    constexpr auto var_count = 4;
+    constexpr auto bits      = 2;
+
+    using vector_t = immer::vector<int, st_memory, bits, bits>;
+    using size_t   = std::uint8_t;
+
+    auto vars = std::array<vector_t, var_count>{};
+
+    auto is_valid_var   = [&](auto idx) { return idx >= 0 && idx < var_count; };
+    auto is_valid_index = [](auto& v) {
+        return [&](auto idx) { return idx >= 0 && idx < v.size(); };
+    };
+    auto is_valid_size = [](auto& v) {
+        return [&](auto idx) { return idx >= 0 && idx <= v.size(); };
+    };
+
+    return fuzzer_input{data, size}.run([&](auto& in) {
+        enum ops
+        {
+            op_push_back,
+            op_update,
+            op_take,
+            op_push_back_move,
+            op_update_move,
+            op_take_move,
+        };
+        auto src = read<char>(in, is_valid_var);
+        auto dst = read<char>(in, is_valid_var);
+        switch (read<char>(in)) {
+        case op_push_back: {
+            vars[dst] = vars[src].push_back(42);
+            break;
+        }
+        case op_update: {
+            auto idx  = read<size_t>(in, is_valid_index(vars[src]));
+            vars[dst] = vars[src].update(idx, [](auto x) { return x + 1; });
+            break;
+        }
+        case op_take: {
+            auto idx  = read<size_t>(in, is_valid_size(vars[src]));
+            vars[dst] = vars[src].take(idx);
+            break;
+        }
+        case op_push_back_move: {
+            vars[dst] = std::move(vars[src]).push_back(12);
+            break;
+        }
+        case op_update_move: {
+            auto idx = read<size_t>(in, is_valid_index(vars[src]));
+            vars[dst] =
+                std::move(vars[src]).update(idx, [](auto x) { return x + 1; });
+            break;
+        }
+        case op_take_move: {
+            auto idx  = read<size_t>(in, is_valid_size(vars[src]));
+            vars[dst] = std::move(vars[src]).take(idx);
+            break;
+        }
+        default:
+            break;
+        };
+        return true;
+    });
+}
diff --git a/src/immer/extra/fuzzer/vector.cpp b/src/immer/extra/fuzzer/vector.cpp
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000..b04cbcee870cb
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/immer/extra/fuzzer/vector.cpp
@@ -0,0 +1,82 @@
+//
+// immer: immutable data structures for C++
+// Copyright (C) 2016, 2017, 2018 Juan Pedro Bolivar Puente
+//
+// This software is distributed under the Boost Software License, Version 1.0.
+// See accompanying file LICENSE or copy at http://boost.org/LICENSE_1_0.txt
+//
+
+#include "fuzzer_input.hpp"
+
+#include <immer/vector.hpp>
+
+#include <array>
+
+extern "C" int LLVMFuzzerTestOneInput(const std::uint8_t* data,
+                                      std::size_t size)
+{
+    constexpr auto var_count = 4;
+    constexpr auto bits      = 2;
+
+    using vector_t =
+        immer::vector<int, immer::default_memory_policy, bits, bits>;
+    using size_t = std::uint8_t;
+
+    auto vars = std::array<vector_t, var_count>{};
+
+    auto is_valid_var   = [&](auto idx) { return idx >= 0 && idx < var_count; };
+    auto is_valid_index = [](auto& v) {
+        return [&](auto idx) { return idx >= 0 && idx < v.size(); };
+    };
+    auto is_valid_size = [](auto& v) {
+        return [&](auto idx) { return idx >= 0 && idx <= v.size(); };
+    };
+
+    return fuzzer_input{data, size}.run([&](auto& in) {
+        enum ops
+        {
+            op_push_back,
+            op_update,
+            op_take,
+            op_push_back_move,
+            op_update_move,
+            op_take_move,
+        };
+        auto src = read<char>(in, is_valid_var);
+        auto dst = read<char>(in, is_valid_var);
+        switch (read<char>(in)) {
+        case op_push_back: {
+            vars[dst] = vars[src].push_back(42);
+            break;
+        }
+        case op_update: {
+            auto idx  = read<size_t>(in, is_valid_index(vars[src]));
+            vars[dst] = vars[src].update(idx, [](auto x) { return x + 1; });
+            break;
+        }
+        case op_take: {
+            auto idx  = read<size_t>(in, is_valid_size(vars[src]));
+            vars[dst] = vars[src].take(idx);
+            break;
+        }
+        case op_push_back_move: {
+            vars[dst] = std::move(vars[src]).push_back(12);
+            break;
+        }
+        case op_update_move: {
+            auto idx = read<size_t>(in, is_valid_index(vars[src]));
+            vars[dst] =
+                std::move(vars[src]).update(idx, [](auto x) { return x + 1; });
+            break;
+        }
+        case op_take_move: {
+            auto idx  = read<size_t>(in, is_valid_size(vars[src]));
+            vars[dst] = std::move(vars[src]).take(idx);
+            break;
+        }
+        default:
+            break;
+        };
+        return true;
+    });
+}
diff --git a/src/immer/extra/guile/CMakeLists.txt b/src/immer/extra/guile/CMakeLists.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000..99338060d6da1
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/immer/extra/guile/CMakeLists.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,24 @@
+
+find_package(PkgConfig)
+
+pkg_check_modules(Guile guile-2.2)
+
+if (NOT Guile_FOUND)
+  message(STATUS "Disabling Guile modules")
+  return()
+endif()
+
+set(GUILE_EXTENSION_DIR ${CMAKE_CURRENT_BINARY_DIR})
+configure_file(immer.scm.in immer.scm)
+
+add_library(guile-immer SHARED EXCLUDE_FROM_ALL
+  src/immer.cpp)
+target_include_directories(guile-immer PUBLIC
+  ${CMAKE_CURRENT_SOURCE_DIR}
+  ${CALLABLE_TRAITS_INCLUDE_DIR}
+  ${Guile_INCLUDE_DIRS})
+target_link_libraries(guile-immer PUBLIC
+  immer
+  ${Guile_LIBRARIES})
+
+add_custom_target(guile DEPENDS guile-immer)
diff --git a/src/immer/extra/guile/README.rst b/src/immer/extra/guile/README.rst
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000..09cf8be644ec7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/immer/extra/guile/README.rst
@@ -0,0 +1,144 @@
+
+Guile bindings
+==============
+
+This library includes experimental bindings bring efficient immutable
+vectors for the `GNU Guile`_ Scheme implementation.  The interface is
+somewhat **incomplete**, but you can already do something interesting
+things like:
+
+.. literalinclude:: ../extra/guile/example.scm
+   :language: scheme
+   :start-after: intro/start
+   :end-before:  intro/end
+..
+
+    **Do you want to help** making these bindings complete and production
+    ready?  Drop a line at `immer@sinusoid.al
+    <mailto:immer@sinusoid.al>`_ or `open an issue on Github
+    <https://github.com/arximboldi/immer>`_
+
+.. _GNU Guile: https://www.gnu.org/software/guile/
+
+Installation
+------------
+
+.. highlight:: sh
+
+To install the software, you need `GNU Guile 2.2
+<https://www.gnu.org/software/guile/download/>`_.  Then you have to
+`clone the repository <https://github.com/arximboldi/immer>`_ and
+inside the repository do something like::
+
+    mkdir build; cd build
+    cmake .. -DCMAKE_BUILD_TYPE=Release \
+             -DGUILE_EXTENSION_DIR="<somewhere...>"
+    make guile
+    cp extra/guile/libguile-immer.so "<...the GUILE_EXTENSION_DIR>"
+    cp extra/guile/immer.scm "<somewhere in your GUILE_LOAD_PATH>"
+
+Benchmarks
+----------
+
+The library includes some quick and dirty benchmarks that show how
+these vectors perform compared to *mutable vectors*, *lists*, and
+*v-lists*.  Once you have installed the library, you may run them by
+executing the following in the project root::
+
+    guile extra/guile/benchmark.scm
+
+This is the output I get when running those:
+
+.. code-block:: scheme
+   :name: benchmark-output
+
+   (define bench-size 1000000)
+   (define bench-samples 10)
+   ;;;; benchmarking creation...
+   ; evaluating:
+         (apply ivector (iota bench-size))
+   ; average time: 0.0608697784 seconds
+   ; evaluating:
+         (apply ivector-u32 (iota bench-size))
+   ; average time: 0.0567354933 seconds
+   ; evaluating:
+         (iota bench-size)
+   ; average time: 0.032995402 seconds
+   ; evaluating:
+         (apply vector (iota bench-size))
+   ; average time: 0.0513594425 seconds
+   ; evaluating:
+         (apply u32vector (iota bench-size))
+   ; average time: 0.0939185315 seconds
+   ; evaluating:
+         (list->vlist (iota bench-size))
+   ; average time: 0.2369570977 seconds
+   ;;;; benchmarking iteration...
+   (define bench-ivector (apply ivector (iota bench-size)))
+   (define bench-ivector-u32 (apply ivector-u32 (iota bench-size)))
+   (define bench-list (iota bench-size))
+   (define bench-vector (apply vector (iota bench-size)))
+   (define bench-u32vector (apply u32vector (iota bench-size)))
+   (define bench-vlist (list->vlist (iota bench-size)))
+   ; evaluating:
+         (ivector-fold + 0 bench-ivector)
+   ; average time: 0.035750341 seconds
+   ; evaluating:
+         (ivector-u32-fold + 0 bench-ivector-u32)
+   ; average time: 0.0363843682 seconds
+   ; evaluating:
+         (fold + 0 bench-list)
+   ; average time: 0.0271881423 seconds
+   ; evaluating:
+         (vector-fold + 0 bench-vector)
+   ; average time: 0.0405022349 seconds
+   ; evaluating:
+         (vlist-fold + 0 bench-vlist)
+   ; average time: 0.0424709098 seconds
+   ;;;; benchmarking iteration by index...
+   ; evaluating:
+         (let iter ((i 0) (acc 0))
+           (if (< i (ivector-length bench-ivector))
+             (iter (+ i 1) (+ acc (ivector-ref bench-ivector i)))
+             acc))
+   ; average time: 0.2195658936 seconds
+   ; evaluating:
+         (let iter ((i 0) (acc 0))
+           (if (< i (ivector-u32-length bench-ivector-u32))
+             (iter (+ i 1) (+ acc (ivector-u32-ref bench-ivector-u32 i)))
+             acc))
+   ; average time: 0.2205486326 seconds
+   ; evaluating:
+         (let iter ((i 0) (acc 0))
+           (if (< i (vector-length bench-vector))
+             (iter (+ i 1) (+ acc (vector-ref bench-vector i)))
+             acc))
+   ; average time: 0.0097157637 seconds
+   ; evaluating:
+         (let iter ((i 0) (acc 0))
+           (if (< i (u32vector-length bench-u32vector))
+             (iter (+ i 1) (+ acc (u32vector-ref bench-u32vector i)))
+             acc))
+   ; average time: 0.0733736008 seconds
+   ; evaluating:
+         (let iter ((i 0) (acc 0))
+           (if (< i (vlist-length bench-vlist))
+             (iter (+ i 1) (+ acc (vlist-ref bench-vlist i)))
+             acc))
+   ; average time: 0.3220357243 seconds
+   ;;;; benchmarking concatenation...
+   ; evaluating:
+         (ivector-append bench-ivector bench-ivector)
+   ; average time: 1.63022e-5 seconds
+   ; evaluating:
+         (ivector-u32-append bench-ivector-u32 bench-ivector-u32)
+   ; average time: 1.63754e-5 seconds
+   ; evaluating:
+         (append bench-list bench-list)
+   ; average time: 0.0135592963 seconds
+   ; evaluating:
+         (vector-append bench-vector bench-vector)
+   ; average time: 0.0044506586 seconds
+   ; evaluating:
+         (vlist-append bench-vlist bench-vlist)
+   ; average time: 0.3227312512 seconds
diff --git a/src/immer/extra/guile/benchmark.scm b/src/immer/extra/guile/benchmark.scm
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000..463a8eb17d9ea
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/immer/extra/guile/benchmark.scm
@@ -0,0 +1,168 @@
+;;
+;; immer: immutable data structures for C++
+;; Copyright (C) 2016, 2017, 2018 Juan Pedro Bolivar Puente
+;;
+;; This software is distributed under the Boost Software License, Version 1.0.
+;; See accompanying file LICENSE or copy at http://boost.org/LICENSE_1_0.txt
+;;
+
+(use-modules (immer)
+             (fector) ; https://wingolog.org/pub/fector.scm
+             (srfi srfi-1)
+             (srfi srfi-43)
+             (ice-9 vlist)
+             (ice-9 pretty-print)
+             (rnrs bytevectors))
+
+(define-syntax display-eval
+  (syntax-rules ()
+    ((_ expr)
+     (begin (pretty-print 'expr
+                          #:max-expr-width 72)
+            expr))))
+
+(display-eval (define bench-size 1000000))
+(display-eval (define bench-samples 10))
+
+(define (average . ns)
+  (/ (apply + ns) (length ns)))
+
+(define (generate-n n fn)
+  (unfold (lambda (x) (= x n))
+          (lambda (x) (fn))
+          (lambda (x) (+ x 1))
+          0))
+
+(define-syntax benchmark
+  (syntax-rules ()
+    ((_ expr)
+     (begin
+       (display "; evaluating:    ") (newline)
+       (pretty-print 'expr
+                     #:max-expr-width 72
+                     #:per-line-prefix "      ")
+       (let* ((sample (lambda ()
+                        (gc)
+                        (let* ((t0 (get-internal-real-time))
+                               (r  expr)
+                               (t1 (get-internal-real-time)))
+                          (/ (- t1 t0) internal-time-units-per-second))))
+              (samples (generate-n bench-samples sample))
+              (result (apply average samples)))
+         (display "; average time: ")
+         (display (exact->inexact result))
+         (display " seconds")
+         (newline))))))
+
+(display ";;;; benchmarking creation...") (newline)
+
+(display-eval
+ (define (fector . args)
+   (persistent-fector (fold (lambda (v fv) (fector-push! fv v))
+                            (transient-fector)
+                            args))))
+
+(benchmark (apply ivector (iota bench-size)))
+(benchmark (apply ivector-u32 (iota bench-size)))
+(benchmark (iota bench-size))
+(benchmark (apply vector (iota bench-size)))
+(benchmark (apply u32vector (iota bench-size)))
+(benchmark (list->vlist (iota bench-size)))
+(benchmark (apply fector (iota bench-size)))
+
+(display ";;;; benchmarking iteration...") (newline)
+
+(display-eval (define bench-ivector (apply ivector (iota bench-size))))
+(display-eval (define bench-ivector-u32 (apply ivector-u32 (iota bench-size))))
+(display-eval (define bench-list (iota bench-size)))
+(display-eval (define bench-vector (apply vector (iota bench-size))))
+(display-eval (define bench-u32vector (apply u32vector (iota bench-size))))
+(display-eval (define bench-vlist (list->vlist (iota bench-size))))
+(display-eval (define bench-fector (apply fector (iota bench-size))))
+(display-eval (define bench-bytevector-u32
+                (uint-list->bytevector (iota bench-size)
+                                       (native-endianness)
+                                       4)))
+
+(benchmark (ivector-fold + 0 bench-ivector))
+(benchmark (ivector-u32-fold + 0 bench-ivector-u32))
+(benchmark (fold + 0 bench-list))
+(benchmark (vector-fold + 0 bench-vector))
+(benchmark (vlist-fold + 0 bench-vlist))
+(benchmark (fector-fold + bench-fector 0))
+
+(display ";;;; benchmarking iteration by index...") (newline)
+
+(display-eval
+ (define-syntax iteration-by-index
+   (syntax-rules ()
+     ((_ *length *ref *vector *step)
+      (let ((len (*length *vector)))
+        (let iter ((i 0) (acc 0))
+          (if (< i len)
+              (iter (+ i *step)
+                    (+ acc (*ref *vector i)))
+              acc)))))))
+
+(display-eval
+ (define-syntax iteration-by-index-truncate
+   (syntax-rules ()
+     ((_ *length *ref *vector *step)
+      (let ((len (*length *vector)))
+        (let iter ((i 0) (acc 0))
+          (if (< i len)
+              (iter (+ i *step)
+                    (logand #xffffffffFFFFFFFF
+                            (+ acc (*ref *vector i))))
+              acc)))))))
+
+(benchmark (iteration-by-index ivector-length
+                               ivector-ref
+                               bench-ivector 1))
+(benchmark (iteration-by-index ivector-u32-length
+                               ivector-u32-ref
+                               bench-ivector-u32 1))
+(benchmark (iteration-by-index vector-length
+                               vector-ref
+                               bench-vector 1))
+(benchmark (iteration-by-index u32vector-length
+                               u32vector-ref
+                               bench-u32vector 1))
+(benchmark (iteration-by-index vlist-length
+                               vlist-ref
+                               bench-vlist 1))
+(benchmark (iteration-by-index fector-length
+                               fector-ref
+                               bench-fector 1))
+(benchmark (iteration-by-index bytevector-length
+                               bytevector-u32-native-ref
+                               bench-bytevector-u32 4))
+
+(benchmark (iteration-by-index-truncate ivector-length
+                                        ivector-ref
+                                        bench-ivector 1))
+(benchmark (iteration-by-index-truncate ivector-u32-length
+                                        ivector-u32-ref
+                                        bench-ivector-u32 1))
+(benchmark (iteration-by-index-truncate vector-length
+                                        vector-ref
+                                        bench-vector 1))
+(benchmark (iteration-by-index-truncate u32vector-length
+                                        u32vector-ref
+                                        bench-u32vector 1))
+(benchmark (iteration-by-index-truncate vlist-length
+                                        vlist-ref
+                                        bench-vlist 1))
+(benchmark (iteration-by-index-truncate fector-length
+                                        fector-ref
+                                        bench-fector 1))
+(benchmark (iteration-by-index-truncate bytevector-length
+                                        bytevector-u32-native-ref
+                                        bench-bytevector-u32 4))
+
+(display ";;;; benchmarking concatenation...") (newline)
+(benchmark (ivector-append bench-ivector bench-ivector))
+(benchmark (ivector-u32-append bench-ivector-u32 bench-ivector-u32))
+(benchmark (append bench-list bench-list))
+(benchmark (vector-append bench-vector bench-vector))
+(benchmark (vlist-append bench-vlist bench-vlist))
diff --git a/src/immer/extra/guile/example.scm b/src/immer/extra/guile/example.scm
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000..6649508cedc38
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/immer/extra/guile/example.scm
@@ -0,0 +1,51 @@
+;;
+;; immer: immutable data structures for C++
+;; Copyright (C) 2016, 2017, 2018 Juan Pedro Bolivar Puente
+;;
+;; This software is distributed under the Boost Software License, Version 1.0.
+;; See accompanying file LICENSE or copy at http://boost.org/LICENSE_1_0.txt
+;;
+
+;; include:intro/start
+(use-modules (immer)
+             (rnrs base))
+
+(let ((v1 (ivector 1 "hola" 3 'que #:tal)))
+  (assert (eq? (ivector-ref v1 3) 'que))
+
+  (let* ((v2 (ivector-set v1 3 'what))
+         (v2 (ivector-update v2 2 (lambda (x) (+ 1 x)))))
+    (assert (eq? (ivector-ref v1 2) 3))
+    (assert (eq? (ivector-ref v1 3) 'que))
+    (assert (eq? (ivector-ref v2 2) 4))
+    (assert (eq? (ivector-ref v2 3) 'what))
+
+    (let ((v3 (ivector-push v2 "hehe")))
+      (assert (eq? (ivector-length v3) 6))
+      (assert (eq? (ivector-ref v3 (- (ivector-length v3) 1)) "hehe")))))
+
+(let ((v (apply ivector (iota 10))))
+  (assert (eq? (ivector-length v) 10))
+  (assert (eq? (ivector-length (ivector-drop v 3)) 7))
+  (assert (eq? (ivector-length (ivector-take v 3)) 3))
+  (assert (eq? (ivector-length (ivector-append v v)) 20)))
+
+(let ((v1 (make-ivector 3))
+      (v2 (make-ivector 3 ":)")))
+  (assert (eq? (ivector-ref v1 2)
+               (vector-ref (make-vector 3) 2)))
+  (assert (eq? (ivector-ref v2 2) ":)")))
+;; include:intro/end
+
+;; Experiments
+
+(let ((d (dummy)))
+  (dummy-foo d)
+  (dummy-bar d 42))
+(gc)
+
+(func1)
+(func2)
+(func3 (dummy) 12)
+(foo-func1)
+(gc)
diff --git a/src/immer/extra/guile/immer.scm.in b/src/immer/extra/guile/immer.scm.in
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000..8624aabd5bf41
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/immer/extra/guile/immer.scm.in
@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+(define-module (immer))
+
+;; The extension automatically exports the names via 'scm_c_export'
+(load-extension "@GUILE_EXTENSION_DIR@/libguile-immer"
+                "init_immer")
diff --git a/src/immer/extra/guile/scm/detail/convert.hpp b/src/immer/extra/guile/scm/detail/convert.hpp
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000..4c87ff185669f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/immer/extra/guile/scm/detail/convert.hpp
@@ -0,0 +1,58 @@
+//
+// immer: immutable data structures for C++
+// Copyright (C) 2016, 2017, 2018 Juan Pedro Bolivar Puente
+//
+// This software is distributed under the Boost Software License, Version 1.0.
+// See accompanying file LICENSE or copy at http://boost.org/LICENSE_1_0.txt
+//
+
+#pragma once
+
+#include <scm/detail/util.hpp>
+
+#include <cstdint>
+#include <type_traits>
+#include <utility>
+
+#include <libguile.h>
+
+namespace scm {
+namespace detail {
+
+template <typename T, typename Enable=void>
+struct convert;
+
+template <typename T>
+auto to_scm(T&& v)
+    -> SCM_DECLTYPE_RETURN(
+        convert<std::decay_t<T>>::to_scm(std::forward<T>(v)));
+
+template <typename T>
+auto to_cpp(SCM v)
+    -> SCM_DECLTYPE_RETURN(
+        convert<std::decay_t<T>>::to_cpp(v));
+
+} // namespace detail
+} // namespace scm
+
+#define SCM_DECLARE_NUMERIC_TYPE(cpp_name__, scm_name__)                \
+    namespace scm {                                                     \
+    namespace detail {                                                  \
+    template <>                                                         \
+    struct convert<cpp_name__> {                                        \
+        static cpp_name__ to_cpp(SCM v) { return scm_to_ ## scm_name__(v); } \
+        static SCM to_scm(cpp_name__ v) { return scm_from_ ## scm_name__(v); } \
+    };                                                                  \
+    }} /* namespace scm::detail */                                      \
+    /**/
+
+SCM_DECLARE_NUMERIC_TYPE(float,         double);
+SCM_DECLARE_NUMERIC_TYPE(double,        double);
+SCM_DECLARE_NUMERIC_TYPE(std::int8_t,   int8);
+SCM_DECLARE_NUMERIC_TYPE(std::int16_t,  int16);
+SCM_DECLARE_NUMERIC_TYPE(std::int32_t,  int32);
+SCM_DECLARE_NUMERIC_TYPE(std::int64_t,  int64);
+SCM_DECLARE_NUMERIC_TYPE(std::uint8_t,  uint8);
+SCM_DECLARE_NUMERIC_TYPE(std::uint16_t, uint16);
+SCM_DECLARE_NUMERIC_TYPE(std::uint32_t, uint32);
+SCM_DECLARE_NUMERIC_TYPE(std::uint64_t, uint64);
diff --git a/src/immer/extra/guile/scm/detail/define.hpp b/src/immer/extra/guile/scm/detail/define.hpp
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000..08b6e763381f4
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/immer/extra/guile/scm/detail/define.hpp
@@ -0,0 +1,36 @@
+//
+// immer: immutable data structures for C++
+// Copyright (C) 2016, 2017, 2018 Juan Pedro Bolivar Puente
+//
+// This software is distributed under the Boost Software License, Version 1.0.
+// See accompanying file LICENSE or copy at http://boost.org/LICENSE_1_0.txt
+//
+
+#pragma once
+
+#ifndef SCM_AUTO_EXPORT
+#define SCM_AUTO_EXPORT 1
+#endif
+
+#include <scm/detail/subr_wrapper.hpp>
+#include <scm/list.hpp>
+
+namespace scm {
+namespace detail {
+
+template <typename Tag, typename Fn>
+static void define_impl(const std::string& name, Fn fn)
+{
+    using args_t = function_args_t<Fn>;
+    constexpr auto args_size = pack_size_v<args_t>;
+    constexpr auto has_rest  = std::is_same<pack_last_t<args_t>, scm::args>{};
+    constexpr auto arg_count = args_size - has_rest;
+    auto subr = (scm_t_subr) +subr_wrapper_aux<Tag>(fn, args_t{});
+    scm_c_define_gsubr(name.c_str(), arg_count, 0, has_rest, subr);
+#if SCM_AUTO_EXPORT
+    scm_c_export(name.c_str());
+#endif
+}
+
+} // namespace detail
+} // namespace scm
diff --git a/src/immer/extra/guile/scm/detail/finalizer_wrapper.hpp b/src/immer/extra/guile/scm/detail/finalizer_wrapper.hpp
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000..258249eb2c73d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/immer/extra/guile/scm/detail/finalizer_wrapper.hpp
@@ -0,0 +1,62 @@
+//
+// immer: immutable data structures for C++
+// Copyright (C) 2016, 2017, 2018 Juan Pedro Bolivar Puente
+//
+// This software is distributed under the Boost Software License, Version 1.0.
+// See accompanying file LICENSE or copy at http://boost.org/LICENSE_1_0.txt
+//
+
+#pragma once
+
+#include <scm/detail/invoke.hpp>
+#include <scm/detail/function_args.hpp>
+#include <scm/detail/convert.hpp>
+
+namespace scm {
+namespace detail {
+// this anonymous namespace should help avoiding registration clashes
+// among translation units.
+namespace {
+
+template <typename Tag, typename Fn>
+auto finalizer_wrapper_impl(Fn fn, pack<>)
+{
+    check_call_once<Tag, Fn>();
+    static const Fn fn_ = fn;
+    return [] { invoke(fn_); };
+}
+template <typename Tag, typename Fn, typename T1>
+auto finalizer_wrapper_impl(Fn fn, pack<T1>)
+{
+    check_call_once<Tag, Fn>();
+    static const Fn fn_ = fn;
+    return [] (SCM a1) { invoke(fn_, to_cpp<T1>(a1)); };
+}
+template <typename Tag, typename Fn, typename T1, typename T2>
+auto finalizer_wrapper_impl(Fn fn, pack<T1, T2>)
+{
+    check_call_once<Tag, Fn>();
+    static const Fn fn_ = fn;
+    return [] (SCM a1, SCM a2) {
+        invoke(fn_, to_cpp<T1>(a1), to_cpp<T2>(a2));
+    };
+}
+template <typename Tag, typename Fn, typename T1, typename T2, typename T3>
+auto finalizer_wrapper_impl(Fn fn, pack<T1, T2, T3>)
+{
+    check_call_once<Tag, Fn>();
+    static const Fn fn_ = fn;
+    return [] (SCM a1, SCM a2, SCM a3) {
+        invoke(fn_, to_cpp<T1>(a1), to_cpp<T2>(a2), to_cpp<T3>(a3));
+    };
+}
+
+template <typename Tag, typename Fn>
+auto finalizer_wrapper(Fn fn)
+{
+    return finalizer_wrapper_impl<Tag>(fn, function_args_t<Fn>{});
+}
+
+} // anonymous namespace
+} // namespace detail
+} // namespace scm
diff --git a/src/immer/extra/guile/scm/detail/function_args.hpp b/src/immer/extra/guile/scm/detail/function_args.hpp
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000..809e3eb1979b8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/immer/extra/guile/scm/detail/function_args.hpp
@@ -0,0 +1,21 @@
+//
+// immer: immutable data structures for C++
+// Copyright (C) 2016, 2017, 2018 Juan Pedro Bolivar Puente
+//
+// This software is distributed under the Boost Software License, Version 1.0.
+// See accompanying file LICENSE or copy at http://boost.org/LICENSE_1_0.txt
+//
+
+#pragma once
+
+#include <scm/detail/pack.hpp>
+#include <boost/callable_traits/args.hpp>
+
+namespace scm {
+namespace detail {
+
+template <typename Fn>
+using function_args_t = boost::callable_traits::args_t<Fn, pack>;
+
+} // namespace detail
+} // namespace scm
diff --git a/src/immer/extra/guile/scm/detail/invoke.hpp b/src/immer/extra/guile/scm/detail/invoke.hpp
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000..d9f2b37ccece9
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/immer/extra/guile/scm/detail/invoke.hpp
@@ -0,0 +1,39 @@
+//
+// immer: immutable data structures for C++
+// Copyright (C) 2016, 2017, 2018 Juan Pedro Bolivar Puente
+//
+// This software is distributed under the Boost Software License, Version 1.0.
+// See accompanying file LICENSE or copy at http://boost.org/LICENSE_1_0.txt
+//
+
+#pragma once
+
+// Adapted from the official std::invoke proposal:
+// http://www.open-std.org/jtc1/sc22/wg21/docs/papers/2014/n4169.html
+
+#include <type_traits>
+#include <functional>
+
+namespace scm {
+namespace detail {
+
+template <typename Functor, typename... Args>
+std::enable_if_t<
+    std::is_member_pointer<std::decay_t<Functor>>::value,
+    std::result_of_t<Functor&&(Args&&...)>>
+invoke(Functor&& f, Args&&... args)
+{
+    return std::mem_fn(f)(std::forward<Args>(args)...);
+}
+
+template <typename Functor, typename... Args>
+std::enable_if_t<
+    !std::is_member_pointer<std::decay_t<Functor>>::value,
+    std::result_of_t<Functor&&(Args&&...)>>
+invoke(Functor&& f, Args&&... args)
+{
+    return std::forward<Functor>(f)(std::forward<Args>(args)...);
+}
+
+} // namespace detail
+} // namespace scm
diff --git a/src/immer/extra/guile/scm/detail/pack.hpp b/src/immer/extra/guile/scm/detail/pack.hpp
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000..9a1813570bcd8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/immer/extra/guile/scm/detail/pack.hpp
@@ -0,0 +1,52 @@
+//
+// immer: immutable data structures for C++
+// Copyright (C) 2016, 2017, 2018 Juan Pedro Bolivar Puente
+//
+// This software is distributed under the Boost Software License, Version 1.0.
+// See accompanying file LICENSE or copy at http://boost.org/LICENSE_1_0.txt
+//
+
+#pragma once
+
+namespace scm {
+namespace detail {
+
+struct none_t;
+
+template <typename... Ts>
+struct pack {};
+
+template <typename Pack>
+struct pack_size;
+
+template <typename... Ts>
+struct pack_size<pack<Ts...>>
+{
+    static constexpr auto value = sizeof...(Ts);
+};
+
+template <typename Pack>
+constexpr auto pack_size_v = pack_size<Pack>::value;
+
+template <typename Pack>
+struct pack_last
+{
+    using type = none_t;
+};
+
+template <typename T, typename ...Ts>
+struct pack_last<pack<T, Ts...>>
+    : pack_last<pack<Ts...>>
+{};
+
+template <typename T>
+struct pack_last<pack<T>>
+{
+    using type = T;
+};
+
+template <typename Pack>
+using pack_last_t = typename pack_last<Pack>::type;
+
+} // namespace detail
+} // namespace scm
diff --git a/src/immer/extra/guile/scm/detail/subr_wrapper.hpp b/src/immer/extra/guile/scm/detail/subr_wrapper.hpp
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000..fc11ff1c51ec9
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/immer/extra/guile/scm/detail/subr_wrapper.hpp
@@ -0,0 +1,111 @@
+//
+// immer: immutable data structures for C++
+// Copyright (C) 2016, 2017, 2018 Juan Pedro Bolivar Puente
+//
+// This software is distributed under the Boost Software License, Version 1.0.
+// See accompanying file LICENSE or copy at http://boost.org/LICENSE_1_0.txt
+//
+
+#pragma once
+
+#include <scm/detail/invoke.hpp>
+#include <scm/detail/function_args.hpp>
+#include <scm/detail/convert.hpp>
+
+namespace scm {
+namespace detail {
+
+// this anonymous namespace should help avoiding registration clashes
+// among translation units.
+namespace {
+
+template <typename Tag, typename R, typename Fn>
+auto subr_wrapper_impl(Fn fn, pack<R>, pack<>)
+{
+    check_call_once<Tag, Fn>();
+    static const Fn fn_ = fn;
+    return [] () -> SCM { return to_scm(invoke(fn_)); };
+}
+template <typename Tag, typename Fn, typename R, typename T1>
+auto subr_wrapper_impl(Fn fn, pack<R>, pack<T1>)
+{
+    check_call_once<Tag, Fn>();
+    static const Fn fn_ = fn;
+    return [] (SCM a1) -> SCM {
+        return to_scm(invoke(fn_, to_cpp<T1>(a1)));
+    };
+}
+template <typename Tag, typename Fn, typename R, typename T1, typename T2>
+auto subr_wrapper_impl(Fn fn, pack<R>, pack<T1, T2>)
+{
+    check_call_once<Tag, Fn>();
+    static const Fn fn_ = fn;
+    return [] (SCM a1, SCM a2) -> SCM {
+        return to_scm(invoke(fn_, to_cpp<T1>(a1), to_cpp<T2>(a2)));
+    };
+}
+template <typename Tag, typename Fn, typename R, typename T1, typename T2,
+          typename T3>
+auto subr_wrapper_impl(Fn fn, pack<R>, pack<T1, T2, T3>)
+{
+    check_call_once<Tag, Fn>();
+    static const Fn fn_ = fn;
+    return [] (SCM a1, SCM a2, SCM a3) -> SCM {
+        return to_scm(invoke(fn_, to_cpp<T1>(a1), to_cpp<T2>(a2),
+                             to_cpp<T3>(a3)));
+    };
+}
+
+template <typename Tag, typename Fn>
+auto subr_wrapper_impl(Fn fn, pack<void>, pack<>)
+{
+    check_call_once<Tag, Fn>();
+    static const Fn fn_ = fn;
+    return [] () -> SCM { invoke(fn_); return SCM_UNSPECIFIED; };
+}
+template <typename Tag, typename Fn, typename T1>
+auto subr_wrapper_impl(Fn fn, pack<void>, pack<T1>)
+{
+    check_call_once<Tag, Fn>();
+    static const Fn fn_ = fn;
+    return [] (SCM a1) -> SCM {
+        invoke(fn_, to_cpp<T1>(a1)); return SCM_UNSPECIFIED;
+    };
+}
+template <typename Tag, typename Fn, typename T1, typename T2>
+auto subr_wrapper_impl(Fn fn, pack<void>, pack<T1, T2>)
+{
+    check_call_once<Tag, Fn>();
+    static const Fn fn_ = fn;
+    return [] (SCM a1, SCM a2) -> SCM {
+        invoke(fn_, to_cpp<T1>(a1), to_cpp<T2>(a2));
+        return SCM_UNSPECIFIED;
+    };
+}
+template <typename Tag, typename Fn, typename T1, typename T2, typename T3>
+auto subr_wrapper_impl(Fn fn, pack<void>, pack<T1, T2, T3>)
+{
+    check_call_once<Tag, Fn>();
+    static const Fn fn_ = fn;
+    return [] (SCM a1, SCM a2, SCM a3) -> SCM {
+        invoke(fn_, to_cpp<T1>(a1), to_cpp<T2>(a2), to_cpp<T3>(a3));
+        return SCM_UNSPECIFIED;
+    };
+}
+
+template <typename Tag, typename Fn, typename... Args>
+auto subr_wrapper_aux(Fn fn, pack<Args...>)
+{
+    return subr_wrapper_impl<Tag>(
+        fn, pack<std::result_of_t<Fn(Args...)>>{}, pack<Args...>{});
+}
+
+template <typename Tag, typename Fn>
+auto subr_wrapper(Fn fn)
+{
+    return subr_wrapper_aux<Tag>(fn, function_args_t<Fn>{});
+}
+
+} // anonymous namespace
+} // namespace detail
+} // namespace scm
diff --git a/src/immer/extra/guile/scm/detail/util.hpp b/src/immer/extra/guile/scm/detail/util.hpp
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000..fdc323722e994
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/immer/extra/guile/scm/detail/util.hpp
@@ -0,0 +1,49 @@
+//
+// immer: immutable data structures for C++
+// Copyright (C) 2016, 2017, 2018 Juan Pedro Bolivar Puente
+//
+// This software is distributed under the Boost Software License, Version 1.0.
+// See accompanying file LICENSE or copy at http://boost.org/LICENSE_1_0.txt
+//
+
+#pragma once
+
+#include <libguile.h>
+
+namespace scm {
+namespace detail {
+
+#define SCM_DECLTYPE_RETURN(...)                \
+    decltype(__VA_ARGS__)                       \
+    { return __VA_ARGS__; }                     \
+    /**/
+
+template <typename... Ts>
+constexpr bool is_valid_v = true;
+
+template <typename... Ts>
+using is_valid_t = void;
+
+template <typename... Ts>
+void check_call_once()
+{
+    static bool called = false;
+    if (called) scm_misc_error (nullptr, "Double defined binding. \
+This may be caused because there are multiple C++ binding groups in the same \
+translation unit.  You may solve this by using different type tags for each \
+binding group.", SCM_EOL);
+    called = true;
+}
+
+struct move_sequence
+{
+    move_sequence() = default;
+    move_sequence(const move_sequence&) = delete;
+    move_sequence(move_sequence&& other)
+    { other.moved_from_ = true; };
+
+    bool moved_from_ = false;
+};
+
+} // namespace detail
+} // namespace scm
diff --git a/src/immer/extra/guile/scm/group.hpp b/src/immer/extra/guile/scm/group.hpp
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000..69cd385820cb9
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/immer/extra/guile/scm/group.hpp
@@ -0,0 +1,88 @@
+//
+// immer: immutable data structures for C++
+// Copyright (C) 2016, 2017, 2018 Juan Pedro Bolivar Puente
+//
+// This software is distributed under the Boost Software License, Version 1.0.
+// See accompanying file LICENSE or copy at http://boost.org/LICENSE_1_0.txt
+//
+
+#pragma once
+
+#include <scm/detail/define.hpp>
+#include <string>
+
+namespace scm {
+namespace detail {
+
+template <typename Tag, int Seq=0>
+struct definer
+{
+    using this_t = definer;
+    using next_t = definer<Tag, Seq + 1>;
+
+    std::string group_name_ = {};
+
+    definer() = default;
+    definer(definer&&) = default;
+
+    template <int Seq2,
+              typename Enable=std::enable_if_t<Seq2 + 1 == Seq>>
+    definer(definer<Tag, Seq2>)
+    {}
+
+    template <typename Fn>
+    next_t define(std::string name, Fn fn) &&
+    {
+        define_impl<this_t>(name, fn);
+        return { std::move(*this) };
+    }
+
+    template <typename Fn>
+    next_t maker(Fn fn) &&
+    {
+        define_impl<this_t>("make", fn);
+        return { std::move(*this) };
+    }
+};
+
+template <typename Tag, int Seq=0>
+struct group_definer
+{
+    using this_t = group_definer;
+    using next_t = group_definer<Tag, Seq + 1>;
+
+    std::string group_name_ = {};
+
+    group_definer(std::string name)
+        : group_name_{std::move(name)} {}
+
+    group_definer(group_definer&&) = default;
+
+    template <int Seq2,
+              typename Enable=std::enable_if_t<Seq2 + 1 == Seq>>
+    group_definer(group_definer<Tag, Seq2>)
+    {}
+
+    template <typename Fn>
+    next_t define(std::string name, Fn fn) &&
+    {
+        define_impl<this_t>(group_name_ + "-" + name, fn);
+        return { std::move(*this) };
+    }
+};
+
+} // namespace detail
+
+template <typename Tag=void>
+detail::definer<Tag> group()
+{
+    return {};
+}
+
+template <typename Tag=void>
+detail::group_definer<Tag> group(std::string name)
+{
+    return { std::move(name) };
+}
+
+} // namespace scm
diff --git a/src/immer/extra/guile/scm/list.hpp b/src/immer/extra/guile/scm/list.hpp
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000..dc162c200244f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/immer/extra/guile/scm/list.hpp
@@ -0,0 +1,54 @@
+//
+// immer: immutable data structures for C++
+// Copyright (C) 2016, 2017, 2018 Juan Pedro Bolivar Puente
+//
+// This software is distributed under the Boost Software License, Version 1.0.
+// See accompanying file LICENSE or copy at http://boost.org/LICENSE_1_0.txt
+//
+
+#pragma once
+
+#include <scm/val.hpp>
+#include <iostream>
+
+namespace scm {
+
+struct list : detail::wrapper
+{
+    using base_t = detail::wrapper;
+    using base_t::base_t;
+
+    using iterator = list;
+    using value_type = val;
+
+    list() : base_t{SCM_EOL} {};
+    list end() const { return {}; }
+    list begin() const { return *this; }
+
+    explicit operator bool() { return handle_ != SCM_EOL; }
+
+    val operator* () const { return val{scm_car(handle_)}; }
+
+    list& operator++ ()
+    {
+        handle_ = scm_cdr(handle_);
+        return *this;
+    }
+
+    list operator++ (int)
+    {
+        auto result = *this;
+        result.handle_ = scm_cdr(handle_);
+        return result;
+    }
+};
+
+struct args : list
+{
+    using list::list;
+};
+
+} // namespace scm
+
+SCM_DECLARE_WRAPPER_TYPE(scm::list);
+SCM_DECLARE_WRAPPER_TYPE(scm::args);
diff --git a/src/immer/extra/guile/scm/scm.hpp b/src/immer/extra/guile/scm/scm.hpp
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000..f4e4989a44a9e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/immer/extra/guile/scm/scm.hpp
@@ -0,0 +1,14 @@
+//
+// immer: immutable data structures for C++
+// Copyright (C) 2016, 2017, 2018 Juan Pedro Bolivar Puente
+//
+// This software is distributed under the Boost Software License, Version 1.0.
+// See accompanying file LICENSE or copy at http://boost.org/LICENSE_1_0.txt
+//
+
+#pragma once
+
+#include <scm/val.hpp>
+#include <scm/list.hpp>
+#include <scm/group.hpp>
+#include <scm/type.hpp>
diff --git a/src/immer/extra/guile/scm/type.hpp b/src/immer/extra/guile/scm/type.hpp
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000..da53ed46ef8b2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/immer/extra/guile/scm/type.hpp
@@ -0,0 +1,153 @@
+//
+// immer: immutable data structures for C++
+// Copyright (C) 2016, 2017, 2018 Juan Pedro Bolivar Puente
+//
+// This software is distributed under the Boost Software License, Version 1.0.
+// See accompanying file LICENSE or copy at http://boost.org/LICENSE_1_0.txt
+//
+
+#pragma once
+
+#include <scm/detail/finalizer_wrapper.hpp>
+#include <scm/detail/define.hpp>
+#include <string>
+
+namespace scm {
+namespace detail {
+
+template <typename T>
+struct foreign_type_storage
+{
+    static SCM data;
+};
+
+template <typename T>
+SCM foreign_type_storage<T>::data = SCM_UNSPECIFIED;
+
+template <typename T>
+struct convert_foreign_type
+{
+    using storage_t = foreign_type_storage<T>;
+    static T& to_cpp(SCM v)
+    {
+        assert(storage_t::data != SCM_UNSPECIFIED &&
+               "can not convert to undefined type");
+        scm_assert_foreign_object_type(storage_t::data, v);
+        return *(T*)scm_foreign_object_ref(v, 0);
+    }
+
+    template <typename U>
+    static SCM to_scm(U&& v)
+    {
+        assert(storage_t::data != SCM_UNSPECIFIED &&
+               "can not convert from undefined type");
+        return scm_make_foreign_object_1(
+            storage_t::data,
+            new (scm_gc_malloc(sizeof(T), "scmpp")) T(
+                std::forward<U>(v)));
+    }
+};
+
+// Assume that every other type is foreign
+template <typename T>
+struct convert<T,
+               std::enable_if_t<!std::is_fundamental<T>::value &&
+                                // only value types are supported at
+                                // the moment but the story might
+                                // change later...
+                                !std::is_pointer<T>::value>>
+    : convert_foreign_type<T>
+{
+};
+
+template <typename Tag, typename T, int Seq=0>
+struct type_definer : move_sequence
+{
+    using this_t = type_definer;
+    using next_t = type_definer<Tag, T, Seq + 1>;
+
+    std::string type_name_ = {};
+    scm_t_struct_finalize finalizer_ = nullptr;
+
+    type_definer(type_definer&&) = default;
+
+    type_definer(std::string type_name)
+        : type_name_(std::move(type_name))
+    {}
+
+    ~type_definer()
+    {
+        if (!moved_from_) {
+            using storage_t = detail::foreign_type_storage<T>;
+            assert(storage_t::data == SCM_UNSPECIFIED);
+            storage_t::data = scm_make_foreign_object_type(
+                scm_from_utf8_symbol(("<" + type_name_ + ">").c_str()),
+                scm_list_1(scm_from_utf8_symbol("data")),
+                finalizer_);
+        }
+    }
+
+    template <int Seq2, typename Enable=std::enable_if_t<Seq2 + 1 == Seq>>
+    type_definer(type_definer<Tag, T, Seq2> r)
+        : move_sequence{std::move(r)}
+        , type_name_{std::move(r.type_name_)}
+        , finalizer_{std::move(r.finalizer_)}
+    {}
+
+    next_t constructor() &&
+    {
+        define_impl<this_t>(type_name_, [] { return T{}; });
+        return { std::move(*this) };
+    }
+
+    template <typename Fn>
+    next_t constructor(Fn fn) &&
+    {
+        define_impl<this_t>(type_name_, fn);
+        return { std::move(*this) };
+    }
+
+    next_t finalizer() &&
+    {
+        finalizer_ = (scm_t_struct_finalize) +finalizer_wrapper<Tag>(
+            [] (T& x) { x.~T(); });
+        return { std::move(*this) };
+    }
+
+    template <typename Fn>
+    next_t finalizer(Fn fn) &&
+    {
+        finalizer_ = (scm_t_struct_finalize) +finalizer_wrapper<Tag>(fn);
+        return { std::move(*this) };
+    }
+
+    next_t maker() &&
+    {
+        define_impl<this_t>("make-" + type_name_, [] { return T{}; });
+        return { std::move(*this) };
+    }
+
+    template <typename Fn>
+    next_t maker(Fn fn) &&
+    {
+        define_impl<this_t>("make-" + type_name_, fn);
+        return { std::move(*this) };
+    }
+
+    template <typename Fn>
+    next_t define(std::string name, Fn fn) &&
+    {
+        define_impl<this_t>(type_name_ + "-" + name, fn);
+        return { std::move(*this) };
+    }
+};
+
+} // namespace detail
+
+template <typename Tag, typename T=Tag>
+detail::type_definer<Tag, T> type(std::string type_name)
+{
+    return { type_name };
+}
+
+} // namespace scm
diff --git a/src/immer/extra/guile/scm/val.hpp b/src/immer/extra/guile/scm/val.hpp
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000..63d7189262dae
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/immer/extra/guile/scm/val.hpp
@@ -0,0 +1,88 @@
+//
+// immer: immutable data structures for C++
+// Copyright (C) 2016, 2017, 2018 Juan Pedro Bolivar Puente
+//
+// This software is distributed under the Boost Software License, Version 1.0.
+// See accompanying file LICENSE or copy at http://boost.org/LICENSE_1_0.txt
+//
+
+#pragma once
+
+#include <scm/detail/convert.hpp>
+
+namespace scm {
+namespace detail {
+
+template <typename T>
+struct convert_wrapper_type
+{
+    static T to_cpp(SCM v) { return T{v}; }
+    static SCM to_scm(T v) { return v.get(); }
+};
+
+struct wrapper
+{
+    wrapper() = default;
+    wrapper(SCM hdl) : handle_{hdl} {}
+    SCM get() const { return handle_; }
+    operator SCM () const { return handle_; }
+
+    bool operator==(wrapper other) { return handle_ == other.handle_; }
+    bool operator!=(wrapper other) { return handle_ != other.handle_; }
+
+protected:
+    SCM handle_ = SCM_UNSPECIFIED;
+};
+
+} // namespace detail
+
+struct val : detail::wrapper
+{
+    using base_t = detail::wrapper;
+    using base_t::base_t;
+
+    template <typename T,
+              typename = std::enable_if_t<
+                  (!std::is_same<std::decay_t<T>, val>{} &&
+                   !std::is_same<std::decay_t<T>, SCM>{})>>
+    val(T&& x)
+        : base_t(detail::to_scm(std::forward<T>(x)))
+    {}
+
+    template <typename T,
+              typename = std::enable_if_t<
+                  std::is_same<T, decltype(detail::to_cpp<T>(SCM{}))>{}>>
+    operator T() const { return detail::to_cpp<T>(handle_); }
+
+    template <typename T,
+              typename = std::enable_if_t<
+                  std::is_same<T&, decltype(detail::to_cpp<T>(SCM{}))>{}>>
+    operator T& () const { return detail::to_cpp<T>(handle_); }
+
+    template <typename T,
+              typename = std::enable_if_t<
+                  std::is_same<const T&, decltype(detail::to_cpp<T>(SCM{}))>{}>>
+    operator const T& () const { return detail::to_cpp<T>(handle_); }
+
+    val operator() () const
+    { return val{scm_call_0(get())}; }
+    val operator() (val a0) const
+    { return val{scm_call_1(get(), a0)}; }
+    val operator() (val a0, val a1) const
+    { return val{scm_call_2(get(), a0, a1)}; }
+    val operator() (val a0, val a1, val a3) const
+    { return val{scm_call_3(get(), a0, a1, a3)}; }
+};
+
+} // namespace scm
+
+#define SCM_DECLARE_WRAPPER_TYPE(cpp_name__)                            \
+    namespace scm {                                                     \
+    namespace detail {                                                  \
+    template <>                                                         \
+    struct convert<cpp_name__>                                          \
+        : convert_wrapper_type<cpp_name__> {};                          \
+    }} /* namespace scm::detail */                                      \
+    /**/
+
+SCM_DECLARE_WRAPPER_TYPE(val);
diff --git a/src/immer/extra/guile/src/immer.cpp b/src/immer/extra/guile/src/immer.cpp
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000..979f95482af97
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/immer/extra/guile/src/immer.cpp
@@ -0,0 +1,148 @@
+//
+// immer: immutable data structures for C++
+// Copyright (C) 2016, 2017, 2018 Juan Pedro Bolivar Puente
+//
+// This software is distributed under the Boost Software License, Version 1.0.
+// See accompanying file LICENSE or copy at http://boost.org/LICENSE_1_0.txt
+//
+
+#include <immer/algorithm.hpp>
+#include <immer/flex_vector.hpp>
+#include <immer/flex_vector_transient.hpp>
+#include <iostream>
+#include <scm/scm.hpp>
+
+namespace {
+
+struct guile_heap
+{
+    static void* allocate(std::size_t size)
+    {
+        return scm_gc_malloc(size, "immer");
+    }
+
+    static void* allocate(std::size_t size, immer::norefs_tag)
+    {
+        return scm_gc_malloc_pointerless(size, "immer");
+    }
+
+    template <typename... Tags>
+    static void deallocate(std::size_t size, void* obj, Tags...)
+    {
+        scm_gc_free(obj, size, "immer");
+    }
+};
+
+using guile_memory = immer::memory_policy<immer::heap_policy<guile_heap>,
+                                          immer::no_refcount_policy,
+                                          immer::default_lock_policy,
+                                          immer::gc_transience_policy,
+                                          false>;
+
+template <typename T>
+using guile_ivector = immer::flex_vector<T, guile_memory>;
+
+struct dummy
+{
+    SCM port_ = scm_current_warning_port();
+
+    dummy(dummy&&) { scm_puts("~~ dummy move constructor\n", port_); }
+
+    dummy() { scm_puts("~~ dummy default constructor\n", port_); }
+
+    ~dummy() { scm_puts("~~ dummy finalized\n", port_); }
+
+    void foo() { scm_puts("~~ dummy foo\n", port_); }
+
+    int bar(int x)
+    {
+        auto res = x + 42;
+        scm_puts("~~ dummy bar: ", port_);
+        scm_display(scm::val{res}, port_);
+        scm_newline(port_);
+        return res;
+    }
+};
+
+template <int I>
+void func()
+{
+    auto port = scm_current_warning_port();
+    scm_puts("~~ func", port);
+    scm_display(scm_from_int(I), port);
+    scm_newline(port);
+}
+
+template <typename T = scm::val>
+void init_ivector(std::string type_name = "")
+{
+    using namespace std::string_literals;
+
+    using self_t = guile_ivector<T>;
+    using size_t = typename self_t::size_type;
+
+    auto name = "ivector"s + (type_name.empty() ? ""s : "-" + type_name);
+
+    scm::type<self_t>(name)
+        .constructor(
+            [](scm::args rest) { return self_t(rest.begin(), rest.end()); })
+        .maker([](size_t n, scm::args rest) {
+            return self_t(n, rest ? *rest : scm::val{});
+        })
+        .define("ref", &self_t::operator[])
+        .define("length", &self_t::size)
+        .define(
+            "set",
+            [](const self_t& v, size_t i, scm::val x) { return v.set(i, x); })
+        .define("update",
+                [](const self_t& v, size_t i, scm::val fn) {
+                    return v.update(i, fn);
+                })
+        .define("push",
+                [](const self_t& v, scm::val x) { return v.push_back(x); })
+        .define("take", [](const self_t& v, size_t s) { return v.take(s); })
+        .define("drop", [](const self_t& v, size_t s) { return v.drop(s); })
+        .define("append",
+                [](self_t v, scm::args rest) {
+                    for (auto x : rest)
+                        v = v + x;
+                    return v;
+                })
+        .define("fold", [](scm::val fn, scm::val first, const self_t& v) {
+            return immer::accumulate(v, first, fn);
+        });
+}
+
+} // anonymous namespace
+
+struct bar_tag_t
+{};
+
+extern "C" void init_immer()
+{
+    scm::type<dummy>("dummy")
+        .constructor()
+        .finalizer()
+        .define("foo", &dummy::foo)
+        .define("bar", &dummy::bar);
+
+    scm::group().define("func1", func<1>);
+
+    scm::group<bar_tag_t>()
+        .define("func2", func<2>)
+        .define("func3", &dummy::bar);
+
+    scm::group("foo").define("func1", func<1>);
+
+    init_ivector();
+    init_ivector<std::uint8_t>("u8");
+    init_ivector<std::uint16_t>("u16");
+    init_ivector<std::uint32_t>("u32");
+    init_ivector<std::uint64_t>("u64");
+    init_ivector<std::int8_t>("s8");
+    init_ivector<std::int16_t>("s16");
+    init_ivector<std::int32_t>("s32");
+    init_ivector<std::int64_t>("s64");
+    init_ivector<float>("f32");
+    init_ivector<double>("f64");
+}
diff --git a/src/immer/extra/js/immer.cpp b/src/immer/extra/js/immer.cpp
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000..d3264ae343436
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/immer/extra/js/immer.cpp
@@ -0,0 +1,84 @@
+//
+// immer: immutable data structures for C++
+// Copyright (C) 2016, 2017, 2018 Juan Pedro Bolivar Puente
+//
+// This software is distributed under the Boost Software License, Version 1.0.
+// See accompanying file LICENSE or copy at http://boost.org/LICENSE_1_0.txt
+//
+
+#include <emscripten/bind.h>
+#include <immer/refcount/unsafe_refcount_policy.hpp>
+#include <immer/vector.hpp>
+
+namespace {
+
+using memory_t = immer::memory_policy<
+    immer::unsafe_free_list_heap_policy<immer::malloc_heap>,
+    immer::unsafe_refcount_policy,
+    immer::no_lock_policy>;
+
+template <typename T>
+using js_vector_t = immer::vector<T, memory_t>;
+
+template <typename VectorT>
+VectorT range(typename VectorT::value_type first,
+              typename VectorT::value_type last)
+{
+    auto v = VectorT{};
+    for (; first != last; ++first)
+        v = std::move(v).push_back(first);
+    return v;
+}
+
+template <typename VectorT>
+VectorT range_slow(typename VectorT::value_type first,
+                   typename VectorT::value_type last)
+{
+    auto v = VectorT{};
+    for (; first != last; ++first)
+        v = v.push_back(first);
+    return v;
+}
+
+template <typename VectorT>
+VectorT push_back(VectorT& v, typename VectorT::value_type x)
+{
+    return v.push_back(x);
+}
+
+template <typename VectorT>
+VectorT set(VectorT& v, std::size_t i, typename VectorT::value_type x)
+{
+    return v.set(i, x);
+}
+
+template <typename T>
+void bind_vector(const char* name)
+{
+    using emscripten::class_;
+
+    using vector_t = js_vector_t<T>;
+
+    class_<vector_t>(name)
+        .constructor()
+        .function("push", &push_back<vector_t>)
+        .function("set", &set<vector_t>)
+        .function("get", &vector_t::operator[])
+        .property("size", &vector_t::size);
+}
+
+} // anonymous namespace
+
+EMSCRIPTEN_BINDINGS(immer)
+{
+    using emscripten::function;
+
+    bind_vector<emscripten::val>("Vector");
+    bind_vector<int>("VectorInt");
+    bind_vector<double>("VectorNumber");
+
+    function("range_int", &range<js_vector_t<int>>);
+    function("rangeSlow_int", &range_slow<js_vector_t<int>>);
+    function("range_double", &range<js_vector_t<double>>);
+    function("rangeSlow_double", &range_slow<js_vector_t<double>>);
+}
diff --git a/src/immer/extra/js/index.js b/src/immer/extra/js/index.js
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000..6da994164f8ea
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/immer/extra/js/index.js
@@ -0,0 +1,74 @@
+/*
+ * immer: immutable data structures for C++
+ * Copyright (C) 2016, 2017, 2018 Juan Pedro Bolivar Puente
+ *
+ * This software is distributed under the Boost Software License, Version 1.0.
+ * See accompanying file LICENSE or copy at http://boost.org/LICENSE_1_0.txt
+ */
+
+var immer = Module
+
+var N = 1000
+
+var suite = new Benchmark.Suite('push')
+    .add('Immutable.List', function(){
+        var v = new Immutable.List
+        for (var x = 0; x < N; ++x)
+            v = v.push(x)
+    })
+    .add('mori.vector', function(){
+        var v = mori.vector()
+        for (var x = 0; x < N; ++x)
+            v = mori.conj.f2(v, x)
+    })
+    .add('mori.vector-Transient', function(){
+        var v = mori.mutable.thaw(mori.vector())
+        for (var x = 0; x < N; ++x)
+            v = mori.mutable.conj.f2(v, x)
+        return mori.mutable.freeze(v)
+    })
+    .add('immer.Vector', function(){
+        var v = new immer.Vector
+        for (var x = 0; x < N; ++x) {
+            var v_ = v
+            v = v.push(x)
+            v_.delete()
+        }
+    })
+    .add('immer.VectorInt', function(){
+        var v = new immer.VectorInt
+        for (var x = 0; x < N; ++x) {
+            var v_ = v
+            v = v.push(x)
+            v_.delete()
+        }
+        v.delete()
+    })
+    .add('immer.VectorNumber', function(){
+        var v = new immer.VectorNumber
+        for (var x = 0; x < N; ++x) {
+            var v_ = v
+            v = v.push(x)
+            v_.delete()
+        }
+        v.delete()
+    })
+    .add('immer.VectorInt-Native', function(){
+        immer.rangeSlow_int(0, N).delete()
+    })
+    .add('immer.VectorInt-NativeTransient', function(){
+        immer.range_int(0, N).delete()
+    })
+    .add('immer.VectorDouble-Native', function(){
+        immer.rangeSlow_double(0, N).delete()
+    })
+    .add('immer.VectorDouble-NativeTransient', function(){
+        immer.range_double(0, N).delete()
+    })
+    .on('cycle', function(event) {
+        console.log(String(event.target));
+    })
+    .on('complete', function() {
+        console.log('Fastest is ' + this.filter('fastest').map('name'));
+    })
+    .run({ 'async': true })
diff --git a/src/immer/extra/js/index.tpl.html b/src/immer/extra/js/index.tpl.html
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000..fdbd40a86a10c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/immer/extra/js/index.tpl.html
@@ -0,0 +1,77 @@
+<!--
+    immer: immutable data structures for C++
+    Copyright (C) 2016, 2017, 2018 Juan Pedro Bolivar Puente
+
+    This software is distributed under the Boost Software License, Version 1.0.
+    See accompanying file LICENSE or copy at http://boost.org/LICENSE_1_0.txt
+-->
+<!DOCTYPE html>
+<html>
+  <head>
+    <meta charset="UTF-8">
+    <script src="../lib/lodash.js"></script>
+    <script src="../lib/platform.js"></script>
+    <script src="../lib/benchmark.js"></script>
+    <script src="../lib/immutable.min.js"></script>
+    <script src="../lib/mori.js"></script>
+    <script>
+    </script>
+  </head>
+  <body>
+    <script>
+     var IMMER_WASM_HAS_MEM = false;
+     var IMMER_JS_FILE = '%IMMER_JS%'
+     var Module = {};
+
+     if (IMMER_JS_FILE.endsWith('wasm.js'))
+         loadWasm()
+     else if (IMMER_JS_FILE.endsWith('asmjs.js'))
+         loadAsmjs()
+     else
+         throw Error('Wrong format')
+
+     function loadAsync(u, c) {
+         var d = document, t = 'script',
+             o = d.createElement(t),
+             s = d.getElementsByTagName(t)[0];
+         o.src = u;
+         if (c) { o.addEventListener('load', function (e) { c(null, e); }, false); }
+         s.parentNode.insertBefore(o, s);
+     }
+
+     function loadAsmjs() {
+         loadAsync(IMMER_JS_FILE, function () {
+             loadAsync('../index.js')
+         });
+     }
+
+     function loadWasm() {
+         var xhr = new XMLHttpRequest();
+         var basename = IMMER_JS_FILE.substring(0, IMMER_JS_FILE.length-3)
+         xhr.open('GET', basename + '.wasm', true);
+         xhr.responseType = 'arraybuffer';
+         xhr.onload = function() {
+             Module.wasmBinary = xhr.response;
+             if (IMMER_WASM_HAS_MEM) {
+                 (function() {
+                     var memoryInitializer = IMMER_JS_FILE + '.mem';
+                     if (typeof Module['locateFile'] === 'function') {
+                         memoryInitializer = Module['locateFile'](memoryInitializer);
+                     } else if (Module['memoryInitializerPrefixURL']) {
+                         memoryInitializer = Module['memoryInitializerPrefixURL'] + memoryInitializer;
+                     }
+                     var xhr = Module['memoryInitializerRequest'] = new XMLHttpRequest();
+                     xhr.open('GET', memoryInitializer, true);
+                     xhr.responseType = 'arraybuffer';
+                     xhr.send(null);
+                 })();
+             }
+             loadAsync(IMMER_JS_FILE, function () {
+                 loadAsync('../index.js')
+             });
+         };
+         xhr.send(null);
+     }
+    </script>
+  </body>
+</html>
diff --git a/src/immer/extra/js/lib/benchmark.js b/src/immer/extra/js/lib/benchmark.js
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000..11bc2babaf25d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/immer/extra/js/lib/benchmark.js
@@ -0,0 +1,2811 @@
+/*!
+ * Benchmark.js <https://benchmarkjs.com/>
+ * Copyright 2010-2016 Mathias Bynens <https://mths.be/>
+ * Based on JSLitmus.js, copyright Robert Kieffer <http://broofa.com/>
+ * Modified by John-David Dalton <http://allyoucanleet.com/>
+ * Available under MIT license <https://mths.be/mit>
+ */
+;(function() {
+  'use strict';
+
+  /** Used as a safe reference for `undefined` in pre ES5 environments. */
+  var undefined;
+
+  /** Used to determine if values are of the language type Object. */
+  var objectTypes = {
+    'function': true,
+    'object': true
+  };
+
+  /** Used as a reference to the global object. */
+  var root = (objectTypes[typeof window] && window) || this;
+
+  /** Detect free variable `define`. */
+  var freeDefine = typeof define == 'function' && typeof define.amd == 'object' && define.amd && define;
+
+  /** Detect free variable `exports`. */
+  var freeExports = objectTypes[typeof exports] && exports && !exports.nodeType && exports;
+
+  /** Detect free variable `module`. */
+  var freeModule = objectTypes[typeof module] && module && !module.nodeType && module;
+
+  /** Detect free variable `global` from Node.js or Browserified code and use it as `root`. */
+  var freeGlobal = freeExports && freeModule && typeof global == 'object' && global;
+  if (freeGlobal && (freeGlobal.global === freeGlobal || freeGlobal.window === freeGlobal || freeGlobal.self === freeGlobal)) {
+    root = freeGlobal;
+  }
+
+  /** Detect free variable `require`. */
+  var freeRequire = typeof require == 'function' && require;
+
+  /** Used to assign each benchmark an incremented id. */
+  var counter = 0;
+
+  /** Detect the popular CommonJS extension `module.exports`. */
+  var moduleExports = freeModule && freeModule.exports === freeExports && freeExports;
+
+  /** Used to detect primitive types. */
+  var rePrimitive = /^(?:boolean|number|string|undefined)$/;
+
+  /** Used to make every compiled test unique. */
+  var uidCounter = 0;
+
+  /** Used to assign default `context` object properties. */
+  var contextProps = [
+    'Array', 'Date', 'Function', 'Math', 'Object', 'RegExp', 'String', '_',
+    'clearTimeout', 'chrome', 'chromium', 'document', 'navigator', 'phantom',
+    'platform', 'process', 'runtime', 'setTimeout'
+  ];
+
+  /** Used to avoid hz of Infinity. */
+  var divisors = {
+    '1': 4096,
+    '2': 512,
+    '3': 64,
+    '4': 8,
+    '5': 0
+  };
+
+  /**
+   * T-Distribution two-tailed critical values for 95% confidence.
+   * For more info see http://www.itl.nist.gov/div898/handbook/eda/section3/eda3672.htm.
+   */
+  var tTable = {
+    '1':  12.706, '2':  4.303, '3':  3.182, '4':  2.776, '5':  2.571, '6':  2.447,
+    '7':  2.365,  '8':  2.306, '9':  2.262, '10': 2.228, '11': 2.201, '12': 2.179,
+    '13': 2.16,   '14': 2.145, '15': 2.131, '16': 2.12,  '17': 2.11,  '18': 2.101,
+    '19': 2.093,  '20': 2.086, '21': 2.08,  '22': 2.074, '23': 2.069, '24': 2.064,
+    '25': 2.06,   '26': 2.056, '27': 2.052, '28': 2.048, '29': 2.045, '30': 2.042,
+    'infinity': 1.96
+  };
+
+  /**
+   * Critical Mann-Whitney U-values for 95% confidence.
+   * For more info see http://www.saburchill.com/IBbiology/stats/003.html.
+   */
+  var uTable = {
+    '5':  [0, 1, 2],
+    '6':  [1, 2, 3, 5],
+    '7':  [1, 3, 5, 6, 8],
+    '8':  [2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 13],
+    '9':  [2, 4, 7, 10, 12, 15, 17],
+    '10': [3, 5, 8, 11, 14, 17, 20, 23],
+    '11': [3, 6, 9, 13, 16, 19, 23, 26, 30],
+    '12': [4, 7, 11, 14, 18, 22, 26, 29, 33, 37],
+    '13': [4, 8, 12, 16, 20, 24, 28, 33, 37, 41, 45],
+    '14': [5, 9, 13, 17, 22, 26, 31, 36, 40, 45, 50, 55],
+    '15': [5, 10, 14, 19, 24, 29, 34, 39, 44, 49, 54, 59, 64],
+    '16': [6, 11, 15, 21, 26, 31, 37, 42, 47, 53, 59, 64, 70, 75],
+    '17': [6, 11, 17, 22, 28, 34, 39, 45, 51, 57, 63, 67, 75, 81, 87],
+    '18': [7, 12, 18, 24, 30, 36, 42, 48, 55, 61, 67, 74, 80, 86, 93, 99],
+    '19': [7, 13, 19, 25, 32, 38, 45, 52, 58, 65, 72, 78, 85, 92, 99, 106, 113],
+    '20': [8, 14, 20, 27, 34, 41, 48, 55, 62, 69, 76, 83, 90, 98, 105, 112, 119, 127],
+    '21': [8, 15, 22, 29, 36, 43, 50, 58, 65, 73, 80, 88, 96, 103, 111, 119, 126, 134, 142],
+    '22': [9, 16, 23, 30, 38, 45, 53, 61, 69, 77, 85, 93, 101, 109, 117, 125, 133, 141, 150, 158],
+    '23': [9, 17, 24, 32, 40, 48, 56, 64, 73, 81, 89, 98, 106, 115, 123, 132, 140, 149, 157, 166, 175],
+    '24': [10, 17, 25, 33, 42, 50, 59, 67, 76, 85, 94, 102, 111, 120, 129, 138, 147, 156, 165, 174, 183, 192],
+    '25': [10, 18, 27, 35, 44, 53, 62, 71, 80, 89, 98, 107, 117, 126, 135, 145, 154, 163, 173, 182, 192, 201, 211],
+    '26': [11, 19, 28, 37, 46, 55, 64, 74, 83, 93, 102, 112, 122, 132, 141, 151, 161, 171, 181, 191, 200, 210, 220, 230],
+    '27': [11, 20, 29, 38, 48, 57, 67, 77, 87, 97, 107, 118, 125, 138, 147, 158, 168, 178, 188, 199, 209, 219, 230, 240, 250],
+    '28': [12, 21, 30, 40, 50, 60, 70, 80, 90, 101, 111, 122, 132, 143, 154, 164, 175, 186, 196, 207, 218, 228, 239, 250, 261, 272],
+    '29': [13, 22, 32, 42, 52, 62, 73, 83, 94, 105, 116, 127, 138, 149, 160, 171, 182, 193, 204, 215, 226, 238, 249, 260, 271, 282, 294],
+    '30': [13, 23, 33, 43, 54, 65, 76, 87, 98, 109, 120, 131, 143, 154, 166, 177, 189, 200, 212, 223, 235, 247, 258, 270, 282, 293, 305, 317]
+  };
+
+  /*--------------------------------------------------------------------------*/
+
+  /**
+   * Create a new `Benchmark` function using the given `context` object.
+   *
+   * @static
+   * @memberOf Benchmark
+   * @param {Object} [context=root] The context object.
+   * @returns {Function} Returns a new `Benchmark` function.
+   */
+  function runInContext(context) {
+    // Exit early if unable to acquire lodash.
+    var _ = context && context._ || require('lodash') || root._;
+    if (!_) {
+      Benchmark.runInContext = runInContext;
+      return Benchmark;
+    }
+    // Avoid issues with some ES3 environments that attempt to use values, named
+    // after built-in constructors like `Object`, for the creation of literals.
+    // ES5 clears this up by stating that literals must use built-in constructors.
+    // See http://es5.github.io/#x11.1.5.
+    context = context ? _.defaults(root.Object(), context, _.pick(root, contextProps)) : root;
+
+    /** Native constructor references. */
+    var Array = context.Array,
+        Date = context.Date,
+        Function = context.Function,
+        Math = context.Math,
+        Object = context.Object,
+        RegExp = context.RegExp,
+        String = context.String;
+
+    /** Used for `Array` and `Object` method references. */
+    var arrayRef = [],
+        objectProto = Object.prototype;
+
+    /** Native method shortcuts. */
+    var abs = Math.abs,
+        clearTimeout = context.clearTimeout,
+        floor = Math.floor,
+        log = Math.log,
+        max = Math.max,
+        min = Math.min,
+        pow = Math.pow,
+        push = arrayRef.push,
+        setTimeout = context.setTimeout,
+        shift = arrayRef.shift,
+        slice = arrayRef.slice,
+        sqrt = Math.sqrt,
+        toString = objectProto.toString,
+        unshift = arrayRef.unshift;
+
+    /** Used to avoid inclusion in Browserified bundles. */
+    var req = require;
+
+    /** Detect DOM document object. */
+    var doc = isHostType(context, 'document') && context.document;
+
+    /** Used to access Wade Simmons' Node.js `microtime` module. */
+    var microtimeObject = req('microtime');
+
+    /** Used to access Node.js's high resolution timer. */
+    var processObject = isHostType(context, 'process') && context.process;
+
+    /** Used to prevent a `removeChild` memory leak in IE < 9. */
+    var trash = doc && doc.createElement('div');
+
+    /** Used to integrity check compiled tests. */
+    var uid = 'uid' + _.now();
+
+    /** Used to avoid infinite recursion when methods call each other. */
+    var calledBy = {};
+
+    /**
+     * An object used to flag environments/features.
+     *
+     * @static
+     * @memberOf Benchmark
+     * @type Object
+     */
+    var support = {};
+
+    (function() {
+
+      /**
+       * Detect if running in a browser environment.
+       *
+       * @memberOf Benchmark.support
+       * @type boolean
+       */
+      support.browser = doc && isHostType(context, 'navigator') && !isHostType(context, 'phantom');
+
+      /**
+       * Detect if the Timers API exists.
+       *
+       * @memberOf Benchmark.support
+       * @type boolean
+       */
+      support.timeout = isHostType(context, 'setTimeout') && isHostType(context, 'clearTimeout');
+
+      /**
+       * Detect if function decompilation is support.
+       *
+       * @name decompilation
+       * @memberOf Benchmark.support
+       * @type boolean
+       */
+      try {
+        // Safari 2.x removes commas in object literals from `Function#toString` results.
+        // See http://webk.it/11609 for more details.
+        // Firefox 3.6 and Opera 9.25 strip grouping parentheses from `Function#toString` results.
+        // See http://bugzil.la/559438 for more details.
+        support.decompilation = Function(
+          ('return (' + (function(x) { return { 'x': '' + (1 + x) + '', 'y': 0 }; }) + ')')
+          // Avoid issues with code added by Istanbul.
+          .replace(/__cov__[^;]+;/g, '')
+        )()(0).x === '1';
+      } catch(e) {
+        support.decompilation = false;
+      }
+    }());
+
+    /**
+     * Timer object used by `clock()` and `Deferred#resolve`.
+     *
+     * @private
+     * @type Object
+     */
+    var timer = {
+
+      /**
+       * The timer namespace object or constructor.
+       *
+       * @private
+       * @memberOf timer
+       * @type {Function|Object}
+       */
+      'ns': Date,
+
+      /**
+       * Starts the deferred timer.
+       *
+       * @private
+       * @memberOf timer
+       * @param {Object} deferred The deferred instance.
+       */
+      'start': null, // Lazy defined in `clock()`.
+
+      /**
+       * Stops the deferred timer.
+       *
+       * @private
+       * @memberOf timer
+       * @param {Object} deferred The deferred instance.
+       */
+      'stop': null // Lazy defined in `clock()`.
+    };
+
+    /*------------------------------------------------------------------------*/
+
+    /**
+     * The Benchmark constructor.
+     *
+     * Note: The Benchmark constructor exposes a handful of lodash methods to
+     * make working with arrays, collections, and objects easier. The lodash
+     * methods are:
+     * [`each/forEach`](https://lodash.com/docs#forEach), [`forOwn`](https://lodash.com/docs#forOwn),
+     * [`has`](https://lodash.com/docs#has), [`indexOf`](https://lodash.com/docs#indexOf),
+     * [`map`](https://lodash.com/docs#map), and [`reduce`](https://lodash.com/docs#reduce)
+     *
+     * @constructor
+     * @param {string} name A name to identify the benchmark.
+     * @param {Function|string} fn The test to benchmark.
+     * @param {Object} [options={}] Options object.
+     * @example
+     *
+     * // basic usage (the `new` operator is optional)
+     * var bench = new Benchmark(fn);
+     *
+     * // or using a name first
+     * var bench = new Benchmark('foo', fn);
+     *
+     * // or with options
+     * var bench = new Benchmark('foo', fn, {
+     *
+     *   // displayed by `Benchmark#toString` if `name` is not available
+     *   'id': 'xyz',
+     *
+     *   // called when the benchmark starts running
+     *   'onStart': onStart,
+     *
+     *   // called after each run cycle
+     *   'onCycle': onCycle,
+     *
+     *   // called when aborted
+     *   'onAbort': onAbort,
+     *
+     *   // called when a test errors
+     *   'onError': onError,
+     *
+     *   // called when reset
+     *   'onReset': onReset,
+     *
+     *   // called when the benchmark completes running
+     *   'onComplete': onComplete,
+     *
+     *   // compiled/called before the test loop
+     *   'setup': setup,
+     *
+     *   // compiled/called after the test loop
+     *   'teardown': teardown
+     * });
+     *
+     * // or name and options
+     * var bench = new Benchmark('foo', {
+     *
+     *   // a flag to indicate the benchmark is deferred
+     *   'defer': true,
+     *
+     *   // benchmark test function
+     *   'fn': function(deferred) {
+     *     // call `Deferred#resolve` when the deferred test is finished
+     *     deferred.resolve();
+     *   }
+     * });
+     *
+     * // or options only
+     * var bench = new Benchmark({
+     *
+     *   // benchmark name
+     *   'name': 'foo',
+     *
+     *   // benchmark test as a string
+     *   'fn': '[1,2,3,4].sort()'
+     * });
+     *
+     * // a test's `this` binding is set to the benchmark instance
+     * var bench = new Benchmark('foo', function() {
+     *   'My name is '.concat(this.name); // "My name is foo"
+     * });
+     */
+    function Benchmark(name, fn, options) {
+      var bench = this;
+
+      // Allow instance creation without the `new` operator.
+      if (!(bench instanceof Benchmark)) {
+        return new Benchmark(name, fn, options);
+      }
+      // Juggle arguments.
+      if (_.isPlainObject(name)) {
+        // 1 argument (options).
+        options = name;
+      }
+      else if (_.isFunction(name)) {
+        // 2 arguments (fn, options).
+        options = fn;
+        fn = name;
+      }
+      else if (_.isPlainObject(fn)) {
+        // 2 arguments (name, options).
+        options = fn;
+        fn = null;
+        bench.name = name;
+      }
+      else {
+        // 3 arguments (name, fn [, options]).
+        bench.name = name;
+      }
+      setOptions(bench, options);
+
+      bench.id || (bench.id = ++counter);
+      bench.fn == null && (bench.fn = fn);
+
+      bench.stats = cloneDeep(bench.stats);
+      bench.times = cloneDeep(bench.times);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * The Deferred constructor.
+     *
+     * @constructor
+     * @memberOf Benchmark
+     * @param {Object} clone The cloned benchmark instance.
+     */
+    function Deferred(clone) {
+      var deferred = this;
+      if (!(deferred instanceof Deferred)) {
+        return new Deferred(clone);
+      }
+      deferred.benchmark = clone;
+      clock(deferred);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * The Event constructor.
+     *
+     * @constructor
+     * @memberOf Benchmark
+     * @param {Object|string} type The event type.
+     */
+    function Event(type) {
+      var event = this;
+      if (type instanceof Event) {
+        return type;
+      }
+      return (event instanceof Event)
+        ? _.assign(event, { 'timeStamp': _.now() }, typeof type == 'string' ? { 'type': type } : type)
+        : new Event(type);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * The Suite constructor.
+     *
+     * Note: Each Suite instance has a handful of wrapped lodash methods to
+     * make working with Suites easier. The wrapped lodash methods are:
+     * [`each/forEach`](https://lodash.com/docs#forEach), [`indexOf`](https://lodash.com/docs#indexOf),
+     * [`map`](https://lodash.com/docs#map), and [`reduce`](https://lodash.com/docs#reduce)
+     *
+     * @constructor
+     * @memberOf Benchmark
+     * @param {string} name A name to identify the suite.
+     * @param {Object} [options={}] Options object.
+     * @example
+     *
+     * // basic usage (the `new` operator is optional)
+     * var suite = new Benchmark.Suite;
+     *
+     * // or using a name first
+     * var suite = new Benchmark.Suite('foo');
+     *
+     * // or with options
+     * var suite = new Benchmark.Suite('foo', {
+     *
+     *   // called when the suite starts running
+     *   'onStart': onStart,
+     *
+     *   // called between running benchmarks
+     *   'onCycle': onCycle,
+     *
+     *   // called when aborted
+     *   'onAbort': onAbort,
+     *
+     *   // called when a test errors
+     *   'onError': onError,
+     *
+     *   // called when reset
+     *   'onReset': onReset,
+     *
+     *   // called when the suite completes running
+     *   'onComplete': onComplete
+     * });
+     */
+    function Suite(name, options) {
+      var suite = this;
+
+      // Allow instance creation without the `new` operator.
+      if (!(suite instanceof Suite)) {
+        return new Suite(name, options);
+      }
+      // Juggle arguments.
+      if (_.isPlainObject(name)) {
+        // 1 argument (options).
+        options = name;
+      } else {
+        // 2 arguments (name [, options]).
+        suite.name = name;
+      }
+      setOptions(suite, options);
+    }
+
+    /*------------------------------------------------------------------------*/
+
+    /**
+     * A specialized version of `_.cloneDeep` which only clones arrays and plain
+     * objects assigning all other values by reference.
+     *
+     * @private
+     * @param {*} value The value to clone.
+     * @returns {*} The cloned value.
+     */
+    var cloneDeep = _.partial(_.cloneDeepWith, _, function(value) {
+      // Only clone primitives, arrays, and plain objects.
+      return (_.isObject(value) && !_.isArray(value) && !_.isPlainObject(value))
+        ? value
+        : undefined;
+    });
+
+    /**
+     * Creates a function from the given arguments string and body.
+     *
+     * @private
+     * @param {string} args The comma separated function arguments.
+     * @param {string} body The function body.
+     * @returns {Function} The new function.
+     */
+    function createFunction() {
+      // Lazy define.
+      createFunction = function(args, body) {
+        var result,
+            anchor = freeDefine ? freeDefine.amd : Benchmark,
+            prop = uid + 'createFunction';
+
+        runScript((freeDefine ? 'define.amd.' : 'Benchmark.') + prop + '=function(' + args + '){' + body + '}');
+        result = anchor[prop];
+        delete anchor[prop];
+        return result;
+      };
+      // Fix JaegerMonkey bug.
+      // For more information see http://bugzil.la/639720.
+      createFunction = support.browser && (createFunction('', 'return"' + uid + '"') || _.noop)() == uid ? createFunction : Function;
+      return createFunction.apply(null, arguments);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Delay the execution of a function based on the benchmark's `delay` property.
+     *
+     * @private
+     * @param {Object} bench The benchmark instance.
+     * @param {Object} fn The function to execute.
+     */
+    function delay(bench, fn) {
+      bench._timerId = _.delay(fn, bench.delay * 1e3);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Destroys the given element.
+     *
+     * @private
+     * @param {Element} element The element to destroy.
+     */
+    function destroyElement(element) {
+      trash.appendChild(element);
+      trash.innerHTML = '';
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Gets the name of the first argument from a function's source.
+     *
+     * @private
+     * @param {Function} fn The function.
+     * @returns {string} The argument name.
+     */
+    function getFirstArgument(fn) {
+      return (!_.has(fn, 'toString') &&
+        (/^[\s(]*function[^(]*\(([^\s,)]+)/.exec(fn) || 0)[1]) || '';
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Computes the arithmetic mean of a sample.
+     *
+     * @private
+     * @param {Array} sample The sample.
+     * @returns {number} The mean.
+     */
+    function getMean(sample) {
+      return (_.reduce(sample, function(sum, x) {
+        return sum + x;
+      }) / sample.length) || 0;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Gets the source code of a function.
+     *
+     * @private
+     * @param {Function} fn The function.
+     * @returns {string} The function's source code.
+     */
+    function getSource(fn) {
+      var result = '';
+      if (isStringable(fn)) {
+        result = String(fn);
+      } else if (support.decompilation) {
+        // Escape the `{` for Firefox 1.
+        result = _.result(/^[^{]+\{([\s\S]*)\}\s*$/.exec(fn), 1);
+      }
+      // Trim string.
+      result = (result || '').replace(/^\s+|\s+$/g, '');
+
+      // Detect strings containing only the "use strict" directive.
+      return /^(?:\/\*+[\w\W]*?\*\/|\/\/.*?[\n\r\u2028\u2029]|\s)*(["'])use strict\1;?$/.test(result)
+        ? ''
+        : result;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Checks if an object is of the specified class.
+     *
+     * @private
+     * @param {*} value The value to check.
+     * @param {string} name The name of the class.
+     * @returns {boolean} Returns `true` if the value is of the specified class, else `false`.
+     */
+    function isClassOf(value, name) {
+      return value != null && toString.call(value) == '[object ' + name + ']';
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Host objects can return type values that are different from their actual
+     * data type. The objects we are concerned with usually return non-primitive
+     * types of "object", "function", or "unknown".
+     *
+     * @private
+     * @param {*} object The owner of the property.
+     * @param {string} property The property to check.
+     * @returns {boolean} Returns `true` if the property value is a non-primitive, else `false`.
+     */
+    function isHostType(object, property) {
+      if (object == null) {
+        return false;
+      }
+      var type = typeof object[property];
+      return !rePrimitive.test(type) && (type != 'object' || !!object[property]);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Checks if a value can be safely coerced to a string.
+     *
+     * @private
+     * @param {*} value The value to check.
+     * @returns {boolean} Returns `true` if the value can be coerced, else `false`.
+     */
+    function isStringable(value) {
+      return _.isString(value) || (_.has(value, 'toString') && _.isFunction(value.toString));
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * A wrapper around `require` to suppress `module missing` errors.
+     *
+     * @private
+     * @param {string} id The module id.
+     * @returns {*} The exported module or `null`.
+     */
+    function require(id) {
+      try {
+        var result = freeExports && freeRequire(id);
+      } catch(e) {}
+      return result || null;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Runs a snippet of JavaScript via script injection.
+     *
+     * @private
+     * @param {string} code The code to run.
+     */
+    function runScript(code) {
+      var anchor = freeDefine ? define.amd : Benchmark,
+          script = doc.createElement('script'),
+          sibling = doc.getElementsByTagName('script')[0],
+          parent = sibling.parentNode,
+          prop = uid + 'runScript',
+          prefix = '(' + (freeDefine ? 'define.amd.' : 'Benchmark.') + prop + '||function(){})();';
+
+      // Firefox 2.0.0.2 cannot use script injection as intended because it executes
+      // asynchronously, but that's OK because script injection is only used to avoid
+      // the previously commented JaegerMonkey bug.
+      try {
+        // Remove the inserted script *before* running the code to avoid differences
+        // in the expected script element count/order of the document.
+        script.appendChild(doc.createTextNode(prefix + code));
+        anchor[prop] = function() { destroyElement(script); };
+      } catch(e) {
+        parent = parent.cloneNode(false);
+        sibling = null;
+        script.text = code;
+      }
+      parent.insertBefore(script, sibling);
+      delete anchor[prop];
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * A helper function for setting options/event handlers.
+     *
+     * @private
+     * @param {Object} object The benchmark or suite instance.
+     * @param {Object} [options={}] Options object.
+     */
+    function setOptions(object, options) {
+      options = object.options = _.assign({}, cloneDeep(object.constructor.options), cloneDeep(options));
+
+      _.forOwn(options, function(value, key) {
+        if (value != null) {
+          // Add event listeners.
+          if (/^on[A-Z]/.test(key)) {
+            _.each(key.split(' '), function(key) {
+              object.on(key.slice(2).toLowerCase(), value);
+            });
+          } else if (!_.has(object, key)) {
+            object[key] = cloneDeep(value);
+          }
+        }
+      });
+    }
+
+    /*------------------------------------------------------------------------*/
+
+    /**
+     * Handles cycling/completing the deferred benchmark.
+     *
+     * @memberOf Benchmark.Deferred
+     */
+    function resolve() {
+      var deferred = this,
+          clone = deferred.benchmark,
+          bench = clone._original;
+
+      if (bench.aborted) {
+        // cycle() -> clone cycle/complete event -> compute()'s invoked bench.run() cycle/complete.
+        deferred.teardown();
+        clone.running = false;
+        cycle(deferred);
+      }
+      else if (++deferred.cycles < clone.count) {
+        clone.compiled.call(deferred, context, timer);
+      }
+      else {
+        timer.stop(deferred);
+        deferred.teardown();
+        delay(clone, function() { cycle(deferred); });
+      }
+    }
+
+    /*------------------------------------------------------------------------*/
+
+    /**
+     * A generic `Array#filter` like method.
+     *
+     * @static
+     * @memberOf Benchmark
+     * @param {Array} array The array to iterate over.
+     * @param {Function|string} callback The function/alias called per iteration.
+     * @returns {Array} A new array of values that passed callback filter.
+     * @example
+     *
+     * // get odd numbers
+     * Benchmark.filter([1, 2, 3, 4, 5], function(n) {
+     *   return n % 2;
+     * }); // -> [1, 3, 5];
+     *
+     * // get fastest benchmarks
+     * Benchmark.filter(benches, 'fastest');
+     *
+     * // get slowest benchmarks
+     * Benchmark.filter(benches, 'slowest');
+     *
+     * // get benchmarks that completed without erroring
+     * Benchmark.filter(benches, 'successful');
+     */
+    function filter(array, callback) {
+      if (callback === 'successful') {
+        // Callback to exclude those that are errored, unrun, or have hz of Infinity.
+        callback = function(bench) {
+          return bench.cycles && _.isFinite(bench.hz) && !bench.error;
+        };
+      }
+      else if (callback === 'fastest' || callback === 'slowest') {
+        // Get successful, sort by period + margin of error, and filter fastest/slowest.
+        var result = filter(array, 'successful').sort(function(a, b) {
+          a = a.stats; b = b.stats;
+          return (a.mean + a.moe > b.mean + b.moe ? 1 : -1) * (callback === 'fastest' ? 1 : -1);
+        });
+
+        return _.filter(result, function(bench) {
+          return result[0].compare(bench) == 0;
+        });
+      }
+      return _.filter(array, callback);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Converts a number to a more readable comma-separated string representation.
+     *
+     * @static
+     * @memberOf Benchmark
+     * @param {number} number The number to convert.
+     * @returns {string} The more readable string representation.
+     */
+    function formatNumber(number) {
+      number = String(number).split('.');
+      return number[0].replace(/(?=(?:\d{3})+$)(?!\b)/g, ',') +
+        (number[1] ? '.' + number[1] : '');
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Invokes a method on all items in an array.
+     *
+     * @static
+     * @memberOf Benchmark
+     * @param {Array} benches Array of benchmarks to iterate over.
+     * @param {Object|string} name The name of the method to invoke OR options object.
+     * @param {...*} [args] Arguments to invoke the method with.
+     * @returns {Array} A new array of values returned from each method invoked.
+     * @example
+     *
+     * // invoke `reset` on all benchmarks
+     * Benchmark.invoke(benches, 'reset');
+     *
+     * // invoke `emit` with arguments
+     * Benchmark.invoke(benches, 'emit', 'complete', listener);
+     *
+     * // invoke `run(true)`, treat benchmarks as a queue, and register invoke callbacks
+     * Benchmark.invoke(benches, {
+     *
+     *   // invoke the `run` method
+     *   'name': 'run',
+     *
+     *   // pass a single argument
+     *   'args': true,
+     *
+     *   // treat as queue, removing benchmarks from front of `benches` until empty
+     *   'queued': true,
+     *
+     *   // called before any benchmarks have been invoked.
+     *   'onStart': onStart,
+     *
+     *   // called between invoking benchmarks
+     *   'onCycle': onCycle,
+     *
+     *   // called after all benchmarks have been invoked.
+     *   'onComplete': onComplete
+     * });
+     */
+    function invoke(benches, name) {
+      var args,
+          bench,
+          queued,
+          index = -1,
+          eventProps = { 'currentTarget': benches },
+          options = { 'onStart': _.noop, 'onCycle': _.noop, 'onComplete': _.noop },
+          result = _.toArray(benches);
+
+      /**
+       * Invokes the method of the current object and if synchronous, fetches the next.
+       */
+      function execute() {
+        var listeners,
+            async = isAsync(bench);
+
+        if (async) {
+          // Use `getNext` as the first listener.
+          bench.on('complete', getNext);
+          listeners = bench.events.complete;
+          listeners.splice(0, 0, listeners.pop());
+        }
+        // Execute method.
+        result[index] = _.isFunction(bench && bench[name]) ? bench[name].apply(bench, args) : undefined;
+        // If synchronous return `true` until finished.
+        return !async && getNext();
+      }
+
+      /**
+       * Fetches the next bench or executes `onComplete` callback.
+       */
+      function getNext(event) {
+        var cycleEvent,
+            last = bench,
+            async = isAsync(last);
+
+        if (async) {
+          last.off('complete', getNext);
+          last.emit('complete');
+        }
+        // Emit "cycle" event.
+        eventProps.type = 'cycle';
+        eventProps.target = last;
+        cycleEvent = Event(eventProps);
+        options.onCycle.call(benches, cycleEvent);
+
+        // Choose next benchmark if not exiting early.
+        if (!cycleEvent.aborted && raiseIndex() !== false) {
+          bench = queued ? benches[0] : result[index];
+          if (isAsync(bench)) {
+            delay(bench, execute);
+          }
+          else if (async) {
+            // Resume execution if previously asynchronous but now synchronous.
+            while (execute()) {}
+          }
+          else {
+            // Continue synchronous execution.
+            return true;
+          }
+        } else {
+          // Emit "complete" event.
+          eventProps.type = 'complete';
+          options.onComplete.call(benches, Event(eventProps));
+        }
+        // When used as a listener `event.aborted = true` will cancel the rest of
+        // the "complete" listeners because they were already called above and when
+        // used as part of `getNext` the `return false` will exit the execution while-loop.
+        if (event) {
+          event.aborted = true;
+        } else {
+          return false;
+        }
+      }
+
+      /**
+       * Checks if invoking `Benchmark#run` with asynchronous cycles.
+       */
+      function isAsync(object) {
+        // Avoid using `instanceof` here because of IE memory leak issues with host objects.
+        var async = args[0] && args[0].async;
+        return name == 'run' && (object instanceof Benchmark) &&
+          ((async == null ? object.options.async : async) && support.timeout || object.defer);
+      }
+
+      /**
+       * Raises `index` to the next defined index or returns `false`.
+       */
+      function raiseIndex() {
+        index++;
+
+        // If queued remove the previous bench.
+        if (queued && index > 0) {
+          shift.call(benches);
+        }
+        // If we reached the last index then return `false`.
+        return (queued ? benches.length : index < result.length)
+          ? index
+          : (index = false);
+      }
+      // Juggle arguments.
+      if (_.isString(name)) {
+        // 2 arguments (array, name).
+        args = slice.call(arguments, 2);
+      } else {
+        // 2 arguments (array, options).
+        options = _.assign(options, name);
+        name = options.name;
+        args = _.isArray(args = 'args' in options ? options.args : []) ? args : [args];
+        queued = options.queued;
+      }
+      // Start iterating over the array.
+      if (raiseIndex() !== false) {
+        // Emit "start" event.
+        bench = result[index];
+        eventProps.type = 'start';
+        eventProps.target = bench;
+        options.onStart.call(benches, Event(eventProps));
+
+        // End early if the suite was aborted in an "onStart" listener.
+        if (name == 'run' && (benches instanceof Suite) && benches.aborted) {
+          // Emit "cycle" event.
+          eventProps.type = 'cycle';
+          options.onCycle.call(benches, Event(eventProps));
+          // Emit "complete" event.
+          eventProps.type = 'complete';
+          options.onComplete.call(benches, Event(eventProps));
+        }
+        // Start method execution.
+        else {
+          if (isAsync(bench)) {
+            delay(bench, execute);
+          } else {
+            while (execute()) {}
+          }
+        }
+      }
+      return result;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Creates a string of joined array values or object key-value pairs.
+     *
+     * @static
+     * @memberOf Benchmark
+     * @param {Array|Object} object The object to operate on.
+     * @param {string} [separator1=','] The separator used between key-value pairs.
+     * @param {string} [separator2=': '] The separator used between keys and values.
+     * @returns {string} The joined result.
+     */
+    function join(object, separator1, separator2) {
+      var result = [],
+          length = (object = Object(object)).length,
+          arrayLike = length === length >>> 0;
+
+      separator2 || (separator2 = ': ');
+      _.each(object, function(value, key) {
+        result.push(arrayLike ? value : key + separator2 + value);
+      });
+      return result.join(separator1 || ',');
+    }
+
+    /*------------------------------------------------------------------------*/
+
+    /**
+     * Aborts all benchmarks in the suite.
+     *
+     * @name abort
+     * @memberOf Benchmark.Suite
+     * @returns {Object} The suite instance.
+     */
+    function abortSuite() {
+      var event,
+          suite = this,
+          resetting = calledBy.resetSuite;
+
+      if (suite.running) {
+        event = Event('abort');
+        suite.emit(event);
+        if (!event.cancelled || resetting) {
+          // Avoid infinite recursion.
+          calledBy.abortSuite = true;
+          suite.reset();
+          delete calledBy.abortSuite;
+
+          if (!resetting) {
+            suite.aborted = true;
+            invoke(suite, 'abort');
+          }
+        }
+      }
+      return suite;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Adds a test to the benchmark suite.
+     *
+     * @memberOf Benchmark.Suite
+     * @param {string} name A name to identify the benchmark.
+     * @param {Function|string} fn The test to benchmark.
+     * @param {Object} [options={}] Options object.
+     * @returns {Object} The suite instance.
+     * @example
+     *
+     * // basic usage
+     * suite.add(fn);
+     *
+     * // or using a name first
+     * suite.add('foo', fn);
+     *
+     * // or with options
+     * suite.add('foo', fn, {
+     *   'onCycle': onCycle,
+     *   'onComplete': onComplete
+     * });
+     *
+     * // or name and options
+     * suite.add('foo', {
+     *   'fn': fn,
+     *   'onCycle': onCycle,
+     *   'onComplete': onComplete
+     * });
+     *
+     * // or options only
+     * suite.add({
+     *   'name': 'foo',
+     *   'fn': fn,
+     *   'onCycle': onCycle,
+     *   'onComplete': onComplete
+     * });
+     */
+    function add(name, fn, options) {
+      var suite = this,
+          bench = new Benchmark(name, fn, options),
+          event = Event({ 'type': 'add', 'target': bench });
+
+      if (suite.emit(event), !event.cancelled) {
+        suite.push(bench);
+      }
+      return suite;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Creates a new suite with cloned benchmarks.
+     *
+     * @name clone
+     * @memberOf Benchmark.Suite
+     * @param {Object} options Options object to overwrite cloned options.
+     * @returns {Object} The new suite instance.
+     */
+    function cloneSuite(options) {
+      var suite = this,
+          result = new suite.constructor(_.assign({}, suite.options, options));
+
+      // Copy own properties.
+      _.forOwn(suite, function(value, key) {
+        if (!_.has(result, key)) {
+          result[key] = value && _.isFunction(value.clone)
+            ? value.clone()
+            : cloneDeep(value);
+        }
+      });
+      return result;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * An `Array#filter` like method.
+     *
+     * @name filter
+     * @memberOf Benchmark.Suite
+     * @param {Function|string} callback The function/alias called per iteration.
+     * @returns {Object} A new suite of benchmarks that passed callback filter.
+     */
+    function filterSuite(callback) {
+      var suite = this,
+          result = new suite.constructor(suite.options);
+
+      result.push.apply(result, filter(suite, callback));
+      return result;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Resets all benchmarks in the suite.
+     *
+     * @name reset
+     * @memberOf Benchmark.Suite
+     * @returns {Object} The suite instance.
+     */
+    function resetSuite() {
+      var event,
+          suite = this,
+          aborting = calledBy.abortSuite;
+
+      if (suite.running && !aborting) {
+        // No worries, `resetSuite()` is called within `abortSuite()`.
+        calledBy.resetSuite = true;
+        suite.abort();
+        delete calledBy.resetSuite;
+      }
+      // Reset if the state has changed.
+      else if ((suite.aborted || suite.running) &&
+          (suite.emit(event = Event('reset')), !event.cancelled)) {
+        suite.aborted = suite.running = false;
+        if (!aborting) {
+          invoke(suite, 'reset');
+        }
+      }
+      return suite;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Runs the suite.
+     *
+     * @name run
+     * @memberOf Benchmark.Suite
+     * @param {Object} [options={}] Options object.
+     * @returns {Object} The suite instance.
+     * @example
+     *
+     * // basic usage
+     * suite.run();
+     *
+     * // or with options
+     * suite.run({ 'async': true, 'queued': true });
+     */
+    function runSuite(options) {
+      var suite = this;
+
+      suite.reset();
+      suite.running = true;
+      options || (options = {});
+
+      invoke(suite, {
+        'name': 'run',
+        'args': options,
+        'queued': options.queued,
+        'onStart': function(event) {
+          suite.emit(event);
+        },
+        'onCycle': function(event) {
+          var bench = event.target;
+          if (bench.error) {
+            suite.emit({ 'type': 'error', 'target': bench });
+          }
+          suite.emit(event);
+          event.aborted = suite.aborted;
+        },
+        'onComplete': function(event) {
+          suite.running = false;
+          suite.emit(event);
+        }
+      });
+      return suite;
+    }
+
+    /*------------------------------------------------------------------------*/
+
+    /**
+     * Executes all registered listeners of the specified event type.
+     *
+     * @memberOf Benchmark, Benchmark.Suite
+     * @param {Object|string} type The event type or object.
+     * @param {...*} [args] Arguments to invoke the listener with.
+     * @returns {*} Returns the return value of the last listener executed.
+     */
+    function emit(type) {
+      var listeners,
+          object = this,
+          event = Event(type),
+          events = object.events,
+          args = (arguments[0] = event, arguments);
+
+      event.currentTarget || (event.currentTarget = object);
+      event.target || (event.target = object);
+      delete event.result;
+
+      if (events && (listeners = _.has(events, event.type) && events[event.type])) {
+        _.each(listeners.slice(), function(listener) {
+          if ((event.result = listener.apply(object, args)) === false) {
+            event.cancelled = true;
+          }
+          return !event.aborted;
+        });
+      }
+      return event.result;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Returns an array of event listeners for a given type that can be manipulated
+     * to add or remove listeners.
+     *
+     * @memberOf Benchmark, Benchmark.Suite
+     * @param {string} type The event type.
+     * @returns {Array} The listeners array.
+     */
+    function listeners(type) {
+      var object = this,
+          events = object.events || (object.events = {});
+
+      return _.has(events, type) ? events[type] : (events[type] = []);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Unregisters a listener for the specified event type(s),
+     * or unregisters all listeners for the specified event type(s),
+     * or unregisters all listeners for all event types.
+     *
+     * @memberOf Benchmark, Benchmark.Suite
+     * @param {string} [type] The event type.
+     * @param {Function} [listener] The function to unregister.
+     * @returns {Object} The current instance.
+     * @example
+     *
+     * // unregister a listener for an event type
+     * bench.off('cycle', listener);
+     *
+     * // unregister a listener for multiple event types
+     * bench.off('start cycle', listener);
+     *
+     * // unregister all listeners for an event type
+     * bench.off('cycle');
+     *
+     * // unregister all listeners for multiple event types
+     * bench.off('start cycle complete');
+     *
+     * // unregister all listeners for all event types
+     * bench.off();
+     */
+    function off(type, listener) {
+      var object = this,
+          events = object.events;
+
+      if (!events) {
+        return object;
+      }
+      _.each(type ? type.split(' ') : events, function(listeners, type) {
+        var index;
+        if (typeof listeners == 'string') {
+          type = listeners;
+          listeners = _.has(events, type) && events[type];
+        }
+        if (listeners) {
+          if (listener) {
+            index = _.indexOf(listeners, listener);
+            if (index > -1) {
+              listeners.splice(index, 1);
+            }
+          } else {
+            listeners.length = 0;
+          }
+        }
+      });
+      return object;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Registers a listener for the specified event type(s).
+     *
+     * @memberOf Benchmark, Benchmark.Suite
+     * @param {string} type The event type.
+     * @param {Function} listener The function to register.
+     * @returns {Object} The current instance.
+     * @example
+     *
+     * // register a listener for an event type
+     * bench.on('cycle', listener);
+     *
+     * // register a listener for multiple event types
+     * bench.on('start cycle', listener);
+     */
+    function on(type, listener) {
+      var object = this,
+          events = object.events || (object.events = {});
+
+      _.each(type.split(' '), function(type) {
+        (_.has(events, type)
+          ? events[type]
+          : (events[type] = [])
+        ).push(listener);
+      });
+      return object;
+    }
+
+    /*------------------------------------------------------------------------*/
+
+    /**
+     * Aborts the benchmark without recording times.
+     *
+     * @memberOf Benchmark
+     * @returns {Object} The benchmark instance.
+     */
+    function abort() {
+      var event,
+          bench = this,
+          resetting = calledBy.reset;
+
+      if (bench.running) {
+        event = Event('abort');
+        bench.emit(event);
+        if (!event.cancelled || resetting) {
+          // Avoid infinite recursion.
+          calledBy.abort = true;
+          bench.reset();
+          delete calledBy.abort;
+
+          if (support.timeout) {
+            clearTimeout(bench._timerId);
+            delete bench._timerId;
+          }
+          if (!resetting) {
+            bench.aborted = true;
+            bench.running = false;
+          }
+        }
+      }
+      return bench;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Creates a new benchmark using the same test and options.
+     *
+     * @memberOf Benchmark
+     * @param {Object} options Options object to overwrite cloned options.
+     * @returns {Object} The new benchmark instance.
+     * @example
+     *
+     * var bizarro = bench.clone({
+     *   'name': 'doppelganger'
+     * });
+     */
+    function clone(options) {
+      var bench = this,
+          result = new bench.constructor(_.assign({}, bench, options));
+
+      // Correct the `options` object.
+      result.options = _.assign({}, cloneDeep(bench.options), cloneDeep(options));
+
+      // Copy own custom properties.
+      _.forOwn(bench, function(value, key) {
+        if (!_.has(result, key)) {
+          result[key] = cloneDeep(value);
+        }
+      });
+
+      return result;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Determines if a benchmark is faster than another.
+     *
+     * @memberOf Benchmark
+     * @param {Object} other The benchmark to compare.
+     * @returns {number} Returns `-1` if slower, `1` if faster, and `0` if indeterminate.
+     */
+    function compare(other) {
+      var bench = this;
+
+      // Exit early if comparing the same benchmark.
+      if (bench == other) {
+        return 0;
+      }
+      var critical,
+          zStat,
+          sample1 = bench.stats.sample,
+          sample2 = other.stats.sample,
+          size1 = sample1.length,
+          size2 = sample2.length,
+          maxSize = max(size1, size2),
+          minSize = min(size1, size2),
+          u1 = getU(sample1, sample2),
+          u2 = getU(sample2, sample1),
+          u = min(u1, u2);
+
+      function getScore(xA, sampleB) {
+        return _.reduce(sampleB, function(total, xB) {
+          return total + (xB > xA ? 0 : xB < xA ? 1 : 0.5);
+        }, 0);
+      }
+
+      function getU(sampleA, sampleB) {
+        return _.reduce(sampleA, function(total, xA) {
+          return total + getScore(xA, sampleB);
+        }, 0);
+      }
+
+      function getZ(u) {
+        return (u - ((size1 * size2) / 2)) / sqrt((size1 * size2 * (size1 + size2 + 1)) / 12);
+      }
+      // Reject the null hypothesis the two samples come from the
+      // same population (i.e. have the same median) if...
+      if (size1 + size2 > 30) {
+        // ...the z-stat is greater than 1.96 or less than -1.96
+        // http://www.statisticslectures.com/topics/mannwhitneyu/
+        zStat = getZ(u);
+        return abs(zStat) > 1.96 ? (u == u1 ? 1 : -1) : 0;
+      }
+      // ...the U value is less than or equal the critical U value.
+      critical = maxSize < 5 || minSize < 3 ? 0 : uTable[maxSize][minSize - 3];
+      return u <= critical ? (u == u1 ? 1 : -1) : 0;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Reset properties and abort if running.
+     *
+     * @memberOf Benchmark
+     * @returns {Object} The benchmark instance.
+     */
+    function reset() {
+      var bench = this;
+      if (bench.running && !calledBy.abort) {
+        // No worries, `reset()` is called within `abort()`.
+        calledBy.reset = true;
+        bench.abort();
+        delete calledBy.reset;
+        return bench;
+      }
+      var event,
+          index = 0,
+          changes = [],
+          queue = [];
+
+      // A non-recursive solution to check if properties have changed.
+      // For more information see http://www.jslab.dk/articles/non.recursive.preorder.traversal.part4.
+      var data = {
+        'destination': bench,
+        'source': _.assign({}, cloneDeep(bench.constructor.prototype), cloneDeep(bench.options))
+      };
+
+      do {
+        _.forOwn(data.source, function(value, key) {
+          var changed,
+              destination = data.destination,
+              currValue = destination[key];
+
+          // Skip pseudo private properties like `_timerId` which could be a
+          // Java object in environments like RingoJS.
+          if (key.charAt(0) == '_') {
+            return;
+          }
+          if (value && typeof value == 'object') {
+            if (_.isArray(value)) {
+              // Check if an array value has changed to a non-array value.
+              if (!_.isArray(currValue)) {
+                changed = currValue = [];
+              }
+              // Check if an array has changed its length.
+              if (currValue.length != value.length) {
+                changed = currValue = currValue.slice(0, value.length);
+                currValue.length = value.length;
+              }
+            }
+            // Check if an object has changed to a non-object value.
+            else if (!currValue || typeof currValue != 'object') {
+              changed = currValue = {};
+            }
+            // Register a changed object.
+            if (changed) {
+              changes.push({ 'destination': destination, 'key': key, 'value': currValue });
+            }
+            queue.push({ 'destination': currValue, 'source': value });
+          }
+          // Register a changed primitive.
+          else if (value !== currValue && !(value == null || _.isFunction(value))) {
+            changes.push({ 'destination': destination, 'key': key, 'value': value });
+          }
+        });
+      }
+      while ((data = queue[index++]));
+
+      // If changed emit the `reset` event and if it isn't cancelled reset the benchmark.
+      if (changes.length && (bench.emit(event = Event('reset')), !event.cancelled)) {
+        _.each(changes, function(data) {
+          data.destination[data.key] = data.value;
+        });
+      }
+      return bench;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Displays relevant benchmark information when coerced to a string.
+     *
+     * @name toString
+     * @memberOf Benchmark
+     * @returns {string} A string representation of the benchmark instance.
+     */
+    function toStringBench() {
+      var bench = this,
+          error = bench.error,
+          hz = bench.hz,
+          id = bench.id,
+          stats = bench.stats,
+          size = stats.sample.length,
+          pm = '\xb1',
+          result = bench.name || (_.isNaN(id) ? id : '<Test #' + id + '>');
+
+      if (error) {
+        result += ': ' + join(error);
+      } else {
+        result += ' x ' + formatNumber(hz.toFixed(hz < 100 ? 2 : 0)) + ' ops/sec ' + pm +
+          stats.rme.toFixed(2) + '% (' + size + ' run' + (size == 1 ? '' : 's') + ' sampled)';
+      }
+      return result;
+    }
+
+    /*------------------------------------------------------------------------*/
+
+    /**
+     * Clocks the time taken to execute a test per cycle (secs).
+     *
+     * @private
+     * @param {Object} bench The benchmark instance.
+     * @returns {number} The time taken.
+     */
+    function clock() {
+      var options = Benchmark.options,
+          templateData = {},
+          timers = [{ 'ns': timer.ns, 'res': max(0.0015, getRes('ms')), 'unit': 'ms' }];
+
+      // Lazy define for hi-res timers.
+      clock = function(clone) {
+        var deferred;
+
+        if (clone instanceof Deferred) {
+          deferred = clone;
+          clone = deferred.benchmark;
+        }
+        var bench = clone._original,
+            stringable = isStringable(bench.fn),
+            count = bench.count = clone.count,
+            decompilable = stringable || (support.decompilation && (clone.setup !== _.noop || clone.teardown !== _.noop)),
+            id = bench.id,
+            name = bench.name || (typeof id == 'number' ? '<Test #' + id + '>' : id),
+            result = 0;
+
+        // Init `minTime` if needed.
+        clone.minTime = bench.minTime || (bench.minTime = bench.options.minTime = options.minTime);
+
+        // Compile in setup/teardown functions and the test loop.
+        // Create a new compiled test, instead of using the cached `bench.compiled`,
+        // to avoid potential engine optimizations enabled over the life of the test.
+        var funcBody = deferred
+          ? 'var d#=this,${fnArg}=d#,m#=d#.benchmark._original,f#=m#.fn,su#=m#.setup,td#=m#.teardown;' +
+            // When `deferred.cycles` is `0` then...
+            'if(!d#.cycles){' +
+            // set `deferred.fn`,
+            'd#.fn=function(){var ${fnArg}=d#;if(typeof f#=="function"){try{${fn}\n}catch(e#){f#(d#)}}else{${fn}\n}};' +
+            // set `deferred.teardown`,
+            'd#.teardown=function(){d#.cycles=0;if(typeof td#=="function"){try{${teardown}\n}catch(e#){td#()}}else{${teardown}\n}};' +
+            // execute the benchmark's `setup`,
+            'if(typeof su#=="function"){try{${setup}\n}catch(e#){su#()}}else{${setup}\n};' +
+            // start timer,
+            't#.start(d#);' +
+            // and then execute `deferred.fn` and return a dummy object.
+            '}d#.fn();return{uid:"${uid}"}'
+
+          : 'var r#,s#,m#=this,f#=m#.fn,i#=m#.count,n#=t#.ns;${setup}\n${begin};' +
+            'while(i#--){${fn}\n}${end};${teardown}\nreturn{elapsed:r#,uid:"${uid}"}';
+
+        var compiled = bench.compiled = clone.compiled = createCompiled(bench, decompilable, deferred, funcBody),
+            isEmpty = !(templateData.fn || stringable);
+
+        try {
+          if (isEmpty) {
+            // Firefox may remove dead code from `Function#toString` results.
+            // For more information see http://bugzil.la/536085.
+            throw new Error('The test "' + name + '" is empty. This may be the result of dead code removal.');
+          }
+          else if (!deferred) {
+            // Pretest to determine if compiled code exits early, usually by a
+            // rogue `return` statement, by checking for a return object with the uid.
+            bench.count = 1;
+            compiled = decompilable && (compiled.call(bench, context, timer) || {}).uid == templateData.uid && compiled;
+            bench.count = count;
+          }
+        } catch(e) {
+          compiled = null;
+          clone.error = e || new Error(String(e));
+          bench.count = count;
+        }
+        // Fallback when a test exits early or errors during pretest.
+        if (!compiled && !deferred && !isEmpty) {
+          funcBody = (
+            stringable || (decompilable && !clone.error)
+              ? 'function f#(){${fn}\n}var r#,s#,m#=this,i#=m#.count'
+              : 'var r#,s#,m#=this,f#=m#.fn,i#=m#.count'
+            ) +
+            ',n#=t#.ns;${setup}\n${begin};m#.f#=f#;while(i#--){m#.f#()}${end};' +
+            'delete m#.f#;${teardown}\nreturn{elapsed:r#}';
+
+          compiled = createCompiled(bench, decompilable, deferred, funcBody);
+
+          try {
+            // Pretest one more time to check for errors.
+            bench.count = 1;
+            compiled.call(bench, context, timer);
+            bench.count = count;
+            delete clone.error;
+          }
+          catch(e) {
+            bench.count = count;
+            if (!clone.error) {
+              clone.error = e || new Error(String(e));
+            }
+          }
+        }
+        // If no errors run the full test loop.
+        if (!clone.error) {
+          compiled = bench.compiled = clone.compiled = createCompiled(bench, decompilable, deferred, funcBody);
+          result = compiled.call(deferred || bench, context, timer).elapsed;
+        }
+        return result;
+      };
+
+      /*----------------------------------------------------------------------*/
+
+      /**
+       * Creates a compiled function from the given function `body`.
+       */
+      function createCompiled(bench, decompilable, deferred, body) {
+        var fn = bench.fn,
+            fnArg = deferred ? getFirstArgument(fn) || 'deferred' : '';
+
+        templateData.uid = uid + uidCounter++;
+
+        _.assign(templateData, {
+          'setup': decompilable ? getSource(bench.setup) : interpolate('m#.setup()'),
+          'fn': decompilable ? getSource(fn) : interpolate('m#.fn(' + fnArg + ')'),
+          'fnArg': fnArg,
+          'teardown': decompilable ? getSource(bench.teardown) : interpolate('m#.teardown()')
+        });
+
+        // Use API of chosen timer.
+        if (timer.unit == 'ns') {
+          _.assign(templateData, {
+            'begin': interpolate('s#=n#()'),
+            'end': interpolate('r#=n#(s#);r#=r#[0]+(r#[1]/1e9)')
+          });
+        }
+        else if (timer.unit == 'us') {
+          if (timer.ns.stop) {
+            _.assign(templateData, {
+              'begin': interpolate('s#=n#.start()'),
+              'end': interpolate('r#=n#.microseconds()/1e6')
+            });
+          } else {
+            _.assign(templateData, {
+              'begin': interpolate('s#=n#()'),
+              'end': interpolate('r#=(n#()-s#)/1e6')
+            });
+          }
+        }
+        else if (timer.ns.now) {
+          _.assign(templateData, {
+            'begin': interpolate('s#=n#.now()'),
+            'end': interpolate('r#=(n#.now()-s#)/1e3')
+          });
+        }
+        else {
+          _.assign(templateData, {
+            'begin': interpolate('s#=new n#().getTime()'),
+            'end': interpolate('r#=(new n#().getTime()-s#)/1e3')
+          });
+        }
+        // Define `timer` methods.
+        timer.start = createFunction(
+          interpolate('o#'),
+          interpolate('var n#=this.ns,${begin};o#.elapsed=0;o#.timeStamp=s#')
+        );
+
+        timer.stop = createFunction(
+          interpolate('o#'),
+          interpolate('var n#=this.ns,s#=o#.timeStamp,${end};o#.elapsed=r#')
+        );
+
+        // Create compiled test.
+        return createFunction(
+          interpolate('window,t#'),
+          'var global = window, clearTimeout = global.clearTimeout, setTimeout = global.setTimeout;\n' +
+          interpolate(body)
+        );
+      }
+
+      /**
+       * Gets the current timer's minimum resolution (secs).
+       */
+      function getRes(unit) {
+        var measured,
+            begin,
+            count = 30,
+            divisor = 1e3,
+            ns = timer.ns,
+            sample = [];
+
+        // Get average smallest measurable time.
+        while (count--) {
+          if (unit == 'us') {
+            divisor = 1e6;
+            if (ns.stop) {
+              ns.start();
+              while (!(measured = ns.microseconds())) {}
+            } else {
+              begin = ns();
+              while (!(measured = ns() - begin)) {}
+            }
+          }
+          else if (unit == 'ns') {
+            divisor = 1e9;
+            begin = (begin = ns())[0] + (begin[1] / divisor);
+            while (!(measured = ((measured = ns())[0] + (measured[1] / divisor)) - begin)) {}
+            divisor = 1;
+          }
+          else if (ns.now) {
+            begin = ns.now();
+            while (!(measured = ns.now() - begin)) {}
+          }
+          else {
+            begin = new ns().getTime();
+            while (!(measured = new ns().getTime() - begin)) {}
+          }
+          // Check for broken timers.
+          if (measured > 0) {
+            sample.push(measured);
+          } else {
+            sample.push(Infinity);
+            break;
+          }
+        }
+        // Convert to seconds.
+        return getMean(sample) / divisor;
+      }
+
+      /**
+       * Interpolates a given template string.
+       */
+      function interpolate(string) {
+        // Replaces all occurrences of `#` with a unique number and template tokens with content.
+        return _.template(string.replace(/\#/g, /\d+/.exec(templateData.uid)))(templateData);
+      }
+
+      /*----------------------------------------------------------------------*/
+
+      // Detect Chrome's microsecond timer:
+      // enable benchmarking via the --enable-benchmarking command
+      // line switch in at least Chrome 7 to use chrome.Interval
+      try {
+        if ((timer.ns = new (context.chrome || context.chromium).Interval)) {
+          timers.push({ 'ns': timer.ns, 'res': getRes('us'), 'unit': 'us' });
+        }
+      } catch(e) {}
+
+      // Detect Node.js's nanosecond resolution timer available in Node.js >= 0.8.
+      if (processObject && typeof (timer.ns = processObject.hrtime) == 'function') {
+        timers.push({ 'ns': timer.ns, 'res': getRes('ns'), 'unit': 'ns' });
+      }
+      // Detect Wade Simmons' Node.js `microtime` module.
+      if (microtimeObject && typeof (timer.ns = microtimeObject.now) == 'function') {
+        timers.push({ 'ns': timer.ns,  'res': getRes('us'), 'unit': 'us' });
+      }
+      // Pick timer with highest resolution.
+      timer = _.minBy(timers, 'res');
+
+      // Error if there are no working timers.
+      if (timer.res == Infinity) {
+        throw new Error('Benchmark.js was unable to find a working timer.');
+      }
+      // Resolve time span required to achieve a percent uncertainty of at most 1%.
+      // For more information see http://spiff.rit.edu/classes/phys273/uncert/uncert.html.
+      options.minTime || (options.minTime = max(timer.res / 2 / 0.01, 0.05));
+      return clock.apply(null, arguments);
+    }
+
+    /*------------------------------------------------------------------------*/
+
+    /**
+     * Computes stats on benchmark results.
+     *
+     * @private
+     * @param {Object} bench The benchmark instance.
+     * @param {Object} options The options object.
+     */
+    function compute(bench, options) {
+      options || (options = {});
+
+      var async = options.async,
+          elapsed = 0,
+          initCount = bench.initCount,
+          minSamples = bench.minSamples,
+          queue = [],
+          sample = bench.stats.sample;
+
+      /**
+       * Adds a clone to the queue.
+       */
+      function enqueue() {
+        queue.push(bench.clone({
+          '_original': bench,
+          'events': {
+            'abort': [update],
+            'cycle': [update],
+            'error': [update],
+            'start': [update]
+          }
+        }));
+      }
+
+      /**
+       * Updates the clone/original benchmarks to keep their data in sync.
+       */
+      function update(event) {
+        var clone = this,
+            type = event.type;
+
+        if (bench.running) {
+          if (type == 'start') {
+            // Note: `clone.minTime` prop is inited in `clock()`.
+            clone.count = bench.initCount;
+          }
+          else {
+            if (type == 'error') {
+              bench.error = clone.error;
+            }
+            if (type == 'abort') {
+              bench.abort();
+              bench.emit('cycle');
+            } else {
+              event.currentTarget = event.target = bench;
+              bench.emit(event);
+            }
+          }
+        } else if (bench.aborted) {
+          // Clear abort listeners to avoid triggering bench's abort/cycle again.
+          clone.events.abort.length = 0;
+          clone.abort();
+        }
+      }
+
+      /**
+       * Determines if more clones should be queued or if cycling should stop.
+       */
+      function evaluate(event) {
+        var critical,
+            df,
+            mean,
+            moe,
+            rme,
+            sd,
+            sem,
+            variance,
+            clone = event.target,
+            done = bench.aborted,
+            now = _.now(),
+            size = sample.push(clone.times.period),
+            maxedOut = size >= minSamples && (elapsed += now - clone.times.timeStamp) / 1e3 > bench.maxTime,
+            times = bench.times,
+            varOf = function(sum, x) { return sum + pow(x - mean, 2); };
+
+        // Exit early for aborted or unclockable tests.
+        if (done || clone.hz == Infinity) {
+          maxedOut = !(size = sample.length = queue.length = 0);
+        }
+
+        if (!done) {
+          // Compute the sample mean (estimate of the population mean).
+          mean = getMean(sample);
+          // Compute the sample variance (estimate of the population variance).
+          variance = _.reduce(sample, varOf, 0) / (size - 1) || 0;
+          // Compute the sample standard deviation (estimate of the population standard deviation).
+          sd = sqrt(variance);
+          // Compute the standard error of the mean (a.k.a. the standard deviation of the sampling distribution of the sample mean).
+          sem = sd / sqrt(size);
+          // Compute the degrees of freedom.
+          df = size - 1;
+          // Compute the critical value.
+          critical = tTable[Math.round(df) || 1] || tTable.infinity;
+          // Compute the margin of error.
+          moe = sem * critical;
+          // Compute the relative margin of error.
+          rme = (moe / mean) * 100 || 0;
+
+          _.assign(bench.stats, {
+            'deviation': sd,
+            'mean': mean,
+            'moe': moe,
+            'rme': rme,
+            'sem': sem,
+            'variance': variance
+          });
+
+          // Abort the cycle loop when the minimum sample size has been collected
+          // and the elapsed time exceeds the maximum time allowed per benchmark.
+          // We don't count cycle delays toward the max time because delays may be
+          // increased by browsers that clamp timeouts for inactive tabs. For more
+          // information see https://developer.mozilla.org/en/window.setTimeout#Inactive_tabs.
+          if (maxedOut) {
+            // Reset the `initCount` in case the benchmark is rerun.
+            bench.initCount = initCount;
+            bench.running = false;
+            done = true;
+            times.elapsed = (now - times.timeStamp) / 1e3;
+          }
+          if (bench.hz != Infinity) {
+            bench.hz = 1 / mean;
+            times.cycle = mean * bench.count;
+            times.period = mean;
+          }
+        }
+        // If time permits, increase sample size to reduce the margin of error.
+        if (queue.length < 2 && !maxedOut) {
+          enqueue();
+        }
+        // Abort the `invoke` cycle when done.
+        event.aborted = done;
+      }
+
+      // Init queue and begin.
+      enqueue();
+      invoke(queue, {
+        'name': 'run',
+        'args': { 'async': async },
+        'queued': true,
+        'onCycle': evaluate,
+        'onComplete': function() { bench.emit('complete'); }
+      });
+    }
+
+    /*------------------------------------------------------------------------*/
+
+    /**
+     * Cycles a benchmark until a run `count` can be established.
+     *
+     * @private
+     * @param {Object} clone The cloned benchmark instance.
+     * @param {Object} options The options object.
+     */
+    function cycle(clone, options) {
+      options || (options = {});
+
+      var deferred;
+      if (clone instanceof Deferred) {
+        deferred = clone;
+        clone = clone.benchmark;
+      }
+      var clocked,
+          cycles,
+          divisor,
+          event,
+          minTime,
+          period,
+          async = options.async,
+          bench = clone._original,
+          count = clone.count,
+          times = clone.times;
+
+      // Continue, if not aborted between cycles.
+      if (clone.running) {
+        // `minTime` is set to `Benchmark.options.minTime` in `clock()`.
+        cycles = ++clone.cycles;
+        clocked = deferred ? deferred.elapsed : clock(clone);
+        minTime = clone.minTime;
+
+        if (cycles > bench.cycles) {
+          bench.cycles = cycles;
+        }
+        if (clone.error) {
+          event = Event('error');
+          event.message = clone.error;
+          clone.emit(event);
+          if (!event.cancelled) {
+            clone.abort();
+          }
+        }
+      }
+      // Continue, if not errored.
+      if (clone.running) {
+        // Compute the time taken to complete last test cycle.
+        bench.times.cycle = times.cycle = clocked;
+        // Compute the seconds per operation.
+        period = bench.times.period = times.period = clocked / count;
+        // Compute the ops per second.
+        bench.hz = clone.hz = 1 / period;
+        // Avoid working our way up to this next time.
+        bench.initCount = clone.initCount = count;
+        // Do we need to do another cycle?
+        clone.running = clocked < minTime;
+
+        if (clone.running) {
+          // Tests may clock at `0` when `initCount` is a small number,
+          // to avoid that we set its count to something a bit higher.
+          if (!clocked && (divisor = divisors[clone.cycles]) != null) {
+            count = floor(4e6 / divisor);
+          }
+          // Calculate how many more iterations it will take to achieve the `minTime`.
+          if (count <= clone.count) {
+            count += Math.ceil((minTime - clocked) / period);
+          }
+          clone.running = count != Infinity;
+        }
+      }
+      // Should we exit early?
+      event = Event('cycle');
+      clone.emit(event);
+      if (event.aborted) {
+        clone.abort();
+      }
+      // Figure out what to do next.
+      if (clone.running) {
+        // Start a new cycle.
+        clone.count = count;
+        if (deferred) {
+          clone.compiled.call(deferred, context, timer);
+        } else if (async) {
+          delay(clone, function() { cycle(clone, options); });
+        } else {
+          cycle(clone);
+        }
+      }
+      else {
+        // Fix TraceMonkey bug associated with clock fallbacks.
+        // For more information see http://bugzil.la/509069.
+        if (support.browser) {
+          runScript(uid + '=1;delete ' + uid);
+        }
+        // We're done.
+        clone.emit('complete');
+      }
+    }
+
+    /*------------------------------------------------------------------------*/
+
+    /**
+     * Runs the benchmark.
+     *
+     * @memberOf Benchmark
+     * @param {Object} [options={}] Options object.
+     * @returns {Object} The benchmark instance.
+     * @example
+     *
+     * // basic usage
+     * bench.run();
+     *
+     * // or with options
+     * bench.run({ 'async': true });
+     */
+    function run(options) {
+      var bench = this,
+          event = Event('start');
+
+      // Set `running` to `false` so `reset()` won't call `abort()`.
+      bench.running = false;
+      bench.reset();
+      bench.running = true;
+
+      bench.count = bench.initCount;
+      bench.times.timeStamp = _.now();
+      bench.emit(event);
+
+      if (!event.cancelled) {
+        options = { 'async': ((options = options && options.async) == null ? bench.async : options) && support.timeout };
+
+        // For clones created within `compute()`.
+        if (bench._original) {
+          if (bench.defer) {
+            Deferred(bench);
+          } else {
+            cycle(bench, options);
+          }
+        }
+        // For original benchmarks.
+        else {
+          compute(bench, options);
+        }
+      }
+      return bench;
+    }
+
+    /*------------------------------------------------------------------------*/
+
+    // Firefox 1 erroneously defines variable and argument names of functions on
+    // the function itself as non-configurable properties with `undefined` values.
+    // The bugginess continues as the `Benchmark` constructor has an argument
+    // named `options` and Firefox 1 will not assign a value to `Benchmark.options`,
+    // making it non-writable in the process, unless it is the first property
+    // assigned by for-in loop of `_.assign()`.
+    _.assign(Benchmark, {
+
+      /**
+       * The default options copied by benchmark instances.
+       *
+       * @static
+       * @memberOf Benchmark
+       * @type Object
+       */
+      'options': {
+
+        /**
+         * A flag to indicate that benchmark cycles will execute asynchronously
+         * by default.
+         *
+         * @memberOf Benchmark.options
+         * @type boolean
+         */
+        'async': false,
+
+        /**
+         * A flag to indicate that the benchmark clock is deferred.
+         *
+         * @memberOf Benchmark.options
+         * @type boolean
+         */
+        'defer': false,
+
+        /**
+         * The delay between test cycles (secs).
+         * @memberOf Benchmark.options
+         * @type number
+         */
+        'delay': 0.005,
+
+        /**
+         * Displayed by `Benchmark#toString` when a `name` is not available
+         * (auto-generated if absent).
+         *
+         * @memberOf Benchmark.options
+         * @type string
+         */
+        'id': undefined,
+
+        /**
+         * The default number of times to execute a test on a benchmark's first cycle.
+         *
+         * @memberOf Benchmark.options
+         * @type number
+         */
+        'initCount': 1,
+
+        /**
+         * The maximum time a benchmark is allowed to run before finishing (secs).
+         *
+         * Note: Cycle delays aren't counted toward the maximum time.
+         *
+         * @memberOf Benchmark.options
+         * @type number
+         */
+        'maxTime': 5,
+
+        /**
+         * The minimum sample size required to perform statistical analysis.
+         *
+         * @memberOf Benchmark.options
+         * @type number
+         */
+        'minSamples': 5,
+
+        /**
+         * The time needed to reduce the percent uncertainty of measurement to 1% (secs).
+         *
+         * @memberOf Benchmark.options
+         * @type number
+         */
+        'minTime': 0,
+
+        /**
+         * The name of the benchmark.
+         *
+         * @memberOf Benchmark.options
+         * @type string
+         */
+        'name': undefined,
+
+        /**
+         * An event listener called when the benchmark is aborted.
+         *
+         * @memberOf Benchmark.options
+         * @type Function
+         */
+        'onAbort': undefined,
+
+        /**
+         * An event listener called when the benchmark completes running.
+         *
+         * @memberOf Benchmark.options
+         * @type Function
+         */
+        'onComplete': undefined,
+
+        /**
+         * An event listener called after each run cycle.
+         *
+         * @memberOf Benchmark.options
+         * @type Function
+         */
+        'onCycle': undefined,
+
+        /**
+         * An event listener called when a test errors.
+         *
+         * @memberOf Benchmark.options
+         * @type Function
+         */
+        'onError': undefined,
+
+        /**
+         * An event listener called when the benchmark is reset.
+         *
+         * @memberOf Benchmark.options
+         * @type Function
+         */
+        'onReset': undefined,
+
+        /**
+         * An event listener called when the benchmark starts running.
+         *
+         * @memberOf Benchmark.options
+         * @type Function
+         */
+        'onStart': undefined
+      },
+
+      /**
+       * Platform object with properties describing things like browser name,
+       * version, and operating system. See [`platform.js`](https://mths.be/platform).
+       *
+       * @static
+       * @memberOf Benchmark
+       * @type Object
+       */
+      'platform': context.platform || require('platform') || ({
+        'description': context.navigator && context.navigator.userAgent || null,
+        'layout': null,
+        'product': null,
+        'name': null,
+        'manufacturer': null,
+        'os': null,
+        'prerelease': null,
+        'version': null,
+        'toString': function() {
+          return this.description || '';
+        }
+      }),
+
+      /**
+       * The semantic version number.
+       *
+       * @static
+       * @memberOf Benchmark
+       * @type string
+       */
+      'version': '2.1.1'
+    });
+
+    _.assign(Benchmark, {
+      'filter': filter,
+      'formatNumber': formatNumber,
+      'invoke': invoke,
+      'join': join,
+      'runInContext': runInContext,
+      'support': support
+    });
+
+    // Add lodash methods to Benchmark.
+    _.each(['each', 'forEach', 'forOwn', 'has', 'indexOf', 'map', 'reduce'], function(methodName) {
+      Benchmark[methodName] = _[methodName];
+    });
+
+    /*------------------------------------------------------------------------*/
+
+    _.assign(Benchmark.prototype, {
+
+      /**
+       * The number of times a test was executed.
+       *
+       * @memberOf Benchmark
+       * @type number
+       */
+      'count': 0,
+
+      /**
+       * The number of cycles performed while benchmarking.
+       *
+       * @memberOf Benchmark
+       * @type number
+       */
+      'cycles': 0,
+
+      /**
+       * The number of executions per second.
+       *
+       * @memberOf Benchmark
+       * @type number
+       */
+      'hz': 0,
+
+      /**
+       * The compiled test function.
+       *
+       * @memberOf Benchmark
+       * @type {Function|string}
+       */
+      'compiled': undefined,
+
+      /**
+       * The error object if the test failed.
+       *
+       * @memberOf Benchmark
+       * @type Object
+       */
+      'error': undefined,
+
+      /**
+       * The test to benchmark.
+       *
+       * @memberOf Benchmark
+       * @type {Function|string}
+       */
+      'fn': undefined,
+
+      /**
+       * A flag to indicate if the benchmark is aborted.
+       *
+       * @memberOf Benchmark
+       * @type boolean
+       */
+      'aborted': false,
+
+      /**
+       * A flag to indicate if the benchmark is running.
+       *
+       * @memberOf Benchmark
+       * @type boolean
+       */
+      'running': false,
+
+      /**
+       * Compiled into the test and executed immediately **before** the test loop.
+       *
+       * @memberOf Benchmark
+       * @type {Function|string}
+       * @example
+       *
+       * // basic usage
+       * var bench = Benchmark({
+       *   'setup': function() {
+       *     var c = this.count,
+       *         element = document.getElementById('container');
+       *     while (c--) {
+       *       element.appendChild(document.createElement('div'));
+       *     }
+       *   },
+       *   'fn': function() {
+       *     element.removeChild(element.lastChild);
+       *   }
+       * });
+       *
+       * // compiles to something like:
+       * var c = this.count,
+       *     element = document.getElementById('container');
+       * while (c--) {
+       *   element.appendChild(document.createElement('div'));
+       * }
+       * var start = new Date;
+       * while (count--) {
+       *   element.removeChild(element.lastChild);
+       * }
+       * var end = new Date - start;
+       *
+       * // or using strings
+       * var bench = Benchmark({
+       *   'setup': '\
+       *     var a = 0;\n\
+       *     (function() {\n\
+       *       (function() {\n\
+       *         (function() {',
+       *   'fn': 'a += 1;',
+       *   'teardown': '\
+       *          }())\n\
+       *        }())\n\
+       *      }())'
+       * });
+       *
+       * // compiles to something like:
+       * var a = 0;
+       * (function() {
+       *   (function() {
+       *     (function() {
+       *       var start = new Date;
+       *       while (count--) {
+       *         a += 1;
+       *       }
+       *       var end = new Date - start;
+       *     }())
+       *   }())
+       * }())
+       */
+      'setup': _.noop,
+
+      /**
+       * Compiled into the test and executed immediately **after** the test loop.
+       *
+       * @memberOf Benchmark
+       * @type {Function|string}
+       */
+      'teardown': _.noop,
+
+      /**
+       * An object of stats including mean, margin or error, and standard deviation.
+       *
+       * @memberOf Benchmark
+       * @type Object
+       */
+      'stats': {
+
+        /**
+         * The margin of error.
+         *
+         * @memberOf Benchmark#stats
+         * @type number
+         */
+        'moe': 0,
+
+        /**
+         * The relative margin of error (expressed as a percentage of the mean).
+         *
+         * @memberOf Benchmark#stats
+         * @type number
+         */
+        'rme': 0,
+
+        /**
+         * The standard error of the mean.
+         *
+         * @memberOf Benchmark#stats
+         * @type number
+         */
+        'sem': 0,
+
+        /**
+         * The sample standard deviation.
+         *
+         * @memberOf Benchmark#stats
+         * @type number
+         */
+        'deviation': 0,
+
+        /**
+         * The sample arithmetic mean (secs).
+         *
+         * @memberOf Benchmark#stats
+         * @type number
+         */
+        'mean': 0,
+
+        /**
+         * The array of sampled periods.
+         *
+         * @memberOf Benchmark#stats
+         * @type Array
+         */
+        'sample': [],
+
+        /**
+         * The sample variance.
+         *
+         * @memberOf Benchmark#stats
+         * @type number
+         */
+        'variance': 0
+      },
+
+      /**
+       * An object of timing data including cycle, elapsed, period, start, and stop.
+       *
+       * @memberOf Benchmark
+       * @type Object
+       */
+      'times': {
+
+        /**
+         * The time taken to complete the last cycle (secs).
+         *
+         * @memberOf Benchmark#times
+         * @type number
+         */
+        'cycle': 0,
+
+        /**
+         * The time taken to complete the benchmark (secs).
+         *
+         * @memberOf Benchmark#times
+         * @type number
+         */
+        'elapsed': 0,
+
+        /**
+         * The time taken to execute the test once (secs).
+         *
+         * @memberOf Benchmark#times
+         * @type number
+         */
+        'period': 0,
+
+        /**
+         * A timestamp of when the benchmark started (ms).
+         *
+         * @memberOf Benchmark#times
+         * @type number
+         */
+        'timeStamp': 0
+      }
+    });
+
+    _.assign(Benchmark.prototype, {
+      'abort': abort,
+      'clone': clone,
+      'compare': compare,
+      'emit': emit,
+      'listeners': listeners,
+      'off': off,
+      'on': on,
+      'reset': reset,
+      'run': run,
+      'toString': toStringBench
+    });
+
+    /*------------------------------------------------------------------------*/
+
+    _.assign(Deferred.prototype, {
+
+      /**
+       * The deferred benchmark instance.
+       *
+       * @memberOf Benchmark.Deferred
+       * @type Object
+       */
+      'benchmark': null,
+
+      /**
+       * The number of deferred cycles performed while benchmarking.
+       *
+       * @memberOf Benchmark.Deferred
+       * @type number
+       */
+      'cycles': 0,
+
+      /**
+       * The time taken to complete the deferred benchmark (secs).
+       *
+       * @memberOf Benchmark.Deferred
+       * @type number
+       */
+      'elapsed': 0,
+
+      /**
+       * A timestamp of when the deferred benchmark started (ms).
+       *
+       * @memberOf Benchmark.Deferred
+       * @type number
+       */
+      'timeStamp': 0
+    });
+
+    _.assign(Deferred.prototype, {
+      'resolve': resolve
+    });
+
+    /*------------------------------------------------------------------------*/
+
+    _.assign(Event.prototype, {
+
+      /**
+       * A flag to indicate if the emitters listener iteration is aborted.
+       *
+       * @memberOf Benchmark.Event
+       * @type boolean
+       */
+      'aborted': false,
+
+      /**
+       * A flag to indicate if the default action is cancelled.
+       *
+       * @memberOf Benchmark.Event
+       * @type boolean
+       */
+      'cancelled': false,
+
+      /**
+       * The object whose listeners are currently being processed.
+       *
+       * @memberOf Benchmark.Event
+       * @type Object
+       */
+      'currentTarget': undefined,
+
+      /**
+       * The return value of the last executed listener.
+       *
+       * @memberOf Benchmark.Event
+       * @type Mixed
+       */
+      'result': undefined,
+
+      /**
+       * The object to which the event was originally emitted.
+       *
+       * @memberOf Benchmark.Event
+       * @type Object
+       */
+      'target': undefined,
+
+      /**
+       * A timestamp of when the event was created (ms).
+       *
+       * @memberOf Benchmark.Event
+       * @type number
+       */
+      'timeStamp': 0,
+
+      /**
+       * The event type.
+       *
+       * @memberOf Benchmark.Event
+       * @type string
+       */
+      'type': ''
+    });
+
+    /*------------------------------------------------------------------------*/
+
+    /**
+     * The default options copied by suite instances.
+     *
+     * @static
+     * @memberOf Benchmark.Suite
+     * @type Object
+     */
+    Suite.options = {
+
+      /**
+       * The name of the suite.
+       *
+       * @memberOf Benchmark.Suite.options
+       * @type string
+       */
+      'name': undefined
+    };
+
+    /*------------------------------------------------------------------------*/
+
+    _.assign(Suite.prototype, {
+
+      /**
+       * The number of benchmarks in the suite.
+       *
+       * @memberOf Benchmark.Suite
+       * @type number
+       */
+      'length': 0,
+
+      /**
+       * A flag to indicate if the suite is aborted.
+       *
+       * @memberOf Benchmark.Suite
+       * @type boolean
+       */
+      'aborted': false,
+
+      /**
+       * A flag to indicate if the suite is running.
+       *
+       * @memberOf Benchmark.Suite
+       * @type boolean
+       */
+      'running': false
+    });
+
+    _.assign(Suite.prototype, {
+      'abort': abortSuite,
+      'add': add,
+      'clone': cloneSuite,
+      'emit': emit,
+      'filter': filterSuite,
+      'join': arrayRef.join,
+      'listeners': listeners,
+      'off': off,
+      'on': on,
+      'pop': arrayRef.pop,
+      'push': push,
+      'reset': resetSuite,
+      'run': runSuite,
+      'reverse': arrayRef.reverse,
+      'shift': shift,
+      'slice': slice,
+      'sort': arrayRef.sort,
+      'splice': arrayRef.splice,
+      'unshift': unshift
+    });
+
+    /*------------------------------------------------------------------------*/
+
+    // Expose Deferred, Event, and Suite.
+    _.assign(Benchmark, {
+      'Deferred': Deferred,
+      'Event': Event,
+      'Suite': Suite
+    });
+
+    /*------------------------------------------------------------------------*/
+
+    // Add lodash methods as Suite methods.
+    _.each(['each', 'forEach', 'indexOf', 'map', 'reduce'], function(methodName) {
+      var func = _[methodName];
+      Suite.prototype[methodName] = function() {
+        var args = [this];
+        push.apply(args, arguments);
+        return func.apply(_, args);
+      };
+    });
+
+    // Avoid array-like object bugs with `Array#shift` and `Array#splice`
+    // in Firefox < 10 and IE < 9.
+    _.each(['pop', 'shift', 'splice'], function(methodName) {
+      var func = arrayRef[methodName];
+
+      Suite.prototype[methodName] = function() {
+        var value = this,
+            result = func.apply(value, arguments);
+
+        if (value.length === 0) {
+          delete value[0];
+        }
+        return result;
+      };
+    });
+
+    // Avoid buggy `Array#unshift` in IE < 8 which doesn't return the new
+    // length of the array.
+    Suite.prototype.unshift = function() {
+      var value = this;
+      unshift.apply(value, arguments);
+      return value.length;
+    };
+
+    return Benchmark;
+  }
+
+  /*--------------------------------------------------------------------------*/
+
+  // Export Benchmark.
+  // Some AMD build optimizers, like r.js, check for condition patterns like the following:
+  if (typeof define == 'function' && typeof define.amd == 'object' && define.amd) {
+    // Define as an anonymous module so, through path mapping, it can be aliased.
+    define(['lodash', 'platform'], function(_, platform) {
+      return runInContext({
+        '_': _,
+        'platform': platform
+      });
+    });
+  }
+  else {
+    var Benchmark = runInContext();
+
+    // Check for `exports` after `define` in case a build optimizer adds an `exports` object.
+    if (freeExports && freeModule) {
+      // Export for Node.js.
+      if (moduleExports) {
+        (freeModule.exports = Benchmark).Benchmark = Benchmark;
+      }
+      // Export for CommonJS support.
+      freeExports.Benchmark = Benchmark;
+    }
+    else {
+      // Export to the global object.
+      root.Benchmark = Benchmark;
+    }
+  }
+}.call(this));
diff --git a/src/immer/extra/js/lib/immutable.min.js b/src/immer/extra/js/lib/immutable.min.js
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000..18ffb77bb1155
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/immer/extra/js/lib/immutable.min.js
@@ -0,0 +1,36 @@
+/**
+ *  Copyright (c) 2014-2015, Facebook, Inc.
+ *  All rights reserved.
+ *
+ *  This source code is licensed under the BSD-style license found in the
+ *  LICENSE file in the root directory of this source tree. An additional grant
+ *  of patent rights can be found in the PATENTS file in the same directory.
+ */
+!function(t,e){"object"==typeof exports&&"undefined"!=typeof module?module.exports=e():"function"==typeof define&&define.amd?define(e):t.Immutable=e()}(this,function(){"use strict";function t(t,e){e&&(t.prototype=Object.create(e.prototype)),t.prototype.constructor=t}function e(t){return o(t)?t:O(t)}function r(t){return u(t)?t:x(t)}function n(t){return s(t)?t:k(t)}function i(t){return o(t)&&!a(t)?t:A(t)}function o(t){return!(!t||!t[ar])}function u(t){return!(!t||!t[hr])}function s(t){return!(!t||!t[fr])}function a(t){return u(t)||s(t)}function h(t){return!(!t||!t[cr])}function f(t){return t.value=!1,t}function c(t){t&&(t.value=!0)}function _(){}function p(t,e){e=e||0;for(var r=Math.max(0,t.length-e),n=Array(r),i=0;r>i;i++)n[i]=t[i+e];return n}function v(t){return void 0===t.size&&(t.size=t.__iterate(y)),t.size}function l(t,e){if("number"!=typeof e){var r=e>>>0;if(""+r!==e||4294967295===r)return NaN;e=r}return 0>e?v(t)+e:e}function y(){return!0}function d(t,e,r){return(0===t||void 0!==r&&-r>=t)&&(void 0===e||void 0!==r&&e>=r)}function m(t,e){return w(t,e,0)}function g(t,e){return w(t,e,e)}function w(t,e,r){return void 0===t?r:0>t?Math.max(0,e+t):void 0===e?t:Math.min(e,t)}function S(t){this.next=t}function z(t,e,r,n){var i=0===t?e:1===t?r:[e,r];return n?n.value=i:n={value:i,done:!1},n}function I(){return{value:void 0,done:!0}}function b(t){return!!M(t)}function q(t){return t&&"function"==typeof t.next}function D(t){var e=M(t);return e&&e.call(t)}function M(t){var e=t&&(zr&&t[zr]||t[Ir]);return"function"==typeof e?e:void 0}function E(t){return t&&"number"==typeof t.length}function O(t){return null===t||void 0===t?T():o(t)?t.toSeq():C(t)}function x(t){return null===t||void 0===t?T().toKeyedSeq():o(t)?u(t)?t.toSeq():t.fromEntrySeq():B(t)}function k(t){return null===t||void 0===t?T():o(t)?u(t)?t.entrySeq():t.toIndexedSeq():W(t)}function A(t){return(null===t||void 0===t?T():o(t)?u(t)?t.entrySeq():t:W(t)).toSetSeq()}function j(t){this._array=t,this.size=t.length}function R(t){var e=Object.keys(t);this._object=t,this._keys=e,
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+},toSeq:function(){return s(this)?this.toIndexedSeq():u(this)?this.toKeyedSeq():this.toSetSeq()},toStack:function(){return Ve(u(this)?this.valueSeq():this)},toList:function(){return Bt(u(this)?this.valueSeq():this)},toString:function(){return"[Iterable]"},__toString:function(t,e){return 0===this.size?t+e:t+" "+this.toSeq().map(this.__toStringMapper).join(", ")+" "+e},concat:function(){var t=sr.call(arguments,0);return be(this,ye(this,t))},includes:function(t){return this.some(function(e){return X(e,t)})},entries:function(){return this.__iterator(Sr)},every:function(t,e){ft(this.size);var r=!0;return this.__iterate(function(n,i,o){return t.call(e,n,i,o)?void 0:(r=!1,!1)}),r},filter:function(t,e){return be(this,fe(this,t,e,!0))},find:function(t,e,r){var n=this.findEntry(t,e);return n?n[1]:r},forEach:function(t,e){return ft(this.size),this.__iterate(e?t.bind(e):t)},join:function(t){ft(this.size),t=void 0!==t?""+t:",";var e="",r=!0;return this.__iterate(function(n){r?r=!1:e+=t,e+=null!==n&&void 0!==n?""+n:""}),e},keys:function(){return this.__iterator(gr)},map:function(t,e){return be(this,ae(this,t,e))},reduce:function(t,e,r){ft(this.size);var n,i;return arguments.length<2?i=!0:n=e,this.__iterate(function(e,o,u){i?(i=!1,n=e):n=t.call(r,n,e,o,u)}),n},reduceRight:function(t,e,r){var n=this.toKeyedSeq().reverse();return n.reduce.apply(n,arguments)},reverse:function(){return be(this,he(this,!0))},slice:function(t,e){return be(this,pe(this,t,e,!0))},some:function(t,e){return!this.every($e(t),e)},sort:function(t){return be(this,we(this,t))},values:function(){return this.__iterator(wr)},butLast:function(){return this.slice(0,-1)},isEmpty:function(){return void 0!==this.size?0===this.size:!this.some(function(){return!0})},count:function(t,e){return v(t?this.toSeq().filter(t,e):this)},countBy:function(t,e){return ce(this,t,e)},equals:function(t){return F(this,t)},entrySeq:function(){var t=this;if(t._cache)return new j(t._cache);var e=t.toSeq().map(Ze).toIndexedSeq();return e.fromEntrySeq=function(){return t.toSeq()},e},filterNot:function(t,e){
+return this.filter($e(t),e)},findEntry:function(t,e,r){var n=r;return this.__iterate(function(r,i,o){return t.call(e,r,i,o)?(n=[i,r],!1):void 0}),n},findKey:function(t,e){var r=this.findEntry(t,e);return r&&r[0]},findLast:function(t,e,r){return this.toKeyedSeq().reverse().find(t,e,r)},findLastEntry:function(t,e,r){return this.toKeyedSeq().reverse().findEntry(t,e,r)},findLastKey:function(t,e){return this.toKeyedSeq().reverse().findKey(t,e)},first:function(){return this.find(y)},flatMap:function(t,e){return be(this,me(this,t,e))},flatten:function(t){return be(this,de(this,t,!0))},fromEntrySeq:function(){return new ue(this)},get:function(t,e){return this.find(function(e,r){return X(r,t)},void 0,e)},getIn:function(t,e){for(var r,n=this,i=ke(t);!(r=i.next()).done;){var o=r.value;if(n=n&&n.get?n.get(o,yr):yr,n===yr)return e}return n},groupBy:function(t,e){return _e(this,t,e)},has:function(t){return this.get(t,yr)!==yr},hasIn:function(t){return this.getIn(t,yr)!==yr},isSubset:function(t){return t="function"==typeof t.includes?t:e(t),this.every(function(e){return t.includes(e)})},isSuperset:function(t){return t="function"==typeof t.isSubset?t:e(t),t.isSubset(this)},keyOf:function(t){return this.findKey(function(e){return X(e,t)})},keySeq:function(){return this.toSeq().map(Ge).toIndexedSeq()},last:function(){return this.toSeq().reverse().first()},lastKeyOf:function(t){return this.toKeyedSeq().reverse().keyOf(t)},max:function(t){return Se(this,t)},maxBy:function(t,e){return Se(this,e,t)},min:function(t){return Se(this,t?tr(t):nr)},minBy:function(t,e){return Se(this,e?tr(e):nr,t)},rest:function(){return this.slice(1)},skip:function(t){return this.slice(Math.max(0,t))},skipLast:function(t){return be(this,this.toSeq().reverse().skip(t).reverse())},skipWhile:function(t,e){return be(this,le(this,t,e,!0))},skipUntil:function(t,e){return this.skipWhile($e(t),e)},sortBy:function(t,e){return be(this,we(this,e,t))},take:function(t){return this.slice(0,Math.max(0,t))},takeLast:function(t){return be(this,this.toSeq().reverse().take(t).reverse());
+},takeWhile:function(t,e){return be(this,ve(this,t,e))},takeUntil:function(t,e){return this.takeWhile($e(t),e)},valueSeq:function(){return this.toIndexedSeq()},hashCode:function(){return this.__hash||(this.__hash=ir(this))}});var sn=e.prototype;sn[ar]=!0,sn[br]=sn.values,sn.__toJS=sn.toArray,sn.__toStringMapper=er,sn.inspect=sn.toSource=function(){return""+this},sn.chain=sn.flatMap,sn.contains=sn.includes,Fe(r,{flip:function(){return be(this,se(this))},mapEntries:function(t,e){var r=this,n=0;return be(this,this.toSeq().map(function(i,o){return t.call(e,[o,i],n++,r)}).fromEntrySeq())},mapKeys:function(t,e){var r=this;return be(this,this.toSeq().flip().map(function(n,i){return t.call(e,n,i,r)}).flip())}});var an=r.prototype;an[hr]=!0,an[br]=sn.entries,an.__toJS=sn.toObject,an.__toStringMapper=function(t,e){return JSON.stringify(e)+": "+er(t)},Fe(n,{toKeyedSeq:function(){return new ne(this,!1)},filter:function(t,e){return be(this,fe(this,t,e,!1))},findIndex:function(t,e){var r=this.findEntry(t,e);return r?r[0]:-1},indexOf:function(t){var e=this.keyOf(t);return void 0===e?-1:e},lastIndexOf:function(t){var e=this.lastKeyOf(t);return void 0===e?-1:e},reverse:function(){return be(this,he(this,!1))},slice:function(t,e){return be(this,pe(this,t,e,!1))},splice:function(t,e){var r=arguments.length;if(e=Math.max(0|e,0),0===r||2===r&&!e)return this;t=m(t,0>t?this.count():this.size);var n=this.slice(0,t);return be(this,1===r?n:n.concat(p(arguments,2),this.slice(t+e)))},findLastIndex:function(t,e){var r=this.findLastEntry(t,e);return r?r[0]:-1},first:function(){return this.get(0)},flatten:function(t){return be(this,de(this,t,!1))},get:function(t,e){return t=l(this,t),0>t||this.size===1/0||void 0!==this.size&&t>this.size?e:this.find(function(e,r){return r===t},void 0,e)},has:function(t){return t=l(this,t),t>=0&&(void 0!==this.size?this.size===1/0||this.size>t:-1!==this.indexOf(t))},interpose:function(t){return be(this,ge(this,t))},interleave:function(){var t=[this].concat(p(arguments)),e=Ie(this.toSeq(),k.of,t),r=e.flatten(!0);return e.size&&(r.size=e.size*t.length),
+be(this,r)},keySeq:function(){return $(0,this.size)},last:function(){return this.get(-1)},skipWhile:function(t,e){return be(this,le(this,t,e,!1))},zip:function(){var t=[this].concat(p(arguments));return be(this,Ie(this,rr,t))},zipWith:function(t){var e=p(arguments);return e[0]=this,be(this,Ie(this,t,e))}}),n.prototype[fr]=!0,n.prototype[cr]=!0,Fe(i,{get:function(t,e){return this.has(t)?t:e},includes:function(t){return this.has(t)},keySeq:function(){return this.valueSeq()}}),i.prototype.has=sn.includes,i.prototype.contains=i.prototype.includes,Fe(x,r.prototype),Fe(k,n.prototype),Fe(A,i.prototype),Fe(et,r.prototype),Fe(rt,n.prototype),Fe(nt,i.prototype);var hn={Iterable:e,Seq:O,Collection:tt,Map:ct,OrderedMap:Zt,List:Bt,Stack:Ve,Set:Le,OrderedSet:Je,Record:Ae,Range:$,Repeat:G,is:X,fromJS:H};return hn});
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/src/immer/extra/js/lib/lodash.js b/src/immer/extra/js/lib/lodash.js
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000..22e73749bda68
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/immer/extra/js/lib/lodash.js
@@ -0,0 +1,16607 @@
+/**
+ * @license
+ * lodash <https://lodash.com/>
+ * Copyright jQuery Foundation and other contributors <https://jquery.org/>
+ * Released under MIT license <https://lodash.com/license>
+ * Based on Underscore.js 1.8.3 <http://underscorejs.org/LICENSE>
+ * Copyright Jeremy Ashkenas, DocumentCloud and Investigative Reporters & Editors
+ */
+;(function() {
+
+  /** Used as a safe reference for `undefined` in pre-ES5 environments. */
+  var undefined;
+
+  /** Used as the semantic version number. */
+  var VERSION = '4.14.1';
+
+  /** Used as the size to enable large array optimizations. */
+  var LARGE_ARRAY_SIZE = 200;
+
+  /** Used as the `TypeError` message for "Functions" methods. */
+  var FUNC_ERROR_TEXT = 'Expected a function';
+
+  /** Used to stand-in for `undefined` hash values. */
+  var HASH_UNDEFINED = '__lodash_hash_undefined__';
+
+  /** Used as the internal argument placeholder. */
+  var PLACEHOLDER = '__lodash_placeholder__';
+
+  /** Used to compose bitmasks for function metadata. */
+  var BIND_FLAG = 1,
+      BIND_KEY_FLAG = 2,
+      CURRY_BOUND_FLAG = 4,
+      CURRY_FLAG = 8,
+      CURRY_RIGHT_FLAG = 16,
+      PARTIAL_FLAG = 32,
+      PARTIAL_RIGHT_FLAG = 64,
+      ARY_FLAG = 128,
+      REARG_FLAG = 256,
+      FLIP_FLAG = 512;
+
+  /** Used to compose bitmasks for comparison styles. */
+  var UNORDERED_COMPARE_FLAG = 1,
+      PARTIAL_COMPARE_FLAG = 2;
+
+  /** Used as default options for `_.truncate`. */
+  var DEFAULT_TRUNC_LENGTH = 30,
+      DEFAULT_TRUNC_OMISSION = '...';
+
+  /** Used to detect hot functions by number of calls within a span of milliseconds. */
+  var HOT_COUNT = 150,
+      HOT_SPAN = 16;
+
+  /** Used to indicate the type of lazy iteratees. */
+  var LAZY_FILTER_FLAG = 1,
+      LAZY_MAP_FLAG = 2,
+      LAZY_WHILE_FLAG = 3;
+
+  /** Used as references for various `Number` constants. */
+  var INFINITY = 1 / 0,
+      MAX_SAFE_INTEGER = 9007199254740991,
+      MAX_INTEGER = 1.7976931348623157e+308,
+      NAN = 0 / 0;
+
+  /** Used as references for the maximum length and index of an array. */
+  var MAX_ARRAY_LENGTH = 4294967295,
+      MAX_ARRAY_INDEX = MAX_ARRAY_LENGTH - 1,
+      HALF_MAX_ARRAY_LENGTH = MAX_ARRAY_LENGTH >>> 1;
+
+  /** Used to associate wrap methods with their bit flags. */
+  var wrapFlags = [
+    ['ary', ARY_FLAG],
+    ['bind', BIND_FLAG],
+    ['bindKey', BIND_KEY_FLAG],
+    ['curry', CURRY_FLAG],
+    ['curryRight', CURRY_RIGHT_FLAG],
+    ['flip', FLIP_FLAG],
+    ['partial', PARTIAL_FLAG],
+    ['partialRight', PARTIAL_RIGHT_FLAG],
+    ['rearg', REARG_FLAG]
+  ];
+
+  /** `Object#toString` result references. */
+  var argsTag = '[object Arguments]',
+      arrayTag = '[object Array]',
+      boolTag = '[object Boolean]',
+      dateTag = '[object Date]',
+      errorTag = '[object Error]',
+      funcTag = '[object Function]',
+      genTag = '[object GeneratorFunction]',
+      mapTag = '[object Map]',
+      numberTag = '[object Number]',
+      objectTag = '[object Object]',
+      promiseTag = '[object Promise]',
+      regexpTag = '[object RegExp]',
+      setTag = '[object Set]',
+      stringTag = '[object String]',
+      symbolTag = '[object Symbol]',
+      weakMapTag = '[object WeakMap]',
+      weakSetTag = '[object WeakSet]';
+
+  var arrayBufferTag = '[object ArrayBuffer]',
+      dataViewTag = '[object DataView]',
+      float32Tag = '[object Float32Array]',
+      float64Tag = '[object Float64Array]',
+      int8Tag = '[object Int8Array]',
+      int16Tag = '[object Int16Array]',
+      int32Tag = '[object Int32Array]',
+      uint8Tag = '[object Uint8Array]',
+      uint8ClampedTag = '[object Uint8ClampedArray]',
+      uint16Tag = '[object Uint16Array]',
+      uint32Tag = '[object Uint32Array]';
+
+  /** Used to match empty string literals in compiled template source. */
+  var reEmptyStringLeading = /\b__p \+= '';/g,
+      reEmptyStringMiddle = /\b(__p \+=) '' \+/g,
+      reEmptyStringTrailing = /(__e\(.*?\)|\b__t\)) \+\n'';/g;
+
+  /** Used to match HTML entities and HTML characters. */
+  var reEscapedHtml = /&(?:amp|lt|gt|quot|#39|#96);/g,
+      reUnescapedHtml = /[&<>"'`]/g,
+      reHasEscapedHtml = RegExp(reEscapedHtml.source),
+      reHasUnescapedHtml = RegExp(reUnescapedHtml.source);
+
+  /** Used to match template delimiters. */
+  var reEscape = /<%-([\s\S]+?)%>/g,
+      reEvaluate = /<%([\s\S]+?)%>/g,
+      reInterpolate = /<%=([\s\S]+?)%>/g;
+
+  /** Used to match property names within property paths. */
+  var reIsDeepProp = /\.|\[(?:[^[\]]*|(["'])(?:(?!\1)[^\\]|\\.)*?\1)\]/,
+      reIsPlainProp = /^\w*$/,
+      reLeadingDot = /^\./,
+      rePropName = /[^.[\]]+|\[(?:(-?\d+(?:\.\d+)?)|(["'])((?:(?!\2)[^\\]|\\.)*?)\2)\]|(?=(?:\.|\[\])(?:\.|\[\]|$))/g;
+
+  /**
+   * Used to match `RegExp`
+   * [syntax characters](http://ecma-international.org/ecma-262/6.0/#sec-patterns).
+   */
+  var reRegExpChar = /[\\^$.*+?()[\]{}|]/g,
+      reHasRegExpChar = RegExp(reRegExpChar.source);
+
+  /** Used to match leading and trailing whitespace. */
+  var reTrim = /^\s+|\s+$/g,
+      reTrimStart = /^\s+/,
+      reTrimEnd = /\s+$/;
+
+  /** Used to match wrap detail comments. */
+  var reWrapComment = /\{(?:\n\/\* \[wrapped with .+\] \*\/)?\n?/,
+      reWrapDetails = /\{\n\/\* \[wrapped with (.+)\] \*/,
+      reSplitDetails = /,? & /;
+
+  /** Used to match non-compound words composed of alphanumeric characters. */
+  var reBasicWord = /[a-zA-Z0-9]+/g;
+
+  /** Used to match backslashes in property paths. */
+  var reEscapeChar = /\\(\\)?/g;
+
+  /**
+   * Used to match
+   * [ES template delimiters](http://ecma-international.org/ecma-262/6.0/#sec-template-literal-lexical-components).
+   */
+  var reEsTemplate = /\$\{([^\\}]*(?:\\.[^\\}]*)*)\}/g;
+
+  /** Used to match `RegExp` flags from their coerced string values. */
+  var reFlags = /\w*$/;
+
+  /** Used to detect hexadecimal string values. */
+  var reHasHexPrefix = /^0x/i;
+
+  /** Used to detect bad signed hexadecimal string values. */
+  var reIsBadHex = /^[-+]0x[0-9a-f]+$/i;
+
+  /** Used to detect binary string values. */
+  var reIsBinary = /^0b[01]+$/i;
+
+  /** Used to detect host constructors (Safari). */
+  var reIsHostCtor = /^\[object .+?Constructor\]$/;
+
+  /** Used to detect octal string values. */
+  var reIsOctal = /^0o[0-7]+$/i;
+
+  /** Used to detect unsigned integer values. */
+  var reIsUint = /^(?:0|[1-9]\d*)$/;
+
+  /** Used to match latin-1 supplementary letters (excluding mathematical operators). */
+  var reLatin1 = /[\xc0-\xd6\xd8-\xde\xdf-\xf6\xf8-\xff]/g;
+
+  /** Used to ensure capturing order of template delimiters. */
+  var reNoMatch = /($^)/;
+
+  /** Used to match unescaped characters in compiled string literals. */
+  var reUnescapedString = /['\n\r\u2028\u2029\\]/g;
+
+  /** Used to compose unicode character classes. */
+  var rsAstralRange = '\\ud800-\\udfff',
+      rsComboMarksRange = '\\u0300-\\u036f\\ufe20-\\ufe23',
+      rsComboSymbolsRange = '\\u20d0-\\u20f0',
+      rsDingbatRange = '\\u2700-\\u27bf',
+      rsLowerRange = 'a-z\\xdf-\\xf6\\xf8-\\xff',
+      rsMathOpRange = '\\xac\\xb1\\xd7\\xf7',
+      rsNonCharRange = '\\x00-\\x2f\\x3a-\\x40\\x5b-\\x60\\x7b-\\xbf',
+      rsPunctuationRange = '\\u2000-\\u206f',
+      rsSpaceRange = ' \\t\\x0b\\f\\xa0\\ufeff\\n\\r\\u2028\\u2029\\u1680\\u180e\\u2000\\u2001\\u2002\\u2003\\u2004\\u2005\\u2006\\u2007\\u2008\\u2009\\u200a\\u202f\\u205f\\u3000',
+      rsUpperRange = 'A-Z\\xc0-\\xd6\\xd8-\\xde',
+      rsVarRange = '\\ufe0e\\ufe0f',
+      rsBreakRange = rsMathOpRange + rsNonCharRange + rsPunctuationRange + rsSpaceRange;
+
+  /** Used to compose unicode capture groups. */
+  var rsApos = "['\u2019]",
+      rsAstral = '[' + rsAstralRange + ']',
+      rsBreak = '[' + rsBreakRange + ']',
+      rsCombo = '[' + rsComboMarksRange + rsComboSymbolsRange + ']',
+      rsDigits = '\\d+',
+      rsDingbat = '[' + rsDingbatRange + ']',
+      rsLower = '[' + rsLowerRange + ']',
+      rsMisc = '[^' + rsAstralRange + rsBreakRange + rsDigits + rsDingbatRange + rsLowerRange + rsUpperRange + ']',
+      rsFitz = '\\ud83c[\\udffb-\\udfff]',
+      rsModifier = '(?:' + rsCombo + '|' + rsFitz + ')',
+      rsNonAstral = '[^' + rsAstralRange + ']',
+      rsRegional = '(?:\\ud83c[\\udde6-\\uddff]){2}',
+      rsSurrPair = '[\\ud800-\\udbff][\\udc00-\\udfff]',
+      rsUpper = '[' + rsUpperRange + ']',
+      rsZWJ = '\\u200d';
+
+  /** Used to compose unicode regexes. */
+  var rsLowerMisc = '(?:' + rsLower + '|' + rsMisc + ')',
+      rsUpperMisc = '(?:' + rsUpper + '|' + rsMisc + ')',
+      rsOptLowerContr = '(?:' + rsApos + '(?:d|ll|m|re|s|t|ve))?',
+      rsOptUpperContr = '(?:' + rsApos + '(?:D|LL|M|RE|S|T|VE))?',
+      reOptMod = rsModifier + '?',
+      rsOptVar = '[' + rsVarRange + ']?',
+      rsOptJoin = '(?:' + rsZWJ + '(?:' + [rsNonAstral, rsRegional, rsSurrPair].join('|') + ')' + rsOptVar + reOptMod + ')*',
+      rsSeq = rsOptVar + reOptMod + rsOptJoin,
+      rsEmoji = '(?:' + [rsDingbat, rsRegional, rsSurrPair].join('|') + ')' + rsSeq,
+      rsSymbol = '(?:' + [rsNonAstral + rsCombo + '?', rsCombo, rsRegional, rsSurrPair, rsAstral].join('|') + ')';
+
+  /** Used to match apostrophes. */
+  var reApos = RegExp(rsApos, 'g');
+
+  /**
+   * Used to match [combining diacritical marks](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Combining_Diacritical_Marks) and
+   * [combining diacritical marks for symbols](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Combining_Diacritical_Marks_for_Symbols).
+   */
+  var reComboMark = RegExp(rsCombo, 'g');
+
+  /** Used to match [string symbols](https://mathiasbynens.be/notes/javascript-unicode). */
+  var reComplexSymbol = RegExp(rsFitz + '(?=' + rsFitz + ')|' + rsSymbol + rsSeq, 'g');
+
+  /** Used to match complex or compound words. */
+  var reComplexWord = RegExp([
+    rsUpper + '?' + rsLower + '+' + rsOptLowerContr + '(?=' + [rsBreak, rsUpper, '$'].join('|') + ')',
+    rsUpperMisc + '+' + rsOptUpperContr + '(?=' + [rsBreak, rsUpper + rsLowerMisc, '$'].join('|') + ')',
+    rsUpper + '?' + rsLowerMisc + '+' + rsOptLowerContr,
+    rsUpper + '+' + rsOptUpperContr,
+    rsDigits,
+    rsEmoji
+  ].join('|'), 'g');
+
+  /** Used to detect strings with [zero-width joiners or code points from the astral planes](http://eev.ee/blog/2015/09/12/dark-corners-of-unicode/). */
+  var reHasComplexSymbol = RegExp('[' + rsZWJ + rsAstralRange  + rsComboMarksRange + rsComboSymbolsRange + rsVarRange + ']');
+
+  /** Used to detect strings that need a more robust regexp to match words. */
+  var reHasComplexWord = /[a-z][A-Z]|[A-Z]{2,}[a-z]|[0-9][a-zA-Z]|[a-zA-Z][0-9]|[^a-zA-Z0-9 ]/;
+
+  /** Used to assign default `context` object properties. */
+  var contextProps = [
+    'Array', 'Buffer', 'DataView', 'Date', 'Error', 'Float32Array', 'Float64Array',
+    'Function', 'Int8Array', 'Int16Array', 'Int32Array', 'Map', 'Math', 'Object',
+    'Promise', 'Reflect', 'RegExp', 'Set', 'String', 'Symbol', 'TypeError',
+    'Uint8Array', 'Uint8ClampedArray', 'Uint16Array', 'Uint32Array', 'WeakMap',
+    '_', 'clearTimeout', 'isFinite', 'parseInt', 'setTimeout'
+  ];
+
+  /** Used to make template sourceURLs easier to identify. */
+  var templateCounter = -1;
+
+  /** Used to identify `toStringTag` values of typed arrays. */
+  var typedArrayTags = {};
+  typedArrayTags[float32Tag] = typedArrayTags[float64Tag] =
+  typedArrayTags[int8Tag] = typedArrayTags[int16Tag] =
+  typedArrayTags[int32Tag] = typedArrayTags[uint8Tag] =
+  typedArrayTags[uint8ClampedTag] = typedArrayTags[uint16Tag] =
+  typedArrayTags[uint32Tag] = true;
+  typedArrayTags[argsTag] = typedArrayTags[arrayTag] =
+  typedArrayTags[arrayBufferTag] = typedArrayTags[boolTag] =
+  typedArrayTags[dataViewTag] = typedArrayTags[dateTag] =
+  typedArrayTags[errorTag] = typedArrayTags[funcTag] =
+  typedArrayTags[mapTag] = typedArrayTags[numberTag] =
+  typedArrayTags[objectTag] = typedArrayTags[regexpTag] =
+  typedArrayTags[setTag] = typedArrayTags[stringTag] =
+  typedArrayTags[weakMapTag] = false;
+
+  /** Used to identify `toStringTag` values supported by `_.clone`. */
+  var cloneableTags = {};
+  cloneableTags[argsTag] = cloneableTags[arrayTag] =
+  cloneableTags[arrayBufferTag] = cloneableTags[dataViewTag] =
+  cloneableTags[boolTag] = cloneableTags[dateTag] =
+  cloneableTags[float32Tag] = cloneableTags[float64Tag] =
+  cloneableTags[int8Tag] = cloneableTags[int16Tag] =
+  cloneableTags[int32Tag] = cloneableTags[mapTag] =
+  cloneableTags[numberTag] = cloneableTags[objectTag] =
+  cloneableTags[regexpTag] = cloneableTags[setTag] =
+  cloneableTags[stringTag] = cloneableTags[symbolTag] =
+  cloneableTags[uint8Tag] = cloneableTags[uint8ClampedTag] =
+  cloneableTags[uint16Tag] = cloneableTags[uint32Tag] = true;
+  cloneableTags[errorTag] = cloneableTags[funcTag] =
+  cloneableTags[weakMapTag] = false;
+
+  /** Used to map latin-1 supplementary letters to basic latin letters. */
+  var deburredLetters = {
+    '\xc0': 'A',  '\xc1': 'A', '\xc2': 'A', '\xc3': 'A', '\xc4': 'A', '\xc5': 'A',
+    '\xe0': 'a',  '\xe1': 'a', '\xe2': 'a', '\xe3': 'a', '\xe4': 'a', '\xe5': 'a',
+    '\xc7': 'C',  '\xe7': 'c',
+    '\xd0': 'D',  '\xf0': 'd',
+    '\xc8': 'E',  '\xc9': 'E', '\xca': 'E', '\xcb': 'E',
+    '\xe8': 'e',  '\xe9': 'e', '\xea': 'e', '\xeb': 'e',
+    '\xcC': 'I',  '\xcd': 'I', '\xce': 'I', '\xcf': 'I',
+    '\xeC': 'i',  '\xed': 'i', '\xee': 'i', '\xef': 'i',
+    '\xd1': 'N',  '\xf1': 'n',
+    '\xd2': 'O',  '\xd3': 'O', '\xd4': 'O', '\xd5': 'O', '\xd6': 'O', '\xd8': 'O',
+    '\xf2': 'o',  '\xf3': 'o', '\xf4': 'o', '\xf5': 'o', '\xf6': 'o', '\xf8': 'o',
+    '\xd9': 'U',  '\xda': 'U', '\xdb': 'U', '\xdc': 'U',
+    '\xf9': 'u',  '\xfa': 'u', '\xfb': 'u', '\xfc': 'u',
+    '\xdd': 'Y',  '\xfd': 'y', '\xff': 'y',
+    '\xc6': 'Ae', '\xe6': 'ae',
+    '\xde': 'Th', '\xfe': 'th',
+    '\xdf': 'ss'
+  };
+
+  /** Used to map characters to HTML entities. */
+  var htmlEscapes = {
+    '&': '&amp;',
+    '<': '&lt;',
+    '>': '&gt;',
+    '"': '&quot;',
+    "'": '&#39;',
+    '`': '&#96;'
+  };
+
+  /** Used to map HTML entities to characters. */
+  var htmlUnescapes = {
+    '&amp;': '&',
+    '&lt;': '<',
+    '&gt;': '>',
+    '&quot;': '"',
+    '&#39;': "'",
+    '&#96;': '`'
+  };
+
+  /** Used to escape characters for inclusion in compiled string literals. */
+  var stringEscapes = {
+    '\\': '\\',
+    "'": "'",
+    '\n': 'n',
+    '\r': 'r',
+    '\u2028': 'u2028',
+    '\u2029': 'u2029'
+  };
+
+  /** Built-in method references without a dependency on `root`. */
+  var freeParseFloat = parseFloat,
+      freeParseInt = parseInt;
+
+  /** Detect free variable `global` from Node.js. */
+  var freeGlobal = typeof global == 'object' && global && global.Object === Object && global;
+
+  /** Detect free variable `self`. */
+  var freeSelf = typeof self == 'object' && self && self.Object === Object && self;
+
+  /** Used as a reference to the global object. */
+  var root = freeGlobal || freeSelf || Function('return this')();
+
+  /** Detect free variable `exports`. */
+  var freeExports = typeof exports == 'object' && exports && !exports.nodeType && exports;
+
+  /** Detect free variable `module`. */
+  var freeModule = freeExports && typeof module == 'object' && module && !module.nodeType && module;
+
+  /** Detect the popular CommonJS extension `module.exports`. */
+  var moduleExports = freeModule && freeModule.exports === freeExports;
+
+  /** Detect free variable `process` from Node.js. */
+  var freeProcess = moduleExports && freeGlobal.process;
+
+  /** Used to access faster Node.js helpers. */
+  var nodeUtil = (function() {
+    try {
+      return freeProcess && freeProcess.binding('util');
+    } catch (e) {}
+  }());
+
+  /* Node.js helper references. */
+  var nodeIsArrayBuffer = nodeUtil && nodeUtil.isArrayBuffer,
+      nodeIsDate = nodeUtil && nodeUtil.isDate,
+      nodeIsMap = nodeUtil && nodeUtil.isMap,
+      nodeIsRegExp = nodeUtil && nodeUtil.isRegExp,
+      nodeIsSet = nodeUtil && nodeUtil.isSet,
+      nodeIsTypedArray = nodeUtil && nodeUtil.isTypedArray;
+
+  /*--------------------------------------------------------------------------*/
+
+  /**
+   * Adds the key-value `pair` to `map`.
+   *
+   * @private
+   * @param {Object} map The map to modify.
+   * @param {Array} pair The key-value pair to add.
+   * @returns {Object} Returns `map`.
+   */
+  function addMapEntry(map, pair) {
+    // Don't return `map.set` because it's not chainable in IE 11.
+    map.set(pair[0], pair[1]);
+    return map;
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Adds `value` to `set`.
+   *
+   * @private
+   * @param {Object} set The set to modify.
+   * @param {*} value The value to add.
+   * @returns {Object} Returns `set`.
+   */
+  function addSetEntry(set, value) {
+    // Don't return `set.add` because it's not chainable in IE 11.
+    set.add(value);
+    return set;
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * A faster alternative to `Function#apply`, this function invokes `func`
+   * with the `this` binding of `thisArg` and the arguments of `args`.
+   *
+   * @private
+   * @param {Function} func The function to invoke.
+   * @param {*} thisArg The `this` binding of `func`.
+   * @param {Array} args The arguments to invoke `func` with.
+   * @returns {*} Returns the result of `func`.
+   */
+  function apply(func, thisArg, args) {
+    switch (args.length) {
+      case 0: return func.call(thisArg);
+      case 1: return func.call(thisArg, args[0]);
+      case 2: return func.call(thisArg, args[0], args[1]);
+      case 3: return func.call(thisArg, args[0], args[1], args[2]);
+    }
+    return func.apply(thisArg, args);
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * A specialized version of `baseAggregator` for arrays.
+   *
+   * @private
+   * @param {Array} [array] The array to iterate over.
+   * @param {Function} setter The function to set `accumulator` values.
+   * @param {Function} iteratee The iteratee to transform keys.
+   * @param {Object} accumulator The initial aggregated object.
+   * @returns {Function} Returns `accumulator`.
+   */
+  function arrayAggregator(array, setter, iteratee, accumulator) {
+    var index = -1,
+        length = array ? array.length : 0;
+
+    while (++index < length) {
+      var value = array[index];
+      setter(accumulator, value, iteratee(value), array);
+    }
+    return accumulator;
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * A specialized version of `_.forEach` for arrays without support for
+   * iteratee shorthands.
+   *
+   * @private
+   * @param {Array} [array] The array to iterate over.
+   * @param {Function} iteratee The function invoked per iteration.
+   * @returns {Array} Returns `array`.
+   */
+  function arrayEach(array, iteratee) {
+    var index = -1,
+        length = array ? array.length : 0;
+
+    while (++index < length) {
+      if (iteratee(array[index], index, array) === false) {
+        break;
+      }
+    }
+    return array;
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * A specialized version of `_.forEachRight` for arrays without support for
+   * iteratee shorthands.
+   *
+   * @private
+   * @param {Array} [array] The array to iterate over.
+   * @param {Function} iteratee The function invoked per iteration.
+   * @returns {Array} Returns `array`.
+   */
+  function arrayEachRight(array, iteratee) {
+    var length = array ? array.length : 0;
+
+    while (length--) {
+      if (iteratee(array[length], length, array) === false) {
+        break;
+      }
+    }
+    return array;
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * A specialized version of `_.every` for arrays without support for
+   * iteratee shorthands.
+   *
+   * @private
+   * @param {Array} [array] The array to iterate over.
+   * @param {Function} predicate The function invoked per iteration.
+   * @returns {boolean} Returns `true` if all elements pass the predicate check,
+   *  else `false`.
+   */
+  function arrayEvery(array, predicate) {
+    var index = -1,
+        length = array ? array.length : 0;
+
+    while (++index < length) {
+      if (!predicate(array[index], index, array)) {
+        return false;
+      }
+    }
+    return true;
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * A specialized version of `_.filter` for arrays without support for
+   * iteratee shorthands.
+   *
+   * @private
+   * @param {Array} [array] The array to iterate over.
+   * @param {Function} predicate The function invoked per iteration.
+   * @returns {Array} Returns the new filtered array.
+   */
+  function arrayFilter(array, predicate) {
+    var index = -1,
+        length = array ? array.length : 0,
+        resIndex = 0,
+        result = [];
+
+    while (++index < length) {
+      var value = array[index];
+      if (predicate(value, index, array)) {
+        result[resIndex++] = value;
+      }
+    }
+    return result;
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * A specialized version of `_.includes` for arrays without support for
+   * specifying an index to search from.
+   *
+   * @private
+   * @param {Array} [array] The array to search.
+   * @param {*} target The value to search for.
+   * @returns {boolean} Returns `true` if `target` is found, else `false`.
+   */
+  function arrayIncludes(array, value) {
+    var length = array ? array.length : 0;
+    return !!length && baseIndexOf(array, value, 0) > -1;
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * This function is like `arrayIncludes` except that it accepts a comparator.
+   *
+   * @private
+   * @param {Array} [array] The array to search.
+   * @param {*} target The value to search for.
+   * @param {Function} comparator The comparator invoked per element.
+   * @returns {boolean} Returns `true` if `target` is found, else `false`.
+   */
+  function arrayIncludesWith(array, value, comparator) {
+    var index = -1,
+        length = array ? array.length : 0;
+
+    while (++index < length) {
+      if (comparator(value, array[index])) {
+        return true;
+      }
+    }
+    return false;
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * A specialized version of `_.map` for arrays without support for iteratee
+   * shorthands.
+   *
+   * @private
+   * @param {Array} [array] The array to iterate over.
+   * @param {Function} iteratee The function invoked per iteration.
+   * @returns {Array} Returns the new mapped array.
+   */
+  function arrayMap(array, iteratee) {
+    var index = -1,
+        length = array ? array.length : 0,
+        result = Array(length);
+
+    while (++index < length) {
+      result[index] = iteratee(array[index], index, array);
+    }
+    return result;
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Appends the elements of `values` to `array`.
+   *
+   * @private
+   * @param {Array} array The array to modify.
+   * @param {Array} values The values to append.
+   * @returns {Array} Returns `array`.
+   */
+  function arrayPush(array, values) {
+    var index = -1,
+        length = values.length,
+        offset = array.length;
+
+    while (++index < length) {
+      array[offset + index] = values[index];
+    }
+    return array;
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * A specialized version of `_.reduce` for arrays without support for
+   * iteratee shorthands.
+   *
+   * @private
+   * @param {Array} [array] The array to iterate over.
+   * @param {Function} iteratee The function invoked per iteration.
+   * @param {*} [accumulator] The initial value.
+   * @param {boolean} [initAccum] Specify using the first element of `array` as
+   *  the initial value.
+   * @returns {*} Returns the accumulated value.
+   */
+  function arrayReduce(array, iteratee, accumulator, initAccum) {
+    var index = -1,
+        length = array ? array.length : 0;
+
+    if (initAccum && length) {
+      accumulator = array[++index];
+    }
+    while (++index < length) {
+      accumulator = iteratee(accumulator, array[index], index, array);
+    }
+    return accumulator;
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * A specialized version of `_.reduceRight` for arrays without support for
+   * iteratee shorthands.
+   *
+   * @private
+   * @param {Array} [array] The array to iterate over.
+   * @param {Function} iteratee The function invoked per iteration.
+   * @param {*} [accumulator] The initial value.
+   * @param {boolean} [initAccum] Specify using the last element of `array` as
+   *  the initial value.
+   * @returns {*} Returns the accumulated value.
+   */
+  function arrayReduceRight(array, iteratee, accumulator, initAccum) {
+    var length = array ? array.length : 0;
+    if (initAccum && length) {
+      accumulator = array[--length];
+    }
+    while (length--) {
+      accumulator = iteratee(accumulator, array[length], length, array);
+    }
+    return accumulator;
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * A specialized version of `_.some` for arrays without support for iteratee
+   * shorthands.
+   *
+   * @private
+   * @param {Array} [array] The array to iterate over.
+   * @param {Function} predicate The function invoked per iteration.
+   * @returns {boolean} Returns `true` if any element passes the predicate check,
+   *  else `false`.
+   */
+  function arraySome(array, predicate) {
+    var index = -1,
+        length = array ? array.length : 0;
+
+    while (++index < length) {
+      if (predicate(array[index], index, array)) {
+        return true;
+      }
+    }
+    return false;
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * The base implementation of methods like `_.findKey` and `_.findLastKey`,
+   * without support for iteratee shorthands, which iterates over `collection`
+   * using `eachFunc`.
+   *
+   * @private
+   * @param {Array|Object} collection The collection to search.
+   * @param {Function} predicate The function invoked per iteration.
+   * @param {Function} eachFunc The function to iterate over `collection`.
+   * @returns {*} Returns the found element or its key, else `undefined`.
+   */
+  function baseFindKey(collection, predicate, eachFunc) {
+    var result;
+    eachFunc(collection, function(value, key, collection) {
+      if (predicate(value, key, collection)) {
+        result = key;
+        return false;
+      }
+    });
+    return result;
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * The base implementation of `_.findIndex` and `_.findLastIndex` without
+   * support for iteratee shorthands.
+   *
+   * @private
+   * @param {Array} array The array to search.
+   * @param {Function} predicate The function invoked per iteration.
+   * @param {number} fromIndex The index to search from.
+   * @param {boolean} [fromRight] Specify iterating from right to left.
+   * @returns {number} Returns the index of the matched value, else `-1`.
+   */
+  function baseFindIndex(array, predicate, fromIndex, fromRight) {
+    var length = array.length,
+        index = fromIndex + (fromRight ? 1 : -1);
+
+    while ((fromRight ? index-- : ++index < length)) {
+      if (predicate(array[index], index, array)) {
+        return index;
+      }
+    }
+    return -1;
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * The base implementation of `_.indexOf` without `fromIndex` bounds checks.
+   *
+   * @private
+   * @param {Array} array The array to search.
+   * @param {*} value The value to search for.
+   * @param {number} fromIndex The index to search from.
+   * @returns {number} Returns the index of the matched value, else `-1`.
+   */
+  function baseIndexOf(array, value, fromIndex) {
+    if (value !== value) {
+      return baseFindIndex(array, baseIsNaN, fromIndex);
+    }
+    var index = fromIndex - 1,
+        length = array.length;
+
+    while (++index < length) {
+      if (array[index] === value) {
+        return index;
+      }
+    }
+    return -1;
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * This function is like `baseIndexOf` except that it accepts a comparator.
+   *
+   * @private
+   * @param {Array} array The array to search.
+   * @param {*} value The value to search for.
+   * @param {number} fromIndex The index to search from.
+   * @param {Function} comparator The comparator invoked per element.
+   * @returns {number} Returns the index of the matched value, else `-1`.
+   */
+  function baseIndexOfWith(array, value, fromIndex, comparator) {
+    var index = fromIndex - 1,
+        length = array.length;
+
+    while (++index < length) {
+      if (comparator(array[index], value)) {
+        return index;
+      }
+    }
+    return -1;
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * The base implementation of `_.isNaN` without support for number objects.
+   *
+   * @private
+   * @param {*} value The value to check.
+   * @returns {boolean} Returns `true` if `value` is `NaN`, else `false`.
+   */
+  function baseIsNaN(value) {
+    return value !== value;
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * The base implementation of `_.mean` and `_.meanBy` without support for
+   * iteratee shorthands.
+   *
+   * @private
+   * @param {Array} array The array to iterate over.
+   * @param {Function} iteratee The function invoked per iteration.
+   * @returns {number} Returns the mean.
+   */
+  function baseMean(array, iteratee) {
+    var length = array ? array.length : 0;
+    return length ? (baseSum(array, iteratee) / length) : NAN;
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * The base implementation of `_.property` without support for deep paths.
+   *
+   * @private
+   * @param {string} key The key of the property to get.
+   * @returns {Function} Returns the new accessor function.
+   */
+  function baseProperty(key) {
+    return function(object) {
+      return object == null ? undefined : object[key];
+    };
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * The base implementation of `_.propertyOf` without support for deep paths.
+   *
+   * @private
+   * @param {Object} object The object to query.
+   * @returns {Function} Returns the new accessor function.
+   */
+  function basePropertyOf(object) {
+    return function(key) {
+      return object == null ? undefined : object[key];
+    };
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * The base implementation of `_.reduce` and `_.reduceRight`, without support
+   * for iteratee shorthands, which iterates over `collection` using `eachFunc`.
+   *
+   * @private
+   * @param {Array|Object} collection The collection to iterate over.
+   * @param {Function} iteratee The function invoked per iteration.
+   * @param {*} accumulator The initial value.
+   * @param {boolean} initAccum Specify using the first or last element of
+   *  `collection` as the initial value.
+   * @param {Function} eachFunc The function to iterate over `collection`.
+   * @returns {*} Returns the accumulated value.
+   */
+  function baseReduce(collection, iteratee, accumulator, initAccum, eachFunc) {
+    eachFunc(collection, function(value, index, collection) {
+      accumulator = initAccum
+        ? (initAccum = false, value)
+        : iteratee(accumulator, value, index, collection);
+    });
+    return accumulator;
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * The base implementation of `_.sortBy` which uses `comparer` to define the
+   * sort order of `array` and replaces criteria objects with their corresponding
+   * values.
+   *
+   * @private
+   * @param {Array} array The array to sort.
+   * @param {Function} comparer The function to define sort order.
+   * @returns {Array} Returns `array`.
+   */
+  function baseSortBy(array, comparer) {
+    var length = array.length;
+
+    array.sort(comparer);
+    while (length--) {
+      array[length] = array[length].value;
+    }
+    return array;
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * The base implementation of `_.sum` and `_.sumBy` without support for
+   * iteratee shorthands.
+   *
+   * @private
+   * @param {Array} array The array to iterate over.
+   * @param {Function} iteratee The function invoked per iteration.
+   * @returns {number} Returns the sum.
+   */
+  function baseSum(array, iteratee) {
+    var result,
+        index = -1,
+        length = array.length;
+
+    while (++index < length) {
+      var current = iteratee(array[index]);
+      if (current !== undefined) {
+        result = result === undefined ? current : (result + current);
+      }
+    }
+    return result;
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * The base implementation of `_.times` without support for iteratee shorthands
+   * or max array length checks.
+   *
+   * @private
+   * @param {number} n The number of times to invoke `iteratee`.
+   * @param {Function} iteratee The function invoked per iteration.
+   * @returns {Array} Returns the array of results.
+   */
+  function baseTimes(n, iteratee) {
+    var index = -1,
+        result = Array(n);
+
+    while (++index < n) {
+      result[index] = iteratee(index);
+    }
+    return result;
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * The base implementation of `_.toPairs` and `_.toPairsIn` which creates an array
+   * of key-value pairs for `object` corresponding to the property names of `props`.
+   *
+   * @private
+   * @param {Object} object The object to query.
+   * @param {Array} props The property names to get values for.
+   * @returns {Object} Returns the key-value pairs.
+   */
+  function baseToPairs(object, props) {
+    return arrayMap(props, function(key) {
+      return [key, object[key]];
+    });
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * The base implementation of `_.unary` without support for storing metadata.
+   *
+   * @private
+   * @param {Function} func The function to cap arguments for.
+   * @returns {Function} Returns the new capped function.
+   */
+  function baseUnary(func) {
+    return function(value) {
+      return func(value);
+    };
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * The base implementation of `_.values` and `_.valuesIn` which creates an
+   * array of `object` property values corresponding to the property names
+   * of `props`.
+   *
+   * @private
+   * @param {Object} object The object to query.
+   * @param {Array} props The property names to get values for.
+   * @returns {Object} Returns the array of property values.
+   */
+  function baseValues(object, props) {
+    return arrayMap(props, function(key) {
+      return object[key];
+    });
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Checks if a cache value for `key` exists.
+   *
+   * @private
+   * @param {Object} cache The cache to query.
+   * @param {string} key The key of the entry to check.
+   * @returns {boolean} Returns `true` if an entry for `key` exists, else `false`.
+   */
+  function cacheHas(cache, key) {
+    return cache.has(key);
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Used by `_.trim` and `_.trimStart` to get the index of the first string symbol
+   * that is not found in the character symbols.
+   *
+   * @private
+   * @param {Array} strSymbols The string symbols to inspect.
+   * @param {Array} chrSymbols The character symbols to find.
+   * @returns {number} Returns the index of the first unmatched string symbol.
+   */
+  function charsStartIndex(strSymbols, chrSymbols) {
+    var index = -1,
+        length = strSymbols.length;
+
+    while (++index < length && baseIndexOf(chrSymbols, strSymbols[index], 0) > -1) {}
+    return index;
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Used by `_.trim` and `_.trimEnd` to get the index of the last string symbol
+   * that is not found in the character symbols.
+   *
+   * @private
+   * @param {Array} strSymbols The string symbols to inspect.
+   * @param {Array} chrSymbols The character symbols to find.
+   * @returns {number} Returns the index of the last unmatched string symbol.
+   */
+  function charsEndIndex(strSymbols, chrSymbols) {
+    var index = strSymbols.length;
+
+    while (index-- && baseIndexOf(chrSymbols, strSymbols[index], 0) > -1) {}
+    return index;
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Gets the number of `placeholder` occurrences in `array`.
+   *
+   * @private
+   * @param {Array} array The array to inspect.
+   * @param {*} placeholder The placeholder to search for.
+   * @returns {number} Returns the placeholder count.
+   */
+  function countHolders(array, placeholder) {
+    var length = array.length,
+        result = 0;
+
+    while (length--) {
+      if (array[length] === placeholder) {
+        result++;
+      }
+    }
+    return result;
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Used by `_.deburr` to convert latin-1 supplementary letters to basic latin letters.
+   *
+   * @private
+   * @param {string} letter The matched letter to deburr.
+   * @returns {string} Returns the deburred letter.
+   */
+  var deburrLetter = basePropertyOf(deburredLetters);
+
+  /**
+   * Used by `_.escape` to convert characters to HTML entities.
+   *
+   * @private
+   * @param {string} chr The matched character to escape.
+   * @returns {string} Returns the escaped character.
+   */
+  var escapeHtmlChar = basePropertyOf(htmlEscapes);
+
+  /**
+   * Used by `_.template` to escape characters for inclusion in compiled string literals.
+   *
+   * @private
+   * @param {string} chr The matched character to escape.
+   * @returns {string} Returns the escaped character.
+   */
+  function escapeStringChar(chr) {
+    return '\\' + stringEscapes[chr];
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Gets the value at `key` of `object`.
+   *
+   * @private
+   * @param {Object} [object] The object to query.
+   * @param {string} key The key of the property to get.
+   * @returns {*} Returns the property value.
+   */
+  function getValue(object, key) {
+    return object == null ? undefined : object[key];
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Checks if `value` is a host object in IE < 9.
+   *
+   * @private
+   * @param {*} value The value to check.
+   * @returns {boolean} Returns `true` if `value` is a host object, else `false`.
+   */
+  function isHostObject(value) {
+    // Many host objects are `Object` objects that can coerce to strings
+    // despite having improperly defined `toString` methods.
+    var result = false;
+    if (value != null && typeof value.toString != 'function') {
+      try {
+        result = !!(value + '');
+      } catch (e) {}
+    }
+    return result;
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Converts `iterator` to an array.
+   *
+   * @private
+   * @param {Object} iterator The iterator to convert.
+   * @returns {Array} Returns the converted array.
+   */
+  function iteratorToArray(iterator) {
+    var data,
+        result = [];
+
+    while (!(data = iterator.next()).done) {
+      result.push(data.value);
+    }
+    return result;
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Converts `map` to its key-value pairs.
+   *
+   * @private
+   * @param {Object} map The map to convert.
+   * @returns {Array} Returns the key-value pairs.
+   */
+  function mapToArray(map) {
+    var index = -1,
+        result = Array(map.size);
+
+    map.forEach(function(value, key) {
+      result[++index] = [key, value];
+    });
+    return result;
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Creates a function that invokes `func` with its first argument transformed.
+   *
+   * @private
+   * @param {Function} func The function to wrap.
+   * @param {Function} transform The argument transform.
+   * @returns {Function} Returns the new function.
+   */
+  function overArg(func, transform) {
+    return function(arg) {
+      return func(transform(arg));
+    };
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Replaces all `placeholder` elements in `array` with an internal placeholder
+   * and returns an array of their indexes.
+   *
+   * @private
+   * @param {Array} array The array to modify.
+   * @param {*} placeholder The placeholder to replace.
+   * @returns {Array} Returns the new array of placeholder indexes.
+   */
+  function replaceHolders(array, placeholder) {
+    var index = -1,
+        length = array.length,
+        resIndex = 0,
+        result = [];
+
+    while (++index < length) {
+      var value = array[index];
+      if (value === placeholder || value === PLACEHOLDER) {
+        array[index] = PLACEHOLDER;
+        result[resIndex++] = index;
+      }
+    }
+    return result;
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Converts `set` to an array of its values.
+   *
+   * @private
+   * @param {Object} set The set to convert.
+   * @returns {Array} Returns the values.
+   */
+  function setToArray(set) {
+    var index = -1,
+        result = Array(set.size);
+
+    set.forEach(function(value) {
+      result[++index] = value;
+    });
+    return result;
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Converts `set` to its value-value pairs.
+   *
+   * @private
+   * @param {Object} set The set to convert.
+   * @returns {Array} Returns the value-value pairs.
+   */
+  function setToPairs(set) {
+    var index = -1,
+        result = Array(set.size);
+
+    set.forEach(function(value) {
+      result[++index] = [value, value];
+    });
+    return result;
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Gets the number of symbols in `string`.
+   *
+   * @private
+   * @param {string} string The string to inspect.
+   * @returns {number} Returns the string size.
+   */
+  function stringSize(string) {
+    if (!(string && reHasComplexSymbol.test(string))) {
+      return string.length;
+    }
+    var result = reComplexSymbol.lastIndex = 0;
+    while (reComplexSymbol.test(string)) {
+      result++;
+    }
+    return result;
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Converts `string` to an array.
+   *
+   * @private
+   * @param {string} string The string to convert.
+   * @returns {Array} Returns the converted array.
+   */
+  function stringToArray(string) {
+    return string.match(reComplexSymbol);
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Used by `_.unescape` to convert HTML entities to characters.
+   *
+   * @private
+   * @param {string} chr The matched character to unescape.
+   * @returns {string} Returns the unescaped character.
+   */
+  var unescapeHtmlChar = basePropertyOf(htmlUnescapes);
+
+  /*--------------------------------------------------------------------------*/
+
+  /**
+   * Create a new pristine `lodash` function using the `context` object.
+   *
+   * @static
+   * @memberOf _
+   * @since 1.1.0
+   * @category Util
+   * @param {Object} [context=root] The context object.
+   * @returns {Function} Returns a new `lodash` function.
+   * @example
+   *
+   * _.mixin({ 'foo': _.constant('foo') });
+   *
+   * var lodash = _.runInContext();
+   * lodash.mixin({ 'bar': lodash.constant('bar') });
+   *
+   * _.isFunction(_.foo);
+   * // => true
+   * _.isFunction(_.bar);
+   * // => false
+   *
+   * lodash.isFunction(lodash.foo);
+   * // => false
+   * lodash.isFunction(lodash.bar);
+   * // => true
+   *
+   * // Use `context` to stub `Date#getTime` use in `_.now`.
+   * var stubbed = _.runInContext({
+   *   'Date': function() {
+   *     return { 'getTime': stubGetTime };
+   *   }
+   * });
+   *
+   * // Create a suped-up `defer` in Node.js.
+   * var defer = _.runInContext({ 'setTimeout': setImmediate }).defer;
+   */
+  function runInContext(context) {
+    context = context ? _.defaults({}, context, _.pick(root, contextProps)) : root;
+
+    /** Built-in constructor references. */
+    var Array = context.Array,
+        Date = context.Date,
+        Error = context.Error,
+        Math = context.Math,
+        RegExp = context.RegExp,
+        TypeError = context.TypeError;
+
+    /** Used for built-in method references. */
+    var arrayProto = context.Array.prototype,
+        objectProto = context.Object.prototype,
+        stringProto = context.String.prototype;
+
+    /** Used to detect overreaching core-js shims. */
+    var coreJsData = context['__core-js_shared__'];
+
+    /** Used to detect methods masquerading as native. */
+    var maskSrcKey = (function() {
+      var uid = /[^.]+$/.exec(coreJsData && coreJsData.keys && coreJsData.keys.IE_PROTO || '');
+      return uid ? ('Symbol(src)_1.' + uid) : '';
+    }());
+
+    /** Used to resolve the decompiled source of functions. */
+    var funcToString = context.Function.prototype.toString;
+
+    /** Used to check objects for own properties. */
+    var hasOwnProperty = objectProto.hasOwnProperty;
+
+    /** Used to generate unique IDs. */
+    var idCounter = 0;
+
+    /** Used to infer the `Object` constructor. */
+    var objectCtorString = funcToString.call(Object);
+
+    /**
+     * Used to resolve the
+     * [`toStringTag`](http://ecma-international.org/ecma-262/6.0/#sec-object.prototype.tostring)
+     * of values.
+     */
+    var objectToString = objectProto.toString;
+
+    /** Used to restore the original `_` reference in `_.noConflict`. */
+    var oldDash = root._;
+
+    /** Used to detect if a method is native. */
+    var reIsNative = RegExp('^' +
+      funcToString.call(hasOwnProperty).replace(reRegExpChar, '\\$&')
+      .replace(/hasOwnProperty|(function).*?(?=\\\()| for .+?(?=\\\])/g, '$1.*?') + '$'
+    );
+
+    /** Built-in value references. */
+    var Buffer = moduleExports ? context.Buffer : undefined,
+        Reflect = context.Reflect,
+        Symbol = context.Symbol,
+        Uint8Array = context.Uint8Array,
+        enumerate = Reflect ? Reflect.enumerate : undefined,
+        iteratorSymbol = Symbol ? Symbol.iterator : undefined,
+        objectCreate = context.Object.create,
+        propertyIsEnumerable = objectProto.propertyIsEnumerable,
+        splice = arrayProto.splice,
+        spreadableSymbol = Symbol ? Symbol.isConcatSpreadable : undefined;
+
+    /** Built-in method references that are mockable. */
+    var clearTimeout = function(id) { return context.clearTimeout.call(root, id); },
+        setTimeout = function(func, wait) { return context.setTimeout.call(root, func, wait); };
+
+    /* Built-in method references for those with the same name as other `lodash` methods. */
+    var nativeCeil = Math.ceil,
+        nativeFloor = Math.floor,
+        nativeGetPrototype = Object.getPrototypeOf,
+        nativeGetSymbols = Object.getOwnPropertySymbols,
+        nativeIsBuffer = Buffer ? Buffer.isBuffer : undefined,
+        nativeIsFinite = context.isFinite,
+        nativeJoin = arrayProto.join,
+        nativeKeys = Object.keys,
+        nativeMax = Math.max,
+        nativeMin = Math.min,
+        nativeParseInt = context.parseInt,
+        nativeRandom = Math.random,
+        nativeReplace = stringProto.replace,
+        nativeReverse = arrayProto.reverse,
+        nativeSplit = stringProto.split;
+
+    /* Built-in method references that are verified to be native. */
+    var DataView = getNative(context, 'DataView'),
+        Map = getNative(context, 'Map'),
+        Promise = getNative(context, 'Promise'),
+        Set = getNative(context, 'Set'),
+        WeakMap = getNative(context, 'WeakMap'),
+        nativeCreate = getNative(context.Object, 'create');
+
+    /* Used to set `toString` methods. */
+    var defineProperty = (function() {
+      var func = getNative(context.Object, 'defineProperty'),
+          name = getNative.name;
+
+      return (name && name.length > 2) ? func : undefined;
+    }());
+
+    /** Used to store function metadata. */
+    var metaMap = WeakMap && new WeakMap;
+
+    /** Detect if properties shadowing those on `Object.prototype` are non-enumerable. */
+    var nonEnumShadows = !propertyIsEnumerable.call({ 'valueOf': 1 }, 'valueOf');
+
+    /** Used to lookup unminified function names. */
+    var realNames = {};
+
+    /** Used to detect maps, sets, and weakmaps. */
+    var dataViewCtorString = toSource(DataView),
+        mapCtorString = toSource(Map),
+        promiseCtorString = toSource(Promise),
+        setCtorString = toSource(Set),
+        weakMapCtorString = toSource(WeakMap);
+
+    /** Used to convert symbols to primitives and strings. */
+    var symbolProto = Symbol ? Symbol.prototype : undefined,
+        symbolValueOf = symbolProto ? symbolProto.valueOf : undefined,
+        symbolToString = symbolProto ? symbolProto.toString : undefined;
+
+    /*------------------------------------------------------------------------*/
+
+    /**
+     * Creates a `lodash` object which wraps `value` to enable implicit method
+     * chain sequences. Methods that operate on and return arrays, collections,
+     * and functions can be chained together. Methods that retrieve a single value
+     * or may return a primitive value will automatically end the chain sequence
+     * and return the unwrapped value. Otherwise, the value must be unwrapped
+     * with `_#value`.
+     *
+     * Explicit chain sequences, which must be unwrapped with `_#value`, may be
+     * enabled using `_.chain`.
+     *
+     * The execution of chained methods is lazy, that is, it's deferred until
+     * `_#value` is implicitly or explicitly called.
+     *
+     * Lazy evaluation allows several methods to support shortcut fusion.
+     * Shortcut fusion is an optimization to merge iteratee calls; this avoids
+     * the creation of intermediate arrays and can greatly reduce the number of
+     * iteratee executions. Sections of a chain sequence qualify for shortcut
+     * fusion if the section is applied to an array of at least `200` elements
+     * and any iteratees accept only one argument. The heuristic for whether a
+     * section qualifies for shortcut fusion is subject to change.
+     *
+     * Chaining is supported in custom builds as long as the `_#value` method is
+     * directly or indirectly included in the build.
+     *
+     * In addition to lodash methods, wrappers have `Array` and `String` methods.
+     *
+     * The wrapper `Array` methods are:
+     * `concat`, `join`, `pop`, `push`, `shift`, `sort`, `splice`, and `unshift`
+     *
+     * The wrapper `String` methods are:
+     * `replace` and `split`
+     *
+     * The wrapper methods that support shortcut fusion are:
+     * `at`, `compact`, `drop`, `dropRight`, `dropWhile`, `filter`, `find`,
+     * `findLast`, `head`, `initial`, `last`, `map`, `reject`, `reverse`, `slice`,
+     * `tail`, `take`, `takeRight`, `takeRightWhile`, `takeWhile`, and `toArray`
+     *
+     * The chainable wrapper methods are:
+     * `after`, `ary`, `assign`, `assignIn`, `assignInWith`, `assignWith`, `at`,
+     * `before`, `bind`, `bindAll`, `bindKey`, `castArray`, `chain`, `chunk`,
+     * `commit`, `compact`, `concat`, `conforms`, `constant`, `countBy`, `create`,
+     * `curry`, `debounce`, `defaults`, `defaultsDeep`, `defer`, `delay`,
+     * `difference`, `differenceBy`, `differenceWith`, `drop`, `dropRight`,
+     * `dropRightWhile`, `dropWhile`, `extend`, `extendWith`, `fill`, `filter`,
+     * `flatMap`, `flatMapDeep`, `flatMapDepth`, `flatten`, `flattenDeep`,
+     * `flattenDepth`, `flip`, `flow`, `flowRight`, `fromPairs`, `functions`,
+     * `functionsIn`, `groupBy`, `initial`, `intersection`, `intersectionBy`,
+     * `intersectionWith`, `invert`, `invertBy`, `invokeMap`, `iteratee`, `keyBy`,
+     * `keys`, `keysIn`, `map`, `mapKeys`, `mapValues`, `matches`, `matchesProperty`,
+     * `memoize`, `merge`, `mergeWith`, `method`, `methodOf`, `mixin`, `negate`,
+     * `nthArg`, `omit`, `omitBy`, `once`, `orderBy`, `over`, `overArgs`,
+     * `overEvery`, `overSome`, `partial`, `partialRight`, `partition`, `pick`,
+     * `pickBy`, `plant`, `property`, `propertyOf`, `pull`, `pullAll`, `pullAllBy`,
+     * `pullAllWith`, `pullAt`, `push`, `range`, `rangeRight`, `rearg`, `reject`,
+     * `remove`, `rest`, `reverse`, `sampleSize`, `set`, `setWith`, `shuffle`,
+     * `slice`, `sort`, `sortBy`, `splice`, `spread`, `tail`, `take`, `takeRight`,
+     * `takeRightWhile`, `takeWhile`, `tap`, `throttle`, `thru`, `toArray`,
+     * `toPairs`, `toPairsIn`, `toPath`, `toPlainObject`, `transform`, `unary`,
+     * `union`, `unionBy`, `unionWith`, `uniq`, `uniqBy`, `uniqWith`, `unset`,
+     * `unshift`, `unzip`, `unzipWith`, `update`, `updateWith`, `values`,
+     * `valuesIn`, `without`, `wrap`, `xor`, `xorBy`, `xorWith`, `zip`,
+     * `zipObject`, `zipObjectDeep`, and `zipWith`
+     *
+     * The wrapper methods that are **not** chainable by default are:
+     * `add`, `attempt`, `camelCase`, `capitalize`, `ceil`, `clamp`, `clone`,
+     * `cloneDeep`, `cloneDeepWith`, `cloneWith`, `conformsTo`, `deburr`,
+     * `defaultTo`, `divide`, `each`, `eachRight`, `endsWith`, `eq`, `escape`,
+     * `escapeRegExp`, `every`, `find`, `findIndex`, `findKey`, `findLast`,
+     * `findLastIndex`, `findLastKey`, `first`, `floor`, `forEach`, `forEachRight`,
+     * `forIn`, `forInRight`, `forOwn`, `forOwnRight`, `get`, `gt`, `gte`, `has`,
+     * `hasIn`, `head`, `identity`, `includes`, `indexOf`, `inRange`, `invoke`,
+     * `isArguments`, `isArray`, `isArrayBuffer`, `isArrayLike`, `isArrayLikeObject`,
+     * `isBoolean`, `isBuffer`, `isDate`, `isElement`, `isEmpty`, `isEqual`,
+     * `isEqualWith`, `isError`, `isFinite`, `isFunction`, `isInteger`, `isLength`,
+     * `isMap`, `isMatch`, `isMatchWith`, `isNaN`, `isNative`, `isNil`, `isNull`,
+     * `isNumber`, `isObject`, `isObjectLike`, `isPlainObject`, `isRegExp`,
+     * `isSafeInteger`, `isSet`, `isString`, `isUndefined`, `isTypedArray`,
+     * `isWeakMap`, `isWeakSet`, `join`, `kebabCase`, `last`, `lastIndexOf`,
+     * `lowerCase`, `lowerFirst`, `lt`, `lte`, `max`, `maxBy`, `mean`, `meanBy`,
+     * `min`, `minBy`, `multiply`, `noConflict`, `noop`, `now`, `nth`, `pad`,
+     * `padEnd`, `padStart`, `parseInt`, `pop`, `random`, `reduce`, `reduceRight`,
+     * `repeat`, `result`, `round`, `runInContext`, `sample`, `shift`, `size`,
+     * `snakeCase`, `some`, `sortedIndex`, `sortedIndexBy`, `sortedLastIndex`,
+     * `sortedLastIndexBy`, `startCase`, `startsWith`, `stubArray`, `stubFalse`,
+     * `stubObject`, `stubString`, `stubTrue`, `subtract`, `sum`, `sumBy`,
+     * `template`, `times`, `toFinite`, `toInteger`, `toJSON`, `toLength`,
+     * `toLower`, `toNumber`, `toSafeInteger`, `toString`, `toUpper`, `trim`,
+     * `trimEnd`, `trimStart`, `truncate`, `unescape`, `uniqueId`, `upperCase`,
+     * `upperFirst`, `value`, and `words`
+     *
+     * @name _
+     * @constructor
+     * @category Seq
+     * @param {*} value The value to wrap in a `lodash` instance.
+     * @returns {Object} Returns the new `lodash` wrapper instance.
+     * @example
+     *
+     * function square(n) {
+     *   return n * n;
+     * }
+     *
+     * var wrapped = _([1, 2, 3]);
+     *
+     * // Returns an unwrapped value.
+     * wrapped.reduce(_.add);
+     * // => 6
+     *
+     * // Returns a wrapped value.
+     * var squares = wrapped.map(square);
+     *
+     * _.isArray(squares);
+     * // => false
+     *
+     * _.isArray(squares.value());
+     * // => true
+     */
+    function lodash(value) {
+      if (isObjectLike(value) && !isArray(value) && !(value instanceof LazyWrapper)) {
+        if (value instanceof LodashWrapper) {
+          return value;
+        }
+        if (hasOwnProperty.call(value, '__wrapped__')) {
+          return wrapperClone(value);
+        }
+      }
+      return new LodashWrapper(value);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * The function whose prototype chain sequence wrappers inherit from.
+     *
+     * @private
+     */
+    function baseLodash() {
+      // No operation performed.
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * The base constructor for creating `lodash` wrapper objects.
+     *
+     * @private
+     * @param {*} value The value to wrap.
+     * @param {boolean} [chainAll] Enable explicit method chain sequences.
+     */
+    function LodashWrapper(value, chainAll) {
+      this.__wrapped__ = value;
+      this.__actions__ = [];
+      this.__chain__ = !!chainAll;
+      this.__index__ = 0;
+      this.__values__ = undefined;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * By default, the template delimiters used by lodash are like those in
+     * embedded Ruby (ERB). Change the following template settings to use
+     * alternative delimiters.
+     *
+     * @static
+     * @memberOf _
+     * @type {Object}
+     */
+    lodash.templateSettings = {
+
+      /**
+       * Used to detect `data` property values to be HTML-escaped.
+       *
+       * @memberOf _.templateSettings
+       * @type {RegExp}
+       */
+      'escape': reEscape,
+
+      /**
+       * Used to detect code to be evaluated.
+       *
+       * @memberOf _.templateSettings
+       * @type {RegExp}
+       */
+      'evaluate': reEvaluate,
+
+      /**
+       * Used to detect `data` property values to inject.
+       *
+       * @memberOf _.templateSettings
+       * @type {RegExp}
+       */
+      'interpolate': reInterpolate,
+
+      /**
+       * Used to reference the data object in the template text.
+       *
+       * @memberOf _.templateSettings
+       * @type {string}
+       */
+      'variable': '',
+
+      /**
+       * Used to import variables into the compiled template.
+       *
+       * @memberOf _.templateSettings
+       * @type {Object}
+       */
+      'imports': {
+
+        /**
+         * A reference to the `lodash` function.
+         *
+         * @memberOf _.templateSettings.imports
+         * @type {Function}
+         */
+        '_': lodash
+      }
+    };
+
+    // Ensure wrappers are instances of `baseLodash`.
+    lodash.prototype = baseLodash.prototype;
+    lodash.prototype.constructor = lodash;
+
+    LodashWrapper.prototype = baseCreate(baseLodash.prototype);
+    LodashWrapper.prototype.constructor = LodashWrapper;
+
+    /*------------------------------------------------------------------------*/
+
+    /**
+     * Creates a lazy wrapper object which wraps `value` to enable lazy evaluation.
+     *
+     * @private
+     * @constructor
+     * @param {*} value The value to wrap.
+     */
+    function LazyWrapper(value) {
+      this.__wrapped__ = value;
+      this.__actions__ = [];
+      this.__dir__ = 1;
+      this.__filtered__ = false;
+      this.__iteratees__ = [];
+      this.__takeCount__ = MAX_ARRAY_LENGTH;
+      this.__views__ = [];
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Creates a clone of the lazy wrapper object.
+     *
+     * @private
+     * @name clone
+     * @memberOf LazyWrapper
+     * @returns {Object} Returns the cloned `LazyWrapper` object.
+     */
+    function lazyClone() {
+      var result = new LazyWrapper(this.__wrapped__);
+      result.__actions__ = copyArray(this.__actions__);
+      result.__dir__ = this.__dir__;
+      result.__filtered__ = this.__filtered__;
+      result.__iteratees__ = copyArray(this.__iteratees__);
+      result.__takeCount__ = this.__takeCount__;
+      result.__views__ = copyArray(this.__views__);
+      return result;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Reverses the direction of lazy iteration.
+     *
+     * @private
+     * @name reverse
+     * @memberOf LazyWrapper
+     * @returns {Object} Returns the new reversed `LazyWrapper` object.
+     */
+    function lazyReverse() {
+      if (this.__filtered__) {
+        var result = new LazyWrapper(this);
+        result.__dir__ = -1;
+        result.__filtered__ = true;
+      } else {
+        result = this.clone();
+        result.__dir__ *= -1;
+      }
+      return result;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Extracts the unwrapped value from its lazy wrapper.
+     *
+     * @private
+     * @name value
+     * @memberOf LazyWrapper
+     * @returns {*} Returns the unwrapped value.
+     */
+    function lazyValue() {
+      var array = this.__wrapped__.value(),
+          dir = this.__dir__,
+          isArr = isArray(array),
+          isRight = dir < 0,
+          arrLength = isArr ? array.length : 0,
+          view = getView(0, arrLength, this.__views__),
+          start = view.start,
+          end = view.end,
+          length = end - start,
+          index = isRight ? end : (start - 1),
+          iteratees = this.__iteratees__,
+          iterLength = iteratees.length,
+          resIndex = 0,
+          takeCount = nativeMin(length, this.__takeCount__);
+
+      if (!isArr || arrLength < LARGE_ARRAY_SIZE ||
+          (arrLength == length && takeCount == length)) {
+        return baseWrapperValue(array, this.__actions__);
+      }
+      var result = [];
+
+      outer:
+      while (length-- && resIndex < takeCount) {
+        index += dir;
+
+        var iterIndex = -1,
+            value = array[index];
+
+        while (++iterIndex < iterLength) {
+          var data = iteratees[iterIndex],
+              iteratee = data.iteratee,
+              type = data.type,
+              computed = iteratee(value);
+
+          if (type == LAZY_MAP_FLAG) {
+            value = computed;
+          } else if (!computed) {
+            if (type == LAZY_FILTER_FLAG) {
+              continue outer;
+            } else {
+              break outer;
+            }
+          }
+        }
+        result[resIndex++] = value;
+      }
+      return result;
+    }
+
+    // Ensure `LazyWrapper` is an instance of `baseLodash`.
+    LazyWrapper.prototype = baseCreate(baseLodash.prototype);
+    LazyWrapper.prototype.constructor = LazyWrapper;
+
+    /*------------------------------------------------------------------------*/
+
+    /**
+     * Creates a hash object.
+     *
+     * @private
+     * @constructor
+     * @param {Array} [entries] The key-value pairs to cache.
+     */
+    function Hash(entries) {
+      var index = -1,
+          length = entries ? entries.length : 0;
+
+      this.clear();
+      while (++index < length) {
+        var entry = entries[index];
+        this.set(entry[0], entry[1]);
+      }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Removes all key-value entries from the hash.
+     *
+     * @private
+     * @name clear
+     * @memberOf Hash
+     */
+    function hashClear() {
+      this.__data__ = nativeCreate ? nativeCreate(null) : {};
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Removes `key` and its value from the hash.
+     *
+     * @private
+     * @name delete
+     * @memberOf Hash
+     * @param {Object} hash The hash to modify.
+     * @param {string} key The key of the value to remove.
+     * @returns {boolean} Returns `true` if the entry was removed, else `false`.
+     */
+    function hashDelete(key) {
+      return this.has(key) && delete this.__data__[key];
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Gets the hash value for `key`.
+     *
+     * @private
+     * @name get
+     * @memberOf Hash
+     * @param {string} key The key of the value to get.
+     * @returns {*} Returns the entry value.
+     */
+    function hashGet(key) {
+      var data = this.__data__;
+      if (nativeCreate) {
+        var result = data[key];
+        return result === HASH_UNDEFINED ? undefined : result;
+      }
+      return hasOwnProperty.call(data, key) ? data[key] : undefined;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Checks if a hash value for `key` exists.
+     *
+     * @private
+     * @name has
+     * @memberOf Hash
+     * @param {string} key The key of the entry to check.
+     * @returns {boolean} Returns `true` if an entry for `key` exists, else `false`.
+     */
+    function hashHas(key) {
+      var data = this.__data__;
+      return nativeCreate ? data[key] !== undefined : hasOwnProperty.call(data, key);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Sets the hash `key` to `value`.
+     *
+     * @private
+     * @name set
+     * @memberOf Hash
+     * @param {string} key The key of the value to set.
+     * @param {*} value The value to set.
+     * @returns {Object} Returns the hash instance.
+     */
+    function hashSet(key, value) {
+      var data = this.__data__;
+      data[key] = (nativeCreate && value === undefined) ? HASH_UNDEFINED : value;
+      return this;
+    }
+
+    // Add methods to `Hash`.
+    Hash.prototype.clear = hashClear;
+    Hash.prototype['delete'] = hashDelete;
+    Hash.prototype.get = hashGet;
+    Hash.prototype.has = hashHas;
+    Hash.prototype.set = hashSet;
+
+    /*------------------------------------------------------------------------*/
+
+    /**
+     * Creates an list cache object.
+     *
+     * @private
+     * @constructor
+     * @param {Array} [entries] The key-value pairs to cache.
+     */
+    function ListCache(entries) {
+      var index = -1,
+          length = entries ? entries.length : 0;
+
+      this.clear();
+      while (++index < length) {
+        var entry = entries[index];
+        this.set(entry[0], entry[1]);
+      }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Removes all key-value entries from the list cache.
+     *
+     * @private
+     * @name clear
+     * @memberOf ListCache
+     */
+    function listCacheClear() {
+      this.__data__ = [];
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Removes `key` and its value from the list cache.
+     *
+     * @private
+     * @name delete
+     * @memberOf ListCache
+     * @param {string} key The key of the value to remove.
+     * @returns {boolean} Returns `true` if the entry was removed, else `false`.
+     */
+    function listCacheDelete(key) {
+      var data = this.__data__,
+          index = assocIndexOf(data, key);
+
+      if (index < 0) {
+        return false;
+      }
+      var lastIndex = data.length - 1;
+      if (index == lastIndex) {
+        data.pop();
+      } else {
+        splice.call(data, index, 1);
+      }
+      return true;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Gets the list cache value for `key`.
+     *
+     * @private
+     * @name get
+     * @memberOf ListCache
+     * @param {string} key The key of the value to get.
+     * @returns {*} Returns the entry value.
+     */
+    function listCacheGet(key) {
+      var data = this.__data__,
+          index = assocIndexOf(data, key);
+
+      return index < 0 ? undefined : data[index][1];
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Checks if a list cache value for `key` exists.
+     *
+     * @private
+     * @name has
+     * @memberOf ListCache
+     * @param {string} key The key of the entry to check.
+     * @returns {boolean} Returns `true` if an entry for `key` exists, else `false`.
+     */
+    function listCacheHas(key) {
+      return assocIndexOf(this.__data__, key) > -1;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Sets the list cache `key` to `value`.
+     *
+     * @private
+     * @name set
+     * @memberOf ListCache
+     * @param {string} key The key of the value to set.
+     * @param {*} value The value to set.
+     * @returns {Object} Returns the list cache instance.
+     */
+    function listCacheSet(key, value) {
+      var data = this.__data__,
+          index = assocIndexOf(data, key);
+
+      if (index < 0) {
+        data.push([key, value]);
+      } else {
+        data[index][1] = value;
+      }
+      return this;
+    }
+
+    // Add methods to `ListCache`.
+    ListCache.prototype.clear = listCacheClear;
+    ListCache.prototype['delete'] = listCacheDelete;
+    ListCache.prototype.get = listCacheGet;
+    ListCache.prototype.has = listCacheHas;
+    ListCache.prototype.set = listCacheSet;
+
+    /*------------------------------------------------------------------------*/
+
+    /**
+     * Creates a map cache object to store key-value pairs.
+     *
+     * @private
+     * @constructor
+     * @param {Array} [entries] The key-value pairs to cache.
+     */
+    function MapCache(entries) {
+      var index = -1,
+          length = entries ? entries.length : 0;
+
+      this.clear();
+      while (++index < length) {
+        var entry = entries[index];
+        this.set(entry[0], entry[1]);
+      }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Removes all key-value entries from the map.
+     *
+     * @private
+     * @name clear
+     * @memberOf MapCache
+     */
+    function mapCacheClear() {
+      this.__data__ = {
+        'hash': new Hash,
+        'map': new (Map || ListCache),
+        'string': new Hash
+      };
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Removes `key` and its value from the map.
+     *
+     * @private
+     * @name delete
+     * @memberOf MapCache
+     * @param {string} key The key of the value to remove.
+     * @returns {boolean} Returns `true` if the entry was removed, else `false`.
+     */
+    function mapCacheDelete(key) {
+      return getMapData(this, key)['delete'](key);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Gets the map value for `key`.
+     *
+     * @private
+     * @name get
+     * @memberOf MapCache
+     * @param {string} key The key of the value to get.
+     * @returns {*} Returns the entry value.
+     */
+    function mapCacheGet(key) {
+      return getMapData(this, key).get(key);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Checks if a map value for `key` exists.
+     *
+     * @private
+     * @name has
+     * @memberOf MapCache
+     * @param {string} key The key of the entry to check.
+     * @returns {boolean} Returns `true` if an entry for `key` exists, else `false`.
+     */
+    function mapCacheHas(key) {
+      return getMapData(this, key).has(key);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Sets the map `key` to `value`.
+     *
+     * @private
+     * @name set
+     * @memberOf MapCache
+     * @param {string} key The key of the value to set.
+     * @param {*} value The value to set.
+     * @returns {Object} Returns the map cache instance.
+     */
+    function mapCacheSet(key, value) {
+      getMapData(this, key).set(key, value);
+      return this;
+    }
+
+    // Add methods to `MapCache`.
+    MapCache.prototype.clear = mapCacheClear;
+    MapCache.prototype['delete'] = mapCacheDelete;
+    MapCache.prototype.get = mapCacheGet;
+    MapCache.prototype.has = mapCacheHas;
+    MapCache.prototype.set = mapCacheSet;
+
+    /*------------------------------------------------------------------------*/
+
+    /**
+     *
+     * Creates an array cache object to store unique values.
+     *
+     * @private
+     * @constructor
+     * @param {Array} [values] The values to cache.
+     */
+    function SetCache(values) {
+      var index = -1,
+          length = values ? values.length : 0;
+
+      this.__data__ = new MapCache;
+      while (++index < length) {
+        this.add(values[index]);
+      }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Adds `value` to the array cache.
+     *
+     * @private
+     * @name add
+     * @memberOf SetCache
+     * @alias push
+     * @param {*} value The value to cache.
+     * @returns {Object} Returns the cache instance.
+     */
+    function setCacheAdd(value) {
+      this.__data__.set(value, HASH_UNDEFINED);
+      return this;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Checks if `value` is in the array cache.
+     *
+     * @private
+     * @name has
+     * @memberOf SetCache
+     * @param {*} value The value to search for.
+     * @returns {number} Returns `true` if `value` is found, else `false`.
+     */
+    function setCacheHas(value) {
+      return this.__data__.has(value);
+    }
+
+    // Add methods to `SetCache`.
+    SetCache.prototype.add = SetCache.prototype.push = setCacheAdd;
+    SetCache.prototype.has = setCacheHas;
+
+    /*------------------------------------------------------------------------*/
+
+    /**
+     * Creates a stack cache object to store key-value pairs.
+     *
+     * @private
+     * @constructor
+     * @param {Array} [entries] The key-value pairs to cache.
+     */
+    function Stack(entries) {
+      this.__data__ = new ListCache(entries);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Removes all key-value entries from the stack.
+     *
+     * @private
+     * @name clear
+     * @memberOf Stack
+     */
+    function stackClear() {
+      this.__data__ = new ListCache;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Removes `key` and its value from the stack.
+     *
+     * @private
+     * @name delete
+     * @memberOf Stack
+     * @param {string} key The key of the value to remove.
+     * @returns {boolean} Returns `true` if the entry was removed, else `false`.
+     */
+    function stackDelete(key) {
+      return this.__data__['delete'](key);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Gets the stack value for `key`.
+     *
+     * @private
+     * @name get
+     * @memberOf Stack
+     * @param {string} key The key of the value to get.
+     * @returns {*} Returns the entry value.
+     */
+    function stackGet(key) {
+      return this.__data__.get(key);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Checks if a stack value for `key` exists.
+     *
+     * @private
+     * @name has
+     * @memberOf Stack
+     * @param {string} key The key of the entry to check.
+     * @returns {boolean} Returns `true` if an entry for `key` exists, else `false`.
+     */
+    function stackHas(key) {
+      return this.__data__.has(key);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Sets the stack `key` to `value`.
+     *
+     * @private
+     * @name set
+     * @memberOf Stack
+     * @param {string} key The key of the value to set.
+     * @param {*} value The value to set.
+     * @returns {Object} Returns the stack cache instance.
+     */
+    function stackSet(key, value) {
+      var cache = this.__data__;
+      if (cache instanceof ListCache) {
+        var pairs = cache.__data__;
+        if (!Map || (pairs.length < LARGE_ARRAY_SIZE - 1)) {
+          pairs.push([key, value]);
+          return this;
+        }
+        cache = this.__data__ = new MapCache(pairs);
+      }
+      cache.set(key, value);
+      return this;
+    }
+
+    // Add methods to `Stack`.
+    Stack.prototype.clear = stackClear;
+    Stack.prototype['delete'] = stackDelete;
+    Stack.prototype.get = stackGet;
+    Stack.prototype.has = stackHas;
+    Stack.prototype.set = stackSet;
+
+    /*------------------------------------------------------------------------*/
+
+    /**
+     * Used by `_.defaults` to customize its `_.assignIn` use.
+     *
+     * @private
+     * @param {*} objValue The destination value.
+     * @param {*} srcValue The source value.
+     * @param {string} key The key of the property to assign.
+     * @param {Object} object The parent object of `objValue`.
+     * @returns {*} Returns the value to assign.
+     */
+    function assignInDefaults(objValue, srcValue, key, object) {
+      if (objValue === undefined ||
+          (eq(objValue, objectProto[key]) && !hasOwnProperty.call(object, key))) {
+        return srcValue;
+      }
+      return objValue;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * This function is like `assignValue` except that it doesn't assign
+     * `undefined` values.
+     *
+     * @private
+     * @param {Object} object The object to modify.
+     * @param {string} key The key of the property to assign.
+     * @param {*} value The value to assign.
+     */
+    function assignMergeValue(object, key, value) {
+      if ((value !== undefined && !eq(object[key], value)) ||
+          (typeof key == 'number' && value === undefined && !(key in object))) {
+        object[key] = value;
+      }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Assigns `value` to `key` of `object` if the existing value is not equivalent
+     * using [`SameValueZero`](http://ecma-international.org/ecma-262/6.0/#sec-samevaluezero)
+     * for equality comparisons.
+     *
+     * @private
+     * @param {Object} object The object to modify.
+     * @param {string} key The key of the property to assign.
+     * @param {*} value The value to assign.
+     */
+    function assignValue(object, key, value) {
+      var objValue = object[key];
+      if (!(hasOwnProperty.call(object, key) && eq(objValue, value)) ||
+          (value === undefined && !(key in object))) {
+        object[key] = value;
+      }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Gets the index at which the `key` is found in `array` of key-value pairs.
+     *
+     * @private
+     * @param {Array} array The array to search.
+     * @param {*} key The key to search for.
+     * @returns {number} Returns the index of the matched value, else `-1`.
+     */
+    function assocIndexOf(array, key) {
+      var length = array.length;
+      while (length--) {
+        if (eq(array[length][0], key)) {
+          return length;
+        }
+      }
+      return -1;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Aggregates elements of `collection` on `accumulator` with keys transformed
+     * by `iteratee` and values set by `setter`.
+     *
+     * @private
+     * @param {Array|Object} collection The collection to iterate over.
+     * @param {Function} setter The function to set `accumulator` values.
+     * @param {Function} iteratee The iteratee to transform keys.
+     * @param {Object} accumulator The initial aggregated object.
+     * @returns {Function} Returns `accumulator`.
+     */
+    function baseAggregator(collection, setter, iteratee, accumulator) {
+      baseEach(collection, function(value, key, collection) {
+        setter(accumulator, value, iteratee(value), collection);
+      });
+      return accumulator;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * The base implementation of `_.assign` without support for multiple sources
+     * or `customizer` functions.
+     *
+     * @private
+     * @param {Object} object The destination object.
+     * @param {Object} source The source object.
+     * @returns {Object} Returns `object`.
+     */
+    function baseAssign(object, source) {
+      return object && copyObject(source, keys(source), object);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * The base implementation of `_.at` without support for individual paths.
+     *
+     * @private
+     * @param {Object} object The object to iterate over.
+     * @param {string[]} paths The property paths of elements to pick.
+     * @returns {Array} Returns the picked elements.
+     */
+    function baseAt(object, paths) {
+      var index = -1,
+          isNil = object == null,
+          length = paths.length,
+          result = Array(length);
+
+      while (++index < length) {
+        result[index] = isNil ? undefined : get(object, paths[index]);
+      }
+      return result;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * The base implementation of `_.clamp` which doesn't coerce arguments.
+     *
+     * @private
+     * @param {number} number The number to clamp.
+     * @param {number} [lower] The lower bound.
+     * @param {number} upper The upper bound.
+     * @returns {number} Returns the clamped number.
+     */
+    function baseClamp(number, lower, upper) {
+      if (number === number) {
+        if (upper !== undefined) {
+          number = number <= upper ? number : upper;
+        }
+        if (lower !== undefined) {
+          number = number >= lower ? number : lower;
+        }
+      }
+      return number;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * The base implementation of `_.clone` and `_.cloneDeep` which tracks
+     * traversed objects.
+     *
+     * @private
+     * @param {*} value The value to clone.
+     * @param {boolean} [isDeep] Specify a deep clone.
+     * @param {boolean} [isFull] Specify a clone including symbols.
+     * @param {Function} [customizer] The function to customize cloning.
+     * @param {string} [key] The key of `value`.
+     * @param {Object} [object] The parent object of `value`.
+     * @param {Object} [stack] Tracks traversed objects and their clone counterparts.
+     * @returns {*} Returns the cloned value.
+     */
+    function baseClone(value, isDeep, isFull, customizer, key, object, stack) {
+      var result;
+      if (customizer) {
+        result = object ? customizer(value, key, object, stack) : customizer(value);
+      }
+      if (result !== undefined) {
+        return result;
+      }
+      if (!isObject(value)) {
+        return value;
+      }
+      var isArr = isArray(value);
+      if (isArr) {
+        result = initCloneArray(value);
+        if (!isDeep) {
+          return copyArray(value, result);
+        }
+      } else {
+        var tag = getTag(value),
+            isFunc = tag == funcTag || tag == genTag;
+
+        if (isBuffer(value)) {
+          return cloneBuffer(value, isDeep);
+        }
+        if (tag == objectTag || tag == argsTag || (isFunc && !object)) {
+          if (isHostObject(value)) {
+            return object ? value : {};
+          }
+          result = initCloneObject(isFunc ? {} : value);
+          if (!isDeep) {
+            return copySymbols(value, baseAssign(result, value));
+          }
+        } else {
+          if (!cloneableTags[tag]) {
+            return object ? value : {};
+          }
+          result = initCloneByTag(value, tag, baseClone, isDeep);
+        }
+      }
+      // Check for circular references and return its corresponding clone.
+      stack || (stack = new Stack);
+      var stacked = stack.get(value);
+      if (stacked) {
+        return stacked;
+      }
+      stack.set(value, result);
+
+      if (!isArr) {
+        var props = isFull ? getAllKeys(value) : keys(value);
+      }
+      arrayEach(props || value, function(subValue, key) {
+        if (props) {
+          key = subValue;
+          subValue = value[key];
+        }
+        // Recursively populate clone (susceptible to call stack limits).
+        assignValue(result, key, baseClone(subValue, isDeep, isFull, customizer, key, value, stack));
+      });
+      return result;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * The base implementation of `_.conforms` which doesn't clone `source`.
+     *
+     * @private
+     * @param {Object} source The object of property predicates to conform to.
+     * @returns {Function} Returns the new spec function.
+     */
+    function baseConforms(source) {
+      var props = keys(source);
+      return function(object) {
+        return baseConformsTo(object, source, props);
+      };
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * The base implementation of `_.conformsTo` which accepts `props` to check.
+     *
+     * @private
+     * @param {Object} object The object to inspect.
+     * @param {Object} source The object of property predicates to conform to.
+     * @returns {boolean} Returns `true` if `object` conforms, else `false`.
+     */
+    function baseConformsTo(object, source, props) {
+      var length = props.length;
+      if (object == null) {
+        return !length;
+      }
+      var index = length;
+      while (index--) {
+        var key = props[index],
+            predicate = source[key],
+            value = object[key];
+
+        if ((value === undefined &&
+            !(key in Object(object))) || !predicate(value)) {
+          return false;
+        }
+      }
+      return true;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * The base implementation of `_.create` without support for assigning
+     * properties to the created object.
+     *
+     * @private
+     * @param {Object} prototype The object to inherit from.
+     * @returns {Object} Returns the new object.
+     */
+    function baseCreate(proto) {
+      return isObject(proto) ? objectCreate(proto) : {};
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * The base implementation of `_.delay` and `_.defer` which accepts `args`
+     * to provide to `func`.
+     *
+     * @private
+     * @param {Function} func The function to delay.
+     * @param {number} wait The number of milliseconds to delay invocation.
+     * @param {Array} args The arguments to provide to `func`.
+     * @returns {number} Returns the timer id.
+     */
+    function baseDelay(func, wait, args) {
+      if (typeof func != 'function') {
+        throw new TypeError(FUNC_ERROR_TEXT);
+      }
+      return setTimeout(function() { func.apply(undefined, args); }, wait);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * The base implementation of methods like `_.difference` without support
+     * for excluding multiple arrays or iteratee shorthands.
+     *
+     * @private
+     * @param {Array} array The array to inspect.
+     * @param {Array} values The values to exclude.
+     * @param {Function} [iteratee] The iteratee invoked per element.
+     * @param {Function} [comparator] The comparator invoked per element.
+     * @returns {Array} Returns the new array of filtered values.
+     */
+    function baseDifference(array, values, iteratee, comparator) {
+      var index = -1,
+          includes = arrayIncludes,
+          isCommon = true,
+          length = array.length,
+          result = [],
+          valuesLength = values.length;
+
+      if (!length) {
+        return result;
+      }
+      if (iteratee) {
+        values = arrayMap(values, baseUnary(iteratee));
+      }
+      if (comparator) {
+        includes = arrayIncludesWith;
+        isCommon = false;
+      }
+      else if (values.length >= LARGE_ARRAY_SIZE) {
+        includes = cacheHas;
+        isCommon = false;
+        values = new SetCache(values);
+      }
+      outer:
+      while (++index < length) {
+        var value = array[index],
+            computed = iteratee ? iteratee(value) : value;
+
+        value = (comparator || value !== 0) ? value : 0;
+        if (isCommon && computed === computed) {
+          var valuesIndex = valuesLength;
+          while (valuesIndex--) {
+            if (values[valuesIndex] === computed) {
+              continue outer;
+            }
+          }
+          result.push(value);
+        }
+        else if (!includes(values, computed, comparator)) {
+          result.push(value);
+        }
+      }
+      return result;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * The base implementation of `_.forEach` without support for iteratee shorthands.
+     *
+     * @private
+     * @param {Array|Object} collection The collection to iterate over.
+     * @param {Function} iteratee The function invoked per iteration.
+     * @returns {Array|Object} Returns `collection`.
+     */
+    var baseEach = createBaseEach(baseForOwn);
+
+    /**
+     * The base implementation of `_.forEachRight` without support for iteratee shorthands.
+     *
+     * @private
+     * @param {Array|Object} collection The collection to iterate over.
+     * @param {Function} iteratee The function invoked per iteration.
+     * @returns {Array|Object} Returns `collection`.
+     */
+    var baseEachRight = createBaseEach(baseForOwnRight, true);
+
+    /**
+     * The base implementation of `_.every` without support for iteratee shorthands.
+     *
+     * @private
+     * @param {Array|Object} collection The collection to iterate over.
+     * @param {Function} predicate The function invoked per iteration.
+     * @returns {boolean} Returns `true` if all elements pass the predicate check,
+     *  else `false`
+     */
+    function baseEvery(collection, predicate) {
+      var result = true;
+      baseEach(collection, function(value, index, collection) {
+        result = !!predicate(value, index, collection);
+        return result;
+      });
+      return result;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * The base implementation of methods like `_.max` and `_.min` which accepts a
+     * `comparator` to determine the extremum value.
+     *
+     * @private
+     * @param {Array} array The array to iterate over.
+     * @param {Function} iteratee The iteratee invoked per iteration.
+     * @param {Function} comparator The comparator used to compare values.
+     * @returns {*} Returns the extremum value.
+     */
+    function baseExtremum(array, iteratee, comparator) {
+      var index = -1,
+          length = array.length;
+
+      while (++index < length) {
+        var value = array[index],
+            current = iteratee(value);
+
+        if (current != null && (computed === undefined
+              ? (current === current && !isSymbol(current))
+              : comparator(current, computed)
+            )) {
+          var computed = current,
+              result = value;
+        }
+      }
+      return result;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * The base implementation of `_.fill` without an iteratee call guard.
+     *
+     * @private
+     * @param {Array} array The array to fill.
+     * @param {*} value The value to fill `array` with.
+     * @param {number} [start=0] The start position.
+     * @param {number} [end=array.length] The end position.
+     * @returns {Array} Returns `array`.
+     */
+    function baseFill(array, value, start, end) {
+      var length = array.length;
+
+      start = toInteger(start);
+      if (start < 0) {
+        start = -start > length ? 0 : (length + start);
+      }
+      end = (end === undefined || end > length) ? length : toInteger(end);
+      if (end < 0) {
+        end += length;
+      }
+      end = start > end ? 0 : toLength(end);
+      while (start < end) {
+        array[start++] = value;
+      }
+      return array;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * The base implementation of `_.filter` without support for iteratee shorthands.
+     *
+     * @private
+     * @param {Array|Object} collection The collection to iterate over.
+     * @param {Function} predicate The function invoked per iteration.
+     * @returns {Array} Returns the new filtered array.
+     */
+    function baseFilter(collection, predicate) {
+      var result = [];
+      baseEach(collection, function(value, index, collection) {
+        if (predicate(value, index, collection)) {
+          result.push(value);
+        }
+      });
+      return result;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * The base implementation of `_.flatten` with support for restricting flattening.
+     *
+     * @private
+     * @param {Array} array The array to flatten.
+     * @param {number} depth The maximum recursion depth.
+     * @param {boolean} [predicate=isFlattenable] The function invoked per iteration.
+     * @param {boolean} [isStrict] Restrict to values that pass `predicate` checks.
+     * @param {Array} [result=[]] The initial result value.
+     * @returns {Array} Returns the new flattened array.
+     */
+    function baseFlatten(array, depth, predicate, isStrict, result) {
+      var index = -1,
+          length = array.length;
+
+      predicate || (predicate = isFlattenable);
+      result || (result = []);
+
+      while (++index < length) {
+        var value = array[index];
+        if (depth > 0 && predicate(value)) {
+          if (depth > 1) {
+            // Recursively flatten arrays (susceptible to call stack limits).
+            baseFlatten(value, depth - 1, predicate, isStrict, result);
+          } else {
+            arrayPush(result, value);
+          }
+        } else if (!isStrict) {
+          result[result.length] = value;
+        }
+      }
+      return result;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * The base implementation of `baseForOwn` which iterates over `object`
+     * properties returned by `keysFunc` and invokes `iteratee` for each property.
+     * Iteratee functions may exit iteration early by explicitly returning `false`.
+     *
+     * @private
+     * @param {Object} object The object to iterate over.
+     * @param {Function} iteratee The function invoked per iteration.
+     * @param {Function} keysFunc The function to get the keys of `object`.
+     * @returns {Object} Returns `object`.
+     */
+    var baseFor = createBaseFor();
+
+    /**
+     * This function is like `baseFor` except that it iterates over properties
+     * in the opposite order.
+     *
+     * @private
+     * @param {Object} object The object to iterate over.
+     * @param {Function} iteratee The function invoked per iteration.
+     * @param {Function} keysFunc The function to get the keys of `object`.
+     * @returns {Object} Returns `object`.
+     */
+    var baseForRight = createBaseFor(true);
+
+    /**
+     * The base implementation of `_.forOwn` without support for iteratee shorthands.
+     *
+     * @private
+     * @param {Object} object The object to iterate over.
+     * @param {Function} iteratee The function invoked per iteration.
+     * @returns {Object} Returns `object`.
+     */
+    function baseForOwn(object, iteratee) {
+      return object && baseFor(object, iteratee, keys);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * The base implementation of `_.forOwnRight` without support for iteratee shorthands.
+     *
+     * @private
+     * @param {Object} object The object to iterate over.
+     * @param {Function} iteratee The function invoked per iteration.
+     * @returns {Object} Returns `object`.
+     */
+    function baseForOwnRight(object, iteratee) {
+      return object && baseForRight(object, iteratee, keys);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * The base implementation of `_.functions` which creates an array of
+     * `object` function property names filtered from `props`.
+     *
+     * @private
+     * @param {Object} object The object to inspect.
+     * @param {Array} props The property names to filter.
+     * @returns {Array} Returns the function names.
+     */
+    function baseFunctions(object, props) {
+      return arrayFilter(props, function(key) {
+        return isFunction(object[key]);
+      });
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * The base implementation of `_.get` without support for default values.
+     *
+     * @private
+     * @param {Object} object The object to query.
+     * @param {Array|string} path The path of the property to get.
+     * @returns {*} Returns the resolved value.
+     */
+    function baseGet(object, path) {
+      path = isKey(path, object) ? [path] : castPath(path);
+
+      var index = 0,
+          length = path.length;
+
+      while (object != null && index < length) {
+        object = object[toKey(path[index++])];
+      }
+      return (index && index == length) ? object : undefined;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * The base implementation of `getAllKeys` and `getAllKeysIn` which uses
+     * `keysFunc` and `symbolsFunc` to get the enumerable property names and
+     * symbols of `object`.
+     *
+     * @private
+     * @param {Object} object The object to query.
+     * @param {Function} keysFunc The function to get the keys of `object`.
+     * @param {Function} symbolsFunc The function to get the symbols of `object`.
+     * @returns {Array} Returns the array of property names and symbols.
+     */
+    function baseGetAllKeys(object, keysFunc, symbolsFunc) {
+      var result = keysFunc(object);
+      return isArray(object) ? result : arrayPush(result, symbolsFunc(object));
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * The base implementation of `getTag`.
+     *
+     * @private
+     * @param {*} value The value to query.
+     * @returns {string} Returns the `toStringTag`.
+     */
+    function baseGetTag(value) {
+      return objectToString.call(value);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * The base implementation of `_.gt` which doesn't coerce arguments.
+     *
+     * @private
+     * @param {*} value The value to compare.
+     * @param {*} other The other value to compare.
+     * @returns {boolean} Returns `true` if `value` is greater than `other`,
+     *  else `false`.
+     */
+    function baseGt(value, other) {
+      return value > other;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * The base implementation of `_.has` without support for deep paths.
+     *
+     * @private
+     * @param {Object} [object] The object to query.
+     * @param {Array|string} key The key to check.
+     * @returns {boolean} Returns `true` if `key` exists, else `false`.
+     */
+    function baseHas(object, key) {
+      // Avoid a bug in IE 10-11 where objects with a [[Prototype]] of `null`,
+      // that are composed entirely of index properties, return `false` for
+      // `hasOwnProperty` checks of them.
+      return object != null &&
+        (hasOwnProperty.call(object, key) ||
+          (typeof object == 'object' && key in object && getPrototype(object) === null));
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * The base implementation of `_.hasIn` without support for deep paths.
+     *
+     * @private
+     * @param {Object} [object] The object to query.
+     * @param {Array|string} key The key to check.
+     * @returns {boolean} Returns `true` if `key` exists, else `false`.
+     */
+    function baseHasIn(object, key) {
+      return object != null && key in Object(object);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * The base implementation of `_.inRange` which doesn't coerce arguments.
+     *
+     * @private
+     * @param {number} number The number to check.
+     * @param {number} start The start of the range.
+     * @param {number} end The end of the range.
+     * @returns {boolean} Returns `true` if `number` is in the range, else `false`.
+     */
+    function baseInRange(number, start, end) {
+      return number >= nativeMin(start, end) && number < nativeMax(start, end);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * The base implementation of methods like `_.intersection`, without support
+     * for iteratee shorthands, that accepts an array of arrays to inspect.
+     *
+     * @private
+     * @param {Array} arrays The arrays to inspect.
+     * @param {Function} [iteratee] The iteratee invoked per element.
+     * @param {Function} [comparator] The comparator invoked per element.
+     * @returns {Array} Returns the new array of shared values.
+     */
+    function baseIntersection(arrays, iteratee, comparator) {
+      var includes = comparator ? arrayIncludesWith : arrayIncludes,
+          length = arrays[0].length,
+          othLength = arrays.length,
+          othIndex = othLength,
+          caches = Array(othLength),
+          maxLength = Infinity,
+          result = [];
+
+      while (othIndex--) {
+        var array = arrays[othIndex];
+        if (othIndex && iteratee) {
+          array = arrayMap(array, baseUnary(iteratee));
+        }
+        maxLength = nativeMin(array.length, maxLength);
+        caches[othIndex] = !comparator && (iteratee || (length >= 120 && array.length >= 120))
+          ? new SetCache(othIndex && array)
+          : undefined;
+      }
+      array = arrays[0];
+
+      var index = -1,
+          seen = caches[0];
+
+      outer:
+      while (++index < length && result.length < maxLength) {
+        var value = array[index],
+            computed = iteratee ? iteratee(value) : value;
+
+        value = (comparator || value !== 0) ? value : 0;
+        if (!(seen
+              ? cacheHas(seen, computed)
+              : includes(result, computed, comparator)
+            )) {
+          othIndex = othLength;
+          while (--othIndex) {
+            var cache = caches[othIndex];
+            if (!(cache
+                  ? cacheHas(cache, computed)
+                  : includes(arrays[othIndex], computed, comparator))
+                ) {
+              continue outer;
+            }
+          }
+          if (seen) {
+            seen.push(computed);
+          }
+          result.push(value);
+        }
+      }
+      return result;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * The base implementation of `_.invert` and `_.invertBy` which inverts
+     * `object` with values transformed by `iteratee` and set by `setter`.
+     *
+     * @private
+     * @param {Object} object The object to iterate over.
+     * @param {Function} setter The function to set `accumulator` values.
+     * @param {Function} iteratee The iteratee to transform values.
+     * @param {Object} accumulator The initial inverted object.
+     * @returns {Function} Returns `accumulator`.
+     */
+    function baseInverter(object, setter, iteratee, accumulator) {
+      baseForOwn(object, function(value, key, object) {
+        setter(accumulator, iteratee(value), key, object);
+      });
+      return accumulator;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * The base implementation of `_.invoke` without support for individual
+     * method arguments.
+     *
+     * @private
+     * @param {Object} object The object to query.
+     * @param {Array|string} path The path of the method to invoke.
+     * @param {Array} args The arguments to invoke the method with.
+     * @returns {*} Returns the result of the invoked method.
+     */
+    function baseInvoke(object, path, args) {
+      if (!isKey(path, object)) {
+        path = castPath(path);
+        object = parent(object, path);
+        path = last(path);
+      }
+      var func = object == null ? object : object[toKey(path)];
+      return func == null ? undefined : apply(func, object, args);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * The base implementation of `_.isArrayBuffer` without Node.js optimizations.
+     *
+     * @private
+     * @param {*} value The value to check.
+     * @returns {boolean} Returns `true` if `value` is an array buffer, else `false`.
+     */
+    function baseIsArrayBuffer(value) {
+      return isObjectLike(value) && objectToString.call(value) == arrayBufferTag;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * The base implementation of `_.isDate` without Node.js optimizations.
+     *
+     * @private
+     * @param {*} value The value to check.
+     * @returns {boolean} Returns `true` if `value` is a date object, else `false`.
+     */
+    function baseIsDate(value) {
+      return isObjectLike(value) && objectToString.call(value) == dateTag;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * The base implementation of `_.isEqual` which supports partial comparisons
+     * and tracks traversed objects.
+     *
+     * @private
+     * @param {*} value The value to compare.
+     * @param {*} other The other value to compare.
+     * @param {Function} [customizer] The function to customize comparisons.
+     * @param {boolean} [bitmask] The bitmask of comparison flags.
+     *  The bitmask may be composed of the following flags:
+     *     1 - Unordered comparison
+     *     2 - Partial comparison
+     * @param {Object} [stack] Tracks traversed `value` and `other` objects.
+     * @returns {boolean} Returns `true` if the values are equivalent, else `false`.
+     */
+    function baseIsEqual(value, other, customizer, bitmask, stack) {
+      if (value === other) {
+        return true;
+      }
+      if (value == null || other == null || (!isObject(value) && !isObjectLike(other))) {
+        return value !== value && other !== other;
+      }
+      return baseIsEqualDeep(value, other, baseIsEqual, customizer, bitmask, stack);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * A specialized version of `baseIsEqual` for arrays and objects which performs
+     * deep comparisons and tracks traversed objects enabling objects with circular
+     * references to be compared.
+     *
+     * @private
+     * @param {Object} object The object to compare.
+     * @param {Object} other The other object to compare.
+     * @param {Function} equalFunc The function to determine equivalents of values.
+     * @param {Function} [customizer] The function to customize comparisons.
+     * @param {number} [bitmask] The bitmask of comparison flags. See `baseIsEqual`
+     *  for more details.
+     * @param {Object} [stack] Tracks traversed `object` and `other` objects.
+     * @returns {boolean} Returns `true` if the objects are equivalent, else `false`.
+     */
+    function baseIsEqualDeep(object, other, equalFunc, customizer, bitmask, stack) {
+      var objIsArr = isArray(object),
+          othIsArr = isArray(other),
+          objTag = arrayTag,
+          othTag = arrayTag;
+
+      if (!objIsArr) {
+        objTag = getTag(object);
+        objTag = objTag == argsTag ? objectTag : objTag;
+      }
+      if (!othIsArr) {
+        othTag = getTag(other);
+        othTag = othTag == argsTag ? objectTag : othTag;
+      }
+      var objIsObj = objTag == objectTag && !isHostObject(object),
+          othIsObj = othTag == objectTag && !isHostObject(other),
+          isSameTag = objTag == othTag;
+
+      if (isSameTag && !objIsObj) {
+        stack || (stack = new Stack);
+        return (objIsArr || isTypedArray(object))
+          ? equalArrays(object, other, equalFunc, customizer, bitmask, stack)
+          : equalByTag(object, other, objTag, equalFunc, customizer, bitmask, stack);
+      }
+      if (!(bitmask & PARTIAL_COMPARE_FLAG)) {
+        var objIsWrapped = objIsObj && hasOwnProperty.call(object, '__wrapped__'),
+            othIsWrapped = othIsObj && hasOwnProperty.call(other, '__wrapped__');
+
+        if (objIsWrapped || othIsWrapped) {
+          var objUnwrapped = objIsWrapped ? object.value() : object,
+              othUnwrapped = othIsWrapped ? other.value() : other;
+
+          stack || (stack = new Stack);
+          return equalFunc(objUnwrapped, othUnwrapped, customizer, bitmask, stack);
+        }
+      }
+      if (!isSameTag) {
+        return false;
+      }
+      stack || (stack = new Stack);
+      return equalObjects(object, other, equalFunc, customizer, bitmask, stack);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * The base implementation of `_.isMap` without Node.js optimizations.
+     *
+     * @private
+     * @param {*} value The value to check.
+     * @returns {boolean} Returns `true` if `value` is a map, else `false`.
+     */
+    function baseIsMap(value) {
+      return isObjectLike(value) && getTag(value) == mapTag;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * The base implementation of `_.isMatch` without support for iteratee shorthands.
+     *
+     * @private
+     * @param {Object} object The object to inspect.
+     * @param {Object} source The object of property values to match.
+     * @param {Array} matchData The property names, values, and compare flags to match.
+     * @param {Function} [customizer] The function to customize comparisons.
+     * @returns {boolean} Returns `true` if `object` is a match, else `false`.
+     */
+    function baseIsMatch(object, source, matchData, customizer) {
+      var index = matchData.length,
+          length = index,
+          noCustomizer = !customizer;
+
+      if (object == null) {
+        return !length;
+      }
+      object = Object(object);
+      while (index--) {
+        var data = matchData[index];
+        if ((noCustomizer && data[2])
+              ? data[1] !== object[data[0]]
+              : !(data[0] in object)
+            ) {
+          return false;
+        }
+      }
+      while (++index < length) {
+        data = matchData[index];
+        var key = data[0],
+            objValue = object[key],
+            srcValue = data[1];
+
+        if (noCustomizer && data[2]) {
+          if (objValue === undefined && !(key in object)) {
+            return false;
+          }
+        } else {
+          var stack = new Stack;
+          if (customizer) {
+            var result = customizer(objValue, srcValue, key, object, source, stack);
+          }
+          if (!(result === undefined
+                ? baseIsEqual(srcValue, objValue, customizer, UNORDERED_COMPARE_FLAG | PARTIAL_COMPARE_FLAG, stack)
+                : result
+              )) {
+            return false;
+          }
+        }
+      }
+      return true;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * The base implementation of `_.isNative` without bad shim checks.
+     *
+     * @private
+     * @param {*} value The value to check.
+     * @returns {boolean} Returns `true` if `value` is a native function,
+     *  else `false`.
+     */
+    function baseIsNative(value) {
+      if (!isObject(value) || isMasked(value)) {
+        return false;
+      }
+      var pattern = (isFunction(value) || isHostObject(value)) ? reIsNative : reIsHostCtor;
+      return pattern.test(toSource(value));
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * The base implementation of `_.isRegExp` without Node.js optimizations.
+     *
+     * @private
+     * @param {*} value The value to check.
+     * @returns {boolean} Returns `true` if `value` is a regexp, else `false`.
+     */
+    function baseIsRegExp(value) {
+      return isObject(value) && objectToString.call(value) == regexpTag;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * The base implementation of `_.isSet` without Node.js optimizations.
+     *
+     * @private
+     * @param {*} value The value to check.
+     * @returns {boolean} Returns `true` if `value` is a set, else `false`.
+     */
+    function baseIsSet(value) {
+      return isObjectLike(value) && getTag(value) == setTag;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * The base implementation of `_.isTypedArray` without Node.js optimizations.
+     *
+     * @private
+     * @param {*} value The value to check.
+     * @returns {boolean} Returns `true` if `value` is a typed array, else `false`.
+     */
+    function baseIsTypedArray(value) {
+      return isObjectLike(value) &&
+        isLength(value.length) && !!typedArrayTags[objectToString.call(value)];
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * The base implementation of `_.iteratee`.
+     *
+     * @private
+     * @param {*} [value=_.identity] The value to convert to an iteratee.
+     * @returns {Function} Returns the iteratee.
+     */
+    function baseIteratee(value) {
+      // Don't store the `typeof` result in a variable to avoid a JIT bug in Safari 9.
+      // See https://bugs.webkit.org/show_bug.cgi?id=156034 for more details.
+      if (typeof value == 'function') {
+        return value;
+      }
+      if (value == null) {
+        return identity;
+      }
+      if (typeof value == 'object') {
+        return isArray(value)
+          ? baseMatchesProperty(value[0], value[1])
+          : baseMatches(value);
+      }
+      return property(value);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * The base implementation of `_.keys` which doesn't skip the constructor
+     * property of prototypes or treat sparse arrays as dense.
+     *
+     * @private
+     * @param {Object} object The object to query.
+     * @returns {Array} Returns the array of property names.
+     */
+    var baseKeys = overArg(nativeKeys, Object);
+
+    /**
+     * The base implementation of `_.keysIn` which doesn't skip the constructor
+     * property of prototypes or treat sparse arrays as dense.
+     *
+     * @private
+     * @param {Object} object The object to query.
+     * @returns {Array} Returns the array of property names.
+     */
+    function baseKeysIn(object) {
+      object = object == null ? object : Object(object);
+
+      var result = [];
+      for (var key in object) {
+        result.push(key);
+      }
+      return result;
+    }
+
+    // Fallback for IE < 9 with es6-shim.
+    if (enumerate && !propertyIsEnumerable.call({ 'valueOf': 1 }, 'valueOf')) {
+      baseKeysIn = function(object) {
+        return iteratorToArray(enumerate(object));
+      };
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * The base implementation of `_.lt` which doesn't coerce arguments.
+     *
+     * @private
+     * @param {*} value The value to compare.
+     * @param {*} other The other value to compare.
+     * @returns {boolean} Returns `true` if `value` is less than `other`,
+     *  else `false`.
+     */
+    function baseLt(value, other) {
+      return value < other;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * The base implementation of `_.map` without support for iteratee shorthands.
+     *
+     * @private
+     * @param {Array|Object} collection The collection to iterate over.
+     * @param {Function} iteratee The function invoked per iteration.
+     * @returns {Array} Returns the new mapped array.
+     */
+    function baseMap(collection, iteratee) {
+      var index = -1,
+          result = isArrayLike(collection) ? Array(collection.length) : [];
+
+      baseEach(collection, function(value, key, collection) {
+        result[++index] = iteratee(value, key, collection);
+      });
+      return result;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * The base implementation of `_.matches` which doesn't clone `source`.
+     *
+     * @private
+     * @param {Object} source The object of property values to match.
+     * @returns {Function} Returns the new spec function.
+     */
+    function baseMatches(source) {
+      var matchData = getMatchData(source);
+      if (matchData.length == 1 && matchData[0][2]) {
+        return matchesStrictComparable(matchData[0][0], matchData[0][1]);
+      }
+      return function(object) {
+        return object === source || baseIsMatch(object, source, matchData);
+      };
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * The base implementation of `_.matchesProperty` which doesn't clone `srcValue`.
+     *
+     * @private
+     * @param {string} path The path of the property to get.
+     * @param {*} srcValue The value to match.
+     * @returns {Function} Returns the new spec function.
+     */
+    function baseMatchesProperty(path, srcValue) {
+      if (isKey(path) && isStrictComparable(srcValue)) {
+        return matchesStrictComparable(toKey(path), srcValue);
+      }
+      return function(object) {
+        var objValue = get(object, path);
+        return (objValue === undefined && objValue === srcValue)
+          ? hasIn(object, path)
+          : baseIsEqual(srcValue, objValue, undefined, UNORDERED_COMPARE_FLAG | PARTIAL_COMPARE_FLAG);
+      };
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * The base implementation of `_.merge` without support for multiple sources.
+     *
+     * @private
+     * @param {Object} object The destination object.
+     * @param {Object} source The source object.
+     * @param {number} srcIndex The index of `source`.
+     * @param {Function} [customizer] The function to customize merged values.
+     * @param {Object} [stack] Tracks traversed source values and their merged
+     *  counterparts.
+     */
+    function baseMerge(object, source, srcIndex, customizer, stack) {
+      if (object === source) {
+        return;
+      }
+      if (!(isArray(source) || isTypedArray(source))) {
+        var props = keysIn(source);
+      }
+      arrayEach(props || source, function(srcValue, key) {
+        if (props) {
+          key = srcValue;
+          srcValue = source[key];
+        }
+        if (isObject(srcValue)) {
+          stack || (stack = new Stack);
+          baseMergeDeep(object, source, key, srcIndex, baseMerge, customizer, stack);
+        }
+        else {
+          var newValue = customizer
+            ? customizer(object[key], srcValue, (key + ''), object, source, stack)
+            : undefined;
+
+          if (newValue === undefined) {
+            newValue = srcValue;
+          }
+          assignMergeValue(object, key, newValue);
+        }
+      });
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * A specialized version of `baseMerge` for arrays and objects which performs
+     * deep merges and tracks traversed objects enabling objects with circular
+     * references to be merged.
+     *
+     * @private
+     * @param {Object} object The destination object.
+     * @param {Object} source The source object.
+     * @param {string} key The key of the value to merge.
+     * @param {number} srcIndex The index of `source`.
+     * @param {Function} mergeFunc The function to merge values.
+     * @param {Function} [customizer] The function to customize assigned values.
+     * @param {Object} [stack] Tracks traversed source values and their merged
+     *  counterparts.
+     */
+    function baseMergeDeep(object, source, key, srcIndex, mergeFunc, customizer, stack) {
+      var objValue = object[key],
+          srcValue = source[key],
+          stacked = stack.get(srcValue);
+
+      if (stacked) {
+        assignMergeValue(object, key, stacked);
+        return;
+      }
+      var newValue = customizer
+        ? customizer(objValue, srcValue, (key + ''), object, source, stack)
+        : undefined;
+
+      var isCommon = newValue === undefined;
+
+      if (isCommon) {
+        newValue = srcValue;
+        if (isArray(srcValue) || isTypedArray(srcValue)) {
+          if (isArray(objValue)) {
+            newValue = objValue;
+          }
+          else if (isArrayLikeObject(objValue)) {
+            newValue = copyArray(objValue);
+          }
+          else {
+            isCommon = false;
+            newValue = baseClone(srcValue, true);
+          }
+        }
+        else if (isPlainObject(srcValue) || isArguments(srcValue)) {
+          if (isArguments(objValue)) {
+            newValue = toPlainObject(objValue);
+          }
+          else if (!isObject(objValue) || (srcIndex && isFunction(objValue))) {
+            isCommon = false;
+            newValue = baseClone(srcValue, true);
+          }
+          else {
+            newValue = objValue;
+          }
+        }
+        else {
+          isCommon = false;
+        }
+      }
+      if (isCommon) {
+        // Recursively merge objects and arrays (susceptible to call stack limits).
+        stack.set(srcValue, newValue);
+        mergeFunc(newValue, srcValue, srcIndex, customizer, stack);
+        stack['delete'](srcValue);
+      }
+      assignMergeValue(object, key, newValue);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * The base implementation of `_.nth` which doesn't coerce arguments.
+     *
+     * @private
+     * @param {Array} array The array to query.
+     * @param {number} n The index of the element to return.
+     * @returns {*} Returns the nth element of `array`.
+     */
+    function baseNth(array, n) {
+      var length = array.length;
+      if (!length) {
+        return;
+      }
+      n += n < 0 ? length : 0;
+      return isIndex(n, length) ? array[n] : undefined;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * The base implementation of `_.orderBy` without param guards.
+     *
+     * @private
+     * @param {Array|Object} collection The collection to iterate over.
+     * @param {Function[]|Object[]|string[]} iteratees The iteratees to sort by.
+     * @param {string[]} orders The sort orders of `iteratees`.
+     * @returns {Array} Returns the new sorted array.
+     */
+    function baseOrderBy(collection, iteratees, orders) {
+      var index = -1;
+      iteratees = arrayMap(iteratees.length ? iteratees : [identity], baseUnary(getIteratee()));
+
+      var result = baseMap(collection, function(value, key, collection) {
+        var criteria = arrayMap(iteratees, function(iteratee) {
+          return iteratee(value);
+        });
+        return { 'criteria': criteria, 'index': ++index, 'value': value };
+      });
+
+      return baseSortBy(result, function(object, other) {
+        return compareMultiple(object, other, orders);
+      });
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * The base implementation of `_.pick` without support for individual
+     * property identifiers.
+     *
+     * @private
+     * @param {Object} object The source object.
+     * @param {string[]} props The property identifiers to pick.
+     * @returns {Object} Returns the new object.
+     */
+    function basePick(object, props) {
+      object = Object(object);
+      return basePickBy(object, props, function(value, key) {
+        return key in object;
+      });
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * The base implementation of  `_.pickBy` without support for iteratee shorthands.
+     *
+     * @private
+     * @param {Object} object The source object.
+     * @param {string[]} props The property identifiers to pick from.
+     * @param {Function} predicate The function invoked per property.
+     * @returns {Object} Returns the new object.
+     */
+    function basePickBy(object, props, predicate) {
+      var index = -1,
+          length = props.length,
+          result = {};
+
+      while (++index < length) {
+        var key = props[index],
+            value = object[key];
+
+        if (predicate(value, key)) {
+          result[key] = value;
+        }
+      }
+      return result;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * A specialized version of `baseProperty` which supports deep paths.
+     *
+     * @private
+     * @param {Array|string} path The path of the property to get.
+     * @returns {Function} Returns the new accessor function.
+     */
+    function basePropertyDeep(path) {
+      return function(object) {
+        return baseGet(object, path);
+      };
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * The base implementation of `_.pullAllBy` without support for iteratee
+     * shorthands.
+     *
+     * @private
+     * @param {Array} array The array to modify.
+     * @param {Array} values The values to remove.
+     * @param {Function} [iteratee] The iteratee invoked per element.
+     * @param {Function} [comparator] The comparator invoked per element.
+     * @returns {Array} Returns `array`.
+     */
+    function basePullAll(array, values, iteratee, comparator) {
+      var indexOf = comparator ? baseIndexOfWith : baseIndexOf,
+          index = -1,
+          length = values.length,
+          seen = array;
+
+      if (array === values) {
+        values = copyArray(values);
+      }
+      if (iteratee) {
+        seen = arrayMap(array, baseUnary(iteratee));
+      }
+      while (++index < length) {
+        var fromIndex = 0,
+            value = values[index],
+            computed = iteratee ? iteratee(value) : value;
+
+        while ((fromIndex = indexOf(seen, computed, fromIndex, comparator)) > -1) {
+          if (seen !== array) {
+            splice.call(seen, fromIndex, 1);
+          }
+          splice.call(array, fromIndex, 1);
+        }
+      }
+      return array;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * The base implementation of `_.pullAt` without support for individual
+     * indexes or capturing the removed elements.
+     *
+     * @private
+     * @param {Array} array The array to modify.
+     * @param {number[]} indexes The indexes of elements to remove.
+     * @returns {Array} Returns `array`.
+     */
+    function basePullAt(array, indexes) {
+      var length = array ? indexes.length : 0,
+          lastIndex = length - 1;
+
+      while (length--) {
+        var index = indexes[length];
+        if (length == lastIndex || index !== previous) {
+          var previous = index;
+          if (isIndex(index)) {
+            splice.call(array, index, 1);
+          }
+          else if (!isKey(index, array)) {
+            var path = castPath(index),
+                object = parent(array, path);
+
+            if (object != null) {
+              delete object[toKey(last(path))];
+            }
+          }
+          else {
+            delete array[toKey(index)];
+          }
+        }
+      }
+      return array;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * The base implementation of `_.random` without support for returning
+     * floating-point numbers.
+     *
+     * @private
+     * @param {number} lower The lower bound.
+     * @param {number} upper The upper bound.
+     * @returns {number} Returns the random number.
+     */
+    function baseRandom(lower, upper) {
+      return lower + nativeFloor(nativeRandom() * (upper - lower + 1));
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * The base implementation of `_.range` and `_.rangeRight` which doesn't
+     * coerce arguments.
+     *
+     * @private
+     * @param {number} start The start of the range.
+     * @param {number} end The end of the range.
+     * @param {number} step The value to increment or decrement by.
+     * @param {boolean} [fromRight] Specify iterating from right to left.
+     * @returns {Array} Returns the range of numbers.
+     */
+    function baseRange(start, end, step, fromRight) {
+      var index = -1,
+          length = nativeMax(nativeCeil((end - start) / (step || 1)), 0),
+          result = Array(length);
+
+      while (length--) {
+        result[fromRight ? length : ++index] = start;
+        start += step;
+      }
+      return result;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * The base implementation of `_.repeat` which doesn't coerce arguments.
+     *
+     * @private
+     * @param {string} string The string to repeat.
+     * @param {number} n The number of times to repeat the string.
+     * @returns {string} Returns the repeated string.
+     */
+    function baseRepeat(string, n) {
+      var result = '';
+      if (!string || n < 1 || n > MAX_SAFE_INTEGER) {
+        return result;
+      }
+      // Leverage the exponentiation by squaring algorithm for a faster repeat.
+      // See https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exponentiation_by_squaring for more details.
+      do {
+        if (n % 2) {
+          result += string;
+        }
+        n = nativeFloor(n / 2);
+        if (n) {
+          string += string;
+        }
+      } while (n);
+
+      return result;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * The base implementation of `_.rest` which doesn't validate or coerce arguments.
+     *
+     * @private
+     * @param {Function} func The function to apply a rest parameter to.
+     * @param {number} [start=func.length-1] The start position of the rest parameter.
+     * @returns {Function} Returns the new function.
+     */
+    function baseRest(func, start) {
+      start = nativeMax(start === undefined ? (func.length - 1) : start, 0);
+      return function() {
+        var args = arguments,
+            index = -1,
+            length = nativeMax(args.length - start, 0),
+            array = Array(length);
+
+        while (++index < length) {
+          array[index] = args[start + index];
+        }
+        index = -1;
+        var otherArgs = Array(start + 1);
+        while (++index < start) {
+          otherArgs[index] = args[index];
+        }
+        otherArgs[start] = array;
+        return apply(func, this, otherArgs);
+      };
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * The base implementation of `_.set`.
+     *
+     * @private
+     * @param {Object} object The object to query.
+     * @param {Array|string} path The path of the property to set.
+     * @param {*} value The value to set.
+     * @param {Function} [customizer] The function to customize path creation.
+     * @returns {Object} Returns `object`.
+     */
+    function baseSet(object, path, value, customizer) {
+      path = isKey(path, object) ? [path] : castPath(path);
+
+      var index = -1,
+          length = path.length,
+          lastIndex = length - 1,
+          nested = object;
+
+      while (nested != null && ++index < length) {
+        var key = toKey(path[index]);
+        if (isObject(nested)) {
+          var newValue = value;
+          if (index != lastIndex) {
+            var objValue = nested[key];
+            newValue = customizer ? customizer(objValue, key, nested) : undefined;
+            if (newValue === undefined) {
+              newValue = objValue == null
+                ? (isIndex(path[index + 1]) ? [] : {})
+                : objValue;
+            }
+          }
+          assignValue(nested, key, newValue);
+        }
+        nested = nested[key];
+      }
+      return object;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * The base implementation of `setData` without support for hot loop detection.
+     *
+     * @private
+     * @param {Function} func The function to associate metadata with.
+     * @param {*} data The metadata.
+     * @returns {Function} Returns `func`.
+     */
+    var baseSetData = !metaMap ? identity : function(func, data) {
+      metaMap.set(func, data);
+      return func;
+    };
+
+    /**
+     * The base implementation of `_.slice` without an iteratee call guard.
+     *
+     * @private
+     * @param {Array} array The array to slice.
+     * @param {number} [start=0] The start position.
+     * @param {number} [end=array.length] The end position.
+     * @returns {Array} Returns the slice of `array`.
+     */
+    function baseSlice(array, start, end) {
+      var index = -1,
+          length = array.length;
+
+      if (start < 0) {
+        start = -start > length ? 0 : (length + start);
+      }
+      end = end > length ? length : end;
+      if (end < 0) {
+        end += length;
+      }
+      length = start > end ? 0 : ((end - start) >>> 0);
+      start >>>= 0;
+
+      var result = Array(length);
+      while (++index < length) {
+        result[index] = array[index + start];
+      }
+      return result;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * The base implementation of `_.some` without support for iteratee shorthands.
+     *
+     * @private
+     * @param {Array|Object} collection The collection to iterate over.
+     * @param {Function} predicate The function invoked per iteration.
+     * @returns {boolean} Returns `true` if any element passes the predicate check,
+     *  else `false`.
+     */
+    function baseSome(collection, predicate) {
+      var result;
+
+      baseEach(collection, function(value, index, collection) {
+        result = predicate(value, index, collection);
+        return !result;
+      });
+      return !!result;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * The base implementation of `_.sortedIndex` and `_.sortedLastIndex` which
+     * performs a binary search of `array` to determine the index at which `value`
+     * should be inserted into `array` in order to maintain its sort order.
+     *
+     * @private
+     * @param {Array} array The sorted array to inspect.
+     * @param {*} value The value to evaluate.
+     * @param {boolean} [retHighest] Specify returning the highest qualified index.
+     * @returns {number} Returns the index at which `value` should be inserted
+     *  into `array`.
+     */
+    function baseSortedIndex(array, value, retHighest) {
+      var low = 0,
+          high = array ? array.length : low;
+
+      if (typeof value == 'number' && value === value && high <= HALF_MAX_ARRAY_LENGTH) {
+        while (low < high) {
+          var mid = (low + high) >>> 1,
+              computed = array[mid];
+
+          if (computed !== null && !isSymbol(computed) &&
+              (retHighest ? (computed <= value) : (computed < value))) {
+            low = mid + 1;
+          } else {
+            high = mid;
+          }
+        }
+        return high;
+      }
+      return baseSortedIndexBy(array, value, identity, retHighest);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * The base implementation of `_.sortedIndexBy` and `_.sortedLastIndexBy`
+     * which invokes `iteratee` for `value` and each element of `array` to compute
+     * their sort ranking. The iteratee is invoked with one argument; (value).
+     *
+     * @private
+     * @param {Array} array The sorted array to inspect.
+     * @param {*} value The value to evaluate.
+     * @param {Function} iteratee The iteratee invoked per element.
+     * @param {boolean} [retHighest] Specify returning the highest qualified index.
+     * @returns {number} Returns the index at which `value` should be inserted
+     *  into `array`.
+     */
+    function baseSortedIndexBy(array, value, iteratee, retHighest) {
+      value = iteratee(value);
+
+      var low = 0,
+          high = array ? array.length : 0,
+          valIsNaN = value !== value,
+          valIsNull = value === null,
+          valIsSymbol = isSymbol(value),
+          valIsUndefined = value === undefined;
+
+      while (low < high) {
+        var mid = nativeFloor((low + high) / 2),
+            computed = iteratee(array[mid]),
+            othIsDefined = computed !== undefined,
+            othIsNull = computed === null,
+            othIsReflexive = computed === computed,
+            othIsSymbol = isSymbol(computed);
+
+        if (valIsNaN) {
+          var setLow = retHighest || othIsReflexive;
+        } else if (valIsUndefined) {
+          setLow = othIsReflexive && (retHighest || othIsDefined);
+        } else if (valIsNull) {
+          setLow = othIsReflexive && othIsDefined && (retHighest || !othIsNull);
+        } else if (valIsSymbol) {
+          setLow = othIsReflexive && othIsDefined && !othIsNull && (retHighest || !othIsSymbol);
+        } else if (othIsNull || othIsSymbol) {
+          setLow = false;
+        } else {
+          setLow = retHighest ? (computed <= value) : (computed < value);
+        }
+        if (setLow) {
+          low = mid + 1;
+        } else {
+          high = mid;
+        }
+      }
+      return nativeMin(high, MAX_ARRAY_INDEX);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * The base implementation of `_.sortedUniq` and `_.sortedUniqBy` without
+     * support for iteratee shorthands.
+     *
+     * @private
+     * @param {Array} array The array to inspect.
+     * @param {Function} [iteratee] The iteratee invoked per element.
+     * @returns {Array} Returns the new duplicate free array.
+     */
+    function baseSortedUniq(array, iteratee) {
+      var index = -1,
+          length = array.length,
+          resIndex = 0,
+          result = [];
+
+      while (++index < length) {
+        var value = array[index],
+            computed = iteratee ? iteratee(value) : value;
+
+        if (!index || !eq(computed, seen)) {
+          var seen = computed;
+          result[resIndex++] = value === 0 ? 0 : value;
+        }
+      }
+      return result;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * The base implementation of `_.toNumber` which doesn't ensure correct
+     * conversions of binary, hexadecimal, or octal string values.
+     *
+     * @private
+     * @param {*} value The value to process.
+     * @returns {number} Returns the number.
+     */
+    function baseToNumber(value) {
+      if (typeof value == 'number') {
+        return value;
+      }
+      if (isSymbol(value)) {
+        return NAN;
+      }
+      return +value;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * The base implementation of `_.toString` which doesn't convert nullish
+     * values to empty strings.
+     *
+     * @private
+     * @param {*} value The value to process.
+     * @returns {string} Returns the string.
+     */
+    function baseToString(value) {
+      // Exit early for strings to avoid a performance hit in some environments.
+      if (typeof value == 'string') {
+        return value;
+      }
+      if (isSymbol(value)) {
+        return symbolToString ? symbolToString.call(value) : '';
+      }
+      var result = (value + '');
+      return (result == '0' && (1 / value) == -INFINITY) ? '-0' : result;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * The base implementation of `_.uniqBy` without support for iteratee shorthands.
+     *
+     * @private
+     * @param {Array} array The array to inspect.
+     * @param {Function} [iteratee] The iteratee invoked per element.
+     * @param {Function} [comparator] The comparator invoked per element.
+     * @returns {Array} Returns the new duplicate free array.
+     */
+    function baseUniq(array, iteratee, comparator) {
+      var index = -1,
+          includes = arrayIncludes,
+          length = array.length,
+          isCommon = true,
+          result = [],
+          seen = result;
+
+      if (comparator) {
+        isCommon = false;
+        includes = arrayIncludesWith;
+      }
+      else if (length >= LARGE_ARRAY_SIZE) {
+        var set = iteratee ? null : createSet(array);
+        if (set) {
+          return setToArray(set);
+        }
+        isCommon = false;
+        includes = cacheHas;
+        seen = new SetCache;
+      }
+      else {
+        seen = iteratee ? [] : result;
+      }
+      outer:
+      while (++index < length) {
+        var value = array[index],
+            computed = iteratee ? iteratee(value) : value;
+
+        value = (comparator || value !== 0) ? value : 0;
+        if (isCommon && computed === computed) {
+          var seenIndex = seen.length;
+          while (seenIndex--) {
+            if (seen[seenIndex] === computed) {
+              continue outer;
+            }
+          }
+          if (iteratee) {
+            seen.push(computed);
+          }
+          result.push(value);
+        }
+        else if (!includes(seen, computed, comparator)) {
+          if (seen !== result) {
+            seen.push(computed);
+          }
+          result.push(value);
+        }
+      }
+      return result;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * The base implementation of `_.unset`.
+     *
+     * @private
+     * @param {Object} object The object to modify.
+     * @param {Array|string} path The path of the property to unset.
+     * @returns {boolean} Returns `true` if the property is deleted, else `false`.
+     */
+    function baseUnset(object, path) {
+      path = isKey(path, object) ? [path] : castPath(path);
+      object = parent(object, path);
+
+      var key = toKey(last(path));
+      return !(object != null && baseHas(object, key)) || delete object[key];
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * The base implementation of `_.update`.
+     *
+     * @private
+     * @param {Object} object The object to query.
+     * @param {Array|string} path The path of the property to update.
+     * @param {Function} updater The function to produce the updated value.
+     * @param {Function} [customizer] The function to customize path creation.
+     * @returns {Object} Returns `object`.
+     */
+    function baseUpdate(object, path, updater, customizer) {
+      return baseSet(object, path, updater(baseGet(object, path)), customizer);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * The base implementation of methods like `_.dropWhile` and `_.takeWhile`
+     * without support for iteratee shorthands.
+     *
+     * @private
+     * @param {Array} array The array to query.
+     * @param {Function} predicate The function invoked per iteration.
+     * @param {boolean} [isDrop] Specify dropping elements instead of taking them.
+     * @param {boolean} [fromRight] Specify iterating from right to left.
+     * @returns {Array} Returns the slice of `array`.
+     */
+    function baseWhile(array, predicate, isDrop, fromRight) {
+      var length = array.length,
+          index = fromRight ? length : -1;
+
+      while ((fromRight ? index-- : ++index < length) &&
+        predicate(array[index], index, array)) {}
+
+      return isDrop
+        ? baseSlice(array, (fromRight ? 0 : index), (fromRight ? index + 1 : length))
+        : baseSlice(array, (fromRight ? index + 1 : 0), (fromRight ? length : index));
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * The base implementation of `wrapperValue` which returns the result of
+     * performing a sequence of actions on the unwrapped `value`, where each
+     * successive action is supplied the return value of the previous.
+     *
+     * @private
+     * @param {*} value The unwrapped value.
+     * @param {Array} actions Actions to perform to resolve the unwrapped value.
+     * @returns {*} Returns the resolved value.
+     */
+    function baseWrapperValue(value, actions) {
+      var result = value;
+      if (result instanceof LazyWrapper) {
+        result = result.value();
+      }
+      return arrayReduce(actions, function(result, action) {
+        return action.func.apply(action.thisArg, arrayPush([result], action.args));
+      }, result);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * The base implementation of methods like `_.xor`, without support for
+     * iteratee shorthands, that accepts an array of arrays to inspect.
+     *
+     * @private
+     * @param {Array} arrays The arrays to inspect.
+     * @param {Function} [iteratee] The iteratee invoked per element.
+     * @param {Function} [comparator] The comparator invoked per element.
+     * @returns {Array} Returns the new array of values.
+     */
+    function baseXor(arrays, iteratee, comparator) {
+      var index = -1,
+          length = arrays.length;
+
+      while (++index < length) {
+        var result = result
+          ? arrayPush(
+              baseDifference(result, arrays[index], iteratee, comparator),
+              baseDifference(arrays[index], result, iteratee, comparator)
+            )
+          : arrays[index];
+      }
+      return (result && result.length) ? baseUniq(result, iteratee, comparator) : [];
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * This base implementation of `_.zipObject` which assigns values using `assignFunc`.
+     *
+     * @private
+     * @param {Array} props The property identifiers.
+     * @param {Array} values The property values.
+     * @param {Function} assignFunc The function to assign values.
+     * @returns {Object} Returns the new object.
+     */
+    function baseZipObject(props, values, assignFunc) {
+      var index = -1,
+          length = props.length,
+          valsLength = values.length,
+          result = {};
+
+      while (++index < length) {
+        var value = index < valsLength ? values[index] : undefined;
+        assignFunc(result, props[index], value);
+      }
+      return result;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Casts `value` to an empty array if it's not an array like object.
+     *
+     * @private
+     * @param {*} value The value to inspect.
+     * @returns {Array|Object} Returns the cast array-like object.
+     */
+    function castArrayLikeObject(value) {
+      return isArrayLikeObject(value) ? value : [];
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Casts `value` to `identity` if it's not a function.
+     *
+     * @private
+     * @param {*} value The value to inspect.
+     * @returns {Function} Returns cast function.
+     */
+    function castFunction(value) {
+      return typeof value == 'function' ? value : identity;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Casts `value` to a path array if it's not one.
+     *
+     * @private
+     * @param {*} value The value to inspect.
+     * @returns {Array} Returns the cast property path array.
+     */
+    function castPath(value) {
+      return isArray(value) ? value : stringToPath(value);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Casts `array` to a slice if it's needed.
+     *
+     * @private
+     * @param {Array} array The array to inspect.
+     * @param {number} start The start position.
+     * @param {number} [end=array.length] The end position.
+     * @returns {Array} Returns the cast slice.
+     */
+    function castSlice(array, start, end) {
+      var length = array.length;
+      end = end === undefined ? length : end;
+      return (!start && end >= length) ? array : baseSlice(array, start, end);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Creates a clone of  `buffer`.
+     *
+     * @private
+     * @param {Buffer} buffer The buffer to clone.
+     * @param {boolean} [isDeep] Specify a deep clone.
+     * @returns {Buffer} Returns the cloned buffer.
+     */
+    function cloneBuffer(buffer, isDeep) {
+      if (isDeep) {
+        return buffer.slice();
+      }
+      var result = new buffer.constructor(buffer.length);
+      buffer.copy(result);
+      return result;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Creates a clone of `arrayBuffer`.
+     *
+     * @private
+     * @param {ArrayBuffer} arrayBuffer The array buffer to clone.
+     * @returns {ArrayBuffer} Returns the cloned array buffer.
+     */
+    function cloneArrayBuffer(arrayBuffer) {
+      var result = new arrayBuffer.constructor(arrayBuffer.byteLength);
+      new Uint8Array(result).set(new Uint8Array(arrayBuffer));
+      return result;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Creates a clone of `dataView`.
+     *
+     * @private
+     * @param {Object} dataView The data view to clone.
+     * @param {boolean} [isDeep] Specify a deep clone.
+     * @returns {Object} Returns the cloned data view.
+     */
+    function cloneDataView(dataView, isDeep) {
+      var buffer = isDeep ? cloneArrayBuffer(dataView.buffer) : dataView.buffer;
+      return new dataView.constructor(buffer, dataView.byteOffset, dataView.byteLength);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Creates a clone of `map`.
+     *
+     * @private
+     * @param {Object} map The map to clone.
+     * @param {Function} cloneFunc The function to clone values.
+     * @param {boolean} [isDeep] Specify a deep clone.
+     * @returns {Object} Returns the cloned map.
+     */
+    function cloneMap(map, isDeep, cloneFunc) {
+      var array = isDeep ? cloneFunc(mapToArray(map), true) : mapToArray(map);
+      return arrayReduce(array, addMapEntry, new map.constructor);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Creates a clone of `regexp`.
+     *
+     * @private
+     * @param {Object} regexp The regexp to clone.
+     * @returns {Object} Returns the cloned regexp.
+     */
+    function cloneRegExp(regexp) {
+      var result = new regexp.constructor(regexp.source, reFlags.exec(regexp));
+      result.lastIndex = regexp.lastIndex;
+      return result;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Creates a clone of `set`.
+     *
+     * @private
+     * @param {Object} set The set to clone.
+     * @param {Function} cloneFunc The function to clone values.
+     * @param {boolean} [isDeep] Specify a deep clone.
+     * @returns {Object} Returns the cloned set.
+     */
+    function cloneSet(set, isDeep, cloneFunc) {
+      var array = isDeep ? cloneFunc(setToArray(set), true) : setToArray(set);
+      return arrayReduce(array, addSetEntry, new set.constructor);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Creates a clone of the `symbol` object.
+     *
+     * @private
+     * @param {Object} symbol The symbol object to clone.
+     * @returns {Object} Returns the cloned symbol object.
+     */
+    function cloneSymbol(symbol) {
+      return symbolValueOf ? Object(symbolValueOf.call(symbol)) : {};
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Creates a clone of `typedArray`.
+     *
+     * @private
+     * @param {Object} typedArray The typed array to clone.
+     * @param {boolean} [isDeep] Specify a deep clone.
+     * @returns {Object} Returns the cloned typed array.
+     */
+    function cloneTypedArray(typedArray, isDeep) {
+      var buffer = isDeep ? cloneArrayBuffer(typedArray.buffer) : typedArray.buffer;
+      return new typedArray.constructor(buffer, typedArray.byteOffset, typedArray.length);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Compares values to sort them in ascending order.
+     *
+     * @private
+     * @param {*} value The value to compare.
+     * @param {*} other The other value to compare.
+     * @returns {number} Returns the sort order indicator for `value`.
+     */
+    function compareAscending(value, other) {
+      if (value !== other) {
+        var valIsDefined = value !== undefined,
+            valIsNull = value === null,
+            valIsReflexive = value === value,
+            valIsSymbol = isSymbol(value);
+
+        var othIsDefined = other !== undefined,
+            othIsNull = other === null,
+            othIsReflexive = other === other,
+            othIsSymbol = isSymbol(other);
+
+        if ((!othIsNull && !othIsSymbol && !valIsSymbol && value > other) ||
+            (valIsSymbol && othIsDefined && othIsReflexive && !othIsNull && !othIsSymbol) ||
+            (valIsNull && othIsDefined && othIsReflexive) ||
+            (!valIsDefined && othIsReflexive) ||
+            !valIsReflexive) {
+          return 1;
+        }
+        if ((!valIsNull && !valIsSymbol && !othIsSymbol && value < other) ||
+            (othIsSymbol && valIsDefined && valIsReflexive && !valIsNull && !valIsSymbol) ||
+            (othIsNull && valIsDefined && valIsReflexive) ||
+            (!othIsDefined && valIsReflexive) ||
+            !othIsReflexive) {
+          return -1;
+        }
+      }
+      return 0;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Used by `_.orderBy` to compare multiple properties of a value to another
+     * and stable sort them.
+     *
+     * If `orders` is unspecified, all values are sorted in ascending order. Otherwise,
+     * specify an order of "desc" for descending or "asc" for ascending sort order
+     * of corresponding values.
+     *
+     * @private
+     * @param {Object} object The object to compare.
+     * @param {Object} other The other object to compare.
+     * @param {boolean[]|string[]} orders The order to sort by for each property.
+     * @returns {number} Returns the sort order indicator for `object`.
+     */
+    function compareMultiple(object, other, orders) {
+      var index = -1,
+          objCriteria = object.criteria,
+          othCriteria = other.criteria,
+          length = objCriteria.length,
+          ordersLength = orders.length;
+
+      while (++index < length) {
+        var result = compareAscending(objCriteria[index], othCriteria[index]);
+        if (result) {
+          if (index >= ordersLength) {
+            return result;
+          }
+          var order = orders[index];
+          return result * (order == 'desc' ? -1 : 1);
+        }
+      }
+      // Fixes an `Array#sort` bug in the JS engine embedded in Adobe applications
+      // that causes it, under certain circumstances, to provide the same value for
+      // `object` and `other`. See https://github.com/jashkenas/underscore/pull/1247
+      // for more details.
+      //
+      // This also ensures a stable sort in V8 and other engines.
+      // See https://bugs.chromium.org/p/v8/issues/detail?id=90 for more details.
+      return object.index - other.index;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Creates an array that is the composition of partially applied arguments,
+     * placeholders, and provided arguments into a single array of arguments.
+     *
+     * @private
+     * @param {Array} args The provided arguments.
+     * @param {Array} partials The arguments to prepend to those provided.
+     * @param {Array} holders The `partials` placeholder indexes.
+     * @params {boolean} [isCurried] Specify composing for a curried function.
+     * @returns {Array} Returns the new array of composed arguments.
+     */
+    function composeArgs(args, partials, holders, isCurried) {
+      var argsIndex = -1,
+          argsLength = args.length,
+          holdersLength = holders.length,
+          leftIndex = -1,
+          leftLength = partials.length,
+          rangeLength = nativeMax(argsLength - holdersLength, 0),
+          result = Array(leftLength + rangeLength),
+          isUncurried = !isCurried;
+
+      while (++leftIndex < leftLength) {
+        result[leftIndex] = partials[leftIndex];
+      }
+      while (++argsIndex < holdersLength) {
+        if (isUncurried || argsIndex < argsLength) {
+          result[holders[argsIndex]] = args[argsIndex];
+        }
+      }
+      while (rangeLength--) {
+        result[leftIndex++] = args[argsIndex++];
+      }
+      return result;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * This function is like `composeArgs` except that the arguments composition
+     * is tailored for `_.partialRight`.
+     *
+     * @private
+     * @param {Array} args The provided arguments.
+     * @param {Array} partials The arguments to append to those provided.
+     * @param {Array} holders The `partials` placeholder indexes.
+     * @params {boolean} [isCurried] Specify composing for a curried function.
+     * @returns {Array} Returns the new array of composed arguments.
+     */
+    function composeArgsRight(args, partials, holders, isCurried) {
+      var argsIndex = -1,
+          argsLength = args.length,
+          holdersIndex = -1,
+          holdersLength = holders.length,
+          rightIndex = -1,
+          rightLength = partials.length,
+          rangeLength = nativeMax(argsLength - holdersLength, 0),
+          result = Array(rangeLength + rightLength),
+          isUncurried = !isCurried;
+
+      while (++argsIndex < rangeLength) {
+        result[argsIndex] = args[argsIndex];
+      }
+      var offset = argsIndex;
+      while (++rightIndex < rightLength) {
+        result[offset + rightIndex] = partials[rightIndex];
+      }
+      while (++holdersIndex < holdersLength) {
+        if (isUncurried || argsIndex < argsLength) {
+          result[offset + holders[holdersIndex]] = args[argsIndex++];
+        }
+      }
+      return result;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Copies the values of `source` to `array`.
+     *
+     * @private
+     * @param {Array} source The array to copy values from.
+     * @param {Array} [array=[]] The array to copy values to.
+     * @returns {Array} Returns `array`.
+     */
+    function copyArray(source, array) {
+      var index = -1,
+          length = source.length;
+
+      array || (array = Array(length));
+      while (++index < length) {
+        array[index] = source[index];
+      }
+      return array;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Copies properties of `source` to `object`.
+     *
+     * @private
+     * @param {Object} source The object to copy properties from.
+     * @param {Array} props The property identifiers to copy.
+     * @param {Object} [object={}] The object to copy properties to.
+     * @param {Function} [customizer] The function to customize copied values.
+     * @returns {Object} Returns `object`.
+     */
+    function copyObject(source, props, object, customizer) {
+      object || (object = {});
+
+      var index = -1,
+          length = props.length;
+
+      while (++index < length) {
+        var key = props[index];
+
+        var newValue = customizer
+          ? customizer(object[key], source[key], key, object, source)
+          : undefined;
+
+        assignValue(object, key, newValue === undefined ? source[key] : newValue);
+      }
+      return object;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Copies own symbol properties of `source` to `object`.
+     *
+     * @private
+     * @param {Object} source The object to copy symbols from.
+     * @param {Object} [object={}] The object to copy symbols to.
+     * @returns {Object} Returns `object`.
+     */
+    function copySymbols(source, object) {
+      return copyObject(source, getSymbols(source), object);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Creates a function like `_.groupBy`.
+     *
+     * @private
+     * @param {Function} setter The function to set accumulator values.
+     * @param {Function} [initializer] The accumulator object initializer.
+     * @returns {Function} Returns the new aggregator function.
+     */
+    function createAggregator(setter, initializer) {
+      return function(collection, iteratee) {
+        var func = isArray(collection) ? arrayAggregator : baseAggregator,
+            accumulator = initializer ? initializer() : {};
+
+        return func(collection, setter, getIteratee(iteratee, 2), accumulator);
+      };
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Creates a function like `_.assign`.
+     *
+     * @private
+     * @param {Function} assigner The function to assign values.
+     * @returns {Function} Returns the new assigner function.
+     */
+    function createAssigner(assigner) {
+      return baseRest(function(object, sources) {
+        var index = -1,
+            length = sources.length,
+            customizer = length > 1 ? sources[length - 1] : undefined,
+            guard = length > 2 ? sources[2] : undefined;
+
+        customizer = (assigner.length > 3 && typeof customizer == 'function')
+          ? (length--, customizer)
+          : undefined;
+
+        if (guard && isIterateeCall(sources[0], sources[1], guard)) {
+          customizer = length < 3 ? undefined : customizer;
+          length = 1;
+        }
+        object = Object(object);
+        while (++index < length) {
+          var source = sources[index];
+          if (source) {
+            assigner(object, source, index, customizer);
+          }
+        }
+        return object;
+      });
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Creates a `baseEach` or `baseEachRight` function.
+     *
+     * @private
+     * @param {Function} eachFunc The function to iterate over a collection.
+     * @param {boolean} [fromRight] Specify iterating from right to left.
+     * @returns {Function} Returns the new base function.
+     */
+    function createBaseEach(eachFunc, fromRight) {
+      return function(collection, iteratee) {
+        if (collection == null) {
+          return collection;
+        }
+        if (!isArrayLike(collection)) {
+          return eachFunc(collection, iteratee);
+        }
+        var length = collection.length,
+            index = fromRight ? length : -1,
+            iterable = Object(collection);
+
+        while ((fromRight ? index-- : ++index < length)) {
+          if (iteratee(iterable[index], index, iterable) === false) {
+            break;
+          }
+        }
+        return collection;
+      };
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Creates a base function for methods like `_.forIn` and `_.forOwn`.
+     *
+     * @private
+     * @param {boolean} [fromRight] Specify iterating from right to left.
+     * @returns {Function} Returns the new base function.
+     */
+    function createBaseFor(fromRight) {
+      return function(object, iteratee, keysFunc) {
+        var index = -1,
+            iterable = Object(object),
+            props = keysFunc(object),
+            length = props.length;
+
+        while (length--) {
+          var key = props[fromRight ? length : ++index];
+          if (iteratee(iterable[key], key, iterable) === false) {
+            break;
+          }
+        }
+        return object;
+      };
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Creates a function that wraps `func` to invoke it with the optional `this`
+     * binding of `thisArg`.
+     *
+     * @private
+     * @param {Function} func The function to wrap.
+     * @param {number} bitmask The bitmask flags. See `createWrap` for more details.
+     * @param {*} [thisArg] The `this` binding of `func`.
+     * @returns {Function} Returns the new wrapped function.
+     */
+    function createBind(func, bitmask, thisArg) {
+      var isBind = bitmask & BIND_FLAG,
+          Ctor = createCtor(func);
+
+      function wrapper() {
+        var fn = (this && this !== root && this instanceof wrapper) ? Ctor : func;
+        return fn.apply(isBind ? thisArg : this, arguments);
+      }
+      return wrapper;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Creates a function like `_.lowerFirst`.
+     *
+     * @private
+     * @param {string} methodName The name of the `String` case method to use.
+     * @returns {Function} Returns the new case function.
+     */
+    function createCaseFirst(methodName) {
+      return function(string) {
+        string = toString(string);
+
+        var strSymbols = reHasComplexSymbol.test(string)
+          ? stringToArray(string)
+          : undefined;
+
+        var chr = strSymbols
+          ? strSymbols[0]
+          : string.charAt(0);
+
+        var trailing = strSymbols
+          ? castSlice(strSymbols, 1).join('')
+          : string.slice(1);
+
+        return chr[methodName]() + trailing;
+      };
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Creates a function like `_.camelCase`.
+     *
+     * @private
+     * @param {Function} callback The function to combine each word.
+     * @returns {Function} Returns the new compounder function.
+     */
+    function createCompounder(callback) {
+      return function(string) {
+        return arrayReduce(words(deburr(string).replace(reApos, '')), callback, '');
+      };
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Creates a function that produces an instance of `Ctor` regardless of
+     * whether it was invoked as part of a `new` expression or by `call` or `apply`.
+     *
+     * @private
+     * @param {Function} Ctor The constructor to wrap.
+     * @returns {Function} Returns the new wrapped function.
+     */
+    function createCtor(Ctor) {
+      return function() {
+        // Use a `switch` statement to work with class constructors. See
+        // http://ecma-international.org/ecma-262/6.0/#sec-ecmascript-function-objects-call-thisargument-argumentslist
+        // for more details.
+        var args = arguments;
+        switch (args.length) {
+          case 0: return new Ctor;
+          case 1: return new Ctor(args[0]);
+          case 2: return new Ctor(args[0], args[1]);
+          case 3: return new Ctor(args[0], args[1], args[2]);
+          case 4: return new Ctor(args[0], args[1], args[2], args[3]);
+          case 5: return new Ctor(args[0], args[1], args[2], args[3], args[4]);
+          case 6: return new Ctor(args[0], args[1], args[2], args[3], args[4], args[5]);
+          case 7: return new Ctor(args[0], args[1], args[2], args[3], args[4], args[5], args[6]);
+        }
+        var thisBinding = baseCreate(Ctor.prototype),
+            result = Ctor.apply(thisBinding, args);
+
+        // Mimic the constructor's `return` behavior.
+        // See https://es5.github.io/#x13.2.2 for more details.
+        return isObject(result) ? result : thisBinding;
+      };
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Creates a function that wraps `func` to enable currying.
+     *
+     * @private
+     * @param {Function} func The function to wrap.
+     * @param {number} bitmask The bitmask flags. See `createWrap` for more details.
+     * @param {number} arity The arity of `func`.
+     * @returns {Function} Returns the new wrapped function.
+     */
+    function createCurry(func, bitmask, arity) {
+      var Ctor = createCtor(func);
+
+      function wrapper() {
+        var length = arguments.length,
+            args = Array(length),
+            index = length,
+            placeholder = getHolder(wrapper);
+
+        while (index--) {
+          args[index] = arguments[index];
+        }
+        var holders = (length < 3 && args[0] !== placeholder && args[length - 1] !== placeholder)
+          ? []
+          : replaceHolders(args, placeholder);
+
+        length -= holders.length;
+        if (length < arity) {
+          return createRecurry(
+            func, bitmask, createHybrid, wrapper.placeholder, undefined,
+            args, holders, undefined, undefined, arity - length);
+        }
+        var fn = (this && this !== root && this instanceof wrapper) ? Ctor : func;
+        return apply(fn, this, args);
+      }
+      return wrapper;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Creates a `_.find` or `_.findLast` function.
+     *
+     * @private
+     * @param {Function} findIndexFunc The function to find the collection index.
+     * @returns {Function} Returns the new find function.
+     */
+    function createFind(findIndexFunc) {
+      return function(collection, predicate, fromIndex) {
+        var iterable = Object(collection);
+        if (!isArrayLike(collection)) {
+          var iteratee = getIteratee(predicate, 3);
+          collection = keys(collection);
+          predicate = function(key) { return iteratee(iterable[key], key, iterable); };
+        }
+        var index = findIndexFunc(collection, predicate, fromIndex);
+        return index > -1 ? iterable[iteratee ? collection[index] : index] : undefined;
+      };
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Creates a `_.flow` or `_.flowRight` function.
+     *
+     * @private
+     * @param {boolean} [fromRight] Specify iterating from right to left.
+     * @returns {Function} Returns the new flow function.
+     */
+    function createFlow(fromRight) {
+      return baseRest(function(funcs) {
+        funcs = baseFlatten(funcs, 1);
+
+        var length = funcs.length,
+            index = length,
+            prereq = LodashWrapper.prototype.thru;
+
+        if (fromRight) {
+          funcs.reverse();
+        }
+        while (index--) {
+          var func = funcs[index];
+          if (typeof func != 'function') {
+            throw new TypeError(FUNC_ERROR_TEXT);
+          }
+          if (prereq && !wrapper && getFuncName(func) == 'wrapper') {
+            var wrapper = new LodashWrapper([], true);
+          }
+        }
+        index = wrapper ? index : length;
+        while (++index < length) {
+          func = funcs[index];
+
+          var funcName = getFuncName(func),
+              data = funcName == 'wrapper' ? getData(func) : undefined;
+
+          if (data && isLaziable(data[0]) &&
+                data[1] == (ARY_FLAG | CURRY_FLAG | PARTIAL_FLAG | REARG_FLAG) &&
+                !data[4].length && data[9] == 1
+              ) {
+            wrapper = wrapper[getFuncName(data[0])].apply(wrapper, data[3]);
+          } else {
+            wrapper = (func.length == 1 && isLaziable(func))
+              ? wrapper[funcName]()
+              : wrapper.thru(func);
+          }
+        }
+        return function() {
+          var args = arguments,
+              value = args[0];
+
+          if (wrapper && args.length == 1 &&
+              isArray(value) && value.length >= LARGE_ARRAY_SIZE) {
+            return wrapper.plant(value).value();
+          }
+          var index = 0,
+              result = length ? funcs[index].apply(this, args) : value;
+
+          while (++index < length) {
+            result = funcs[index].call(this, result);
+          }
+          return result;
+        };
+      });
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Creates a function that wraps `func` to invoke it with optional `this`
+     * binding of `thisArg`, partial application, and currying.
+     *
+     * @private
+     * @param {Function|string} func The function or method name to wrap.
+     * @param {number} bitmask The bitmask flags. See `createWrap` for more details.
+     * @param {*} [thisArg] The `this` binding of `func`.
+     * @param {Array} [partials] The arguments to prepend to those provided to
+     *  the new function.
+     * @param {Array} [holders] The `partials` placeholder indexes.
+     * @param {Array} [partialsRight] The arguments to append to those provided
+     *  to the new function.
+     * @param {Array} [holdersRight] The `partialsRight` placeholder indexes.
+     * @param {Array} [argPos] The argument positions of the new function.
+     * @param {number} [ary] The arity cap of `func`.
+     * @param {number} [arity] The arity of `func`.
+     * @returns {Function} Returns the new wrapped function.
+     */
+    function createHybrid(func, bitmask, thisArg, partials, holders, partialsRight, holdersRight, argPos, ary, arity) {
+      var isAry = bitmask & ARY_FLAG,
+          isBind = bitmask & BIND_FLAG,
+          isBindKey = bitmask & BIND_KEY_FLAG,
+          isCurried = bitmask & (CURRY_FLAG | CURRY_RIGHT_FLAG),
+          isFlip = bitmask & FLIP_FLAG,
+          Ctor = isBindKey ? undefined : createCtor(func);
+
+      function wrapper() {
+        var length = arguments.length,
+            args = Array(length),
+            index = length;
+
+        while (index--) {
+          args[index] = arguments[index];
+        }
+        if (isCurried) {
+          var placeholder = getHolder(wrapper),
+              holdersCount = countHolders(args, placeholder);
+        }
+        if (partials) {
+          args = composeArgs(args, partials, holders, isCurried);
+        }
+        if (partialsRight) {
+          args = composeArgsRight(args, partialsRight, holdersRight, isCurried);
+        }
+        length -= holdersCount;
+        if (isCurried && length < arity) {
+          var newHolders = replaceHolders(args, placeholder);
+          return createRecurry(
+            func, bitmask, createHybrid, wrapper.placeholder, thisArg,
+            args, newHolders, argPos, ary, arity - length
+          );
+        }
+        var thisBinding = isBind ? thisArg : this,
+            fn = isBindKey ? thisBinding[func] : func;
+
+        length = args.length;
+        if (argPos) {
+          args = reorder(args, argPos);
+        } else if (isFlip && length > 1) {
+          args.reverse();
+        }
+        if (isAry && ary < length) {
+          args.length = ary;
+        }
+        if (this && this !== root && this instanceof wrapper) {
+          fn = Ctor || createCtor(fn);
+        }
+        return fn.apply(thisBinding, args);
+      }
+      return wrapper;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Creates a function like `_.invertBy`.
+     *
+     * @private
+     * @param {Function} setter The function to set accumulator values.
+     * @param {Function} toIteratee The function to resolve iteratees.
+     * @returns {Function} Returns the new inverter function.
+     */
+    function createInverter(setter, toIteratee) {
+      return function(object, iteratee) {
+        return baseInverter(object, setter, toIteratee(iteratee), {});
+      };
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Creates a function that performs a mathematical operation on two values.
+     *
+     * @private
+     * @param {Function} operator The function to perform the operation.
+     * @param {number} [defaultValue] The value used for `undefined` arguments.
+     * @returns {Function} Returns the new mathematical operation function.
+     */
+    function createMathOperation(operator, defaultValue) {
+      return function(value, other) {
+        var result;
+        if (value === undefined && other === undefined) {
+          return defaultValue;
+        }
+        if (value !== undefined) {
+          result = value;
+        }
+        if (other !== undefined) {
+          if (result === undefined) {
+            return other;
+          }
+          if (typeof value == 'string' || typeof other == 'string') {
+            value = baseToString(value);
+            other = baseToString(other);
+          } else {
+            value = baseToNumber(value);
+            other = baseToNumber(other);
+          }
+          result = operator(value, other);
+        }
+        return result;
+      };
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Creates a function like `_.over`.
+     *
+     * @private
+     * @param {Function} arrayFunc The function to iterate over iteratees.
+     * @returns {Function} Returns the new over function.
+     */
+    function createOver(arrayFunc) {
+      return baseRest(function(iteratees) {
+        iteratees = (iteratees.length == 1 && isArray(iteratees[0]))
+          ? arrayMap(iteratees[0], baseUnary(getIteratee()))
+          : arrayMap(baseFlatten(iteratees, 1), baseUnary(getIteratee()));
+
+        return baseRest(function(args) {
+          var thisArg = this;
+          return arrayFunc(iteratees, function(iteratee) {
+            return apply(iteratee, thisArg, args);
+          });
+        });
+      });
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Creates the padding for `string` based on `length`. The `chars` string
+     * is truncated if the number of characters exceeds `length`.
+     *
+     * @private
+     * @param {number} length The padding length.
+     * @param {string} [chars=' '] The string used as padding.
+     * @returns {string} Returns the padding for `string`.
+     */
+    function createPadding(length, chars) {
+      chars = chars === undefined ? ' ' : baseToString(chars);
+
+      var charsLength = chars.length;
+      if (charsLength < 2) {
+        return charsLength ? baseRepeat(chars, length) : chars;
+      }
+      var result = baseRepeat(chars, nativeCeil(length / stringSize(chars)));
+      return reHasComplexSymbol.test(chars)
+        ? castSlice(stringToArray(result), 0, length).join('')
+        : result.slice(0, length);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Creates a function that wraps `func` to invoke it with the `this` binding
+     * of `thisArg` and `partials` prepended to the arguments it receives.
+     *
+     * @private
+     * @param {Function} func The function to wrap.
+     * @param {number} bitmask The bitmask flags. See `createWrap` for more details.
+     * @param {*} thisArg The `this` binding of `func`.
+     * @param {Array} partials The arguments to prepend to those provided to
+     *  the new function.
+     * @returns {Function} Returns the new wrapped function.
+     */
+    function createPartial(func, bitmask, thisArg, partials) {
+      var isBind = bitmask & BIND_FLAG,
+          Ctor = createCtor(func);
+
+      function wrapper() {
+        var argsIndex = -1,
+            argsLength = arguments.length,
+            leftIndex = -1,
+            leftLength = partials.length,
+            args = Array(leftLength + argsLength),
+            fn = (this && this !== root && this instanceof wrapper) ? Ctor : func;
+
+        while (++leftIndex < leftLength) {
+          args[leftIndex] = partials[leftIndex];
+        }
+        while (argsLength--) {
+          args[leftIndex++] = arguments[++argsIndex];
+        }
+        return apply(fn, isBind ? thisArg : this, args);
+      }
+      return wrapper;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Creates a `_.range` or `_.rangeRight` function.
+     *
+     * @private
+     * @param {boolean} [fromRight] Specify iterating from right to left.
+     * @returns {Function} Returns the new range function.
+     */
+    function createRange(fromRight) {
+      return function(start, end, step) {
+        if (step && typeof step != 'number' && isIterateeCall(start, end, step)) {
+          end = step = undefined;
+        }
+        // Ensure the sign of `-0` is preserved.
+        start = toFinite(start);
+        if (end === undefined) {
+          end = start;
+          start = 0;
+        } else {
+          end = toFinite(end);
+        }
+        step = step === undefined ? (start < end ? 1 : -1) : toFinite(step);
+        return baseRange(start, end, step, fromRight);
+      };
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Creates a function that performs a relational operation on two values.
+     *
+     * @private
+     * @param {Function} operator The function to perform the operation.
+     * @returns {Function} Returns the new relational operation function.
+     */
+    function createRelationalOperation(operator) {
+      return function(value, other) {
+        if (!(typeof value == 'string' && typeof other == 'string')) {
+          value = toNumber(value);
+          other = toNumber(other);
+        }
+        return operator(value, other);
+      };
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Creates a function that wraps `func` to continue currying.
+     *
+     * @private
+     * @param {Function} func The function to wrap.
+     * @param {number} bitmask The bitmask flags. See `createWrap` for more details.
+     * @param {Function} wrapFunc The function to create the `func` wrapper.
+     * @param {*} placeholder The placeholder value.
+     * @param {*} [thisArg] The `this` binding of `func`.
+     * @param {Array} [partials] The arguments to prepend to those provided to
+     *  the new function.
+     * @param {Array} [holders] The `partials` placeholder indexes.
+     * @param {Array} [argPos] The argument positions of the new function.
+     * @param {number} [ary] The arity cap of `func`.
+     * @param {number} [arity] The arity of `func`.
+     * @returns {Function} Returns the new wrapped function.
+     */
+    function createRecurry(func, bitmask, wrapFunc, placeholder, thisArg, partials, holders, argPos, ary, arity) {
+      var isCurry = bitmask & CURRY_FLAG,
+          newHolders = isCurry ? holders : undefined,
+          newHoldersRight = isCurry ? undefined : holders,
+          newPartials = isCurry ? partials : undefined,
+          newPartialsRight = isCurry ? undefined : partials;
+
+      bitmask |= (isCurry ? PARTIAL_FLAG : PARTIAL_RIGHT_FLAG);
+      bitmask &= ~(isCurry ? PARTIAL_RIGHT_FLAG : PARTIAL_FLAG);
+
+      if (!(bitmask & CURRY_BOUND_FLAG)) {
+        bitmask &= ~(BIND_FLAG | BIND_KEY_FLAG);
+      }
+      var newData = [
+        func, bitmask, thisArg, newPartials, newHolders, newPartialsRight,
+        newHoldersRight, argPos, ary, arity
+      ];
+
+      var result = wrapFunc.apply(undefined, newData);
+      if (isLaziable(func)) {
+        setData(result, newData);
+      }
+      result.placeholder = placeholder;
+      return setWrapToString(result, func, bitmask);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Creates a function like `_.round`.
+     *
+     * @private
+     * @param {string} methodName The name of the `Math` method to use when rounding.
+     * @returns {Function} Returns the new round function.
+     */
+    function createRound(methodName) {
+      var func = Math[methodName];
+      return function(number, precision) {
+        number = toNumber(number);
+        precision = nativeMin(toInteger(precision), 292);
+        if (precision) {
+          // Shift with exponential notation to avoid floating-point issues.
+          // See [MDN](https://mdn.io/round#Examples) for more details.
+          var pair = (toString(number) + 'e').split('e'),
+              value = func(pair[0] + 'e' + (+pair[1] + precision));
+
+          pair = (toString(value) + 'e').split('e');
+          return +(pair[0] + 'e' + (+pair[1] - precision));
+        }
+        return func(number);
+      };
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Creates a set object of `values`.
+     *
+     * @private
+     * @param {Array} values The values to add to the set.
+     * @returns {Object} Returns the new set.
+     */
+    var createSet = !(Set && (1 / setToArray(new Set([,-0]))[1]) == INFINITY) ? noop : function(values) {
+      return new Set(values);
+    };
+
+    /**
+     * Creates a `_.toPairs` or `_.toPairsIn` function.
+     *
+     * @private
+     * @param {Function} keysFunc The function to get the keys of a given object.
+     * @returns {Function} Returns the new pairs function.
+     */
+    function createToPairs(keysFunc) {
+      return function(object) {
+        var tag = getTag(object);
+        if (tag == mapTag) {
+          return mapToArray(object);
+        }
+        if (tag == setTag) {
+          return setToPairs(object);
+        }
+        return baseToPairs(object, keysFunc(object));
+      };
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Creates a function that either curries or invokes `func` with optional
+     * `this` binding and partially applied arguments.
+     *
+     * @private
+     * @param {Function|string} func The function or method name to wrap.
+     * @param {number} bitmask The bitmask flags.
+     *  The bitmask may be composed of the following flags:
+     *     1 - `_.bind`
+     *     2 - `_.bindKey`
+     *     4 - `_.curry` or `_.curryRight` of a bound function
+     *     8 - `_.curry`
+     *    16 - `_.curryRight`
+     *    32 - `_.partial`
+     *    64 - `_.partialRight`
+     *   128 - `_.rearg`
+     *   256 - `_.ary`
+     *   512 - `_.flip`
+     * @param {*} [thisArg] The `this` binding of `func`.
+     * @param {Array} [partials] The arguments to be partially applied.
+     * @param {Array} [holders] The `partials` placeholder indexes.
+     * @param {Array} [argPos] The argument positions of the new function.
+     * @param {number} [ary] The arity cap of `func`.
+     * @param {number} [arity] The arity of `func`.
+     * @returns {Function} Returns the new wrapped function.
+     */
+    function createWrap(func, bitmask, thisArg, partials, holders, argPos, ary, arity) {
+      var isBindKey = bitmask & BIND_KEY_FLAG;
+      if (!isBindKey && typeof func != 'function') {
+        throw new TypeError(FUNC_ERROR_TEXT);
+      }
+      var length = partials ? partials.length : 0;
+      if (!length) {
+        bitmask &= ~(PARTIAL_FLAG | PARTIAL_RIGHT_FLAG);
+        partials = holders = undefined;
+      }
+      ary = ary === undefined ? ary : nativeMax(toInteger(ary), 0);
+      arity = arity === undefined ? arity : toInteger(arity);
+      length -= holders ? holders.length : 0;
+
+      if (bitmask & PARTIAL_RIGHT_FLAG) {
+        var partialsRight = partials,
+            holdersRight = holders;
+
+        partials = holders = undefined;
+      }
+      var data = isBindKey ? undefined : getData(func);
+
+      var newData = [
+        func, bitmask, thisArg, partials, holders, partialsRight, holdersRight,
+        argPos, ary, arity
+      ];
+
+      if (data) {
+        mergeData(newData, data);
+      }
+      func = newData[0];
+      bitmask = newData[1];
+      thisArg = newData[2];
+      partials = newData[3];
+      holders = newData[4];
+      arity = newData[9] = newData[9] == null
+        ? (isBindKey ? 0 : func.length)
+        : nativeMax(newData[9] - length, 0);
+
+      if (!arity && bitmask & (CURRY_FLAG | CURRY_RIGHT_FLAG)) {
+        bitmask &= ~(CURRY_FLAG | CURRY_RIGHT_FLAG);
+      }
+      if (!bitmask || bitmask == BIND_FLAG) {
+        var result = createBind(func, bitmask, thisArg);
+      } else if (bitmask == CURRY_FLAG || bitmask == CURRY_RIGHT_FLAG) {
+        result = createCurry(func, bitmask, arity);
+      } else if ((bitmask == PARTIAL_FLAG || bitmask == (BIND_FLAG | PARTIAL_FLAG)) && !holders.length) {
+        result = createPartial(func, bitmask, thisArg, partials);
+      } else {
+        result = createHybrid.apply(undefined, newData);
+      }
+      var setter = data ? baseSetData : setData;
+      return setWrapToString(setter(result, newData), func, bitmask);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * A specialized version of `baseIsEqualDeep` for arrays with support for
+     * partial deep comparisons.
+     *
+     * @private
+     * @param {Array} array The array to compare.
+     * @param {Array} other The other array to compare.
+     * @param {Function} equalFunc The function to determine equivalents of values.
+     * @param {Function} customizer The function to customize comparisons.
+     * @param {number} bitmask The bitmask of comparison flags. See `baseIsEqual`
+     *  for more details.
+     * @param {Object} stack Tracks traversed `array` and `other` objects.
+     * @returns {boolean} Returns `true` if the arrays are equivalent, else `false`.
+     */
+    function equalArrays(array, other, equalFunc, customizer, bitmask, stack) {
+      var isPartial = bitmask & PARTIAL_COMPARE_FLAG,
+          arrLength = array.length,
+          othLength = other.length;
+
+      if (arrLength != othLength && !(isPartial && othLength > arrLength)) {
+        return false;
+      }
+      // Assume cyclic values are equal.
+      var stacked = stack.get(array);
+      if (stacked && stack.get(other)) {
+        return stacked == other;
+      }
+      var index = -1,
+          result = true,
+          seen = (bitmask & UNORDERED_COMPARE_FLAG) ? new SetCache : undefined;
+
+      stack.set(array, other);
+      stack.set(other, array);
+
+      // Ignore non-index properties.
+      while (++index < arrLength) {
+        var arrValue = array[index],
+            othValue = other[index];
+
+        if (customizer) {
+          var compared = isPartial
+            ? customizer(othValue, arrValue, index, other, array, stack)
+            : customizer(arrValue, othValue, index, array, other, stack);
+        }
+        if (compared !== undefined) {
+          if (compared) {
+            continue;
+          }
+          result = false;
+          break;
+        }
+        // Recursively compare arrays (susceptible to call stack limits).
+        if (seen) {
+          if (!arraySome(other, function(othValue, othIndex) {
+                if (!seen.has(othIndex) &&
+                    (arrValue === othValue || equalFunc(arrValue, othValue, customizer, bitmask, stack))) {
+                  return seen.add(othIndex);
+                }
+              })) {
+            result = false;
+            break;
+          }
+        } else if (!(
+              arrValue === othValue ||
+                equalFunc(arrValue, othValue, customizer, bitmask, stack)
+            )) {
+          result = false;
+          break;
+        }
+      }
+      stack['delete'](array);
+      stack['delete'](other);
+      return result;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * A specialized version of `baseIsEqualDeep` for comparing objects of
+     * the same `toStringTag`.
+     *
+     * **Note:** This function only supports comparing values with tags of
+     * `Boolean`, `Date`, `Error`, `Number`, `RegExp`, or `String`.
+     *
+     * @private
+     * @param {Object} object The object to compare.
+     * @param {Object} other The other object to compare.
+     * @param {string} tag The `toStringTag` of the objects to compare.
+     * @param {Function} equalFunc The function to determine equivalents of values.
+     * @param {Function} customizer The function to customize comparisons.
+     * @param {number} bitmask The bitmask of comparison flags. See `baseIsEqual`
+     *  for more details.
+     * @param {Object} stack Tracks traversed `object` and `other` objects.
+     * @returns {boolean} Returns `true` if the objects are equivalent, else `false`.
+     */
+    function equalByTag(object, other, tag, equalFunc, customizer, bitmask, stack) {
+      switch (tag) {
+        case dataViewTag:
+          if ((object.byteLength != other.byteLength) ||
+              (object.byteOffset != other.byteOffset)) {
+            return false;
+          }
+          object = object.buffer;
+          other = other.buffer;
+
+        case arrayBufferTag:
+          if ((object.byteLength != other.byteLength) ||
+              !equalFunc(new Uint8Array(object), new Uint8Array(other))) {
+            return false;
+          }
+          return true;
+
+        case boolTag:
+        case dateTag:
+        case numberTag:
+          // Coerce booleans to `1` or `0` and dates to milliseconds.
+          // Invalid dates are coerced to `NaN`.
+          return eq(+object, +other);
+
+        case errorTag:
+          return object.name == other.name && object.message == other.message;
+
+        case regexpTag:
+        case stringTag:
+          // Coerce regexes to strings and treat strings, primitives and objects,
+          // as equal. See http://www.ecma-international.org/ecma-262/6.0/#sec-regexp.prototype.tostring
+          // for more details.
+          return object == (other + '');
+
+        case mapTag:
+          var convert = mapToArray;
+
+        case setTag:
+          var isPartial = bitmask & PARTIAL_COMPARE_FLAG;
+          convert || (convert = setToArray);
+
+          if (object.size != other.size && !isPartial) {
+            return false;
+          }
+          // Assume cyclic values are equal.
+          var stacked = stack.get(object);
+          if (stacked) {
+            return stacked == other;
+          }
+          bitmask |= UNORDERED_COMPARE_FLAG;
+
+          // Recursively compare objects (susceptible to call stack limits).
+          stack.set(object, other);
+          var result = equalArrays(convert(object), convert(other), equalFunc, customizer, bitmask, stack);
+          stack['delete'](object);
+          return result;
+
+        case symbolTag:
+          if (symbolValueOf) {
+            return symbolValueOf.call(object) == symbolValueOf.call(other);
+          }
+      }
+      return false;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * A specialized version of `baseIsEqualDeep` for objects with support for
+     * partial deep comparisons.
+     *
+     * @private
+     * @param {Object} object The object to compare.
+     * @param {Object} other The other object to compare.
+     * @param {Function} equalFunc The function to determine equivalents of values.
+     * @param {Function} customizer The function to customize comparisons.
+     * @param {number} bitmask The bitmask of comparison flags. See `baseIsEqual`
+     *  for more details.
+     * @param {Object} stack Tracks traversed `object` and `other` objects.
+     * @returns {boolean} Returns `true` if the objects are equivalent, else `false`.
+     */
+    function equalObjects(object, other, equalFunc, customizer, bitmask, stack) {
+      var isPartial = bitmask & PARTIAL_COMPARE_FLAG,
+          objProps = keys(object),
+          objLength = objProps.length,
+          othProps = keys(other),
+          othLength = othProps.length;
+
+      if (objLength != othLength && !isPartial) {
+        return false;
+      }
+      var index = objLength;
+      while (index--) {
+        var key = objProps[index];
+        if (!(isPartial ? key in other : baseHas(other, key))) {
+          return false;
+        }
+      }
+      // Assume cyclic values are equal.
+      var stacked = stack.get(object);
+      if (stacked && stack.get(other)) {
+        return stacked == other;
+      }
+      var result = true;
+      stack.set(object, other);
+      stack.set(other, object);
+
+      var skipCtor = isPartial;
+      while (++index < objLength) {
+        key = objProps[index];
+        var objValue = object[key],
+            othValue = other[key];
+
+        if (customizer) {
+          var compared = isPartial
+            ? customizer(othValue, objValue, key, other, object, stack)
+            : customizer(objValue, othValue, key, object, other, stack);
+        }
+        // Recursively compare objects (susceptible to call stack limits).
+        if (!(compared === undefined
+              ? (objValue === othValue || equalFunc(objValue, othValue, customizer, bitmask, stack))
+              : compared
+            )) {
+          result = false;
+          break;
+        }
+        skipCtor || (skipCtor = key == 'constructor');
+      }
+      if (result && !skipCtor) {
+        var objCtor = object.constructor,
+            othCtor = other.constructor;
+
+        // Non `Object` object instances with different constructors are not equal.
+        if (objCtor != othCtor &&
+            ('constructor' in object && 'constructor' in other) &&
+            !(typeof objCtor == 'function' && objCtor instanceof objCtor &&
+              typeof othCtor == 'function' && othCtor instanceof othCtor)) {
+          result = false;
+        }
+      }
+      stack['delete'](object);
+      stack['delete'](other);
+      return result;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Creates an array of own enumerable property names and symbols of `object`.
+     *
+     * @private
+     * @param {Object} object The object to query.
+     * @returns {Array} Returns the array of property names and symbols.
+     */
+    function getAllKeys(object) {
+      return baseGetAllKeys(object, keys, getSymbols);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Creates an array of own and inherited enumerable property names and
+     * symbols of `object`.
+     *
+     * @private
+     * @param {Object} object The object to query.
+     * @returns {Array} Returns the array of property names and symbols.
+     */
+    function getAllKeysIn(object) {
+      return baseGetAllKeys(object, keysIn, getSymbolsIn);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Gets metadata for `func`.
+     *
+     * @private
+     * @param {Function} func The function to query.
+     * @returns {*} Returns the metadata for `func`.
+     */
+    var getData = !metaMap ? noop : function(func) {
+      return metaMap.get(func);
+    };
+
+    /**
+     * Gets the name of `func`.
+     *
+     * @private
+     * @param {Function} func The function to query.
+     * @returns {string} Returns the function name.
+     */
+    function getFuncName(func) {
+      var result = (func.name + ''),
+          array = realNames[result],
+          length = hasOwnProperty.call(realNames, result) ? array.length : 0;
+
+      while (length--) {
+        var data = array[length],
+            otherFunc = data.func;
+        if (otherFunc == null || otherFunc == func) {
+          return data.name;
+        }
+      }
+      return result;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Gets the argument placeholder value for `func`.
+     *
+     * @private
+     * @param {Function} func The function to inspect.
+     * @returns {*} Returns the placeholder value.
+     */
+    function getHolder(func) {
+      var object = hasOwnProperty.call(lodash, 'placeholder') ? lodash : func;
+      return object.placeholder;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Gets the appropriate "iteratee" function. If `_.iteratee` is customized,
+     * this function returns the custom method, otherwise it returns `baseIteratee`.
+     * If arguments are provided, the chosen function is invoked with them and
+     * its result is returned.
+     *
+     * @private
+     * @param {*} [value] The value to convert to an iteratee.
+     * @param {number} [arity] The arity of the created iteratee.
+     * @returns {Function} Returns the chosen function or its result.
+     */
+    function getIteratee() {
+      var result = lodash.iteratee || iteratee;
+      result = result === iteratee ? baseIteratee : result;
+      return arguments.length ? result(arguments[0], arguments[1]) : result;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Gets the "length" property value of `object`.
+     *
+     * **Note:** This function is used to avoid a
+     * [JIT bug](https://bugs.webkit.org/show_bug.cgi?id=142792) that affects
+     * Safari on at least iOS 8.1-8.3 ARM64.
+     *
+     * @private
+     * @param {Object} object The object to query.
+     * @returns {*} Returns the "length" value.
+     */
+    var getLength = baseProperty('length');
+
+    /**
+     * Gets the data for `map`.
+     *
+     * @private
+     * @param {Object} map The map to query.
+     * @param {string} key The reference key.
+     * @returns {*} Returns the map data.
+     */
+    function getMapData(map, key) {
+      var data = map.__data__;
+      return isKeyable(key)
+        ? data[typeof key == 'string' ? 'string' : 'hash']
+        : data.map;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Gets the property names, values, and compare flags of `object`.
+     *
+     * @private
+     * @param {Object} object The object to query.
+     * @returns {Array} Returns the match data of `object`.
+     */
+    function getMatchData(object) {
+      var result = keys(object),
+          length = result.length;
+
+      while (length--) {
+        var key = result[length],
+            value = object[key];
+
+        result[length] = [key, value, isStrictComparable(value)];
+      }
+      return result;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Gets the native function at `key` of `object`.
+     *
+     * @private
+     * @param {Object} object The object to query.
+     * @param {string} key The key of the method to get.
+     * @returns {*} Returns the function if it's native, else `undefined`.
+     */
+    function getNative(object, key) {
+      var value = getValue(object, key);
+      return baseIsNative(value) ? value : undefined;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Gets the `[[Prototype]]` of `value`.
+     *
+     * @private
+     * @param {*} value The value to query.
+     * @returns {null|Object} Returns the `[[Prototype]]`.
+     */
+    var getPrototype = overArg(nativeGetPrototype, Object);
+
+    /**
+     * Creates an array of the own enumerable symbol properties of `object`.
+     *
+     * @private
+     * @param {Object} object The object to query.
+     * @returns {Array} Returns the array of symbols.
+     */
+    var getSymbols = nativeGetSymbols ? overArg(nativeGetSymbols, Object) : stubArray;
+
+    /**
+     * Creates an array of the own and inherited enumerable symbol properties
+     * of `object`.
+     *
+     * @private
+     * @param {Object} object The object to query.
+     * @returns {Array} Returns the array of symbols.
+     */
+    var getSymbolsIn = !nativeGetSymbols ? stubArray : function(object) {
+      var result = [];
+      while (object) {
+        arrayPush(result, getSymbols(object));
+        object = getPrototype(object);
+      }
+      return result;
+    };
+
+    /**
+     * Gets the `toStringTag` of `value`.
+     *
+     * @private
+     * @param {*} value The value to query.
+     * @returns {string} Returns the `toStringTag`.
+     */
+    var getTag = baseGetTag;
+
+    // Fallback for data views, maps, sets, and weak maps in IE 11,
+    // for data views in Edge, and promises in Node.js.
+    if ((DataView && getTag(new DataView(new ArrayBuffer(1))) != dataViewTag) ||
+        (Map && getTag(new Map) != mapTag) ||
+        (Promise && getTag(Promise.resolve()) != promiseTag) ||
+        (Set && getTag(new Set) != setTag) ||
+        (WeakMap && getTag(new WeakMap) != weakMapTag)) {
+      getTag = function(value) {
+        var result = objectToString.call(value),
+            Ctor = result == objectTag ? value.constructor : undefined,
+            ctorString = Ctor ? toSource(Ctor) : undefined;
+
+        if (ctorString) {
+          switch (ctorString) {
+            case dataViewCtorString: return dataViewTag;
+            case mapCtorString: return mapTag;
+            case promiseCtorString: return promiseTag;
+            case setCtorString: return setTag;
+            case weakMapCtorString: return weakMapTag;
+          }
+        }
+        return result;
+      };
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Gets the view, applying any `transforms` to the `start` and `end` positions.
+     *
+     * @private
+     * @param {number} start The start of the view.
+     * @param {number} end The end of the view.
+     * @param {Array} transforms The transformations to apply to the view.
+     * @returns {Object} Returns an object containing the `start` and `end`
+     *  positions of the view.
+     */
+    function getView(start, end, transforms) {
+      var index = -1,
+          length = transforms.length;
+
+      while (++index < length) {
+        var data = transforms[index],
+            size = data.size;
+
+        switch (data.type) {
+          case 'drop':      start += size; break;
+          case 'dropRight': end -= size; break;
+          case 'take':      end = nativeMin(end, start + size); break;
+          case 'takeRight': start = nativeMax(start, end - size); break;
+        }
+      }
+      return { 'start': start, 'end': end };
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Extracts wrapper details from the `source` body comment.
+     *
+     * @private
+     * @param {string} source The source to inspect.
+     * @returns {Array} Returns the wrapper details.
+     */
+    function getWrapDetails(source) {
+      var match = source.match(reWrapDetails);
+      return match ? match[1].split(reSplitDetails) : [];
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Checks if `path` exists on `object`.
+     *
+     * @private
+     * @param {Object} object The object to query.
+     * @param {Array|string} path The path to check.
+     * @param {Function} hasFunc The function to check properties.
+     * @returns {boolean} Returns `true` if `path` exists, else `false`.
+     */
+    function hasPath(object, path, hasFunc) {
+      path = isKey(path, object) ? [path] : castPath(path);
+
+      var result,
+          index = -1,
+          length = path.length;
+
+      while (++index < length) {
+        var key = toKey(path[index]);
+        if (!(result = object != null && hasFunc(object, key))) {
+          break;
+        }
+        object = object[key];
+      }
+      if (result) {
+        return result;
+      }
+      var length = object ? object.length : 0;
+      return !!length && isLength(length) && isIndex(key, length) &&
+        (isArray(object) || isString(object) || isArguments(object));
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Initializes an array clone.
+     *
+     * @private
+     * @param {Array} array The array to clone.
+     * @returns {Array} Returns the initialized clone.
+     */
+    function initCloneArray(array) {
+      var length = array.length,
+          result = array.constructor(length);
+
+      // Add properties assigned by `RegExp#exec`.
+      if (length && typeof array[0] == 'string' && hasOwnProperty.call(array, 'index')) {
+        result.index = array.index;
+        result.input = array.input;
+      }
+      return result;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Initializes an object clone.
+     *
+     * @private
+     * @param {Object} object The object to clone.
+     * @returns {Object} Returns the initialized clone.
+     */
+    function initCloneObject(object) {
+      return (typeof object.constructor == 'function' && !isPrototype(object))
+        ? baseCreate(getPrototype(object))
+        : {};
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Initializes an object clone based on its `toStringTag`.
+     *
+     * **Note:** This function only supports cloning values with tags of
+     * `Boolean`, `Date`, `Error`, `Number`, `RegExp`, or `String`.
+     *
+     * @private
+     * @param {Object} object The object to clone.
+     * @param {string} tag The `toStringTag` of the object to clone.
+     * @param {Function} cloneFunc The function to clone values.
+     * @param {boolean} [isDeep] Specify a deep clone.
+     * @returns {Object} Returns the initialized clone.
+     */
+    function initCloneByTag(object, tag, cloneFunc, isDeep) {
+      var Ctor = object.constructor;
+      switch (tag) {
+        case arrayBufferTag:
+          return cloneArrayBuffer(object);
+
+        case boolTag:
+        case dateTag:
+          return new Ctor(+object);
+
+        case dataViewTag:
+          return cloneDataView(object, isDeep);
+
+        case float32Tag: case float64Tag:
+        case int8Tag: case int16Tag: case int32Tag:
+        case uint8Tag: case uint8ClampedTag: case uint16Tag: case uint32Tag:
+          return cloneTypedArray(object, isDeep);
+
+        case mapTag:
+          return cloneMap(object, isDeep, cloneFunc);
+
+        case numberTag:
+        case stringTag:
+          return new Ctor(object);
+
+        case regexpTag:
+          return cloneRegExp(object);
+
+        case setTag:
+          return cloneSet(object, isDeep, cloneFunc);
+
+        case symbolTag:
+          return cloneSymbol(object);
+      }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Creates an array of index keys for `object` values of arrays,
+     * `arguments` objects, and strings, otherwise `null` is returned.
+     *
+     * @private
+     * @param {Object} object The object to query.
+     * @returns {Array|null} Returns index keys, else `null`.
+     */
+    function indexKeys(object) {
+      var length = object ? object.length : undefined;
+      if (isLength(length) &&
+          (isArray(object) || isString(object) || isArguments(object))) {
+        return baseTimes(length, String);
+      }
+      return null;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Inserts wrapper `details` in a comment at the top of the `source` body.
+     *
+     * @private
+     * @param {string} source The source to modify.
+     * @returns {Array} details The details to insert.
+     * @returns {string} Returns the modified source.
+     */
+    function insertWrapDetails(source, details) {
+      var length = details.length,
+          lastIndex = length - 1;
+
+      details[lastIndex] = (length > 1 ? '& ' : '') + details[lastIndex];
+      details = details.join(length > 2 ? ', ' : ' ');
+      return source.replace(reWrapComment, '{\n/* [wrapped with ' + details + '] */\n');
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Checks if `value` is a flattenable `arguments` object or array.
+     *
+     * @private
+     * @param {*} value The value to check.
+     * @returns {boolean} Returns `true` if `value` is flattenable, else `false`.
+     */
+    function isFlattenable(value) {
+      return isArray(value) || isArguments(value) ||
+        !!(spreadableSymbol && value && value[spreadableSymbol]);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Checks if `value` is a valid array-like index.
+     *
+     * @private
+     * @param {*} value The value to check.
+     * @param {number} [length=MAX_SAFE_INTEGER] The upper bounds of a valid index.
+     * @returns {boolean} Returns `true` if `value` is a valid index, else `false`.
+     */
+    function isIndex(value, length) {
+      length = length == null ? MAX_SAFE_INTEGER : length;
+      return !!length &&
+        (typeof value == 'number' || reIsUint.test(value)) &&
+        (value > -1 && value % 1 == 0 && value < length);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Checks if the given arguments are from an iteratee call.
+     *
+     * @private
+     * @param {*} value The potential iteratee value argument.
+     * @param {*} index The potential iteratee index or key argument.
+     * @param {*} object The potential iteratee object argument.
+     * @returns {boolean} Returns `true` if the arguments are from an iteratee call,
+     *  else `false`.
+     */
+    function isIterateeCall(value, index, object) {
+      if (!isObject(object)) {
+        return false;
+      }
+      var type = typeof index;
+      if (type == 'number'
+            ? (isArrayLike(object) && isIndex(index, object.length))
+            : (type == 'string' && index in object)
+          ) {
+        return eq(object[index], value);
+      }
+      return false;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Checks if `value` is a property name and not a property path.
+     *
+     * @private
+     * @param {*} value The value to check.
+     * @param {Object} [object] The object to query keys on.
+     * @returns {boolean} Returns `true` if `value` is a property name, else `false`.
+     */
+    function isKey(value, object) {
+      if (isArray(value)) {
+        return false;
+      }
+      var type = typeof value;
+      if (type == 'number' || type == 'symbol' || type == 'boolean' ||
+          value == null || isSymbol(value)) {
+        return true;
+      }
+      return reIsPlainProp.test(value) || !reIsDeepProp.test(value) ||
+        (object != null && value in Object(object));
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Checks if `value` is suitable for use as unique object key.
+     *
+     * @private
+     * @param {*} value The value to check.
+     * @returns {boolean} Returns `true` if `value` is suitable, else `false`.
+     */
+    function isKeyable(value) {
+      var type = typeof value;
+      return (type == 'string' || type == 'number' || type == 'symbol' || type == 'boolean')
+        ? (value !== '__proto__')
+        : (value === null);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Checks if `func` has a lazy counterpart.
+     *
+     * @private
+     * @param {Function} func The function to check.
+     * @returns {boolean} Returns `true` if `func` has a lazy counterpart,
+     *  else `false`.
+     */
+    function isLaziable(func) {
+      var funcName = getFuncName(func),
+          other = lodash[funcName];
+
+      if (typeof other != 'function' || !(funcName in LazyWrapper.prototype)) {
+        return false;
+      }
+      if (func === other) {
+        return true;
+      }
+      var data = getData(other);
+      return !!data && func === data[0];
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Checks if `func` has its source masked.
+     *
+     * @private
+     * @param {Function} func The function to check.
+     * @returns {boolean} Returns `true` if `func` is masked, else `false`.
+     */
+    function isMasked(func) {
+      return !!maskSrcKey && (maskSrcKey in func);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Checks if `func` is capable of being masked.
+     *
+     * @private
+     * @param {*} value The value to check.
+     * @returns {boolean} Returns `true` if `func` is maskable, else `false`.
+     */
+    var isMaskable = coreJsData ? isFunction : stubFalse;
+
+    /**
+     * Checks if `value` is likely a prototype object.
+     *
+     * @private
+     * @param {*} value The value to check.
+     * @returns {boolean} Returns `true` if `value` is a prototype, else `false`.
+     */
+    function isPrototype(value) {
+      var Ctor = value && value.constructor,
+          proto = (typeof Ctor == 'function' && Ctor.prototype) || objectProto;
+
+      return value === proto;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Checks if `value` is suitable for strict equality comparisons, i.e. `===`.
+     *
+     * @private
+     * @param {*} value The value to check.
+     * @returns {boolean} Returns `true` if `value` if suitable for strict
+     *  equality comparisons, else `false`.
+     */
+    function isStrictComparable(value) {
+      return value === value && !isObject(value);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * A specialized version of `matchesProperty` for source values suitable
+     * for strict equality comparisons, i.e. `===`.
+     *
+     * @private
+     * @param {string} key The key of the property to get.
+     * @param {*} srcValue The value to match.
+     * @returns {Function} Returns the new spec function.
+     */
+    function matchesStrictComparable(key, srcValue) {
+      return function(object) {
+        if (object == null) {
+          return false;
+        }
+        return object[key] === srcValue &&
+          (srcValue !== undefined || (key in Object(object)));
+      };
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Merges the function metadata of `source` into `data`.
+     *
+     * Merging metadata reduces the number of wrappers used to invoke a function.
+     * This is possible because methods like `_.bind`, `_.curry`, and `_.partial`
+     * may be applied regardless of execution order. Methods like `_.ary` and
+     * `_.rearg` modify function arguments, making the order in which they are
+     * executed important, preventing the merging of metadata. However, we make
+     * an exception for a safe combined case where curried functions have `_.ary`
+     * and or `_.rearg` applied.
+     *
+     * @private
+     * @param {Array} data The destination metadata.
+     * @param {Array} source The source metadata.
+     * @returns {Array} Returns `data`.
+     */
+    function mergeData(data, source) {
+      var bitmask = data[1],
+          srcBitmask = source[1],
+          newBitmask = bitmask | srcBitmask,
+          isCommon = newBitmask < (BIND_FLAG | BIND_KEY_FLAG | ARY_FLAG);
+
+      var isCombo =
+        ((srcBitmask == ARY_FLAG) && (bitmask == CURRY_FLAG)) ||
+        ((srcBitmask == ARY_FLAG) && (bitmask == REARG_FLAG) && (data[7].length <= source[8])) ||
+        ((srcBitmask == (ARY_FLAG | REARG_FLAG)) && (source[7].length <= source[8]) && (bitmask == CURRY_FLAG));
+
+      // Exit early if metadata can't be merged.
+      if (!(isCommon || isCombo)) {
+        return data;
+      }
+      // Use source `thisArg` if available.
+      if (srcBitmask & BIND_FLAG) {
+        data[2] = source[2];
+        // Set when currying a bound function.
+        newBitmask |= bitmask & BIND_FLAG ? 0 : CURRY_BOUND_FLAG;
+      }
+      // Compose partial arguments.
+      var value = source[3];
+      if (value) {
+        var partials = data[3];
+        data[3] = partials ? composeArgs(partials, value, source[4]) : value;
+        data[4] = partials ? replaceHolders(data[3], PLACEHOLDER) : source[4];
+      }
+      // Compose partial right arguments.
+      value = source[5];
+      if (value) {
+        partials = data[5];
+        data[5] = partials ? composeArgsRight(partials, value, source[6]) : value;
+        data[6] = partials ? replaceHolders(data[5], PLACEHOLDER) : source[6];
+      }
+      // Use source `argPos` if available.
+      value = source[7];
+      if (value) {
+        data[7] = value;
+      }
+      // Use source `ary` if it's smaller.
+      if (srcBitmask & ARY_FLAG) {
+        data[8] = data[8] == null ? source[8] : nativeMin(data[8], source[8]);
+      }
+      // Use source `arity` if one is not provided.
+      if (data[9] == null) {
+        data[9] = source[9];
+      }
+      // Use source `func` and merge bitmasks.
+      data[0] = source[0];
+      data[1] = newBitmask;
+
+      return data;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Used by `_.defaultsDeep` to customize its `_.merge` use.
+     *
+     * @private
+     * @param {*} objValue The destination value.
+     * @param {*} srcValue The source value.
+     * @param {string} key The key of the property to merge.
+     * @param {Object} object The parent object of `objValue`.
+     * @param {Object} source The parent object of `srcValue`.
+     * @param {Object} [stack] Tracks traversed source values and their merged
+     *  counterparts.
+     * @returns {*} Returns the value to assign.
+     */
+    function mergeDefaults(objValue, srcValue, key, object, source, stack) {
+      if (isObject(objValue) && isObject(srcValue)) {
+        // Recursively merge objects and arrays (susceptible to call stack limits).
+        stack.set(srcValue, objValue);
+        baseMerge(objValue, srcValue, undefined, mergeDefaults, stack);
+        stack['delete'](srcValue);
+      }
+      return objValue;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Gets the parent value at `path` of `object`.
+     *
+     * @private
+     * @param {Object} object The object to query.
+     * @param {Array} path The path to get the parent value of.
+     * @returns {*} Returns the parent value.
+     */
+    function parent(object, path) {
+      return path.length == 1 ? object : baseGet(object, baseSlice(path, 0, -1));
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Reorder `array` according to the specified indexes where the element at
+     * the first index is assigned as the first element, the element at
+     * the second index is assigned as the second element, and so on.
+     *
+     * @private
+     * @param {Array} array The array to reorder.
+     * @param {Array} indexes The arranged array indexes.
+     * @returns {Array} Returns `array`.
+     */
+    function reorder(array, indexes) {
+      var arrLength = array.length,
+          length = nativeMin(indexes.length, arrLength),
+          oldArray = copyArray(array);
+
+      while (length--) {
+        var index = indexes[length];
+        array[length] = isIndex(index, arrLength) ? oldArray[index] : undefined;
+      }
+      return array;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Sets metadata for `func`.
+     *
+     * **Note:** If this function becomes hot, i.e. is invoked a lot in a short
+     * period of time, it will trip its breaker and transition to an identity
+     * function to avoid garbage collection pauses in V8. See
+     * [V8 issue 2070](https://bugs.chromium.org/p/v8/issues/detail?id=2070)
+     * for more details.
+     *
+     * @private
+     * @param {Function} func The function to associate metadata with.
+     * @param {*} data The metadata.
+     * @returns {Function} Returns `func`.
+     */
+    var setData = (function() {
+      var count = 0,
+          lastCalled = 0;
+
+      return function(key, value) {
+        var stamp = now(),
+            remaining = HOT_SPAN - (stamp - lastCalled);
+
+        lastCalled = stamp;
+        if (remaining > 0) {
+          if (++count >= HOT_COUNT) {
+            return key;
+          }
+        } else {
+          count = 0;
+        }
+        return baseSetData(key, value);
+      };
+    }());
+
+    /**
+     * Sets the `toString` method of `wrapper` to mimic the source of `reference`
+     * with wrapper details in a comment at the top of the source body.
+     *
+     * @private
+     * @param {Function} wrapper The function to modify.
+     * @param {Function} reference The reference function.
+     * @param {number} bitmask The bitmask flags. See `createWrap` for more details.
+     * @returns {Function} Returns `wrapper`.
+     */
+    var setWrapToString = !defineProperty ? identity : function(wrapper, reference, bitmask) {
+      var source = (reference + '');
+      return defineProperty(wrapper, 'toString', {
+        'configurable': true,
+        'enumerable': false,
+        'value': constant(insertWrapDetails(source, updateWrapDetails(getWrapDetails(source), bitmask)))
+      });
+    };
+
+    /**
+     * Converts `string` to a property path array.
+     *
+     * @private
+     * @param {string} string The string to convert.
+     * @returns {Array} Returns the property path array.
+     */
+    var stringToPath = memoize(function(string) {
+      string = toString(string);
+
+      var result = [];
+      if (reLeadingDot.test(string)) {
+        result.push('');
+      }
+      string.replace(rePropName, function(match, number, quote, string) {
+        result.push(quote ? string.replace(reEscapeChar, '$1') : (number || match));
+      });
+      return result;
+    });
+
+    /**
+     * Converts `value` to a string key if it's not a string or symbol.
+     *
+     * @private
+     * @param {*} value The value to inspect.
+     * @returns {string|symbol} Returns the key.
+     */
+    function toKey(value) {
+      if (typeof value == 'string' || isSymbol(value)) {
+        return value;
+      }
+      var result = (value + '');
+      return (result == '0' && (1 / value) == -INFINITY) ? '-0' : result;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Converts `func` to its source code.
+     *
+     * @private
+     * @param {Function} func The function to process.
+     * @returns {string} Returns the source code.
+     */
+    function toSource(func) {
+      if (func != null) {
+        try {
+          return funcToString.call(func);
+        } catch (e) {}
+        try {
+          return (func + '');
+        } catch (e) {}
+      }
+      return '';
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Updates wrapper `details` based on `bitmask` flags.
+     *
+     * @private
+     * @returns {Array} details The details to modify.
+     * @param {number} bitmask The bitmask flags. See `createWrap` for more details.
+     * @returns {Array} Returns `details`.
+     */
+    function updateWrapDetails(details, bitmask) {
+      arrayEach(wrapFlags, function(pair) {
+        var value = '_.' + pair[0];
+        if ((bitmask & pair[1]) && !arrayIncludes(details, value)) {
+          details.push(value);
+        }
+      });
+      return details.sort();
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Creates a clone of `wrapper`.
+     *
+     * @private
+     * @param {Object} wrapper The wrapper to clone.
+     * @returns {Object} Returns the cloned wrapper.
+     */
+    function wrapperClone(wrapper) {
+      if (wrapper instanceof LazyWrapper) {
+        return wrapper.clone();
+      }
+      var result = new LodashWrapper(wrapper.__wrapped__, wrapper.__chain__);
+      result.__actions__ = copyArray(wrapper.__actions__);
+      result.__index__  = wrapper.__index__;
+      result.__values__ = wrapper.__values__;
+      return result;
+    }
+
+    /*------------------------------------------------------------------------*/
+
+    /**
+     * Creates an array of elements split into groups the length of `size`.
+     * If `array` can't be split evenly, the final chunk will be the remaining
+     * elements.
+     *
+     * @static
+     * @memberOf _
+     * @since 3.0.0
+     * @category Array
+     * @param {Array} array The array to process.
+     * @param {number} [size=1] The length of each chunk
+     * @param- {Object} [guard] Enables use as an iteratee for methods like `_.map`.
+     * @returns {Array} Returns the new array of chunks.
+     * @example
+     *
+     * _.chunk(['a', 'b', 'c', 'd'], 2);
+     * // => [['a', 'b'], ['c', 'd']]
+     *
+     * _.chunk(['a', 'b', 'c', 'd'], 3);
+     * // => [['a', 'b', 'c'], ['d']]
+     */
+    function chunk(array, size, guard) {
+      if ((guard ? isIterateeCall(array, size, guard) : size === undefined)) {
+        size = 1;
+      } else {
+        size = nativeMax(toInteger(size), 0);
+      }
+      var length = array ? array.length : 0;
+      if (!length || size < 1) {
+        return [];
+      }
+      var index = 0,
+          resIndex = 0,
+          result = Array(nativeCeil(length / size));
+
+      while (index < length) {
+        result[resIndex++] = baseSlice(array, index, (index += size));
+      }
+      return result;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Creates an array with all falsey values removed. The values `false`, `null`,
+     * `0`, `""`, `undefined`, and `NaN` are falsey.
+     *
+     * @static
+     * @memberOf _
+     * @since 0.1.0
+     * @category Array
+     * @param {Array} array The array to compact.
+     * @returns {Array} Returns the new array of filtered values.
+     * @example
+     *
+     * _.compact([0, 1, false, 2, '', 3]);
+     * // => [1, 2, 3]
+     */
+    function compact(array) {
+      var index = -1,
+          length = array ? array.length : 0,
+          resIndex = 0,
+          result = [];
+
+      while (++index < length) {
+        var value = array[index];
+        if (value) {
+          result[resIndex++] = value;
+        }
+      }
+      return result;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Creates a new array concatenating `array` with any additional arrays
+     * and/or values.
+     *
+     * @static
+     * @memberOf _
+     * @since 4.0.0
+     * @category Array
+     * @param {Array} array The array to concatenate.
+     * @param {...*} [values] The values to concatenate.
+     * @returns {Array} Returns the new concatenated array.
+     * @example
+     *
+     * var array = [1];
+     * var other = _.concat(array, 2, [3], [[4]]);
+     *
+     * console.log(other);
+     * // => [1, 2, 3, [4]]
+     *
+     * console.log(array);
+     * // => [1]
+     */
+    function concat() {
+      var length = arguments.length,
+          args = Array(length ? length - 1 : 0),
+          array = arguments[0],
+          index = length;
+
+      while (index--) {
+        args[index - 1] = arguments[index];
+      }
+      return length
+        ? arrayPush(isArray(array) ? copyArray(array) : [array], baseFlatten(args, 1))
+        : [];
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Creates an array of `array` values not included in the other given arrays
+     * using [`SameValueZero`](http://ecma-international.org/ecma-262/6.0/#sec-samevaluezero)
+     * for equality comparisons. The order of result values is determined by the
+     * order they occur in the first array.
+     *
+     * **Note:** Unlike `_.pullAll`, this method returns a new array.
+     *
+     * @static
+     * @memberOf _
+     * @since 0.1.0
+     * @category Array
+     * @param {Array} array The array to inspect.
+     * @param {...Array} [values] The values to exclude.
+     * @returns {Array} Returns the new array of filtered values.
+     * @see _.without, _.xor
+     * @example
+     *
+     * _.difference([2, 1], [2, 3]);
+     * // => [1]
+     */
+    var difference = baseRest(function(array, values) {
+      return isArrayLikeObject(array)
+        ? baseDifference(array, baseFlatten(values, 1, isArrayLikeObject, true))
+        : [];
+    });
+
+    /**
+     * This method is like `_.difference` except that it accepts `iteratee` which
+     * is invoked for each element of `array` and `values` to generate the criterion
+     * by which they're compared. Result values are chosen from the first array.
+     * The iteratee is invoked with one argument: (value).
+     *
+     * **Note:** Unlike `_.pullAllBy`, this method returns a new array.
+     *
+     * @static
+     * @memberOf _
+     * @since 4.0.0
+     * @category Array
+     * @param {Array} array The array to inspect.
+     * @param {...Array} [values] The values to exclude.
+     * @param {Function} [iteratee=_.identity] The iteratee invoked per element.
+     * @returns {Array} Returns the new array of filtered values.
+     * @example
+     *
+     * _.differenceBy([2.1, 1.2], [2.3, 3.4], Math.floor);
+     * // => [1.2]
+     *
+     * // The `_.property` iteratee shorthand.
+     * _.differenceBy([{ 'x': 2 }, { 'x': 1 }], [{ 'x': 1 }], 'x');
+     * // => [{ 'x': 2 }]
+     */
+    var differenceBy = baseRest(function(array, values) {
+      var iteratee = last(values);
+      if (isArrayLikeObject(iteratee)) {
+        iteratee = undefined;
+      }
+      return isArrayLikeObject(array)
+        ? baseDifference(array, baseFlatten(values, 1, isArrayLikeObject, true), getIteratee(iteratee, 2))
+        : [];
+    });
+
+    /**
+     * This method is like `_.difference` except that it accepts `comparator`
+     * which is invoked to compare elements of `array` to `values`. Result values
+     * are chosen from the first array. The comparator is invoked with two arguments:
+     * (arrVal, othVal).
+     *
+     * **Note:** Unlike `_.pullAllWith`, this method returns a new array.
+     *
+     * @static
+     * @memberOf _
+     * @since 4.0.0
+     * @category Array
+     * @param {Array} array The array to inspect.
+     * @param {...Array} [values] The values to exclude.
+     * @param {Function} [comparator] The comparator invoked per element.
+     * @returns {Array} Returns the new array of filtered values.
+     * @example
+     *
+     * var objects = [{ 'x': 1, 'y': 2 }, { 'x': 2, 'y': 1 }];
+     *
+     * _.differenceWith(objects, [{ 'x': 1, 'y': 2 }], _.isEqual);
+     * // => [{ 'x': 2, 'y': 1 }]
+     */
+    var differenceWith = baseRest(function(array, values) {
+      var comparator = last(values);
+      if (isArrayLikeObject(comparator)) {
+        comparator = undefined;
+      }
+      return isArrayLikeObject(array)
+        ? baseDifference(array, baseFlatten(values, 1, isArrayLikeObject, true), undefined, comparator)
+        : [];
+    });
+
+    /**
+     * Creates a slice of `array` with `n` elements dropped from the beginning.
+     *
+     * @static
+     * @memberOf _
+     * @since 0.5.0
+     * @category Array
+     * @param {Array} array The array to query.
+     * @param {number} [n=1] The number of elements to drop.
+     * @param- {Object} [guard] Enables use as an iteratee for methods like `_.map`.
+     * @returns {Array} Returns the slice of `array`.
+     * @example
+     *
+     * _.drop([1, 2, 3]);
+     * // => [2, 3]
+     *
+     * _.drop([1, 2, 3], 2);
+     * // => [3]
+     *
+     * _.drop([1, 2, 3], 5);
+     * // => []
+     *
+     * _.drop([1, 2, 3], 0);
+     * // => [1, 2, 3]
+     */
+    function drop(array, n, guard) {
+      var length = array ? array.length : 0;
+      if (!length) {
+        return [];
+      }
+      n = (guard || n === undefined) ? 1 : toInteger(n);
+      return baseSlice(array, n < 0 ? 0 : n, length);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Creates a slice of `array` with `n` elements dropped from the end.
+     *
+     * @static
+     * @memberOf _
+     * @since 3.0.0
+     * @category Array
+     * @param {Array} array The array to query.
+     * @param {number} [n=1] The number of elements to drop.
+     * @param- {Object} [guard] Enables use as an iteratee for methods like `_.map`.
+     * @returns {Array} Returns the slice of `array`.
+     * @example
+     *
+     * _.dropRight([1, 2, 3]);
+     * // => [1, 2]
+     *
+     * _.dropRight([1, 2, 3], 2);
+     * // => [1]
+     *
+     * _.dropRight([1, 2, 3], 5);
+     * // => []
+     *
+     * _.dropRight([1, 2, 3], 0);
+     * // => [1, 2, 3]
+     */
+    function dropRight(array, n, guard) {
+      var length = array ? array.length : 0;
+      if (!length) {
+        return [];
+      }
+      n = (guard || n === undefined) ? 1 : toInteger(n);
+      n = length - n;
+      return baseSlice(array, 0, n < 0 ? 0 : n);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Creates a slice of `array` excluding elements dropped from the end.
+     * Elements are dropped until `predicate` returns falsey. The predicate is
+     * invoked with three arguments: (value, index, array).
+     *
+     * @static
+     * @memberOf _
+     * @since 3.0.0
+     * @category Array
+     * @param {Array} array The array to query.
+     * @param {Function} [predicate=_.identity] The function invoked per iteration.
+     * @returns {Array} Returns the slice of `array`.
+     * @example
+     *
+     * var users = [
+     *   { 'user': 'barney',  'active': true },
+     *   { 'user': 'fred',    'active': false },
+     *   { 'user': 'pebbles', 'active': false }
+     * ];
+     *
+     * _.dropRightWhile(users, function(o) { return !o.active; });
+     * // => objects for ['barney']
+     *
+     * // The `_.matches` iteratee shorthand.
+     * _.dropRightWhile(users, { 'user': 'pebbles', 'active': false });
+     * // => objects for ['barney', 'fred']
+     *
+     * // The `_.matchesProperty` iteratee shorthand.
+     * _.dropRightWhile(users, ['active', false]);
+     * // => objects for ['barney']
+     *
+     * // The `_.property` iteratee shorthand.
+     * _.dropRightWhile(users, 'active');
+     * // => objects for ['barney', 'fred', 'pebbles']
+     */
+    function dropRightWhile(array, predicate) {
+      return (array && array.length)
+        ? baseWhile(array, getIteratee(predicate, 3), true, true)
+        : [];
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Creates a slice of `array` excluding elements dropped from the beginning.
+     * Elements are dropped until `predicate` returns falsey. The predicate is
+     * invoked with three arguments: (value, index, array).
+     *
+     * @static
+     * @memberOf _
+     * @since 3.0.0
+     * @category Array
+     * @param {Array} array The array to query.
+     * @param {Function} [predicate=_.identity]
+     *  The function invoked per iteration.
+     * @returns {Array} Returns the slice of `array`.
+     * @example
+     *
+     * var users = [
+     *   { 'user': 'barney',  'active': false },
+     *   { 'user': 'fred',    'active': false },
+     *   { 'user': 'pebbles', 'active': true }
+     * ];
+     *
+     * _.dropWhile(users, function(o) { return !o.active; });
+     * // => objects for ['pebbles']
+     *
+     * // The `_.matches` iteratee shorthand.
+     * _.dropWhile(users, { 'user': 'barney', 'active': false });
+     * // => objects for ['fred', 'pebbles']
+     *
+     * // The `_.matchesProperty` iteratee shorthand.
+     * _.dropWhile(users, ['active', false]);
+     * // => objects for ['pebbles']
+     *
+     * // The `_.property` iteratee shorthand.
+     * _.dropWhile(users, 'active');
+     * // => objects for ['barney', 'fred', 'pebbles']
+     */
+    function dropWhile(array, predicate) {
+      return (array && array.length)
+        ? baseWhile(array, getIteratee(predicate, 3), true)
+        : [];
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Fills elements of `array` with `value` from `start` up to, but not
+     * including, `end`.
+     *
+     * **Note:** This method mutates `array`.
+     *
+     * @static
+     * @memberOf _
+     * @since 3.2.0
+     * @category Array
+     * @param {Array} array The array to fill.
+     * @param {*} value The value to fill `array` with.
+     * @param {number} [start=0] The start position.
+     * @param {number} [end=array.length] The end position.
+     * @returns {Array} Returns `array`.
+     * @example
+     *
+     * var array = [1, 2, 3];
+     *
+     * _.fill(array, 'a');
+     * console.log(array);
+     * // => ['a', 'a', 'a']
+     *
+     * _.fill(Array(3), 2);
+     * // => [2, 2, 2]
+     *
+     * _.fill([4, 6, 8, 10], '*', 1, 3);
+     * // => [4, '*', '*', 10]
+     */
+    function fill(array, value, start, end) {
+      var length = array ? array.length : 0;
+      if (!length) {
+        return [];
+      }
+      if (start && typeof start != 'number' && isIterateeCall(array, value, start)) {
+        start = 0;
+        end = length;
+      }
+      return baseFill(array, value, start, end);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * This method is like `_.find` except that it returns the index of the first
+     * element `predicate` returns truthy for instead of the element itself.
+     *
+     * @static
+     * @memberOf _
+     * @since 1.1.0
+     * @category Array
+     * @param {Array} array The array to search.
+     * @param {Function} [predicate=_.identity]
+     *  The function invoked per iteration.
+     * @param {number} [fromIndex=0] The index to search from.
+     * @returns {number} Returns the index of the found element, else `-1`.
+     * @example
+     *
+     * var users = [
+     *   { 'user': 'barney',  'active': false },
+     *   { 'user': 'fred',    'active': false },
+     *   { 'user': 'pebbles', 'active': true }
+     * ];
+     *
+     * _.findIndex(users, function(o) { return o.user == 'barney'; });
+     * // => 0
+     *
+     * // The `_.matches` iteratee shorthand.
+     * _.findIndex(users, { 'user': 'fred', 'active': false });
+     * // => 1
+     *
+     * // The `_.matchesProperty` iteratee shorthand.
+     * _.findIndex(users, ['active', false]);
+     * // => 0
+     *
+     * // The `_.property` iteratee shorthand.
+     * _.findIndex(users, 'active');
+     * // => 2
+     */
+    function findIndex(array, predicate, fromIndex) {
+      var length = array ? array.length : 0;
+      if (!length) {
+        return -1;
+      }
+      var index = fromIndex == null ? 0 : toInteger(fromIndex);
+      if (index < 0) {
+        index = nativeMax(length + index, 0);
+      }
+      return baseFindIndex(array, getIteratee(predicate, 3), index);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * This method is like `_.findIndex` except that it iterates over elements
+     * of `collection` from right to left.
+     *
+     * @static
+     * @memberOf _
+     * @since 2.0.0
+     * @category Array
+     * @param {Array} array The array to search.
+     * @param {Function} [predicate=_.identity]
+     *  The function invoked per iteration.
+     * @param {number} [fromIndex=array.length-1] The index to search from.
+     * @returns {number} Returns the index of the found element, else `-1`.
+     * @example
+     *
+     * var users = [
+     *   { 'user': 'barney',  'active': true },
+     *   { 'user': 'fred',    'active': false },
+     *   { 'user': 'pebbles', 'active': false }
+     * ];
+     *
+     * _.findLastIndex(users, function(o) { return o.user == 'pebbles'; });
+     * // => 2
+     *
+     * // The `_.matches` iteratee shorthand.
+     * _.findLastIndex(users, { 'user': 'barney', 'active': true });
+     * // => 0
+     *
+     * // The `_.matchesProperty` iteratee shorthand.
+     * _.findLastIndex(users, ['active', false]);
+     * // => 2
+     *
+     * // The `_.property` iteratee shorthand.
+     * _.findLastIndex(users, 'active');
+     * // => 0
+     */
+    function findLastIndex(array, predicate, fromIndex) {
+      var length = array ? array.length : 0;
+      if (!length) {
+        return -1;
+      }
+      var index = length - 1;
+      if (fromIndex !== undefined) {
+        index = toInteger(fromIndex);
+        index = fromIndex < 0
+          ? nativeMax(length + index, 0)
+          : nativeMin(index, length - 1);
+      }
+      return baseFindIndex(array, getIteratee(predicate, 3), index, true);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Flattens `array` a single level deep.
+     *
+     * @static
+     * @memberOf _
+     * @since 0.1.0
+     * @category Array
+     * @param {Array} array The array to flatten.
+     * @returns {Array} Returns the new flattened array.
+     * @example
+     *
+     * _.flatten([1, [2, [3, [4]], 5]]);
+     * // => [1, 2, [3, [4]], 5]
+     */
+    function flatten(array) {
+      var length = array ? array.length : 0;
+      return length ? baseFlatten(array, 1) : [];
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Recursively flattens `array`.
+     *
+     * @static
+     * @memberOf _
+     * @since 3.0.0
+     * @category Array
+     * @param {Array} array The array to flatten.
+     * @returns {Array} Returns the new flattened array.
+     * @example
+     *
+     * _.flattenDeep([1, [2, [3, [4]], 5]]);
+     * // => [1, 2, 3, 4, 5]
+     */
+    function flattenDeep(array) {
+      var length = array ? array.length : 0;
+      return length ? baseFlatten(array, INFINITY) : [];
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Recursively flatten `array` up to `depth` times.
+     *
+     * @static
+     * @memberOf _
+     * @since 4.4.0
+     * @category Array
+     * @param {Array} array The array to flatten.
+     * @param {number} [depth=1] The maximum recursion depth.
+     * @returns {Array} Returns the new flattened array.
+     * @example
+     *
+     * var array = [1, [2, [3, [4]], 5]];
+     *
+     * _.flattenDepth(array, 1);
+     * // => [1, 2, [3, [4]], 5]
+     *
+     * _.flattenDepth(array, 2);
+     * // => [1, 2, 3, [4], 5]
+     */
+    function flattenDepth(array, depth) {
+      var length = array ? array.length : 0;
+      if (!length) {
+        return [];
+      }
+      depth = depth === undefined ? 1 : toInteger(depth);
+      return baseFlatten(array, depth);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * The inverse of `_.toPairs`; this method returns an object composed
+     * from key-value `pairs`.
+     *
+     * @static
+     * @memberOf _
+     * @since 4.0.0
+     * @category Array
+     * @param {Array} pairs The key-value pairs.
+     * @returns {Object} Returns the new object.
+     * @example
+     *
+     * _.fromPairs([['a', 1], ['b', 2]]);
+     * // => { 'a': 1, 'b': 2 }
+     */
+    function fromPairs(pairs) {
+      var index = -1,
+          length = pairs ? pairs.length : 0,
+          result = {};
+
+      while (++index < length) {
+        var pair = pairs[index];
+        result[pair[0]] = pair[1];
+      }
+      return result;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Gets the first element of `array`.
+     *
+     * @static
+     * @memberOf _
+     * @since 0.1.0
+     * @alias first
+     * @category Array
+     * @param {Array} array The array to query.
+     * @returns {*} Returns the first element of `array`.
+     * @example
+     *
+     * _.head([1, 2, 3]);
+     * // => 1
+     *
+     * _.head([]);
+     * // => undefined
+     */
+    function head(array) {
+      return (array && array.length) ? array[0] : undefined;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Gets the index at which the first occurrence of `value` is found in `array`
+     * using [`SameValueZero`](http://ecma-international.org/ecma-262/6.0/#sec-samevaluezero)
+     * for equality comparisons. If `fromIndex` is negative, it's used as the
+     * offset from the end of `array`.
+     *
+     * @static
+     * @memberOf _
+     * @since 0.1.0
+     * @category Array
+     * @param {Array} array The array to search.
+     * @param {*} value The value to search for.
+     * @param {number} [fromIndex=0] The index to search from.
+     * @returns {number} Returns the index of the matched value, else `-1`.
+     * @example
+     *
+     * _.indexOf([1, 2, 1, 2], 2);
+     * // => 1
+     *
+     * // Search from the `fromIndex`.
+     * _.indexOf([1, 2, 1, 2], 2, 2);
+     * // => 3
+     */
+    function indexOf(array, value, fromIndex) {
+      var length = array ? array.length : 0;
+      if (!length) {
+        return -1;
+      }
+      var index = fromIndex == null ? 0 : toInteger(fromIndex);
+      if (index < 0) {
+        index = nativeMax(length + index, 0);
+      }
+      return baseIndexOf(array, value, index);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Gets all but the last element of `array`.
+     *
+     * @static
+     * @memberOf _
+     * @since 0.1.0
+     * @category Array
+     * @param {Array} array The array to query.
+     * @returns {Array} Returns the slice of `array`.
+     * @example
+     *
+     * _.initial([1, 2, 3]);
+     * // => [1, 2]
+     */
+    function initial(array) {
+      return dropRight(array, 1);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Creates an array of unique values that are included in all given arrays
+     * using [`SameValueZero`](http://ecma-international.org/ecma-262/6.0/#sec-samevaluezero)
+     * for equality comparisons. The order of result values is determined by the
+     * order they occur in the first array.
+     *
+     * @static
+     * @memberOf _
+     * @since 0.1.0
+     * @category Array
+     * @param {...Array} [arrays] The arrays to inspect.
+     * @returns {Array} Returns the new array of intersecting values.
+     * @example
+     *
+     * _.intersection([2, 1], [2, 3]);
+     * // => [2]
+     */
+    var intersection = baseRest(function(arrays) {
+      var mapped = arrayMap(arrays, castArrayLikeObject);
+      return (mapped.length && mapped[0] === arrays[0])
+        ? baseIntersection(mapped)
+        : [];
+    });
+
+    /**
+     * This method is like `_.intersection` except that it accepts `iteratee`
+     * which is invoked for each element of each `arrays` to generate the criterion
+     * by which they're compared. Result values are chosen from the first array.
+     * The iteratee is invoked with one argument: (value).
+     *
+     * @static
+     * @memberOf _
+     * @since 4.0.0
+     * @category Array
+     * @param {...Array} [arrays] The arrays to inspect.
+     * @param {Function} [iteratee=_.identity] The iteratee invoked per element.
+     * @returns {Array} Returns the new array of intersecting values.
+     * @example
+     *
+     * _.intersectionBy([2.1, 1.2], [2.3, 3.4], Math.floor);
+     * // => [2.1]
+     *
+     * // The `_.property` iteratee shorthand.
+     * _.intersectionBy([{ 'x': 1 }], [{ 'x': 2 }, { 'x': 1 }], 'x');
+     * // => [{ 'x': 1 }]
+     */
+    var intersectionBy = baseRest(function(arrays) {
+      var iteratee = last(arrays),
+          mapped = arrayMap(arrays, castArrayLikeObject);
+
+      if (iteratee === last(mapped)) {
+        iteratee = undefined;
+      } else {
+        mapped.pop();
+      }
+      return (mapped.length && mapped[0] === arrays[0])
+        ? baseIntersection(mapped, getIteratee(iteratee, 2))
+        : [];
+    });
+
+    /**
+     * This method is like `_.intersection` except that it accepts `comparator`
+     * which is invoked to compare elements of `arrays`. Result values are chosen
+     * from the first array. The comparator is invoked with two arguments:
+     * (arrVal, othVal).
+     *
+     * @static
+     * @memberOf _
+     * @since 4.0.0
+     * @category Array
+     * @param {...Array} [arrays] The arrays to inspect.
+     * @param {Function} [comparator] The comparator invoked per element.
+     * @returns {Array} Returns the new array of intersecting values.
+     * @example
+     *
+     * var objects = [{ 'x': 1, 'y': 2 }, { 'x': 2, 'y': 1 }];
+     * var others = [{ 'x': 1, 'y': 1 }, { 'x': 1, 'y': 2 }];
+     *
+     * _.intersectionWith(objects, others, _.isEqual);
+     * // => [{ 'x': 1, 'y': 2 }]
+     */
+    var intersectionWith = baseRest(function(arrays) {
+      var comparator = last(arrays),
+          mapped = arrayMap(arrays, castArrayLikeObject);
+
+      if (comparator === last(mapped)) {
+        comparator = undefined;
+      } else {
+        mapped.pop();
+      }
+      return (mapped.length && mapped[0] === arrays[0])
+        ? baseIntersection(mapped, undefined, comparator)
+        : [];
+    });
+
+    /**
+     * Converts all elements in `array` into a string separated by `separator`.
+     *
+     * @static
+     * @memberOf _
+     * @since 4.0.0
+     * @category Array
+     * @param {Array} array The array to convert.
+     * @param {string} [separator=','] The element separator.
+     * @returns {string} Returns the joined string.
+     * @example
+     *
+     * _.join(['a', 'b', 'c'], '~');
+     * // => 'a~b~c'
+     */
+    function join(array, separator) {
+      return array ? nativeJoin.call(array, separator) : '';
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Gets the last element of `array`.
+     *
+     * @static
+     * @memberOf _
+     * @since 0.1.0
+     * @category Array
+     * @param {Array} array The array to query.
+     * @returns {*} Returns the last element of `array`.
+     * @example
+     *
+     * _.last([1, 2, 3]);
+     * // => 3
+     */
+    function last(array) {
+      var length = array ? array.length : 0;
+      return length ? array[length - 1] : undefined;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * This method is like `_.indexOf` except that it iterates over elements of
+     * `array` from right to left.
+     *
+     * @static
+     * @memberOf _
+     * @since 0.1.0
+     * @category Array
+     * @param {Array} array The array to search.
+     * @param {*} value The value to search for.
+     * @param {number} [fromIndex=array.length-1] The index to search from.
+     * @returns {number} Returns the index of the matched value, else `-1`.
+     * @example
+     *
+     * _.lastIndexOf([1, 2, 1, 2], 2);
+     * // => 3
+     *
+     * // Search from the `fromIndex`.
+     * _.lastIndexOf([1, 2, 1, 2], 2, 2);
+     * // => 1
+     */
+    function lastIndexOf(array, value, fromIndex) {
+      var length = array ? array.length : 0;
+      if (!length) {
+        return -1;
+      }
+      var index = length;
+      if (fromIndex !== undefined) {
+        index = toInteger(fromIndex);
+        index = (
+          index < 0
+            ? nativeMax(length + index, 0)
+            : nativeMin(index, length - 1)
+        ) + 1;
+      }
+      if (value !== value) {
+        return baseFindIndex(array, baseIsNaN, index - 1, true);
+      }
+      while (index--) {
+        if (array[index] === value) {
+          return index;
+        }
+      }
+      return -1;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Gets the element at index `n` of `array`. If `n` is negative, the nth
+     * element from the end is returned.
+     *
+     * @static
+     * @memberOf _
+     * @since 4.11.0
+     * @category Array
+     * @param {Array} array The array to query.
+     * @param {number} [n=0] The index of the element to return.
+     * @returns {*} Returns the nth element of `array`.
+     * @example
+     *
+     * var array = ['a', 'b', 'c', 'd'];
+     *
+     * _.nth(array, 1);
+     * // => 'b'
+     *
+     * _.nth(array, -2);
+     * // => 'c';
+     */
+    function nth(array, n) {
+      return (array && array.length) ? baseNth(array, toInteger(n)) : undefined;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Removes all given values from `array` using
+     * [`SameValueZero`](http://ecma-international.org/ecma-262/6.0/#sec-samevaluezero)
+     * for equality comparisons.
+     *
+     * **Note:** Unlike `_.without`, this method mutates `array`. Use `_.remove`
+     * to remove elements from an array by predicate.
+     *
+     * @static
+     * @memberOf _
+     * @since 2.0.0
+     * @category Array
+     * @param {Array} array The array to modify.
+     * @param {...*} [values] The values to remove.
+     * @returns {Array} Returns `array`.
+     * @example
+     *
+     * var array = ['a', 'b', 'c', 'a', 'b', 'c'];
+     *
+     * _.pull(array, 'a', 'c');
+     * console.log(array);
+     * // => ['b', 'b']
+     */
+    var pull = baseRest(pullAll);
+
+    /**
+     * This method is like `_.pull` except that it accepts an array of values to remove.
+     *
+     * **Note:** Unlike `_.difference`, this method mutates `array`.
+     *
+     * @static
+     * @memberOf _
+     * @since 4.0.0
+     * @category Array
+     * @param {Array} array The array to modify.
+     * @param {Array} values The values to remove.
+     * @returns {Array} Returns `array`.
+     * @example
+     *
+     * var array = ['a', 'b', 'c', 'a', 'b', 'c'];
+     *
+     * _.pullAll(array, ['a', 'c']);
+     * console.log(array);
+     * // => ['b', 'b']
+     */
+    function pullAll(array, values) {
+      return (array && array.length && values && values.length)
+        ? basePullAll(array, values)
+        : array;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * This method is like `_.pullAll` except that it accepts `iteratee` which is
+     * invoked for each element of `array` and `values` to generate the criterion
+     * by which they're compared. The iteratee is invoked with one argument: (value).
+     *
+     * **Note:** Unlike `_.differenceBy`, this method mutates `array`.
+     *
+     * @static
+     * @memberOf _
+     * @since 4.0.0
+     * @category Array
+     * @param {Array} array The array to modify.
+     * @param {Array} values The values to remove.
+     * @param {Function} [iteratee=_.identity]
+     *  The iteratee invoked per element.
+     * @returns {Array} Returns `array`.
+     * @example
+     *
+     * var array = [{ 'x': 1 }, { 'x': 2 }, { 'x': 3 }, { 'x': 1 }];
+     *
+     * _.pullAllBy(array, [{ 'x': 1 }, { 'x': 3 }], 'x');
+     * console.log(array);
+     * // => [{ 'x': 2 }]
+     */
+    function pullAllBy(array, values, iteratee) {
+      return (array && array.length && values && values.length)
+        ? basePullAll(array, values, getIteratee(iteratee, 2))
+        : array;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * This method is like `_.pullAll` except that it accepts `comparator` which
+     * is invoked to compare elements of `array` to `values`. The comparator is
+     * invoked with two arguments: (arrVal, othVal).
+     *
+     * **Note:** Unlike `_.differenceWith`, this method mutates `array`.
+     *
+     * @static
+     * @memberOf _
+     * @since 4.6.0
+     * @category Array
+     * @param {Array} array The array to modify.
+     * @param {Array} values The values to remove.
+     * @param {Function} [comparator] The comparator invoked per element.
+     * @returns {Array} Returns `array`.
+     * @example
+     *
+     * var array = [{ 'x': 1, 'y': 2 }, { 'x': 3, 'y': 4 }, { 'x': 5, 'y': 6 }];
+     *
+     * _.pullAllWith(array, [{ 'x': 3, 'y': 4 }], _.isEqual);
+     * console.log(array);
+     * // => [{ 'x': 1, 'y': 2 }, { 'x': 5, 'y': 6 }]
+     */
+    function pullAllWith(array, values, comparator) {
+      return (array && array.length && values && values.length)
+        ? basePullAll(array, values, undefined, comparator)
+        : array;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Removes elements from `array` corresponding to `indexes` and returns an
+     * array of removed elements.
+     *
+     * **Note:** Unlike `_.at`, this method mutates `array`.
+     *
+     * @static
+     * @memberOf _
+     * @since 3.0.0
+     * @category Array
+     * @param {Array} array The array to modify.
+     * @param {...(number|number[])} [indexes] The indexes of elements to remove.
+     * @returns {Array} Returns the new array of removed elements.
+     * @example
+     *
+     * var array = ['a', 'b', 'c', 'd'];
+     * var pulled = _.pullAt(array, [1, 3]);
+     *
+     * console.log(array);
+     * // => ['a', 'c']
+     *
+     * console.log(pulled);
+     * // => ['b', 'd']
+     */
+    var pullAt = baseRest(function(array, indexes) {
+      indexes = baseFlatten(indexes, 1);
+
+      var length = array ? array.length : 0,
+          result = baseAt(array, indexes);
+
+      basePullAt(array, arrayMap(indexes, function(index) {
+        return isIndex(index, length) ? +index : index;
+      }).sort(compareAscending));
+
+      return result;
+    });
+
+    /**
+     * Removes all elements from `array` that `predicate` returns truthy for
+     * and returns an array of the removed elements. The predicate is invoked
+     * with three arguments: (value, index, array).
+     *
+     * **Note:** Unlike `_.filter`, this method mutates `array`. Use `_.pull`
+     * to pull elements from an array by value.
+     *
+     * @static
+     * @memberOf _
+     * @since 2.0.0
+     * @category Array
+     * @param {Array} array The array to modify.
+     * @param {Function} [predicate=_.identity]
+     *  The function invoked per iteration.
+     * @returns {Array} Returns the new array of removed elements.
+     * @example
+     *
+     * var array = [1, 2, 3, 4];
+     * var evens = _.remove(array, function(n) {
+     *   return n % 2 == 0;
+     * });
+     *
+     * console.log(array);
+     * // => [1, 3]
+     *
+     * console.log(evens);
+     * // => [2, 4]
+     */
+    function remove(array, predicate) {
+      var result = [];
+      if (!(array && array.length)) {
+        return result;
+      }
+      var index = -1,
+          indexes = [],
+          length = array.length;
+
+      predicate = getIteratee(predicate, 3);
+      while (++index < length) {
+        var value = array[index];
+        if (predicate(value, index, array)) {
+          result.push(value);
+          indexes.push(index);
+        }
+      }
+      basePullAt(array, indexes);
+      return result;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Reverses `array` so that the first element becomes the last, the second
+     * element becomes the second to last, and so on.
+     *
+     * **Note:** This method mutates `array` and is based on
+     * [`Array#reverse`](https://mdn.io/Array/reverse).
+     *
+     * @static
+     * @memberOf _
+     * @since 4.0.0
+     * @category Array
+     * @param {Array} array The array to modify.
+     * @returns {Array} Returns `array`.
+     * @example
+     *
+     * var array = [1, 2, 3];
+     *
+     * _.reverse(array);
+     * // => [3, 2, 1]
+     *
+     * console.log(array);
+     * // => [3, 2, 1]
+     */
+    function reverse(array) {
+      return array ? nativeReverse.call(array) : array;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Creates a slice of `array` from `start` up to, but not including, `end`.
+     *
+     * **Note:** This method is used instead of
+     * [`Array#slice`](https://mdn.io/Array/slice) to ensure dense arrays are
+     * returned.
+     *
+     * @static
+     * @memberOf _
+     * @since 3.0.0
+     * @category Array
+     * @param {Array} array The array to slice.
+     * @param {number} [start=0] The start position.
+     * @param {number} [end=array.length] The end position.
+     * @returns {Array} Returns the slice of `array`.
+     */
+    function slice(array, start, end) {
+      var length = array ? array.length : 0;
+      if (!length) {
+        return [];
+      }
+      if (end && typeof end != 'number' && isIterateeCall(array, start, end)) {
+        start = 0;
+        end = length;
+      }
+      else {
+        start = start == null ? 0 : toInteger(start);
+        end = end === undefined ? length : toInteger(end);
+      }
+      return baseSlice(array, start, end);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Uses a binary search to determine the lowest index at which `value`
+     * should be inserted into `array` in order to maintain its sort order.
+     *
+     * @static
+     * @memberOf _
+     * @since 0.1.0
+     * @category Array
+     * @param {Array} array The sorted array to inspect.
+     * @param {*} value The value to evaluate.
+     * @returns {number} Returns the index at which `value` should be inserted
+     *  into `array`.
+     * @example
+     *
+     * _.sortedIndex([30, 50], 40);
+     * // => 1
+     */
+    function sortedIndex(array, value) {
+      return baseSortedIndex(array, value);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * This method is like `_.sortedIndex` except that it accepts `iteratee`
+     * which is invoked for `value` and each element of `array` to compute their
+     * sort ranking. The iteratee is invoked with one argument: (value).
+     *
+     * @static
+     * @memberOf _
+     * @since 4.0.0
+     * @category Array
+     * @param {Array} array The sorted array to inspect.
+     * @param {*} value The value to evaluate.
+     * @param {Function} [iteratee=_.identity]
+     *  The iteratee invoked per element.
+     * @returns {number} Returns the index at which `value` should be inserted
+     *  into `array`.
+     * @example
+     *
+     * var objects = [{ 'x': 4 }, { 'x': 5 }];
+     *
+     * _.sortedIndexBy(objects, { 'x': 4 }, function(o) { return o.x; });
+     * // => 0
+     *
+     * // The `_.property` iteratee shorthand.
+     * _.sortedIndexBy(objects, { 'x': 4 }, 'x');
+     * // => 0
+     */
+    function sortedIndexBy(array, value, iteratee) {
+      return baseSortedIndexBy(array, value, getIteratee(iteratee, 2));
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * This method is like `_.indexOf` except that it performs a binary
+     * search on a sorted `array`.
+     *
+     * @static
+     * @memberOf _
+     * @since 4.0.0
+     * @category Array
+     * @param {Array} array The array to search.
+     * @param {*} value The value to search for.
+     * @returns {number} Returns the index of the matched value, else `-1`.
+     * @example
+     *
+     * _.sortedIndexOf([4, 5, 5, 5, 6], 5);
+     * // => 1
+     */
+    function sortedIndexOf(array, value) {
+      var length = array ? array.length : 0;
+      if (length) {
+        var index = baseSortedIndex(array, value);
+        if (index < length && eq(array[index], value)) {
+          return index;
+        }
+      }
+      return -1;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * This method is like `_.sortedIndex` except that it returns the highest
+     * index at which `value` should be inserted into `array` in order to
+     * maintain its sort order.
+     *
+     * @static
+     * @memberOf _
+     * @since 3.0.0
+     * @category Array
+     * @param {Array} array The sorted array to inspect.
+     * @param {*} value The value to evaluate.
+     * @returns {number} Returns the index at which `value` should be inserted
+     *  into `array`.
+     * @example
+     *
+     * _.sortedLastIndex([4, 5, 5, 5, 6], 5);
+     * // => 4
+     */
+    function sortedLastIndex(array, value) {
+      return baseSortedIndex(array, value, true);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * This method is like `_.sortedLastIndex` except that it accepts `iteratee`
+     * which is invoked for `value` and each element of `array` to compute their
+     * sort ranking. The iteratee is invoked with one argument: (value).
+     *
+     * @static
+     * @memberOf _
+     * @since 4.0.0
+     * @category Array
+     * @param {Array} array The sorted array to inspect.
+     * @param {*} value The value to evaluate.
+     * @param {Function} [iteratee=_.identity]
+     *  The iteratee invoked per element.
+     * @returns {number} Returns the index at which `value` should be inserted
+     *  into `array`.
+     * @example
+     *
+     * var objects = [{ 'x': 4 }, { 'x': 5 }];
+     *
+     * _.sortedLastIndexBy(objects, { 'x': 4 }, function(o) { return o.x; });
+     * // => 1
+     *
+     * // The `_.property` iteratee shorthand.
+     * _.sortedLastIndexBy(objects, { 'x': 4 }, 'x');
+     * // => 1
+     */
+    function sortedLastIndexBy(array, value, iteratee) {
+      return baseSortedIndexBy(array, value, getIteratee(iteratee, 2), true);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * This method is like `_.lastIndexOf` except that it performs a binary
+     * search on a sorted `array`.
+     *
+     * @static
+     * @memberOf _
+     * @since 4.0.0
+     * @category Array
+     * @param {Array} array The array to search.
+     * @param {*} value The value to search for.
+     * @returns {number} Returns the index of the matched value, else `-1`.
+     * @example
+     *
+     * _.sortedLastIndexOf([4, 5, 5, 5, 6], 5);
+     * // => 3
+     */
+    function sortedLastIndexOf(array, value) {
+      var length = array ? array.length : 0;
+      if (length) {
+        var index = baseSortedIndex(array, value, true) - 1;
+        if (eq(array[index], value)) {
+          return index;
+        }
+      }
+      return -1;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * This method is like `_.uniq` except that it's designed and optimized
+     * for sorted arrays.
+     *
+     * @static
+     * @memberOf _
+     * @since 4.0.0
+     * @category Array
+     * @param {Array} array The array to inspect.
+     * @returns {Array} Returns the new duplicate free array.
+     * @example
+     *
+     * _.sortedUniq([1, 1, 2]);
+     * // => [1, 2]
+     */
+    function sortedUniq(array) {
+      return (array && array.length)
+        ? baseSortedUniq(array)
+        : [];
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * This method is like `_.uniqBy` except that it's designed and optimized
+     * for sorted arrays.
+     *
+     * @static
+     * @memberOf _
+     * @since 4.0.0
+     * @category Array
+     * @param {Array} array The array to inspect.
+     * @param {Function} [iteratee] The iteratee invoked per element.
+     * @returns {Array} Returns the new duplicate free array.
+     * @example
+     *
+     * _.sortedUniqBy([1.1, 1.2, 2.3, 2.4], Math.floor);
+     * // => [1.1, 2.3]
+     */
+    function sortedUniqBy(array, iteratee) {
+      return (array && array.length)
+        ? baseSortedUniq(array, getIteratee(iteratee, 2))
+        : [];
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Gets all but the first element of `array`.
+     *
+     * @static
+     * @memberOf _
+     * @since 4.0.0
+     * @category Array
+     * @param {Array} array The array to query.
+     * @returns {Array} Returns the slice of `array`.
+     * @example
+     *
+     * _.tail([1, 2, 3]);
+     * // => [2, 3]
+     */
+    function tail(array) {
+      return drop(array, 1);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Creates a slice of `array` with `n` elements taken from the beginning.
+     *
+     * @static
+     * @memberOf _
+     * @since 0.1.0
+     * @category Array
+     * @param {Array} array The array to query.
+     * @param {number} [n=1] The number of elements to take.
+     * @param- {Object} [guard] Enables use as an iteratee for methods like `_.map`.
+     * @returns {Array} Returns the slice of `array`.
+     * @example
+     *
+     * _.take([1, 2, 3]);
+     * // => [1]
+     *
+     * _.take([1, 2, 3], 2);
+     * // => [1, 2]
+     *
+     * _.take([1, 2, 3], 5);
+     * // => [1, 2, 3]
+     *
+     * _.take([1, 2, 3], 0);
+     * // => []
+     */
+    function take(array, n, guard) {
+      if (!(array && array.length)) {
+        return [];
+      }
+      n = (guard || n === undefined) ? 1 : toInteger(n);
+      return baseSlice(array, 0, n < 0 ? 0 : n);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Creates a slice of `array` with `n` elements taken from the end.
+     *
+     * @static
+     * @memberOf _
+     * @since 3.0.0
+     * @category Array
+     * @param {Array} array The array to query.
+     * @param {number} [n=1] The number of elements to take.
+     * @param- {Object} [guard] Enables use as an iteratee for methods like `_.map`.
+     * @returns {Array} Returns the slice of `array`.
+     * @example
+     *
+     * _.takeRight([1, 2, 3]);
+     * // => [3]
+     *
+     * _.takeRight([1, 2, 3], 2);
+     * // => [2, 3]
+     *
+     * _.takeRight([1, 2, 3], 5);
+     * // => [1, 2, 3]
+     *
+     * _.takeRight([1, 2, 3], 0);
+     * // => []
+     */
+    function takeRight(array, n, guard) {
+      var length = array ? array.length : 0;
+      if (!length) {
+        return [];
+      }
+      n = (guard || n === undefined) ? 1 : toInteger(n);
+      n = length - n;
+      return baseSlice(array, n < 0 ? 0 : n, length);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Creates a slice of `array` with elements taken from the end. Elements are
+     * taken until `predicate` returns falsey. The predicate is invoked with
+     * three arguments: (value, index, array).
+     *
+     * @static
+     * @memberOf _
+     * @since 3.0.0
+     * @category Array
+     * @param {Array} array The array to query.
+     * @param {Function} [predicate=_.identity]
+     *  The function invoked per iteration.
+     * @returns {Array} Returns the slice of `array`.
+     * @example
+     *
+     * var users = [
+     *   { 'user': 'barney',  'active': true },
+     *   { 'user': 'fred',    'active': false },
+     *   { 'user': 'pebbles', 'active': false }
+     * ];
+     *
+     * _.takeRightWhile(users, function(o) { return !o.active; });
+     * // => objects for ['fred', 'pebbles']
+     *
+     * // The `_.matches` iteratee shorthand.
+     * _.takeRightWhile(users, { 'user': 'pebbles', 'active': false });
+     * // => objects for ['pebbles']
+     *
+     * // The `_.matchesProperty` iteratee shorthand.
+     * _.takeRightWhile(users, ['active', false]);
+     * // => objects for ['fred', 'pebbles']
+     *
+     * // The `_.property` iteratee shorthand.
+     * _.takeRightWhile(users, 'active');
+     * // => []
+     */
+    function takeRightWhile(array, predicate) {
+      return (array && array.length)
+        ? baseWhile(array, getIteratee(predicate, 3), false, true)
+        : [];
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Creates a slice of `array` with elements taken from the beginning. Elements
+     * are taken until `predicate` returns falsey. The predicate is invoked with
+     * three arguments: (value, index, array).
+     *
+     * @static
+     * @memberOf _
+     * @since 3.0.0
+     * @category Array
+     * @param {Array} array The array to query.
+     * @param {Function} [predicate=_.identity]
+     *  The function invoked per iteration.
+     * @returns {Array} Returns the slice of `array`.
+     * @example
+     *
+     * var users = [
+     *   { 'user': 'barney',  'active': false },
+     *   { 'user': 'fred',    'active': false},
+     *   { 'user': 'pebbles', 'active': true }
+     * ];
+     *
+     * _.takeWhile(users, function(o) { return !o.active; });
+     * // => objects for ['barney', 'fred']
+     *
+     * // The `_.matches` iteratee shorthand.
+     * _.takeWhile(users, { 'user': 'barney', 'active': false });
+     * // => objects for ['barney']
+     *
+     * // The `_.matchesProperty` iteratee shorthand.
+     * _.takeWhile(users, ['active', false]);
+     * // => objects for ['barney', 'fred']
+     *
+     * // The `_.property` iteratee shorthand.
+     * _.takeWhile(users, 'active');
+     * // => []
+     */
+    function takeWhile(array, predicate) {
+      return (array && array.length)
+        ? baseWhile(array, getIteratee(predicate, 3))
+        : [];
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Creates an array of unique values, in order, from all given arrays using
+     * [`SameValueZero`](http://ecma-international.org/ecma-262/6.0/#sec-samevaluezero)
+     * for equality comparisons.
+     *
+     * @static
+     * @memberOf _
+     * @since 0.1.0
+     * @category Array
+     * @param {...Array} [arrays] The arrays to inspect.
+     * @returns {Array} Returns the new array of combined values.
+     * @example
+     *
+     * _.union([2], [1, 2]);
+     * // => [2, 1]
+     */
+    var union = baseRest(function(arrays) {
+      return baseUniq(baseFlatten(arrays, 1, isArrayLikeObject, true));
+    });
+
+    /**
+     * This method is like `_.union` except that it accepts `iteratee` which is
+     * invoked for each element of each `arrays` to generate the criterion by
+     * which uniqueness is computed. Result values are chosen from the first
+     * array in which the value occurs. The iteratee is invoked with one argument:
+     * (value).
+     *
+     * @static
+     * @memberOf _
+     * @since 4.0.0
+     * @category Array
+     * @param {...Array} [arrays] The arrays to inspect.
+     * @param {Function} [iteratee=_.identity]
+     *  The iteratee invoked per element.
+     * @returns {Array} Returns the new array of combined values.
+     * @example
+     *
+     * _.unionBy([2.1], [1.2, 2.3], Math.floor);
+     * // => [2.1, 1.2]
+     *
+     * // The `_.property` iteratee shorthand.
+     * _.unionBy([{ 'x': 1 }], [{ 'x': 2 }, { 'x': 1 }], 'x');
+     * // => [{ 'x': 1 }, { 'x': 2 }]
+     */
+    var unionBy = baseRest(function(arrays) {
+      var iteratee = last(arrays);
+      if (isArrayLikeObject(iteratee)) {
+        iteratee = undefined;
+      }
+      return baseUniq(baseFlatten(arrays, 1, isArrayLikeObject, true), getIteratee(iteratee, 2));
+    });
+
+    /**
+     * This method is like `_.union` except that it accepts `comparator` which
+     * is invoked to compare elements of `arrays`. Result values are chosen from
+     * the first array in which the value occurs. The comparator is invoked
+     * with two arguments: (arrVal, othVal).
+     *
+     * @static
+     * @memberOf _
+     * @since 4.0.0
+     * @category Array
+     * @param {...Array} [arrays] The arrays to inspect.
+     * @param {Function} [comparator] The comparator invoked per element.
+     * @returns {Array} Returns the new array of combined values.
+     * @example
+     *
+     * var objects = [{ 'x': 1, 'y': 2 }, { 'x': 2, 'y': 1 }];
+     * var others = [{ 'x': 1, 'y': 1 }, { 'x': 1, 'y': 2 }];
+     *
+     * _.unionWith(objects, others, _.isEqual);
+     * // => [{ 'x': 1, 'y': 2 }, { 'x': 2, 'y': 1 }, { 'x': 1, 'y': 1 }]
+     */
+    var unionWith = baseRest(function(arrays) {
+      var comparator = last(arrays);
+      if (isArrayLikeObject(comparator)) {
+        comparator = undefined;
+      }
+      return baseUniq(baseFlatten(arrays, 1, isArrayLikeObject, true), undefined, comparator);
+    });
+
+    /**
+     * Creates a duplicate-free version of an array, using
+     * [`SameValueZero`](http://ecma-international.org/ecma-262/6.0/#sec-samevaluezero)
+     * for equality comparisons, in which only the first occurrence of each
+     * element is kept.
+     *
+     * @static
+     * @memberOf _
+     * @since 0.1.0
+     * @category Array
+     * @param {Array} array The array to inspect.
+     * @returns {Array} Returns the new duplicate free array.
+     * @example
+     *
+     * _.uniq([2, 1, 2]);
+     * // => [2, 1]
+     */
+    function uniq(array) {
+      return (array && array.length)
+        ? baseUniq(array)
+        : [];
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * This method is like `_.uniq` except that it accepts `iteratee` which is
+     * invoked for each element in `array` to generate the criterion by which
+     * uniqueness is computed. The iteratee is invoked with one argument: (value).
+     *
+     * @static
+     * @memberOf _
+     * @since 4.0.0
+     * @category Array
+     * @param {Array} array The array to inspect.
+     * @param {Function} [iteratee=_.identity]
+     *  The iteratee invoked per element.
+     * @returns {Array} Returns the new duplicate free array.
+     * @example
+     *
+     * _.uniqBy([2.1, 1.2, 2.3], Math.floor);
+     * // => [2.1, 1.2]
+     *
+     * // The `_.property` iteratee shorthand.
+     * _.uniqBy([{ 'x': 1 }, { 'x': 2 }, { 'x': 1 }], 'x');
+     * // => [{ 'x': 1 }, { 'x': 2 }]
+     */
+    function uniqBy(array, iteratee) {
+      return (array && array.length)
+        ? baseUniq(array, getIteratee(iteratee, 2))
+        : [];
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * This method is like `_.uniq` except that it accepts `comparator` which
+     * is invoked to compare elements of `array`. The comparator is invoked with
+     * two arguments: (arrVal, othVal).
+     *
+     * @static
+     * @memberOf _
+     * @since 4.0.0
+     * @category Array
+     * @param {Array} array The array to inspect.
+     * @param {Function} [comparator] The comparator invoked per element.
+     * @returns {Array} Returns the new duplicate free array.
+     * @example
+     *
+     * var objects = [{ 'x': 1, 'y': 2 }, { 'x': 2, 'y': 1 }, { 'x': 1, 'y': 2 }];
+     *
+     * _.uniqWith(objects, _.isEqual);
+     * // => [{ 'x': 1, 'y': 2 }, { 'x': 2, 'y': 1 }]
+     */
+    function uniqWith(array, comparator) {
+      return (array && array.length)
+        ? baseUniq(array, undefined, comparator)
+        : [];
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * This method is like `_.zip` except that it accepts an array of grouped
+     * elements and creates an array regrouping the elements to their pre-zip
+     * configuration.
+     *
+     * @static
+     * @memberOf _
+     * @since 1.2.0
+     * @category Array
+     * @param {Array} array The array of grouped elements to process.
+     * @returns {Array} Returns the new array of regrouped elements.
+     * @example
+     *
+     * var zipped = _.zip(['a', 'b'], [1, 2], [true, false]);
+     * // => [['a', 1, true], ['b', 2, false]]
+     *
+     * _.unzip(zipped);
+     * // => [['a', 'b'], [1, 2], [true, false]]
+     */
+    function unzip(array) {
+      if (!(array && array.length)) {
+        return [];
+      }
+      var length = 0;
+      array = arrayFilter(array, function(group) {
+        if (isArrayLikeObject(group)) {
+          length = nativeMax(group.length, length);
+          return true;
+        }
+      });
+      return baseTimes(length, function(index) {
+        return arrayMap(array, baseProperty(index));
+      });
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * This method is like `_.unzip` except that it accepts `iteratee` to specify
+     * how regrouped values should be combined. The iteratee is invoked with the
+     * elements of each group: (...group).
+     *
+     * @static
+     * @memberOf _
+     * @since 3.8.0
+     * @category Array
+     * @param {Array} array The array of grouped elements to process.
+     * @param {Function} [iteratee=_.identity] The function to combine
+     *  regrouped values.
+     * @returns {Array} Returns the new array of regrouped elements.
+     * @example
+     *
+     * var zipped = _.zip([1, 2], [10, 20], [100, 200]);
+     * // => [[1, 10, 100], [2, 20, 200]]
+     *
+     * _.unzipWith(zipped, _.add);
+     * // => [3, 30, 300]
+     */
+    function unzipWith(array, iteratee) {
+      if (!(array && array.length)) {
+        return [];
+      }
+      var result = unzip(array);
+      if (iteratee == null) {
+        return result;
+      }
+      return arrayMap(result, function(group) {
+        return apply(iteratee, undefined, group);
+      });
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Creates an array excluding all given values using
+     * [`SameValueZero`](http://ecma-international.org/ecma-262/6.0/#sec-samevaluezero)
+     * for equality comparisons.
+     *
+     * **Note:** Unlike `_.pull`, this method returns a new array.
+     *
+     * @static
+     * @memberOf _
+     * @since 0.1.0
+     * @category Array
+     * @param {Array} array The array to inspect.
+     * @param {...*} [values] The values to exclude.
+     * @returns {Array} Returns the new array of filtered values.
+     * @see _.difference, _.xor
+     * @example
+     *
+     * _.without([2, 1, 2, 3], 1, 2);
+     * // => [3]
+     */
+    var without = baseRest(function(array, values) {
+      return isArrayLikeObject(array)
+        ? baseDifference(array, values)
+        : [];
+    });
+
+    /**
+     * Creates an array of unique values that is the
+     * [symmetric difference](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Symmetric_difference)
+     * of the given arrays. The order of result values is determined by the order
+     * they occur in the arrays.
+     *
+     * @static
+     * @memberOf _
+     * @since 2.4.0
+     * @category Array
+     * @param {...Array} [arrays] The arrays to inspect.
+     * @returns {Array} Returns the new array of filtered values.
+     * @see _.difference, _.without
+     * @example
+     *
+     * _.xor([2, 1], [2, 3]);
+     * // => [1, 3]
+     */
+    var xor = baseRest(function(arrays) {
+      return baseXor(arrayFilter(arrays, isArrayLikeObject));
+    });
+
+    /**
+     * This method is like `_.xor` except that it accepts `iteratee` which is
+     * invoked for each element of each `arrays` to generate the criterion by
+     * which by which they're compared. The iteratee is invoked with one argument:
+     * (value).
+     *
+     * @static
+     * @memberOf _
+     * @since 4.0.0
+     * @category Array
+     * @param {...Array} [arrays] The arrays to inspect.
+     * @param {Function} [iteratee=_.identity]
+     *  The iteratee invoked per element.
+     * @returns {Array} Returns the new array of filtered values.
+     * @example
+     *
+     * _.xorBy([2.1, 1.2], [2.3, 3.4], Math.floor);
+     * // => [1.2, 3.4]
+     *
+     * // The `_.property` iteratee shorthand.
+     * _.xorBy([{ 'x': 1 }], [{ 'x': 2 }, { 'x': 1 }], 'x');
+     * // => [{ 'x': 2 }]
+     */
+    var xorBy = baseRest(function(arrays) {
+      var iteratee = last(arrays);
+      if (isArrayLikeObject(iteratee)) {
+        iteratee = undefined;
+      }
+      return baseXor(arrayFilter(arrays, isArrayLikeObject), getIteratee(iteratee, 2));
+    });
+
+    /**
+     * This method is like `_.xor` except that it accepts `comparator` which is
+     * invoked to compare elements of `arrays`. The comparator is invoked with
+     * two arguments: (arrVal, othVal).
+     *
+     * @static
+     * @memberOf _
+     * @since 4.0.0
+     * @category Array
+     * @param {...Array} [arrays] The arrays to inspect.
+     * @param {Function} [comparator] The comparator invoked per element.
+     * @returns {Array} Returns the new array of filtered values.
+     * @example
+     *
+     * var objects = [{ 'x': 1, 'y': 2 }, { 'x': 2, 'y': 1 }];
+     * var others = [{ 'x': 1, 'y': 1 }, { 'x': 1, 'y': 2 }];
+     *
+     * _.xorWith(objects, others, _.isEqual);
+     * // => [{ 'x': 2, 'y': 1 }, { 'x': 1, 'y': 1 }]
+     */
+    var xorWith = baseRest(function(arrays) {
+      var comparator = last(arrays);
+      if (isArrayLikeObject(comparator)) {
+        comparator = undefined;
+      }
+      return baseXor(arrayFilter(arrays, isArrayLikeObject), undefined, comparator);
+    });
+
+    /**
+     * Creates an array of grouped elements, the first of which contains the
+     * first elements of the given arrays, the second of which contains the
+     * second elements of the given arrays, and so on.
+     *
+     * @static
+     * @memberOf _
+     * @since 0.1.0
+     * @category Array
+     * @param {...Array} [arrays] The arrays to process.
+     * @returns {Array} Returns the new array of grouped elements.
+     * @example
+     *
+     * _.zip(['a', 'b'], [1, 2], [true, false]);
+     * // => [['a', 1, true], ['b', 2, false]]
+     */
+    var zip = baseRest(unzip);
+
+    /**
+     * This method is like `_.fromPairs` except that it accepts two arrays,
+     * one of property identifiers and one of corresponding values.
+     *
+     * @static
+     * @memberOf _
+     * @since 0.4.0
+     * @category Array
+     * @param {Array} [props=[]] The property identifiers.
+     * @param {Array} [values=[]] The property values.
+     * @returns {Object} Returns the new object.
+     * @example
+     *
+     * _.zipObject(['a', 'b'], [1, 2]);
+     * // => { 'a': 1, 'b': 2 }
+     */
+    function zipObject(props, values) {
+      return baseZipObject(props || [], values || [], assignValue);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * This method is like `_.zipObject` except that it supports property paths.
+     *
+     * @static
+     * @memberOf _
+     * @since 4.1.0
+     * @category Array
+     * @param {Array} [props=[]] The property identifiers.
+     * @param {Array} [values=[]] The property values.
+     * @returns {Object} Returns the new object.
+     * @example
+     *
+     * _.zipObjectDeep(['a.b[0].c', 'a.b[1].d'], [1, 2]);
+     * // => { 'a': { 'b': [{ 'c': 1 }, { 'd': 2 }] } }
+     */
+    function zipObjectDeep(props, values) {
+      return baseZipObject(props || [], values || [], baseSet);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * This method is like `_.zip` except that it accepts `iteratee` to specify
+     * how grouped values should be combined. The iteratee is invoked with the
+     * elements of each group: (...group).
+     *
+     * @static
+     * @memberOf _
+     * @since 3.8.0
+     * @category Array
+     * @param {...Array} [arrays] The arrays to process.
+     * @param {Function} [iteratee=_.identity] The function to combine grouped values.
+     * @returns {Array} Returns the new array of grouped elements.
+     * @example
+     *
+     * _.zipWith([1, 2], [10, 20], [100, 200], function(a, b, c) {
+     *   return a + b + c;
+     * });
+     * // => [111, 222]
+     */
+    var zipWith = baseRest(function(arrays) {
+      var length = arrays.length,
+          iteratee = length > 1 ? arrays[length - 1] : undefined;
+
+      iteratee = typeof iteratee == 'function' ? (arrays.pop(), iteratee) : undefined;
+      return unzipWith(arrays, iteratee);
+    });
+
+    /*------------------------------------------------------------------------*/
+
+    /**
+     * Creates a `lodash` wrapper instance that wraps `value` with explicit method
+     * chain sequences enabled. The result of such sequences must be unwrapped
+     * with `_#value`.
+     *
+     * @static
+     * @memberOf _
+     * @since 1.3.0
+     * @category Seq
+     * @param {*} value The value to wrap.
+     * @returns {Object} Returns the new `lodash` wrapper instance.
+     * @example
+     *
+     * var users = [
+     *   { 'user': 'barney',  'age': 36 },
+     *   { 'user': 'fred',    'age': 40 },
+     *   { 'user': 'pebbles', 'age': 1 }
+     * ];
+     *
+     * var youngest = _
+     *   .chain(users)
+     *   .sortBy('age')
+     *   .map(function(o) {
+     *     return o.user + ' is ' + o.age;
+     *   })
+     *   .head()
+     *   .value();
+     * // => 'pebbles is 1'
+     */
+    function chain(value) {
+      var result = lodash(value);
+      result.__chain__ = true;
+      return result;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * This method invokes `interceptor` and returns `value`. The interceptor
+     * is invoked with one argument; (value). The purpose of this method is to
+     * "tap into" a method chain sequence in order to modify intermediate results.
+     *
+     * @static
+     * @memberOf _
+     * @since 0.1.0
+     * @category Seq
+     * @param {*} value The value to provide to `interceptor`.
+     * @param {Function} interceptor The function to invoke.
+     * @returns {*} Returns `value`.
+     * @example
+     *
+     * _([1, 2, 3])
+     *  .tap(function(array) {
+     *    // Mutate input array.
+     *    array.pop();
+     *  })
+     *  .reverse()
+     *  .value();
+     * // => [2, 1]
+     */
+    function tap(value, interceptor) {
+      interceptor(value);
+      return value;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * This method is like `_.tap` except that it returns the result of `interceptor`.
+     * The purpose of this method is to "pass thru" values replacing intermediate
+     * results in a method chain sequence.
+     *
+     * @static
+     * @memberOf _
+     * @since 3.0.0
+     * @category Seq
+     * @param {*} value The value to provide to `interceptor`.
+     * @param {Function} interceptor The function to invoke.
+     * @returns {*} Returns the result of `interceptor`.
+     * @example
+     *
+     * _('  abc  ')
+     *  .chain()
+     *  .trim()
+     *  .thru(function(value) {
+     *    return [value];
+     *  })
+     *  .value();
+     * // => ['abc']
+     */
+    function thru(value, interceptor) {
+      return interceptor(value);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * This method is the wrapper version of `_.at`.
+     *
+     * @name at
+     * @memberOf _
+     * @since 1.0.0
+     * @category Seq
+     * @param {...(string|string[])} [paths] The property paths of elements to pick.
+     * @returns {Object} Returns the new `lodash` wrapper instance.
+     * @example
+     *
+     * var object = { 'a': [{ 'b': { 'c': 3 } }, 4] };
+     *
+     * _(object).at(['a[0].b.c', 'a[1]']).value();
+     * // => [3, 4]
+     */
+    var wrapperAt = baseRest(function(paths) {
+      paths = baseFlatten(paths, 1);
+      var length = paths.length,
+          start = length ? paths[0] : 0,
+          value = this.__wrapped__,
+          interceptor = function(object) { return baseAt(object, paths); };
+
+      if (length > 1 || this.__actions__.length ||
+          !(value instanceof LazyWrapper) || !isIndex(start)) {
+        return this.thru(interceptor);
+      }
+      value = value.slice(start, +start + (length ? 1 : 0));
+      value.__actions__.push({
+        'func': thru,
+        'args': [interceptor],
+        'thisArg': undefined
+      });
+      return new LodashWrapper(value, this.__chain__).thru(function(array) {
+        if (length && !array.length) {
+          array.push(undefined);
+        }
+        return array;
+      });
+    });
+
+    /**
+     * Creates a `lodash` wrapper instance with explicit method chain sequences enabled.
+     *
+     * @name chain
+     * @memberOf _
+     * @since 0.1.0
+     * @category Seq
+     * @returns {Object} Returns the new `lodash` wrapper instance.
+     * @example
+     *
+     * var users = [
+     *   { 'user': 'barney', 'age': 36 },
+     *   { 'user': 'fred',   'age': 40 }
+     * ];
+     *
+     * // A sequence without explicit chaining.
+     * _(users).head();
+     * // => { 'user': 'barney', 'age': 36 }
+     *
+     * // A sequence with explicit chaining.
+     * _(users)
+     *   .chain()
+     *   .head()
+     *   .pick('user')
+     *   .value();
+     * // => { 'user': 'barney' }
+     */
+    function wrapperChain() {
+      return chain(this);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Executes the chain sequence and returns the wrapped result.
+     *
+     * @name commit
+     * @memberOf _
+     * @since 3.2.0
+     * @category Seq
+     * @returns {Object} Returns the new `lodash` wrapper instance.
+     * @example
+     *
+     * var array = [1, 2];
+     * var wrapped = _(array).push(3);
+     *
+     * console.log(array);
+     * // => [1, 2]
+     *
+     * wrapped = wrapped.commit();
+     * console.log(array);
+     * // => [1, 2, 3]
+     *
+     * wrapped.last();
+     * // => 3
+     *
+     * console.log(array);
+     * // => [1, 2, 3]
+     */
+    function wrapperCommit() {
+      return new LodashWrapper(this.value(), this.__chain__);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Gets the next value on a wrapped object following the
+     * [iterator protocol](https://mdn.io/iteration_protocols#iterator).
+     *
+     * @name next
+     * @memberOf _
+     * @since 4.0.0
+     * @category Seq
+     * @returns {Object} Returns the next iterator value.
+     * @example
+     *
+     * var wrapped = _([1, 2]);
+     *
+     * wrapped.next();
+     * // => { 'done': false, 'value': 1 }
+     *
+     * wrapped.next();
+     * // => { 'done': false, 'value': 2 }
+     *
+     * wrapped.next();
+     * // => { 'done': true, 'value': undefined }
+     */
+    function wrapperNext() {
+      if (this.__values__ === undefined) {
+        this.__values__ = toArray(this.value());
+      }
+      var done = this.__index__ >= this.__values__.length,
+          value = done ? undefined : this.__values__[this.__index__++];
+
+      return { 'done': done, 'value': value };
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Enables the wrapper to be iterable.
+     *
+     * @name Symbol.iterator
+     * @memberOf _
+     * @since 4.0.0
+     * @category Seq
+     * @returns {Object} Returns the wrapper object.
+     * @example
+     *
+     * var wrapped = _([1, 2]);
+     *
+     * wrapped[Symbol.iterator]() === wrapped;
+     * // => true
+     *
+     * Array.from(wrapped);
+     * // => [1, 2]
+     */
+    function wrapperToIterator() {
+      return this;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Creates a clone of the chain sequence planting `value` as the wrapped value.
+     *
+     * @name plant
+     * @memberOf _
+     * @since 3.2.0
+     * @category Seq
+     * @param {*} value The value to plant.
+     * @returns {Object} Returns the new `lodash` wrapper instance.
+     * @example
+     *
+     * function square(n) {
+     *   return n * n;
+     * }
+     *
+     * var wrapped = _([1, 2]).map(square);
+     * var other = wrapped.plant([3, 4]);
+     *
+     * other.value();
+     * // => [9, 16]
+     *
+     * wrapped.value();
+     * // => [1, 4]
+     */
+    function wrapperPlant(value) {
+      var result,
+          parent = this;
+
+      while (parent instanceof baseLodash) {
+        var clone = wrapperClone(parent);
+        clone.__index__ = 0;
+        clone.__values__ = undefined;
+        if (result) {
+          previous.__wrapped__ = clone;
+        } else {
+          result = clone;
+        }
+        var previous = clone;
+        parent = parent.__wrapped__;
+      }
+      previous.__wrapped__ = value;
+      return result;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * This method is the wrapper version of `_.reverse`.
+     *
+     * **Note:** This method mutates the wrapped array.
+     *
+     * @name reverse
+     * @memberOf _
+     * @since 0.1.0
+     * @category Seq
+     * @returns {Object} Returns the new `lodash` wrapper instance.
+     * @example
+     *
+     * var array = [1, 2, 3];
+     *
+     * _(array).reverse().value()
+     * // => [3, 2, 1]
+     *
+     * console.log(array);
+     * // => [3, 2, 1]
+     */
+    function wrapperReverse() {
+      var value = this.__wrapped__;
+      if (value instanceof LazyWrapper) {
+        var wrapped = value;
+        if (this.__actions__.length) {
+          wrapped = new LazyWrapper(this);
+        }
+        wrapped = wrapped.reverse();
+        wrapped.__actions__.push({
+          'func': thru,
+          'args': [reverse],
+          'thisArg': undefined
+        });
+        return new LodashWrapper(wrapped, this.__chain__);
+      }
+      return this.thru(reverse);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Executes the chain sequence to resolve the unwrapped value.
+     *
+     * @name value
+     * @memberOf _
+     * @since 0.1.0
+     * @alias toJSON, valueOf
+     * @category Seq
+     * @returns {*} Returns the resolved unwrapped value.
+     * @example
+     *
+     * _([1, 2, 3]).value();
+     * // => [1, 2, 3]
+     */
+    function wrapperValue() {
+      return baseWrapperValue(this.__wrapped__, this.__actions__);
+    }
+
+    /*------------------------------------------------------------------------*/
+
+    /**
+     * Creates an object composed of keys generated from the results of running
+     * each element of `collection` thru `iteratee`. The corresponding value of
+     * each key is the number of times the key was returned by `iteratee`. The
+     * iteratee is invoked with one argument: (value).
+     *
+     * @static
+     * @memberOf _
+     * @since 0.5.0
+     * @category Collection
+     * @param {Array|Object} collection The collection to iterate over.
+     * @param {Function} [iteratee=_.identity]
+     *  The iteratee to transform keys.
+     * @returns {Object} Returns the composed aggregate object.
+     * @example
+     *
+     * _.countBy([6.1, 4.2, 6.3], Math.floor);
+     * // => { '4': 1, '6': 2 }
+     *
+     * // The `_.property` iteratee shorthand.
+     * _.countBy(['one', 'two', 'three'], 'length');
+     * // => { '3': 2, '5': 1 }
+     */
+    var countBy = createAggregator(function(result, value, key) {
+      hasOwnProperty.call(result, key) ? ++result[key] : (result[key] = 1);
+    });
+
+    /**
+     * Checks if `predicate` returns truthy for **all** elements of `collection`.
+     * Iteration is stopped once `predicate` returns falsey. The predicate is
+     * invoked with three arguments: (value, index|key, collection).
+     *
+     * @static
+     * @memberOf _
+     * @since 0.1.0
+     * @category Collection
+     * @param {Array|Object} collection The collection to iterate over.
+     * @param {Function} [predicate=_.identity]
+     *  The function invoked per iteration.
+     * @param- {Object} [guard] Enables use as an iteratee for methods like `_.map`.
+     * @returns {boolean} Returns `true` if all elements pass the predicate check,
+     *  else `false`.
+     * @example
+     *
+     * _.every([true, 1, null, 'yes'], Boolean);
+     * // => false
+     *
+     * var users = [
+     *   { 'user': 'barney', 'age': 36, 'active': false },
+     *   { 'user': 'fred',   'age': 40, 'active': false }
+     * ];
+     *
+     * // The `_.matches` iteratee shorthand.
+     * _.every(users, { 'user': 'barney', 'active': false });
+     * // => false
+     *
+     * // The `_.matchesProperty` iteratee shorthand.
+     * _.every(users, ['active', false]);
+     * // => true
+     *
+     * // The `_.property` iteratee shorthand.
+     * _.every(users, 'active');
+     * // => false
+     */
+    function every(collection, predicate, guard) {
+      var func = isArray(collection) ? arrayEvery : baseEvery;
+      if (guard && isIterateeCall(collection, predicate, guard)) {
+        predicate = undefined;
+      }
+      return func(collection, getIteratee(predicate, 3));
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Iterates over elements of `collection`, returning an array of all elements
+     * `predicate` returns truthy for. The predicate is invoked with three
+     * arguments: (value, index|key, collection).
+     *
+     * **Note:** Unlike `_.remove`, this method returns a new array.
+     *
+     * @static
+     * @memberOf _
+     * @since 0.1.0
+     * @category Collection
+     * @param {Array|Object} collection The collection to iterate over.
+     * @param {Function} [predicate=_.identity]
+     *  The function invoked per iteration.
+     * @returns {Array} Returns the new filtered array.
+     * @see _.reject
+     * @example
+     *
+     * var users = [
+     *   { 'user': 'barney', 'age': 36, 'active': true },
+     *   { 'user': 'fred',   'age': 40, 'active': false }
+     * ];
+     *
+     * _.filter(users, function(o) { return !o.active; });
+     * // => objects for ['fred']
+     *
+     * // The `_.matches` iteratee shorthand.
+     * _.filter(users, { 'age': 36, 'active': true });
+     * // => objects for ['barney']
+     *
+     * // The `_.matchesProperty` iteratee shorthand.
+     * _.filter(users, ['active', false]);
+     * // => objects for ['fred']
+     *
+     * // The `_.property` iteratee shorthand.
+     * _.filter(users, 'active');
+     * // => objects for ['barney']
+     */
+    function filter(collection, predicate) {
+      var func = isArray(collection) ? arrayFilter : baseFilter;
+      return func(collection, getIteratee(predicate, 3));
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Iterates over elements of `collection`, returning the first element
+     * `predicate` returns truthy for. The predicate is invoked with three
+     * arguments: (value, index|key, collection).
+     *
+     * @static
+     * @memberOf _
+     * @since 0.1.0
+     * @category Collection
+     * @param {Array|Object} collection The collection to search.
+     * @param {Function} [predicate=_.identity]
+     *  The function invoked per iteration.
+     * @param {number} [fromIndex=0] The index to search from.
+     * @returns {*} Returns the matched element, else `undefined`.
+     * @example
+     *
+     * var users = [
+     *   { 'user': 'barney',  'age': 36, 'active': true },
+     *   { 'user': 'fred',    'age': 40, 'active': false },
+     *   { 'user': 'pebbles', 'age': 1,  'active': true }
+     * ];
+     *
+     * _.find(users, function(o) { return o.age < 40; });
+     * // => object for 'barney'
+     *
+     * // The `_.matches` iteratee shorthand.
+     * _.find(users, { 'age': 1, 'active': true });
+     * // => object for 'pebbles'
+     *
+     * // The `_.matchesProperty` iteratee shorthand.
+     * _.find(users, ['active', false]);
+     * // => object for 'fred'
+     *
+     * // The `_.property` iteratee shorthand.
+     * _.find(users, 'active');
+     * // => object for 'barney'
+     */
+    var find = createFind(findIndex);
+
+    /**
+     * This method is like `_.find` except that it iterates over elements of
+     * `collection` from right to left.
+     *
+     * @static
+     * @memberOf _
+     * @since 2.0.0
+     * @category Collection
+     * @param {Array|Object} collection The collection to search.
+     * @param {Function} [predicate=_.identity]
+     *  The function invoked per iteration.
+     * @param {number} [fromIndex=collection.length-1] The index to search from.
+     * @returns {*} Returns the matched element, else `undefined`.
+     * @example
+     *
+     * _.findLast([1, 2, 3, 4], function(n) {
+     *   return n % 2 == 1;
+     * });
+     * // => 3
+     */
+    var findLast = createFind(findLastIndex);
+
+    /**
+     * Creates a flattened array of values by running each element in `collection`
+     * thru `iteratee` and flattening the mapped results. The iteratee is invoked
+     * with three arguments: (value, index|key, collection).
+     *
+     * @static
+     * @memberOf _
+     * @since 4.0.0
+     * @category Collection
+     * @param {Array|Object} collection The collection to iterate over.
+     * @param {Function} [iteratee=_.identity]
+     *  The function invoked per iteration.
+     * @returns {Array} Returns the new flattened array.
+     * @example
+     *
+     * function duplicate(n) {
+     *   return [n, n];
+     * }
+     *
+     * _.flatMap([1, 2], duplicate);
+     * // => [1, 1, 2, 2]
+     */
+    function flatMap(collection, iteratee) {
+      return baseFlatten(map(collection, iteratee), 1);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * This method is like `_.flatMap` except that it recursively flattens the
+     * mapped results.
+     *
+     * @static
+     * @memberOf _
+     * @since 4.7.0
+     * @category Collection
+     * @param {Array|Object} collection The collection to iterate over.
+     * @param {Function} [iteratee=_.identity]
+     *  The function invoked per iteration.
+     * @returns {Array} Returns the new flattened array.
+     * @example
+     *
+     * function duplicate(n) {
+     *   return [[[n, n]]];
+     * }
+     *
+     * _.flatMapDeep([1, 2], duplicate);
+     * // => [1, 1, 2, 2]
+     */
+    function flatMapDeep(collection, iteratee) {
+      return baseFlatten(map(collection, iteratee), INFINITY);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * This method is like `_.flatMap` except that it recursively flattens the
+     * mapped results up to `depth` times.
+     *
+     * @static
+     * @memberOf _
+     * @since 4.7.0
+     * @category Collection
+     * @param {Array|Object} collection The collection to iterate over.
+     * @param {Function} [iteratee=_.identity]
+     *  The function invoked per iteration.
+     * @param {number} [depth=1] The maximum recursion depth.
+     * @returns {Array} Returns the new flattened array.
+     * @example
+     *
+     * function duplicate(n) {
+     *   return [[[n, n]]];
+     * }
+     *
+     * _.flatMapDepth([1, 2], duplicate, 2);
+     * // => [[1, 1], [2, 2]]
+     */
+    function flatMapDepth(collection, iteratee, depth) {
+      depth = depth === undefined ? 1 : toInteger(depth);
+      return baseFlatten(map(collection, iteratee), depth);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Iterates over elements of `collection` and invokes `iteratee` for each element.
+     * The iteratee is invoked with three arguments: (value, index|key, collection).
+     * Iteratee functions may exit iteration early by explicitly returning `false`.
+     *
+     * **Note:** As with other "Collections" methods, objects with a "length"
+     * property are iterated like arrays. To avoid this behavior use `_.forIn`
+     * or `_.forOwn` for object iteration.
+     *
+     * @static
+     * @memberOf _
+     * @since 0.1.0
+     * @alias each
+     * @category Collection
+     * @param {Array|Object} collection The collection to iterate over.
+     * @param {Function} [iteratee=_.identity] The function invoked per iteration.
+     * @returns {Array|Object} Returns `collection`.
+     * @see _.forEachRight
+     * @example
+     *
+     * _([1, 2]).forEach(function(value) {
+     *   console.log(value);
+     * });
+     * // => Logs `1` then `2`.
+     *
+     * _.forEach({ 'a': 1, 'b': 2 }, function(value, key) {
+     *   console.log(key);
+     * });
+     * // => Logs 'a' then 'b' (iteration order is not guaranteed).
+     */
+    function forEach(collection, iteratee) {
+      var func = isArray(collection) ? arrayEach : baseEach;
+      return func(collection, getIteratee(iteratee, 3));
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * This method is like `_.forEach` except that it iterates over elements of
+     * `collection` from right to left.
+     *
+     * @static
+     * @memberOf _
+     * @since 2.0.0
+     * @alias eachRight
+     * @category Collection
+     * @param {Array|Object} collection The collection to iterate over.
+     * @param {Function} [iteratee=_.identity] The function invoked per iteration.
+     * @returns {Array|Object} Returns `collection`.
+     * @see _.forEach
+     * @example
+     *
+     * _.forEachRight([1, 2], function(value) {
+     *   console.log(value);
+     * });
+     * // => Logs `2` then `1`.
+     */
+    function forEachRight(collection, iteratee) {
+      var func = isArray(collection) ? arrayEachRight : baseEachRight;
+      return func(collection, getIteratee(iteratee, 3));
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Creates an object composed of keys generated from the results of running
+     * each element of `collection` thru `iteratee`. The order of grouped values
+     * is determined by the order they occur in `collection`. The corresponding
+     * value of each key is an array of elements responsible for generating the
+     * key. The iteratee is invoked with one argument: (value).
+     *
+     * @static
+     * @memberOf _
+     * @since 0.1.0
+     * @category Collection
+     * @param {Array|Object} collection The collection to iterate over.
+     * @param {Function} [iteratee=_.identity]
+     *  The iteratee to transform keys.
+     * @returns {Object} Returns the composed aggregate object.
+     * @example
+     *
+     * _.groupBy([6.1, 4.2, 6.3], Math.floor);
+     * // => { '4': [4.2], '6': [6.1, 6.3] }
+     *
+     * // The `_.property` iteratee shorthand.
+     * _.groupBy(['one', 'two', 'three'], 'length');
+     * // => { '3': ['one', 'two'], '5': ['three'] }
+     */
+    var groupBy = createAggregator(function(result, value, key) {
+      if (hasOwnProperty.call(result, key)) {
+        result[key].push(value);
+      } else {
+        result[key] = [value];
+      }
+    });
+
+    /**
+     * Checks if `value` is in `collection`. If `collection` is a string, it's
+     * checked for a substring of `value`, otherwise
+     * [`SameValueZero`](http://ecma-international.org/ecma-262/6.0/#sec-samevaluezero)
+     * is used for equality comparisons. If `fromIndex` is negative, it's used as
+     * the offset from the end of `collection`.
+     *
+     * @static
+     * @memberOf _
+     * @since 0.1.0
+     * @category Collection
+     * @param {Array|Object|string} collection The collection to search.
+     * @param {*} value The value to search for.
+     * @param {number} [fromIndex=0] The index to search from.
+     * @param- {Object} [guard] Enables use as an iteratee for methods like `_.reduce`.
+     * @returns {boolean} Returns `true` if `value` is found, else `false`.
+     * @example
+     *
+     * _.includes([1, 2, 3], 1);
+     * // => true
+     *
+     * _.includes([1, 2, 3], 1, 2);
+     * // => false
+     *
+     * _.includes({ 'a': 1, 'b': 2 }, 1);
+     * // => true
+     *
+     * _.includes('abcd', 'bc');
+     * // => true
+     */
+    function includes(collection, value, fromIndex, guard) {
+      collection = isArrayLike(collection) ? collection : values(collection);
+      fromIndex = (fromIndex && !guard) ? toInteger(fromIndex) : 0;
+
+      var length = collection.length;
+      if (fromIndex < 0) {
+        fromIndex = nativeMax(length + fromIndex, 0);
+      }
+      return isString(collection)
+        ? (fromIndex <= length && collection.indexOf(value, fromIndex) > -1)
+        : (!!length && baseIndexOf(collection, value, fromIndex) > -1);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Invokes the method at `path` of each element in `collection`, returning
+     * an array of the results of each invoked method. Any additional arguments
+     * are provided to each invoked method. If `path` is a function, it's invoked
+     * for, and `this` bound to, each element in `collection`.
+     *
+     * @static
+     * @memberOf _
+     * @since 4.0.0
+     * @category Collection
+     * @param {Array|Object} collection The collection to iterate over.
+     * @param {Array|Function|string} path The path of the method to invoke or
+     *  the function invoked per iteration.
+     * @param {...*} [args] The arguments to invoke each method with.
+     * @returns {Array} Returns the array of results.
+     * @example
+     *
+     * _.invokeMap([[5, 1, 7], [3, 2, 1]], 'sort');
+     * // => [[1, 5, 7], [1, 2, 3]]
+     *
+     * _.invokeMap([123, 456], String.prototype.split, '');
+     * // => [['1', '2', '3'], ['4', '5', '6']]
+     */
+    var invokeMap = baseRest(function(collection, path, args) {
+      var index = -1,
+          isFunc = typeof path == 'function',
+          isProp = isKey(path),
+          result = isArrayLike(collection) ? Array(collection.length) : [];
+
+      baseEach(collection, function(value) {
+        var func = isFunc ? path : ((isProp && value != null) ? value[path] : undefined);
+        result[++index] = func ? apply(func, value, args) : baseInvoke(value, path, args);
+      });
+      return result;
+    });
+
+    /**
+     * Creates an object composed of keys generated from the results of running
+     * each element of `collection` thru `iteratee`. The corresponding value of
+     * each key is the last element responsible for generating the key. The
+     * iteratee is invoked with one argument: (value).
+     *
+     * @static
+     * @memberOf _
+     * @since 4.0.0
+     * @category Collection
+     * @param {Array|Object} collection The collection to iterate over.
+     * @param {Function} [iteratee=_.identity]
+     *  The iteratee to transform keys.
+     * @returns {Object} Returns the composed aggregate object.
+     * @example
+     *
+     * var array = [
+     *   { 'dir': 'left', 'code': 97 },
+     *   { 'dir': 'right', 'code': 100 }
+     * ];
+     *
+     * _.keyBy(array, function(o) {
+     *   return String.fromCharCode(o.code);
+     * });
+     * // => { 'a': { 'dir': 'left', 'code': 97 }, 'd': { 'dir': 'right', 'code': 100 } }
+     *
+     * _.keyBy(array, 'dir');
+     * // => { 'left': { 'dir': 'left', 'code': 97 }, 'right': { 'dir': 'right', 'code': 100 } }
+     */
+    var keyBy = createAggregator(function(result, value, key) {
+      result[key] = value;
+    });
+
+    /**
+     * Creates an array of values by running each element in `collection` thru
+     * `iteratee`. The iteratee is invoked with three arguments:
+     * (value, index|key, collection).
+     *
+     * Many lodash methods are guarded to work as iteratees for methods like
+     * `_.every`, `_.filter`, `_.map`, `_.mapValues`, `_.reject`, and `_.some`.
+     *
+     * The guarded methods are:
+     * `ary`, `chunk`, `curry`, `curryRight`, `drop`, `dropRight`, `every`,
+     * `fill`, `invert`, `parseInt`, `random`, `range`, `rangeRight`, `repeat`,
+     * `sampleSize`, `slice`, `some`, `sortBy`, `split`, `take`, `takeRight`,
+     * `template`, `trim`, `trimEnd`, `trimStart`, and `words`
+     *
+     * @static
+     * @memberOf _
+     * @since 0.1.0
+     * @category Collection
+     * @param {Array|Object} collection The collection to iterate over.
+     * @param {Function} [iteratee=_.identity] The function invoked per iteration.
+     * @returns {Array} Returns the new mapped array.
+     * @example
+     *
+     * function square(n) {
+     *   return n * n;
+     * }
+     *
+     * _.map([4, 8], square);
+     * // => [16, 64]
+     *
+     * _.map({ 'a': 4, 'b': 8 }, square);
+     * // => [16, 64] (iteration order is not guaranteed)
+     *
+     * var users = [
+     *   { 'user': 'barney' },
+     *   { 'user': 'fred' }
+     * ];
+     *
+     * // The `_.property` iteratee shorthand.
+     * _.map(users, 'user');
+     * // => ['barney', 'fred']
+     */
+    function map(collection, iteratee) {
+      var func = isArray(collection) ? arrayMap : baseMap;
+      return func(collection, getIteratee(iteratee, 3));
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * This method is like `_.sortBy` except that it allows specifying the sort
+     * orders of the iteratees to sort by. If `orders` is unspecified, all values
+     * are sorted in ascending order. Otherwise, specify an order of "desc" for
+     * descending or "asc" for ascending sort order of corresponding values.
+     *
+     * @static
+     * @memberOf _
+     * @since 4.0.0
+     * @category Collection
+     * @param {Array|Object} collection The collection to iterate over.
+     * @param {Array[]|Function[]|Object[]|string[]} [iteratees=[_.identity]]
+     *  The iteratees to sort by.
+     * @param {string[]} [orders] The sort orders of `iteratees`.
+     * @param- {Object} [guard] Enables use as an iteratee for methods like `_.reduce`.
+     * @returns {Array} Returns the new sorted array.
+     * @example
+     *
+     * var users = [
+     *   { 'user': 'fred',   'age': 48 },
+     *   { 'user': 'barney', 'age': 34 },
+     *   { 'user': 'fred',   'age': 40 },
+     *   { 'user': 'barney', 'age': 36 }
+     * ];
+     *
+     * // Sort by `user` in ascending order and by `age` in descending order.
+     * _.orderBy(users, ['user', 'age'], ['asc', 'desc']);
+     * // => objects for [['barney', 36], ['barney', 34], ['fred', 48], ['fred', 40]]
+     */
+    function orderBy(collection, iteratees, orders, guard) {
+      if (collection == null) {
+        return [];
+      }
+      if (!isArray(iteratees)) {
+        iteratees = iteratees == null ? [] : [iteratees];
+      }
+      orders = guard ? undefined : orders;
+      if (!isArray(orders)) {
+        orders = orders == null ? [] : [orders];
+      }
+      return baseOrderBy(collection, iteratees, orders);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Creates an array of elements split into two groups, the first of which
+     * contains elements `predicate` returns truthy for, the second of which
+     * contains elements `predicate` returns falsey for. The predicate is
+     * invoked with one argument: (value).
+     *
+     * @static
+     * @memberOf _
+     * @since 3.0.0
+     * @category Collection
+     * @param {Array|Object} collection The collection to iterate over.
+     * @param {Function} [predicate=_.identity] The function invoked per iteration.
+     * @returns {Array} Returns the array of grouped elements.
+     * @example
+     *
+     * var users = [
+     *   { 'user': 'barney',  'age': 36, 'active': false },
+     *   { 'user': 'fred',    'age': 40, 'active': true },
+     *   { 'user': 'pebbles', 'age': 1,  'active': false }
+     * ];
+     *
+     * _.partition(users, function(o) { return o.active; });
+     * // => objects for [['fred'], ['barney', 'pebbles']]
+     *
+     * // The `_.matches` iteratee shorthand.
+     * _.partition(users, { 'age': 1, 'active': false });
+     * // => objects for [['pebbles'], ['barney', 'fred']]
+     *
+     * // The `_.matchesProperty` iteratee shorthand.
+     * _.partition(users, ['active', false]);
+     * // => objects for [['barney', 'pebbles'], ['fred']]
+     *
+     * // The `_.property` iteratee shorthand.
+     * _.partition(users, 'active');
+     * // => objects for [['fred'], ['barney', 'pebbles']]
+     */
+    var partition = createAggregator(function(result, value, key) {
+      result[key ? 0 : 1].push(value);
+    }, function() { return [[], []]; });
+
+    /**
+     * Reduces `collection` to a value which is the accumulated result of running
+     * each element in `collection` thru `iteratee`, where each successive
+     * invocation is supplied the return value of the previous. If `accumulator`
+     * is not given, the first element of `collection` is used as the initial
+     * value. The iteratee is invoked with four arguments:
+     * (accumulator, value, index|key, collection).
+     *
+     * Many lodash methods are guarded to work as iteratees for methods like
+     * `_.reduce`, `_.reduceRight`, and `_.transform`.
+     *
+     * The guarded methods are:
+     * `assign`, `defaults`, `defaultsDeep`, `includes`, `merge`, `orderBy`,
+     * and `sortBy`
+     *
+     * @static
+     * @memberOf _
+     * @since 0.1.0
+     * @category Collection
+     * @param {Array|Object} collection The collection to iterate over.
+     * @param {Function} [iteratee=_.identity] The function invoked per iteration.
+     * @param {*} [accumulator] The initial value.
+     * @returns {*} Returns the accumulated value.
+     * @see _.reduceRight
+     * @example
+     *
+     * _.reduce([1, 2], function(sum, n) {
+     *   return sum + n;
+     * }, 0);
+     * // => 3
+     *
+     * _.reduce({ 'a': 1, 'b': 2, 'c': 1 }, function(result, value, key) {
+     *   (result[value] || (result[value] = [])).push(key);
+     *   return result;
+     * }, {});
+     * // => { '1': ['a', 'c'], '2': ['b'] } (iteration order is not guaranteed)
+     */
+    function reduce(collection, iteratee, accumulator) {
+      var func = isArray(collection) ? arrayReduce : baseReduce,
+          initAccum = arguments.length < 3;
+
+      return func(collection, getIteratee(iteratee, 4), accumulator, initAccum, baseEach);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * This method is like `_.reduce` except that it iterates over elements of
+     * `collection` from right to left.
+     *
+     * @static
+     * @memberOf _
+     * @since 0.1.0
+     * @category Collection
+     * @param {Array|Object} collection The collection to iterate over.
+     * @param {Function} [iteratee=_.identity] The function invoked per iteration.
+     * @param {*} [accumulator] The initial value.
+     * @returns {*} Returns the accumulated value.
+     * @see _.reduce
+     * @example
+     *
+     * var array = [[0, 1], [2, 3], [4, 5]];
+     *
+     * _.reduceRight(array, function(flattened, other) {
+     *   return flattened.concat(other);
+     * }, []);
+     * // => [4, 5, 2, 3, 0, 1]
+     */
+    function reduceRight(collection, iteratee, accumulator) {
+      var func = isArray(collection) ? arrayReduceRight : baseReduce,
+          initAccum = arguments.length < 3;
+
+      return func(collection, getIteratee(iteratee, 4), accumulator, initAccum, baseEachRight);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * The opposite of `_.filter`; this method returns the elements of `collection`
+     * that `predicate` does **not** return truthy for.
+     *
+     * @static
+     * @memberOf _
+     * @since 0.1.0
+     * @category Collection
+     * @param {Array|Object} collection The collection to iterate over.
+     * @param {Function} [predicate=_.identity] The function invoked per iteration.
+     * @returns {Array} Returns the new filtered array.
+     * @see _.filter
+     * @example
+     *
+     * var users = [
+     *   { 'user': 'barney', 'age': 36, 'active': false },
+     *   { 'user': 'fred',   'age': 40, 'active': true }
+     * ];
+     *
+     * _.reject(users, function(o) { return !o.active; });
+     * // => objects for ['fred']
+     *
+     * // The `_.matches` iteratee shorthand.
+     * _.reject(users, { 'age': 40, 'active': true });
+     * // => objects for ['barney']
+     *
+     * // The `_.matchesProperty` iteratee shorthand.
+     * _.reject(users, ['active', false]);
+     * // => objects for ['fred']
+     *
+     * // The `_.property` iteratee shorthand.
+     * _.reject(users, 'active');
+     * // => objects for ['barney']
+     */
+    function reject(collection, predicate) {
+      var func = isArray(collection) ? arrayFilter : baseFilter;
+      return func(collection, negate(getIteratee(predicate, 3)));
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Gets a random element from `collection`.
+     *
+     * @static
+     * @memberOf _
+     * @since 2.0.0
+     * @category Collection
+     * @param {Array|Object} collection The collection to sample.
+     * @returns {*} Returns the random element.
+     * @example
+     *
+     * _.sample([1, 2, 3, 4]);
+     * // => 2
+     */
+    function sample(collection) {
+      var array = isArrayLike(collection) ? collection : values(collection),
+          length = array.length;
+
+      return length > 0 ? array[baseRandom(0, length - 1)] : undefined;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Gets `n` random elements at unique keys from `collection` up to the
+     * size of `collection`.
+     *
+     * @static
+     * @memberOf _
+     * @since 4.0.0
+     * @category Collection
+     * @param {Array|Object} collection The collection to sample.
+     * @param {number} [n=1] The number of elements to sample.
+     * @param- {Object} [guard] Enables use as an iteratee for methods like `_.map`.
+     * @returns {Array} Returns the random elements.
+     * @example
+     *
+     * _.sampleSize([1, 2, 3], 2);
+     * // => [3, 1]
+     *
+     * _.sampleSize([1, 2, 3], 4);
+     * // => [2, 3, 1]
+     */
+    function sampleSize(collection, n, guard) {
+      var index = -1,
+          result = toArray(collection),
+          length = result.length,
+          lastIndex = length - 1;
+
+      if ((guard ? isIterateeCall(collection, n, guard) : n === undefined)) {
+        n = 1;
+      } else {
+        n = baseClamp(toInteger(n), 0, length);
+      }
+      while (++index < n) {
+        var rand = baseRandom(index, lastIndex),
+            value = result[rand];
+
+        result[rand] = result[index];
+        result[index] = value;
+      }
+      result.length = n;
+      return result;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Creates an array of shuffled values, using a version of the
+     * [Fisher-Yates shuffle](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fisher-Yates_shuffle).
+     *
+     * @static
+     * @memberOf _
+     * @since 0.1.0
+     * @category Collection
+     * @param {Array|Object} collection The collection to shuffle.
+     * @returns {Array} Returns the new shuffled array.
+     * @example
+     *
+     * _.shuffle([1, 2, 3, 4]);
+     * // => [4, 1, 3, 2]
+     */
+    function shuffle(collection) {
+      return sampleSize(collection, MAX_ARRAY_LENGTH);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Gets the size of `collection` by returning its length for array-like
+     * values or the number of own enumerable string keyed properties for objects.
+     *
+     * @static
+     * @memberOf _
+     * @since 0.1.0
+     * @category Collection
+     * @param {Array|Object} collection The collection to inspect.
+     * @returns {number} Returns the collection size.
+     * @example
+     *
+     * _.size([1, 2, 3]);
+     * // => 3
+     *
+     * _.size({ 'a': 1, 'b': 2 });
+     * // => 2
+     *
+     * _.size('pebbles');
+     * // => 7
+     */
+    function size(collection) {
+      if (collection == null) {
+        return 0;
+      }
+      if (isArrayLike(collection)) {
+        var result = collection.length;
+        return (result && isString(collection)) ? stringSize(collection) : result;
+      }
+      if (isObjectLike(collection)) {
+        var tag = getTag(collection);
+        if (tag == mapTag || tag == setTag) {
+          return collection.size;
+        }
+      }
+      return keys(collection).length;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Checks if `predicate` returns truthy for **any** element of `collection`.
+     * Iteration is stopped once `predicate` returns truthy. The predicate is
+     * invoked with three arguments: (value, index|key, collection).
+     *
+     * @static
+     * @memberOf _
+     * @since 0.1.0
+     * @category Collection
+     * @param {Array|Object} collection The collection to iterate over.
+     * @param {Function} [predicate=_.identity] The function invoked per iteration.
+     * @param- {Object} [guard] Enables use as an iteratee for methods like `_.map`.
+     * @returns {boolean} Returns `true` if any element passes the predicate check,
+     *  else `false`.
+     * @example
+     *
+     * _.some([null, 0, 'yes', false], Boolean);
+     * // => true
+     *
+     * var users = [
+     *   { 'user': 'barney', 'active': true },
+     *   { 'user': 'fred',   'active': false }
+     * ];
+     *
+     * // The `_.matches` iteratee shorthand.
+     * _.some(users, { 'user': 'barney', 'active': false });
+     * // => false
+     *
+     * // The `_.matchesProperty` iteratee shorthand.
+     * _.some(users, ['active', false]);
+     * // => true
+     *
+     * // The `_.property` iteratee shorthand.
+     * _.some(users, 'active');
+     * // => true
+     */
+    function some(collection, predicate, guard) {
+      var func = isArray(collection) ? arraySome : baseSome;
+      if (guard && isIterateeCall(collection, predicate, guard)) {
+        predicate = undefined;
+      }
+      return func(collection, getIteratee(predicate, 3));
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Creates an array of elements, sorted in ascending order by the results of
+     * running each element in a collection thru each iteratee. This method
+     * performs a stable sort, that is, it preserves the original sort order of
+     * equal elements. The iteratees are invoked with one argument: (value).
+     *
+     * @static
+     * @memberOf _
+     * @since 0.1.0
+     * @category Collection
+     * @param {Array|Object} collection The collection to iterate over.
+     * @param {...(Function|Function[])} [iteratees=[_.identity]]
+     *  The iteratees to sort by.
+     * @returns {Array} Returns the new sorted array.
+     * @example
+     *
+     * var users = [
+     *   { 'user': 'fred',   'age': 48 },
+     *   { 'user': 'barney', 'age': 36 },
+     *   { 'user': 'fred',   'age': 40 },
+     *   { 'user': 'barney', 'age': 34 }
+     * ];
+     *
+     * _.sortBy(users, function(o) { return o.user; });
+     * // => objects for [['barney', 36], ['barney', 34], ['fred', 48], ['fred', 40]]
+     *
+     * _.sortBy(users, ['user', 'age']);
+     * // => objects for [['barney', 34], ['barney', 36], ['fred', 40], ['fred', 48]]
+     *
+     * _.sortBy(users, 'user', function(o) {
+     *   return Math.floor(o.age / 10);
+     * });
+     * // => objects for [['barney', 36], ['barney', 34], ['fred', 48], ['fred', 40]]
+     */
+    var sortBy = baseRest(function(collection, iteratees) {
+      if (collection == null) {
+        return [];
+      }
+      var length = iteratees.length;
+      if (length > 1 && isIterateeCall(collection, iteratees[0], iteratees[1])) {
+        iteratees = [];
+      } else if (length > 2 && isIterateeCall(iteratees[0], iteratees[1], iteratees[2])) {
+        iteratees = [iteratees[0]];
+      }
+      return baseOrderBy(collection, baseFlatten(iteratees, 1), []);
+    });
+
+    /*------------------------------------------------------------------------*/
+
+    /**
+     * Gets the timestamp of the number of milliseconds that have elapsed since
+     * the Unix epoch (1 January 1970 00:00:00 UTC).
+     *
+     * @static
+     * @memberOf _
+     * @since 2.4.0
+     * @category Date
+     * @returns {number} Returns the timestamp.
+     * @example
+     *
+     * _.defer(function(stamp) {
+     *   console.log(_.now() - stamp);
+     * }, _.now());
+     * // => Logs the number of milliseconds it took for the deferred invocation.
+     */
+    function now() {
+      return Date.now();
+    }
+
+    /*------------------------------------------------------------------------*/
+
+    /**
+     * The opposite of `_.before`; this method creates a function that invokes
+     * `func` once it's called `n` or more times.
+     *
+     * @static
+     * @memberOf _
+     * @since 0.1.0
+     * @category Function
+     * @param {number} n The number of calls before `func` is invoked.
+     * @param {Function} func The function to restrict.
+     * @returns {Function} Returns the new restricted function.
+     * @example
+     *
+     * var saves = ['profile', 'settings'];
+     *
+     * var done = _.after(saves.length, function() {
+     *   console.log('done saving!');
+     * });
+     *
+     * _.forEach(saves, function(type) {
+     *   asyncSave({ 'type': type, 'complete': done });
+     * });
+     * // => Logs 'done saving!' after the two async saves have completed.
+     */
+    function after(n, func) {
+      if (typeof func != 'function') {
+        throw new TypeError(FUNC_ERROR_TEXT);
+      }
+      n = toInteger(n);
+      return function() {
+        if (--n < 1) {
+          return func.apply(this, arguments);
+        }
+      };
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Creates a function that invokes `func`, with up to `n` arguments,
+     * ignoring any additional arguments.
+     *
+     * @static
+     * @memberOf _
+     * @since 3.0.0
+     * @category Function
+     * @param {Function} func The function to cap arguments for.
+     * @param {number} [n=func.length] The arity cap.
+     * @param- {Object} [guard] Enables use as an iteratee for methods like `_.map`.
+     * @returns {Function} Returns the new capped function.
+     * @example
+     *
+     * _.map(['6', '8', '10'], _.ary(parseInt, 1));
+     * // => [6, 8, 10]
+     */
+    function ary(func, n, guard) {
+      n = guard ? undefined : n;
+      n = (func && n == null) ? func.length : n;
+      return createWrap(func, ARY_FLAG, undefined, undefined, undefined, undefined, n);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Creates a function that invokes `func`, with the `this` binding and arguments
+     * of the created function, while it's called less than `n` times. Subsequent
+     * calls to the created function return the result of the last `func` invocation.
+     *
+     * @static
+     * @memberOf _
+     * @since 3.0.0
+     * @category Function
+     * @param {number} n The number of calls at which `func` is no longer invoked.
+     * @param {Function} func The function to restrict.
+     * @returns {Function} Returns the new restricted function.
+     * @example
+     *
+     * jQuery(element).on('click', _.before(5, addContactToList));
+     * // => Allows adding up to 4 contacts to the list.
+     */
+    function before(n, func) {
+      var result;
+      if (typeof func != 'function') {
+        throw new TypeError(FUNC_ERROR_TEXT);
+      }
+      n = toInteger(n);
+      return function() {
+        if (--n > 0) {
+          result = func.apply(this, arguments);
+        }
+        if (n <= 1) {
+          func = undefined;
+        }
+        return result;
+      };
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Creates a function that invokes `func` with the `this` binding of `thisArg`
+     * and `partials` prepended to the arguments it receives.
+     *
+     * The `_.bind.placeholder` value, which defaults to `_` in monolithic builds,
+     * may be used as a placeholder for partially applied arguments.
+     *
+     * **Note:** Unlike native `Function#bind`, this method doesn't set the "length"
+     * property of bound functions.
+     *
+     * @static
+     * @memberOf _
+     * @since 0.1.0
+     * @category Function
+     * @param {Function} func The function to bind.
+     * @param {*} thisArg The `this` binding of `func`.
+     * @param {...*} [partials] The arguments to be partially applied.
+     * @returns {Function} Returns the new bound function.
+     * @example
+     *
+     * function greet(greeting, punctuation) {
+     *   return greeting + ' ' + this.user + punctuation;
+     * }
+     *
+     * var object = { 'user': 'fred' };
+     *
+     * var bound = _.bind(greet, object, 'hi');
+     * bound('!');
+     * // => 'hi fred!'
+     *
+     * // Bound with placeholders.
+     * var bound = _.bind(greet, object, _, '!');
+     * bound('hi');
+     * // => 'hi fred!'
+     */
+    var bind = baseRest(function(func, thisArg, partials) {
+      var bitmask = BIND_FLAG;
+      if (partials.length) {
+        var holders = replaceHolders(partials, getHolder(bind));
+        bitmask |= PARTIAL_FLAG;
+      }
+      return createWrap(func, bitmask, thisArg, partials, holders);
+    });
+
+    /**
+     * Creates a function that invokes the method at `object[key]` with `partials`
+     * prepended to the arguments it receives.
+     *
+     * This method differs from `_.bind` by allowing bound functions to reference
+     * methods that may be redefined or don't yet exist. See
+     * [Peter Michaux's article](http://peter.michaux.ca/articles/lazy-function-definition-pattern)
+     * for more details.
+     *
+     * The `_.bindKey.placeholder` value, which defaults to `_` in monolithic
+     * builds, may be used as a placeholder for partially applied arguments.
+     *
+     * @static
+     * @memberOf _
+     * @since 0.10.0
+     * @category Function
+     * @param {Object} object The object to invoke the method on.
+     * @param {string} key The key of the method.
+     * @param {...*} [partials] The arguments to be partially applied.
+     * @returns {Function} Returns the new bound function.
+     * @example
+     *
+     * var object = {
+     *   'user': 'fred',
+     *   'greet': function(greeting, punctuation) {
+     *     return greeting + ' ' + this.user + punctuation;
+     *   }
+     * };
+     *
+     * var bound = _.bindKey(object, 'greet', 'hi');
+     * bound('!');
+     * // => 'hi fred!'
+     *
+     * object.greet = function(greeting, punctuation) {
+     *   return greeting + 'ya ' + this.user + punctuation;
+     * };
+     *
+     * bound('!');
+     * // => 'hiya fred!'
+     *
+     * // Bound with placeholders.
+     * var bound = _.bindKey(object, 'greet', _, '!');
+     * bound('hi');
+     * // => 'hiya fred!'
+     */
+    var bindKey = baseRest(function(object, key, partials) {
+      var bitmask = BIND_FLAG | BIND_KEY_FLAG;
+      if (partials.length) {
+        var holders = replaceHolders(partials, getHolder(bindKey));
+        bitmask |= PARTIAL_FLAG;
+      }
+      return createWrap(key, bitmask, object, partials, holders);
+    });
+
+    /**
+     * Creates a function that accepts arguments of `func` and either invokes
+     * `func` returning its result, if at least `arity` number of arguments have
+     * been provided, or returns a function that accepts the remaining `func`
+     * arguments, and so on. The arity of `func` may be specified if `func.length`
+     * is not sufficient.
+     *
+     * The `_.curry.placeholder` value, which defaults to `_` in monolithic builds,
+     * may be used as a placeholder for provided arguments.
+     *
+     * **Note:** This method doesn't set the "length" property of curried functions.
+     *
+     * @static
+     * @memberOf _
+     * @since 2.0.0
+     * @category Function
+     * @param {Function} func The function to curry.
+     * @param {number} [arity=func.length] The arity of `func`.
+     * @param- {Object} [guard] Enables use as an iteratee for methods like `_.map`.
+     * @returns {Function} Returns the new curried function.
+     * @example
+     *
+     * var abc = function(a, b, c) {
+     *   return [a, b, c];
+     * };
+     *
+     * var curried = _.curry(abc);
+     *
+     * curried(1)(2)(3);
+     * // => [1, 2, 3]
+     *
+     * curried(1, 2)(3);
+     * // => [1, 2, 3]
+     *
+     * curried(1, 2, 3);
+     * // => [1, 2, 3]
+     *
+     * // Curried with placeholders.
+     * curried(1)(_, 3)(2);
+     * // => [1, 2, 3]
+     */
+    function curry(func, arity, guard) {
+      arity = guard ? undefined : arity;
+      var result = createWrap(func, CURRY_FLAG, undefined, undefined, undefined, undefined, undefined, arity);
+      result.placeholder = curry.placeholder;
+      return result;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * This method is like `_.curry` except that arguments are applied to `func`
+     * in the manner of `_.partialRight` instead of `_.partial`.
+     *
+     * The `_.curryRight.placeholder` value, which defaults to `_` in monolithic
+     * builds, may be used as a placeholder for provided arguments.
+     *
+     * **Note:** This method doesn't set the "length" property of curried functions.
+     *
+     * @static
+     * @memberOf _
+     * @since 3.0.0
+     * @category Function
+     * @param {Function} func The function to curry.
+     * @param {number} [arity=func.length] The arity of `func`.
+     * @param- {Object} [guard] Enables use as an iteratee for methods like `_.map`.
+     * @returns {Function} Returns the new curried function.
+     * @example
+     *
+     * var abc = function(a, b, c) {
+     *   return [a, b, c];
+     * };
+     *
+     * var curried = _.curryRight(abc);
+     *
+     * curried(3)(2)(1);
+     * // => [1, 2, 3]
+     *
+     * curried(2, 3)(1);
+     * // => [1, 2, 3]
+     *
+     * curried(1, 2, 3);
+     * // => [1, 2, 3]
+     *
+     * // Curried with placeholders.
+     * curried(3)(1, _)(2);
+     * // => [1, 2, 3]
+     */
+    function curryRight(func, arity, guard) {
+      arity = guard ? undefined : arity;
+      var result = createWrap(func, CURRY_RIGHT_FLAG, undefined, undefined, undefined, undefined, undefined, arity);
+      result.placeholder = curryRight.placeholder;
+      return result;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Creates a debounced function that delays invoking `func` until after `wait`
+     * milliseconds have elapsed since the last time the debounced function was
+     * invoked. The debounced function comes with a `cancel` method to cancel
+     * delayed `func` invocations and a `flush` method to immediately invoke them.
+     * Provide `options` to indicate whether `func` should be invoked on the
+     * leading and/or trailing edge of the `wait` timeout. The `func` is invoked
+     * with the last arguments provided to the debounced function. Subsequent
+     * calls to the debounced function return the result of the last `func`
+     * invocation.
+     *
+     * **Note:** If `leading` and `trailing` options are `true`, `func` is
+     * invoked on the trailing edge of the timeout only if the debounced function
+     * is invoked more than once during the `wait` timeout.
+     *
+     * If `wait` is `0` and `leading` is `false`, `func` invocation is deferred
+     * until to the next tick, similar to `setTimeout` with a timeout of `0`.
+     *
+     * See [David Corbacho's article](https://css-tricks.com/debouncing-throttling-explained-examples/)
+     * for details over the differences between `_.debounce` and `_.throttle`.
+     *
+     * @static
+     * @memberOf _
+     * @since 0.1.0
+     * @category Function
+     * @param {Function} func The function to debounce.
+     * @param {number} [wait=0] The number of milliseconds to delay.
+     * @param {Object} [options={}] The options object.
+     * @param {boolean} [options.leading=false]
+     *  Specify invoking on the leading edge of the timeout.
+     * @param {number} [options.maxWait]
+     *  The maximum time `func` is allowed to be delayed before it's invoked.
+     * @param {boolean} [options.trailing=true]
+     *  Specify invoking on the trailing edge of the timeout.
+     * @returns {Function} Returns the new debounced function.
+     * @example
+     *
+     * // Avoid costly calculations while the window size is in flux.
+     * jQuery(window).on('resize', _.debounce(calculateLayout, 150));
+     *
+     * // Invoke `sendMail` when clicked, debouncing subsequent calls.
+     * jQuery(element).on('click', _.debounce(sendMail, 300, {
+     *   'leading': true,
+     *   'trailing': false
+     * }));
+     *
+     * // Ensure `batchLog` is invoked once after 1 second of debounced calls.
+     * var debounced = _.debounce(batchLog, 250, { 'maxWait': 1000 });
+     * var source = new EventSource('/stream');
+     * jQuery(source).on('message', debounced);
+     *
+     * // Cancel the trailing debounced invocation.
+     * jQuery(window).on('popstate', debounced.cancel);
+     */
+    function debounce(func, wait, options) {
+      var lastArgs,
+          lastThis,
+          maxWait,
+          result,
+          timerId,
+          lastCallTime,
+          lastInvokeTime = 0,
+          leading = false,
+          maxing = false,
+          trailing = true;
+
+      if (typeof func != 'function') {
+        throw new TypeError(FUNC_ERROR_TEXT);
+      }
+      wait = toNumber(wait) || 0;
+      if (isObject(options)) {
+        leading = !!options.leading;
+        maxing = 'maxWait' in options;
+        maxWait = maxing ? nativeMax(toNumber(options.maxWait) || 0, wait) : maxWait;
+        trailing = 'trailing' in options ? !!options.trailing : trailing;
+      }
+
+      function invokeFunc(time) {
+        var args = lastArgs,
+            thisArg = lastThis;
+
+        lastArgs = lastThis = undefined;
+        lastInvokeTime = time;
+        result = func.apply(thisArg, args);
+        return result;
+      }
+
+      function leadingEdge(time) {
+        // Reset any `maxWait` timer.
+        lastInvokeTime = time;
+        // Start the timer for the trailing edge.
+        timerId = setTimeout(timerExpired, wait);
+        // Invoke the leading edge.
+        return leading ? invokeFunc(time) : result;
+      }
+
+      function remainingWait(time) {
+        var timeSinceLastCall = time - lastCallTime,
+            timeSinceLastInvoke = time - lastInvokeTime,
+            result = wait - timeSinceLastCall;
+
+        return maxing ? nativeMin(result, maxWait - timeSinceLastInvoke) : result;
+      }
+
+      function shouldInvoke(time) {
+        var timeSinceLastCall = time - lastCallTime,
+            timeSinceLastInvoke = time - lastInvokeTime;
+
+        // Either this is the first call, activity has stopped and we're at the
+        // trailing edge, the system time has gone backwards and we're treating
+        // it as the trailing edge, or we've hit the `maxWait` limit.
+        return (lastCallTime === undefined || (timeSinceLastCall >= wait) ||
+          (timeSinceLastCall < 0) || (maxing && timeSinceLastInvoke >= maxWait));
+      }
+
+      function timerExpired() {
+        var time = now();
+        if (shouldInvoke(time)) {
+          return trailingEdge(time);
+        }
+        // Restart the timer.
+        timerId = setTimeout(timerExpired, remainingWait(time));
+      }
+
+      function trailingEdge(time) {
+        timerId = undefined;
+
+        // Only invoke if we have `lastArgs` which means `func` has been
+        // debounced at least once.
+        if (trailing && lastArgs) {
+          return invokeFunc(time);
+        }
+        lastArgs = lastThis = undefined;
+        return result;
+      }
+
+      function cancel() {
+        if (timerId !== undefined) {
+          clearTimeout(timerId);
+        }
+        lastInvokeTime = 0;
+        lastArgs = lastCallTime = lastThis = timerId = undefined;
+      }
+
+      function flush() {
+        return timerId === undefined ? result : trailingEdge(now());
+      }
+
+      function debounced() {
+        var time = now(),
+            isInvoking = shouldInvoke(time);
+
+        lastArgs = arguments;
+        lastThis = this;
+        lastCallTime = time;
+
+        if (isInvoking) {
+          if (timerId === undefined) {
+            return leadingEdge(lastCallTime);
+          }
+          if (maxing) {
+            // Handle invocations in a tight loop.
+            timerId = setTimeout(timerExpired, wait);
+            return invokeFunc(lastCallTime);
+          }
+        }
+        if (timerId === undefined) {
+          timerId = setTimeout(timerExpired, wait);
+        }
+        return result;
+      }
+      debounced.cancel = cancel;
+      debounced.flush = flush;
+      return debounced;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Defers invoking the `func` until the current call stack has cleared. Any
+     * additional arguments are provided to `func` when it's invoked.
+     *
+     * @static
+     * @memberOf _
+     * @since 0.1.0
+     * @category Function
+     * @param {Function} func The function to defer.
+     * @param {...*} [args] The arguments to invoke `func` with.
+     * @returns {number} Returns the timer id.
+     * @example
+     *
+     * _.defer(function(text) {
+     *   console.log(text);
+     * }, 'deferred');
+     * // => Logs 'deferred' after one or more milliseconds.
+     */
+    var defer = baseRest(function(func, args) {
+      return baseDelay(func, 1, args);
+    });
+
+    /**
+     * Invokes `func` after `wait` milliseconds. Any additional arguments are
+     * provided to `func` when it's invoked.
+     *
+     * @static
+     * @memberOf _
+     * @since 0.1.0
+     * @category Function
+     * @param {Function} func The function to delay.
+     * @param {number} wait The number of milliseconds to delay invocation.
+     * @param {...*} [args] The arguments to invoke `func` with.
+     * @returns {number} Returns the timer id.
+     * @example
+     *
+     * _.delay(function(text) {
+     *   console.log(text);
+     * }, 1000, 'later');
+     * // => Logs 'later' after one second.
+     */
+    var delay = baseRest(function(func, wait, args) {
+      return baseDelay(func, toNumber(wait) || 0, args);
+    });
+
+    /**
+     * Creates a function that invokes `func` with arguments reversed.
+     *
+     * @static
+     * @memberOf _
+     * @since 4.0.0
+     * @category Function
+     * @param {Function} func The function to flip arguments for.
+     * @returns {Function} Returns the new flipped function.
+     * @example
+     *
+     * var flipped = _.flip(function() {
+     *   return _.toArray(arguments);
+     * });
+     *
+     * flipped('a', 'b', 'c', 'd');
+     * // => ['d', 'c', 'b', 'a']
+     */
+    function flip(func) {
+      return createWrap(func, FLIP_FLAG);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Creates a function that memoizes the result of `func`. If `resolver` is
+     * provided, it determines the cache key for storing the result based on the
+     * arguments provided to the memoized function. By default, the first argument
+     * provided to the memoized function is used as the map cache key. The `func`
+     * is invoked with the `this` binding of the memoized function.
+     *
+     * **Note:** The cache is exposed as the `cache` property on the memoized
+     * function. Its creation may be customized by replacing the `_.memoize.Cache`
+     * constructor with one whose instances implement the
+     * [`Map`](http://ecma-international.org/ecma-262/6.0/#sec-properties-of-the-map-prototype-object)
+     * method interface of `delete`, `get`, `has`, and `set`.
+     *
+     * @static
+     * @memberOf _
+     * @since 0.1.0
+     * @category Function
+     * @param {Function} func The function to have its output memoized.
+     * @param {Function} [resolver] The function to resolve the cache key.
+     * @returns {Function} Returns the new memoized function.
+     * @example
+     *
+     * var object = { 'a': 1, 'b': 2 };
+     * var other = { 'c': 3, 'd': 4 };
+     *
+     * var values = _.memoize(_.values);
+     * values(object);
+     * // => [1, 2]
+     *
+     * values(other);
+     * // => [3, 4]
+     *
+     * object.a = 2;
+     * values(object);
+     * // => [1, 2]
+     *
+     * // Modify the result cache.
+     * values.cache.set(object, ['a', 'b']);
+     * values(object);
+     * // => ['a', 'b']
+     *
+     * // Replace `_.memoize.Cache`.
+     * _.memoize.Cache = WeakMap;
+     */
+    function memoize(func, resolver) {
+      if (typeof func != 'function' || (resolver && typeof resolver != 'function')) {
+        throw new TypeError(FUNC_ERROR_TEXT);
+      }
+      var memoized = function() {
+        var args = arguments,
+            key = resolver ? resolver.apply(this, args) : args[0],
+            cache = memoized.cache;
+
+        if (cache.has(key)) {
+          return cache.get(key);
+        }
+        var result = func.apply(this, args);
+        memoized.cache = cache.set(key, result);
+        return result;
+      };
+      memoized.cache = new (memoize.Cache || MapCache);
+      return memoized;
+    }
+
+    // Assign cache to `_.memoize`.
+    memoize.Cache = MapCache;
+
+    /**
+     * Creates a function that negates the result of the predicate `func`. The
+     * `func` predicate is invoked with the `this` binding and arguments of the
+     * created function.
+     *
+     * @static
+     * @memberOf _
+     * @since 3.0.0
+     * @category Function
+     * @param {Function} predicate The predicate to negate.
+     * @returns {Function} Returns the new negated function.
+     * @example
+     *
+     * function isEven(n) {
+     *   return n % 2 == 0;
+     * }
+     *
+     * _.filter([1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6], _.negate(isEven));
+     * // => [1, 3, 5]
+     */
+    function negate(predicate) {
+      if (typeof predicate != 'function') {
+        throw new TypeError(FUNC_ERROR_TEXT);
+      }
+      return function() {
+        var args = arguments;
+        switch (args.length) {
+          case 0: return !predicate.call(this);
+          case 1: return !predicate.call(this, args[0]);
+          case 2: return !predicate.call(this, args[0], args[1]);
+          case 3: return !predicate.call(this, args[0], args[1], args[2]);
+        }
+        return !predicate.apply(this, args);
+      };
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Creates a function that is restricted to invoking `func` once. Repeat calls
+     * to the function return the value of the first invocation. The `func` is
+     * invoked with the `this` binding and arguments of the created function.
+     *
+     * @static
+     * @memberOf _
+     * @since 0.1.0
+     * @category Function
+     * @param {Function} func The function to restrict.
+     * @returns {Function} Returns the new restricted function.
+     * @example
+     *
+     * var initialize = _.once(createApplication);
+     * initialize();
+     * initialize();
+     * // => `createApplication` is invoked once
+     */
+    function once(func) {
+      return before(2, func);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Creates a function that invokes `func` with its arguments transformed.
+     *
+     * @static
+     * @since 4.0.0
+     * @memberOf _
+     * @category Function
+     * @param {Function} func The function to wrap.
+     * @param {...(Function|Function[])} [transforms=[_.identity]]
+     *  The argument transforms.
+     * @returns {Function} Returns the new function.
+     * @example
+     *
+     * function doubled(n) {
+     *   return n * 2;
+     * }
+     *
+     * function square(n) {
+     *   return n * n;
+     * }
+     *
+     * var func = _.overArgs(function(x, y) {
+     *   return [x, y];
+     * }, [square, doubled]);
+     *
+     * func(9, 3);
+     * // => [81, 6]
+     *
+     * func(10, 5);
+     * // => [100, 10]
+     */
+    var overArgs = baseRest(function(func, transforms) {
+      transforms = (transforms.length == 1 && isArray(transforms[0]))
+        ? arrayMap(transforms[0], baseUnary(getIteratee()))
+        : arrayMap(baseFlatten(transforms, 1), baseUnary(getIteratee()));
+
+      var funcsLength = transforms.length;
+      return baseRest(function(args) {
+        var index = -1,
+            length = nativeMin(args.length, funcsLength);
+
+        while (++index < length) {
+          args[index] = transforms[index].call(this, args[index]);
+        }
+        return apply(func, this, args);
+      });
+    });
+
+    /**
+     * Creates a function that invokes `func` with `partials` prepended to the
+     * arguments it receives. This method is like `_.bind` except it does **not**
+     * alter the `this` binding.
+     *
+     * The `_.partial.placeholder` value, which defaults to `_` in monolithic
+     * builds, may be used as a placeholder for partially applied arguments.
+     *
+     * **Note:** This method doesn't set the "length" property of partially
+     * applied functions.
+     *
+     * @static
+     * @memberOf _
+     * @since 0.2.0
+     * @category Function
+     * @param {Function} func The function to partially apply arguments to.
+     * @param {...*} [partials] The arguments to be partially applied.
+     * @returns {Function} Returns the new partially applied function.
+     * @example
+     *
+     * function greet(greeting, name) {
+     *   return greeting + ' ' + name;
+     * }
+     *
+     * var sayHelloTo = _.partial(greet, 'hello');
+     * sayHelloTo('fred');
+     * // => 'hello fred'
+     *
+     * // Partially applied with placeholders.
+     * var greetFred = _.partial(greet, _, 'fred');
+     * greetFred('hi');
+     * // => 'hi fred'
+     */
+    var partial = baseRest(function(func, partials) {
+      var holders = replaceHolders(partials, getHolder(partial));
+      return createWrap(func, PARTIAL_FLAG, undefined, partials, holders);
+    });
+
+    /**
+     * This method is like `_.partial` except that partially applied arguments
+     * are appended to the arguments it receives.
+     *
+     * The `_.partialRight.placeholder` value, which defaults to `_` in monolithic
+     * builds, may be used as a placeholder for partially applied arguments.
+     *
+     * **Note:** This method doesn't set the "length" property of partially
+     * applied functions.
+     *
+     * @static
+     * @memberOf _
+     * @since 1.0.0
+     * @category Function
+     * @param {Function} func The function to partially apply arguments to.
+     * @param {...*} [partials] The arguments to be partially applied.
+     * @returns {Function} Returns the new partially applied function.
+     * @example
+     *
+     * function greet(greeting, name) {
+     *   return greeting + ' ' + name;
+     * }
+     *
+     * var greetFred = _.partialRight(greet, 'fred');
+     * greetFred('hi');
+     * // => 'hi fred'
+     *
+     * // Partially applied with placeholders.
+     * var sayHelloTo = _.partialRight(greet, 'hello', _);
+     * sayHelloTo('fred');
+     * // => 'hello fred'
+     */
+    var partialRight = baseRest(function(func, partials) {
+      var holders = replaceHolders(partials, getHolder(partialRight));
+      return createWrap(func, PARTIAL_RIGHT_FLAG, undefined, partials, holders);
+    });
+
+    /**
+     * Creates a function that invokes `func` with arguments arranged according
+     * to the specified `indexes` where the argument value at the first index is
+     * provided as the first argument, the argument value at the second index is
+     * provided as the second argument, and so on.
+     *
+     * @static
+     * @memberOf _
+     * @since 3.0.0
+     * @category Function
+     * @param {Function} func The function to rearrange arguments for.
+     * @param {...(number|number[])} indexes The arranged argument indexes.
+     * @returns {Function} Returns the new function.
+     * @example
+     *
+     * var rearged = _.rearg(function(a, b, c) {
+     *   return [a, b, c];
+     * }, [2, 0, 1]);
+     *
+     * rearged('b', 'c', 'a')
+     * // => ['a', 'b', 'c']
+     */
+    var rearg = baseRest(function(func, indexes) {
+      return createWrap(func, REARG_FLAG, undefined, undefined, undefined, baseFlatten(indexes, 1));
+    });
+
+    /**
+     * Creates a function that invokes `func` with the `this` binding of the
+     * created function and arguments from `start` and beyond provided as
+     * an array.
+     *
+     * **Note:** This method is based on the
+     * [rest parameter](https://mdn.io/rest_parameters).
+     *
+     * @static
+     * @memberOf _
+     * @since 4.0.0
+     * @category Function
+     * @param {Function} func The function to apply a rest parameter to.
+     * @param {number} [start=func.length-1] The start position of the rest parameter.
+     * @returns {Function} Returns the new function.
+     * @example
+     *
+     * var say = _.rest(function(what, names) {
+     *   return what + ' ' + _.initial(names).join(', ') +
+     *     (_.size(names) > 1 ? ', & ' : '') + _.last(names);
+     * });
+     *
+     * say('hello', 'fred', 'barney', 'pebbles');
+     * // => 'hello fred, barney, & pebbles'
+     */
+    function rest(func, start) {
+      if (typeof func != 'function') {
+        throw new TypeError(FUNC_ERROR_TEXT);
+      }
+      start = start === undefined ? start : toInteger(start);
+      return baseRest(func, start);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Creates a function that invokes `func` with the `this` binding of the
+     * create function and an array of arguments much like
+     * [`Function#apply`](http://www.ecma-international.org/ecma-262/6.0/#sec-function.prototype.apply).
+     *
+     * **Note:** This method is based on the
+     * [spread operator](https://mdn.io/spread_operator).
+     *
+     * @static
+     * @memberOf _
+     * @since 3.2.0
+     * @category Function
+     * @param {Function} func The function to spread arguments over.
+     * @param {number} [start=0] The start position of the spread.
+     * @returns {Function} Returns the new function.
+     * @example
+     *
+     * var say = _.spread(function(who, what) {
+     *   return who + ' says ' + what;
+     * });
+     *
+     * say(['fred', 'hello']);
+     * // => 'fred says hello'
+     *
+     * var numbers = Promise.all([
+     *   Promise.resolve(40),
+     *   Promise.resolve(36)
+     * ]);
+     *
+     * numbers.then(_.spread(function(x, y) {
+     *   return x + y;
+     * }));
+     * // => a Promise of 76
+     */
+    function spread(func, start) {
+      if (typeof func != 'function') {
+        throw new TypeError(FUNC_ERROR_TEXT);
+      }
+      start = start === undefined ? 0 : nativeMax(toInteger(start), 0);
+      return baseRest(function(args) {
+        var array = args[start],
+            otherArgs = castSlice(args, 0, start);
+
+        if (array) {
+          arrayPush(otherArgs, array);
+        }
+        return apply(func, this, otherArgs);
+      });
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Creates a throttled function that only invokes `func` at most once per
+     * every `wait` milliseconds. The throttled function comes with a `cancel`
+     * method to cancel delayed `func` invocations and a `flush` method to
+     * immediately invoke them. Provide `options` to indicate whether `func`
+     * should be invoked on the leading and/or trailing edge of the `wait`
+     * timeout. The `func` is invoked with the last arguments provided to the
+     * throttled function. Subsequent calls to the throttled function return the
+     * result of the last `func` invocation.
+     *
+     * **Note:** If `leading` and `trailing` options are `true`, `func` is
+     * invoked on the trailing edge of the timeout only if the throttled function
+     * is invoked more than once during the `wait` timeout.
+     *
+     * If `wait` is `0` and `leading` is `false`, `func` invocation is deferred
+     * until to the next tick, similar to `setTimeout` with a timeout of `0`.
+     *
+     * See [David Corbacho's article](https://css-tricks.com/debouncing-throttling-explained-examples/)
+     * for details over the differences between `_.throttle` and `_.debounce`.
+     *
+     * @static
+     * @memberOf _
+     * @since 0.1.0
+     * @category Function
+     * @param {Function} func The function to throttle.
+     * @param {number} [wait=0] The number of milliseconds to throttle invocations to.
+     * @param {Object} [options={}] The options object.
+     * @param {boolean} [options.leading=true]
+     *  Specify invoking on the leading edge of the timeout.
+     * @param {boolean} [options.trailing=true]
+     *  Specify invoking on the trailing edge of the timeout.
+     * @returns {Function} Returns the new throttled function.
+     * @example
+     *
+     * // Avoid excessively updating the position while scrolling.
+     * jQuery(window).on('scroll', _.throttle(updatePosition, 100));
+     *
+     * // Invoke `renewToken` when the click event is fired, but not more than once every 5 minutes.
+     * var throttled = _.throttle(renewToken, 300000, { 'trailing': false });
+     * jQuery(element).on('click', throttled);
+     *
+     * // Cancel the trailing throttled invocation.
+     * jQuery(window).on('popstate', throttled.cancel);
+     */
+    function throttle(func, wait, options) {
+      var leading = true,
+          trailing = true;
+
+      if (typeof func != 'function') {
+        throw new TypeError(FUNC_ERROR_TEXT);
+      }
+      if (isObject(options)) {
+        leading = 'leading' in options ? !!options.leading : leading;
+        trailing = 'trailing' in options ? !!options.trailing : trailing;
+      }
+      return debounce(func, wait, {
+        'leading': leading,
+        'maxWait': wait,
+        'trailing': trailing
+      });
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Creates a function that accepts up to one argument, ignoring any
+     * additional arguments.
+     *
+     * @static
+     * @memberOf _
+     * @since 4.0.0
+     * @category Function
+     * @param {Function} func The function to cap arguments for.
+     * @returns {Function} Returns the new capped function.
+     * @example
+     *
+     * _.map(['6', '8', '10'], _.unary(parseInt));
+     * // => [6, 8, 10]
+     */
+    function unary(func) {
+      return ary(func, 1);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Creates a function that provides `value` to `wrapper` as its first
+     * argument. Any additional arguments provided to the function are appended
+     * to those provided to the `wrapper`. The wrapper is invoked with the `this`
+     * binding of the created function.
+     *
+     * @static
+     * @memberOf _
+     * @since 0.1.0
+     * @category Function
+     * @param {*} value The value to wrap.
+     * @param {Function} [wrapper=identity] The wrapper function.
+     * @returns {Function} Returns the new function.
+     * @example
+     *
+     * var p = _.wrap(_.escape, function(func, text) {
+     *   return '<p>' + func(text) + '</p>';
+     * });
+     *
+     * p('fred, barney, & pebbles');
+     * // => '<p>fred, barney, &amp; pebbles</p>'
+     */
+    function wrap(value, wrapper) {
+      wrapper = wrapper == null ? identity : wrapper;
+      return partial(wrapper, value);
+    }
+
+    /*------------------------------------------------------------------------*/
+
+    /**
+     * Casts `value` as an array if it's not one.
+     *
+     * @static
+     * @memberOf _
+     * @since 4.4.0
+     * @category Lang
+     * @param {*} value The value to inspect.
+     * @returns {Array} Returns the cast array.
+     * @example
+     *
+     * _.castArray(1);
+     * // => [1]
+     *
+     * _.castArray({ 'a': 1 });
+     * // => [{ 'a': 1 }]
+     *
+     * _.castArray('abc');
+     * // => ['abc']
+     *
+     * _.castArray(null);
+     * // => [null]
+     *
+     * _.castArray(undefined);
+     * // => [undefined]
+     *
+     * _.castArray();
+     * // => []
+     *
+     * var array = [1, 2, 3];
+     * console.log(_.castArray(array) === array);
+     * // => true
+     */
+    function castArray() {
+      if (!arguments.length) {
+        return [];
+      }
+      var value = arguments[0];
+      return isArray(value) ? value : [value];
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Creates a shallow clone of `value`.
+     *
+     * **Note:** This method is loosely based on the
+     * [structured clone algorithm](https://mdn.io/Structured_clone_algorithm)
+     * and supports cloning arrays, array buffers, booleans, date objects, maps,
+     * numbers, `Object` objects, regexes, sets, strings, symbols, and typed
+     * arrays. The own enumerable properties of `arguments` objects are cloned
+     * as plain objects. An empty object is returned for uncloneable values such
+     * as error objects, functions, DOM nodes, and WeakMaps.
+     *
+     * @static
+     * @memberOf _
+     * @since 0.1.0
+     * @category Lang
+     * @param {*} value The value to clone.
+     * @returns {*} Returns the cloned value.
+     * @see _.cloneDeep
+     * @example
+     *
+     * var objects = [{ 'a': 1 }, { 'b': 2 }];
+     *
+     * var shallow = _.clone(objects);
+     * console.log(shallow[0] === objects[0]);
+     * // => true
+     */
+    function clone(value) {
+      return baseClone(value, false, true);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * This method is like `_.clone` except that it accepts `customizer` which
+     * is invoked to produce the cloned value. If `customizer` returns `undefined`,
+     * cloning is handled by the method instead. The `customizer` is invoked with
+     * up to four arguments; (value [, index|key, object, stack]).
+     *
+     * @static
+     * @memberOf _
+     * @since 4.0.0
+     * @category Lang
+     * @param {*} value The value to clone.
+     * @param {Function} [customizer] The function to customize cloning.
+     * @returns {*} Returns the cloned value.
+     * @see _.cloneDeepWith
+     * @example
+     *
+     * function customizer(value) {
+     *   if (_.isElement(value)) {
+     *     return value.cloneNode(false);
+     *   }
+     * }
+     *
+     * var el = _.cloneWith(document.body, customizer);
+     *
+     * console.log(el === document.body);
+     * // => false
+     * console.log(el.nodeName);
+     * // => 'BODY'
+     * console.log(el.childNodes.length);
+     * // => 0
+     */
+    function cloneWith(value, customizer) {
+      return baseClone(value, false, true, customizer);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * This method is like `_.clone` except that it recursively clones `value`.
+     *
+     * @static
+     * @memberOf _
+     * @since 1.0.0
+     * @category Lang
+     * @param {*} value The value to recursively clone.
+     * @returns {*} Returns the deep cloned value.
+     * @see _.clone
+     * @example
+     *
+     * var objects = [{ 'a': 1 }, { 'b': 2 }];
+     *
+     * var deep = _.cloneDeep(objects);
+     * console.log(deep[0] === objects[0]);
+     * // => false
+     */
+    function cloneDeep(value) {
+      return baseClone(value, true, true);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * This method is like `_.cloneWith` except that it recursively clones `value`.
+     *
+     * @static
+     * @memberOf _
+     * @since 4.0.0
+     * @category Lang
+     * @param {*} value The value to recursively clone.
+     * @param {Function} [customizer] The function to customize cloning.
+     * @returns {*} Returns the deep cloned value.
+     * @see _.cloneWith
+     * @example
+     *
+     * function customizer(value) {
+     *   if (_.isElement(value)) {
+     *     return value.cloneNode(true);
+     *   }
+     * }
+     *
+     * var el = _.cloneDeepWith(document.body, customizer);
+     *
+     * console.log(el === document.body);
+     * // => false
+     * console.log(el.nodeName);
+     * // => 'BODY'
+     * console.log(el.childNodes.length);
+     * // => 20
+     */
+    function cloneDeepWith(value, customizer) {
+      return baseClone(value, true, true, customizer);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Checks if `object` conforms to `source` by invoking the predicate
+     * properties of `source` with the corresponding property values of `object`.
+     *
+     * **Note:** This method is equivalent to `_.conforms` when `source` is
+     * partially applied.
+     *
+     * @static
+     * @memberOf _
+     * @since 4.14.0
+     * @category Lang
+     * @param {Object} object The object to inspect.
+     * @param {Object} source The object of property predicates to conform to.
+     * @returns {boolean} Returns `true` if `object` conforms, else `false`.
+     * @example
+     *
+     * var object = { 'a': 1, 'b': 2 };
+     *
+     * _.conformsTo(object, { 'b': function(n) { return n > 1; } });
+     * // => true
+     *
+     * _.conformsTo(object, { 'b': function(n) { return n > 2; } });
+     * // => false
+     */
+    function conformsTo(object, source) {
+      return source == null || baseConformsTo(object, source, keys(source));
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Performs a
+     * [`SameValueZero`](http://ecma-international.org/ecma-262/6.0/#sec-samevaluezero)
+     * comparison between two values to determine if they are equivalent.
+     *
+     * @static
+     * @memberOf _
+     * @since 4.0.0
+     * @category Lang
+     * @param {*} value The value to compare.
+     * @param {*} other The other value to compare.
+     * @returns {boolean} Returns `true` if the values are equivalent, else `false`.
+     * @example
+     *
+     * var object = { 'a': 1 };
+     * var other = { 'a': 1 };
+     *
+     * _.eq(object, object);
+     * // => true
+     *
+     * _.eq(object, other);
+     * // => false
+     *
+     * _.eq('a', 'a');
+     * // => true
+     *
+     * _.eq('a', Object('a'));
+     * // => false
+     *
+     * _.eq(NaN, NaN);
+     * // => true
+     */
+    function eq(value, other) {
+      return value === other || (value !== value && other !== other);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Checks if `value` is greater than `other`.
+     *
+     * @static
+     * @memberOf _
+     * @since 3.9.0
+     * @category Lang
+     * @param {*} value The value to compare.
+     * @param {*} other The other value to compare.
+     * @returns {boolean} Returns `true` if `value` is greater than `other`,
+     *  else `false`.
+     * @see _.lt
+     * @example
+     *
+     * _.gt(3, 1);
+     * // => true
+     *
+     * _.gt(3, 3);
+     * // => false
+     *
+     * _.gt(1, 3);
+     * // => false
+     */
+    var gt = createRelationalOperation(baseGt);
+
+    /**
+     * Checks if `value` is greater than or equal to `other`.
+     *
+     * @static
+     * @memberOf _
+     * @since 3.9.0
+     * @category Lang
+     * @param {*} value The value to compare.
+     * @param {*} other The other value to compare.
+     * @returns {boolean} Returns `true` if `value` is greater than or equal to
+     *  `other`, else `false`.
+     * @see _.lte
+     * @example
+     *
+     * _.gte(3, 1);
+     * // => true
+     *
+     * _.gte(3, 3);
+     * // => true
+     *
+     * _.gte(1, 3);
+     * // => false
+     */
+    var gte = createRelationalOperation(function(value, other) {
+      return value >= other;
+    });
+
+    /**
+     * Checks if `value` is likely an `arguments` object.
+     *
+     * @static
+     * @memberOf _
+     * @since 0.1.0
+     * @category Lang
+     * @param {*} value The value to check.
+     * @returns {boolean} Returns `true` if `value` is an `arguments` object,
+     *  else `false`.
+     * @example
+     *
+     * _.isArguments(function() { return arguments; }());
+     * // => true
+     *
+     * _.isArguments([1, 2, 3]);
+     * // => false
+     */
+    function isArguments(value) {
+      // Safari 8.1 incorrectly makes `arguments.callee` enumerable in strict mode.
+      return isArrayLikeObject(value) && hasOwnProperty.call(value, 'callee') &&
+        (!propertyIsEnumerable.call(value, 'callee') || objectToString.call(value) == argsTag);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Checks if `value` is classified as an `Array` object.
+     *
+     * @static
+     * @memberOf _
+     * @since 0.1.0
+     * @category Lang
+     * @param {*} value The value to check.
+     * @returns {boolean} Returns `true` if `value` is an array, else `false`.
+     * @example
+     *
+     * _.isArray([1, 2, 3]);
+     * // => true
+     *
+     * _.isArray(document.body.children);
+     * // => false
+     *
+     * _.isArray('abc');
+     * // => false
+     *
+     * _.isArray(_.noop);
+     * // => false
+     */
+    var isArray = Array.isArray;
+
+    /**
+     * Checks if `value` is classified as an `ArrayBuffer` object.
+     *
+     * @static
+     * @memberOf _
+     * @since 4.3.0
+     * @category Lang
+     * @param {*} value The value to check.
+     * @returns {boolean} Returns `true` if `value` is an array buffer, else `false`.
+     * @example
+     *
+     * _.isArrayBuffer(new ArrayBuffer(2));
+     * // => true
+     *
+     * _.isArrayBuffer(new Array(2));
+     * // => false
+     */
+    var isArrayBuffer = nodeIsArrayBuffer ? baseUnary(nodeIsArrayBuffer) : baseIsArrayBuffer;
+
+    /**
+     * Checks if `value` is array-like. A value is considered array-like if it's
+     * not a function and has a `value.length` that's an integer greater than or
+     * equal to `0` and less than or equal to `Number.MAX_SAFE_INTEGER`.
+     *
+     * @static
+     * @memberOf _
+     * @since 4.0.0
+     * @category Lang
+     * @param {*} value The value to check.
+     * @returns {boolean} Returns `true` if `value` is array-like, else `false`.
+     * @example
+     *
+     * _.isArrayLike([1, 2, 3]);
+     * // => true
+     *
+     * _.isArrayLike(document.body.children);
+     * // => true
+     *
+     * _.isArrayLike('abc');
+     * // => true
+     *
+     * _.isArrayLike(_.noop);
+     * // => false
+     */
+    function isArrayLike(value) {
+      return value != null && isLength(getLength(value)) && !isFunction(value);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * This method is like `_.isArrayLike` except that it also checks if `value`
+     * is an object.
+     *
+     * @static
+     * @memberOf _
+     * @since 4.0.0
+     * @category Lang
+     * @param {*} value The value to check.
+     * @returns {boolean} Returns `true` if `value` is an array-like object,
+     *  else `false`.
+     * @example
+     *
+     * _.isArrayLikeObject([1, 2, 3]);
+     * // => true
+     *
+     * _.isArrayLikeObject(document.body.children);
+     * // => true
+     *
+     * _.isArrayLikeObject('abc');
+     * // => false
+     *
+     * _.isArrayLikeObject(_.noop);
+     * // => false
+     */
+    function isArrayLikeObject(value) {
+      return isObjectLike(value) && isArrayLike(value);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Checks if `value` is classified as a boolean primitive or object.
+     *
+     * @static
+     * @memberOf _
+     * @since 0.1.0
+     * @category Lang
+     * @param {*} value The value to check.
+     * @returns {boolean} Returns `true` if `value` is a boolean, else `false`.
+     * @example
+     *
+     * _.isBoolean(false);
+     * // => true
+     *
+     * _.isBoolean(null);
+     * // => false
+     */
+    function isBoolean(value) {
+      return value === true || value === false ||
+        (isObjectLike(value) && objectToString.call(value) == boolTag);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Checks if `value` is a buffer.
+     *
+     * @static
+     * @memberOf _
+     * @since 4.3.0
+     * @category Lang
+     * @param {*} value The value to check.
+     * @returns {boolean} Returns `true` if `value` is a buffer, else `false`.
+     * @example
+     *
+     * _.isBuffer(new Buffer(2));
+     * // => true
+     *
+     * _.isBuffer(new Uint8Array(2));
+     * // => false
+     */
+    var isBuffer = nativeIsBuffer || stubFalse;
+
+    /**
+     * Checks if `value` is classified as a `Date` object.
+     *
+     * @static
+     * @memberOf _
+     * @since 0.1.0
+     * @category Lang
+     * @param {*} value The value to check.
+     * @returns {boolean} Returns `true` if `value` is a date object, else `false`.
+     * @example
+     *
+     * _.isDate(new Date);
+     * // => true
+     *
+     * _.isDate('Mon April 23 2012');
+     * // => false
+     */
+    var isDate = nodeIsDate ? baseUnary(nodeIsDate) : baseIsDate;
+
+    /**
+     * Checks if `value` is likely a DOM element.
+     *
+     * @static
+     * @memberOf _
+     * @since 0.1.0
+     * @category Lang
+     * @param {*} value The value to check.
+     * @returns {boolean} Returns `true` if `value` is a DOM element,
+     *  else `false`.
+     * @example
+     *
+     * _.isElement(document.body);
+     * // => true
+     *
+     * _.isElement('<body>');
+     * // => false
+     */
+    function isElement(value) {
+      return !!value && value.nodeType === 1 && isObjectLike(value) && !isPlainObject(value);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Checks if `value` is an empty object, collection, map, or set.
+     *
+     * Objects are considered empty if they have no own enumerable string keyed
+     * properties.
+     *
+     * Array-like values such as `arguments` objects, arrays, buffers, strings, or
+     * jQuery-like collections are considered empty if they have a `length` of `0`.
+     * Similarly, maps and sets are considered empty if they have a `size` of `0`.
+     *
+     * @static
+     * @memberOf _
+     * @since 0.1.0
+     * @category Lang
+     * @param {*} value The value to check.
+     * @returns {boolean} Returns `true` if `value` is empty, else `false`.
+     * @example
+     *
+     * _.isEmpty(null);
+     * // => true
+     *
+     * _.isEmpty(true);
+     * // => true
+     *
+     * _.isEmpty(1);
+     * // => true
+     *
+     * _.isEmpty([1, 2, 3]);
+     * // => false
+     *
+     * _.isEmpty({ 'a': 1 });
+     * // => false
+     */
+    function isEmpty(value) {
+      if (isArrayLike(value) &&
+          (isArray(value) || isString(value) || isFunction(value.splice) ||
+            isArguments(value) || isBuffer(value))) {
+        return !value.length;
+      }
+      if (isObjectLike(value)) {
+        var tag = getTag(value);
+        if (tag == mapTag || tag == setTag) {
+          return !value.size;
+        }
+      }
+      for (var key in value) {
+        if (hasOwnProperty.call(value, key)) {
+          return false;
+        }
+      }
+      return !(nonEnumShadows && keys(value).length);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Performs a deep comparison between two values to determine if they are
+     * equivalent.
+     *
+     * **Note:** This method supports comparing arrays, array buffers, booleans,
+     * date objects, error objects, maps, numbers, `Object` objects, regexes,
+     * sets, strings, symbols, and typed arrays. `Object` objects are compared
+     * by their own, not inherited, enumerable properties. Functions and DOM
+     * nodes are **not** supported.
+     *
+     * @static
+     * @memberOf _
+     * @since 0.1.0
+     * @category Lang
+     * @param {*} value The value to compare.
+     * @param {*} other The other value to compare.
+     * @returns {boolean} Returns `true` if the values are equivalent,
+     *  else `false`.
+     * @example
+     *
+     * var object = { 'a': 1 };
+     * var other = { 'a': 1 };
+     *
+     * _.isEqual(object, other);
+     * // => true
+     *
+     * object === other;
+     * // => false
+     */
+    function isEqual(value, other) {
+      return baseIsEqual(value, other);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * This method is like `_.isEqual` except that it accepts `customizer` which
+     * is invoked to compare values. If `customizer` returns `undefined`, comparisons
+     * are handled by the method instead. The `customizer` is invoked with up to
+     * six arguments: (objValue, othValue [, index|key, object, other, stack]).
+     *
+     * @static
+     * @memberOf _
+     * @since 4.0.0
+     * @category Lang
+     * @param {*} value The value to compare.
+     * @param {*} other The other value to compare.
+     * @param {Function} [customizer] The function to customize comparisons.
+     * @returns {boolean} Returns `true` if the values are equivalent,
+     *  else `false`.
+     * @example
+     *
+     * function isGreeting(value) {
+     *   return /^h(?:i|ello)$/.test(value);
+     * }
+     *
+     * function customizer(objValue, othValue) {
+     *   if (isGreeting(objValue) && isGreeting(othValue)) {
+     *     return true;
+     *   }
+     * }
+     *
+     * var array = ['hello', 'goodbye'];
+     * var other = ['hi', 'goodbye'];
+     *
+     * _.isEqualWith(array, other, customizer);
+     * // => true
+     */
+    function isEqualWith(value, other, customizer) {
+      customizer = typeof customizer == 'function' ? customizer : undefined;
+      var result = customizer ? customizer(value, other) : undefined;
+      return result === undefined ? baseIsEqual(value, other, customizer) : !!result;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Checks if `value` is an `Error`, `EvalError`, `RangeError`, `ReferenceError`,
+     * `SyntaxError`, `TypeError`, or `URIError` object.
+     *
+     * @static
+     * @memberOf _
+     * @since 3.0.0
+     * @category Lang
+     * @param {*} value The value to check.
+     * @returns {boolean} Returns `true` if `value` is an error object,
+     *  else `false`.
+     * @example
+     *
+     * _.isError(new Error);
+     * // => true
+     *
+     * _.isError(Error);
+     * // => false
+     */
+    function isError(value) {
+      if (!isObjectLike(value)) {
+        return false;
+      }
+      return (objectToString.call(value) == errorTag) ||
+        (typeof value.message == 'string' && typeof value.name == 'string');
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Checks if `value` is a finite primitive number.
+     *
+     * **Note:** This method is based on
+     * [`Number.isFinite`](https://mdn.io/Number/isFinite).
+     *
+     * @static
+     * @memberOf _
+     * @since 0.1.0
+     * @category Lang
+     * @param {*} value The value to check.
+     * @returns {boolean} Returns `true` if `value` is a finite number,
+     *  else `false`.
+     * @example
+     *
+     * _.isFinite(3);
+     * // => true
+     *
+     * _.isFinite(Number.MIN_VALUE);
+     * // => true
+     *
+     * _.isFinite(Infinity);
+     * // => false
+     *
+     * _.isFinite('3');
+     * // => false
+     */
+    function isFinite(value) {
+      return typeof value == 'number' && nativeIsFinite(value);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Checks if `value` is classified as a `Function` object.
+     *
+     * @static
+     * @memberOf _
+     * @since 0.1.0
+     * @category Lang
+     * @param {*} value The value to check.
+     * @returns {boolean} Returns `true` if `value` is a function, else `false`.
+     * @example
+     *
+     * _.isFunction(_);
+     * // => true
+     *
+     * _.isFunction(/abc/);
+     * // => false
+     */
+    function isFunction(value) {
+      // The use of `Object#toString` avoids issues with the `typeof` operator
+      // in Safari 8 which returns 'object' for typed array and weak map constructors,
+      // and PhantomJS 1.9 which returns 'function' for `NodeList` instances.
+      var tag = isObject(value) ? objectToString.call(value) : '';
+      return tag == funcTag || tag == genTag;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Checks if `value` is an integer.
+     *
+     * **Note:** This method is based on
+     * [`Number.isInteger`](https://mdn.io/Number/isInteger).
+     *
+     * @static
+     * @memberOf _
+     * @since 4.0.0
+     * @category Lang
+     * @param {*} value The value to check.
+     * @returns {boolean} Returns `true` if `value` is an integer, else `false`.
+     * @example
+     *
+     * _.isInteger(3);
+     * // => true
+     *
+     * _.isInteger(Number.MIN_VALUE);
+     * // => false
+     *
+     * _.isInteger(Infinity);
+     * // => false
+     *
+     * _.isInteger('3');
+     * // => false
+     */
+    function isInteger(value) {
+      return typeof value == 'number' && value == toInteger(value);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Checks if `value` is a valid array-like length.
+     *
+     * **Note:** This function is loosely based on
+     * [`ToLength`](http://ecma-international.org/ecma-262/6.0/#sec-tolength).
+     *
+     * @static
+     * @memberOf _
+     * @since 4.0.0
+     * @category Lang
+     * @param {*} value The value to check.
+     * @returns {boolean} Returns `true` if `value` is a valid length,
+     *  else `false`.
+     * @example
+     *
+     * _.isLength(3);
+     * // => true
+     *
+     * _.isLength(Number.MIN_VALUE);
+     * // => false
+     *
+     * _.isLength(Infinity);
+     * // => false
+     *
+     * _.isLength('3');
+     * // => false
+     */
+    function isLength(value) {
+      return typeof value == 'number' &&
+        value > -1 && value % 1 == 0 && value <= MAX_SAFE_INTEGER;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Checks if `value` is the
+     * [language type](http://www.ecma-international.org/ecma-262/6.0/#sec-ecmascript-language-types)
+     * of `Object`. (e.g. arrays, functions, objects, regexes, `new Number(0)`, and `new String('')`)
+     *
+     * @static
+     * @memberOf _
+     * @since 0.1.0
+     * @category Lang
+     * @param {*} value The value to check.
+     * @returns {boolean} Returns `true` if `value` is an object, else `false`.
+     * @example
+     *
+     * _.isObject({});
+     * // => true
+     *
+     * _.isObject([1, 2, 3]);
+     * // => true
+     *
+     * _.isObject(_.noop);
+     * // => true
+     *
+     * _.isObject(null);
+     * // => false
+     */
+    function isObject(value) {
+      var type = typeof value;
+      return !!value && (type == 'object' || type == 'function');
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Checks if `value` is object-like. A value is object-like if it's not `null`
+     * and has a `typeof` result of "object".
+     *
+     * @static
+     * @memberOf _
+     * @since 4.0.0
+     * @category Lang
+     * @param {*} value The value to check.
+     * @returns {boolean} Returns `true` if `value` is object-like, else `false`.
+     * @example
+     *
+     * _.isObjectLike({});
+     * // => true
+     *
+     * _.isObjectLike([1, 2, 3]);
+     * // => true
+     *
+     * _.isObjectLike(_.noop);
+     * // => false
+     *
+     * _.isObjectLike(null);
+     * // => false
+     */
+    function isObjectLike(value) {
+      return !!value && typeof value == 'object';
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Checks if `value` is classified as a `Map` object.
+     *
+     * @static
+     * @memberOf _
+     * @since 4.3.0
+     * @category Lang
+     * @param {*} value The value to check.
+     * @returns {boolean} Returns `true` if `value` is a map, else `false`.
+     * @example
+     *
+     * _.isMap(new Map);
+     * // => true
+     *
+     * _.isMap(new WeakMap);
+     * // => false
+     */
+    var isMap = nodeIsMap ? baseUnary(nodeIsMap) : baseIsMap;
+
+    /**
+     * Performs a partial deep comparison between `object` and `source` to
+     * determine if `object` contains equivalent property values.
+     *
+     * **Note:** This method supports comparing the same values as `_.isEqual`
+     * and is equivalent to `_.matches` when `source` is partially applied.
+     *
+     * @static
+     * @memberOf _
+     * @since 3.0.0
+     * @category Lang
+     * @param {Object} object The object to inspect.
+     * @param {Object} source The object of property values to match.
+     * @returns {boolean} Returns `true` if `object` is a match, else `false`.
+     * @example
+     *
+     * var object = { 'a': 1, 'b': 2 };
+     *
+     * _.isMatch(object, { 'b': 2 });
+     * // => true
+     *
+     * _.isMatch(object, { 'b': 1 });
+     * // => false
+     */
+    function isMatch(object, source) {
+      return object === source || baseIsMatch(object, source, getMatchData(source));
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * This method is like `_.isMatch` except that it accepts `customizer` which
+     * is invoked to compare values. If `customizer` returns `undefined`, comparisons
+     * are handled by the method instead. The `customizer` is invoked with five
+     * arguments: (objValue, srcValue, index|key, object, source).
+     *
+     * @static
+     * @memberOf _
+     * @since 4.0.0
+     * @category Lang
+     * @param {Object} object The object to inspect.
+     * @param {Object} source The object of property values to match.
+     * @param {Function} [customizer] The function to customize comparisons.
+     * @returns {boolean} Returns `true` if `object` is a match, else `false`.
+     * @example
+     *
+     * function isGreeting(value) {
+     *   return /^h(?:i|ello)$/.test(value);
+     * }
+     *
+     * function customizer(objValue, srcValue) {
+     *   if (isGreeting(objValue) && isGreeting(srcValue)) {
+     *     return true;
+     *   }
+     * }
+     *
+     * var object = { 'greeting': 'hello' };
+     * var source = { 'greeting': 'hi' };
+     *
+     * _.isMatchWith(object, source, customizer);
+     * // => true
+     */
+    function isMatchWith(object, source, customizer) {
+      customizer = typeof customizer == 'function' ? customizer : undefined;
+      return baseIsMatch(object, source, getMatchData(source), customizer);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Checks if `value` is `NaN`.
+     *
+     * **Note:** This method is based on
+     * [`Number.isNaN`](https://mdn.io/Number/isNaN) and is not the same as
+     * global [`isNaN`](https://mdn.io/isNaN) which returns `true` for
+     * `undefined` and other non-number values.
+     *
+     * @static
+     * @memberOf _
+     * @since 0.1.0
+     * @category Lang
+     * @param {*} value The value to check.
+     * @returns {boolean} Returns `true` if `value` is `NaN`, else `false`.
+     * @example
+     *
+     * _.isNaN(NaN);
+     * // => true
+     *
+     * _.isNaN(new Number(NaN));
+     * // => true
+     *
+     * isNaN(undefined);
+     * // => true
+     *
+     * _.isNaN(undefined);
+     * // => false
+     */
+    function isNaN(value) {
+      // An `NaN` primitive is the only value that is not equal to itself.
+      // Perform the `toStringTag` check first to avoid errors with some
+      // ActiveX objects in IE.
+      return isNumber(value) && value != +value;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Checks if `value` is a pristine native function.
+     *
+     * **Note:** This method can't reliably detect native functions in the presence
+     * of the core-js package because core-js circumvents this kind of detection.
+     * Despite multiple requests, the core-js maintainer has made it clear: any
+     * attempt to fix the detection will be obstructed. As a result, we're left
+     * with little choice but to throw an error. Unfortunately, this also affects
+     * packages, like [babel-polyfill](https://www.npmjs.com/package/babel-polyfill),
+     * which rely on core-js.
+     *
+     * @static
+     * @memberOf _
+     * @since 3.0.0
+     * @category Lang
+     * @param {*} value The value to check.
+     * @returns {boolean} Returns `true` if `value` is a native function,
+     *  else `false`.
+     * @example
+     *
+     * _.isNative(Array.prototype.push);
+     * // => true
+     *
+     * _.isNative(_);
+     * // => false
+     */
+    function isNative(value) {
+      if (isMaskable(value)) {
+        throw new Error('This method is not supported with core-js. Try https://github.com/es-shims.');
+      }
+      return baseIsNative(value);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Checks if `value` is `null`.
+     *
+     * @static
+     * @memberOf _
+     * @since 0.1.0
+     * @category Lang
+     * @param {*} value The value to check.
+     * @returns {boolean} Returns `true` if `value` is `null`, else `false`.
+     * @example
+     *
+     * _.isNull(null);
+     * // => true
+     *
+     * _.isNull(void 0);
+     * // => false
+     */
+    function isNull(value) {
+      return value === null;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Checks if `value` is `null` or `undefined`.
+     *
+     * @static
+     * @memberOf _
+     * @since 4.0.0
+     * @category Lang
+     * @param {*} value The value to check.
+     * @returns {boolean} Returns `true` if `value` is nullish, else `false`.
+     * @example
+     *
+     * _.isNil(null);
+     * // => true
+     *
+     * _.isNil(void 0);
+     * // => true
+     *
+     * _.isNil(NaN);
+     * // => false
+     */
+    function isNil(value) {
+      return value == null;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Checks if `value` is classified as a `Number` primitive or object.
+     *
+     * **Note:** To exclude `Infinity`, `-Infinity`, and `NaN`, which are
+     * classified as numbers, use the `_.isFinite` method.
+     *
+     * @static
+     * @memberOf _
+     * @since 0.1.0
+     * @category Lang
+     * @param {*} value The value to check.
+     * @returns {boolean} Returns `true` if `value` is a number, else `false`.
+     * @example
+     *
+     * _.isNumber(3);
+     * // => true
+     *
+     * _.isNumber(Number.MIN_VALUE);
+     * // => true
+     *
+     * _.isNumber(Infinity);
+     * // => true
+     *
+     * _.isNumber('3');
+     * // => false
+     */
+    function isNumber(value) {
+      return typeof value == 'number' ||
+        (isObjectLike(value) && objectToString.call(value) == numberTag);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Checks if `value` is a plain object, that is, an object created by the
+     * `Object` constructor or one with a `[[Prototype]]` of `null`.
+     *
+     * @static
+     * @memberOf _
+     * @since 0.8.0
+     * @category Lang
+     * @param {*} value The value to check.
+     * @returns {boolean} Returns `true` if `value` is a plain object,
+     *  else `false`.
+     * @example
+     *
+     * function Foo() {
+     *   this.a = 1;
+     * }
+     *
+     * _.isPlainObject(new Foo);
+     * // => false
+     *
+     * _.isPlainObject([1, 2, 3]);
+     * // => false
+     *
+     * _.isPlainObject({ 'x': 0, 'y': 0 });
+     * // => true
+     *
+     * _.isPlainObject(Object.create(null));
+     * // => true
+     */
+    function isPlainObject(value) {
+      if (!isObjectLike(value) ||
+          objectToString.call(value) != objectTag || isHostObject(value)) {
+        return false;
+      }
+      var proto = getPrototype(value);
+      if (proto === null) {
+        return true;
+      }
+      var Ctor = hasOwnProperty.call(proto, 'constructor') && proto.constructor;
+      return (typeof Ctor == 'function' &&
+        Ctor instanceof Ctor && funcToString.call(Ctor) == objectCtorString);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Checks if `value` is classified as a `RegExp` object.
+     *
+     * @static
+     * @memberOf _
+     * @since 0.1.0
+     * @category Lang
+     * @param {*} value The value to check.
+     * @returns {boolean} Returns `true` if `value` is a regexp, else `false`.
+     * @example
+     *
+     * _.isRegExp(/abc/);
+     * // => true
+     *
+     * _.isRegExp('/abc/');
+     * // => false
+     */
+    var isRegExp = nodeIsRegExp ? baseUnary(nodeIsRegExp) : baseIsRegExp;
+
+    /**
+     * Checks if `value` is a safe integer. An integer is safe if it's an IEEE-754
+     * double precision number which isn't the result of a rounded unsafe integer.
+     *
+     * **Note:** This method is based on
+     * [`Number.isSafeInteger`](https://mdn.io/Number/isSafeInteger).
+     *
+     * @static
+     * @memberOf _
+     * @since 4.0.0
+     * @category Lang
+     * @param {*} value The value to check.
+     * @returns {boolean} Returns `true` if `value` is a safe integer,
+     *  else `false`.
+     * @example
+     *
+     * _.isSafeInteger(3);
+     * // => true
+     *
+     * _.isSafeInteger(Number.MIN_VALUE);
+     * // => false
+     *
+     * _.isSafeInteger(Infinity);
+     * // => false
+     *
+     * _.isSafeInteger('3');
+     * // => false
+     */
+    function isSafeInteger(value) {
+      return isInteger(value) && value >= -MAX_SAFE_INTEGER && value <= MAX_SAFE_INTEGER;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Checks if `value` is classified as a `Set` object.
+     *
+     * @static
+     * @memberOf _
+     * @since 4.3.0
+     * @category Lang
+     * @param {*} value The value to check.
+     * @returns {boolean} Returns `true` if `value` is a set, else `false`.
+     * @example
+     *
+     * _.isSet(new Set);
+     * // => true
+     *
+     * _.isSet(new WeakSet);
+     * // => false
+     */
+    var isSet = nodeIsSet ? baseUnary(nodeIsSet) : baseIsSet;
+
+    /**
+     * Checks if `value` is classified as a `String` primitive or object.
+     *
+     * @static
+     * @since 0.1.0
+     * @memberOf _
+     * @category Lang
+     * @param {*} value The value to check.
+     * @returns {boolean} Returns `true` if `value` is a string, else `false`.
+     * @example
+     *
+     * _.isString('abc');
+     * // => true
+     *
+     * _.isString(1);
+     * // => false
+     */
+    function isString(value) {
+      return typeof value == 'string' ||
+        (!isArray(value) && isObjectLike(value) && objectToString.call(value) == stringTag);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Checks if `value` is classified as a `Symbol` primitive or object.
+     *
+     * @static
+     * @memberOf _
+     * @since 4.0.0
+     * @category Lang
+     * @param {*} value The value to check.
+     * @returns {boolean} Returns `true` if `value` is a symbol, else `false`.
+     * @example
+     *
+     * _.isSymbol(Symbol.iterator);
+     * // => true
+     *
+     * _.isSymbol('abc');
+     * // => false
+     */
+    function isSymbol(value) {
+      return typeof value == 'symbol' ||
+        (isObjectLike(value) && objectToString.call(value) == symbolTag);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Checks if `value` is classified as a typed array.
+     *
+     * @static
+     * @memberOf _
+     * @since 3.0.0
+     * @category Lang
+     * @param {*} value The value to check.
+     * @returns {boolean} Returns `true` if `value` is a typed array, else `false`.
+     * @example
+     *
+     * _.isTypedArray(new Uint8Array);
+     * // => true
+     *
+     * _.isTypedArray([]);
+     * // => false
+     */
+    var isTypedArray = nodeIsTypedArray ? baseUnary(nodeIsTypedArray) : baseIsTypedArray;
+
+    /**
+     * Checks if `value` is `undefined`.
+     *
+     * @static
+     * @since 0.1.0
+     * @memberOf _
+     * @category Lang
+     * @param {*} value The value to check.
+     * @returns {boolean} Returns `true` if `value` is `undefined`, else `false`.
+     * @example
+     *
+     * _.isUndefined(void 0);
+     * // => true
+     *
+     * _.isUndefined(null);
+     * // => false
+     */
+    function isUndefined(value) {
+      return value === undefined;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Checks if `value` is classified as a `WeakMap` object.
+     *
+     * @static
+     * @memberOf _
+     * @since 4.3.0
+     * @category Lang
+     * @param {*} value The value to check.
+     * @returns {boolean} Returns `true` if `value` is a weak map, else `false`.
+     * @example
+     *
+     * _.isWeakMap(new WeakMap);
+     * // => true
+     *
+     * _.isWeakMap(new Map);
+     * // => false
+     */
+    function isWeakMap(value) {
+      return isObjectLike(value) && getTag(value) == weakMapTag;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Checks if `value` is classified as a `WeakSet` object.
+     *
+     * @static
+     * @memberOf _
+     * @since 4.3.0
+     * @category Lang
+     * @param {*} value The value to check.
+     * @returns {boolean} Returns `true` if `value` is a weak set, else `false`.
+     * @example
+     *
+     * _.isWeakSet(new WeakSet);
+     * // => true
+     *
+     * _.isWeakSet(new Set);
+     * // => false
+     */
+    function isWeakSet(value) {
+      return isObjectLike(value) && objectToString.call(value) == weakSetTag;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Checks if `value` is less than `other`.
+     *
+     * @static
+     * @memberOf _
+     * @since 3.9.0
+     * @category Lang
+     * @param {*} value The value to compare.
+     * @param {*} other The other value to compare.
+     * @returns {boolean} Returns `true` if `value` is less than `other`,
+     *  else `false`.
+     * @see _.gt
+     * @example
+     *
+     * _.lt(1, 3);
+     * // => true
+     *
+     * _.lt(3, 3);
+     * // => false
+     *
+     * _.lt(3, 1);
+     * // => false
+     */
+    var lt = createRelationalOperation(baseLt);
+
+    /**
+     * Checks if `value` is less than or equal to `other`.
+     *
+     * @static
+     * @memberOf _
+     * @since 3.9.0
+     * @category Lang
+     * @param {*} value The value to compare.
+     * @param {*} other The other value to compare.
+     * @returns {boolean} Returns `true` if `value` is less than or equal to
+     *  `other`, else `false`.
+     * @see _.gte
+     * @example
+     *
+     * _.lte(1, 3);
+     * // => true
+     *
+     * _.lte(3, 3);
+     * // => true
+     *
+     * _.lte(3, 1);
+     * // => false
+     */
+    var lte = createRelationalOperation(function(value, other) {
+      return value <= other;
+    });
+
+    /**
+     * Converts `value` to an array.
+     *
+     * @static
+     * @since 0.1.0
+     * @memberOf _
+     * @category Lang
+     * @param {*} value The value to convert.
+     * @returns {Array} Returns the converted array.
+     * @example
+     *
+     * _.toArray({ 'a': 1, 'b': 2 });
+     * // => [1, 2]
+     *
+     * _.toArray('abc');
+     * // => ['a', 'b', 'c']
+     *
+     * _.toArray(1);
+     * // => []
+     *
+     * _.toArray(null);
+     * // => []
+     */
+    function toArray(value) {
+      if (!value) {
+        return [];
+      }
+      if (isArrayLike(value)) {
+        return isString(value) ? stringToArray(value) : copyArray(value);
+      }
+      if (iteratorSymbol && value[iteratorSymbol]) {
+        return iteratorToArray(value[iteratorSymbol]());
+      }
+      var tag = getTag(value),
+          func = tag == mapTag ? mapToArray : (tag == setTag ? setToArray : values);
+
+      return func(value);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Converts `value` to a finite number.
+     *
+     * @static
+     * @memberOf _
+     * @since 4.12.0
+     * @category Lang
+     * @param {*} value The value to convert.
+     * @returns {number} Returns the converted number.
+     * @example
+     *
+     * _.toFinite(3.2);
+     * // => 3.2
+     *
+     * _.toFinite(Number.MIN_VALUE);
+     * // => 5e-324
+     *
+     * _.toFinite(Infinity);
+     * // => 1.7976931348623157e+308
+     *
+     * _.toFinite('3.2');
+     * // => 3.2
+     */
+    function toFinite(value) {
+      if (!value) {
+        return value === 0 ? value : 0;
+      }
+      value = toNumber(value);
+      if (value === INFINITY || value === -INFINITY) {
+        var sign = (value < 0 ? -1 : 1);
+        return sign * MAX_INTEGER;
+      }
+      return value === value ? value : 0;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Converts `value` to an integer.
+     *
+     * **Note:** This method is loosely based on
+     * [`ToInteger`](http://www.ecma-international.org/ecma-262/6.0/#sec-tointeger).
+     *
+     * @static
+     * @memberOf _
+     * @since 4.0.0
+     * @category Lang
+     * @param {*} value The value to convert.
+     * @returns {number} Returns the converted integer.
+     * @example
+     *
+     * _.toInteger(3.2);
+     * // => 3
+     *
+     * _.toInteger(Number.MIN_VALUE);
+     * // => 0
+     *
+     * _.toInteger(Infinity);
+     * // => 1.7976931348623157e+308
+     *
+     * _.toInteger('3.2');
+     * // => 3
+     */
+    function toInteger(value) {
+      var result = toFinite(value),
+          remainder = result % 1;
+
+      return result === result ? (remainder ? result - remainder : result) : 0;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Converts `value` to an integer suitable for use as the length of an
+     * array-like object.
+     *
+     * **Note:** This method is based on
+     * [`ToLength`](http://ecma-international.org/ecma-262/6.0/#sec-tolength).
+     *
+     * @static
+     * @memberOf _
+     * @since 4.0.0
+     * @category Lang
+     * @param {*} value The value to convert.
+     * @returns {number} Returns the converted integer.
+     * @example
+     *
+     * _.toLength(3.2);
+     * // => 3
+     *
+     * _.toLength(Number.MIN_VALUE);
+     * // => 0
+     *
+     * _.toLength(Infinity);
+     * // => 4294967295
+     *
+     * _.toLength('3.2');
+     * // => 3
+     */
+    function toLength(value) {
+      return value ? baseClamp(toInteger(value), 0, MAX_ARRAY_LENGTH) : 0;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Converts `value` to a number.
+     *
+     * @static
+     * @memberOf _
+     * @since 4.0.0
+     * @category Lang
+     * @param {*} value The value to process.
+     * @returns {number} Returns the number.
+     * @example
+     *
+     * _.toNumber(3.2);
+     * // => 3.2
+     *
+     * _.toNumber(Number.MIN_VALUE);
+     * // => 5e-324
+     *
+     * _.toNumber(Infinity);
+     * // => Infinity
+     *
+     * _.toNumber('3.2');
+     * // => 3.2
+     */
+    function toNumber(value) {
+      if (typeof value == 'number') {
+        return value;
+      }
+      if (isSymbol(value)) {
+        return NAN;
+      }
+      if (isObject(value)) {
+        var other = isFunction(value.valueOf) ? value.valueOf() : value;
+        value = isObject(other) ? (other + '') : other;
+      }
+      if (typeof value != 'string') {
+        return value === 0 ? value : +value;
+      }
+      value = value.replace(reTrim, '');
+      var isBinary = reIsBinary.test(value);
+      return (isBinary || reIsOctal.test(value))
+        ? freeParseInt(value.slice(2), isBinary ? 2 : 8)
+        : (reIsBadHex.test(value) ? NAN : +value);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Converts `value` to a plain object flattening inherited enumerable string
+     * keyed properties of `value` to own properties of the plain object.
+     *
+     * @static
+     * @memberOf _
+     * @since 3.0.0
+     * @category Lang
+     * @param {*} value The value to convert.
+     * @returns {Object} Returns the converted plain object.
+     * @example
+     *
+     * function Foo() {
+     *   this.b = 2;
+     * }
+     *
+     * Foo.prototype.c = 3;
+     *
+     * _.assign({ 'a': 1 }, new Foo);
+     * // => { 'a': 1, 'b': 2 }
+     *
+     * _.assign({ 'a': 1 }, _.toPlainObject(new Foo));
+     * // => { 'a': 1, 'b': 2, 'c': 3 }
+     */
+    function toPlainObject(value) {
+      return copyObject(value, keysIn(value));
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Converts `value` to a safe integer. A safe integer can be compared and
+     * represented correctly.
+     *
+     * @static
+     * @memberOf _
+     * @since 4.0.0
+     * @category Lang
+     * @param {*} value The value to convert.
+     * @returns {number} Returns the converted integer.
+     * @example
+     *
+     * _.toSafeInteger(3.2);
+     * // => 3
+     *
+     * _.toSafeInteger(Number.MIN_VALUE);
+     * // => 0
+     *
+     * _.toSafeInteger(Infinity);
+     * // => 9007199254740991
+     *
+     * _.toSafeInteger('3.2');
+     * // => 3
+     */
+    function toSafeInteger(value) {
+      return baseClamp(toInteger(value), -MAX_SAFE_INTEGER, MAX_SAFE_INTEGER);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Converts `value` to a string. An empty string is returned for `null`
+     * and `undefined` values. The sign of `-0` is preserved.
+     *
+     * @static
+     * @memberOf _
+     * @since 4.0.0
+     * @category Lang
+     * @param {*} value The value to process.
+     * @returns {string} Returns the string.
+     * @example
+     *
+     * _.toString(null);
+     * // => ''
+     *
+     * _.toString(-0);
+     * // => '-0'
+     *
+     * _.toString([1, 2, 3]);
+     * // => '1,2,3'
+     */
+    function toString(value) {
+      return value == null ? '' : baseToString(value);
+    }
+
+    /*------------------------------------------------------------------------*/
+
+    /**
+     * Assigns own enumerable string keyed properties of source objects to the
+     * destination object. Source objects are applied from left to right.
+     * Subsequent sources overwrite property assignments of previous sources.
+     *
+     * **Note:** This method mutates `object` and is loosely based on
+     * [`Object.assign`](https://mdn.io/Object/assign).
+     *
+     * @static
+     * @memberOf _
+     * @since 0.10.0
+     * @category Object
+     * @param {Object} object The destination object.
+     * @param {...Object} [sources] The source objects.
+     * @returns {Object} Returns `object`.
+     * @see _.assignIn
+     * @example
+     *
+     * function Foo() {
+     *   this.a = 1;
+     * }
+     *
+     * function Bar() {
+     *   this.c = 3;
+     * }
+     *
+     * Foo.prototype.b = 2;
+     * Bar.prototype.d = 4;
+     *
+     * _.assign({ 'a': 0 }, new Foo, new Bar);
+     * // => { 'a': 1, 'c': 3 }
+     */
+    var assign = createAssigner(function(object, source) {
+      if (nonEnumShadows || isPrototype(source) || isArrayLike(source)) {
+        copyObject(source, keys(source), object);
+        return;
+      }
+      for (var key in source) {
+        if (hasOwnProperty.call(source, key)) {
+          assignValue(object, key, source[key]);
+        }
+      }
+    });
+
+    /**
+     * This method is like `_.assign` except that it iterates over own and
+     * inherited source properties.
+     *
+     * **Note:** This method mutates `object`.
+     *
+     * @static
+     * @memberOf _
+     * @since 4.0.0
+     * @alias extend
+     * @category Object
+     * @param {Object} object The destination object.
+     * @param {...Object} [sources] The source objects.
+     * @returns {Object} Returns `object`.
+     * @see _.assign
+     * @example
+     *
+     * function Foo() {
+     *   this.a = 1;
+     * }
+     *
+     * function Bar() {
+     *   this.c = 3;
+     * }
+     *
+     * Foo.prototype.b = 2;
+     * Bar.prototype.d = 4;
+     *
+     * _.assignIn({ 'a': 0 }, new Foo, new Bar);
+     * // => { 'a': 1, 'b': 2, 'c': 3, 'd': 4 }
+     */
+    var assignIn = createAssigner(function(object, source) {
+      if (nonEnumShadows || isPrototype(source) || isArrayLike(source)) {
+        copyObject(source, keysIn(source), object);
+        return;
+      }
+      for (var key in source) {
+        assignValue(object, key, source[key]);
+      }
+    });
+
+    /**
+     * This method is like `_.assignIn` except that it accepts `customizer`
+     * which is invoked to produce the assigned values. If `customizer` returns
+     * `undefined`, assignment is handled by the method instead. The `customizer`
+     * is invoked with five arguments: (objValue, srcValue, key, object, source).
+     *
+     * **Note:** This method mutates `object`.
+     *
+     * @static
+     * @memberOf _
+     * @since 4.0.0
+     * @alias extendWith
+     * @category Object
+     * @param {Object} object The destination object.
+     * @param {...Object} sources The source objects.
+     * @param {Function} [customizer] The function to customize assigned values.
+     * @returns {Object} Returns `object`.
+     * @see _.assignWith
+     * @example
+     *
+     * function customizer(objValue, srcValue) {
+     *   return _.isUndefined(objValue) ? srcValue : objValue;
+     * }
+     *
+     * var defaults = _.partialRight(_.assignInWith, customizer);
+     *
+     * defaults({ 'a': 1 }, { 'b': 2 }, { 'a': 3 });
+     * // => { 'a': 1, 'b': 2 }
+     */
+    var assignInWith = createAssigner(function(object, source, srcIndex, customizer) {
+      copyObject(source, keysIn(source), object, customizer);
+    });
+
+    /**
+     * This method is like `_.assign` except that it accepts `customizer`
+     * which is invoked to produce the assigned values. If `customizer` returns
+     * `undefined`, assignment is handled by the method instead. The `customizer`
+     * is invoked with five arguments: (objValue, srcValue, key, object, source).
+     *
+     * **Note:** This method mutates `object`.
+     *
+     * @static
+     * @memberOf _
+     * @since 4.0.0
+     * @category Object
+     * @param {Object} object The destination object.
+     * @param {...Object} sources The source objects.
+     * @param {Function} [customizer] The function to customize assigned values.
+     * @returns {Object} Returns `object`.
+     * @see _.assignInWith
+     * @example
+     *
+     * function customizer(objValue, srcValue) {
+     *   return _.isUndefined(objValue) ? srcValue : objValue;
+     * }
+     *
+     * var defaults = _.partialRight(_.assignWith, customizer);
+     *
+     * defaults({ 'a': 1 }, { 'b': 2 }, { 'a': 3 });
+     * // => { 'a': 1, 'b': 2 }
+     */
+    var assignWith = createAssigner(function(object, source, srcIndex, customizer) {
+      copyObject(source, keys(source), object, customizer);
+    });
+
+    /**
+     * Creates an array of values corresponding to `paths` of `object`.
+     *
+     * @static
+     * @memberOf _
+     * @since 1.0.0
+     * @category Object
+     * @param {Object} object The object to iterate over.
+     * @param {...(string|string[])} [paths] The property paths of elements to pick.
+     * @returns {Array} Returns the picked values.
+     * @example
+     *
+     * var object = { 'a': [{ 'b': { 'c': 3 } }, 4] };
+     *
+     * _.at(object, ['a[0].b.c', 'a[1]']);
+     * // => [3, 4]
+     */
+    var at = baseRest(function(object, paths) {
+      return baseAt(object, baseFlatten(paths, 1));
+    });
+
+    /**
+     * Creates an object that inherits from the `prototype` object. If a
+     * `properties` object is given, its own enumerable string keyed properties
+     * are assigned to the created object.
+     *
+     * @static
+     * @memberOf _
+     * @since 2.3.0
+     * @category Object
+     * @param {Object} prototype The object to inherit from.
+     * @param {Object} [properties] The properties to assign to the object.
+     * @returns {Object} Returns the new object.
+     * @example
+     *
+     * function Shape() {
+     *   this.x = 0;
+     *   this.y = 0;
+     * }
+     *
+     * function Circle() {
+     *   Shape.call(this);
+     * }
+     *
+     * Circle.prototype = _.create(Shape.prototype, {
+     *   'constructor': Circle
+     * });
+     *
+     * var circle = new Circle;
+     * circle instanceof Circle;
+     * // => true
+     *
+     * circle instanceof Shape;
+     * // => true
+     */
+    function create(prototype, properties) {
+      var result = baseCreate(prototype);
+      return properties ? baseAssign(result, properties) : result;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Assigns own and inherited enumerable string keyed properties of source
+     * objects to the destination object for all destination properties that
+     * resolve to `undefined`. Source objects are applied from left to right.
+     * Once a property is set, additional values of the same property are ignored.
+     *
+     * **Note:** This method mutates `object`.
+     *
+     * @static
+     * @since 0.1.0
+     * @memberOf _
+     * @category Object
+     * @param {Object} object The destination object.
+     * @param {...Object} [sources] The source objects.
+     * @returns {Object} Returns `object`.
+     * @see _.defaultsDeep
+     * @example
+     *
+     * _.defaults({ 'a': 1 }, { 'b': 2 }, { 'a': 3 });
+     * // => { 'a': 1, 'b': 2 }
+     */
+    var defaults = baseRest(function(args) {
+      args.push(undefined, assignInDefaults);
+      return apply(assignInWith, undefined, args);
+    });
+
+    /**
+     * This method is like `_.defaults` except that it recursively assigns
+     * default properties.
+     *
+     * **Note:** This method mutates `object`.
+     *
+     * @static
+     * @memberOf _
+     * @since 3.10.0
+     * @category Object
+     * @param {Object} object The destination object.
+     * @param {...Object} [sources] The source objects.
+     * @returns {Object} Returns `object`.
+     * @see _.defaults
+     * @example
+     *
+     * _.defaultsDeep({ 'a': { 'b': 2 } }, { 'a': { 'b': 1, 'c': 3 } });
+     * // => { 'a': { 'b': 2, 'c': 3 } }
+     */
+    var defaultsDeep = baseRest(function(args) {
+      args.push(undefined, mergeDefaults);
+      return apply(mergeWith, undefined, args);
+    });
+
+    /**
+     * This method is like `_.find` except that it returns the key of the first
+     * element `predicate` returns truthy for instead of the element itself.
+     *
+     * @static
+     * @memberOf _
+     * @since 1.1.0
+     * @category Object
+     * @param {Object} object The object to search.
+     * @param {Function} [predicate=_.identity] The function invoked per iteration.
+     * @returns {string|undefined} Returns the key of the matched element,
+     *  else `undefined`.
+     * @example
+     *
+     * var users = {
+     *   'barney':  { 'age': 36, 'active': true },
+     *   'fred':    { 'age': 40, 'active': false },
+     *   'pebbles': { 'age': 1,  'active': true }
+     * };
+     *
+     * _.findKey(users, function(o) { return o.age < 40; });
+     * // => 'barney' (iteration order is not guaranteed)
+     *
+     * // The `_.matches` iteratee shorthand.
+     * _.findKey(users, { 'age': 1, 'active': true });
+     * // => 'pebbles'
+     *
+     * // The `_.matchesProperty` iteratee shorthand.
+     * _.findKey(users, ['active', false]);
+     * // => 'fred'
+     *
+     * // The `_.property` iteratee shorthand.
+     * _.findKey(users, 'active');
+     * // => 'barney'
+     */
+    function findKey(object, predicate) {
+      return baseFindKey(object, getIteratee(predicate, 3), baseForOwn);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * This method is like `_.findKey` except that it iterates over elements of
+     * a collection in the opposite order.
+     *
+     * @static
+     * @memberOf _
+     * @since 2.0.0
+     * @category Object
+     * @param {Object} object The object to search.
+     * @param {Function} [predicate=_.identity] The function invoked per iteration.
+     * @returns {string|undefined} Returns the key of the matched element,
+     *  else `undefined`.
+     * @example
+     *
+     * var users = {
+     *   'barney':  { 'age': 36, 'active': true },
+     *   'fred':    { 'age': 40, 'active': false },
+     *   'pebbles': { 'age': 1,  'active': true }
+     * };
+     *
+     * _.findLastKey(users, function(o) { return o.age < 40; });
+     * // => returns 'pebbles' assuming `_.findKey` returns 'barney'
+     *
+     * // The `_.matches` iteratee shorthand.
+     * _.findLastKey(users, { 'age': 36, 'active': true });
+     * // => 'barney'
+     *
+     * // The `_.matchesProperty` iteratee shorthand.
+     * _.findLastKey(users, ['active', false]);
+     * // => 'fred'
+     *
+     * // The `_.property` iteratee shorthand.
+     * _.findLastKey(users, 'active');
+     * // => 'pebbles'
+     */
+    function findLastKey(object, predicate) {
+      return baseFindKey(object, getIteratee(predicate, 3), baseForOwnRight);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Iterates over own and inherited enumerable string keyed properties of an
+     * object and invokes `iteratee` for each property. The iteratee is invoked
+     * with three arguments: (value, key, object). Iteratee functions may exit
+     * iteration early by explicitly returning `false`.
+     *
+     * @static
+     * @memberOf _
+     * @since 0.3.0
+     * @category Object
+     * @param {Object} object The object to iterate over.
+     * @param {Function} [iteratee=_.identity] The function invoked per iteration.
+     * @returns {Object} Returns `object`.
+     * @see _.forInRight
+     * @example
+     *
+     * function Foo() {
+     *   this.a = 1;
+     *   this.b = 2;
+     * }
+     *
+     * Foo.prototype.c = 3;
+     *
+     * _.forIn(new Foo, function(value, key) {
+     *   console.log(key);
+     * });
+     * // => Logs 'a', 'b', then 'c' (iteration order is not guaranteed).
+     */
+    function forIn(object, iteratee) {
+      return object == null
+        ? object
+        : baseFor(object, getIteratee(iteratee, 3), keysIn);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * This method is like `_.forIn` except that it iterates over properties of
+     * `object` in the opposite order.
+     *
+     * @static
+     * @memberOf _
+     * @since 2.0.0
+     * @category Object
+     * @param {Object} object The object to iterate over.
+     * @param {Function} [iteratee=_.identity] The function invoked per iteration.
+     * @returns {Object} Returns `object`.
+     * @see _.forIn
+     * @example
+     *
+     * function Foo() {
+     *   this.a = 1;
+     *   this.b = 2;
+     * }
+     *
+     * Foo.prototype.c = 3;
+     *
+     * _.forInRight(new Foo, function(value, key) {
+     *   console.log(key);
+     * });
+     * // => Logs 'c', 'b', then 'a' assuming `_.forIn` logs 'a', 'b', then 'c'.
+     */
+    function forInRight(object, iteratee) {
+      return object == null
+        ? object
+        : baseForRight(object, getIteratee(iteratee, 3), keysIn);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Iterates over own enumerable string keyed properties of an object and
+     * invokes `iteratee` for each property. The iteratee is invoked with three
+     * arguments: (value, key, object). Iteratee functions may exit iteration
+     * early by explicitly returning `false`.
+     *
+     * @static
+     * @memberOf _
+     * @since 0.3.0
+     * @category Object
+     * @param {Object} object The object to iterate over.
+     * @param {Function} [iteratee=_.identity] The function invoked per iteration.
+     * @returns {Object} Returns `object`.
+     * @see _.forOwnRight
+     * @example
+     *
+     * function Foo() {
+     *   this.a = 1;
+     *   this.b = 2;
+     * }
+     *
+     * Foo.prototype.c = 3;
+     *
+     * _.forOwn(new Foo, function(value, key) {
+     *   console.log(key);
+     * });
+     * // => Logs 'a' then 'b' (iteration order is not guaranteed).
+     */
+    function forOwn(object, iteratee) {
+      return object && baseForOwn(object, getIteratee(iteratee, 3));
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * This method is like `_.forOwn` except that it iterates over properties of
+     * `object` in the opposite order.
+     *
+     * @static
+     * @memberOf _
+     * @since 2.0.0
+     * @category Object
+     * @param {Object} object The object to iterate over.
+     * @param {Function} [iteratee=_.identity] The function invoked per iteration.
+     * @returns {Object} Returns `object`.
+     * @see _.forOwn
+     * @example
+     *
+     * function Foo() {
+     *   this.a = 1;
+     *   this.b = 2;
+     * }
+     *
+     * Foo.prototype.c = 3;
+     *
+     * _.forOwnRight(new Foo, function(value, key) {
+     *   console.log(key);
+     * });
+     * // => Logs 'b' then 'a' assuming `_.forOwn` logs 'a' then 'b'.
+     */
+    function forOwnRight(object, iteratee) {
+      return object && baseForOwnRight(object, getIteratee(iteratee, 3));
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Creates an array of function property names from own enumerable properties
+     * of `object`.
+     *
+     * @static
+     * @since 0.1.0
+     * @memberOf _
+     * @category Object
+     * @param {Object} object The object to inspect.
+     * @returns {Array} Returns the function names.
+     * @see _.functionsIn
+     * @example
+     *
+     * function Foo() {
+     *   this.a = _.constant('a');
+     *   this.b = _.constant('b');
+     * }
+     *
+     * Foo.prototype.c = _.constant('c');
+     *
+     * _.functions(new Foo);
+     * // => ['a', 'b']
+     */
+    function functions(object) {
+      return object == null ? [] : baseFunctions(object, keys(object));
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Creates an array of function property names from own and inherited
+     * enumerable properties of `object`.
+     *
+     * @static
+     * @memberOf _
+     * @since 4.0.0
+     * @category Object
+     * @param {Object} object The object to inspect.
+     * @returns {Array} Returns the function names.
+     * @see _.functions
+     * @example
+     *
+     * function Foo() {
+     *   this.a = _.constant('a');
+     *   this.b = _.constant('b');
+     * }
+     *
+     * Foo.prototype.c = _.constant('c');
+     *
+     * _.functionsIn(new Foo);
+     * // => ['a', 'b', 'c']
+     */
+    function functionsIn(object) {
+      return object == null ? [] : baseFunctions(object, keysIn(object));
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Gets the value at `path` of `object`. If the resolved value is
+     * `undefined`, the `defaultValue` is returned in its place.
+     *
+     * @static
+     * @memberOf _
+     * @since 3.7.0
+     * @category Object
+     * @param {Object} object The object to query.
+     * @param {Array|string} path The path of the property to get.
+     * @param {*} [defaultValue] The value returned for `undefined` resolved values.
+     * @returns {*} Returns the resolved value.
+     * @example
+     *
+     * var object = { 'a': [{ 'b': { 'c': 3 } }] };
+     *
+     * _.get(object, 'a[0].b.c');
+     * // => 3
+     *
+     * _.get(object, ['a', '0', 'b', 'c']);
+     * // => 3
+     *
+     * _.get(object, 'a.b.c', 'default');
+     * // => 'default'
+     */
+    function get(object, path, defaultValue) {
+      var result = object == null ? undefined : baseGet(object, path);
+      return result === undefined ? defaultValue : result;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Checks if `path` is a direct property of `object`.
+     *
+     * @static
+     * @since 0.1.0
+     * @memberOf _
+     * @category Object
+     * @param {Object} object The object to query.
+     * @param {Array|string} path The path to check.
+     * @returns {boolean} Returns `true` if `path` exists, else `false`.
+     * @example
+     *
+     * var object = { 'a': { 'b': 2 } };
+     * var other = _.create({ 'a': _.create({ 'b': 2 }) });
+     *
+     * _.has(object, 'a');
+     * // => true
+     *
+     * _.has(object, 'a.b');
+     * // => true
+     *
+     * _.has(object, ['a', 'b']);
+     * // => true
+     *
+     * _.has(other, 'a');
+     * // => false
+     */
+    function has(object, path) {
+      return object != null && hasPath(object, path, baseHas);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Checks if `path` is a direct or inherited property of `object`.
+     *
+     * @static
+     * @memberOf _
+     * @since 4.0.0
+     * @category Object
+     * @param {Object} object The object to query.
+     * @param {Array|string} path The path to check.
+     * @returns {boolean} Returns `true` if `path` exists, else `false`.
+     * @example
+     *
+     * var object = _.create({ 'a': _.create({ 'b': 2 }) });
+     *
+     * _.hasIn(object, 'a');
+     * // => true
+     *
+     * _.hasIn(object, 'a.b');
+     * // => true
+     *
+     * _.hasIn(object, ['a', 'b']);
+     * // => true
+     *
+     * _.hasIn(object, 'b');
+     * // => false
+     */
+    function hasIn(object, path) {
+      return object != null && hasPath(object, path, baseHasIn);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Creates an object composed of the inverted keys and values of `object`.
+     * If `object` contains duplicate values, subsequent values overwrite
+     * property assignments of previous values.
+     *
+     * @static
+     * @memberOf _
+     * @since 0.7.0
+     * @category Object
+     * @param {Object} object The object to invert.
+     * @returns {Object} Returns the new inverted object.
+     * @example
+     *
+     * var object = { 'a': 1, 'b': 2, 'c': 1 };
+     *
+     * _.invert(object);
+     * // => { '1': 'c', '2': 'b' }
+     */
+    var invert = createInverter(function(result, value, key) {
+      result[value] = key;
+    }, constant(identity));
+
+    /**
+     * This method is like `_.invert` except that the inverted object is generated
+     * from the results of running each element of `object` thru `iteratee`. The
+     * corresponding inverted value of each inverted key is an array of keys
+     * responsible for generating the inverted value. The iteratee is invoked
+     * with one argument: (value).
+     *
+     * @static
+     * @memberOf _
+     * @since 4.1.0
+     * @category Object
+     * @param {Object} object The object to invert.
+     * @param {Function} [iteratee=_.identity] The iteratee invoked per element.
+     * @returns {Object} Returns the new inverted object.
+     * @example
+     *
+     * var object = { 'a': 1, 'b': 2, 'c': 1 };
+     *
+     * _.invertBy(object);
+     * // => { '1': ['a', 'c'], '2': ['b'] }
+     *
+     * _.invertBy(object, function(value) {
+     *   return 'group' + value;
+     * });
+     * // => { 'group1': ['a', 'c'], 'group2': ['b'] }
+     */
+    var invertBy = createInverter(function(result, value, key) {
+      if (hasOwnProperty.call(result, value)) {
+        result[value].push(key);
+      } else {
+        result[value] = [key];
+      }
+    }, getIteratee);
+
+    /**
+     * Invokes the method at `path` of `object`.
+     *
+     * @static
+     * @memberOf _
+     * @since 4.0.0
+     * @category Object
+     * @param {Object} object The object to query.
+     * @param {Array|string} path The path of the method to invoke.
+     * @param {...*} [args] The arguments to invoke the method with.
+     * @returns {*} Returns the result of the invoked method.
+     * @example
+     *
+     * var object = { 'a': [{ 'b': { 'c': [1, 2, 3, 4] } }] };
+     *
+     * _.invoke(object, 'a[0].b.c.slice', 1, 3);
+     * // => [2, 3]
+     */
+    var invoke = baseRest(baseInvoke);
+
+    /**
+     * Creates an array of the own enumerable property names of `object`.
+     *
+     * **Note:** Non-object values are coerced to objects. See the
+     * [ES spec](http://ecma-international.org/ecma-262/6.0/#sec-object.keys)
+     * for more details.
+     *
+     * @static
+     * @since 0.1.0
+     * @memberOf _
+     * @category Object
+     * @param {Object} object The object to query.
+     * @returns {Array} Returns the array of property names.
+     * @example
+     *
+     * function Foo() {
+     *   this.a = 1;
+     *   this.b = 2;
+     * }
+     *
+     * Foo.prototype.c = 3;
+     *
+     * _.keys(new Foo);
+     * // => ['a', 'b'] (iteration order is not guaranteed)
+     *
+     * _.keys('hi');
+     * // => ['0', '1']
+     */
+    function keys(object) {
+      var isProto = isPrototype(object);
+      if (!(isProto || isArrayLike(object))) {
+        return baseKeys(object);
+      }
+      var indexes = indexKeys(object),
+          skipIndexes = !!indexes,
+          result = indexes || [],
+          length = result.length;
+
+      for (var key in object) {
+        if (baseHas(object, key) &&
+            !(skipIndexes && (key == 'length' || isIndex(key, length))) &&
+            !(isProto && key == 'constructor')) {
+          result.push(key);
+        }
+      }
+      return result;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Creates an array of the own and inherited enumerable property names of `object`.
+     *
+     * **Note:** Non-object values are coerced to objects.
+     *
+     * @static
+     * @memberOf _
+     * @since 3.0.0
+     * @category Object
+     * @param {Object} object The object to query.
+     * @returns {Array} Returns the array of property names.
+     * @example
+     *
+     * function Foo() {
+     *   this.a = 1;
+     *   this.b = 2;
+     * }
+     *
+     * Foo.prototype.c = 3;
+     *
+     * _.keysIn(new Foo);
+     * // => ['a', 'b', 'c'] (iteration order is not guaranteed)
+     */
+    function keysIn(object) {
+      var index = -1,
+          isProto = isPrototype(object),
+          props = baseKeysIn(object),
+          propsLength = props.length,
+          indexes = indexKeys(object),
+          skipIndexes = !!indexes,
+          result = indexes || [],
+          length = result.length;
+
+      while (++index < propsLength) {
+        var key = props[index];
+        if (!(skipIndexes && (key == 'length' || isIndex(key, length))) &&
+            !(key == 'constructor' && (isProto || !hasOwnProperty.call(object, key)))) {
+          result.push(key);
+        }
+      }
+      return result;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * The opposite of `_.mapValues`; this method creates an object with the
+     * same values as `object` and keys generated by running each own enumerable
+     * string keyed property of `object` thru `iteratee`. The iteratee is invoked
+     * with three arguments: (value, key, object).
+     *
+     * @static
+     * @memberOf _
+     * @since 3.8.0
+     * @category Object
+     * @param {Object} object The object to iterate over.
+     * @param {Function} [iteratee=_.identity] The function invoked per iteration.
+     * @returns {Object} Returns the new mapped object.
+     * @see _.mapValues
+     * @example
+     *
+     * _.mapKeys({ 'a': 1, 'b': 2 }, function(value, key) {
+     *   return key + value;
+     * });
+     * // => { 'a1': 1, 'b2': 2 }
+     */
+    function mapKeys(object, iteratee) {
+      var result = {};
+      iteratee = getIteratee(iteratee, 3);
+
+      baseForOwn(object, function(value, key, object) {
+        result[iteratee(value, key, object)] = value;
+      });
+      return result;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Creates an object with the same keys as `object` and values generated
+     * by running each own enumerable string keyed property of `object` thru
+     * `iteratee`. The iteratee is invoked with three arguments:
+     * (value, key, object).
+     *
+     * @static
+     * @memberOf _
+     * @since 2.4.0
+     * @category Object
+     * @param {Object} object The object to iterate over.
+     * @param {Function} [iteratee=_.identity] The function invoked per iteration.
+     * @returns {Object} Returns the new mapped object.
+     * @see _.mapKeys
+     * @example
+     *
+     * var users = {
+     *   'fred':    { 'user': 'fred',    'age': 40 },
+     *   'pebbles': { 'user': 'pebbles', 'age': 1 }
+     * };
+     *
+     * _.mapValues(users, function(o) { return o.age; });
+     * // => { 'fred': 40, 'pebbles': 1 } (iteration order is not guaranteed)
+     *
+     * // The `_.property` iteratee shorthand.
+     * _.mapValues(users, 'age');
+     * // => { 'fred': 40, 'pebbles': 1 } (iteration order is not guaranteed)
+     */
+    function mapValues(object, iteratee) {
+      var result = {};
+      iteratee = getIteratee(iteratee, 3);
+
+      baseForOwn(object, function(value, key, object) {
+        result[key] = iteratee(value, key, object);
+      });
+      return result;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * This method is like `_.assign` except that it recursively merges own and
+     * inherited enumerable string keyed properties of source objects into the
+     * destination object. Source properties that resolve to `undefined` are
+     * skipped if a destination value exists. Array and plain object properties
+     * are merged recursively. Other objects and value types are overridden by
+     * assignment. Source objects are applied from left to right. Subsequent
+     * sources overwrite property assignments of previous sources.
+     *
+     * **Note:** This method mutates `object`.
+     *
+     * @static
+     * @memberOf _
+     * @since 0.5.0
+     * @category Object
+     * @param {Object} object The destination object.
+     * @param {...Object} [sources] The source objects.
+     * @returns {Object} Returns `object`.
+     * @example
+     *
+     * var object = {
+     *   'a': [{ 'b': 2 }, { 'd': 4 }]
+     * };
+     *
+     * var other = {
+     *   'a': [{ 'c': 3 }, { 'e': 5 }]
+     * };
+     *
+     * _.merge(object, other);
+     * // => { 'a': [{ 'b': 2, 'c': 3 }, { 'd': 4, 'e': 5 }] }
+     */
+    var merge = createAssigner(function(object, source, srcIndex) {
+      baseMerge(object, source, srcIndex);
+    });
+
+    /**
+     * This method is like `_.merge` except that it accepts `customizer` which
+     * is invoked to produce the merged values of the destination and source
+     * properties. If `customizer` returns `undefined`, merging is handled by the
+     * method instead. The `customizer` is invoked with seven arguments:
+     * (objValue, srcValue, key, object, source, stack).
+     *
+     * **Note:** This method mutates `object`.
+     *
+     * @static
+     * @memberOf _
+     * @since 4.0.0
+     * @category Object
+     * @param {Object} object The destination object.
+     * @param {...Object} sources The source objects.
+     * @param {Function} customizer The function to customize assigned values.
+     * @returns {Object} Returns `object`.
+     * @example
+     *
+     * function customizer(objValue, srcValue) {
+     *   if (_.isArray(objValue)) {
+     *     return objValue.concat(srcValue);
+     *   }
+     * }
+     *
+     * var object = { 'a': [1], 'b': [2] };
+     * var other = { 'a': [3], 'b': [4] };
+     *
+     * _.mergeWith(object, other, customizer);
+     * // => { 'a': [1, 3], 'b': [2, 4] }
+     */
+    var mergeWith = createAssigner(function(object, source, srcIndex, customizer) {
+      baseMerge(object, source, srcIndex, customizer);
+    });
+
+    /**
+     * The opposite of `_.pick`; this method creates an object composed of the
+     * own and inherited enumerable string keyed properties of `object` that are
+     * not omitted.
+     *
+     * @static
+     * @since 0.1.0
+     * @memberOf _
+     * @category Object
+     * @param {Object} object The source object.
+     * @param {...(string|string[])} [props] The property identifiers to omit.
+     * @returns {Object} Returns the new object.
+     * @example
+     *
+     * var object = { 'a': 1, 'b': '2', 'c': 3 };
+     *
+     * _.omit(object, ['a', 'c']);
+     * // => { 'b': '2' }
+     */
+    var omit = baseRest(function(object, props) {
+      if (object == null) {
+        return {};
+      }
+      props = arrayMap(baseFlatten(props, 1), toKey);
+      return basePick(object, baseDifference(getAllKeysIn(object), props));
+    });
+
+    /**
+     * The opposite of `_.pickBy`; this method creates an object composed of
+     * the own and inherited enumerable string keyed properties of `object` that
+     * `predicate` doesn't return truthy for. The predicate is invoked with two
+     * arguments: (value, key).
+     *
+     * @static
+     * @memberOf _
+     * @since 4.0.0
+     * @category Object
+     * @param {Object} object The source object.
+     * @param {Function} [predicate=_.identity] The function invoked per property.
+     * @returns {Object} Returns the new object.
+     * @example
+     *
+     * var object = { 'a': 1, 'b': '2', 'c': 3 };
+     *
+     * _.omitBy(object, _.isNumber);
+     * // => { 'b': '2' }
+     */
+    function omitBy(object, predicate) {
+      return pickBy(object, negate(getIteratee(predicate)));
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Creates an object composed of the picked `object` properties.
+     *
+     * @static
+     * @since 0.1.0
+     * @memberOf _
+     * @category Object
+     * @param {Object} object The source object.
+     * @param {...(string|string[])} [props] The property identifiers to pick.
+     * @returns {Object} Returns the new object.
+     * @example
+     *
+     * var object = { 'a': 1, 'b': '2', 'c': 3 };
+     *
+     * _.pick(object, ['a', 'c']);
+     * // => { 'a': 1, 'c': 3 }
+     */
+    var pick = baseRest(function(object, props) {
+      return object == null ? {} : basePick(object, arrayMap(baseFlatten(props, 1), toKey));
+    });
+
+    /**
+     * Creates an object composed of the `object` properties `predicate` returns
+     * truthy for. The predicate is invoked with two arguments: (value, key).
+     *
+     * @static
+     * @memberOf _
+     * @since 4.0.0
+     * @category Object
+     * @param {Object} object The source object.
+     * @param {Function} [predicate=_.identity] The function invoked per property.
+     * @returns {Object} Returns the new object.
+     * @example
+     *
+     * var object = { 'a': 1, 'b': '2', 'c': 3 };
+     *
+     * _.pickBy(object, _.isNumber);
+     * // => { 'a': 1, 'c': 3 }
+     */
+    function pickBy(object, predicate) {
+      return object == null ? {} : basePickBy(object, getAllKeysIn(object), getIteratee(predicate));
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * This method is like `_.get` except that if the resolved value is a
+     * function it's invoked with the `this` binding of its parent object and
+     * its result is returned.
+     *
+     * @static
+     * @since 0.1.0
+     * @memberOf _
+     * @category Object
+     * @param {Object} object The object to query.
+     * @param {Array|string} path The path of the property to resolve.
+     * @param {*} [defaultValue] The value returned for `undefined` resolved values.
+     * @returns {*} Returns the resolved value.
+     * @example
+     *
+     * var object = { 'a': [{ 'b': { 'c1': 3, 'c2': _.constant(4) } }] };
+     *
+     * _.result(object, 'a[0].b.c1');
+     * // => 3
+     *
+     * _.result(object, 'a[0].b.c2');
+     * // => 4
+     *
+     * _.result(object, 'a[0].b.c3', 'default');
+     * // => 'default'
+     *
+     * _.result(object, 'a[0].b.c3', _.constant('default'));
+     * // => 'default'
+     */
+    function result(object, path, defaultValue) {
+      path = isKey(path, object) ? [path] : castPath(path);
+
+      var index = -1,
+          length = path.length;
+
+      // Ensure the loop is entered when path is empty.
+      if (!length) {
+        object = undefined;
+        length = 1;
+      }
+      while (++index < length) {
+        var value = object == null ? undefined : object[toKey(path[index])];
+        if (value === undefined) {
+          index = length;
+          value = defaultValue;
+        }
+        object = isFunction(value) ? value.call(object) : value;
+      }
+      return object;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Sets the value at `path` of `object`. If a portion of `path` doesn't exist,
+     * it's created. Arrays are created for missing index properties while objects
+     * are created for all other missing properties. Use `_.setWith` to customize
+     * `path` creation.
+     *
+     * **Note:** This method mutates `object`.
+     *
+     * @static
+     * @memberOf _
+     * @since 3.7.0
+     * @category Object
+     * @param {Object} object The object to modify.
+     * @param {Array|string} path The path of the property to set.
+     * @param {*} value The value to set.
+     * @returns {Object} Returns `object`.
+     * @example
+     *
+     * var object = { 'a': [{ 'b': { 'c': 3 } }] };
+     *
+     * _.set(object, 'a[0].b.c', 4);
+     * console.log(object.a[0].b.c);
+     * // => 4
+     *
+     * _.set(object, ['x', '0', 'y', 'z'], 5);
+     * console.log(object.x[0].y.z);
+     * // => 5
+     */
+    function set(object, path, value) {
+      return object == null ? object : baseSet(object, path, value);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * This method is like `_.set` except that it accepts `customizer` which is
+     * invoked to produce the objects of `path`.  If `customizer` returns `undefined`
+     * path creation is handled by the method instead. The `customizer` is invoked
+     * with three arguments: (nsValue, key, nsObject).
+     *
+     * **Note:** This method mutates `object`.
+     *
+     * @static
+     * @memberOf _
+     * @since 4.0.0
+     * @category Object
+     * @param {Object} object The object to modify.
+     * @param {Array|string} path The path of the property to set.
+     * @param {*} value The value to set.
+     * @param {Function} [customizer] The function to customize assigned values.
+     * @returns {Object} Returns `object`.
+     * @example
+     *
+     * var object = {};
+     *
+     * _.setWith(object, '[0][1]', 'a', Object);
+     * // => { '0': { '1': 'a' } }
+     */
+    function setWith(object, path, value, customizer) {
+      customizer = typeof customizer == 'function' ? customizer : undefined;
+      return object == null ? object : baseSet(object, path, value, customizer);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Creates an array of own enumerable string keyed-value pairs for `object`
+     * which can be consumed by `_.fromPairs`. If `object` is a map or set, its
+     * entries are returned.
+     *
+     * @static
+     * @memberOf _
+     * @since 4.0.0
+     * @alias entries
+     * @category Object
+     * @param {Object} object The object to query.
+     * @returns {Array} Returns the key-value pairs.
+     * @example
+     *
+     * function Foo() {
+     *   this.a = 1;
+     *   this.b = 2;
+     * }
+     *
+     * Foo.prototype.c = 3;
+     *
+     * _.toPairs(new Foo);
+     * // => [['a', 1], ['b', 2]] (iteration order is not guaranteed)
+     */
+    var toPairs = createToPairs(keys);
+
+    /**
+     * Creates an array of own and inherited enumerable string keyed-value pairs
+     * for `object` which can be consumed by `_.fromPairs`. If `object` is a map
+     * or set, its entries are returned.
+     *
+     * @static
+     * @memberOf _
+     * @since 4.0.0
+     * @alias entriesIn
+     * @category Object
+     * @param {Object} object The object to query.
+     * @returns {Array} Returns the key-value pairs.
+     * @example
+     *
+     * function Foo() {
+     *   this.a = 1;
+     *   this.b = 2;
+     * }
+     *
+     * Foo.prototype.c = 3;
+     *
+     * _.toPairsIn(new Foo);
+     * // => [['a', 1], ['b', 2], ['c', 3]] (iteration order is not guaranteed)
+     */
+    var toPairsIn = createToPairs(keysIn);
+
+    /**
+     * An alternative to `_.reduce`; this method transforms `object` to a new
+     * `accumulator` object which is the result of running each of its own
+     * enumerable string keyed properties thru `iteratee`, with each invocation
+     * potentially mutating the `accumulator` object. If `accumulator` is not
+     * provided, a new object with the same `[[Prototype]]` will be used. The
+     * iteratee is invoked with four arguments: (accumulator, value, key, object).
+     * Iteratee functions may exit iteration early by explicitly returning `false`.
+     *
+     * @static
+     * @memberOf _
+     * @since 1.3.0
+     * @category Object
+     * @param {Object} object The object to iterate over.
+     * @param {Function} [iteratee=_.identity] The function invoked per iteration.
+     * @param {*} [accumulator] The custom accumulator value.
+     * @returns {*} Returns the accumulated value.
+     * @example
+     *
+     * _.transform([2, 3, 4], function(result, n) {
+     *   result.push(n *= n);
+     *   return n % 2 == 0;
+     * }, []);
+     * // => [4, 9]
+     *
+     * _.transform({ 'a': 1, 'b': 2, 'c': 1 }, function(result, value, key) {
+     *   (result[value] || (result[value] = [])).push(key);
+     * }, {});
+     * // => { '1': ['a', 'c'], '2': ['b'] }
+     */
+    function transform(object, iteratee, accumulator) {
+      var isArr = isArray(object) || isTypedArray(object);
+      iteratee = getIteratee(iteratee, 4);
+
+      if (accumulator == null) {
+        if (isArr || isObject(object)) {
+          var Ctor = object.constructor;
+          if (isArr) {
+            accumulator = isArray(object) ? new Ctor : [];
+          } else {
+            accumulator = isFunction(Ctor) ? baseCreate(getPrototype(object)) : {};
+          }
+        } else {
+          accumulator = {};
+        }
+      }
+      (isArr ? arrayEach : baseForOwn)(object, function(value, index, object) {
+        return iteratee(accumulator, value, index, object);
+      });
+      return accumulator;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Removes the property at `path` of `object`.
+     *
+     * **Note:** This method mutates `object`.
+     *
+     * @static
+     * @memberOf _
+     * @since 4.0.0
+     * @category Object
+     * @param {Object} object The object to modify.
+     * @param {Array|string} path The path of the property to unset.
+     * @returns {boolean} Returns `true` if the property is deleted, else `false`.
+     * @example
+     *
+     * var object = { 'a': [{ 'b': { 'c': 7 } }] };
+     * _.unset(object, 'a[0].b.c');
+     * // => true
+     *
+     * console.log(object);
+     * // => { 'a': [{ 'b': {} }] };
+     *
+     * _.unset(object, ['a', '0', 'b', 'c']);
+     * // => true
+     *
+     * console.log(object);
+     * // => { 'a': [{ 'b': {} }] };
+     */
+    function unset(object, path) {
+      return object == null ? true : baseUnset(object, path);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * This method is like `_.set` except that accepts `updater` to produce the
+     * value to set. Use `_.updateWith` to customize `path` creation. The `updater`
+     * is invoked with one argument: (value).
+     *
+     * **Note:** This method mutates `object`.
+     *
+     * @static
+     * @memberOf _
+     * @since 4.6.0
+     * @category Object
+     * @param {Object} object The object to modify.
+     * @param {Array|string} path The path of the property to set.
+     * @param {Function} updater The function to produce the updated value.
+     * @returns {Object} Returns `object`.
+     * @example
+     *
+     * var object = { 'a': [{ 'b': { 'c': 3 } }] };
+     *
+     * _.update(object, 'a[0].b.c', function(n) { return n * n; });
+     * console.log(object.a[0].b.c);
+     * // => 9
+     *
+     * _.update(object, 'x[0].y.z', function(n) { return n ? n + 1 : 0; });
+     * console.log(object.x[0].y.z);
+     * // => 0
+     */
+    function update(object, path, updater) {
+      return object == null ? object : baseUpdate(object, path, castFunction(updater));
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * This method is like `_.update` except that it accepts `customizer` which is
+     * invoked to produce the objects of `path`.  If `customizer` returns `undefined`
+     * path creation is handled by the method instead. The `customizer` is invoked
+     * with three arguments: (nsValue, key, nsObject).
+     *
+     * **Note:** This method mutates `object`.
+     *
+     * @static
+     * @memberOf _
+     * @since 4.6.0
+     * @category Object
+     * @param {Object} object The object to modify.
+     * @param {Array|string} path The path of the property to set.
+     * @param {Function} updater The function to produce the updated value.
+     * @param {Function} [customizer] The function to customize assigned values.
+     * @returns {Object} Returns `object`.
+     * @example
+     *
+     * var object = {};
+     *
+     * _.updateWith(object, '[0][1]', _.constant('a'), Object);
+     * // => { '0': { '1': 'a' } }
+     */
+    function updateWith(object, path, updater, customizer) {
+      customizer = typeof customizer == 'function' ? customizer : undefined;
+      return object == null ? object : baseUpdate(object, path, castFunction(updater), customizer);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Creates an array of the own enumerable string keyed property values of `object`.
+     *
+     * **Note:** Non-object values are coerced to objects.
+     *
+     * @static
+     * @since 0.1.0
+     * @memberOf _
+     * @category Object
+     * @param {Object} object The object to query.
+     * @returns {Array} Returns the array of property values.
+     * @example
+     *
+     * function Foo() {
+     *   this.a = 1;
+     *   this.b = 2;
+     * }
+     *
+     * Foo.prototype.c = 3;
+     *
+     * _.values(new Foo);
+     * // => [1, 2] (iteration order is not guaranteed)
+     *
+     * _.values('hi');
+     * // => ['h', 'i']
+     */
+    function values(object) {
+      return object ? baseValues(object, keys(object)) : [];
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Creates an array of the own and inherited enumerable string keyed property
+     * values of `object`.
+     *
+     * **Note:** Non-object values are coerced to objects.
+     *
+     * @static
+     * @memberOf _
+     * @since 3.0.0
+     * @category Object
+     * @param {Object} object The object to query.
+     * @returns {Array} Returns the array of property values.
+     * @example
+     *
+     * function Foo() {
+     *   this.a = 1;
+     *   this.b = 2;
+     * }
+     *
+     * Foo.prototype.c = 3;
+     *
+     * _.valuesIn(new Foo);
+     * // => [1, 2, 3] (iteration order is not guaranteed)
+     */
+    function valuesIn(object) {
+      return object == null ? [] : baseValues(object, keysIn(object));
+    }
+
+    /*------------------------------------------------------------------------*/
+
+    /**
+     * Clamps `number` within the inclusive `lower` and `upper` bounds.
+     *
+     * @static
+     * @memberOf _
+     * @since 4.0.0
+     * @category Number
+     * @param {number} number The number to clamp.
+     * @param {number} [lower] The lower bound.
+     * @param {number} upper The upper bound.
+     * @returns {number} Returns the clamped number.
+     * @example
+     *
+     * _.clamp(-10, -5, 5);
+     * // => -5
+     *
+     * _.clamp(10, -5, 5);
+     * // => 5
+     */
+    function clamp(number, lower, upper) {
+      if (upper === undefined) {
+        upper = lower;
+        lower = undefined;
+      }
+      if (upper !== undefined) {
+        upper = toNumber(upper);
+        upper = upper === upper ? upper : 0;
+      }
+      if (lower !== undefined) {
+        lower = toNumber(lower);
+        lower = lower === lower ? lower : 0;
+      }
+      return baseClamp(toNumber(number), lower, upper);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Checks if `n` is between `start` and up to, but not including, `end`. If
+     * `end` is not specified, it's set to `start` with `start` then set to `0`.
+     * If `start` is greater than `end` the params are swapped to support
+     * negative ranges.
+     *
+     * @static
+     * @memberOf _
+     * @since 3.3.0
+     * @category Number
+     * @param {number} number The number to check.
+     * @param {number} [start=0] The start of the range.
+     * @param {number} end The end of the range.
+     * @returns {boolean} Returns `true` if `number` is in the range, else `false`.
+     * @see _.range, _.rangeRight
+     * @example
+     *
+     * _.inRange(3, 2, 4);
+     * // => true
+     *
+     * _.inRange(4, 8);
+     * // => true
+     *
+     * _.inRange(4, 2);
+     * // => false
+     *
+     * _.inRange(2, 2);
+     * // => false
+     *
+     * _.inRange(1.2, 2);
+     * // => true
+     *
+     * _.inRange(5.2, 4);
+     * // => false
+     *
+     * _.inRange(-3, -2, -6);
+     * // => true
+     */
+    function inRange(number, start, end) {
+      start = toFinite(start);
+      if (end === undefined) {
+        end = start;
+        start = 0;
+      } else {
+        end = toFinite(end);
+      }
+      number = toNumber(number);
+      return baseInRange(number, start, end);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Produces a random number between the inclusive `lower` and `upper` bounds.
+     * If only one argument is provided a number between `0` and the given number
+     * is returned. If `floating` is `true`, or either `lower` or `upper` are
+     * floats, a floating-point number is returned instead of an integer.
+     *
+     * **Note:** JavaScript follows the IEEE-754 standard for resolving
+     * floating-point values which can produce unexpected results.
+     *
+     * @static
+     * @memberOf _
+     * @since 0.7.0
+     * @category Number
+     * @param {number} [lower=0] The lower bound.
+     * @param {number} [upper=1] The upper bound.
+     * @param {boolean} [floating] Specify returning a floating-point number.
+     * @returns {number} Returns the random number.
+     * @example
+     *
+     * _.random(0, 5);
+     * // => an integer between 0 and 5
+     *
+     * _.random(5);
+     * // => also an integer between 0 and 5
+     *
+     * _.random(5, true);
+     * // => a floating-point number between 0 and 5
+     *
+     * _.random(1.2, 5.2);
+     * // => a floating-point number between 1.2 and 5.2
+     */
+    function random(lower, upper, floating) {
+      if (floating && typeof floating != 'boolean' && isIterateeCall(lower, upper, floating)) {
+        upper = floating = undefined;
+      }
+      if (floating === undefined) {
+        if (typeof upper == 'boolean') {
+          floating = upper;
+          upper = undefined;
+        }
+        else if (typeof lower == 'boolean') {
+          floating = lower;
+          lower = undefined;
+        }
+      }
+      if (lower === undefined && upper === undefined) {
+        lower = 0;
+        upper = 1;
+      }
+      else {
+        lower = toFinite(lower);
+        if (upper === undefined) {
+          upper = lower;
+          lower = 0;
+        } else {
+          upper = toFinite(upper);
+        }
+      }
+      if (lower > upper) {
+        var temp = lower;
+        lower = upper;
+        upper = temp;
+      }
+      if (floating || lower % 1 || upper % 1) {
+        var rand = nativeRandom();
+        return nativeMin(lower + (rand * (upper - lower + freeParseFloat('1e-' + ((rand + '').length - 1)))), upper);
+      }
+      return baseRandom(lower, upper);
+    }
+
+    /*------------------------------------------------------------------------*/
+
+    /**
+     * Converts `string` to [camel case](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CamelCase).
+     *
+     * @static
+     * @memberOf _
+     * @since 3.0.0
+     * @category String
+     * @param {string} [string=''] The string to convert.
+     * @returns {string} Returns the camel cased string.
+     * @example
+     *
+     * _.camelCase('Foo Bar');
+     * // => 'fooBar'
+     *
+     * _.camelCase('--foo-bar--');
+     * // => 'fooBar'
+     *
+     * _.camelCase('__FOO_BAR__');
+     * // => 'fooBar'
+     */
+    var camelCase = createCompounder(function(result, word, index) {
+      word = word.toLowerCase();
+      return result + (index ? capitalize(word) : word);
+    });
+
+    /**
+     * Converts the first character of `string` to upper case and the remaining
+     * to lower case.
+     *
+     * @static
+     * @memberOf _
+     * @since 3.0.0
+     * @category String
+     * @param {string} [string=''] The string to capitalize.
+     * @returns {string} Returns the capitalized string.
+     * @example
+     *
+     * _.capitalize('FRED');
+     * // => 'Fred'
+     */
+    function capitalize(string) {
+      return upperFirst(toString(string).toLowerCase());
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Deburrs `string` by converting
+     * [latin-1 supplementary letters](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latin-1_Supplement_(Unicode_block)#Character_table)
+     * to basic latin letters and removing
+     * [combining diacritical marks](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Combining_Diacritical_Marks).
+     *
+     * @static
+     * @memberOf _
+     * @since 3.0.0
+     * @category String
+     * @param {string} [string=''] The string to deburr.
+     * @returns {string} Returns the deburred string.
+     * @example
+     *
+     * _.deburr('déjà vu');
+     * // => 'deja vu'
+     */
+    function deburr(string) {
+      string = toString(string);
+      return string && string.replace(reLatin1, deburrLetter).replace(reComboMark, '');
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Checks if `string` ends with the given target string.
+     *
+     * @static
+     * @memberOf _
+     * @since 3.0.0
+     * @category String
+     * @param {string} [string=''] The string to search.
+     * @param {string} [target] The string to search for.
+     * @param {number} [position=string.length] The position to search up to.
+     * @returns {boolean} Returns `true` if `string` ends with `target`,
+     *  else `false`.
+     * @example
+     *
+     * _.endsWith('abc', 'c');
+     * // => true
+     *
+     * _.endsWith('abc', 'b');
+     * // => false
+     *
+     * _.endsWith('abc', 'b', 2);
+     * // => true
+     */
+    function endsWith(string, target, position) {
+      string = toString(string);
+      target = baseToString(target);
+
+      var length = string.length;
+      position = position === undefined
+        ? length
+        : baseClamp(toInteger(position), 0, length);
+
+      var end = position;
+      position -= target.length;
+      return position >= 0 && string.slice(position, end) == target;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Converts the characters "&", "<", ">", '"', "'", and "\`" in `string` to
+     * their corresponding HTML entities.
+     *
+     * **Note:** No other characters are escaped. To escape additional
+     * characters use a third-party library like [_he_](https://mths.be/he).
+     *
+     * Though the ">" character is escaped for symmetry, characters like
+     * ">" and "/" don't need escaping in HTML and have no special meaning
+     * unless they're part of a tag or unquoted attribute value. See
+     * [Mathias Bynens's article](https://mathiasbynens.be/notes/ambiguous-ampersands)
+     * (under "semi-related fun fact") for more details.
+     *
+     * Backticks are escaped because in IE < 9, they can break out of
+     * attribute values or HTML comments. See [#59](https://html5sec.org/#59),
+     * [#102](https://html5sec.org/#102), [#108](https://html5sec.org/#108), and
+     * [#133](https://html5sec.org/#133) of the
+     * [HTML5 Security Cheatsheet](https://html5sec.org/) for more details.
+     *
+     * When working with HTML you should always
+     * [quote attribute values](http://wonko.com/post/html-escaping) to reduce
+     * XSS vectors.
+     *
+     * @static
+     * @since 0.1.0
+     * @memberOf _
+     * @category String
+     * @param {string} [string=''] The string to escape.
+     * @returns {string} Returns the escaped string.
+     * @example
+     *
+     * _.escape('fred, barney, & pebbles');
+     * // => 'fred, barney, &amp; pebbles'
+     */
+    function escape(string) {
+      string = toString(string);
+      return (string && reHasUnescapedHtml.test(string))
+        ? string.replace(reUnescapedHtml, escapeHtmlChar)
+        : string;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Escapes the `RegExp` special characters "^", "$", "\", ".", "*", "+",
+     * "?", "(", ")", "[", "]", "{", "}", and "|" in `string`.
+     *
+     * @static
+     * @memberOf _
+     * @since 3.0.0
+     * @category String
+     * @param {string} [string=''] The string to escape.
+     * @returns {string} Returns the escaped string.
+     * @example
+     *
+     * _.escapeRegExp('[lodash](https://lodash.com/)');
+     * // => '\[lodash\]\(https://lodash\.com/\)'
+     */
+    function escapeRegExp(string) {
+      string = toString(string);
+      return (string && reHasRegExpChar.test(string))
+        ? string.replace(reRegExpChar, '\\$&')
+        : string;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Converts `string` to
+     * [kebab case](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Letter_case#Special_case_styles).
+     *
+     * @static
+     * @memberOf _
+     * @since 3.0.0
+     * @category String
+     * @param {string} [string=''] The string to convert.
+     * @returns {string} Returns the kebab cased string.
+     * @example
+     *
+     * _.kebabCase('Foo Bar');
+     * // => 'foo-bar'
+     *
+     * _.kebabCase('fooBar');
+     * // => 'foo-bar'
+     *
+     * _.kebabCase('__FOO_BAR__');
+     * // => 'foo-bar'
+     */
+    var kebabCase = createCompounder(function(result, word, index) {
+      return result + (index ? '-' : '') + word.toLowerCase();
+    });
+
+    /**
+     * Converts `string`, as space separated words, to lower case.
+     *
+     * @static
+     * @memberOf _
+     * @since 4.0.0
+     * @category String
+     * @param {string} [string=''] The string to convert.
+     * @returns {string} Returns the lower cased string.
+     * @example
+     *
+     * _.lowerCase('--Foo-Bar--');
+     * // => 'foo bar'
+     *
+     * _.lowerCase('fooBar');
+     * // => 'foo bar'
+     *
+     * _.lowerCase('__FOO_BAR__');
+     * // => 'foo bar'
+     */
+    var lowerCase = createCompounder(function(result, word, index) {
+      return result + (index ? ' ' : '') + word.toLowerCase();
+    });
+
+    /**
+     * Converts the first character of `string` to lower case.
+     *
+     * @static
+     * @memberOf _
+     * @since 4.0.0
+     * @category String
+     * @param {string} [string=''] The string to convert.
+     * @returns {string} Returns the converted string.
+     * @example
+     *
+     * _.lowerFirst('Fred');
+     * // => 'fred'
+     *
+     * _.lowerFirst('FRED');
+     * // => 'fRED'
+     */
+    var lowerFirst = createCaseFirst('toLowerCase');
+
+    /**
+     * Pads `string` on the left and right sides if it's shorter than `length`.
+     * Padding characters are truncated if they can't be evenly divided by `length`.
+     *
+     * @static
+     * @memberOf _
+     * @since 3.0.0
+     * @category String
+     * @param {string} [string=''] The string to pad.
+     * @param {number} [length=0] The padding length.
+     * @param {string} [chars=' '] The string used as padding.
+     * @returns {string} Returns the padded string.
+     * @example
+     *
+     * _.pad('abc', 8);
+     * // => '  abc   '
+     *
+     * _.pad('abc', 8, '_-');
+     * // => '_-abc_-_'
+     *
+     * _.pad('abc', 3);
+     * // => 'abc'
+     */
+    function pad(string, length, chars) {
+      string = toString(string);
+      length = toInteger(length);
+
+      var strLength = length ? stringSize(string) : 0;
+      if (!length || strLength >= length) {
+        return string;
+      }
+      var mid = (length - strLength) / 2;
+      return (
+        createPadding(nativeFloor(mid), chars) +
+        string +
+        createPadding(nativeCeil(mid), chars)
+      );
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Pads `string` on the right side if it's shorter than `length`. Padding
+     * characters are truncated if they exceed `length`.
+     *
+     * @static
+     * @memberOf _
+     * @since 4.0.0
+     * @category String
+     * @param {string} [string=''] The string to pad.
+     * @param {number} [length=0] The padding length.
+     * @param {string} [chars=' '] The string used as padding.
+     * @returns {string} Returns the padded string.
+     * @example
+     *
+     * _.padEnd('abc', 6);
+     * // => 'abc   '
+     *
+     * _.padEnd('abc', 6, '_-');
+     * // => 'abc_-_'
+     *
+     * _.padEnd('abc', 3);
+     * // => 'abc'
+     */
+    function padEnd(string, length, chars) {
+      string = toString(string);
+      length = toInteger(length);
+
+      var strLength = length ? stringSize(string) : 0;
+      return (length && strLength < length)
+        ? (string + createPadding(length - strLength, chars))
+        : string;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Pads `string` on the left side if it's shorter than `length`. Padding
+     * characters are truncated if they exceed `length`.
+     *
+     * @static
+     * @memberOf _
+     * @since 4.0.0
+     * @category String
+     * @param {string} [string=''] The string to pad.
+     * @param {number} [length=0] The padding length.
+     * @param {string} [chars=' '] The string used as padding.
+     * @returns {string} Returns the padded string.
+     * @example
+     *
+     * _.padStart('abc', 6);
+     * // => '   abc'
+     *
+     * _.padStart('abc', 6, '_-');
+     * // => '_-_abc'
+     *
+     * _.padStart('abc', 3);
+     * // => 'abc'
+     */
+    function padStart(string, length, chars) {
+      string = toString(string);
+      length = toInteger(length);
+
+      var strLength = length ? stringSize(string) : 0;
+      return (length && strLength < length)
+        ? (createPadding(length - strLength, chars) + string)
+        : string;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Converts `string` to an integer of the specified radix. If `radix` is
+     * `undefined` or `0`, a `radix` of `10` is used unless `value` is a
+     * hexadecimal, in which case a `radix` of `16` is used.
+     *
+     * **Note:** This method aligns with the
+     * [ES5 implementation](https://es5.github.io/#x15.1.2.2) of `parseInt`.
+     *
+     * @static
+     * @memberOf _
+     * @since 1.1.0
+     * @category String
+     * @param {string} string The string to convert.
+     * @param {number} [radix=10] The radix to interpret `value` by.
+     * @param- {Object} [guard] Enables use as an iteratee for methods like `_.map`.
+     * @returns {number} Returns the converted integer.
+     * @example
+     *
+     * _.parseInt('08');
+     * // => 8
+     *
+     * _.map(['6', '08', '10'], _.parseInt);
+     * // => [6, 8, 10]
+     */
+    function parseInt(string, radix, guard) {
+      // Chrome fails to trim leading <BOM> whitespace characters.
+      // See https://bugs.chromium.org/p/v8/issues/detail?id=3109 for more details.
+      if (guard || radix == null) {
+        radix = 0;
+      } else if (radix) {
+        radix = +radix;
+      }
+      string = toString(string).replace(reTrim, '');
+      return nativeParseInt(string, radix || (reHasHexPrefix.test(string) ? 16 : 10));
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Repeats the given string `n` times.
+     *
+     * @static
+     * @memberOf _
+     * @since 3.0.0
+     * @category String
+     * @param {string} [string=''] The string to repeat.
+     * @param {number} [n=1] The number of times to repeat the string.
+     * @param- {Object} [guard] Enables use as an iteratee for methods like `_.map`.
+     * @returns {string} Returns the repeated string.
+     * @example
+     *
+     * _.repeat('*', 3);
+     * // => '***'
+     *
+     * _.repeat('abc', 2);
+     * // => 'abcabc'
+     *
+     * _.repeat('abc', 0);
+     * // => ''
+     */
+    function repeat(string, n, guard) {
+      if ((guard ? isIterateeCall(string, n, guard) : n === undefined)) {
+        n = 1;
+      } else {
+        n = toInteger(n);
+      }
+      return baseRepeat(toString(string), n);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Replaces matches for `pattern` in `string` with `replacement`.
+     *
+     * **Note:** This method is based on
+     * [`String#replace`](https://mdn.io/String/replace).
+     *
+     * @static
+     * @memberOf _
+     * @since 4.0.0
+     * @category String
+     * @param {string} [string=''] The string to modify.
+     * @param {RegExp|string} pattern The pattern to replace.
+     * @param {Function|string} replacement The match replacement.
+     * @returns {string} Returns the modified string.
+     * @example
+     *
+     * _.replace('Hi Fred', 'Fred', 'Barney');
+     * // => 'Hi Barney'
+     */
+    function replace() {
+      var args = arguments,
+          string = toString(args[0]);
+
+      return args.length < 3 ? string : nativeReplace.call(string, args[1], args[2]);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Converts `string` to
+     * [snake case](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Snake_case).
+     *
+     * @static
+     * @memberOf _
+     * @since 3.0.0
+     * @category String
+     * @param {string} [string=''] The string to convert.
+     * @returns {string} Returns the snake cased string.
+     * @example
+     *
+     * _.snakeCase('Foo Bar');
+     * // => 'foo_bar'
+     *
+     * _.snakeCase('fooBar');
+     * // => 'foo_bar'
+     *
+     * _.snakeCase('--FOO-BAR--');
+     * // => 'foo_bar'
+     */
+    var snakeCase = createCompounder(function(result, word, index) {
+      return result + (index ? '_' : '') + word.toLowerCase();
+    });
+
+    /**
+     * Splits `string` by `separator`.
+     *
+     * **Note:** This method is based on
+     * [`String#split`](https://mdn.io/String/split).
+     *
+     * @static
+     * @memberOf _
+     * @since 4.0.0
+     * @category String
+     * @param {string} [string=''] The string to split.
+     * @param {RegExp|string} separator The separator pattern to split by.
+     * @param {number} [limit] The length to truncate results to.
+     * @returns {Array} Returns the string segments.
+     * @example
+     *
+     * _.split('a-b-c', '-', 2);
+     * // => ['a', 'b']
+     */
+    function split(string, separator, limit) {
+      if (limit && typeof limit != 'number' && isIterateeCall(string, separator, limit)) {
+        separator = limit = undefined;
+      }
+      limit = limit === undefined ? MAX_ARRAY_LENGTH : limit >>> 0;
+      if (!limit) {
+        return [];
+      }
+      string = toString(string);
+      if (string && (
+            typeof separator == 'string' ||
+            (separator != null && !isRegExp(separator))
+          )) {
+        separator = baseToString(separator);
+        if (separator == '' && reHasComplexSymbol.test(string)) {
+          return castSlice(stringToArray(string), 0, limit);
+        }
+      }
+      return nativeSplit.call(string, separator, limit);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Converts `string` to
+     * [start case](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Letter_case#Stylistic_or_specialised_usage).
+     *
+     * @static
+     * @memberOf _
+     * @since 3.1.0
+     * @category String
+     * @param {string} [string=''] The string to convert.
+     * @returns {string} Returns the start cased string.
+     * @example
+     *
+     * _.startCase('--foo-bar--');
+     * // => 'Foo Bar'
+     *
+     * _.startCase('fooBar');
+     * // => 'Foo Bar'
+     *
+     * _.startCase('__FOO_BAR__');
+     * // => 'FOO BAR'
+     */
+    var startCase = createCompounder(function(result, word, index) {
+      return result + (index ? ' ' : '') + upperFirst(word);
+    });
+
+    /**
+     * Checks if `string` starts with the given target string.
+     *
+     * @static
+     * @memberOf _
+     * @since 3.0.0
+     * @category String
+     * @param {string} [string=''] The string to search.
+     * @param {string} [target] The string to search for.
+     * @param {number} [position=0] The position to search from.
+     * @returns {boolean} Returns `true` if `string` starts with `target`,
+     *  else `false`.
+     * @example
+     *
+     * _.startsWith('abc', 'a');
+     * // => true
+     *
+     * _.startsWith('abc', 'b');
+     * // => false
+     *
+     * _.startsWith('abc', 'b', 1);
+     * // => true
+     */
+    function startsWith(string, target, position) {
+      string = toString(string);
+      position = baseClamp(toInteger(position), 0, string.length);
+      target = baseToString(target);
+      return string.slice(position, position + target.length) == target;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Creates a compiled template function that can interpolate data properties
+     * in "interpolate" delimiters, HTML-escape interpolated data properties in
+     * "escape" delimiters, and execute JavaScript in "evaluate" delimiters. Data
+     * properties may be accessed as free variables in the template. If a setting
+     * object is given, it takes precedence over `_.templateSettings` values.
+     *
+     * **Note:** In the development build `_.template` utilizes
+     * [sourceURLs](http://www.html5rocks.com/en/tutorials/developertools/sourcemaps/#toc-sourceurl)
+     * for easier debugging.
+     *
+     * For more information on precompiling templates see
+     * [lodash's custom builds documentation](https://lodash.com/custom-builds).
+     *
+     * For more information on Chrome extension sandboxes see
+     * [Chrome's extensions documentation](https://developer.chrome.com/extensions/sandboxingEval).
+     *
+     * @static
+     * @since 0.1.0
+     * @memberOf _
+     * @category String
+     * @param {string} [string=''] The template string.
+     * @param {Object} [options={}] The options object.
+     * @param {RegExp} [options.escape=_.templateSettings.escape]
+     *  The HTML "escape" delimiter.
+     * @param {RegExp} [options.evaluate=_.templateSettings.evaluate]
+     *  The "evaluate" delimiter.
+     * @param {Object} [options.imports=_.templateSettings.imports]
+     *  An object to import into the template as free variables.
+     * @param {RegExp} [options.interpolate=_.templateSettings.interpolate]
+     *  The "interpolate" delimiter.
+     * @param {string} [options.sourceURL='lodash.templateSources[n]']
+     *  The sourceURL of the compiled template.
+     * @param {string} [options.variable='obj']
+     *  The data object variable name.
+     * @param- {Object} [guard] Enables use as an iteratee for methods like `_.map`.
+     * @returns {Function} Returns the compiled template function.
+     * @example
+     *
+     * // Use the "interpolate" delimiter to create a compiled template.
+     * var compiled = _.template('hello <%= user %>!');
+     * compiled({ 'user': 'fred' });
+     * // => 'hello fred!'
+     *
+     * // Use the HTML "escape" delimiter to escape data property values.
+     * var compiled = _.template('<b><%- value %></b>');
+     * compiled({ 'value': '<script>' });
+     * // => '<b>&lt;script&gt;</b>'
+     *
+     * // Use the "evaluate" delimiter to execute JavaScript and generate HTML.
+     * var compiled = _.template('<% _.forEach(users, function(user) { %><li><%- user %></li><% }); %>');
+     * compiled({ 'users': ['fred', 'barney'] });
+     * // => '<li>fred</li><li>barney</li>'
+     *
+     * // Use the internal `print` function in "evaluate" delimiters.
+     * var compiled = _.template('<% print("hello " + user); %>!');
+     * compiled({ 'user': 'barney' });
+     * // => 'hello barney!'
+     *
+     * // Use the ES delimiter as an alternative to the default "interpolate" delimiter.
+     * var compiled = _.template('hello ${ user }!');
+     * compiled({ 'user': 'pebbles' });
+     * // => 'hello pebbles!'
+     *
+     * // Use backslashes to treat delimiters as plain text.
+     * var compiled = _.template('<%= "\\<%- value %\\>" %>');
+     * compiled({ 'value': 'ignored' });
+     * // => '<%- value %>'
+     *
+     * // Use the `imports` option to import `jQuery` as `jq`.
+     * var text = '<% jq.each(users, function(user) { %><li><%- user %></li><% }); %>';
+     * var compiled = _.template(text, { 'imports': { 'jq': jQuery } });
+     * compiled({ 'users': ['fred', 'barney'] });
+     * // => '<li>fred</li><li>barney</li>'
+     *
+     * // Use the `sourceURL` option to specify a custom sourceURL for the template.
+     * var compiled = _.template('hello <%= user %>!', { 'sourceURL': '/basic/greeting.jst' });
+     * compiled(data);
+     * // => Find the source of "greeting.jst" under the Sources tab or Resources panel of the web inspector.
+     *
+     * // Use the `variable` option to ensure a with-statement isn't used in the compiled template.
+     * var compiled = _.template('hi <%= data.user %>!', { 'variable': 'data' });
+     * compiled.source;
+     * // => function(data) {
+     * //   var __t, __p = '';
+     * //   __p += 'hi ' + ((__t = ( data.user )) == null ? '' : __t) + '!';
+     * //   return __p;
+     * // }
+     *
+     * // Use custom template delimiters.
+     * _.templateSettings.interpolate = /{{([\s\S]+?)}}/g;
+     * var compiled = _.template('hello {{ user }}!');
+     * compiled({ 'user': 'mustache' });
+     * // => 'hello mustache!'
+     *
+     * // Use the `source` property to inline compiled templates for meaningful
+     * // line numbers in error messages and stack traces.
+     * fs.writeFileSync(path.join(process.cwd(), 'jst.js'), '\
+     *   var JST = {\
+     *     "main": ' + _.template(mainText).source + '\
+     *   };\
+     * ');
+     */
+    function template(string, options, guard) {
+      // Based on John Resig's `tmpl` implementation
+      // (http://ejohn.org/blog/javascript-micro-templating/)
+      // and Laura Doktorova's doT.js (https://github.com/olado/doT).
+      var settings = lodash.templateSettings;
+
+      if (guard && isIterateeCall(string, options, guard)) {
+        options = undefined;
+      }
+      string = toString(string);
+      options = assignInWith({}, options, settings, assignInDefaults);
+
+      var imports = assignInWith({}, options.imports, settings.imports, assignInDefaults),
+          importsKeys = keys(imports),
+          importsValues = baseValues(imports, importsKeys);
+
+      var isEscaping,
+          isEvaluating,
+          index = 0,
+          interpolate = options.interpolate || reNoMatch,
+          source = "__p += '";
+
+      // Compile the regexp to match each delimiter.
+      var reDelimiters = RegExp(
+        (options.escape || reNoMatch).source + '|' +
+        interpolate.source + '|' +
+        (interpolate === reInterpolate ? reEsTemplate : reNoMatch).source + '|' +
+        (options.evaluate || reNoMatch).source + '|$'
+      , 'g');
+
+      // Use a sourceURL for easier debugging.
+      var sourceURL = '//# sourceURL=' +
+        ('sourceURL' in options
+          ? options.sourceURL
+          : ('lodash.templateSources[' + (++templateCounter) + ']')
+        ) + '\n';
+
+      string.replace(reDelimiters, function(match, escapeValue, interpolateValue, esTemplateValue, evaluateValue, offset) {
+        interpolateValue || (interpolateValue = esTemplateValue);
+
+        // Escape characters that can't be included in string literals.
+        source += string.slice(index, offset).replace(reUnescapedString, escapeStringChar);
+
+        // Replace delimiters with snippets.
+        if (escapeValue) {
+          isEscaping = true;
+          source += "' +\n__e(" + escapeValue + ") +\n'";
+        }
+        if (evaluateValue) {
+          isEvaluating = true;
+          source += "';\n" + evaluateValue + ";\n__p += '";
+        }
+        if (interpolateValue) {
+          source += "' +\n((__t = (" + interpolateValue + ")) == null ? '' : __t) +\n'";
+        }
+        index = offset + match.length;
+
+        // The JS engine embedded in Adobe products needs `match` returned in
+        // order to produce the correct `offset` value.
+        return match;
+      });
+
+      source += "';\n";
+
+      // If `variable` is not specified wrap a with-statement around the generated
+      // code to add the data object to the top of the scope chain.
+      var variable = options.variable;
+      if (!variable) {
+        source = 'with (obj) {\n' + source + '\n}\n';
+      }
+      // Cleanup code by stripping empty strings.
+      source = (isEvaluating ? source.replace(reEmptyStringLeading, '') : source)
+        .replace(reEmptyStringMiddle, '$1')
+        .replace(reEmptyStringTrailing, '$1;');
+
+      // Frame code as the function body.
+      source = 'function(' + (variable || 'obj') + ') {\n' +
+        (variable
+          ? ''
+          : 'obj || (obj = {});\n'
+        ) +
+        "var __t, __p = ''" +
+        (isEscaping
+           ? ', __e = _.escape'
+           : ''
+        ) +
+        (isEvaluating
+          ? ', __j = Array.prototype.join;\n' +
+            "function print() { __p += __j.call(arguments, '') }\n"
+          : ';\n'
+        ) +
+        source +
+        'return __p\n}';
+
+      var result = attempt(function() {
+        return Function(importsKeys, sourceURL + 'return ' + source)
+          .apply(undefined, importsValues);
+      });
+
+      // Provide the compiled function's source by its `toString` method or
+      // the `source` property as a convenience for inlining compiled templates.
+      result.source = source;
+      if (isError(result)) {
+        throw result;
+      }
+      return result;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Converts `string`, as a whole, to lower case just like
+     * [String#toLowerCase](https://mdn.io/toLowerCase).
+     *
+     * @static
+     * @memberOf _
+     * @since 4.0.0
+     * @category String
+     * @param {string} [string=''] The string to convert.
+     * @returns {string} Returns the lower cased string.
+     * @example
+     *
+     * _.toLower('--Foo-Bar--');
+     * // => '--foo-bar--'
+     *
+     * _.toLower('fooBar');
+     * // => 'foobar'
+     *
+     * _.toLower('__FOO_BAR__');
+     * // => '__foo_bar__'
+     */
+    function toLower(value) {
+      return toString(value).toLowerCase();
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Converts `string`, as a whole, to upper case just like
+     * [String#toUpperCase](https://mdn.io/toUpperCase).
+     *
+     * @static
+     * @memberOf _
+     * @since 4.0.0
+     * @category String
+     * @param {string} [string=''] The string to convert.
+     * @returns {string} Returns the upper cased string.
+     * @example
+     *
+     * _.toUpper('--foo-bar--');
+     * // => '--FOO-BAR--'
+     *
+     * _.toUpper('fooBar');
+     * // => 'FOOBAR'
+     *
+     * _.toUpper('__foo_bar__');
+     * // => '__FOO_BAR__'
+     */
+    function toUpper(value) {
+      return toString(value).toUpperCase();
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Removes leading and trailing whitespace or specified characters from `string`.
+     *
+     * @static
+     * @memberOf _
+     * @since 3.0.0
+     * @category String
+     * @param {string} [string=''] The string to trim.
+     * @param {string} [chars=whitespace] The characters to trim.
+     * @param- {Object} [guard] Enables use as an iteratee for methods like `_.map`.
+     * @returns {string} Returns the trimmed string.
+     * @example
+     *
+     * _.trim('  abc  ');
+     * // => 'abc'
+     *
+     * _.trim('-_-abc-_-', '_-');
+     * // => 'abc'
+     *
+     * _.map(['  foo  ', '  bar  '], _.trim);
+     * // => ['foo', 'bar']
+     */
+    function trim(string, chars, guard) {
+      string = toString(string);
+      if (string && (guard || chars === undefined)) {
+        return string.replace(reTrim, '');
+      }
+      if (!string || !(chars = baseToString(chars))) {
+        return string;
+      }
+      var strSymbols = stringToArray(string),
+          chrSymbols = stringToArray(chars),
+          start = charsStartIndex(strSymbols, chrSymbols),
+          end = charsEndIndex(strSymbols, chrSymbols) + 1;
+
+      return castSlice(strSymbols, start, end).join('');
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Removes trailing whitespace or specified characters from `string`.
+     *
+     * @static
+     * @memberOf _
+     * @since 4.0.0
+     * @category String
+     * @param {string} [string=''] The string to trim.
+     * @param {string} [chars=whitespace] The characters to trim.
+     * @param- {Object} [guard] Enables use as an iteratee for methods like `_.map`.
+     * @returns {string} Returns the trimmed string.
+     * @example
+     *
+     * _.trimEnd('  abc  ');
+     * // => '  abc'
+     *
+     * _.trimEnd('-_-abc-_-', '_-');
+     * // => '-_-abc'
+     */
+    function trimEnd(string, chars, guard) {
+      string = toString(string);
+      if (string && (guard || chars === undefined)) {
+        return string.replace(reTrimEnd, '');
+      }
+      if (!string || !(chars = baseToString(chars))) {
+        return string;
+      }
+      var strSymbols = stringToArray(string),
+          end = charsEndIndex(strSymbols, stringToArray(chars)) + 1;
+
+      return castSlice(strSymbols, 0, end).join('');
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Removes leading whitespace or specified characters from `string`.
+     *
+     * @static
+     * @memberOf _
+     * @since 4.0.0
+     * @category String
+     * @param {string} [string=''] The string to trim.
+     * @param {string} [chars=whitespace] The characters to trim.
+     * @param- {Object} [guard] Enables use as an iteratee for methods like `_.map`.
+     * @returns {string} Returns the trimmed string.
+     * @example
+     *
+     * _.trimStart('  abc  ');
+     * // => 'abc  '
+     *
+     * _.trimStart('-_-abc-_-', '_-');
+     * // => 'abc-_-'
+     */
+    function trimStart(string, chars, guard) {
+      string = toString(string);
+      if (string && (guard || chars === undefined)) {
+        return string.replace(reTrimStart, '');
+      }
+      if (!string || !(chars = baseToString(chars))) {
+        return string;
+      }
+      var strSymbols = stringToArray(string),
+          start = charsStartIndex(strSymbols, stringToArray(chars));
+
+      return castSlice(strSymbols, start).join('');
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Truncates `string` if it's longer than the given maximum string length.
+     * The last characters of the truncated string are replaced with the omission
+     * string which defaults to "...".
+     *
+     * @static
+     * @memberOf _
+     * @since 4.0.0
+     * @category String
+     * @param {string} [string=''] The string to truncate.
+     * @param {Object} [options={}] The options object.
+     * @param {number} [options.length=30] The maximum string length.
+     * @param {string} [options.omission='...'] The string to indicate text is omitted.
+     * @param {RegExp|string} [options.separator] The separator pattern to truncate to.
+     * @returns {string} Returns the truncated string.
+     * @example
+     *
+     * _.truncate('hi-diddly-ho there, neighborino');
+     * // => 'hi-diddly-ho there, neighbo...'
+     *
+     * _.truncate('hi-diddly-ho there, neighborino', {
+     *   'length': 24,
+     *   'separator': ' '
+     * });
+     * // => 'hi-diddly-ho there,...'
+     *
+     * _.truncate('hi-diddly-ho there, neighborino', {
+     *   'length': 24,
+     *   'separator': /,? +/
+     * });
+     * // => 'hi-diddly-ho there...'
+     *
+     * _.truncate('hi-diddly-ho there, neighborino', {
+     *   'omission': ' [...]'
+     * });
+     * // => 'hi-diddly-ho there, neig [...]'
+     */
+    function truncate(string, options) {
+      var length = DEFAULT_TRUNC_LENGTH,
+          omission = DEFAULT_TRUNC_OMISSION;
+
+      if (isObject(options)) {
+        var separator = 'separator' in options ? options.separator : separator;
+        length = 'length' in options ? toInteger(options.length) : length;
+        omission = 'omission' in options ? baseToString(options.omission) : omission;
+      }
+      string = toString(string);
+
+      var strLength = string.length;
+      if (reHasComplexSymbol.test(string)) {
+        var strSymbols = stringToArray(string);
+        strLength = strSymbols.length;
+      }
+      if (length >= strLength) {
+        return string;
+      }
+      var end = length - stringSize(omission);
+      if (end < 1) {
+        return omission;
+      }
+      var result = strSymbols
+        ? castSlice(strSymbols, 0, end).join('')
+        : string.slice(0, end);
+
+      if (separator === undefined) {
+        return result + omission;
+      }
+      if (strSymbols) {
+        end += (result.length - end);
+      }
+      if (isRegExp(separator)) {
+        if (string.slice(end).search(separator)) {
+          var match,
+              substring = result;
+
+          if (!separator.global) {
+            separator = RegExp(separator.source, toString(reFlags.exec(separator)) + 'g');
+          }
+          separator.lastIndex = 0;
+          while ((match = separator.exec(substring))) {
+            var newEnd = match.index;
+          }
+          result = result.slice(0, newEnd === undefined ? end : newEnd);
+        }
+      } else if (string.indexOf(baseToString(separator), end) != end) {
+        var index = result.lastIndexOf(separator);
+        if (index > -1) {
+          result = result.slice(0, index);
+        }
+      }
+      return result + omission;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * The inverse of `_.escape`; this method converts the HTML entities
+     * `&amp;`, `&lt;`, `&gt;`, `&quot;`, `&#39;`, and `&#96;` in `string` to
+     * their corresponding characters.
+     *
+     * **Note:** No other HTML entities are unescaped. To unescape additional
+     * HTML entities use a third-party library like [_he_](https://mths.be/he).
+     *
+     * @static
+     * @memberOf _
+     * @since 0.6.0
+     * @category String
+     * @param {string} [string=''] The string to unescape.
+     * @returns {string} Returns the unescaped string.
+     * @example
+     *
+     * _.unescape('fred, barney, &amp; pebbles');
+     * // => 'fred, barney, & pebbles'
+     */
+    function unescape(string) {
+      string = toString(string);
+      return (string && reHasEscapedHtml.test(string))
+        ? string.replace(reEscapedHtml, unescapeHtmlChar)
+        : string;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Converts `string`, as space separated words, to upper case.
+     *
+     * @static
+     * @memberOf _
+     * @since 4.0.0
+     * @category String
+     * @param {string} [string=''] The string to convert.
+     * @returns {string} Returns the upper cased string.
+     * @example
+     *
+     * _.upperCase('--foo-bar');
+     * // => 'FOO BAR'
+     *
+     * _.upperCase('fooBar');
+     * // => 'FOO BAR'
+     *
+     * _.upperCase('__foo_bar__');
+     * // => 'FOO BAR'
+     */
+    var upperCase = createCompounder(function(result, word, index) {
+      return result + (index ? ' ' : '') + word.toUpperCase();
+    });
+
+    /**
+     * Converts the first character of `string` to upper case.
+     *
+     * @static
+     * @memberOf _
+     * @since 4.0.0
+     * @category String
+     * @param {string} [string=''] The string to convert.
+     * @returns {string} Returns the converted string.
+     * @example
+     *
+     * _.upperFirst('fred');
+     * // => 'Fred'
+     *
+     * _.upperFirst('FRED');
+     * // => 'FRED'
+     */
+    var upperFirst = createCaseFirst('toUpperCase');
+
+    /**
+     * Splits `string` into an array of its words.
+     *
+     * @static
+     * @memberOf _
+     * @since 3.0.0
+     * @category String
+     * @param {string} [string=''] The string to inspect.
+     * @param {RegExp|string} [pattern] The pattern to match words.
+     * @param- {Object} [guard] Enables use as an iteratee for methods like `_.map`.
+     * @returns {Array} Returns the words of `string`.
+     * @example
+     *
+     * _.words('fred, barney, & pebbles');
+     * // => ['fred', 'barney', 'pebbles']
+     *
+     * _.words('fred, barney, & pebbles', /[^, ]+/g);
+     * // => ['fred', 'barney', '&', 'pebbles']
+     */
+    function words(string, pattern, guard) {
+      string = toString(string);
+      pattern = guard ? undefined : pattern;
+
+      if (pattern === undefined) {
+        pattern = reHasComplexWord.test(string) ? reComplexWord : reBasicWord;
+      }
+      return string.match(pattern) || [];
+    }
+
+    /*------------------------------------------------------------------------*/
+
+    /**
+     * Attempts to invoke `func`, returning either the result or the caught error
+     * object. Any additional arguments are provided to `func` when it's invoked.
+     *
+     * @static
+     * @memberOf _
+     * @since 3.0.0
+     * @category Util
+     * @param {Function} func The function to attempt.
+     * @param {...*} [args] The arguments to invoke `func` with.
+     * @returns {*} Returns the `func` result or error object.
+     * @example
+     *
+     * // Avoid throwing errors for invalid selectors.
+     * var elements = _.attempt(function(selector) {
+     *   return document.querySelectorAll(selector);
+     * }, '>_>');
+     *
+     * if (_.isError(elements)) {
+     *   elements = [];
+     * }
+     */
+    var attempt = baseRest(function(func, args) {
+      try {
+        return apply(func, undefined, args);
+      } catch (e) {
+        return isError(e) ? e : new Error(e);
+      }
+    });
+
+    /**
+     * Binds methods of an object to the object itself, overwriting the existing
+     * method.
+     *
+     * **Note:** This method doesn't set the "length" property of bound functions.
+     *
+     * @static
+     * @since 0.1.0
+     * @memberOf _
+     * @category Util
+     * @param {Object} object The object to bind and assign the bound methods to.
+     * @param {...(string|string[])} methodNames The object method names to bind.
+     * @returns {Object} Returns `object`.
+     * @example
+     *
+     * var view = {
+     *   'label': 'docs',
+     *   'click': function() {
+     *     console.log('clicked ' + this.label);
+     *   }
+     * };
+     *
+     * _.bindAll(view, ['click']);
+     * jQuery(element).on('click', view.click);
+     * // => Logs 'clicked docs' when clicked.
+     */
+    var bindAll = baseRest(function(object, methodNames) {
+      arrayEach(baseFlatten(methodNames, 1), function(key) {
+        key = toKey(key);
+        object[key] = bind(object[key], object);
+      });
+      return object;
+    });
+
+    /**
+     * Creates a function that iterates over `pairs` and invokes the corresponding
+     * function of the first predicate to return truthy. The predicate-function
+     * pairs are invoked with the `this` binding and arguments of the created
+     * function.
+     *
+     * @static
+     * @memberOf _
+     * @since 4.0.0
+     * @category Util
+     * @param {Array} pairs The predicate-function pairs.
+     * @returns {Function} Returns the new composite function.
+     * @example
+     *
+     * var func = _.cond([
+     *   [_.matches({ 'a': 1 }),           _.constant('matches A')],
+     *   [_.conforms({ 'b': _.isNumber }), _.constant('matches B')],
+     *   [_.stubTrue,                      _.constant('no match')]
+     * ]);
+     *
+     * func({ 'a': 1, 'b': 2 });
+     * // => 'matches A'
+     *
+     * func({ 'a': 0, 'b': 1 });
+     * // => 'matches B'
+     *
+     * func({ 'a': '1', 'b': '2' });
+     * // => 'no match'
+     */
+    function cond(pairs) {
+      var length = pairs ? pairs.length : 0,
+          toIteratee = getIteratee();
+
+      pairs = !length ? [] : arrayMap(pairs, function(pair) {
+        if (typeof pair[1] != 'function') {
+          throw new TypeError(FUNC_ERROR_TEXT);
+        }
+        return [toIteratee(pair[0]), pair[1]];
+      });
+
+      return baseRest(function(args) {
+        var index = -1;
+        while (++index < length) {
+          var pair = pairs[index];
+          if (apply(pair[0], this, args)) {
+            return apply(pair[1], this, args);
+          }
+        }
+      });
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Creates a function that invokes the predicate properties of `source` with
+     * the corresponding property values of a given object, returning `true` if
+     * all predicates return truthy, else `false`.
+     *
+     * **Note:** The created function is equivalent to `_.conformsTo` with
+     * `source` partially applied.
+     *
+     * @static
+     * @memberOf _
+     * @since 4.0.0
+     * @category Util
+     * @param {Object} source The object of property predicates to conform to.
+     * @returns {Function} Returns the new spec function.
+     * @example
+     *
+     * var objects = [
+     *   { 'a': 2, 'b': 1 },
+     *   { 'a': 1, 'b': 2 }
+     * ];
+     *
+     * _.filter(objects, _.conforms({ 'b': function(n) { return n > 1; } }));
+     * // => [{ 'a': 1, 'b': 2 }]
+     */
+    function conforms(source) {
+      return baseConforms(baseClone(source, true));
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Creates a function that returns `value`.
+     *
+     * @static
+     * @memberOf _
+     * @since 2.4.0
+     * @category Util
+     * @param {*} value The value to return from the new function.
+     * @returns {Function} Returns the new constant function.
+     * @example
+     *
+     * var objects = _.times(2, _.constant({ 'a': 1 }));
+     *
+     * console.log(objects);
+     * // => [{ 'a': 1 }, { 'a': 1 }]
+     *
+     * console.log(objects[0] === objects[1]);
+     * // => true
+     */
+    function constant(value) {
+      return function() {
+        return value;
+      };
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Checks `value` to determine whether a default value should be returned in
+     * its place. The `defaultValue` is returned if `value` is `NaN`, `null`,
+     * or `undefined`.
+     *
+     * @static
+     * @memberOf _
+     * @since 4.14.0
+     * @category Util
+     * @param {*} value The value to check.
+     * @param {*} defaultValue The default value.
+     * @returns {*} Returns the resolved value.
+     * @example
+     *
+     * _.defaultTo(1, 10);
+     * // => 1
+     *
+     * _.defaultTo(undefined, 10);
+     * // => 10
+     */
+    function defaultTo(value, defaultValue) {
+      return (value == null || value !== value) ? defaultValue : value;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Creates a function that returns the result of invoking the given functions
+     * with the `this` binding of the created function, where each successive
+     * invocation is supplied the return value of the previous.
+     *
+     * @static
+     * @memberOf _
+     * @since 3.0.0
+     * @category Util
+     * @param {...(Function|Function[])} [funcs] The functions to invoke.
+     * @returns {Function} Returns the new composite function.
+     * @see _.flowRight
+     * @example
+     *
+     * function square(n) {
+     *   return n * n;
+     * }
+     *
+     * var addSquare = _.flow([_.add, square]);
+     * addSquare(1, 2);
+     * // => 9
+     */
+    var flow = createFlow();
+
+    /**
+     * This method is like `_.flow` except that it creates a function that
+     * invokes the given functions from right to left.
+     *
+     * @static
+     * @since 3.0.0
+     * @memberOf _
+     * @category Util
+     * @param {...(Function|Function[])} [funcs] The functions to invoke.
+     * @returns {Function} Returns the new composite function.
+     * @see _.flow
+     * @example
+     *
+     * function square(n) {
+     *   return n * n;
+     * }
+     *
+     * var addSquare = _.flowRight([square, _.add]);
+     * addSquare(1, 2);
+     * // => 9
+     */
+    var flowRight = createFlow(true);
+
+    /**
+     * This method returns the first argument it receives.
+     *
+     * @static
+     * @since 0.1.0
+     * @memberOf _
+     * @category Util
+     * @param {*} value Any value.
+     * @returns {*} Returns `value`.
+     * @example
+     *
+     * var object = { 'a': 1 };
+     *
+     * console.log(_.identity(object) === object);
+     * // => true
+     */
+    function identity(value) {
+      return value;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Creates a function that invokes `func` with the arguments of the created
+     * function. If `func` is a property name, the created function returns the
+     * property value for a given element. If `func` is an array or object, the
+     * created function returns `true` for elements that contain the equivalent
+     * source properties, otherwise it returns `false`.
+     *
+     * @static
+     * @since 4.0.0
+     * @memberOf _
+     * @category Util
+     * @param {*} [func=_.identity] The value to convert to a callback.
+     * @returns {Function} Returns the callback.
+     * @example
+     *
+     * var users = [
+     *   { 'user': 'barney', 'age': 36, 'active': true },
+     *   { 'user': 'fred',   'age': 40, 'active': false }
+     * ];
+     *
+     * // The `_.matches` iteratee shorthand.
+     * _.filter(users, _.iteratee({ 'user': 'barney', 'active': true }));
+     * // => [{ 'user': 'barney', 'age': 36, 'active': true }]
+     *
+     * // The `_.matchesProperty` iteratee shorthand.
+     * _.filter(users, _.iteratee(['user', 'fred']));
+     * // => [{ 'user': 'fred', 'age': 40 }]
+     *
+     * // The `_.property` iteratee shorthand.
+     * _.map(users, _.iteratee('user'));
+     * // => ['barney', 'fred']
+     *
+     * // Create custom iteratee shorthands.
+     * _.iteratee = _.wrap(_.iteratee, function(iteratee, func) {
+     *   return !_.isRegExp(func) ? iteratee(func) : function(string) {
+     *     return func.test(string);
+     *   };
+     * });
+     *
+     * _.filter(['abc', 'def'], /ef/);
+     * // => ['def']
+     */
+    function iteratee(func) {
+      return baseIteratee(typeof func == 'function' ? func : baseClone(func, true));
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Creates a function that performs a partial deep comparison between a given
+     * object and `source`, returning `true` if the given object has equivalent
+     * property values, else `false`.
+     *
+     * **Note:** The created function supports comparing the same values as
+     * `_.isEqual` is equivalent to `_.isMatch` with `source` partially applied.
+     *
+     * @static
+     * @memberOf _
+     * @since 3.0.0
+     * @category Util
+     * @param {Object} source The object of property values to match.
+     * @returns {Function} Returns the new spec function.
+     * @example
+     *
+     * var objects = [
+     *   { 'a': 1, 'b': 2, 'c': 3 },
+     *   { 'a': 4, 'b': 5, 'c': 6 }
+     * ];
+     *
+     * _.filter(objects, _.matches({ 'a': 4, 'c': 6 }));
+     * // => [{ 'a': 4, 'b': 5, 'c': 6 }]
+     */
+    function matches(source) {
+      return baseMatches(baseClone(source, true));
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Creates a function that performs a partial deep comparison between the
+     * value at `path` of a given object to `srcValue`, returning `true` if the
+     * object value is equivalent, else `false`.
+     *
+     * **Note:** This method supports comparing the same values as `_.isEqual`.
+     *
+     * @static
+     * @memberOf _
+     * @since 3.2.0
+     * @category Util
+     * @param {Array|string} path The path of the property to get.
+     * @param {*} srcValue The value to match.
+     * @returns {Function} Returns the new spec function.
+     * @example
+     *
+     * var objects = [
+     *   { 'a': 1, 'b': 2, 'c': 3 },
+     *   { 'a': 4, 'b': 5, 'c': 6 }
+     * ];
+     *
+     * _.find(objects, _.matchesProperty('a', 4));
+     * // => { 'a': 4, 'b': 5, 'c': 6 }
+     */
+    function matchesProperty(path, srcValue) {
+      return baseMatchesProperty(path, baseClone(srcValue, true));
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Creates a function that invokes the method at `path` of a given object.
+     * Any additional arguments are provided to the invoked method.
+     *
+     * @static
+     * @memberOf _
+     * @since 3.7.0
+     * @category Util
+     * @param {Array|string} path The path of the method to invoke.
+     * @param {...*} [args] The arguments to invoke the method with.
+     * @returns {Function} Returns the new invoker function.
+     * @example
+     *
+     * var objects = [
+     *   { 'a': { 'b': _.constant(2) } },
+     *   { 'a': { 'b': _.constant(1) } }
+     * ];
+     *
+     * _.map(objects, _.method('a.b'));
+     * // => [2, 1]
+     *
+     * _.map(objects, _.method(['a', 'b']));
+     * // => [2, 1]
+     */
+    var method = baseRest(function(path, args) {
+      return function(object) {
+        return baseInvoke(object, path, args);
+      };
+    });
+
+    /**
+     * The opposite of `_.method`; this method creates a function that invokes
+     * the method at a given path of `object`. Any additional arguments are
+     * provided to the invoked method.
+     *
+     * @static
+     * @memberOf _
+     * @since 3.7.0
+     * @category Util
+     * @param {Object} object The object to query.
+     * @param {...*} [args] The arguments to invoke the method with.
+     * @returns {Function} Returns the new invoker function.
+     * @example
+     *
+     * var array = _.times(3, _.constant),
+     *     object = { 'a': array, 'b': array, 'c': array };
+     *
+     * _.map(['a[2]', 'c[0]'], _.methodOf(object));
+     * // => [2, 0]
+     *
+     * _.map([['a', '2'], ['c', '0']], _.methodOf(object));
+     * // => [2, 0]
+     */
+    var methodOf = baseRest(function(object, args) {
+      return function(path) {
+        return baseInvoke(object, path, args);
+      };
+    });
+
+    /**
+     * Adds all own enumerable string keyed function properties of a source
+     * object to the destination object. If `object` is a function, then methods
+     * are added to its prototype as well.
+     *
+     * **Note:** Use `_.runInContext` to create a pristine `lodash` function to
+     * avoid conflicts caused by modifying the original.
+     *
+     * @static
+     * @since 0.1.0
+     * @memberOf _
+     * @category Util
+     * @param {Function|Object} [object=lodash] The destination object.
+     * @param {Object} source The object of functions to add.
+     * @param {Object} [options={}] The options object.
+     * @param {boolean} [options.chain=true] Specify whether mixins are chainable.
+     * @returns {Function|Object} Returns `object`.
+     * @example
+     *
+     * function vowels(string) {
+     *   return _.filter(string, function(v) {
+     *     return /[aeiou]/i.test(v);
+     *   });
+     * }
+     *
+     * _.mixin({ 'vowels': vowels });
+     * _.vowels('fred');
+     * // => ['e']
+     *
+     * _('fred').vowels().value();
+     * // => ['e']
+     *
+     * _.mixin({ 'vowels': vowels }, { 'chain': false });
+     * _('fred').vowels();
+     * // => ['e']
+     */
+    function mixin(object, source, options) {
+      var props = keys(source),
+          methodNames = baseFunctions(source, props);
+
+      if (options == null &&
+          !(isObject(source) && (methodNames.length || !props.length))) {
+        options = source;
+        source = object;
+        object = this;
+        methodNames = baseFunctions(source, keys(source));
+      }
+      var chain = !(isObject(options) && 'chain' in options) || !!options.chain,
+          isFunc = isFunction(object);
+
+      arrayEach(methodNames, function(methodName) {
+        var func = source[methodName];
+        object[methodName] = func;
+        if (isFunc) {
+          object.prototype[methodName] = function() {
+            var chainAll = this.__chain__;
+            if (chain || chainAll) {
+              var result = object(this.__wrapped__),
+                  actions = result.__actions__ = copyArray(this.__actions__);
+
+              actions.push({ 'func': func, 'args': arguments, 'thisArg': object });
+              result.__chain__ = chainAll;
+              return result;
+            }
+            return func.apply(object, arrayPush([this.value()], arguments));
+          };
+        }
+      });
+
+      return object;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Reverts the `_` variable to its previous value and returns a reference to
+     * the `lodash` function.
+     *
+     * @static
+     * @since 0.1.0
+     * @memberOf _
+     * @category Util
+     * @returns {Function} Returns the `lodash` function.
+     * @example
+     *
+     * var lodash = _.noConflict();
+     */
+    function noConflict() {
+      if (root._ === this) {
+        root._ = oldDash;
+      }
+      return this;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * This method returns `undefined`.
+     *
+     * @static
+     * @memberOf _
+     * @since 2.3.0
+     * @category Util
+     * @example
+     *
+     * _.times(2, _.noop);
+     * // => [undefined, undefined]
+     */
+    function noop() {
+      // No operation performed.
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Creates a function that gets the argument at index `n`. If `n` is negative,
+     * the nth argument from the end is returned.
+     *
+     * @static
+     * @memberOf _
+     * @since 4.0.0
+     * @category Util
+     * @param {number} [n=0] The index of the argument to return.
+     * @returns {Function} Returns the new pass-thru function.
+     * @example
+     *
+     * var func = _.nthArg(1);
+     * func('a', 'b', 'c', 'd');
+     * // => 'b'
+     *
+     * var func = _.nthArg(-2);
+     * func('a', 'b', 'c', 'd');
+     * // => 'c'
+     */
+    function nthArg(n) {
+      n = toInteger(n);
+      return baseRest(function(args) {
+        return baseNth(args, n);
+      });
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Creates a function that invokes `iteratees` with the arguments it receives
+     * and returns their results.
+     *
+     * @static
+     * @memberOf _
+     * @since 4.0.0
+     * @category Util
+     * @param {...(Function|Function[])} [iteratees=[_.identity]]
+     *  The iteratees to invoke.
+     * @returns {Function} Returns the new function.
+     * @example
+     *
+     * var func = _.over([Math.max, Math.min]);
+     *
+     * func(1, 2, 3, 4);
+     * // => [4, 1]
+     */
+    var over = createOver(arrayMap);
+
+    /**
+     * Creates a function that checks if **all** of the `predicates` return
+     * truthy when invoked with the arguments it receives.
+     *
+     * @static
+     * @memberOf _
+     * @since 4.0.0
+     * @category Util
+     * @param {...(Function|Function[])} [predicates=[_.identity]]
+     *  The predicates to check.
+     * @returns {Function} Returns the new function.
+     * @example
+     *
+     * var func = _.overEvery([Boolean, isFinite]);
+     *
+     * func('1');
+     * // => true
+     *
+     * func(null);
+     * // => false
+     *
+     * func(NaN);
+     * // => false
+     */
+    var overEvery = createOver(arrayEvery);
+
+    /**
+     * Creates a function that checks if **any** of the `predicates` return
+     * truthy when invoked with the arguments it receives.
+     *
+     * @static
+     * @memberOf _
+     * @since 4.0.0
+     * @category Util
+     * @param {...(Function|Function[])} [predicates=[_.identity]]
+     *  The predicates to check.
+     * @returns {Function} Returns the new function.
+     * @example
+     *
+     * var func = _.overSome([Boolean, isFinite]);
+     *
+     * func('1');
+     * // => true
+     *
+     * func(null);
+     * // => true
+     *
+     * func(NaN);
+     * // => false
+     */
+    var overSome = createOver(arraySome);
+
+    /**
+     * Creates a function that returns the value at `path` of a given object.
+     *
+     * @static
+     * @memberOf _
+     * @since 2.4.0
+     * @category Util
+     * @param {Array|string} path The path of the property to get.
+     * @returns {Function} Returns the new accessor function.
+     * @example
+     *
+     * var objects = [
+     *   { 'a': { 'b': 2 } },
+     *   { 'a': { 'b': 1 } }
+     * ];
+     *
+     * _.map(objects, _.property('a.b'));
+     * // => [2, 1]
+     *
+     * _.map(_.sortBy(objects, _.property(['a', 'b'])), 'a.b');
+     * // => [1, 2]
+     */
+    function property(path) {
+      return isKey(path) ? baseProperty(toKey(path)) : basePropertyDeep(path);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * The opposite of `_.property`; this method creates a function that returns
+     * the value at a given path of `object`.
+     *
+     * @static
+     * @memberOf _
+     * @since 3.0.0
+     * @category Util
+     * @param {Object} object The object to query.
+     * @returns {Function} Returns the new accessor function.
+     * @example
+     *
+     * var array = [0, 1, 2],
+     *     object = { 'a': array, 'b': array, 'c': array };
+     *
+     * _.map(['a[2]', 'c[0]'], _.propertyOf(object));
+     * // => [2, 0]
+     *
+     * _.map([['a', '2'], ['c', '0']], _.propertyOf(object));
+     * // => [2, 0]
+     */
+    function propertyOf(object) {
+      return function(path) {
+        return object == null ? undefined : baseGet(object, path);
+      };
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Creates an array of numbers (positive and/or negative) progressing from
+     * `start` up to, but not including, `end`. A step of `-1` is used if a negative
+     * `start` is specified without an `end` or `step`. If `end` is not specified,
+     * it's set to `start` with `start` then set to `0`.
+     *
+     * **Note:** JavaScript follows the IEEE-754 standard for resolving
+     * floating-point values which can produce unexpected results.
+     *
+     * @static
+     * @since 0.1.0
+     * @memberOf _
+     * @category Util
+     * @param {number} [start=0] The start of the range.
+     * @param {number} end The end of the range.
+     * @param {number} [step=1] The value to increment or decrement by.
+     * @returns {Array} Returns the range of numbers.
+     * @see _.inRange, _.rangeRight
+     * @example
+     *
+     * _.range(4);
+     * // => [0, 1, 2, 3]
+     *
+     * _.range(-4);
+     * // => [0, -1, -2, -3]
+     *
+     * _.range(1, 5);
+     * // => [1, 2, 3, 4]
+     *
+     * _.range(0, 20, 5);
+     * // => [0, 5, 10, 15]
+     *
+     * _.range(0, -4, -1);
+     * // => [0, -1, -2, -3]
+     *
+     * _.range(1, 4, 0);
+     * // => [1, 1, 1]
+     *
+     * _.range(0);
+     * // => []
+     */
+    var range = createRange();
+
+    /**
+     * This method is like `_.range` except that it populates values in
+     * descending order.
+     *
+     * @static
+     * @memberOf _
+     * @since 4.0.0
+     * @category Util
+     * @param {number} [start=0] The start of the range.
+     * @param {number} end The end of the range.
+     * @param {number} [step=1] The value to increment or decrement by.
+     * @returns {Array} Returns the range of numbers.
+     * @see _.inRange, _.range
+     * @example
+     *
+     * _.rangeRight(4);
+     * // => [3, 2, 1, 0]
+     *
+     * _.rangeRight(-4);
+     * // => [-3, -2, -1, 0]
+     *
+     * _.rangeRight(1, 5);
+     * // => [4, 3, 2, 1]
+     *
+     * _.rangeRight(0, 20, 5);
+     * // => [15, 10, 5, 0]
+     *
+     * _.rangeRight(0, -4, -1);
+     * // => [-3, -2, -1, 0]
+     *
+     * _.rangeRight(1, 4, 0);
+     * // => [1, 1, 1]
+     *
+     * _.rangeRight(0);
+     * // => []
+     */
+    var rangeRight = createRange(true);
+
+    /**
+     * This method returns a new empty array.
+     *
+     * @static
+     * @memberOf _
+     * @since 4.13.0
+     * @category Util
+     * @returns {Array} Returns the new empty array.
+     * @example
+     *
+     * var arrays = _.times(2, _.stubArray);
+     *
+     * console.log(arrays);
+     * // => [[], []]
+     *
+     * console.log(arrays[0] === arrays[1]);
+     * // => false
+     */
+    function stubArray() {
+      return [];
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * This method returns `false`.
+     *
+     * @static
+     * @memberOf _
+     * @since 4.13.0
+     * @category Util
+     * @returns {boolean} Returns `false`.
+     * @example
+     *
+     * _.times(2, _.stubFalse);
+     * // => [false, false]
+     */
+    function stubFalse() {
+      return false;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * This method returns a new empty object.
+     *
+     * @static
+     * @memberOf _
+     * @since 4.13.0
+     * @category Util
+     * @returns {Object} Returns the new empty object.
+     * @example
+     *
+     * var objects = _.times(2, _.stubObject);
+     *
+     * console.log(objects);
+     * // => [{}, {}]
+     *
+     * console.log(objects[0] === objects[1]);
+     * // => false
+     */
+    function stubObject() {
+      return {};
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * This method returns an empty string.
+     *
+     * @static
+     * @memberOf _
+     * @since 4.13.0
+     * @category Util
+     * @returns {string} Returns the empty string.
+     * @example
+     *
+     * _.times(2, _.stubString);
+     * // => ['', '']
+     */
+    function stubString() {
+      return '';
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * This method returns `true`.
+     *
+     * @static
+     * @memberOf _
+     * @since 4.13.0
+     * @category Util
+     * @returns {boolean} Returns `true`.
+     * @example
+     *
+     * _.times(2, _.stubTrue);
+     * // => [true, true]
+     */
+    function stubTrue() {
+      return true;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Invokes the iteratee `n` times, returning an array of the results of
+     * each invocation. The iteratee is invoked with one argument; (index).
+     *
+     * @static
+     * @since 0.1.0
+     * @memberOf _
+     * @category Util
+     * @param {number} n The number of times to invoke `iteratee`.
+     * @param {Function} [iteratee=_.identity] The function invoked per iteration.
+     * @returns {Array} Returns the array of results.
+     * @example
+     *
+     * _.times(3, String);
+     * // => ['0', '1', '2']
+     *
+     *  _.times(4, _.constant(0));
+     * // => [0, 0, 0, 0]
+     */
+    function times(n, iteratee) {
+      n = toInteger(n);
+      if (n < 1 || n > MAX_SAFE_INTEGER) {
+        return [];
+      }
+      var index = MAX_ARRAY_LENGTH,
+          length = nativeMin(n, MAX_ARRAY_LENGTH);
+
+      iteratee = getIteratee(iteratee);
+      n -= MAX_ARRAY_LENGTH;
+
+      var result = baseTimes(length, iteratee);
+      while (++index < n) {
+        iteratee(index);
+      }
+      return result;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Converts `value` to a property path array.
+     *
+     * @static
+     * @memberOf _
+     * @since 4.0.0
+     * @category Util
+     * @param {*} value The value to convert.
+     * @returns {Array} Returns the new property path array.
+     * @example
+     *
+     * _.toPath('a.b.c');
+     * // => ['a', 'b', 'c']
+     *
+     * _.toPath('a[0].b.c');
+     * // => ['a', '0', 'b', 'c']
+     */
+    function toPath(value) {
+      if (isArray(value)) {
+        return arrayMap(value, toKey);
+      }
+      return isSymbol(value) ? [value] : copyArray(stringToPath(value));
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Generates a unique ID. If `prefix` is given, the ID is appended to it.
+     *
+     * @static
+     * @since 0.1.0
+     * @memberOf _
+     * @category Util
+     * @param {string} [prefix=''] The value to prefix the ID with.
+     * @returns {string} Returns the unique ID.
+     * @example
+     *
+     * _.uniqueId('contact_');
+     * // => 'contact_104'
+     *
+     * _.uniqueId();
+     * // => '105'
+     */
+    function uniqueId(prefix) {
+      var id = ++idCounter;
+      return toString(prefix) + id;
+    }
+
+    /*------------------------------------------------------------------------*/
+
+    /**
+     * Adds two numbers.
+     *
+     * @static
+     * @memberOf _
+     * @since 3.4.0
+     * @category Math
+     * @param {number} augend The first number in an addition.
+     * @param {number} addend The second number in an addition.
+     * @returns {number} Returns the total.
+     * @example
+     *
+     * _.add(6, 4);
+     * // => 10
+     */
+    var add = createMathOperation(function(augend, addend) {
+      return augend + addend;
+    }, 0);
+
+    /**
+     * Computes `number` rounded up to `precision`.
+     *
+     * @static
+     * @memberOf _
+     * @since 3.10.0
+     * @category Math
+     * @param {number} number The number to round up.
+     * @param {number} [precision=0] The precision to round up to.
+     * @returns {number} Returns the rounded up number.
+     * @example
+     *
+     * _.ceil(4.006);
+     * // => 5
+     *
+     * _.ceil(6.004, 2);
+     * // => 6.01
+     *
+     * _.ceil(6040, -2);
+     * // => 6100
+     */
+    var ceil = createRound('ceil');
+
+    /**
+     * Divide two numbers.
+     *
+     * @static
+     * @memberOf _
+     * @since 4.7.0
+     * @category Math
+     * @param {number} dividend The first number in a division.
+     * @param {number} divisor The second number in a division.
+     * @returns {number} Returns the quotient.
+     * @example
+     *
+     * _.divide(6, 4);
+     * // => 1.5
+     */
+    var divide = createMathOperation(function(dividend, divisor) {
+      return dividend / divisor;
+    }, 1);
+
+    /**
+     * Computes `number` rounded down to `precision`.
+     *
+     * @static
+     * @memberOf _
+     * @since 3.10.0
+     * @category Math
+     * @param {number} number The number to round down.
+     * @param {number} [precision=0] The precision to round down to.
+     * @returns {number} Returns the rounded down number.
+     * @example
+     *
+     * _.floor(4.006);
+     * // => 4
+     *
+     * _.floor(0.046, 2);
+     * // => 0.04
+     *
+     * _.floor(4060, -2);
+     * // => 4000
+     */
+    var floor = createRound('floor');
+
+    /**
+     * Computes the maximum value of `array`. If `array` is empty or falsey,
+     * `undefined` is returned.
+     *
+     * @static
+     * @since 0.1.0
+     * @memberOf _
+     * @category Math
+     * @param {Array} array The array to iterate over.
+     * @returns {*} Returns the maximum value.
+     * @example
+     *
+     * _.max([4, 2, 8, 6]);
+     * // => 8
+     *
+     * _.max([]);
+     * // => undefined
+     */
+    function max(array) {
+      return (array && array.length)
+        ? baseExtremum(array, identity, baseGt)
+        : undefined;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * This method is like `_.max` except that it accepts `iteratee` which is
+     * invoked for each element in `array` to generate the criterion by which
+     * the value is ranked. The iteratee is invoked with one argument: (value).
+     *
+     * @static
+     * @memberOf _
+     * @since 4.0.0
+     * @category Math
+     * @param {Array} array The array to iterate over.
+     * @param {Function} [iteratee=_.identity] The iteratee invoked per element.
+     * @returns {*} Returns the maximum value.
+     * @example
+     *
+     * var objects = [{ 'n': 1 }, { 'n': 2 }];
+     *
+     * _.maxBy(objects, function(o) { return o.n; });
+     * // => { 'n': 2 }
+     *
+     * // The `_.property` iteratee shorthand.
+     * _.maxBy(objects, 'n');
+     * // => { 'n': 2 }
+     */
+    function maxBy(array, iteratee) {
+      return (array && array.length)
+        ? baseExtremum(array, getIteratee(iteratee, 2), baseGt)
+        : undefined;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Computes the mean of the values in `array`.
+     *
+     * @static
+     * @memberOf _
+     * @since 4.0.0
+     * @category Math
+     * @param {Array} array The array to iterate over.
+     * @returns {number} Returns the mean.
+     * @example
+     *
+     * _.mean([4, 2, 8, 6]);
+     * // => 5
+     */
+    function mean(array) {
+      return baseMean(array, identity);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * This method is like `_.mean` except that it accepts `iteratee` which is
+     * invoked for each element in `array` to generate the value to be averaged.
+     * The iteratee is invoked with one argument: (value).
+     *
+     * @static
+     * @memberOf _
+     * @since 4.7.0
+     * @category Math
+     * @param {Array} array The array to iterate over.
+     * @param {Function} [iteratee=_.identity] The iteratee invoked per element.
+     * @returns {number} Returns the mean.
+     * @example
+     *
+     * var objects = [{ 'n': 4 }, { 'n': 2 }, { 'n': 8 }, { 'n': 6 }];
+     *
+     * _.meanBy(objects, function(o) { return o.n; });
+     * // => 5
+     *
+     * // The `_.property` iteratee shorthand.
+     * _.meanBy(objects, 'n');
+     * // => 5
+     */
+    function meanBy(array, iteratee) {
+      return baseMean(array, getIteratee(iteratee, 2));
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Computes the minimum value of `array`. If `array` is empty or falsey,
+     * `undefined` is returned.
+     *
+     * @static
+     * @since 0.1.0
+     * @memberOf _
+     * @category Math
+     * @param {Array} array The array to iterate over.
+     * @returns {*} Returns the minimum value.
+     * @example
+     *
+     * _.min([4, 2, 8, 6]);
+     * // => 2
+     *
+     * _.min([]);
+     * // => undefined
+     */
+    function min(array) {
+      return (array && array.length)
+        ? baseExtremum(array, identity, baseLt)
+        : undefined;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * This method is like `_.min` except that it accepts `iteratee` which is
+     * invoked for each element in `array` to generate the criterion by which
+     * the value is ranked. The iteratee is invoked with one argument: (value).
+     *
+     * @static
+     * @memberOf _
+     * @since 4.0.0
+     * @category Math
+     * @param {Array} array The array to iterate over.
+     * @param {Function} [iteratee=_.identity] The iteratee invoked per element.
+     * @returns {*} Returns the minimum value.
+     * @example
+     *
+     * var objects = [{ 'n': 1 }, { 'n': 2 }];
+     *
+     * _.minBy(objects, function(o) { return o.n; });
+     * // => { 'n': 1 }
+     *
+     * // The `_.property` iteratee shorthand.
+     * _.minBy(objects, 'n');
+     * // => { 'n': 1 }
+     */
+    function minBy(array, iteratee) {
+      return (array && array.length)
+        ? baseExtremum(array, getIteratee(iteratee, 2), baseLt)
+        : undefined;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Multiply two numbers.
+     *
+     * @static
+     * @memberOf _
+     * @since 4.7.0
+     * @category Math
+     * @param {number} multiplier The first number in a multiplication.
+     * @param {number} multiplicand The second number in a multiplication.
+     * @returns {number} Returns the product.
+     * @example
+     *
+     * _.multiply(6, 4);
+     * // => 24
+     */
+    var multiply = createMathOperation(function(multiplier, multiplicand) {
+      return multiplier * multiplicand;
+    }, 1);
+
+    /**
+     * Computes `number` rounded to `precision`.
+     *
+     * @static
+     * @memberOf _
+     * @since 3.10.0
+     * @category Math
+     * @param {number} number The number to round.
+     * @param {number} [precision=0] The precision to round to.
+     * @returns {number} Returns the rounded number.
+     * @example
+     *
+     * _.round(4.006);
+     * // => 4
+     *
+     * _.round(4.006, 2);
+     * // => 4.01
+     *
+     * _.round(4060, -2);
+     * // => 4100
+     */
+    var round = createRound('round');
+
+    /**
+     * Subtract two numbers.
+     *
+     * @static
+     * @memberOf _
+     * @since 4.0.0
+     * @category Math
+     * @param {number} minuend The first number in a subtraction.
+     * @param {number} subtrahend The second number in a subtraction.
+     * @returns {number} Returns the difference.
+     * @example
+     *
+     * _.subtract(6, 4);
+     * // => 2
+     */
+    var subtract = createMathOperation(function(minuend, subtrahend) {
+      return minuend - subtrahend;
+    }, 0);
+
+    /**
+     * Computes the sum of the values in `array`.
+     *
+     * @static
+     * @memberOf _
+     * @since 3.4.0
+     * @category Math
+     * @param {Array} array The array to iterate over.
+     * @returns {number} Returns the sum.
+     * @example
+     *
+     * _.sum([4, 2, 8, 6]);
+     * // => 20
+     */
+    function sum(array) {
+      return (array && array.length)
+        ? baseSum(array, identity)
+        : 0;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * This method is like `_.sum` except that it accepts `iteratee` which is
+     * invoked for each element in `array` to generate the value to be summed.
+     * The iteratee is invoked with one argument: (value).
+     *
+     * @static
+     * @memberOf _
+     * @since 4.0.0
+     * @category Math
+     * @param {Array} array The array to iterate over.
+     * @param {Function} [iteratee=_.identity] The iteratee invoked per element.
+     * @returns {number} Returns the sum.
+     * @example
+     *
+     * var objects = [{ 'n': 4 }, { 'n': 2 }, { 'n': 8 }, { 'n': 6 }];
+     *
+     * _.sumBy(objects, function(o) { return o.n; });
+     * // => 20
+     *
+     * // The `_.property` iteratee shorthand.
+     * _.sumBy(objects, 'n');
+     * // => 20
+     */
+    function sumBy(array, iteratee) {
+      return (array && array.length)
+        ? baseSum(array, getIteratee(iteratee, 2))
+        : 0;
+    }
+
+    /*------------------------------------------------------------------------*/
+
+    // Add methods that return wrapped values in chain sequences.
+    lodash.after = after;
+    lodash.ary = ary;
+    lodash.assign = assign;
+    lodash.assignIn = assignIn;
+    lodash.assignInWith = assignInWith;
+    lodash.assignWith = assignWith;
+    lodash.at = at;
+    lodash.before = before;
+    lodash.bind = bind;
+    lodash.bindAll = bindAll;
+    lodash.bindKey = bindKey;
+    lodash.castArray = castArray;
+    lodash.chain = chain;
+    lodash.chunk = chunk;
+    lodash.compact = compact;
+    lodash.concat = concat;
+    lodash.cond = cond;
+    lodash.conforms = conforms;
+    lodash.constant = constant;
+    lodash.countBy = countBy;
+    lodash.create = create;
+    lodash.curry = curry;
+    lodash.curryRight = curryRight;
+    lodash.debounce = debounce;
+    lodash.defaults = defaults;
+    lodash.defaultsDeep = defaultsDeep;
+    lodash.defer = defer;
+    lodash.delay = delay;
+    lodash.difference = difference;
+    lodash.differenceBy = differenceBy;
+    lodash.differenceWith = differenceWith;
+    lodash.drop = drop;
+    lodash.dropRight = dropRight;
+    lodash.dropRightWhile = dropRightWhile;
+    lodash.dropWhile = dropWhile;
+    lodash.fill = fill;
+    lodash.filter = filter;
+    lodash.flatMap = flatMap;
+    lodash.flatMapDeep = flatMapDeep;
+    lodash.flatMapDepth = flatMapDepth;
+    lodash.flatten = flatten;
+    lodash.flattenDeep = flattenDeep;
+    lodash.flattenDepth = flattenDepth;
+    lodash.flip = flip;
+    lodash.flow = flow;
+    lodash.flowRight = flowRight;
+    lodash.fromPairs = fromPairs;
+    lodash.functions = functions;
+    lodash.functionsIn = functionsIn;
+    lodash.groupBy = groupBy;
+    lodash.initial = initial;
+    lodash.intersection = intersection;
+    lodash.intersectionBy = intersectionBy;
+    lodash.intersectionWith = intersectionWith;
+    lodash.invert = invert;
+    lodash.invertBy = invertBy;
+    lodash.invokeMap = invokeMap;
+    lodash.iteratee = iteratee;
+    lodash.keyBy = keyBy;
+    lodash.keys = keys;
+    lodash.keysIn = keysIn;
+    lodash.map = map;
+    lodash.mapKeys = mapKeys;
+    lodash.mapValues = mapValues;
+    lodash.matches = matches;
+    lodash.matchesProperty = matchesProperty;
+    lodash.memoize = memoize;
+    lodash.merge = merge;
+    lodash.mergeWith = mergeWith;
+    lodash.method = method;
+    lodash.methodOf = methodOf;
+    lodash.mixin = mixin;
+    lodash.negate = negate;
+    lodash.nthArg = nthArg;
+    lodash.omit = omit;
+    lodash.omitBy = omitBy;
+    lodash.once = once;
+    lodash.orderBy = orderBy;
+    lodash.over = over;
+    lodash.overArgs = overArgs;
+    lodash.overEvery = overEvery;
+    lodash.overSome = overSome;
+    lodash.partial = partial;
+    lodash.partialRight = partialRight;
+    lodash.partition = partition;
+    lodash.pick = pick;
+    lodash.pickBy = pickBy;
+    lodash.property = property;
+    lodash.propertyOf = propertyOf;
+    lodash.pull = pull;
+    lodash.pullAll = pullAll;
+    lodash.pullAllBy = pullAllBy;
+    lodash.pullAllWith = pullAllWith;
+    lodash.pullAt = pullAt;
+    lodash.range = range;
+    lodash.rangeRight = rangeRight;
+    lodash.rearg = rearg;
+    lodash.reject = reject;
+    lodash.remove = remove;
+    lodash.rest = rest;
+    lodash.reverse = reverse;
+    lodash.sampleSize = sampleSize;
+    lodash.set = set;
+    lodash.setWith = setWith;
+    lodash.shuffle = shuffle;
+    lodash.slice = slice;
+    lodash.sortBy = sortBy;
+    lodash.sortedUniq = sortedUniq;
+    lodash.sortedUniqBy = sortedUniqBy;
+    lodash.split = split;
+    lodash.spread = spread;
+    lodash.tail = tail;
+    lodash.take = take;
+    lodash.takeRight = takeRight;
+    lodash.takeRightWhile = takeRightWhile;
+    lodash.takeWhile = takeWhile;
+    lodash.tap = tap;
+    lodash.throttle = throttle;
+    lodash.thru = thru;
+    lodash.toArray = toArray;
+    lodash.toPairs = toPairs;
+    lodash.toPairsIn = toPairsIn;
+    lodash.toPath = toPath;
+    lodash.toPlainObject = toPlainObject;
+    lodash.transform = transform;
+    lodash.unary = unary;
+    lodash.union = union;
+    lodash.unionBy = unionBy;
+    lodash.unionWith = unionWith;
+    lodash.uniq = uniq;
+    lodash.uniqBy = uniqBy;
+    lodash.uniqWith = uniqWith;
+    lodash.unset = unset;
+    lodash.unzip = unzip;
+    lodash.unzipWith = unzipWith;
+    lodash.update = update;
+    lodash.updateWith = updateWith;
+    lodash.values = values;
+    lodash.valuesIn = valuesIn;
+    lodash.without = without;
+    lodash.words = words;
+    lodash.wrap = wrap;
+    lodash.xor = xor;
+    lodash.xorBy = xorBy;
+    lodash.xorWith = xorWith;
+    lodash.zip = zip;
+    lodash.zipObject = zipObject;
+    lodash.zipObjectDeep = zipObjectDeep;
+    lodash.zipWith = zipWith;
+
+    // Add aliases.
+    lodash.entries = toPairs;
+    lodash.entriesIn = toPairsIn;
+    lodash.extend = assignIn;
+    lodash.extendWith = assignInWith;
+
+    // Add methods to `lodash.prototype`.
+    mixin(lodash, lodash);
+
+    /*------------------------------------------------------------------------*/
+
+    // Add methods that return unwrapped values in chain sequences.
+    lodash.add = add;
+    lodash.attempt = attempt;
+    lodash.camelCase = camelCase;
+    lodash.capitalize = capitalize;
+    lodash.ceil = ceil;
+    lodash.clamp = clamp;
+    lodash.clone = clone;
+    lodash.cloneDeep = cloneDeep;
+    lodash.cloneDeepWith = cloneDeepWith;
+    lodash.cloneWith = cloneWith;
+    lodash.conformsTo = conformsTo;
+    lodash.deburr = deburr;
+    lodash.defaultTo = defaultTo;
+    lodash.divide = divide;
+    lodash.endsWith = endsWith;
+    lodash.eq = eq;
+    lodash.escape = escape;
+    lodash.escapeRegExp = escapeRegExp;
+    lodash.every = every;
+    lodash.find = find;
+    lodash.findIndex = findIndex;
+    lodash.findKey = findKey;
+    lodash.findLast = findLast;
+    lodash.findLastIndex = findLastIndex;
+    lodash.findLastKey = findLastKey;
+    lodash.floor = floor;
+    lodash.forEach = forEach;
+    lodash.forEachRight = forEachRight;
+    lodash.forIn = forIn;
+    lodash.forInRight = forInRight;
+    lodash.forOwn = forOwn;
+    lodash.forOwnRight = forOwnRight;
+    lodash.get = get;
+    lodash.gt = gt;
+    lodash.gte = gte;
+    lodash.has = has;
+    lodash.hasIn = hasIn;
+    lodash.head = head;
+    lodash.identity = identity;
+    lodash.includes = includes;
+    lodash.indexOf = indexOf;
+    lodash.inRange = inRange;
+    lodash.invoke = invoke;
+    lodash.isArguments = isArguments;
+    lodash.isArray = isArray;
+    lodash.isArrayBuffer = isArrayBuffer;
+    lodash.isArrayLike = isArrayLike;
+    lodash.isArrayLikeObject = isArrayLikeObject;
+    lodash.isBoolean = isBoolean;
+    lodash.isBuffer = isBuffer;
+    lodash.isDate = isDate;
+    lodash.isElement = isElement;
+    lodash.isEmpty = isEmpty;
+    lodash.isEqual = isEqual;
+    lodash.isEqualWith = isEqualWith;
+    lodash.isError = isError;
+    lodash.isFinite = isFinite;
+    lodash.isFunction = isFunction;
+    lodash.isInteger = isInteger;
+    lodash.isLength = isLength;
+    lodash.isMap = isMap;
+    lodash.isMatch = isMatch;
+    lodash.isMatchWith = isMatchWith;
+    lodash.isNaN = isNaN;
+    lodash.isNative = isNative;
+    lodash.isNil = isNil;
+    lodash.isNull = isNull;
+    lodash.isNumber = isNumber;
+    lodash.isObject = isObject;
+    lodash.isObjectLike = isObjectLike;
+    lodash.isPlainObject = isPlainObject;
+    lodash.isRegExp = isRegExp;
+    lodash.isSafeInteger = isSafeInteger;
+    lodash.isSet = isSet;
+    lodash.isString = isString;
+    lodash.isSymbol = isSymbol;
+    lodash.isTypedArray = isTypedArray;
+    lodash.isUndefined = isUndefined;
+    lodash.isWeakMap = isWeakMap;
+    lodash.isWeakSet = isWeakSet;
+    lodash.join = join;
+    lodash.kebabCase = kebabCase;
+    lodash.last = last;
+    lodash.lastIndexOf = lastIndexOf;
+    lodash.lowerCase = lowerCase;
+    lodash.lowerFirst = lowerFirst;
+    lodash.lt = lt;
+    lodash.lte = lte;
+    lodash.max = max;
+    lodash.maxBy = maxBy;
+    lodash.mean = mean;
+    lodash.meanBy = meanBy;
+    lodash.min = min;
+    lodash.minBy = minBy;
+    lodash.stubArray = stubArray;
+    lodash.stubFalse = stubFalse;
+    lodash.stubObject = stubObject;
+    lodash.stubString = stubString;
+    lodash.stubTrue = stubTrue;
+    lodash.multiply = multiply;
+    lodash.nth = nth;
+    lodash.noConflict = noConflict;
+    lodash.noop = noop;
+    lodash.now = now;
+    lodash.pad = pad;
+    lodash.padEnd = padEnd;
+    lodash.padStart = padStart;
+    lodash.parseInt = parseInt;
+    lodash.random = random;
+    lodash.reduce = reduce;
+    lodash.reduceRight = reduceRight;
+    lodash.repeat = repeat;
+    lodash.replace = replace;
+    lodash.result = result;
+    lodash.round = round;
+    lodash.runInContext = runInContext;
+    lodash.sample = sample;
+    lodash.size = size;
+    lodash.snakeCase = snakeCase;
+    lodash.some = some;
+    lodash.sortedIndex = sortedIndex;
+    lodash.sortedIndexBy = sortedIndexBy;
+    lodash.sortedIndexOf = sortedIndexOf;
+    lodash.sortedLastIndex = sortedLastIndex;
+    lodash.sortedLastIndexBy = sortedLastIndexBy;
+    lodash.sortedLastIndexOf = sortedLastIndexOf;
+    lodash.startCase = startCase;
+    lodash.startsWith = startsWith;
+    lodash.subtract = subtract;
+    lodash.sum = sum;
+    lodash.sumBy = sumBy;
+    lodash.template = template;
+    lodash.times = times;
+    lodash.toFinite = toFinite;
+    lodash.toInteger = toInteger;
+    lodash.toLength = toLength;
+    lodash.toLower = toLower;
+    lodash.toNumber = toNumber;
+    lodash.toSafeInteger = toSafeInteger;
+    lodash.toString = toString;
+    lodash.toUpper = toUpper;
+    lodash.trim = trim;
+    lodash.trimEnd = trimEnd;
+    lodash.trimStart = trimStart;
+    lodash.truncate = truncate;
+    lodash.unescape = unescape;
+    lodash.uniqueId = uniqueId;
+    lodash.upperCase = upperCase;
+    lodash.upperFirst = upperFirst;
+
+    // Add aliases.
+    lodash.each = forEach;
+    lodash.eachRight = forEachRight;
+    lodash.first = head;
+
+    mixin(lodash, (function() {
+      var source = {};
+      baseForOwn(lodash, function(func, methodName) {
+        if (!hasOwnProperty.call(lodash.prototype, methodName)) {
+          source[methodName] = func;
+        }
+      });
+      return source;
+    }()), { 'chain': false });
+
+    /*------------------------------------------------------------------------*/
+
+    /**
+     * The semantic version number.
+     *
+     * @static
+     * @memberOf _
+     * @type {string}
+     */
+    lodash.VERSION = VERSION;
+
+    // Assign default placeholders.
+    arrayEach(['bind', 'bindKey', 'curry', 'curryRight', 'partial', 'partialRight'], function(methodName) {
+      lodash[methodName].placeholder = lodash;
+    });
+
+    // Add `LazyWrapper` methods for `_.drop` and `_.take` variants.
+    arrayEach(['drop', 'take'], function(methodName, index) {
+      LazyWrapper.prototype[methodName] = function(n) {
+        var filtered = this.__filtered__;
+        if (filtered && !index) {
+          return new LazyWrapper(this);
+        }
+        n = n === undefined ? 1 : nativeMax(toInteger(n), 0);
+
+        var result = this.clone();
+        if (filtered) {
+          result.__takeCount__ = nativeMin(n, result.__takeCount__);
+        } else {
+          result.__views__.push({
+            'size': nativeMin(n, MAX_ARRAY_LENGTH),
+            'type': methodName + (result.__dir__ < 0 ? 'Right' : '')
+          });
+        }
+        return result;
+      };
+
+      LazyWrapper.prototype[methodName + 'Right'] = function(n) {
+        return this.reverse()[methodName](n).reverse();
+      };
+    });
+
+    // Add `LazyWrapper` methods that accept an `iteratee` value.
+    arrayEach(['filter', 'map', 'takeWhile'], function(methodName, index) {
+      var type = index + 1,
+          isFilter = type == LAZY_FILTER_FLAG || type == LAZY_WHILE_FLAG;
+
+      LazyWrapper.prototype[methodName] = function(iteratee) {
+        var result = this.clone();
+        result.__iteratees__.push({
+          'iteratee': getIteratee(iteratee, 3),
+          'type': type
+        });
+        result.__filtered__ = result.__filtered__ || isFilter;
+        return result;
+      };
+    });
+
+    // Add `LazyWrapper` methods for `_.head` and `_.last`.
+    arrayEach(['head', 'last'], function(methodName, index) {
+      var takeName = 'take' + (index ? 'Right' : '');
+
+      LazyWrapper.prototype[methodName] = function() {
+        return this[takeName](1).value()[0];
+      };
+    });
+
+    // Add `LazyWrapper` methods for `_.initial` and `_.tail`.
+    arrayEach(['initial', 'tail'], function(methodName, index) {
+      var dropName = 'drop' + (index ? '' : 'Right');
+
+      LazyWrapper.prototype[methodName] = function() {
+        return this.__filtered__ ? new LazyWrapper(this) : this[dropName](1);
+      };
+    });
+
+    LazyWrapper.prototype.compact = function() {
+      return this.filter(identity);
+    };
+
+    LazyWrapper.prototype.find = function(predicate) {
+      return this.filter(predicate).head();
+    };
+
+    LazyWrapper.prototype.findLast = function(predicate) {
+      return this.reverse().find(predicate);
+    };
+
+    LazyWrapper.prototype.invokeMap = baseRest(function(path, args) {
+      if (typeof path == 'function') {
+        return new LazyWrapper(this);
+      }
+      return this.map(function(value) {
+        return baseInvoke(value, path, args);
+      });
+    });
+
+    LazyWrapper.prototype.reject = function(predicate) {
+      return this.filter(negate(getIteratee(predicate)));
+    };
+
+    LazyWrapper.prototype.slice = function(start, end) {
+      start = toInteger(start);
+
+      var result = this;
+      if (result.__filtered__ && (start > 0 || end < 0)) {
+        return new LazyWrapper(result);
+      }
+      if (start < 0) {
+        result = result.takeRight(-start);
+      } else if (start) {
+        result = result.drop(start);
+      }
+      if (end !== undefined) {
+        end = toInteger(end);
+        result = end < 0 ? result.dropRight(-end) : result.take(end - start);
+      }
+      return result;
+    };
+
+    LazyWrapper.prototype.takeRightWhile = function(predicate) {
+      return this.reverse().takeWhile(predicate).reverse();
+    };
+
+    LazyWrapper.prototype.toArray = function() {
+      return this.take(MAX_ARRAY_LENGTH);
+    };
+
+    // Add `LazyWrapper` methods to `lodash.prototype`.
+    baseForOwn(LazyWrapper.prototype, function(func, methodName) {
+      var checkIteratee = /^(?:filter|find|map|reject)|While$/.test(methodName),
+          isTaker = /^(?:head|last)$/.test(methodName),
+          lodashFunc = lodash[isTaker ? ('take' + (methodName == 'last' ? 'Right' : '')) : methodName],
+          retUnwrapped = isTaker || /^find/.test(methodName);
+
+      if (!lodashFunc) {
+        return;
+      }
+      lodash.prototype[methodName] = function() {
+        var value = this.__wrapped__,
+            args = isTaker ? [1] : arguments,
+            isLazy = value instanceof LazyWrapper,
+            iteratee = args[0],
+            useLazy = isLazy || isArray(value);
+
+        var interceptor = function(value) {
+          var result = lodashFunc.apply(lodash, arrayPush([value], args));
+          return (isTaker && chainAll) ? result[0] : result;
+        };
+
+        if (useLazy && checkIteratee && typeof iteratee == 'function' && iteratee.length != 1) {
+          // Avoid lazy use if the iteratee has a "length" value other than `1`.
+          isLazy = useLazy = false;
+        }
+        var chainAll = this.__chain__,
+            isHybrid = !!this.__actions__.length,
+            isUnwrapped = retUnwrapped && !chainAll,
+            onlyLazy = isLazy && !isHybrid;
+
+        if (!retUnwrapped && useLazy) {
+          value = onlyLazy ? value : new LazyWrapper(this);
+          var result = func.apply(value, args);
+          result.__actions__.push({ 'func': thru, 'args': [interceptor], 'thisArg': undefined });
+          return new LodashWrapper(result, chainAll);
+        }
+        if (isUnwrapped && onlyLazy) {
+          return func.apply(this, args);
+        }
+        result = this.thru(interceptor);
+        return isUnwrapped ? (isTaker ? result.value()[0] : result.value()) : result;
+      };
+    });
+
+    // Add `Array` methods to `lodash.prototype`.
+    arrayEach(['pop', 'push', 'shift', 'sort', 'splice', 'unshift'], function(methodName) {
+      var func = arrayProto[methodName],
+          chainName = /^(?:push|sort|unshift)$/.test(methodName) ? 'tap' : 'thru',
+          retUnwrapped = /^(?:pop|shift)$/.test(methodName);
+
+      lodash.prototype[methodName] = function() {
+        var args = arguments;
+        if (retUnwrapped && !this.__chain__) {
+          var value = this.value();
+          return func.apply(isArray(value) ? value : [], args);
+        }
+        return this[chainName](function(value) {
+          return func.apply(isArray(value) ? value : [], args);
+        });
+      };
+    });
+
+    // Map minified method names to their real names.
+    baseForOwn(LazyWrapper.prototype, function(func, methodName) {
+      var lodashFunc = lodash[methodName];
+      if (lodashFunc) {
+        var key = (lodashFunc.name + ''),
+            names = realNames[key] || (realNames[key] = []);
+
+        names.push({ 'name': methodName, 'func': lodashFunc });
+      }
+    });
+
+    realNames[createHybrid(undefined, BIND_KEY_FLAG).name] = [{
+      'name': 'wrapper',
+      'func': undefined
+    }];
+
+    // Add methods to `LazyWrapper`.
+    LazyWrapper.prototype.clone = lazyClone;
+    LazyWrapper.prototype.reverse = lazyReverse;
+    LazyWrapper.prototype.value = lazyValue;
+
+    // Add chain sequence methods to the `lodash` wrapper.
+    lodash.prototype.at = wrapperAt;
+    lodash.prototype.chain = wrapperChain;
+    lodash.prototype.commit = wrapperCommit;
+    lodash.prototype.next = wrapperNext;
+    lodash.prototype.plant = wrapperPlant;
+    lodash.prototype.reverse = wrapperReverse;
+    lodash.prototype.toJSON = lodash.prototype.valueOf = lodash.prototype.value = wrapperValue;
+
+    // Add lazy aliases.
+    lodash.prototype.first = lodash.prototype.head;
+
+    if (iteratorSymbol) {
+      lodash.prototype[iteratorSymbol] = wrapperToIterator;
+    }
+    return lodash;
+  }
+
+  /*--------------------------------------------------------------------------*/
+
+  // Export lodash.
+  var _ = runInContext();
+
+  // Some AMD build optimizers, like r.js, check for condition patterns like:
+  if (typeof define == 'function' && typeof define.amd == 'object' && define.amd) {
+    // Expose Lodash on the global object to prevent errors when Lodash is
+    // loaded by a script tag in the presence of an AMD loader.
+    // See http://requirejs.org/docs/errors.html#mismatch for more details.
+    // Use `_.noConflict` to remove Lodash from the global object.
+    root._ = _;
+
+    // Define as an anonymous module so, through path mapping, it can be
+    // referenced as the "underscore" module.
+    define(function() {
+      return _;
+    });
+  }
+  // Check for `exports` after `define` in case a build optimizer adds it.
+  else if (freeModule) {
+    // Export for Node.js.
+    (freeModule.exports = _)._ = _;
+    // Export for CommonJS support.
+    freeExports._ = _;
+  }
+  else {
+    // Export to the global object.
+    root._ = _;
+  }
+}.call(this));
diff --git a/src/immer/extra/js/lib/mori.js b/src/immer/extra/js/lib/mori.js
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000..39954ef9fe164
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/immer/extra/js/lib/mori.js
@@ -0,0 +1,435 @@
+/*
+ * immer: immutable data structures for C++
+ * Copyright (C) 2016, 2017, 2018 Juan Pedro Bolivar Puente
+ *
+ * This software is distributed under the Boost Software License, Version 1.0.
+ * See accompanying file LICENSE or copy at http://boost.org/LICENSE_1_0.txt
+ */
+
+(function(definition){if(typeof exports==="object"){module.exports=definition();}else if(typeof define==="function"&&define.amd){define(definition);}else{mori=definition();}})(function(){return function(){
+if(typeof Math.imul == "undefined" || (Math.imul(0xffffffff,5) == 0)) {
+    Math.imul = function (a, b) {
+        var ah  = (a >>> 16) & 0xffff;
+        var al = a & 0xffff;
+        var bh  = (b >>> 16) & 0xffff;
+        var bl = b & 0xffff;
+        // the shift by 0 fixes the sign on the high part
+        // the final |0 converts the unsigned value into a signed value
+        return ((al * bl) + (((ah * bl + al * bh) << 16) >>> 0)|0);
+    }
+}
+
+var k,aa=this;
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+r("mori.interleave.f2",Ue.a);r("mori.interleave.fn",Ue.K);r("mori.concat",ae);r("mori.concat.f0",ae.l);r("mori.concat.f1",ae.b);r("mori.concat.f2",ae.a);r("mori.concat.fn",ae.K);function $e(a){return a instanceof Array||cd(a)}r("mori.flatten",function(a){return Xe.a(function(a){return!$e(a)},H(Ze(a)))});r("mori.lazySeq",function(a){return new V(null,a,null,null)});r("mori.keys",Tg);r("mori.selectKeys",Yg);r("mori.vals",Vg);r("mori.primSeq",Jc);r("mori.primSeq.f1",Jc.b);r("mori.primSeq.f2",Jc.a);
+r("mori.map",Oe);r("mori.map.f1",Oe.b);r("mori.map.f2",Oe.a);r("mori.map.f3",Oe.c);r("mori.map.f4",Oe.n);r("mori.map.fn",Oe.K);
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+r("mori.reduce.f2",A.a);r("mori.reduce.f3",A.c);r("mori.reduceKV",function(a,b,c){return null!=c?xb(c,a,b):b});r("mori.keep",Le);r("mori.keep.f1",Le.b);r("mori.keep.f2",Le.a);r("mori.keepIndexed",Ne);r("mori.keepIndexed.f1",Ne.b);r("mori.keepIndexed.f2",Ne.a);r("mori.filter",Xe);r("mori.filter.f1",Xe.b);r("mori.filter.f2",Xe.a);r("mori.remove",Ye);r("mori.remove.f1",Ye.b);r("mori.remove.f2",Ye.a);r("mori.some",Fe);r("mori.every",Ee);r("mori.equals",sc);r("mori.equals.f1",sc.b);
+r("mori.equals.f2",sc.a);r("mori.equals.fn",sc.K);r("mori.range",qh);r("mori.range.f0",qh.l);r("mori.range.f1",qh.b);r("mori.range.f2",qh.a);r("mori.range.f3",qh.c);r("mori.repeat",Se);r("mori.repeat.f1",Se.b);r("mori.repeat.f2",Se.a);r("mori.repeatedly",Te);r("mori.repeatedly.f1",Te.b);r("mori.repeatedly.f2",Te.a);r("mori.sort",sd);r("mori.sort.f1",sd.b);r("mori.sort.f2",sd.a);r("mori.sortBy",td);r("mori.sortBy.f2",td.a);r("mori.sortBy.f3",td.c);r("mori.intoArray",Ia);r("mori.intoArray.f1",Ia.b);
+r("mori.intoArray.f2",Ia.a);r("mori.subseq",nh);r("mori.subseq.f3",nh.c);r("mori.subseq.f5",nh.r);r("mori.dedupe",Fh);r("mori.dedupe.f0",Fh.l);r("mori.dedupe.f1",Fh.b);r("mori.transduce",wd);r("mori.transduce.f3",wd.c);r("mori.transduce.f4",wd.n);r("mori.eduction",function(a,b){return new Gh(a,b)});r("mori.sequence",Ce);r("mori.sequence.f1",Ce.b);r("mori.sequence.f2",Ce.a);r("mori.sequence.fn",Ce.K);r("mori.completing",vd);r("mori.completing.f1",vd.b);r("mori.completing.f2",vd.a);r("mori.list",Kd);
+r("mori.vector",Af);r("mori.hashMap",Pg);r("mori.set",fh);r("mori.sortedSet",gh);r("mori.sortedSetBy",hh);r("mori.sortedMap",Qg);r("mori.sortedMapBy",Rg);r("mori.queue",function(){function a(a){var d=null;if(0<arguments.length){for(var d=0,e=Array(arguments.length-0);d<e.length;)e[d]=arguments[d+0],++d;d=new F(e,0)}return b.call(this,d)}function b(a){return af.a?af.a(Mf,a):af.call(null,Mf,a)}a.i=0;a.f=function(a){a=D(a);return b(a)};a.d=b;return a}());r("mori.keyword",Pd);r("mori.keyword.f1",Pd.b);
+r("mori.keyword.f2",Pd.a);r("mori.symbol",rc);r("mori.symbol.f1",rc.b);r("mori.symbol.f2",rc.a);r("mori.zipmap",function(a,b){for(var c=Ob(Uf),d=D(a),e=D(b);;)if(d&&e)c=ee.c(c,G(d),G(e)),d=K(d),e=K(e);else return Qb(c)});r("mori.isList",function(a){return a?a.j&33554432||a.wc?!0:a.j?!1:w(Eb,a):w(Eb,a)});r("mori.isSeq",kd);r("mori.isVector",ed);r("mori.isMap",dd);r("mori.isSet",ad);r("mori.isKeyword",function(a){return a instanceof U});r("mori.isSymbol",function(a){return a instanceof qc});
+r("mori.isCollection",$c);r("mori.isSequential",cd);r("mori.isAssociative",bd);r("mori.isCounted",Ec);r("mori.isIndexed",Fc);r("mori.isReduceable",function(a){return a?a.j&524288||a.Sb?!0:a.j?!1:w(vb,a):w(vb,a)});r("mori.isSeqable",ld);r("mori.isReversible",Id);r("mori.union",Rh);r("mori.union.f0",Rh.l);r("mori.union.f1",Rh.b);r("mori.union.f2",Rh.a);r("mori.union.fn",Rh.K);r("mori.intersection",Sh);r("mori.intersection.f1",Sh.b);r("mori.intersection.f2",Sh.a);r("mori.intersection.fn",Sh.K);
+r("mori.difference",Th);r("mori.difference.f1",Th.b);r("mori.difference.f2",Th.a);r("mori.difference.fn",Th.K);r("mori.join",Xh);r("mori.join.f2",Xh.a);r("mori.join.f3",Xh.c);r("mori.index",Vh);r("mori.project",function(a,b){return fh(Oe.a(function(a){return Yg(a,b)},a))});r("mori.mapInvert",Wh);r("mori.rename",function(a,b){return fh(Oe.a(function(a){return Uh(a,b)},a))});r("mori.renameKeys",Uh);r("mori.isSubset",function(a,b){return Q(a)<=Q(b)&&Ee(function(a){return nd(b,a)},a)});
+r("mori.isSuperset",function(a,b){return Q(a)>=Q(b)&&Ee(function(b){return nd(a,b)},b)});r("mori.notEquals",je);r("mori.notEquals.f1",je.b);r("mori.notEquals.f2",je.a);r("mori.notEquals.fn",je.K);r("mori.gt",Ad);r("mori.gt.f1",Ad.b);r("mori.gt.f2",Ad.a);r("mori.gt.fn",Ad.K);r("mori.gte",Bd);r("mori.gte.f1",Bd.b);r("mori.gte.f2",Bd.a);r("mori.gte.fn",Bd.K);r("mori.lt",yd);r("mori.lt.f1",yd.b);r("mori.lt.f2",yd.a);r("mori.lt.fn",yd.K);r("mori.lte",zd);r("mori.lte.f1",zd.b);r("mori.lte.f2",zd.a);
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+r("mori.pipeline",function(){function a(a){var d=null;if(0<arguments.length){for(var d=0,e=Array(arguments.length-0);d<e.length;)e[d]=arguments[d+0],++d;d=new F(e,0)}return b.call(this,d)}function b(a){function b(a,c){return c.b?c.b(a):c.call(null,a)}return A.a?A.a(b,a):A.call(null,b,a)}a.i=0;a.f=function(a){a=D(a);return b(a)};a.d=b;return a}());
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+r("mori.juxt",function(){function a(a){var d=null;if(0<arguments.length){for(var d=0,e=Array(arguments.length-0);d<e.length;)e[d]=arguments[d+0],++d;d=new F(e,0)}return b.call(this,d)}function b(a){return function(){function b(a){var c=null;if(0<arguments.length){for(var c=0,d=Array(arguments.length-0);c<d.length;)d[c]=arguments[c+0],++c;c=new F(d,0)}return e.call(this,c)}function e(b){var d=function(){function d(a){return T.a(a,b)}return Oe.a?Oe.a(d,a):Oe.call(null,d,a)}();return Ia.b?Ia.b(d):Ia.call(null,
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+r("mori.knit",function(){function a(a){var d=null;if(0<arguments.length){for(var d=0,e=Array(arguments.length-0);d<e.length;)e[d]=arguments[d+0],++d;d=new F(e,0)}return b.call(this,d)}function b(a){return function(b){var e=function(){function e(a,b){return a.b?a.b(b):a.call(null,b)}return Oe.c?Oe.c(e,a,b):Oe.call(null,e,a,b)}();return Ia.b?Ia.b(e):Ia.call(null,e)}}a.i=0;a.f=function(a){a=D(a);return b(a)};a.d=b;return a}());r("mori.sum",xd);r("mori.sum.f0",xd.l);r("mori.sum.f1",xd.b);
+r("mori.sum.f2",xd.a);r("mori.sum.fn",xd.K);r("mori.inc",function(a){return a+1});r("mori.dec",function(a){return a-1});r("mori.isEven",Ge);r("mori.isOdd",function(a){return!Ge(a)});r("mori.each",function(a,b){for(var c=D(a),d=null,e=0,f=0;;)if(f<e){var g=d.Q(null,f);b.b?b.b(g):b.call(null,g);f+=1}else if(c=D(c))fd(c)?(e=Yb(c),c=Zb(c),d=e,e=Q(e)):(d=g=G(c),b.b?b.b(d):b.call(null,d),c=K(c),d=null,e=0),f=0;else return null});r("mori.identity",ud);
+r("mori.constantly",function(a){return function(){function b(b){if(0<arguments.length)for(var d=0,e=Array(arguments.length-0);d<e.length;)e[d]=arguments[d+0],++d;return a}b.i=0;b.f=function(b){D(b);return a};b.d=function(){return a};return b}()});r("mori.toJs",Kh);
+r("mori.toClj",function(){function a(a,b){return Ph.d(a,Kc([Oh,b],0))}function b(a){return Ph.b(a)}var c=null,c=function(c,e){switch(arguments.length){case 1:return b.call(this,c);case 2:return a.call(this,c,e)}throw Error("Invalid arity: "+arguments.length);};c.b=b;c.a=a;return c}());r("mori.configure",function(a,b){switch(a){case "print-length":return la=b;case "print-level":return ma=b;default:throw Error([z("No matching clause: "),z(a)].join(""));}});r("mori.meta",Vc);r("mori.withMeta",O);
+r("mori.varyMeta",ie);r("mori.varyMeta.f2",ie.a);r("mori.varyMeta.f3",ie.c);r("mori.varyMeta.f4",ie.n);r("mori.varyMeta.f5",ie.r);r("mori.varyMeta.f6",ie.P);r("mori.varyMeta.fn",ie.K);r("mori.alterMeta",Dh);r("mori.resetMeta",function(a,b){return a.k=b});V.prototype.inspect=function(){return this.toString()};F.prototype.inspect=function(){return this.toString()};Hc.prototype.inspect=function(){return this.toString()};wg.prototype.inspect=function(){return this.toString()};pg.prototype.inspect=function(){return this.toString()};
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+X.prototype.inspect=function(){return this.toString()};pa.prototype.inspect=function(){return this.toString()};rg.prototype.inspect=function(){return this.toString()};Lg.prototype.inspect=function(){return this.toString()};$g.prototype.inspect=function(){return this.toString()};ch.prototype.inspect=function(){return this.toString()};ph.prototype.inspect=function(){return this.toString()};U.prototype.inspect=function(){return this.toString()};qc.prototype.inspect=function(){return this.toString()};
+Lf.prototype.inspect=function(){return this.toString()};Kf.prototype.inspect=function(){return this.toString()};r("mori.mutable.thaw",function(a){return Ob(a)});r("mori.mutable.freeze",ce);r("mori.mutable.conj",de);r("mori.mutable.conj.f0",de.l);r("mori.mutable.conj.f1",de.b);r("mori.mutable.conj.f2",de.a);r("mori.mutable.conj.fn",de.K);r("mori.mutable.assoc",ee);r("mori.mutable.assoc.f3",ee.c);r("mori.mutable.assoc.fn",ee.K);r("mori.mutable.dissoc",fe);r("mori.mutable.dissoc.f2",fe.a);r("mori.mutable.dissoc.fn",fe.K);r("mori.mutable.pop",function(a){return Ub(a)});r("mori.mutable.disj",ge);
+r("mori.mutable.disj.f2",ge.a);r("mori.mutable.disj.fn",ge.K);;return this.mori;}.call({});});
diff --git a/src/immer/extra/js/lib/platform.js b/src/immer/extra/js/lib/platform.js
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000..a998e99537492
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/immer/extra/js/lib/platform.js
@@ -0,0 +1,1135 @@
+/*!
+ * Platform.js v1.3.1 <http://mths.be/platform>
+ * Copyright 2014-2016 Benjamin Tan <https://d10.github.io/>
+ * Copyright 2011-2013 John-David Dalton <http://allyoucanleet.com/>
+ * Available under MIT license <http://mths.be/mit>
+ */
+;(function() {
+  'use strict';
+
+  /** Used to determine if values are of the language type `Object` */
+  var objectTypes = {
+    'function': true,
+    'object': true
+  };
+
+  /** Used as a reference to the global object */
+  var root = (objectTypes[typeof window] && window) || this;
+
+  /** Backup possible global object */
+  var oldRoot = root;
+
+  /** Detect free variable `exports` */
+  var freeExports = objectTypes[typeof exports] && exports;
+
+  /** Detect free variable `module` */
+  var freeModule = objectTypes[typeof module] && module && !module.nodeType && module;
+
+  /** Detect free variable `global` from Node.js or Browserified code and use it as `root` */
+  var freeGlobal = freeExports && freeModule && typeof global == 'object' && global;
+  if (freeGlobal && (freeGlobal.global === freeGlobal || freeGlobal.window === freeGlobal || freeGlobal.self === freeGlobal)) {
+    root = freeGlobal;
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Used as the maximum length of an array-like object.
+   * See the [ES6 spec](http://people.mozilla.org/~jorendorff/es6-draft.html#sec-tolength)
+   * for more details.
+   */
+  var maxSafeInteger = Math.pow(2, 53) - 1;
+
+  /** Opera regexp */
+  var reOpera = /\bOpera/;
+
+  /** Possible global object */
+  var thisBinding = this;
+
+  /** Used for native method references */
+  var objectProto = Object.prototype;
+
+  /** Used to check for own properties of an object */
+  var hasOwnProperty = objectProto.hasOwnProperty;
+
+  /** Used to resolve the internal `[[Class]]` of values */
+  var toString = objectProto.toString;
+
+  /*--------------------------------------------------------------------------*/
+
+  /**
+   * Capitalizes a string value.
+   *
+   * @private
+   * @param {string} string The string to capitalize.
+   * @returns {string} The capitalized string.
+   */
+  function capitalize(string) {
+    string = String(string);
+    return string.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + string.slice(1);
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * A utility function to clean up the OS name.
+   *
+   * @private
+   * @param {string} os The OS name to clean up.
+   * @param {string} [pattern] A `RegExp` pattern matching the OS name.
+   * @param {string} [label] A label for the OS.
+   */
+  function cleanupOS(os, pattern, label) {
+    // platform tokens defined at
+    // http://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/ms537503(VS.85).aspx
+    // http://web.archive.org/web/20081122053950/http://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/ms537503(VS.85).aspx
+    var data = {
+      '6.4':  '10',
+      '6.3':  '8.1',
+      '6.2':  '8',
+      '6.1':  'Server 2008 R2 / 7',
+      '6.0':  'Server 2008 / Vista',
+      '5.2':  'Server 2003 / XP 64-bit',
+      '5.1':  'XP',
+      '5.01': '2000 SP1',
+      '5.0':  '2000',
+      '4.0':  'NT',
+      '4.90': 'ME'
+    };
+    // detect Windows version from platform tokens
+    if (pattern && label && /^Win/i.test(os) &&
+        (data = data[0/*Opera 9.25 fix*/, /[\d.]+$/.exec(os)])) {
+      os = 'Windows ' + data;
+    }
+    // correct character case and cleanup
+    os = String(os);
+
+    if (pattern && label) {
+      os = os.replace(RegExp(pattern, 'i'), label);
+    }
+
+    os = format(
+      os.replace(/ ce$/i, ' CE')
+        .replace(/\bhpw/i, 'web')
+        .replace(/\bMacintosh\b/, 'Mac OS')
+        .replace(/_PowerPC\b/i, ' OS')
+        .replace(/\b(OS X) [^ \d]+/i, '$1')
+        .replace(/\bMac (OS X)\b/, '$1')
+        .replace(/\/(\d)/, ' $1')
+        .replace(/_/g, '.')
+        .replace(/(?: BePC|[ .]*fc[ \d.]+)$/i, '')
+        .replace(/\bx86\.64\b/gi, 'x86_64')
+        .replace(/\b(Windows Phone) OS\b/, '$1')
+        .split(' on ')[0]
+    );
+
+    return os;
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * An iteration utility for arrays and objects.
+   *
+   * @private
+   * @param {Array|Object} object The object to iterate over.
+   * @param {Function} callback The function called per iteration.
+   */
+  function each(object, callback) {
+    var index = -1,
+        length = object ? object.length : 0;
+
+    if (typeof length == 'number' && length > -1 && length <= maxSafeInteger) {
+      while (++index < length) {
+        callback(object[index], index, object);
+      }
+    } else {
+      forOwn(object, callback);
+    }
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Trim and conditionally capitalize string values.
+   *
+   * @private
+   * @param {string} string The string to format.
+   * @returns {string} The formatted string.
+   */
+  function format(string) {
+    string = trim(string);
+    return /^(?:webOS|i(?:OS|P))/.test(string)
+      ? string
+      : capitalize(string);
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Iterates over an object's own properties, executing the `callback` for each.
+   *
+   * @private
+   * @param {Object} object The object to iterate over.
+   * @param {Function} callback The function executed per own property.
+   */
+  function forOwn(object, callback) {
+    for (var key in object) {
+      if (hasOwnProperty.call(object, key)) {
+        callback(object[key], key, object);
+      }
+    }
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Gets the internal `[[Class]]` of a value.
+   *
+   * @private
+   * @param {*} value The value.
+   * @returns {string} The `[[Class]]`.
+   */
+  function getClassOf(value) {
+    return value == null
+      ? capitalize(value)
+      : toString.call(value).slice(8, -1);
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Host objects can return type values that are different from their actual
+   * data type. The objects we are concerned with usually return non-primitive
+   * types of "object", "function", or "unknown".
+   *
+   * @private
+   * @param {*} object The owner of the property.
+   * @param {string} property The property to check.
+   * @returns {boolean} Returns `true` if the property value is a non-primitive, else `false`.
+   */
+  function isHostType(object, property) {
+    var type = object != null ? typeof object[property] : 'number';
+    return !/^(?:boolean|number|string|undefined)$/.test(type) &&
+      (type == 'object' ? !!object[property] : true);
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Prepares a string for use in a `RegExp` by making hyphens and spaces optional.
+   *
+   * @private
+   * @param {string} string The string to qualify.
+   * @returns {string} The qualified string.
+   */
+  function qualify(string) {
+    return String(string).replace(/([ -])(?!$)/g, '$1?');
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * A bare-bones `Array#reduce` like utility function.
+   *
+   * @private
+   * @param {Array} array The array to iterate over.
+   * @param {Function} callback The function called per iteration.
+   * @returns {*} The accumulated result.
+   */
+  function reduce(array, callback) {
+    var accumulator = null;
+    each(array, function(value, index) {
+      accumulator = callback(accumulator, value, index, array);
+    });
+    return accumulator;
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Removes leading and trailing whitespace from a string.
+   *
+   * @private
+   * @param {string} string The string to trim.
+   * @returns {string} The trimmed string.
+   */
+  function trim(string) {
+    return String(string).replace(/^ +| +$/g, '');
+  }
+
+  /*--------------------------------------------------------------------------*/
+
+  /**
+   * Creates a new platform object.
+   *
+   * @memberOf platform
+   * @param {Object|string} [ua=navigator.userAgent] The user agent string or
+   *  context object.
+   * @returns {Object} A platform object.
+   */
+  function parse(ua) {
+
+    /** The environment context object */
+    var context = root;
+
+    /** Used to flag when a custom context is provided */
+    var isCustomContext = ua && typeof ua == 'object' && getClassOf(ua) != 'String';
+
+    // juggle arguments
+    if (isCustomContext) {
+      context = ua;
+      ua = null;
+    }
+
+    /** Browser navigator object */
+    var nav = context.navigator || {};
+
+    /** Browser user agent string */
+    var userAgent = nav.userAgent || '';
+
+    ua || (ua = userAgent);
+
+    /** Used to flag when `thisBinding` is the [ModuleScope] */
+    var isModuleScope = isCustomContext || thisBinding == oldRoot;
+
+    /** Used to detect if browser is like Chrome */
+    var likeChrome = isCustomContext
+      ? !!nav.likeChrome
+      : /\bChrome\b/.test(ua) && !/internal|\n/i.test(toString.toString());
+
+    /** Internal `[[Class]]` value shortcuts */
+    var objectClass = 'Object',
+        airRuntimeClass = isCustomContext ? objectClass : 'ScriptBridgingProxyObject',
+        enviroClass = isCustomContext ? objectClass : 'Environment',
+        javaClass = (isCustomContext && context.java) ? 'JavaPackage' : getClassOf(context.java),
+        phantomClass = isCustomContext ? objectClass : 'RuntimeObject';
+
+    /** Detect Java environment */
+    var java = /\bJava/.test(javaClass) && context.java;
+
+    /** Detect Rhino */
+    var rhino = java && getClassOf(context.environment) == enviroClass;
+
+    /** A character to represent alpha */
+    var alpha = java ? 'a' : '\u03b1';
+
+    /** A character to represent beta */
+    var beta = java ? 'b' : '\u03b2';
+
+    /** Browser document object */
+    var doc = context.document || {};
+
+    /**
+     * Detect Opera browser (Presto-based)
+     * http://www.howtocreate.co.uk/operaStuff/operaObject.html
+     * http://dev.opera.com/articles/view/opera-mini-web-content-authoring-guidelines/#operamini
+     */
+    var opera = context.operamini || context.opera;
+
+    /** Opera `[[Class]]` */
+    var operaClass = reOpera.test(operaClass = (isCustomContext && opera) ? opera['[[Class]]'] : getClassOf(opera))
+      ? operaClass
+      : (opera = null);
+
+    /*------------------------------------------------------------------------*/
+
+    /** Temporary variable used over the script's lifetime */
+    var data;
+
+    /** The CPU architecture */
+    var arch = ua;
+
+    /** Platform description array */
+    var description = [];
+
+    /** Platform alpha/beta indicator */
+    var prerelease = null;
+
+    /** A flag to indicate that environment features should be used to resolve the platform */
+    var useFeatures = ua == userAgent;
+
+    /** The browser/environment version */
+    var version = useFeatures && opera && typeof opera.version == 'function' && opera.version();
+
+    /** A flag to indicate if the OS ends with "/ Version" */
+    var isSpecialCasedOS;
+
+    /* Detectable layout engines (order is important) */
+    var layout = getLayout([
+      'Trident',
+      { 'label': 'WebKit', 'pattern': 'AppleWebKit' },
+      'iCab',
+      'Presto',
+      'NetFront',
+      'Tasman',
+      'KHTML',
+      'Gecko'
+    ]);
+
+    /* Detectable browser names (order is important) */
+    var name = getName([
+      'Adobe AIR',
+      'Arora',
+      'Avant Browser',
+      'Breach',
+      'Camino',
+      'Epiphany',
+      'Fennec',
+      'Flock',
+      'Galeon',
+      'GreenBrowser',
+      'iCab',
+      'Iceweasel',
+      { 'label': 'SRWare Iron', 'pattern': 'Iron' },
+      'K-Meleon',
+      'Konqueror',
+      'Lunascape',
+      'Maxthon',
+      'Midori',
+      'Nook Browser',
+      'PhantomJS',
+      'Raven',
+      'Rekonq',
+      'RockMelt',
+      'SeaMonkey',
+      { 'label': 'Silk', 'pattern': '(?:Cloud9|Silk-Accelerated)' },
+      'Sleipnir',
+      'SlimBrowser',
+      'Sunrise',
+      'Swiftfox',
+      'WebPositive',
+      'Opera Mini',
+      { 'label': 'Opera Mini', 'pattern': 'OPiOS' },
+      'Opera',
+      { 'label': 'Opera', 'pattern': 'OPR' },
+      'Chrome',
+      { 'label': 'Chrome Mobile', 'pattern': '(?:CriOS|CrMo)' },
+      { 'label': 'Firefox', 'pattern': '(?:Firefox|Minefield)' },
+      { 'label': 'IE', 'pattern': 'IEMobile' },
+      { 'label': 'IE', 'pattern': 'MSIE' },
+      'Safari'
+    ]);
+
+    /* Detectable products (order is important) */
+    var product = getProduct([
+      { 'label': 'BlackBerry', 'pattern': 'BB10' },
+      'BlackBerry',
+      { 'label': 'Galaxy S', 'pattern': 'GT-I9000' },
+      { 'label': 'Galaxy S2', 'pattern': 'GT-I9100' },
+      { 'label': 'Galaxy S3', 'pattern': 'GT-I9300' },
+      { 'label': 'Galaxy S4', 'pattern': 'GT-I9500' },
+      'Google TV',
+      'Lumia',
+      'iPad',
+      'iPod',
+      'iPhone',
+      'Kindle',
+      { 'label': 'Kindle Fire', 'pattern': '(?:Cloud9|Silk-Accelerated)' },
+      'Nook',
+      'PlayBook',
+      'PlayStation 4',
+      'PlayStation 3',
+      'PlayStation Vita',
+      'TouchPad',
+      'Transformer',
+      { 'label': 'Wii U', 'pattern': 'WiiU' },
+      'Wii',
+      'Xbox One',
+      { 'label': 'Xbox 360', 'pattern': 'Xbox' },
+      'Xoom'
+    ]);
+
+    /* Detectable manufacturers */
+    var manufacturer = getManufacturer({
+      'Apple': { 'iPad': 1, 'iPhone': 1, 'iPod': 1 },
+      'Amazon': { 'Kindle': 1, 'Kindle Fire': 1 },
+      'Asus': { 'Transformer': 1 },
+      'Barnes & Noble': { 'Nook': 1 },
+      'BlackBerry': { 'PlayBook': 1 },
+      'Google': { 'Google TV': 1 },
+      'HP': { 'TouchPad': 1 },
+      'HTC': {},
+      'LG': {},
+      'Microsoft': { 'Xbox': 1, 'Xbox One': 1 },
+      'Motorola': { 'Xoom': 1 },
+      'Nintendo': { 'Wii U': 1,  'Wii': 1 },
+      'Nokia': { 'Lumia': 1 },
+      'Samsung': { 'Galaxy S': 1, 'Galaxy S2': 1, 'Galaxy S3': 1, 'Galaxy S4': 1 },
+      'Sony': { 'PlayStation 4': 1, 'PlayStation 3': 1, 'PlayStation Vita': 1 }
+    });
+
+    /* Detectable OSes (order is important) */
+    var os = getOS([
+      'Windows Phone ',
+      'Android',
+      'CentOS',
+      'Debian',
+      'Fedora',
+      'FreeBSD',
+      'Gentoo',
+      'Haiku',
+      'Kubuntu',
+      'Linux Mint',
+      'Red Hat',
+      'SuSE',
+      'Ubuntu',
+      'Xubuntu',
+      'Cygwin',
+      'Symbian OS',
+      'hpwOS',
+      'webOS ',
+      'webOS',
+      'Tablet OS',
+      'Linux',
+      'Mac OS X',
+      'Macintosh',
+      'Mac',
+      'Windows 98;',
+      'Windows '
+    ]);
+
+    /*------------------------------------------------------------------------*/
+
+    /**
+     * Picks the layout engine from an array of guesses.
+     *
+     * @private
+     * @param {Array} guesses An array of guesses.
+     * @returns {null|string} The detected layout engine.
+     */
+    function getLayout(guesses) {
+      return reduce(guesses, function(result, guess) {
+        return result || RegExp('\\b' + (
+          guess.pattern || qualify(guess)
+        ) + '\\b', 'i').exec(ua) && (guess.label || guess);
+      });
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Picks the manufacturer from an array of guesses.
+     *
+     * @private
+     * @param {Array} guesses An object of guesses.
+     * @returns {null|string} The detected manufacturer.
+     */
+    function getManufacturer(guesses) {
+      return reduce(guesses, function(result, value, key) {
+        // lookup the manufacturer by product or scan the UA for the manufacturer
+        return result || (
+          value[product] ||
+          value[0/*Opera 9.25 fix*/, /^[a-z]+(?: +[a-z]+\b)*/i.exec(product)] ||
+          RegExp('\\b' + qualify(key) + '(?:\\b|\\w*\\d)', 'i').exec(ua)
+        ) && key;
+      });
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Picks the browser name from an array of guesses.
+     *
+     * @private
+     * @param {Array} guesses An array of guesses.
+     * @returns {null|string} The detected browser name.
+     */
+    function getName(guesses) {
+      return reduce(guesses, function(result, guess) {
+        return result || RegExp('\\b' + (
+          guess.pattern || qualify(guess)
+        ) + '\\b', 'i').exec(ua) && (guess.label || guess);
+      });
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Picks the OS name from an array of guesses.
+     *
+     * @private
+     * @param {Array} guesses An array of guesses.
+     * @returns {null|string} The detected OS name.
+     */
+    function getOS(guesses) {
+      return reduce(guesses, function(result, guess) {
+        var pattern = guess.pattern || qualify(guess);
+        if (!result && (result =
+              RegExp('\\b' + pattern + '(?:/[\\d.]+|[ \\w.]*)', 'i').exec(ua)
+            )) {
+          result = cleanupOS(result, pattern, guess.label || guess);
+        }
+        return result;
+      });
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Picks the product name from an array of guesses.
+     *
+     * @private
+     * @param {Array} guesses An array of guesses.
+     * @returns {null|string} The detected product name.
+     */
+    function getProduct(guesses) {
+      return reduce(guesses, function(result, guess) {
+        var pattern = guess.pattern || qualify(guess);
+        if (!result && (result =
+              RegExp('\\b' + pattern + ' *\\d+[.\\w_]*', 'i').exec(ua) ||
+              RegExp('\\b' + pattern + '(?:; *(?:[a-z]+[_-])?[a-z]+\\d+|[^ ();-]*)', 'i').exec(ua)
+            )) {
+          // split by forward slash and append product version if needed
+          if ((result = String((guess.label && !RegExp(pattern, 'i').test(guess.label)) ? guess.label : result).split('/'))[1] && !/[\d.]+/.test(result[0])) {
+            result[0] += ' ' + result[1];
+          }
+          // correct character case and cleanup
+          guess = guess.label || guess;
+          result = format(result[0]
+            .replace(RegExp(pattern, 'i'), guess)
+            .replace(RegExp('; *(?:' + guess + '[_-])?', 'i'), ' ')
+            .replace(RegExp('(' + guess + ')[-_.]?(\\w)', 'i'), '$1 $2'));
+        }
+        return result;
+      });
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Resolves the version using an array of UA patterns.
+     *
+     * @private
+     * @param {Array} patterns An array of UA patterns.
+     * @returns {null|string} The detected version.
+     */
+    function getVersion(patterns) {
+      return reduce(patterns, function(result, pattern) {
+        return result || (RegExp(pattern +
+          '(?:-[\\d.]+/|(?: for [\\w-]+)?[ /-])([\\d.]+[^ ();/_-]*)', 'i').exec(ua) || 0)[1] || null;
+      });
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Returns `platform.description` when the platform object is coerced to a string.
+     *
+     * @name toString
+     * @memberOf platform
+     * @returns {string} Returns `platform.description` if available, else an empty string.
+     */
+    function toStringPlatform() {
+      return this.description || '';
+    }
+
+    /*------------------------------------------------------------------------*/
+
+    // convert layout to an array so we can add extra details
+    layout && (layout = [layout]);
+
+    // detect product names that contain their manufacturer's name
+    if (manufacturer && !product) {
+      product = getProduct([manufacturer]);
+    }
+    // clean up Google TV
+    if ((data = /\bGoogle TV\b/.exec(product))) {
+      product = data[0];
+    }
+    // detect simulators
+    if (/\bSimulator\b/i.test(ua)) {
+      product = (product ? product + ' ' : '') + 'Simulator';
+    }
+    // detect Opera Mini 8+ running in Turbo/Uncompressed mode on iOS
+    if (name == 'Opera Mini' && /\bOPiOS\b/.test(ua)) {
+      description.push('running in Turbo/Uncompressed mode');
+    }
+    // detect iOS
+    if (/^iP/.test(product)) {
+      name || (name = 'Safari');
+      os = 'iOS' + ((data = / OS ([\d_]+)/i.exec(ua))
+        ? ' ' + data[1].replace(/_/g, '.')
+        : '');
+    }
+    // detect Kubuntu
+    else if (name == 'Konqueror' && !/buntu/i.test(os)) {
+      os = 'Kubuntu';
+    }
+    // detect Android browsers
+    else if (manufacturer && manufacturer != 'Google' &&
+        ((/Chrome/.test(name) && !/\bMobile Safari\b/i.test(ua)) || /\bVita\b/.test(product))) {
+      name = 'Android Browser';
+      os = /\bAndroid\b/.test(os) ? os : 'Android';
+    }
+    // detect false positives for Firefox/Safari
+    else if (!name || (data = !/\bMinefield\b|\(Android;/i.test(ua) && /\b(?:Firefox|Safari)\b/.exec(name))) {
+      // escape the `/` for Firefox 1
+      if (name && !product && /[\/,]|^[^(]+?\)/.test(ua.slice(ua.indexOf(data + '/') + 8))) {
+        // clear name of false positives
+        name = null;
+      }
+      // reassign a generic name
+      if ((data = product || manufacturer || os) &&
+          (product || manufacturer || /\b(?:Android|Symbian OS|Tablet OS|webOS)\b/.test(os))) {
+        name = /[a-z]+(?: Hat)?/i.exec(/\bAndroid\b/.test(os) ? os : data) + ' Browser';
+      }
+    }
+    // detect Firefox OS
+    if ((data = /\((Mobile|Tablet).*?Firefox\b/i.exec(ua)) && data[1]) {
+      os = 'Firefox OS';
+      if (!product) {
+        product = data[1];
+      }
+    }
+    // detect non-Opera versions (order is important)
+    if (!version) {
+      version = getVersion([
+        '(?:Cloud9|CriOS|CrMo|IEMobile|Iron|Opera ?Mini|OPiOS|OPR|Raven|Silk(?!/[\\d.]+$))',
+        'Version',
+        qualify(name),
+        '(?:Firefox|Minefield|NetFront)'
+      ]);
+    }
+    // detect stubborn layout engines
+    if (layout == 'iCab' && parseFloat(version) > 3) {
+      layout = ['WebKit'];
+    } else if (
+        layout != 'Trident' &&
+        (data =
+          /\bOpera\b/.test(name) && (/\bOPR\b/.test(ua) ? 'Blink' : 'Presto') ||
+          /\b(?:Midori|Nook|Safari)\b/i.test(ua) && 'WebKit' ||
+          !layout && /\bMSIE\b/i.test(ua) && (os == 'Mac OS' ? 'Tasman' : 'Trident')
+        )
+    ) {
+      layout = [data];
+    }
+    // detect NetFront on PlayStation
+    else if (/\bPlayStation\b(?! Vita\b)/i.test(name) && layout == 'WebKit') {
+      layout = ['NetFront'];
+    }
+    // detect Windows Phone 7 desktop mode
+    if (name == 'IE' && (data = (/; *(?:XBLWP|ZuneWP)(\d+)/i.exec(ua) || 0)[1])) {
+      name += ' Mobile';
+      os = 'Windows Phone ' + (/\+$/.test(data) ? data : data + '.x');
+      description.unshift('desktop mode');
+    }
+    // detect Windows Phone 8+ desktop mode
+    else if (/\bWPDesktop\b/i.test(ua)) {
+      name = 'IE Mobile';
+      os = 'Windows Phone 8+';
+      description.unshift('desktop mode');
+      version || (version = (/\brv:([\d.]+)/.exec(ua) || 0)[1]);
+    }
+    // detect IE 11 and above
+    else if (name != 'IE' && layout == 'Trident' && (data = /\brv:([\d.]+)/.exec(ua))) {
+      if (!/\bWPDesktop\b/i.test(ua)) {
+        if (name) {
+          description.push('identifying as ' + name + (version ? ' ' + version : ''));
+        }
+        name = 'IE';
+      }
+      version = data[1];
+    }
+    // detect Microsoft Edge
+    else if ((name == 'Chrome' || name != 'IE') && (data = /\bEdge\/([\d.]+)/.exec(ua))) {
+      name = 'Microsoft Edge';
+      version = data[1];
+      layout = ['Trident'];
+    }
+    // leverage environment features
+    if (useFeatures) {
+      // detect server-side environments
+      // Rhino has a global function while others have a global object
+      if (isHostType(context, 'global')) {
+        if (java) {
+          data = java.lang.System;
+          arch = data.getProperty('os.arch');
+          os = os || data.getProperty('os.name') + ' ' + data.getProperty('os.version');
+        }
+        if (isModuleScope && isHostType(context, 'system') && (data = [context.system])[0]) {
+          os || (os = data[0].os || null);
+          try {
+            data[1] = context.require('ringo/engine').version;
+            version = data[1].join('.');
+            name = 'RingoJS';
+          } catch(e) {
+            if (data[0].global.system == context.system) {
+              name = 'Narwhal';
+            }
+          }
+        }
+        else if (typeof context.process == 'object' && (data = context.process)) {
+          name = 'Node.js';
+          arch = data.arch;
+          os = data.platform;
+          version = /[\d.]+/.exec(data.version)[0];
+        }
+        else if (rhino) {
+          name = 'Rhino';
+        }
+      }
+      // detect Adobe AIR
+      else if (getClassOf((data = context.runtime)) == airRuntimeClass) {
+        name = 'Adobe AIR';
+        os = data.flash.system.Capabilities.os;
+      }
+      // detect PhantomJS
+      else if (getClassOf((data = context.phantom)) == phantomClass) {
+        name = 'PhantomJS';
+        version = (data = data.version || null) && (data.major + '.' + data.minor + '.' + data.patch);
+      }
+      // detect IE compatibility modes
+      else if (typeof doc.documentMode == 'number' && (data = /\bTrident\/(\d+)/i.exec(ua))) {
+        // we're in compatibility mode when the Trident version + 4 doesn't
+        // equal the document mode
+        version = [version, doc.documentMode];
+        if ((data = +data[1] + 4) != version[1]) {
+          description.push('IE ' + version[1] + ' mode');
+          layout && (layout[1] = '');
+          version[1] = data;
+        }
+        version = name == 'IE' ? String(version[1].toFixed(1)) : version[0];
+      }
+      os = os && format(os);
+    }
+    // detect prerelease phases
+    if (version && (data =
+          /(?:[ab]|dp|pre|[ab]\d+pre)(?:\d+\+?)?$/i.exec(version) ||
+          /(?:alpha|beta)(?: ?\d)?/i.exec(ua + ';' + (useFeatures && nav.appMinorVersion)) ||
+          /\bMinefield\b/i.test(ua) && 'a'
+        )) {
+      prerelease = /b/i.test(data) ? 'beta' : 'alpha';
+      version = version.replace(RegExp(data + '\\+?$'), '') +
+        (prerelease == 'beta' ? beta : alpha) + (/\d+\+?/.exec(data) || '');
+    }
+    // detect Firefox Mobile
+    if (name == 'Fennec' || name == 'Firefox' && /\b(?:Android|Firefox OS)\b/.test(os)) {
+      name = 'Firefox Mobile';
+    }
+    // obscure Maxthon's unreliable version
+    else if (name == 'Maxthon' && version) {
+      version = version.replace(/\.[\d.]+/, '.x');
+    }
+    // detect Silk desktop/accelerated modes
+    else if (name == 'Silk') {
+      if (!/\bMobi/i.test(ua)) {
+        os = 'Android';
+        description.unshift('desktop mode');
+      }
+      if (/Accelerated *= *true/i.test(ua)) {
+        description.unshift('accelerated');
+      }
+    }
+    // detect Xbox 360 and Xbox One
+    else if (/\bXbox\b/i.test(product)) {
+      os = null;
+      if (product == 'Xbox 360' && /\bIEMobile\b/.test(ua)) {
+        description.unshift('mobile mode');
+      }
+    }
+    // add mobile postfix
+    else if ((/^(?:Chrome|IE|Opera)$/.test(name) || name && !product && !/Browser|Mobi/.test(name)) &&
+        (os == 'Windows CE' || /Mobi/i.test(ua))) {
+      name += ' Mobile';
+    }
+    // detect IE platform preview
+    else if (name == 'IE' && useFeatures && context.external === null) {
+      description.unshift('platform preview');
+    }
+    // detect BlackBerry OS version
+    // http://docs.blackberry.com/en/developers/deliverables/18169/HTTP_headers_sent_by_BB_Browser_1234911_11.jsp
+    else if ((/\bBlackBerry\b/.test(product) || /\bBB10\b/.test(ua)) && (data =
+          (RegExp(product.replace(/ +/g, ' *') + '/([.\\d]+)', 'i').exec(ua) || 0)[1] ||
+          version
+        )) {
+      data = [data, /BB10/.test(ua)];
+      os = (data[1] ? (product = null, manufacturer = 'BlackBerry') : 'Device Software') + ' ' + data[0];
+      version = null;
+    }
+    // detect Opera identifying/masking itself as another browser
+    // http://www.opera.com/support/kb/view/843/
+    else if (this != forOwn && (
+          product != 'Wii' && (
+            (useFeatures && opera) ||
+            (/Opera/.test(name) && /\b(?:MSIE|Firefox)\b/i.test(ua)) ||
+            (name == 'Firefox' && /\bOS X (?:\d+\.){2,}/.test(os)) ||
+            (name == 'IE' && (
+              (os && !/^Win/.test(os) && version > 5.5) ||
+              /\bWindows XP\b/.test(os) && version > 8 ||
+              version == 8 && !/\bTrident\b/.test(ua)
+            ))
+          )
+        ) && !reOpera.test((data = parse.call(forOwn, ua.replace(reOpera, '') + ';'))) && data.name) {
+
+      // when "indentifying", the UA contains both Opera and the other browser's name
+      data = 'ing as ' + data.name + ((data = data.version) ? ' ' + data : '');
+      if (reOpera.test(name)) {
+        if (/\bIE\b/.test(data) && os == 'Mac OS') {
+          os = null;
+        }
+        data = 'identify' + data;
+      }
+      // when "masking", the UA contains only the other browser's name
+      else {
+        data = 'mask' + data;
+        if (operaClass) {
+          name = format(operaClass.replace(/([a-z])([A-Z])/g, '$1 $2'));
+        } else {
+          name = 'Opera';
+        }
+        if (/\bIE\b/.test(data)) {
+          os = null;
+        }
+        if (!useFeatures) {
+          version = null;
+        }
+      }
+      layout = ['Presto'];
+      description.push(data);
+    }
+    // detect WebKit Nightly and approximate Chrome/Safari versions
+    if ((data = (/\bAppleWebKit\/([\d.]+\+?)/i.exec(ua) || 0)[1])) {
+      // correct build for numeric comparison
+      // (e.g. "532.5" becomes "532.05")
+      data = [parseFloat(data.replace(/\.(\d)$/, '.0$1')), data];
+      // nightly builds are postfixed with a `+`
+      if (name == 'Safari' && data[1].slice(-1) == '+') {
+        name = 'WebKit Nightly';
+        prerelease = 'alpha';
+        version = data[1].slice(0, -1);
+      }
+      // clear incorrect browser versions
+      else if (version == data[1] ||
+          version == (data[2] = (/\bSafari\/([\d.]+\+?)/i.exec(ua) || 0)[1])) {
+        version = null;
+      }
+      // use the full Chrome version when available
+      data[1] = (/\bChrome\/([\d.]+)/i.exec(ua) || 0)[1];
+      // detect Blink layout engine
+      if (data[0] == 537.36 && data[2] == 537.36 && parseFloat(data[1]) >= 28 && name != 'IE' && name != 'Microsoft Edge') {
+        layout = ['Blink'];
+      }
+      // detect JavaScriptCore
+      // http://stackoverflow.com/questions/6768474/how-can-i-detect-which-javascript-engine-v8-or-jsc-is-used-at-runtime-in-androi
+      if (!useFeatures || (!likeChrome && !data[1])) {
+        layout && (layout[1] = 'like Safari');
+        data = (data = data[0], data < 400 ? 1 : data < 500 ? 2 : data < 526 ? 3 : data < 533 ? 4 : data < 534 ? '4+' : data < 535 ? 5 : data < 537 ? 6 : data < 538 ? 7 : data < 601 ? 8 : '8');
+      } else {
+        layout && (layout[1] = 'like Chrome');
+        data = data[1] || (data = data[0], data < 530 ? 1 : data < 532 ? 2 : data < 532.05 ? 3 : data < 533 ? 4 : data < 534.03 ? 5 : data < 534.07 ? 6 : data < 534.10 ? 7 : data < 534.13 ? 8 : data < 534.16 ? 9 : data < 534.24 ? 10 : data < 534.30 ? 11 : data < 535.01 ? 12 : data < 535.02 ? '13+' : data < 535.07 ? 15 : data < 535.11 ? 16 : data < 535.19 ? 17 : data < 536.05 ? 18 : data < 536.10 ? 19 : data < 537.01 ? 20 : data < 537.11 ? '21+' : data < 537.13 ? 23 : data < 537.18 ? 24 : data < 537.24 ? 25 : data < 537.36 ? 26 : layout != 'Blink' ? '27' : '28');
+      }
+      // add the postfix of ".x" or "+" for approximate versions
+      layout && (layout[1] += ' ' + (data += typeof data == 'number' ? '.x' : /[.+]/.test(data) ? '' : '+'));
+      // obscure version for some Safari 1-2 releases
+      if (name == 'Safari' && (!version || parseInt(version) > 45)) {
+        version = data;
+      }
+    }
+    // detect Opera desktop modes
+    if (name == 'Opera' &&  (data = /\bzbov|zvav$/.exec(os))) {
+      name += ' ';
+      description.unshift('desktop mode');
+      if (data == 'zvav') {
+        name += 'Mini';
+        version = null;
+      } else {
+        name += 'Mobile';
+      }
+      os = os.replace(RegExp(' *' + data + '$'), '');
+    }
+    // detect Chrome desktop mode
+    else if (name == 'Safari' && /\bChrome\b/.exec(layout && layout[1])) {
+      description.unshift('desktop mode');
+      name = 'Chrome Mobile';
+      version = null;
+
+      if (/\bOS X\b/.test(os)) {
+        manufacturer = 'Apple';
+        os = 'iOS 4.3+';
+      } else {
+        os = null;
+      }
+    }
+    // strip incorrect OS versions
+    if (version && version.indexOf((data = /[\d.]+$/.exec(os))) == 0 &&
+        ua.indexOf('/' + data + '-') > -1) {
+      os = trim(os.replace(data, ''));
+    }
+    // add layout engine
+    if (layout && !/\b(?:Avant|Nook)\b/.test(name) && (
+        /Browser|Lunascape|Maxthon/.test(name) ||
+        /^(?:Adobe|Arora|Breach|Midori|Opera|Phantom|Rekonq|Rock|Sleipnir|Web)/.test(name) && layout[1])) {
+      // don't add layout details to description if they are falsey
+      (data = layout[layout.length - 1]) && description.push(data);
+    }
+    // combine contextual information
+    if (description.length) {
+      description = ['(' + description.join('; ') + ')'];
+    }
+    // append manufacturer
+    if (manufacturer && product && product.indexOf(manufacturer) < 0) {
+      description.push('on ' + manufacturer);
+    }
+    // append product
+    if (product) {
+      description.push((/^on /.test(description[description.length -1]) ? '' : 'on ') + product);
+    }
+    // parse OS into an object
+    if (os) {
+      data = / ([\d.+]+)$/.exec(os);
+      isSpecialCasedOS = data && os.charAt(os.length - data[0].length - 1) == '/';
+      os = {
+        'architecture': 32,
+        'family': (data && !isSpecialCasedOS) ? os.replace(data[0], '') : os,
+        'version': data ? data[1] : null,
+        'toString': function() {
+          var version = this.version;
+          return this.family + ((version && !isSpecialCasedOS) ? ' ' + version : '') + (this.architecture == 64 ? ' 64-bit' : '');
+        }
+      };
+    }
+    // add browser/OS architecture
+    if ((data = /\b(?:AMD|IA|Win|WOW|x86_|x)64\b/i.exec(arch)) && !/\bi686\b/i.test(arch)) {
+      if (os) {
+        os.architecture = 64;
+        os.family = os.family.replace(RegExp(' *' + data), '');
+      }
+      if (
+          name && (/\bWOW64\b/i.test(ua) ||
+          (useFeatures && /\w(?:86|32)$/.test(nav.cpuClass || nav.platform) && !/\bWin64; x64\b/i.test(ua)))
+      ) {
+        description.unshift('32-bit');
+      }
+    }
+
+    ua || (ua = null);
+
+    /*------------------------------------------------------------------------*/
+
+    /**
+     * The platform object.
+     *
+     * @name platform
+     * @type Object
+     */
+    var platform = {};
+
+    /**
+     * The platform description.
+     *
+     * @memberOf platform
+     * @type string|null
+     */
+    platform.description = ua;
+
+    /**
+     * The name of the browser's layout engine.
+     *
+     * @memberOf platform
+     * @type string|null
+     */
+    platform.layout = layout && layout[0];
+
+    /**
+     * The name of the product's manufacturer.
+     *
+     * @memberOf platform
+     * @type string|null
+     */
+    platform.manufacturer = manufacturer;
+
+    /**
+     * The name of the browser/environment.
+     *
+     * @memberOf platform
+     * @type string|null
+     */
+    platform.name = name;
+
+    /**
+     * The alpha/beta release indicator.
+     *
+     * @memberOf platform
+     * @type string|null
+     */
+    platform.prerelease = prerelease;
+
+    /**
+     * The name of the product hosting the browser.
+     *
+     * @memberOf platform
+     * @type string|null
+     */
+    platform.product = product;
+
+    /**
+     * The browser's user agent string.
+     *
+     * @memberOf platform
+     * @type string|null
+     */
+    platform.ua = ua;
+
+    /**
+     * The browser/environment version.
+     *
+     * @memberOf platform
+     * @type string|null
+     */
+    platform.version = name && version;
+
+    /**
+     * The name of the operating system.
+     *
+     * @memberOf platform
+     * @type Object
+     */
+    platform.os = os || {
+
+      /**
+       * The CPU architecture the OS is built for.
+       *
+       * @memberOf platform.os
+       * @type number|null
+       */
+      'architecture': null,
+
+      /**
+       * The family of the OS.
+       *
+       * Common values include:
+       * "Windows", "Windows Server 2008 R2 / 7", "Windows Server 2008 / Vista",
+       * "Windows XP", "OS X", "Ubuntu", "Debian", "Fedora", "Red Hat", "SuSE",
+       * "Android", "iOS" and "Windows Phone"
+       *
+       * @memberOf platform.os
+       * @type string|null
+       */
+      'family': null,
+
+      /**
+       * The version of the OS.
+       *
+       * @memberOf platform.os
+       * @type string|null
+       */
+      'version': null,
+
+      /**
+       * Returns the OS string.
+       *
+       * @memberOf platform.os
+       * @returns {string} The OS string.
+       */
+      'toString': function() { return 'null'; }
+    };
+
+    platform.parse = parse;
+    platform.toString = toStringPlatform;
+
+    if (platform.version) {
+      description.unshift(version);
+    }
+    if (platform.name) {
+      description.unshift(name);
+    }
+    if (os && name && !(os == String(os).split(' ')[0] && (os == name.split(' ')[0] || product))) {
+      description.push(product ? '(' + os + ')' : 'on ' + os);
+    }
+    if (description.length) {
+      platform.description = description.join(' ');
+    }
+    return platform;
+  }
+
+  /*--------------------------------------------------------------------------*/
+
+  // export platform
+  // some AMD build optimizers, like r.js, check for condition patterns like the following:
+  if (typeof define == 'function' && typeof define.amd == 'object' && define.amd) {
+    // define as an anonymous module so, through path mapping, it can be aliased
+    define(function() {
+      return parse();
+    });
+  }
+  // check for `exports` after `define` in case a build optimizer adds an `exports` object
+  else if (freeExports && freeModule) {
+    // in Narwhal, Node.js, Rhino -require, or RingoJS
+    forOwn(parse(), function(value, key) {
+      freeExports[key] = value;
+    });
+  }
+  // in a browser or Rhino
+  else {
+    root.platform = parse();
+  }
+}.call(this));
diff --git a/src/immer/extra/js/makefile b/src/immer/extra/js/makefile
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000..fc6075bfe8fa5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/immer/extra/js/makefile
@@ -0,0 +1,29 @@
+
+BOOST=.
+EMCXX=em++
+EMCXXFLAGS=-O3 -std=c++14 --bind \
+	-I ../.. \
+	-I $(BOOST)
+WASM_BACKEND=0
+
+ALL= \
+	out/immer.asmjs.js \
+	out/immer.asmjs.html \
+	out/immer.wasm.js \
+	out/immer.wasm.html
+
+all: $(ALL)
+
+out/immer.asmjs.js: immer.cpp
+	@mkdir -p $(@D)
+	$(EMCXX) $(EMCXXFLAGS) $< -o $@
+
+out/immer.wasm.js: immer.cpp
+	@mkdir -p $(@D)
+	EMCC_WASM_BACKEND=$(WASM_BACKEND) $(EMCXX) -s WASM=1 $(EMCXXFLAGS) $< -o $@
+
+%.html: %.js index.tpl.html
+	sed s/%IMMER_JS%/`basename $<`/ < index.tpl.html > $@
+
+clean:
+	rm -f $(ALL)
diff --git a/src/immer/extra/python/CMakeLists.txt b/src/immer/extra/python/CMakeLists.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000..11d5fff209ad7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/immer/extra/python/CMakeLists.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,46 @@
+
+option(USE_PYBIND "bind with pybind1" off)
+option(USE_BOOST_PYTHON  "bind with boost::python" off)
+
+if (USE_PYBIND)
+  set(PYBIND11_CPP_STANDARD -std=c++14)
+  find_package(Boost 1.56 REQUIRED)
+  add_subdirectory(lib/pybind11)
+  pybind11_add_module(immer_python_module src/immer-pybind.cpp)
+  target_link_libraries(immer_python_module PUBLIC
+    immer)
+
+elseif(USE_BOOST_PYTHON)
+  find_package(PythonInterp)
+  find_package(PythonLibs)
+  find_package(Boost 1.56 COMPONENTS python)
+  python_add_module(immer_python_module src/immer-boost.cpp)
+  include_directories(immer_python_module PUBLIC
+    ${immer_include_dir}
+    ${Boost_INCLUDE_DIRS}
+    ${PYTHON_INCLUDE_DIRS})
+  target_link_libraries(immer_python_module PUBLIC
+    immer
+    ${Boost_LIBRARIES}
+    ${PYTHON_LIBRARIES})
+
+else()
+  find_package(PythonInterp)
+  find_package(PythonLibs)
+
+  if (NOT PYTHONLIBS_FOUND)
+    message(STATUS "Disabling Python modules")
+    return()
+  endif()
+
+  python_add_module(immer_python_module EXCLUDE_FROM_ALL
+    src/immer-raw.cpp)
+  target_include_directories(immer_python_module PUBLIC
+    ${PYTHON_INCLUDE_DIRS})
+  target_link_libraries(immer_python_module PUBLIC
+    immer
+    ${PYTHON_LIBRARIES})
+
+endif()
+
+add_custom_target(python DEPENDS immer_python_module)
diff --git a/src/immer/extra/python/README.rst b/src/immer/extra/python/README.rst
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000..7447e99e62815
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/immer/extra/python/README.rst
@@ -0,0 +1,42 @@
+
+Python bindings
+===============
+
+This library includes experimental bindings bring efficient immutable
+vectors for the Python language.  They were developed as part of the
+research for the `ICFP'17 paper`_.  The interface is quite
+**incomplete**, yet you can already do some things like:
+
+.. literalinclude:: ../extra/python/example.py
+   :language: python
+   :start-after: intro/start
+   :end-before:  intro/end
+..
+
+    **Do you want to help** making these bindings complete and production
+    ready?  Drop a line at `immer@sinusoid.al
+    <mailto:immer@sinusoid.al>`_ or `open an issue on Github
+    <https://github.com/arximboldi/immer>`_
+
+Installation
+------------
+::
+
+    pip install --user git+https://github.com/arximboldi/immer.git
+
+Benchmarks
+----------
+
+The library includes a set of benchmarks that compare it to
+`pyrsistent <https://github.com/tobgu/pyrsistent>`_.  You can see the
+results in the `ICFP'17 paper`_.  If you want to run them yourself,
+you need to install some dependencies::
+
+     pip install --user pytest-benchmark pyrsistent
+
+Then you need to clone the `project repository
+<https://github.com/arximboldi/immer>`_ and from its root, run::
+
+     pytest extra/python/benchmark
+
+.. _ICFP'17 paper: https://public.sinusoid.es/misc/immer/immer-icfp17.pdf
diff --git a/src/immer/extra/python/benchmark/test_benchmarks.py b/src/immer/extra/python/benchmark/test_benchmarks.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000..11e4817c32569
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/immer/extra/python/benchmark/test_benchmarks.py
@@ -0,0 +1,45 @@
+
+# immer: immutable data structures for C++
+# Copyright (C) 2016, 2017, 2018 Juan Pedro Bolivar Puente
+#
+# This software is distributed under the Boost Software License, Version 1.0.
+# See accompanying file LICENSE or copy at http://boost.org/LICENSE_1_0.txt
+
+##
+
+import immer
+import pyrsistent
+
+BENCHMARK_SIZE = 1000
+
+def push(v, n=BENCHMARK_SIZE):
+    for x in xrange(n):
+        v = v.append(x)
+    return v
+
+def assoc(v):
+    for i in xrange(len(v)):
+        v = v.set(i, i+1)
+    return v
+
+def index(v):
+    for i in xrange(len(v)):
+        v[i]
+
+def test_push_immer(benchmark):
+    benchmark(push, immer.Vector())
+
+def test_push_pyrsistent(benchmark):
+    benchmark(push, pyrsistent.pvector())
+
+def test_assoc_immer(benchmark):
+    benchmark(assoc, push(immer.Vector()))
+
+def test_assoc_pyrsistent(benchmark):
+    benchmark(assoc, push(pyrsistent.pvector()))
+
+def test_index_immer(benchmark):
+    benchmark(index, push(immer.Vector()))
+
+def test_index_pyrsistent(benchmark):
+    benchmark(index, push(pyrsistent.pvector()))
diff --git a/src/immer/extra/python/example.py b/src/immer/extra/python/example.py
new file mode 100755
index 0000000000000..36f7333c4f0f6
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/immer/extra/python/example.py
@@ -0,0 +1,21 @@
+#!/usr/bin/env python##
+
+# immer: immutable data structures for C++
+# Copyright (C) 2016, 2017, 2018 Juan Pedro Bolivar Puente
+#
+# This software is distributed under the Boost Software License, Version 1.0.
+# See accompanying file LICENSE or copy at http://boost.org/LICENSE_1_0.txt
+
+
+# include:intro/start
+import immer
+
+v0 = immer.Vector().append(13).append(42)
+assert v0[0] == 13
+assert v0[1] == 42
+assert len(v0) == 2
+
+v1 = v0.set(0, 12)
+assert v0.tolist() == [13, 42]
+assert v1.tolist() == [12, 42]
+# include:intro/end
diff --git a/src/immer/extra/python/immer/__init__.py b/src/immer/extra/python/immer/__init__.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000..e4702b40e4a1d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/immer/extra/python/immer/__init__.py
@@ -0,0 +1,2 @@
+
+from immer_python_module import *
diff --git a/src/immer/extra/python/lib/pybind11 b/src/immer/extra/python/lib/pybind11
new file mode 160000
index 0000000000000..1eaacd19f6de9
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/immer/extra/python/lib/pybind11
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+Subproject commit 1eaacd19f6de9a053570c21de6d173efc2304bc2
diff --git a/src/immer/extra/python/src/immer-boost.cpp b/src/immer/extra/python/src/immer-boost.cpp
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000..417812dc70a9c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/immer/extra/python/src/immer-boost.cpp
@@ -0,0 +1,94 @@
+//
+// immer: immutable data structures for C++
+// Copyright (C) 2016, 2017, 2018 Juan Pedro Bolivar Puente
+//
+// This software is distributed under the Boost Software License, Version 1.0.
+// See accompanying file LICENSE or copy at http://boost.org/LICENSE_1_0.txt
+//
+
+#include <boost/python.hpp>
+#include <boost/python/suite/indexing/vector_indexing_suite.hpp>
+
+#include <immer/refcount/unsafe_refcount_policy.hpp>
+#include <immer/vector.hpp>
+
+namespace {
+
+struct heap_t
+{
+    template <typename... Tags>
+    static void* allocate(std::size_t size, Tags...)
+    {
+        return PyMem_Malloc(size);
+    }
+
+    template <typename... Tags>
+    static void deallocate(std::size_t, void* obj, Tags...)
+    {
+        PyMem_Free(obj);
+    }
+};
+
+using memory_t =
+    immer::memory_policy<immer::unsafe_free_list_heap_policy<heap_t>,
+                         immer::unsafe_refcount_policy,
+                         immer::no_lock_policy>;
+
+template <typename Vector>
+struct immer_vector_indexing_suite
+    : boost::python::vector_indexing_suite<Vector,
+                                           true,
+                                           immer_vector_indexing_suite<Vector>>
+{
+    using value_t  = typename Vector::value_type;
+    using index_t  = typename Vector::size_type;
+    using object_t = boost::python::object;
+
+    static void forbidden() { throw std::runtime_error{"immutable!"}; }
+    static void todo() { throw std::runtime_error{"TODO!"}; }
+
+    static const value_t& get_item(const Vector& v, index_t i) { return v[i]; }
+    static object_t get_slice(const Vector&, index_t, index_t) { todo(); }
+
+    static void set_item(const Vector&, index_t, const value_t&)
+    {
+        forbidden();
+    }
+    static void delete_item(const Vector&, index_t) { forbidden(); }
+    static void set_slice(const Vector&, index_t, index_t, const value_t&)
+    {
+        forbidden();
+    }
+    static void delete_slice(const Vector&, index_t, index_t) { forbidden(); }
+    template <typename Iter>
+    static void set_slice(const Vector&, index_t, index_t, Iter, Iter)
+    {
+        forbidden();
+    }
+    template <class Iter>
+    static void extend(const Vector& container, Iter, Iter)
+    {
+        forbidden();
+    }
+};
+
+} // anonymous namespace
+
+BOOST_PYTHON_MODULE(immer_python_module)
+{
+    using namespace boost::python;
+
+    using vector_t = immer::vector<object, memory_t>;
+
+    class_<vector_t>("Vector")
+        .def(immer_vector_indexing_suite<vector_t>())
+        .def(
+            "append",
+            +[](const vector_t& v, object x) {
+                return v.push_back(std::move(x));
+            })
+        .def(
+            "set", +[](const vector_t& v, std::size_t i, object x) {
+                return v.set(i, std::move(x));
+            });
+}
diff --git a/src/immer/extra/python/src/immer-pybind.cpp b/src/immer/extra/python/src/immer-pybind.cpp
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000..8f8aab1231f8a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/immer/extra/python/src/immer-pybind.cpp
@@ -0,0 +1,77 @@
+//
+// immer: immutable data structures for C++
+// Copyright (C) 2016, 2017, 2018 Juan Pedro Bolivar Puente
+//
+// This software is distributed under the Boost Software License, Version 1.0.
+// See accompanying file LICENSE or copy at http://boost.org/LICENSE_1_0.txt
+//
+
+#include <pybind11/pybind11.h>
+
+#include <immer/vector.hpp>
+#include <immer/refcount/unsafe_refcount_policy.hpp>
+
+namespace {
+
+struct heap_t
+{
+    template <typename ...Tags>
+    static void* allocate(std::size_t size, Tags...)
+    {
+        return PyMem_Malloc(size);
+    }
+
+    template <typename ...Tags>
+    static void deallocate(std::size_t, void* obj, Tags...)
+    {
+        PyMem_Free(obj);
+    }
+};
+
+using memory_t = immer::memory_policy<
+    immer::unsafe_free_list_heap_policy<heap_t>,
+    immer::unsafe_refcount_policy>;
+
+} // anonymous namespace
+
+namespace py = pybind11;
+
+PYBIND11_PLUGIN(immer_python_module)
+{
+    py::module m("immer", R"pbdoc(
+        Immer
+        -----
+        .. currentmodule:: immer
+        .. autosummary::
+           :toctree: _generate
+           Vector
+    )pbdoc");
+
+    using vector_t = immer::vector<py::object, memory_t>;
+
+    py::class_<vector_t>(m, "Vector")
+        .def(py::init<>())
+        .def("__len__", &vector_t::size)
+        .def("__getitem__",
+             [] (const vector_t& v, std::size_t i) {
+                 if (i > v.size())
+                     throw py::index_error{"Index out of range"};
+                 return v[i];
+             })
+        .def("append",
+             [] (const vector_t& v, py::object x) {
+                 return v.push_back(std::move(x));
+             })
+        .def("set",
+             [] (const vector_t& v, std::size_t i, py::object x) {
+                 return v.set(i, std::move(x));
+             });
+
+#ifdef VERSION_INFO
+    m.attr("__version__") = py::str(VERSION_INFO);
+#else
+    m.attr("__version__") = py::str("dev");
+#endif
+
+    return m.ptr();
+}
diff --git a/src/immer/extra/python/src/immer-raw.cpp b/src/immer/extra/python/src/immer-raw.cpp
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000..f7af7dc712b51
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/immer/extra/python/src/immer-raw.cpp
@@ -0,0 +1,386 @@
+//
+// immer: immutable data structures for C++
+// Copyright (C) 2016, 2017, 2018 Juan Pedro Bolivar Puente
+//
+// This software is distributed under the Boost Software License, Version 1.0.
+// See accompanying file LICENSE or copy at http://boost.org/LICENSE_1_0.txt
+//
+
+extern "C"
+{
+#include <Python.h>
+#include <structmember.h>
+}
+
+#include <immer/algorithm.hpp>
+#include <immer/refcount/unsafe_refcount_policy.hpp>
+#include <immer/vector.hpp>
+
+#include <iostream>
+
+namespace {
+
+struct heap_t
+{
+    template <typename... Tags>
+    static void* allocate(std::size_t size, Tags...)
+    {
+        return PyMem_Malloc(size);
+    }
+
+    template <typename... Tags>
+    static void deallocate(std::size_t, void* obj, Tags...)
+    {
+        PyMem_Free(obj);
+    }
+};
+
+struct object_t
+{
+    struct wrap_t
+    {};
+    struct adopt_t
+    {};
+
+    PyObject* ptr_ = nullptr;
+
+    object_t() = delete;
+    ~object_t() { Py_XDECREF(ptr_); }
+
+    explicit object_t(PyObject* p, wrap_t)
+        : ptr_{p}
+    {}
+    explicit object_t(PyObject* p, adopt_t)
+        : ptr_{p}
+    {
+        assert(p);
+        Py_INCREF(p);
+    }
+
+    static object_t wrap(PyObject* p) { return object_t{p, wrap_t{}}; }
+    static object_t adopt(PyObject* p) { return object_t{p, adopt_t{}}; }
+
+    object_t(const object_t& o)
+        : ptr_(o.ptr_)
+    {
+        Py_INCREF(ptr_);
+    }
+    object_t(object_t&& o) { std::swap(ptr_, o.ptr_); }
+
+    object_t& operator=(const object_t& o)
+    {
+        Py_XINCREF(o.ptr_);
+        Py_XDECREF(ptr_);
+        ptr_ = o.ptr_;
+        return *this;
+    }
+    object_t& operator=(object_t&& o)
+    {
+        std::swap(ptr_, o.ptr_);
+        return *this;
+    }
+
+    PyObject* release()
+    {
+        auto p = ptr_;
+        ptr_   = nullptr;
+        return p;
+    }
+
+    PyObject* get() const { return ptr_; }
+};
+
+using memory_t =
+    immer::memory_policy<immer::unsafe_free_list_heap_policy<heap_t>,
+                         immer::unsafe_refcount_policy,
+                         immer::no_lock_policy>;
+
+using vector_impl_t = immer::vector<object_t, memory_t>;
+
+struct vector_t
+{
+    PyObject_HEAD vector_impl_t impl;
+    PyObject* in_weakreflist;
+
+    static PyTypeObject type;
+};
+
+vector_t* empty_vector = nullptr;
+
+vector_t* make_vector()
+{
+    auto* v = PyObject_GC_New(vector_t, &vector_t::type);
+    new (&v->impl) vector_impl_t{};
+    v->in_weakreflist = nullptr;
+    PyObject_GC_Track((PyObject*) v);
+    return v;
+}
+
+vector_t* make_vector(vector_impl_t&& impl)
+{
+    auto v = PyObject_GC_New(vector_t, &vector_t::type);
+    new (&v->impl) vector_impl_t{std::move(impl)};
+    v->in_weakreflist = nullptr;
+    PyObject_GC_Track((PyObject*) v);
+    return v;
+}
+
+auto todo()
+{
+    PyErr_SetString(PyExc_RuntimeError, "immer: todo!");
+    return nullptr;
+}
+
+void vector_dealloc(vector_t* self)
+{
+    if (self->in_weakreflist != nullptr)
+        PyObject_ClearWeakRefs((PyObject*) self);
+
+    PyObject_GC_UnTrack((PyObject*) self);
+    Py_TRASHCAN_SAFE_BEGIN(self);
+
+    self->impl.~vector_impl_t();
+
+    PyObject_GC_Del(self);
+    Py_TRASHCAN_SAFE_END(self);
+}
+
+PyObject* vector_to_list(vector_t* self)
+{
+    auto list = PyList_New(self->impl.size());
+    auto idx  = 0;
+    immer::for_each(self->impl, [&](auto&& obj) {
+        auto o = obj.get();
+        Py_INCREF(o);
+        PyList_SET_ITEM(list, idx, o);
+        ++idx;
+    });
+    return list;
+}
+
+PyObject* vector_repr(vector_t* self)
+{
+    auto list      = vector_to_list(self);
+    auto list_repr = PyObject_Repr(list);
+    Py_DECREF(list);
+
+    if (!list_repr)
+        return nullptr;
+
+#if PY_MAJOR_VERSION >= 3
+    auto s = PyUnicode_FromFormat("%s%U%s", "immer.vector(", list_repr, ")");
+    Py_DECREF(list_repr);
+#else
+    auto s = PyString_FromString("immer.vector(");
+    PyString_ConcatAndDel(&s, list_repr);
+    PyString_ConcatAndDel(&s, PyString_FromString(")"));
+#endif
+    return s;
+}
+
+Py_ssize_t vector_len(vector_t* self) { return self->impl.size(); }
+
+PyObject* vector_extend(vector_t* self, PyObject* iterable) { return todo(); }
+
+vector_t* vector_append(vector_t* self, PyObject* obj)
+{
+    assert(obj != nullptr);
+    return make_vector(self->impl.push_back(object_t::adopt(obj)));
+}
+
+vector_t* vector_set(vector_t* self, PyObject* args)
+{
+    PyObject* obj = nullptr;
+    Py_ssize_t pos;
+    // the n parses for size, the O parses for a Python object
+    if (!PyArg_ParseTuple(args, "nO", &pos, &obj)) {
+        return nullptr;
+    }
+    if (pos < 0)
+        pos += self->impl.size();
+    if (pos < 0 || pos > (Py_ssize_t) self->impl.size()) {
+        PyErr_Format(PyExc_IndexError, "Index out of range: %zi", pos);
+        return nullptr;
+    }
+    return make_vector(self->impl.set(pos, object_t::adopt(obj)));
+}
+
+PyObject* vector_new(PyTypeObject* subtype, PyObject* args, PyObject* kwds)
+{
+    Py_INCREF(empty_vector);
+    return (PyObject*) empty_vector;
+}
+
+long vector_hash(vector_t* self)
+{
+    todo();
+    return 0;
+}
+
+PyObject* vector_get_item(vector_t* self, Py_ssize_t pos)
+{
+    if (pos < 0)
+        pos += self->impl.size();
+    if (pos < 0 || pos >= (Py_ssize_t) self->impl.size()) {
+        PyErr_Format(PyExc_IndexError, "Index out of range: %zi", pos);
+        return nullptr;
+    }
+    auto r = self->impl[pos];
+    return r.release();
+}
+
+PyObject* vector_subscript(vector_t* self, PyObject* item)
+{
+    if (PyIndex_Check(item)) {
+        auto i = PyNumber_AsSsize_t(item, PyExc_IndexError);
+        if (i == -1 && PyErr_Occurred())
+            return nullptr;
+        return vector_get_item(self, i);
+    } else if (PySlice_Check(item)) {
+        return todo();
+    } else {
+        PyErr_Format(PyExc_TypeError,
+                     "vector indices must be integers, not %.200s",
+                     Py_TYPE(item)->tp_name);
+        return nullptr;
+    }
+}
+
+PyObject* vector_repeat(vector_t* self, Py_ssize_t n) { return todo(); }
+
+int vector_traverse(vector_t* self, visitproc visit, void* arg)
+{
+    auto result = 0;
+    immer::all_of(self->impl, [&](auto&& o) {
+        return 0 == (result = [&] {
+                   Py_VISIT(o.get());
+                   return 0;
+               }());
+    });
+    return result;
+}
+
+PyObject* vector_richcompare(PyObject* v, PyObject* w, int op)
+{
+    return todo();
+}
+
+PyObject* vector_iter(PyObject* self) { return todo(); }
+
+PyMethodDef vector_methods[] = {
+    {"append", (PyCFunction) vector_append, METH_O, "Appends an element"},
+    {"set",
+     (PyCFunction) vector_set,
+     METH_VARARGS,
+     "Inserts an element at the specified position"},
+    {"extend", (PyCFunction) vector_extend, METH_O | METH_COEXIST, "Extend"},
+    {"tolist", (PyCFunction) vector_to_list, METH_NOARGS, "Convert to list"},
+    {0}};
+
+PyMemberDef vector_members[] = {
+    {0} /* sentinel */
+};
+
+PySequenceMethods vector_sequence_methods = {
+    (lenfunc) vector_len,           /* sq_length */
+    (binaryfunc) vector_extend,     /* sq_concat */
+    (ssizeargfunc) vector_repeat,   /* sq_repeat */
+    (ssizeargfunc) vector_get_item, /* sq_item */
+    0,                              /* sq_slice */
+    0,                              /* sq_ass_item */
+    0,                              /* sq_ass_slice */
+    0,                              /* sq_contains */
+    0,                              /* sq_inplace_concat */
+    0,                              /* sq_inplace_repeat */
+};
+
+PyMappingMethods vector_mapping_methods = {
+    (lenfunc) vector_len, (binaryfunc) vector_subscript, 0};
+
+PyTypeObject vector_t::type = {
+    PyVarObject_HEAD_INIT(NULL, 0) "immer.Vector", /* tp_name        */
+    sizeof(vector_t),                              /* tp_basicsize   */
+    0,                                             /* tp_itemsize    */
+    (destructor) vector_dealloc,                   /* tp_dealloc     */
+    0,                                             /* tp_print       */
+    0,                                             /* tp_getattr     */
+    0,                                             /* tp_setattr     */
+    0,                                             /* tp_compare     */
+    (reprfunc) vector_repr,                        /* tp_repr        */
+    0,                                             /* tp_as_number   */
+    &vector_sequence_methods,                      /* tp_as_sequence */
+    &vector_mapping_methods,                       /* tp_as_mapping  */
+    (hashfunc) vector_hash,                        /* tp_hash        */
+    0,                                             /* tp_call        */
+    0,                                             /* tp_str         */
+    0,                                             /* tp_getattro    */
+    0,                                             /* tp_setattro    */
+    0,                                             /* tp_as_buffer   */
+    Py_TPFLAGS_DEFAULT | Py_TPFLAGS_HAVE_GC,       /* tp_flags       */
+    "",                                            /* tp_doc         */
+    (traverseproc) vector_traverse,                /* tp_traverse       */
+    0,                                             /* tp_clear          */
+    vector_richcompare,                            /* tp_richcompare    */
+    offsetof(vector_t, in_weakreflist),            /* tp_weaklistoffset */
+    vector_iter,                                   /* tp_iter           */
+    0,                                             /* tp_iternext       */
+    vector_methods,                                /* tp_methods        */
+    vector_members,                                /* tp_members        */
+    0,                                             /* tp_getset         */
+    0,                                             /* tp_base           */
+    0,                                             /* tp_dict           */
+    0,                                             /* tp_descr_get      */
+    0,                                             /* tp_descr_set      */
+    0,                                             /* tp_dictoffset     */
+    0,                                             /* tp_init           */
+    0,                                             /* tp_alloc */
+    vector_new,                                    /* tp_new   */
+};
+
+#if PY_MAJOR_VERSION >= 3
+struct PyModuleDef module_def = {
+    PyModuleDef_HEAD_INIT,
+    "immer_python_module", /* m_name */
+    "",                    /* m_doc */
+    -1,                    /* m_size */
+    / module_methods,      /* m_methods */
+    0,                     /* m_reload */
+    0,                     /* m_traverse */
+    0,                     /* m_clear */
+    0,                     /* m_free */
+};
+#endif
+
+PyMethodDef module_methods[] = {{0, 0, 0, 0}};
+
+PyObject* module_init()
+{
+    if (PyType_Ready(&vector_t::type) < 0)
+        return nullptr;
+
+#if PY_MAJOR_VERSION >= 3
+    auto m = PyModule_Create(&module_def);
+#else
+    auto m = Py_InitModule3("immer_python_module", module_methods, "");
+#endif
+    if (!m)
+        return nullptr;
+
+    if (!empty_vector)
+        empty_vector = make_vector();
+
+    Py_INCREF(&vector_t::type);
+    PyModule_AddObject(m, "Vector", (PyObject*) &vector_t::type);
+    return m;
+}
+
+} // anonymous namespace
+
+extern "C"
+{
+#if PY_MAJOR_VERSION >= 3
+    PyMODINIT_FUNC PyInit_immer_python_module() { return module_init(); }
+#else
+    PyMODINIT_FUNC initimmer_python_module() { module_init(); }
+#endif
+}
diff --git a/src/immer/immer/algorithm.hpp b/src/immer/immer/algorithm.hpp
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000..0b71c65c8efea
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/immer/immer/algorithm.hpp
@@ -0,0 +1,213 @@
+//
+// immer: immutable data structures for C++
+// Copyright (C) 2016, 2017, 2018 Juan Pedro Bolivar Puente
+//
+// This software is distributed under the Boost Software License, Version 1.0.
+// See accompanying file LICENSE or copy at http://boost.org/LICENSE_1_0.txt
+//
+
+#pragma once
+
+#include <algorithm>
+#include <cassert>
+#include <numeric>
+#include <type_traits>
+
+namespace immer {
+
+/**
+ * @defgroup algorithm
+ * @{
+ */
+
+/*@{*/
+// Right now these algorithms dispatch directly to the vector
+// implementations unconditionally.  This will be changed in the
+// future to support other kinds of containers.
+
+/*!
+ * Apply operation `fn` for every contiguous *chunk* of data in the
+ * range sequentially.  Each time, `Fn` is passed two `value_type`
+ * pointers describing a range over a part of the vector.  This allows
+ * iterating over the elements in the most efficient way.
+ *
+ * @rst
+ *
+ * .. tip:: This is a low level method. Most of the time, :doc:`other
+ *    wrapper algorithms <algorithms>` should be used instead.
+ *
+ * @endrst
+ */
+template <typename Range, typename Fn>
+void for_each_chunk(const Range& r, Fn&& fn)
+{
+    r.impl().for_each_chunk(std::forward<Fn>(fn));
+}
+
+template <typename Iterator, typename Fn>
+void for_each_chunk(const Iterator& first, const Iterator& last, Fn&& fn)
+{
+    assert(&first.impl() == &last.impl());
+    first.impl().for_each_chunk(
+        first.index(), last.index(), std::forward<Fn>(fn));
+}
+
+template <typename T, typename Fn>
+void for_each_chunk(const T* first, const T* last, Fn&& fn)
+{
+    std::forward<Fn>(fn)(first, last);
+}
+
+/*!
+ * Apply operation `fn` for every contiguous *chunk* of data in the
+ * range sequentially, until `fn` returns `false`.  Each time, `Fn` is
+ * passed two `value_type` pointers describing a range over a part of
+ * the vector.  This allows iterating over the elements in the most
+ * efficient way.
+ *
+ * @rst
+ *
+ * .. tip:: This is a low level method. Most of the time, :doc:`other
+ *    wrapper algorithms <algorithms>` should be used instead.
+ *
+ * @endrst
+ */
+template <typename Range, typename Fn>
+bool for_each_chunk_p(const Range& r, Fn&& fn)
+{
+    return r.impl().for_each_chunk_p(std::forward<Fn>(fn));
+}
+
+template <typename Iterator, typename Fn>
+bool for_each_chunk_p(const Iterator& first, const Iterator& last, Fn&& fn)
+{
+    assert(&first.impl() == &last.impl());
+    return first.impl().for_each_chunk_p(
+        first.index(), last.index(), std::forward<Fn>(fn));
+}
+
+template <typename T, typename Fn>
+bool for_each_chunk_p(const T* first, const T* last, Fn&& fn)
+{
+    return std::forward<Fn>(fn)(first, last);
+}
+
+/*!
+ * Equivalent of `std::accumulate` applied to the range `r`.
+ */
+template <typename Range, typename T>
+T accumulate(Range&& r, T init)
+{
+    for_each_chunk(r, [&](auto first, auto last) {
+        init = std::accumulate(first, last, init);
+    });
+    return init;
+}
+
+template <typename Range, typename T, typename Fn>
+T accumulate(Range&& r, T init, Fn fn)
+{
+    for_each_chunk(r, [&](auto first, auto last) {
+        init = std::accumulate(first, last, init, fn);
+    });
+    return init;
+}
+
+/*!
+ * Equivalent of `std::accumulate` applied to the range @f$ [first,
+ * last) @f$.
+ */
+template <typename Iterator, typename T>
+T accumulate(Iterator first, Iterator last, T init)
+{
+    for_each_chunk(first, last, [&](auto first, auto last) {
+        init = std::accumulate(first, last, init);
+    });
+    return init;
+}
+
+template <typename Iterator, typename T, typename Fn>
+T accumulate(Iterator first, Iterator last, T init, Fn fn)
+{
+    for_each_chunk(first, last, [&](auto first, auto last) {
+        init = std::accumulate(first, last, init, fn);
+    });
+    return init;
+}
+
+/*!
+ * Equivalent of `std::for_each` applied to the range `r`.
+ */
+template <typename Range, typename Fn>
+Fn&& for_each(Range&& r, Fn&& fn)
+{
+    for_each_chunk(r, [&](auto first, auto last) {
+        for (; first != last; ++first)
+            fn(*first);
+    });
+    return std::forward<Fn>(fn);
+}
+
+/*!
+ * Equivalent of `std::for_each` applied to the range @f$ [first,
+ * last) @f$.
+ */
+template <typename Iterator, typename Fn>
+Fn&& for_each(Iterator first, Iterator last, Fn&& fn)
+{
+    for_each_chunk(first, last, [&](auto first, auto last) {
+        for (; first != last; ++first)
+            fn(*first);
+    });
+    return std::forward<Fn>(fn);
+}
+
+/*!
+ * Equivalent of `std::copy` applied to the range `r`.
+ */
+template <typename Range, typename OutIter>
+OutIter copy(Range&& r, OutIter out)
+{
+    for_each_chunk(
+        r, [&](auto first, auto last) { out = std::copy(first, last, out); });
+    return out;
+}
+
+/*!
+ * Equivalent of `std::copy` applied to the range @f$ [first,
+ * last) @f$.
+ */
+template <typename InIter, typename OutIter>
+OutIter copy(InIter first, InIter last, OutIter out)
+{
+    for_each_chunk(first, last, [&](auto first, auto last) {
+        out = std::copy(first, last, out);
+    });
+    return out;
+}
+
+/*!
+ * Equivalent of `std::all_of` applied to the range `r`.
+ */
+template <typename Range, typename Pred>
+bool all_of(Range&& r, Pred p)
+{
+    return for_each_chunk_p(
+        r, [&](auto first, auto last) { return std::all_of(first, last, p); });
+}
+
+/*!
+ * Equivalent of `std::all_of` applied to the range @f$ [first, last)
+ * @f$.
+ */
+template <typename Iter, typename Pred>
+bool all_of(Iter first, Iter last, Pred p)
+{
+    return for_each_chunk_p(first, last, [&](auto first, auto last) {
+        return std::all_of(first, last, p);
+    });
+}
+
+/** @} */ // group: algorithm
+
+} // namespace immer
diff --git a/src/immer/immer/array.hpp b/src/immer/immer/array.hpp
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000..c86f4ea7ff2c7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/immer/immer/array.hpp
@@ -0,0 +1,366 @@
+//
+// immer: immutable data structures for C++
+// Copyright (C) 2016, 2017, 2018 Juan Pedro Bolivar Puente
+//
+// This software is distributed under the Boost Software License, Version 1.0.
+// See accompanying file LICENSE or copy at http://boost.org/LICENSE_1_0.txt
+//
+
+#pragma once
+
+#include <immer/detail/arrays/with_capacity.hpp>
+#include <immer/memory_policy.hpp>
+
+#include <cstddef>
+
+namespace immer {
+
+template <typename T, typename MemoryPolicy>
+class array_transient;
+
+/*!
+ * Immutable container that stores a sequence of elements in
+ * contiguous memory.
+ *
+ * @tparam T The type of the values to be stored in the container.
+ *
+ * @rst
+ *
+ * It supports the most efficient iteration and random access,
+ * equivalent to a ``std::vector`` or ``std::array``, but all
+ * manipulations are :math:`O(size)`.
+ *
+ * .. tip:: Don't be fooled by the bad complexity of this data
+ *    structure.  It is a great choice for short sequence or when it
+ *    is seldom or never changed.  This depends on the ``sizeof(T)``
+ *    and the expensiveness of its ``T``'s copy constructor, in case
+ *    of doubt, measure.  For basic types, using an `array` when
+ *    :math:`n < 100` is a good heuristic.
+ *
+ * @endrst
+ */
+template <typename T, typename MemoryPolicy = default_memory_policy>
+class array
+{
+    using impl_t =
+        std::conditional_t<MemoryPolicy::use_transient_rvalues,
+                           detail::arrays::with_capacity<T, MemoryPolicy>,
+                           detail::arrays::no_capacity<T, MemoryPolicy>>;
+
+    using move_t =
+        std::integral_constant<bool, MemoryPolicy::use_transient_rvalues>;
+
+public:
+    using value_type      = T;
+    using reference       = const T&;
+    using size_type       = std::size_t;
+    using difference_type = std::ptrdiff_t;
+    using const_reference = const T&;
+
+    using iterator         = const T*;
+    using const_iterator   = iterator;
+    using reverse_iterator = std::reverse_iterator<iterator>;
+
+    using memory_policy  = MemoryPolicy;
+    using transient_type = array_transient<T, MemoryPolicy>;
+
+    /*!
+     * Default constructor.  It creates an array of `size() == 0`.  It
+     * does not allocate memory and its complexity is @f$ O(1) @f$.
+     */
+    array() = default;
+
+    /*!
+     * Constructs an array containing the elements in `values`.
+     */
+    array(std::initializer_list<T> values)
+        : impl_{impl_t::from_initializer_list(values)}
+    {}
+
+    /*!
+     * Constructs a array containing the elements in the range
+     * defined by the forward iterator `first` and range sentinel `last`.
+     */
+    template <typename Iter,
+              typename Sent,
+              std::enable_if_t<detail::compatible_sentinel_v<Iter, Sent> &&
+                                   detail::is_forward_iterator_v<Iter>,
+                               bool> = true>
+    array(Iter first, Sent last)
+        : impl_{impl_t::from_range(first, last)}
+    {}
+
+    /*!
+     * Constructs a array containing the element `val` repeated `n`
+     * times.
+     */
+    array(size_type n, T v = {})
+        : impl_{impl_t::from_fill(n, v)}
+    {}
+
+    /*!
+     * Returns an iterator pointing at the first element of the
+     * collection. It does not allocate memory and its complexity is
+     * @f$ O(1) @f$.
+     */
+    IMMER_NODISCARD iterator begin() const { return impl_.data(); }
+
+    /*!
+     * Returns an iterator pointing just after the last element of the
+     * collection. It does not allocate and its complexity is @f$ O(1) @f$.
+     */
+    IMMER_NODISCARD iterator end() const { return impl_.data() + impl_.size; }
+
+    /*!
+     * Returns an iterator that traverses the collection backwards,
+     * pointing at the first element of the reversed collection. It
+     * does not allocate memory and its complexity is @f$ O(1) @f$.
+     */
+    IMMER_NODISCARD reverse_iterator rbegin() const
+    {
+        return reverse_iterator{end()};
+    }
+
+    /*!
+     * Returns an iterator that traverses the collection backwards,
+     * pointing after the last element of the reversed collection. It
+     * does not allocate memory and its complexity is @f$ O(1) @f$.
+     */
+    IMMER_NODISCARD reverse_iterator rend() const
+    {
+        return reverse_iterator{begin()};
+    }
+
+    /*!
+     * Returns the number of elements in the container.  It does
+     * not allocate memory and its complexity is @f$ O(1) @f$.
+     */
+    IMMER_NODISCARD std::size_t size() const { return impl_.size; }
+
+    /*!
+     * Returns `true` if there are no elements in the container.  It
+     * does not allocate memory and its complexity is @f$ O(1) @f$.
+     */
+    IMMER_NODISCARD bool empty() const { return impl_.size == 0; }
+
+    /*!
+     * Access the raw data.
+     */
+    IMMER_NODISCARD const T* data() const { return impl_.data(); }
+
+    /*!
+     * Access the last element.
+     */
+    IMMER_NODISCARD const T& back() const { return data()[size() - 1]; }
+
+    /*!
+     * Access the first element.
+     */
+    IMMER_NODISCARD const T& front() const { return data()[0]; }
+
+    /*!
+     * Returns a `const` reference to the element at position `index`.
+     * It is undefined when @f$ 0 index \geq size() @f$.  It does not
+     * allocate memory and its complexity is *effectively* @f$ O(1)
+     * @f$.
+     */
+    IMMER_NODISCARD reference operator[](size_type index) const
+    {
+        return impl_.get(index);
+    }
+
+    /*!
+     * Returns a `const` reference to the element at position
+     * `index`. It throws an `std::out_of_range` exception when @f$
+     * index \geq size() @f$.  It does not allocate memory and its
+     * complexity is *effectively* @f$ O(1) @f$.
+     */
+    reference at(size_type index) const { return impl_.get_check(index); }
+
+    /*!
+     * Returns whether the vectors are equal.
+     */
+    IMMER_NODISCARD bool operator==(const array& other) const
+    {
+        return impl_.equals(other.impl_);
+    }
+    IMMER_NODISCARD bool operator!=(const array& other) const
+    {
+        return !(*this == other);
+    }
+
+    /*!
+     * Returns an array with `value` inserted at the end.  It may
+     * allocate memory and its complexity is @f$ O(size) @f$.
+     *
+     * @rst
+     *
+     * **Example**
+     *   .. literalinclude:: ../example/array/array.cpp
+     *      :language: c++
+     *      :dedent: 8
+     *      :start-after: push-back/start
+     *      :end-before:  push-back/end
+     *
+     * @endrst
+     */
+    IMMER_NODISCARD array push_back(value_type value) const&
+    {
+        return impl_.push_back(std::move(value));
+    }
+
+    IMMER_NODISCARD decltype(auto) push_back(value_type value) &&
+    {
+        return push_back_move(move_t{}, std::move(value));
+    }
+
+    /*!
+     * Returns an array containing value `value` at position `idx`.
+     * Undefined for `index >= size()`.
+     * It may allocate memory and its complexity is @f$ O(size) @f$.
+     *
+     * @rst
+     *
+     * **Example**
+     *   .. literalinclude:: ../example/array/array.cpp
+     *      :language: c++
+     *      :dedent: 8
+     *      :start-after: set/start
+     *      :end-before:  set/end
+     *
+     * @endrst
+     */
+    IMMER_NODISCARD array set(std::size_t index, value_type value) const&
+    {
+        return impl_.assoc(index, std::move(value));
+    }
+
+    IMMER_NODISCARD decltype(auto) set(size_type index, value_type value) &&
+    {
+        return set_move(move_t{}, index, std::move(value));
+    }
+
+    /*!
+     * Returns an array containing the result of the expression
+     * `fn((*this)[idx])` at position `idx`.
+     * Undefined for `index >= size()`.
+     * It may allocate memory and its complexity is @f$ O(size) @f$.
+     *
+     * @rst
+     *
+     * **Example**
+     *   .. literalinclude:: ../example/array/array.cpp
+     *      :language: c++
+     *      :dedent: 8
+     *      :start-after: update/start
+     *      :end-before:  update/end
+     *
+     * @endrst
+     */
+    template <typename FnT>
+    IMMER_NODISCARD array update(std::size_t index, FnT&& fn) const&
+    {
+        return impl_.update(index, std::forward<FnT>(fn));
+    }
+
+    template <typename FnT>
+    IMMER_NODISCARD decltype(auto) update(size_type index, FnT&& fn) &&
+    {
+        return update_move(move_t{}, index, std::forward<FnT>(fn));
+    }
+
+    /*!
+     * Returns a array containing only the first `min(elems, size())`
+     * elements. It may allocate memory and its complexity is
+     * *effectively* @f$ O(1) @f$.
+     *
+     * @rst
+     *
+     * **Example**
+     *   .. literalinclude:: ../example/array/array.cpp
+     *      :language: c++
+     *      :dedent: 8
+     *      :start-after: take/start
+     *      :end-before:  take/end
+     *
+     * @endrst
+     */
+    IMMER_NODISCARD array take(size_type elems) const&
+    {
+        return impl_.take(elems);
+    }
+
+    IMMER_NODISCARD decltype(auto) take(size_type elems) &&
+    {
+        return take_move(move_t{}, elems);
+    }
+
+    /*!
+     * Returns an @a transient form of this container, an
+     * `immer::array_transient`.
+     */
+    IMMER_NODISCARD transient_type transient() const&
+    {
+        return transient_type{impl_};
+    }
+    IMMER_NODISCARD transient_type transient() &&
+    {
+        return transient_type{std::move(impl_)};
+    }
+
+    // Semi-private
+    const impl_t& impl() const { return impl_; }
+
+private:
+    friend transient_type;
+
+    array(impl_t impl)
+        : impl_(std::move(impl))
+    {}
+
+    array&& push_back_move(std::true_type, value_type value)
+    {
+        impl_.push_back_mut({}, std::move(value));
+        return std::move(*this);
+    }
+    array push_back_move(std::false_type, value_type value)
+    {
+        return impl_.push_back(std::move(value));
+    }
+
+    array&& set_move(std::true_type, size_type index, value_type value)
+    {
+        impl_.assoc_mut({}, index, std::move(value));
+        return std::move(*this);
+    }
+    array set_move(std::false_type, size_type index, value_type value)
+    {
+        return impl_.assoc(index, std::move(value));
+    }
+
+    template <typename Fn>
+    array&& update_move(std::true_type, size_type index, Fn&& fn)
+    {
+        impl_.update_mut({}, index, std::forward<Fn>(fn));
+        return std::move(*this);
+    }
+    template <typename Fn>
+    array update_move(std::false_type, size_type index, Fn&& fn)
+    {
+        return impl_.update(index, std::forward<Fn>(fn));
+    }
+
+    array&& take_move(std::true_type, size_type elems)
+    {
+        impl_.take_mut({}, elems);
+        return std::move(*this);
+    }
+    array take_move(std::false_type, size_type elems)
+    {
+        return impl_.take(elems);
+    }
+
+    impl_t impl_ = impl_t::empty();
+};
+
+} /* namespace immer */
diff --git a/src/immer/immer/array_transient.hpp b/src/immer/immer/array_transient.hpp
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000..08000b2d92b8f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/immer/immer/array_transient.hpp
@@ -0,0 +1,204 @@
+//
+// immer: immutable data structures for C++
+// Copyright (C) 2016, 2017, 2018 Juan Pedro Bolivar Puente
+//
+// This software is distributed under the Boost Software License, Version 1.0.
+// See accompanying file LICENSE or copy at http://boost.org/LICENSE_1_0.txt
+//
+
+#pragma once
+
+#include <immer/detail/arrays/with_capacity.hpp>
+#include <immer/memory_policy.hpp>
+
+#include <cstddef>
+
+namespace immer {
+
+template <typename T, typename MemoryPolicy>
+class array;
+
+/*!
+ * Mutable version of `immer::array`.
+ *
+ * @rst
+ *
+ * Refer to :doc:`transients` to learn more about when and how to use
+ * the mutable versions of immutable containers.
+ *
+ * @endrst
+ */
+template <typename T, typename MemoryPolicy = default_memory_policy>
+class array_transient : MemoryPolicy::transience_t::owner
+{
+    using impl_t             = detail::arrays::with_capacity<T, MemoryPolicy>;
+    using impl_no_capacity_t = detail::arrays::no_capacity<T, MemoryPolicy>;
+    using owner_t            = typename MemoryPolicy::transience_t::owner;
+
+public:
+    using value_type      = T;
+    using reference       = const T&;
+    using size_type       = std::size_t;
+    using difference_type = std::ptrdiff_t;
+    using const_reference = const T&;
+
+    using iterator         = const T*;
+    using const_iterator   = iterator;
+    using reverse_iterator = std::reverse_iterator<iterator>;
+
+    using memory_policy   = MemoryPolicy;
+    using persistent_type = array<T, MemoryPolicy>;
+
+    /*!
+     * Default constructor.  It creates a mutable array of `size() ==
+     * 0`.  It does not allocate memory and its complexity is
+     * @f$ O(1) @f$.
+     */
+    array_transient() = default;
+
+    /*!
+     * Returns an iterator pointing at the first element of the
+     * collection. It does not allocate memory and its complexity is
+     * @f$ O(1) @f$.
+     */
+    IMMER_NODISCARD iterator begin() const { return impl_.data(); }
+
+    /*!
+     * Returns an iterator pointing just after the last element of the
+     * collection. It does not allocate and its complexity is @f$ O(1) @f$.
+     */
+    IMMER_NODISCARD iterator end() const { return impl_.data() + impl_.size; }
+
+    /*!
+     * Returns an iterator that traverses the collection backwards,
+     * pointing at the first element of the reversed collection. It
+     * does not allocate memory and its complexity is @f$ O(1) @f$.
+     */
+    IMMER_NODISCARD reverse_iterator rbegin() const
+    {
+        return reverse_iterator{end()};
+    }
+
+    /*!
+     * Returns an iterator that traverses the collection backwards,
+     * pointing after the last element of the reversed collection. It
+     * does not allocate memory and its complexity is @f$ O(1) @f$.
+     */
+    IMMER_NODISCARD reverse_iterator rend() const
+    {
+        return reverse_iterator{begin()};
+    }
+
+    /*!
+     * Returns the number of elements in the container.  It does
+     * not allocate memory and its complexity is @f$ O(1) @f$.
+     */
+    IMMER_NODISCARD std::size_t size() const { return impl_.size; }
+
+    /*!
+     * Returns `true` if there are no elements in the container.  It
+     * does not allocate memory and its complexity is @f$ O(1) @f$.
+     */
+    IMMER_NODISCARD bool empty() const { return impl_.size == 0; }
+
+    /*!
+     * Access the raw data.
+     */
+    IMMER_NODISCARD const T* data() const { return impl_.data(); }
+
+    /*!
+     * Provide mutable access to the raw underlaying data.
+     */
+    IMMER_NODISCARD T* data_mut() { return impl_.data_mut(*this); }
+
+    /*!
+     * Access the last element.
+     */
+    IMMER_NODISCARD const T& back() const { return data()[size() - 1]; }
+
+    /*!
+     * Access the first element.
+     */
+    IMMER_NODISCARD const T& front() const { return data()[0]; }
+
+    /*!
+     * Returns a `const` reference to the element at position `index`.
+     * It is undefined when @f$ 0 index \geq size() @f$.  It does not
+     * allocate memory and its complexity is *effectively* @f$ O(1)
+     * @f$.
+     */
+    reference operator[](size_type index) const { return impl_.get(index); }
+
+    /*!
+     * Returns a `const` reference to the element at position
+     * `index`. It throws an `std::out_of_range` exception when @f$
+     * index \geq size() @f$.  It does not allocate memory and its
+     * complexity is *effectively* @f$ O(1) @f$.
+     */
+    reference at(size_type index) const { return impl_.get_check(index); }
+
+    /*!
+     * Inserts `value` at the end.  It may allocate memory and its
+     * complexity is *effectively* @f$ O(1) @f$.
+     */
+    void push_back(value_type value)
+    {
+        impl_.push_back_mut(*this, std::move(value));
+    }
+
+    /*!
+     * Sets to the value `value` at position `idx`.
+     * Undefined for `index >= size()`.
+     * It may allocate memory and its complexity is
+     * *effectively* @f$ O(1) @f$.
+     */
+    void set(size_type index, value_type value)
+    {
+        impl_.assoc_mut(*this, index, std::move(value));
+    }
+
+    /*!
+     * Updates the array to contain the result of the expression
+     * `fn((*this)[idx])` at position `idx`.
+     * Undefined for `0 >= size()`.
+     * It may allocate memory and its complexity is
+     * *effectively* @f$ O(1) @f$.
+     */
+    template <typename FnT>
+    void update(size_type index, FnT&& fn)
+    {
+        impl_.update_mut(*this, index, std::forward<FnT>(fn));
+    }
+
+    /*!
+     * Resizes the array to only contain the first `min(elems, size())`
+     * elements. It may allocate memory and its complexity is
+     * *effectively* @f$ O(1) @f$.
+     */
+    void take(size_type elems) { impl_.take_mut(*this, elems); }
+
+    /*!
+     * Returns an @a immutable form of this container, an
+     * `immer::array`.
+     */
+    IMMER_NODISCARD persistent_type persistent() &
+    {
+        this->owner_t::operator=(owner_t{});
+        return persistent_type{impl_};
+    }
+    IMMER_NODISCARD persistent_type persistent() &&
+    {
+        return persistent_type{std::move(impl_)};
+    }
+
+private:
+    friend persistent_type;
+
+    array_transient(impl_t impl)
+        : impl_(std::move(impl))
+    {}
+
+    impl_t impl_ = impl_t::empty();
+};
+
+} // namespace immer
diff --git a/src/immer/immer/atom.hpp b/src/immer/immer/atom.hpp
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000..effde6ff232fa
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/immer/immer/atom.hpp
@@ -0,0 +1,254 @@
+//
+// immer: immutable data structures for C++
+// Copyright (C) 2016, 2017, 2018 Juan Pedro Bolivar Puente
+//
+// This software is distributed under the Boost Software License, Version 1.0.
+// See accompanying file LICENSE or copy at http://boost.org/LICENSE_1_0.txt
+//
+
+#pragma once
+
+#include <immer/box.hpp>
+#include <immer/refcount/no_refcount_policy.hpp>
+
+#include <atomic>
+#include <type_traits>
+
+namespace immer {
+
+namespace detail {
+
+template <typename T, typename MemoryPolicy>
+struct refcount_atom_impl
+{
+    using box_type      = box<T, MemoryPolicy>;
+    using value_type    = T;
+    using memory_policy = MemoryPolicy;
+    using lock_t        = typename MemoryPolicy::lock;
+    using scoped_lock_t = typename lock_t::scoped_lock;
+
+    refcount_atom_impl(const refcount_atom_impl&) = delete;
+    refcount_atom_impl(refcount_atom_impl&&)      = delete;
+    refcount_atom_impl& operator=(const refcount_atom_impl&) = delete;
+    refcount_atom_impl& operator=(refcount_atom_impl&&) = delete;
+
+    refcount_atom_impl(box_type b)
+        : impl_{std::move(b)}
+    {}
+
+    box_type load() const
+    {
+        scoped_lock_t lock{lock_};
+        return impl_;
+    }
+
+    void store(box_type b)
+    {
+        scoped_lock_t lock{lock_};
+        impl_ = std::move(b);
+    }
+
+    box_type exchange(box_type b)
+    {
+        {
+            scoped_lock_t lock{lock_};
+            swap(b, impl_);
+        }
+        return b;
+    }
+
+    template <typename Fn>
+    box_type update(Fn&& fn)
+    {
+        while (true) {
+            auto oldv = load();
+            auto newv = oldv.update(fn);
+            {
+                scoped_lock_t lock{lock_};
+                if (oldv.impl_ == impl_.impl_) {
+                    impl_ = newv;
+                    return {newv};
+                }
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+private:
+    mutable lock_t lock_;
+    box_type impl_;
+};
+
+template <typename T, typename MemoryPolicy>
+struct gc_atom_impl
+{
+    using box_type      = box<T, MemoryPolicy>;
+    using value_type    = T;
+    using memory_policy = MemoryPolicy;
+
+    static_assert(std::is_same<typename MemoryPolicy::refcount,
+                               no_refcount_policy>::value,
+                  "gc_atom_impl can only be used when there is no refcount!");
+
+    gc_atom_impl(const gc_atom_impl&) = delete;
+    gc_atom_impl(gc_atom_impl&&)      = delete;
+    gc_atom_impl& operator=(const gc_atom_impl&) = delete;
+    gc_atom_impl& operator=(gc_atom_impl&&) = delete;
+
+    gc_atom_impl(box_type b)
+        : impl_{b.impl_}
+    {}
+
+    box_type load() const { return {impl_.load()}; }
+
+    void store(box_type b) { impl_.store(b.impl_); }
+
+    box_type exchange(box_type b) { return {impl_.exchange(b.impl_)}; }
+
+    template <typename Fn>
+    box_type update(Fn&& fn)
+    {
+        while (true) {
+            auto oldv = box_type{impl_.load()};
+            auto newv = oldv.update(fn);
+            if (impl_.compare_exchange_weak(oldv.impl_, newv.impl_))
+                return {newv};
+        }
+    }
+
+private:
+    std::atomic<typename box_type::holder*> impl_;
+};
+
+} // namespace detail
+
+/*!
+ * Stores for boxed values of type `T` in a thread-safe manner.
+ *
+ * @see box
+ *
+ * @rst
+ *
+ * .. warning:: If memory policy used includes thread unsafe reference counting,
+ *    no no thread safety is assumed, and the atom becomes thread unsafe too!
+ *
+ * .. note:: ``box<T>`` provides a value based box of type ``T``, this is, we
+ *    can think about it as a value-based version of ``std::shared_ptr``.  In a
+ *    similar fashion, ``atom<T>`` is in spirit the value-based equivalent of
+ *    C++20 ``std::atomic_shared_ptr``.  However, the API does not follow
+ *    ``std::atomic`` interface closely, since it attempts to be a higher level
+ *    construction, most similar to Clojure's ``(atom)``.  It is remarkable in
+ *    particular that, since ``box<T>`` underlying object is immutable, using
+ *    ``atom<T>`` is fully thread-safe in ways that ``std::atmic_shared_ptr`` is
+ *    not. This is so because dereferencing the underlying pointer in a
+ *    ``std::atomic_share_ptr`` may require further synchronization, in
+ *    particular when invoking non-const methods.
+ *
+ * @endrst
+ */
+template <typename T, typename MemoryPolicy = default_memory_policy>
+class atom
+{
+public:
+    using box_type      = box<T, MemoryPolicy>;
+    using value_type    = T;
+    using memory_policy = MemoryPolicy;
+
+    atom(const atom&) = delete;
+    atom(atom&&)      = delete;
+    void operator=(const atom&) = delete;
+    void operator=(atom&&) = delete;
+
+    /*!
+     * Constructs an atom holding a value `b`;
+     */
+    atom(box_type v = {})
+        : impl_{std::move(v)}
+    {}
+
+    /*!
+     * Sets a new value in the atom.
+     */
+    atom& operator=(box_type b)
+    {
+        impl_.store(std::move(b));
+        return *this;
+    }
+
+    /*!
+     * Reads the currently stored value in a thread-safe manner.
+     */
+    operator box_type() const { return impl_.load(); }
+
+    /*!
+     * Reads the currently stored value in a thread-safe manner.
+     */
+    operator value_type() const { return *impl_.load(); }
+
+    /*!
+     * Reads the currently stored value in a thread-safe manner.
+     */
+    IMMER_NODISCARD box_type load() const { return impl_.load(); }
+
+    /*!
+     * Stores a new value in a thread-safe manner.
+     */
+    void store(box_type b) { impl_.store(std::move(b)); }
+
+    /*!
+     * Stores a new value and returns the old value, in a thread-safe manner.
+     */
+    IMMER_NODISCARD box_type exchange(box_type b)
+    {
+        return impl_.exchange(std::move(b));
+    }
+
+    /*!
+     * Stores the result of applying `fn` to the current value atomically and
+     * returns the new resulting value.
+     *
+     * @rst
+     *
+     * .. warning:: ``fn`` must be a pure function and have no side effects! The
+     *    function might be evaluated multiple times when multiple threads
+     *    content to update the value.
+     *
+     * @endrst
+     */
+    template <typename Fn>
+    box_type update(Fn&& fn)
+    {
+        return impl_.update(std::forward<Fn>(fn));
+    }
+
+private:
+    struct get_refcount_atom_impl
+    {
+        template <typename U, typename MP>
+        struct apply
+        {
+            using type = detail::refcount_atom_impl<U, MP>;
+        };
+    };
+
+    struct get_gc_atom_impl
+    {
+        template <typename U, typename MP>
+        struct apply
+        {
+            using type = detail::gc_atom_impl<U, MP>;
+        };
+    };
+
+    // If we are using "real" garbage collection (we assume this when we use
+    // `no_refcount_policy`), we just store the pointer in an atomic.  If we use
+    // reference counting, we rely on the reference counting spinlock.
+    using impl_t = typename std::conditional_t<
+        std::is_same<typename MemoryPolicy::refcount,
+                     no_refcount_policy>::value,
+        get_gc_atom_impl,
+        get_refcount_atom_impl>::template apply<T, MemoryPolicy>::type;
+
+    impl_t impl_;
+};
+
+} // namespace immer
diff --git a/src/immer/immer/box.hpp b/src/immer/immer/box.hpp
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000..c0a6a97a03fbc
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/immer/immer/box.hpp
@@ -0,0 +1,240 @@
+//
+// immer: immutable data structures for C++
+// Copyright (C) 2016, 2017, 2018 Juan Pedro Bolivar Puente
+//
+// This software is distributed under the Boost Software License, Version 1.0.
+// See accompanying file LICENSE or copy at http://boost.org/LICENSE_1_0.txt
+//
+
+#pragma once
+
+#include <immer/detail/util.hpp>
+#include <immer/memory_policy.hpp>
+
+#include <cstddef>
+
+namespace immer {
+
+namespace detail {
+
+template <typename U, typename MP>
+struct gc_atom_impl;
+
+template <typename U, typename MP>
+struct refcount_atom_impl;
+
+} // namespace detail
+
+/*!
+ * Immutable box for a single value of type `T`.
+ *
+ * The box is always copiable and movable. The `T` copy or move
+ * operations are never called.  Since a box is immutable, copying or
+ * moving just copy the underlying pointers.
+ */
+template <typename T, typename MemoryPolicy = default_memory_policy>
+class box
+{
+    friend struct detail::gc_atom_impl<T, MemoryPolicy>;
+    friend struct detail::refcount_atom_impl<T, MemoryPolicy>;
+
+    struct holder : MemoryPolicy::refcount
+    {
+        T value;
+
+        template <typename... Args>
+        holder(Args&&... args)
+            : value{std::forward<Args>(args)...}
+        {}
+    };
+
+    using heap = typename MemoryPolicy::heap::type;
+
+    holder* impl_ = nullptr;
+
+    box(holder* impl)
+        : impl_{impl}
+    {}
+
+public:
+    const holder* impl() const { return impl_; };
+
+    using value_type    = T;
+    using memory_policy = MemoryPolicy;
+
+    /*!
+     * Constructs a box holding `T{}`.
+     */
+    box()
+        : impl_{detail::make<heap, holder>()}
+    {}
+
+    /*!
+     * Constructs a box holding `T{arg}`
+     */
+    template <typename Arg,
+              typename Enable = std::enable_if_t<
+                  !std::is_same<box, std::decay_t<Arg>>::value &&
+                  std::is_constructible<T, Arg>::value>>
+    box(Arg&& arg)
+        : impl_{detail::make<heap, holder>(std::forward<Arg>(arg))}
+    {}
+
+    /*!
+     * Constructs a box holding `T{arg1, arg2, args...}`
+     */
+    template <typename Arg1, typename Arg2, typename... Args>
+    box(Arg1&& arg1, Arg2&& arg2, Args&&... args)
+        : impl_{detail::make<heap, holder>(std::forward<Arg1>(arg1),
+                                           std::forward<Arg2>(arg2),
+                                           std::forward<Args>(args)...)}
+    {}
+
+    friend void swap(box& a, box& b)
+    {
+        using std::swap;
+        swap(a.impl_, b.impl_);
+    }
+
+    box(box&& other) { swap(*this, other); }
+    box(const box& other)
+        : impl_(other.impl_)
+    {
+        impl_->inc();
+    }
+    box& operator=(box&& other)
+    {
+        swap(*this, other);
+        return *this;
+    }
+    box& operator=(const box& other)
+    {
+        auto aux = other;
+        swap(*this, aux);
+        return *this;
+    }
+    ~box()
+    {
+        if (impl_ && impl_->dec()) {
+            impl_->~holder();
+            heap::deallocate(sizeof(holder), impl_);
+        }
+    }
+
+    /*! Query the current value. */
+    IMMER_NODISCARD const T& get() const { return impl_->value; }
+
+    /*! Conversion to the boxed type. */
+    operator const T&() const { return get(); }
+
+    /*! Access via dereference */
+    const T& operator*() const { return get(); }
+
+    /*! Access via pointer member access */
+    const T* operator->() const { return &get(); }
+
+    /*!
+     * Returns a new box built by applying the `fn` to the underlying
+     * value.
+     *
+     * @rst
+     *
+     * **Example**
+     *   .. literalinclude:: ../example/box/box.cpp
+     *      :language: c++
+     *      :dedent: 8
+     *      :start-after: update/start
+     *      :end-before:  update/end
+     *
+     * @endrst
+     */
+    template <typename Fn>
+    IMMER_NODISCARD box update(Fn&& fn) const&
+    {
+        return std::forward<Fn>(fn)(get());
+    }
+    template <typename Fn>
+    IMMER_NODISCARD box&& update(Fn&& fn) &&
+    {
+        if (impl_->unique())
+            impl_->value = std::forward<Fn>(fn)(std::move(impl_->value));
+        else
+            *this = std::forward<Fn>(fn)(impl_->value);
+        return std::move(*this);
+    }
+};
+
+template <typename T, typename MP>
+IMMER_NODISCARD bool operator==(const box<T, MP>& a, const box<T, MP>& b)
+{
+    return a.impl() == b.impl() || a.get() == b.get();
+}
+template <typename T, typename MP>
+IMMER_NODISCARD bool operator!=(const box<T, MP>& a, const box<T, MP>& b)
+{
+    return a.impl() != b.impl() && a.get() != b.get();
+}
+template <typename T, typename MP>
+IMMER_NODISCARD bool operator<(const box<T, MP>& a, const box<T, MP>& b)
+{
+    return a.impl() != b.impl() && a.get() < b.get();
+}
+
+template <typename T, typename MP, typename T2>
+IMMER_NODISCARD auto operator==(const box<T, MP>& a, T2&& b)
+    -> std::enable_if_t<!std::is_same<box<T, MP>, std::decay_t<T2>>::value,
+                        decltype(a.get() == b)>
+{
+    return a.get() == b;
+}
+template <typename T, typename MP, typename T2>
+IMMER_NODISCARD auto operator!=(const box<T, MP>& a, T2&& b)
+    -> std::enable_if_t<!std::is_same<box<T, MP>, std::decay_t<T2>>::value,
+                        decltype(a.get() != b)>
+{
+    return a.get() != b;
+}
+template <typename T, typename MP, typename T2>
+IMMER_NODISCARD auto operator<(const box<T, MP>& a, T2&& b)
+    -> std::enable_if_t<!std::is_same<box<T, MP>, std::decay_t<T2>>::value,
+                        decltype(a.get() < b)>
+{
+    return a.get() < b;
+}
+
+template <typename T2, typename T, typename MP>
+IMMER_NODISCARD auto operator==(T2&& b, const box<T, MP>& a)
+    -> std::enable_if_t<!std::is_same<box<T, MP>, std::decay_t<T2>>::value,
+                        decltype(a.get() == b)>
+{
+    return a.get() == b;
+}
+template <typename T2, typename T, typename MP>
+IMMER_NODISCARD auto operator!=(T2&& b, const box<T, MP>& a)
+    -> std::enable_if_t<!std::is_same<box<T, MP>, std::decay_t<T2>>::value,
+                        decltype(a.get() != b)>
+{
+    return a.get() != b;
+}
+template <typename T2, typename T, typename MP>
+IMMER_NODISCARD auto operator<(T2&& b, const box<T, MP>& a)
+    -> std::enable_if_t<!std::is_same<box<T, MP>, std::decay_t<T2>>::value,
+                        decltype(a.get() < b)>
+{
+    return a.get() < b;
+}
+
+} // namespace immer
+
+namespace std {
+
+template <typename T, typename MP>
+struct hash<immer::box<T, MP>>
+{
+    std::size_t operator()(const immer::box<T, MP>& x) const
+    {
+        return std::hash<T>{}(*x);
+    }
+};
+
+} // namespace std
diff --git a/src/immer/immer/config.hpp b/src/immer/immer/config.hpp
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000..c1024fb9c6b5f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/immer/immer/config.hpp
@@ -0,0 +1,117 @@
+//
+// immer: immutable data structures for C++
+// Copyright (C) 2016, 2017, 2018 Juan Pedro Bolivar Puente
+//
+// This software is distributed under the Boost Software License, Version 1.0.
+// See accompanying file LICENSE or copy at http://boost.org/LICENSE_1_0.txt
+//
+
+#pragma once
+
+#if defined(__has_cpp_attribute)
+#if __has_cpp_attribute(nodiscard)
+#define IMMER_NODISCARD [[nodiscard]]
+#endif
+#else
+#if _MSVC_LANG >= 201703L
+#define IMMER_NODISCARD [[nodiscard]]
+#endif
+#endif
+
+#ifdef __has_feature
+#if !__has_feature(cxx_exceptions)
+#define IMMER_NO_EXCEPTIONS
+#endif
+#endif
+
+#ifdef IMMER_NO_EXCEPTIONS
+#define IMMER_TRY if (true)
+#define IMMER_CATCH(expr) else
+#define IMMER_THROW(expr)                                                      \
+    do {                                                                       \
+        assert(!#expr);                                                        \
+        std::terminate();                                                      \
+    } while (false)
+#define IMMER_RETHROW
+#else
+#define IMMER_TRY try
+#define IMMER_CATCH(expr) catch (expr)
+#define IMMER_THROW(expr) throw expr
+#define IMMER_RETHROW throw
+#endif
+
+#ifndef IMMER_NODISCARD
+#define IMMER_NODISCARD
+#endif
+
+#ifndef IMMER_TAGGED_NODE
+#ifdef NDEBUG
+#define IMMER_TAGGED_NODE 0
+#else
+#define IMMER_TAGGED_NODE 1
+#endif
+#endif
+
+#if IMMER_TAGGED_NODE
+#define IMMER_ASSERT_TAGGED(assertion) assert(assertion)
+#else
+#define IMMER_ASSERT_TAGGED(assertion)
+#endif
+
+#ifndef IMMER_DEBUG_TRACES
+#define IMMER_DEBUG_TRACES 0
+#endif
+
+#ifndef IMMER_DEBUG_PRINT
+#define IMMER_DEBUG_PRINT 0
+#endif
+
+#ifndef IMMER_DEBUG_DEEP_CHECK
+#define IMMER_DEBUG_DEEP_CHECK 0
+#endif
+
+#if IMMER_DEBUG_TRACES || IMMER_DEBUG_PRINT
+#include <iostream>
+#include <prettyprint.hpp>
+#endif
+
+#if IMMER_DEBUG_TRACES
+#define IMMER_TRACE(...) std::cout << __VA_ARGS__ << std::endl
+#else
+#define IMMER_TRACE(...)
+#endif
+#define IMMER_TRACE_F(...)                                                     \
+    IMMER_TRACE(__FILE__ << ":" << __LINE__ << ": " << __VA_ARGS__)
+#define IMMER_TRACE_E(expr) IMMER_TRACE("    " << #expr << " = " << (expr))
+
+#if defined(_MSC_VER)
+#define IMMER_UNREACHABLE __assume(false)
+#define IMMER_LIKELY(cond) cond
+#define IMMER_UNLIKELY(cond) cond
+#define IMMER_FORCEINLINE __forceinline
+#define IMMER_PREFETCH(p)
+#else
+#define IMMER_UNREACHABLE __builtin_unreachable()
+#define IMMER_LIKELY(cond) __builtin_expect(!!(cond), 1)
+#define IMMER_UNLIKELY(cond) __builtin_expect(!!(cond), 0)
+#define IMMER_FORCEINLINE inline __attribute__((always_inline))
+#define IMMER_PREFETCH(p)
+// #define IMMER_PREFETCH(p)    __builtin_prefetch(p)
+#endif
+
+#define IMMER_DESCENT_DEEP 0
+
+#ifndef IMMER_ENABLE_DEBUG_SIZE_HEAP
+#ifdef NDEBUG
+#define IMMER_ENABLE_DEBUG_SIZE_HEAP 0
+#else
+#define IMMER_ENABLE_DEBUG_SIZE_HEAP 1
+#endif
+#endif
+
+namespace immer {
+
+const auto default_bits           = 5;
+const auto default_free_list_size = 1 << 10;
+
+} // namespace immer
diff --git a/src/immer/immer/detail/arrays/no_capacity.hpp b/src/immer/immer/detail/arrays/no_capacity.hpp
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000..a24f6da249d8c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/immer/immer/detail/arrays/no_capacity.hpp
@@ -0,0 +1,211 @@
+//
+// immer: immutable data structures for C++
+// Copyright (C) 2016, 2017, 2018 Juan Pedro Bolivar Puente
+//
+// This software is distributed under the Boost Software License, Version 1.0.
+// See accompanying file LICENSE or copy at http://boost.org/LICENSE_1_0.txt
+//
+
+#pragma once
+
+#include <immer/algorithm.hpp>
+#include <immer/config.hpp>
+#include <immer/detail/arrays/node.hpp>
+
+#include <cassert>
+#include <cstddef>
+#include <stdexcept>
+
+namespace immer {
+namespace detail {
+namespace arrays {
+
+template <typename T, typename MemoryPolicy>
+struct no_capacity
+{
+    using node_t = node<T, MemoryPolicy>;
+    using edit_t = typename MemoryPolicy::transience_t::edit;
+    using size_t = std::size_t;
+
+    node_t* ptr;
+    size_t size;
+
+    static const no_capacity& empty()
+    {
+        static const no_capacity empty_{
+            node_t::make_n(0),
+            0,
+        };
+        return empty_;
+    }
+
+    no_capacity(node_t* p, size_t s)
+        : ptr{p}
+        , size{s}
+    {}
+
+    no_capacity(const no_capacity& other)
+        : no_capacity{other.ptr, other.size}
+    {
+        inc();
+    }
+
+    no_capacity(no_capacity&& other)
+        : no_capacity{empty()}
+    {
+        swap(*this, other);
+    }
+
+    no_capacity& operator=(const no_capacity& other)
+    {
+        auto next = other;
+        swap(*this, next);
+        return *this;
+    }
+
+    no_capacity& operator=(no_capacity&& other)
+    {
+        swap(*this, other);
+        return *this;
+    }
+
+    friend void swap(no_capacity& x, no_capacity& y)
+    {
+        using std::swap;
+        swap(x.ptr, y.ptr);
+        swap(x.size, y.size);
+    }
+
+    ~no_capacity() { dec(); }
+
+    void inc()
+    {
+        using immer::detail::get;
+        ptr->refs().inc();
+    }
+
+    void dec()
+    {
+        using immer::detail::get;
+        if (ptr->refs().dec())
+            node_t::delete_n(ptr, size, size);
+    }
+
+    T* data() { return ptr->data(); }
+    const T* data() const { return ptr->data(); }
+
+    T* data_mut(edit_t e)
+    {
+        if (!ptr->can_mutate(e))
+            ptr = node_t::copy_e(e, size, ptr, size);
+        return data();
+    }
+
+    template <typename Iter,
+              typename Sent,
+              std::enable_if_t<is_forward_iterator_v<Iter> &&
+                                   compatible_sentinel_v<Iter, Sent>,
+                               bool> = true>
+    static no_capacity from_range(Iter first, Sent last)
+    {
+        auto count = static_cast<size_t>(distance(first, last));
+        if (count == 0)
+            return empty();
+        else
+            return {
+                node_t::copy_n(count, first, last),
+                count,
+            };
+    }
+
+    static no_capacity from_fill(size_t n, T v)
+    {
+        return {node_t::fill_n(n, v), n};
+    }
+
+    template <typename U>
+    static no_capacity from_initializer_list(std::initializer_list<U> values)
+    {
+        using namespace std;
+        return from_range(begin(values), end(values));
+    }
+
+    template <typename Fn>
+    void for_each_chunk(Fn&& fn) const
+    {
+        std::forward<Fn>(fn)(data(), data() + size);
+    }
+
+    template <typename Fn>
+    bool for_each_chunk_p(Fn&& fn) const
+    {
+        return std::forward<Fn>(fn)(data(), data() + size);
+    }
+
+    const T& get(std::size_t index) const { return data()[index]; }
+
+    const T& get_check(std::size_t index) const
+    {
+        if (index >= size)
+            IMMER_THROW(std::out_of_range{"out of range"});
+        return data()[index];
+    }
+
+    bool equals(const no_capacity& other) const
+    {
+        return ptr == other.ptr ||
+               (size == other.size &&
+                std::equal(data(), data() + size, other.data()));
+    }
+
+    no_capacity push_back(T value) const
+    {
+        auto p = node_t::copy_n(size + 1, ptr, size);
+        IMMER_TRY {
+            new (p->data() + size) T{std::move(value)};
+            return {p, size + 1};
+        }
+        IMMER_CATCH (...) {
+            node_t::delete_n(p, size, size + 1);
+            IMMER_RETHROW;
+        }
+    }
+
+    no_capacity assoc(std::size_t idx, T value) const
+    {
+        auto p = node_t::copy_n(size, ptr, size);
+        IMMER_TRY {
+            p->data()[idx] = std::move(value);
+            return {p, size};
+        }
+        IMMER_CATCH (...) {
+            node_t::delete_n(p, size, size);
+            IMMER_RETHROW;
+        }
+    }
+
+    template <typename Fn>
+    no_capacity update(std::size_t idx, Fn&& op) const
+    {
+        auto p = node_t::copy_n(size, ptr, size);
+        IMMER_TRY {
+            auto& elem = p->data()[idx];
+            elem       = std::forward<Fn>(op)(std::move(elem));
+            return {p, size};
+        }
+        IMMER_CATCH (...) {
+            node_t::delete_n(p, size, size);
+            IMMER_RETHROW;
+        }
+    }
+
+    no_capacity take(std::size_t sz) const
+    {
+        auto p = node_t::copy_n(sz, ptr, sz);
+        return {p, sz};
+    }
+};
+
+} // namespace arrays
+} // namespace detail
+} // namespace immer
diff --git a/src/immer/immer/detail/arrays/node.hpp b/src/immer/immer/detail/arrays/node.hpp
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000..2914bec94e621
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/immer/immer/detail/arrays/node.hpp
@@ -0,0 +1,131 @@
+//
+// immer: immutable data structures for C++
+// Copyright (C) 2016, 2017, 2018 Juan Pedro Bolivar Puente
+//
+// This software is distributed under the Boost Software License, Version 1.0.
+// See accompanying file LICENSE or copy at http://boost.org/LICENSE_1_0.txt
+//
+
+#pragma once
+
+#include <immer/config.hpp>
+#include <immer/detail/combine_standard_layout.hpp>
+#include <immer/detail/type_traits.hpp>
+#include <immer/detail/util.hpp>
+
+#include <cstddef>
+#include <limits>
+
+namespace immer {
+namespace detail {
+namespace arrays {
+
+template <typename T, typename MemoryPolicy>
+struct node
+{
+    using memory     = MemoryPolicy;
+    using heap       = typename MemoryPolicy::heap::type;
+    using transience = typename memory::transience_t;
+    using refs_t     = typename memory::refcount;
+    using ownee_t    = typename transience::ownee;
+    using node_t     = node;
+    using edit_t     = typename transience::edit;
+
+    struct data_t
+    {
+        aligned_storage_for<T> buffer;
+    };
+
+    using impl_t = combine_standard_layout_t<data_t, refs_t, ownee_t>;
+
+    impl_t impl;
+
+    constexpr static std::size_t sizeof_n(size_t count)
+    {
+        return std::max(immer_offsetof(impl_t, d.buffer) + sizeof(T) * count,
+                        sizeof(node));
+    }
+
+    refs_t& refs() const { return auto_const_cast(get<refs_t>(impl)); }
+
+    const ownee_t& ownee() const { return get<ownee_t>(impl); }
+    ownee_t& ownee() { return get<ownee_t>(impl); }
+
+    const T* data() const { return reinterpret_cast<const T*>(&impl.d.buffer); }
+    T* data() { return reinterpret_cast<T*>(&impl.d.buffer); }
+
+    bool can_mutate(edit_t e) const
+    {
+        return refs().unique() || ownee().can_mutate(e);
+    }
+
+    static void delete_n(node_t* p, size_t sz, size_t cap)
+    {
+        destroy_n(p->data(), sz);
+        heap::deallocate(sizeof_n(cap), p);
+    }
+
+    static node_t* make_n(size_t n)
+    {
+        return new (heap::allocate(sizeof_n(n))) node_t{};
+    }
+
+    static node_t* make_e(edit_t e, size_t n)
+    {
+        auto p     = make_n(n);
+        p->ownee() = e;
+        return p;
+    }
+
+    static node_t* fill_n(size_t n, T v)
+    {
+        auto p = make_n(n);
+        IMMER_TRY {
+            std::uninitialized_fill_n(p->data(), n, v);
+            return p;
+        }
+        IMMER_CATCH (...) {
+            heap::deallocate(sizeof_n(n), p);
+            IMMER_RETHROW;
+        }
+    }
+
+    template <typename Iter,
+              typename Sent,
+              std::enable_if_t<detail::compatible_sentinel_v<Iter, Sent>,
+                               bool> = true>
+    static node_t* copy_n(size_t n, Iter first, Sent last)
+    {
+        auto p = make_n(n);
+        IMMER_TRY {
+            uninitialized_copy(first, last, p->data());
+            return p;
+        }
+        IMMER_CATCH (...) {
+            heap::deallocate(sizeof_n(n), p);
+            IMMER_RETHROW;
+        }
+    }
+
+    static node_t* copy_n(size_t n, node_t* p, size_t count)
+    {
+        return copy_n(n, p->data(), p->data() + count);
+    }
+
+    template <typename Iter>
+    static node_t* copy_e(edit_t e, size_t n, Iter first, Iter last)
+    {
+        auto p     = copy_n(n, first, last);
+        p->ownee() = e;
+        return p;
+    }
+
+    static node_t* copy_e(edit_t e, size_t n, node_t* p, size_t count)
+    {
+        return copy_e(e, n, p->data(), p->data() + count);
+    }
+};
+
+} // namespace arrays
+} // namespace detail
+} // namespace immer
diff --git a/src/immer/immer/detail/arrays/with_capacity.hpp b/src/immer/immer/detail/arrays/with_capacity.hpp
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000..610a16015b647
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/immer/immer/detail/arrays/with_capacity.hpp
@@ -0,0 +1,314 @@
+//
+// immer: immutable data structures for C++
+// Copyright (C) 2016, 2017, 2018 Juan Pedro Bolivar Puente
+//
+// This software is distributed under the Boost Software License, Version 1.0.
+// See accompanying file LICENSE or copy at http://boost.org/LICENSE_1_0.txt
+//
+
+#pragma once
+
+#include <immer/config.hpp>
+#include <immer/detail/arrays/no_capacity.hpp>
+
+#include <cassert>
+#include <cstddef>
+#include <stdexcept>
+
+namespace immer {
+namespace detail {
+namespace arrays {
+
+template <typename T, typename MemoryPolicy>
+struct with_capacity
+{
+    using no_capacity_t = no_capacity<T, MemoryPolicy>;
+
+    using node_t = node<T, MemoryPolicy>;
+    using edit_t = typename MemoryPolicy::transience_t::edit;
+    using size_t = std::size_t;
+
+    node_t* ptr;
+    size_t size;
+    size_t capacity;
+
+    static const with_capacity& empty()
+    {
+        static const with_capacity empty_{node_t::make_n(1), 0, 1};
+        return empty_;
+    }
+
+    with_capacity(node_t* p, size_t s, size_t c)
+        : ptr{p}
+        , size{s}
+        , capacity{c}
+    {}
+
+    with_capacity(const with_capacity& other)
+        : with_capacity{other.ptr, other.size, other.capacity}
+    {
+        inc();
+    }
+
+    with_capacity(const no_capacity_t& other)
+        : with_capacity{other.ptr, other.size, other.size}
+    {
+        inc();
+    }
+
+    with_capacity(with_capacity&& other)
+        : with_capacity{empty()}
+    {
+        swap(*this, other);
+    }
+
+    with_capacity& operator=(const with_capacity& other)
+    {
+        auto next = other;
+        swap(*this, next);
+        return *this;
+    }
+
+    with_capacity& operator=(with_capacity&& other)
+    {
+        swap(*this, other);
+        return *this;
+    }
+
+    friend void swap(with_capacity& x, with_capacity& y)
+    {
+        using std::swap;
+        swap(x.ptr, y.ptr);
+        swap(x.size, y.size);
+        swap(x.capacity, y.capacity);
+    }
+
+    ~with_capacity() { dec(); }
+
+    void inc()
+    {
+        using immer::detail::get;
+        ptr->refs().inc();
+    }
+
+    void dec()
+    {
+        using immer::detail::get;
+        if (ptr->refs().dec())
+            node_t::delete_n(ptr, size, capacity);
+    }
+
+    const T* data() const { return ptr->data(); }
+    T* data() { return ptr->data(); }
+
+    T* data_mut(edit_t e)
+    {
+        if (!ptr->can_mutate(e)) {
+            auto p = node_t::copy_e(e, capacity, ptr, size);
+            dec();
+            ptr = p;
+        }
+        return data();
+    }
+
+    operator no_capacity_t() const
+    {
+        if (size == capacity) {
+            ptr->refs().inc();
+            return {ptr, size};
+        } else {
+            return {node_t::copy_n(size, ptr, size), size};
+        }
+    }
+
+    template <typename Iter,
+              typename Sent,
+              std::enable_if_t<is_forward_iterator_v<Iter> &&
+                                   compatible_sentinel_v<Iter, Sent>,
+                               bool> = true>
+    static with_capacity from_range(Iter first, Sent last)
+    {
+        auto count = static_cast<size_t>(distance(first, last));
+        if (count == 0)
+            return empty();
+        else
+            return {node_t::copy_n(count, first, last), count, count};
+    }
+
+    template <typename U>
+    static with_capacity from_initializer_list(std::initializer_list<U> values)
+    {
+        using namespace std;
+        return from_range(begin(values), end(values));
+    }
+
+    static with_capacity from_fill(size_t n, T v)
+    {
+        return {node_t::fill_n(n, v), n, n};
+    }
+
+    template <typename Fn>
+    void for_each_chunk(Fn&& fn) const
+    {
+        std::forward<Fn>(fn)(data(), data() + size);
+    }
+
+    template <typename Fn>
+    bool for_each_chunk_p(Fn&& fn) const
+    {
+        return std::forward<Fn>(fn)(data(), data() + size);
+    }
+
+    const T& get(std::size_t index) const { return data()[index]; }
+
+    const T& get_check(std::size_t index) const
+    {
+        if (index >= size)
+            IMMER_THROW(std::out_of_range{"out of range"});
+        return data()[index];
+    }
+
+    bool equals(const with_capacity& other) const
+    {
+        return ptr == other.ptr ||
+               (size == other.size &&
+                std::equal(data(), data() + size, other.data()));
+    }
+
+    static size_t recommend_up(size_t sz, size_t cap)
+    {
+        auto max = std::numeric_limits<size_t>::max();
+        return sz <= cap ? cap
+                         : cap >= max / 2 ? max
+                                          /* otherwise */
+                                          : std::max(2 * cap, sz);
+    }
+
+    static size_t recommend_down(size_t sz, size_t cap)
+    {
+        return sz == 0 ? 1
+                       : sz < cap / 2 ? sz * 2 :
+                                      /* otherwise */ cap;
+    }
+
+    with_capacity push_back(T value) const
+    {
+        auto cap = recommend_up(size + 1, capacity);
+        auto p   = node_t::copy_n(cap, ptr, size);
+        IMMER_TRY {
+            new (p->data() + size) T{std::move(value)};
+            return {p, size + 1, cap};
+        }
+        IMMER_CATCH (...) {
+            node_t::delete_n(p, size, cap);
+            IMMER_RETHROW;
+        }
+    }
+
+    void push_back_mut(edit_t e, T value)
+    {
+        if (ptr->can_mutate(e) && capacity > size) {
+            new (data() + size) T{std::move(value)};
+            ++size;
+        } else {
+            auto cap = recommend_up(size + 1, capacity);
+            auto p   = node_t::copy_e(e, cap, ptr, size);
+            IMMER_TRY {
+                new (p->data() + size) T{std::move(value)};
+                *this = {p, size + 1, cap};
+            }
+            IMMER_CATCH (...) {
+                node_t::delete_n(p, size, cap);
+                IMMER_RETHROW;
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    with_capacity assoc(std::size_t idx, T value) const
+    {
+        auto p = node_t::copy_n(capacity, ptr, size);
+        IMMER_TRY {
+            p->data()[idx] = std::move(value);
+            return {p, size, capacity};
+        }
+        IMMER_CATCH (...) {
+            node_t::delete_n(p, size, capacity);
+            IMMER_RETHROW;
+        }
+    }
+
+    void assoc_mut(edit_t e, std::size_t idx, T value)
+    {
+        if (ptr->can_mutate(e)) {
+            data()[idx] = std::move(value);
+        } else {
+            auto p = node_t::copy_n(capacity, ptr, size);
+            IMMER_TRY {
+                p->data()[idx] = std::move(value);
+                *this          = {p, size, capacity};
+            }
+            IMMER_CATCH (...) {
+                node_t::delete_n(p, size, capacity);
+                IMMER_RETHROW;
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    template <typename Fn>
+    with_capacity update(std::size_t idx, Fn&& op) const
+    {
+        auto p = node_t::copy_n(capacity, ptr, size);
+        IMMER_TRY {
+            auto& elem = p->data()[idx];
+            elem       = std::forward<Fn>(op)(std::move(elem));
+            return {p, size, capacity};
+        }
+        IMMER_CATCH (...) {
+            node_t::delete_n(p, size, capacity);
+            IMMER_RETHROW;
+        }
+    }
+
+    template <typename Fn>
+    void update_mut(edit_t e, std::size_t idx, Fn&& op)
+    {
+        if (ptr->can_mutate(e)) {
+            auto& elem = data()[idx];
+            elem       = std::forward<Fn>(op)(std::move(elem));
+        } else {
+            auto p = node_t::copy_e(e, capacity, ptr, size);
+            IMMER_TRY {
+                auto& elem = p->data()[idx];
+                elem       = std::forward<Fn>(op)(std::move(elem));
+                *this      = {p, size, capacity};
+            }
+            IMMER_CATCH (...) {
+                node_t::delete_n(p, size, capacity);
+                IMMER_RETHROW;
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    with_capacity take(std::size_t sz) const
+    {
+        auto cap = recommend_down(sz, capacity);
+        auto p   = node_t::copy_n(cap, ptr, sz);
+        return {p, sz, cap};
+    }
+
+    void take_mut(edit_t e, std::size_t sz)
+    {
+        if (ptr->can_mutate(e)) {
+            destroy_n(data() + size, size - sz);
+            size = sz;
+        } else {
+            auto cap = recommend_down(sz, capacity);
+            auto p   = node_t::copy_e(e, cap, ptr, sz);
+            *this    = {p, sz, cap};
+        }
+    }
+};
+
+} // namespace arrays
+} // namespace detail
+} // namespace immer
diff --git a/src/immer/immer/detail/combine_standard_layout.hpp b/src/immer/immer/detail/combine_standard_layout.hpp
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000..68de2a8a8cef8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/immer/immer/detail/combine_standard_layout.hpp
@@ -0,0 +1,236 @@
+//
+// immer: immutable data structures for C++
+// Copyright (C) 2016, 2017, 2018 Juan Pedro Bolivar Puente
+//
+// This software is distributed under the Boost Software License, Version 1.0.
+// See accompanying file LICENSE or copy at http://boost.org/LICENSE_1_0.txt
+//
+
+#pragma once
+
+#include <cstddef>
+#include <type_traits>
+
+#if defined(__GNUC__) && __GNUC__ == 7 && __GNUC_MINOR__ == 1
+#define IMMER_BROKEN_STANDARD_LAYOUT_DETECTION 1
+#define immer_offsetof(st, m) ((std::size_t) & (((st*) 0)->m))
+#else
+#define IMMER_BROKEN_STANDARD_LAYOUT_DETECTION 0
+#define immer_offsetof offsetof
+#endif
+
+namespace immer {
+namespace detail {
+
+//
+// Metafunction that returns a standard layout struct that combines
+// all the standard layout types in `Ts...`, while making sure that
+// empty base optimizations are used.
+//
+// To query a part of the type do `get<my_part>(x)`;
+//
+// This is useful when putting together a type that merges various
+// types coming from different policies.  Some of them might be empty,
+// so we shall enable empty base optimizations.  But if we just
+// inherit from all of them, we would break the "standard layout"
+// rules, preventing us from using `offseof(...)`.  So metafunction
+// will generate the type by sometimes inheriting, sometimes adding as
+// member.
+//
+// Note that the types are added to the combined type from right to
+// left!
+//
+template <typename... Ts>
+struct combine_standard_layout;
+
+template <typename... Ts>
+using combine_standard_layout_t = typename combine_standard_layout<Ts...>::type;
+
+namespace csl {
+
+template <typename T>
+struct type_t
+{};
+
+template <typename U, typename T>
+U& get(T& x);
+
+template <typename U, typename T>
+const U& get(const T& x);
+
+template <typename T, typename Next = void>
+struct inherit
+{
+    struct type
+        : T
+        , Next
+    {
+        using Next::get_;
+
+        template <typename U>
+        friend decltype(auto) get(type& x)
+        {
+            return x.get_(type_t<U>{});
+        }
+        template <typename U>
+        friend decltype(auto) get(const type& x)
+        {
+            return x.get_(type_t<U>{});
+        }
+
+        T& get_(type_t<T>) { return *this; }
+        const T& get_(type_t<T>) const { return *this; }
+    };
+};
+
+template <typename T>
+struct inherit<T, void>
+{
+    struct type : T
+    {
+        template <typename U>
+        friend decltype(auto) get(type& x)
+        {
+            return x.get_(type_t<U>{});
+        }
+        template <typename U>
+        friend decltype(auto) get(const type& x)
+        {
+            return x.get_(type_t<U>{});
+        }
+
+        T& get_(type_t<T>) { return *this; }
+        const T& get_(type_t<T>) const { return *this; }
+    };
+};
+
+template <typename T, typename Next = void>
+struct member
+{
+    struct type : Next
+    {
+        T d;
+
+        using Next::get_;
+
+        template <typename U>
+        friend decltype(auto) get(type& x)
+        {
+            return x.get_(type_t<U>{});
+        }
+        template <typename U>
+        friend decltype(auto) get(const type& x)
+        {
+            return x.get_(type_t<U>{});
+        }
+
+        T& get_(type_t<T>) { return d; }
+        const T& get_(type_t<T>) const { return d; }
+    };
+};
+
+template <typename T>
+struct member<T, void>
+{
+    struct type
+    {
+        T d;
+
+        template <typename U>
+        friend decltype(auto) get(type& x)
+        {
+            return x.get_(type_t<U>{});
+        }
+        template <typename U>
+        friend decltype(auto) get(const type& x)
+        {
+            return x.get_(type_t<U>{});
+        }
+
+        T& get_(type_t<T>) { return d; }
+        const T& get_(type_t<T>) const { return d; }
+    };
+};
+
+template <typename T, typename Next>
+struct member_two
+{
+    struct type
+    {
+        Next n;
+        T d;
+
+        template <typename U>
+        friend decltype(auto) get(type& x)
+        {
+            return x.get_(type_t<U>{});
+        }
+        template <typename U>
+        friend decltype(auto) get(const type& x)
+        {
+            return x.get_(type_t<U>{});
+        }
+
+        T& get_(type_t<T>) { return d; }
+        const T& get_(type_t<T>) const { return d; }
+
+        template <typename U>
+        auto get_(type_t<U> t) -> decltype(auto)
+        {
+            return n.get_(t);
+        }
+        template <typename U>
+        auto get_(type_t<U> t) const -> decltype(auto)
+        {
+            return n.get_(t);
+        }
+    };
+};
+
+template <typename... Ts>
+struct combine_standard_layout_aux;
+
+template <typename T>
+struct combine_standard_layout_aux<T>
+{
+    static_assert(std::is_standard_layout<T>::value, "");
+
+    using type = typename std::conditional_t<std::is_empty<T>::value,
+                                             csl::inherit<T>,
+                                             csl::member<T>>::type;
+};
+
+template <typename T, typename... Ts>
+struct combine_standard_layout_aux<T, Ts...>
+{
+    static_assert(std::is_standard_layout<T>::value, "");
+
+    using this_t = T;
+    using next_t = typename combine_standard_layout_aux<Ts...>::type;
+
+    static constexpr auto empty_this = std::is_empty<this_t>::value;
+    static constexpr auto empty_next = std::is_empty<next_t>::value;
+
+    using type = typename std::conditional_t<
+        empty_this,
+        inherit<this_t, next_t>,
+        std::conditional_t<empty_next,
+                           member<this_t, next_t>,
+                           member_two<this_t, next_t>>>::type;
+};
+
+} // namespace csl
+
+using csl::get;
+
+template <typename... Ts>
+struct combine_standard_layout
+{
+    using type = typename csl::combine_standard_layout_aux<Ts...>::type;
+#if !IMMER_BROKEN_STANDARD_LAYOUT_DETECTION
+    static_assert(std::is_standard_layout<type>::value, "");
+#endif
+};
+
+} // namespace detail
+} // namespace immer
diff --git a/src/immer/immer/detail/hamts/bits.hpp b/src/immer/immer/detail/hamts/bits.hpp
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000..430e23182d210
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/immer/immer/detail/hamts/bits.hpp
@@ -0,0 +1,130 @@
+//
+// immer: immutable data structures for C++
+// Copyright (C) 2016, 2017, 2018 Juan Pedro Bolivar Puente
+//
+// This software is distributed under the Boost Software License, Version 1.0.
+// See accompanying file LICENSE or copy at http://boost.org/LICENSE_1_0.txt
+//
+
+#pragma once
+
+#include <cstddef>
+#include <cstdint>
+
+#if defined(_MSC_VER)
+#include <intrin.h> // __popcnt
+#endif
+
+namespace immer {
+namespace detail {
+namespace hamts {
+
+using size_t  = std::size_t;
+using hash_t  = std::size_t;
+using bits_t  = std::uint32_t;
+using count_t = std::uint32_t;
+using shift_t = std::uint32_t;
+
+template <bits_t B>
+struct get_bitmap_type
+{
+    static_assert(B < 6u, "B > 6 is not supported.");
+    using type = std::uint8_t;
+};
+
+template <>
+struct get_bitmap_type<6u>
+{
+    using type = std::uint64_t;
+};
+
+template <>
+struct get_bitmap_type<5u>
+{
+    using type = std::uint32_t;
+};
+
+template <>
+struct get_bitmap_type<4u>
+{
+    using type = std::uint16_t;
+};
+
+template <bits_t B, typename T = count_t>
+constexpr T branches = T{1u} << B;
+
+template <bits_t B, typename T = size_t>
+constexpr T mask = branches<B, T> - 1u;
+
+template <bits_t B, typename T = count_t>
+constexpr T max_depth = (sizeof(hash_t) * 8u + B - 1u) / B;
+
+template <bits_t B, typename T = count_t>
+constexpr T max_shift = max_depth<B, count_t>* B;
+
+#define IMMER_HAS_BUILTIN_POPCOUNT 1
+
+inline auto popcount_fallback(std::uint32_t x)
+{
+    // More alternatives:
+    // https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamming_weight
+    // http://wm.ite.pl/articles/sse-popcount.html
+    // http://graphics.stanford.edu/~seander/bithacks.html#CountBitsSetParallel
+    x = x - ((x >> 1) & 0x55555555u);
+    x = (x & 0x33333333u) + ((x >> 2) & 0x33333333u);
+    return (((x + (x >> 4u)) & 0xF0F0F0Fu) * 0x1010101u) >> 24u;
+}
+
+inline auto popcount_fallback(std::uint64_t x)
+{
+    x = x - ((x >> 1) & 0x5555555555555555u);
+    x = (x & 0x3333333333333333u) + ((x >> 2u) & 0x3333333333333333u);
+    return (((x + (x >> 4)) & 0x0F0F0F0F0F0F0F0Fu) * 0x0101010101010101u) >>
+           56u;
+}
+
+inline count_t popcount(std::uint32_t x)
+{
+#if IMMER_HAS_BUILTIN_POPCOUNT
+#if defined(_MSC_VER)
+    return __popcnt(x);
+#else
+    return __builtin_popcount(x);
+#endif
+#else
+    return popcount_fallback(x);
+#endif
+}
+
+inline count_t popcount(std::uint64_t x)
+{
+#if IMMER_HAS_BUILTIN_POPCOUNT
+#if defined(_MSC_VER)
+#if defined(_WIN64)
+    return static_cast<count_t>(__popcnt64(x));
+#else
+    // TODO: benchmark against popcount_fallback(std::uint64_t x)
+    return popcount(static_cast<std::uint32_t>(x >> 32)) +
+           popcount(static_cast<std::uint32_t>(x));
+#endif
+#else
+    return __builtin_popcountll(x);
+#endif
+#else
+    return popcount_fallback(x);
+#endif
+}
+
+inline count_t popcount(std::uint16_t x)
+{
+    return popcount(static_cast<std::uint32_t>(x));
+}
+
+inline count_t popcount(std::uint8_t x)
+{
+    return popcount(static_cast<std::uint32_t>(x));
+}
+
+} // namespace hamts
+} // namespace detail
+} // namespace immer
diff --git a/src/immer/immer/detail/hamts/champ.hpp b/src/immer/immer/detail/hamts/champ.hpp
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000..77cf7e4776543
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/immer/immer/detail/hamts/champ.hpp
@@ -0,0 +1,477 @@
+//
+// immer: immutable data structures for C++
+// Copyright (C) 2016, 2017, 2018 Juan Pedro Bolivar Puente
+//
+// This software is distributed under the Boost Software License, Version 1.0.
+// See accompanying file LICENSE or copy at http://boost.org/LICENSE_1_0.txt
+//
+
+#pragma once
+
+#include <immer/config.hpp>
+#include <immer/detail/hamts/node.hpp>
+
+#include <algorithm>
+
+namespace immer {
+namespace detail {
+namespace hamts {
+
+template <typename T,
+          typename Hash,
+          typename Equal,
+          typename MemoryPolicy,
+          bits_t B>
+struct champ
+{
+    static constexpr auto bits = B;
+
+    using node_t   = node<T, Hash, Equal, MemoryPolicy, B>;
+    using bitmap_t = typename get_bitmap_type<B>::type;
+
+    static_assert(branches<B> <= sizeof(bitmap_t) * 8, "");
+
+    node_t* root;
+    size_t size;
+
+    static node_t* empty()
+    {
+        static const auto node = node_t::make_inner_n(0);
+        return node->inc();
+    }
+
+    champ(node_t* r, size_t sz = 0)
+        : root{r}
+        , size{sz}
+    {}
+
+    champ(const champ& other)
+        : champ{other.root, other.size}
+    {
+        inc();
+    }
+
+    champ(champ&& other)
+        : champ{empty()}
+    {
+        swap(*this, other);
+    }
+
+    champ& operator=(const champ& other)
+    {
+        auto next = other;
+        swap(*this, next);
+        return *this;
+    }
+
+    champ& operator=(champ&& other)
+    {
+        swap(*this, other);
+        return *this;
+    }
+
+    friend void swap(champ& x, champ& y)
+    {
+        using std::swap;
+        swap(x.root, y.root);
+        swap(x.size, y.size);
+    }
+
+    ~champ() { dec(); }
+
+    void inc() const { root->inc(); }
+
+    void dec() const
+    {
+        if (root->dec())
+            node_t::delete_deep(root, 0);
+    }
+
+    template <typename Fn>
+    void for_each_chunk(Fn&& fn) const
+    {
+        for_each_chunk_traversal(root, 0, fn);
+    }
+
+    template <typename Fn>
+    void for_each_chunk_traversal(node_t* node, count_t depth, Fn&& fn) const
+    {
+        if (depth < max_depth<B>) {
+            auto datamap = node->datamap();
+            if (datamap)
+                fn(node->values(), node->values() + node->data_count());
+            auto nodemap = node->nodemap();
+            if (nodemap) {
+                auto fst = node->children();
+                auto lst = fst + node->children_count();
+                for (; fst != lst; ++fst)
+                    for_each_chunk_traversal(*fst, depth + 1, fn);
+            }
+        } else {
+            fn(node->collisions(),
+               node->collisions() + node->collision_count());
+        }
+    }
+
+    template <typename Project, typename Default, typename K>
+    decltype(auto) get(const K& k) const
+    {
+        auto node = root;
+        auto hash = Hash{}(k);
+        for (auto i = count_t{}; i < max_depth<B>; ++i) {
+            auto bit = bitmap_t{1u} << (hash & mask<B>);
+            if (node->nodemap() & bit) {
+                auto offset = node->children_count(bit);
+                node        = node->children()[offset];
+                hash        = hash >> B;
+            } else if (node->datamap() & bit) {
+                auto offset = node->data_count(bit);
+                auto val    = node->values() + offset;
+                if (Equal{}(*val, k))
+                    return Project{}(*val);
+                else
+                    return Default{}();
+            } else {
+                return Default{}();
+            }
+        }
+        auto fst = node->collisions();
+        auto lst = fst + node->collision_count();
+        for (; fst != lst; ++fst)
+            if (Equal{}(*fst, k))
+                return Project{}(*fst);
+        return Default{}();
+    }
+
+    std::pair<node_t*, bool>
+    do_add(node_t* node, T v, hash_t hash, shift_t shift) const
+    {
+        assert(node);
+        if (shift == max_shift<B>) {
+            auto fst = node->collisions();
+            auto lst = fst + node->collision_count();
+            for (; fst != lst; ++fst)
+                if (Equal{}(*fst, v))
+                    return {
+                        node_t::copy_collision_replace(node, fst, std::move(v)),
+                        false};
+            return {node_t::copy_collision_insert(node, std::move(v)), true};
+        } else {
+            auto idx = (hash & (mask<B> << shift)) >> shift;
+            auto bit = bitmap_t{1u} << idx;
+            if (node->nodemap() & bit) {
+                auto offset = node->children_count(bit);
+                assert(node->children()[offset]);
+                auto result = do_add(
+                    node->children()[offset], std::move(v), hash, shift + B);
+                IMMER_TRY {
+                    result.first =
+                        node_t::copy_inner_replace(node, offset, result.first);
+                    return result;
+                }
+                IMMER_CATCH (...) {
+                    node_t::delete_deep_shift(result.first, shift + B);
+                    IMMER_RETHROW;
+                }
+            } else if (node->datamap() & bit) {
+                auto offset = node->data_count(bit);
+                auto val    = node->values() + offset;
+                if (Equal{}(*val, v))
+                    return {node_t::copy_inner_replace_value(
+                                node, offset, std::move(v)),
+                            false};
+                else {
+                    auto child = node_t::make_merged(
+                        shift + B, std::move(v), hash, *val, Hash{}(*val));
+                    IMMER_TRY {
+                        return {node_t::copy_inner_replace_merged(
+                                    node, bit, offset, child),
+                                true};
+                    }
+                    IMMER_CATCH (...) {
+                        node_t::delete_deep_shift(child, shift + B);
+                        IMMER_RETHROW;
+                    }
+                }
+            } else {
+                return {
+                    node_t::copy_inner_insert_value(node, bit, std::move(v)),
+                    true};
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    champ add(T v) const
+    {
+        auto hash     = Hash{}(v);
+        auto res      = do_add(root, std::move(v), hash, 0);
+        auto new_size = size + (res.second ? 1 : 0);
+        return {res.first, new_size};
+    }
+
+    template <typename Project,
+              typename Default,
+              typename Combine,
+              typename K,
+              typename Fn>
+    std::pair<node_t*, bool>
+    do_update(node_t* node, K&& k, Fn&& fn, hash_t hash, shift_t shift) const
+    {
+        if (shift == max_shift<B>) {
+            auto fst = node->collisions();
+            auto lst = fst + node->collision_count();
+            for (; fst != lst; ++fst)
+                if (Equal{}(*fst, k))
+                    return {
+                        node_t::copy_collision_replace(
+                            node,
+                            fst,
+                            Combine{}(std::forward<K>(k),
+                                      std::forward<Fn>(fn)(Project{}(*fst)))),
+                        false};
+            return {node_t::copy_collision_insert(
+                        node,
+                        Combine{}(std::forward<K>(k),
+                                  std::forward<Fn>(fn)(Default{}()))),
+                    true};
+        } else {
+            auto idx = (hash & (mask<B> << shift)) >> shift;
+            auto bit = bitmap_t{1u} << idx;
+            if (node->nodemap() & bit) {
+                auto offset = node->children_count(bit);
+                auto result = do_update<Project, Default, Combine>(
+                    node->children()[offset],
+                    k,
+                    std::forward<Fn>(fn),
+                    hash,
+                    shift + B);
+                IMMER_TRY {
+                    result.first =
+                        node_t::copy_inner_replace(node, offset, result.first);
+                    return result;
+                }
+                IMMER_CATCH (...) {
+                    node_t::delete_deep_shift(result.first, shift + B);
+                    IMMER_RETHROW;
+                }
+            } else if (node->datamap() & bit) {
+                auto offset = node->data_count(bit);
+                auto val    = node->values() + offset;
+                if (Equal{}(*val, k))
+                    return {
+                        node_t::copy_inner_replace_value(
+                            node,
+                            offset,
+                            Combine{}(std::forward<K>(k),
+                                      std::forward<Fn>(fn)(Project{}(*val)))),
+                        false};
+                else {
+                    auto child = node_t::make_merged(
+                        shift + B,
+                        Combine{}(std::forward<K>(k),
+                                  std::forward<Fn>(fn)(Default{}())),
+                        hash,
+                        *val,
+                        Hash{}(*val));
+                    IMMER_TRY {
+                        return {node_t::copy_inner_replace_merged(
+                                    node, bit, offset, child),
+                                true};
+                    }
+                    IMMER_CATCH (...) {
+                        node_t::delete_deep_shift(child, shift + B);
+                        IMMER_RETHROW;
+                    }
+                }
+            } else {
+                return {node_t::copy_inner_insert_value(
+                            node,
+                            bit,
+                            Combine{}(std::forward<K>(k),
+                                      std::forward<Fn>(fn)(Default{}()))),
+                        true};
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    template <typename Project,
+              typename Default,
+              typename Combine,
+              typename K,
+              typename Fn>
+    champ update(const K& k, Fn&& fn) const
+    {
+        auto hash = Hash{}(k);
+        auto res  = do_update<Project, Default, Combine>(
+            root, k, std::forward<Fn>(fn), hash, 0);
+        auto new_size = size + (res.second ? 1 : 0);
+        return {res.first, new_size};
+    }
+
+    // basically:
+    //      variant<monostate_t, T*, node_t*>
+    // boo bad we are not using... C++17 :'(
+    struct sub_result
+    {
+        enum kind_t
+        {
+            nothing,
+            singleton,
+            tree
+        };
+
+        union data_t
+        {
+            T* singleton;
+            node_t* tree;
+        };
+
+        kind_t kind;
+        data_t data;
+
+        sub_result()
+            : kind{nothing} {};
+        sub_result(T* x)
+            : kind{singleton}
+        {
+            data.singleton = x;
+        };
+        sub_result(node_t* x)
+            : kind{tree}
+        {
+            data.tree = x;
+        };
+    };
+
+    template <typename K>
+    sub_result
+    do_sub(node_t* node, const K& k, hash_t hash, shift_t shift) const
+    {
+        if (shift == max_shift<B>) {
+            auto fst = node->collisions();
+            auto lst = fst + node->collision_count();
+            for (auto cur = fst; cur != lst; ++cur)
+                if (Equal{}(*cur, k))
+                    return node->collision_count() > 2
+                               ? node_t::copy_collision_remove(node, cur)
+                               : sub_result{fst + (cur == fst)};
+            return {};
+        } else {
+            auto idx = (hash & (mask<B> << shift)) >> shift;
+            auto bit = bitmap_t{1u} << idx;
+            if (node->nodemap() & bit) {
+                auto offset = node->children_count(bit);
+                auto result =
+                    do_sub(node->children()[offset], k, hash, shift + B);
+                switch (result.kind) {
+                case sub_result::nothing:
+                    return {};
+                case sub_result::singleton:
+                    return node->datamap() == 0 &&
+                                   node->children_count() == 1 && shift > 0
+                               ? result
+                               : node_t::copy_inner_replace_inline(
+                                     node, bit, offset, *result.data.singleton);
+                case sub_result::tree:
+                    IMMER_TRY {
+                        return node_t::copy_inner_replace(
+                            node, offset, result.data.tree);
+                    }
+                    IMMER_CATCH (...) {
+                        node_t::delete_deep_shift(result.data.tree, shift + B);
+                        IMMER_RETHROW;
+                    }
+                }
+            } else if (node->datamap() & bit) {
+                auto offset = node->data_count(bit);
+                auto val    = node->values() + offset;
+                if (Equal{}(*val, k)) {
+                    auto nv = node->data_count();
+                    if (node->nodemap() || nv > 2)
+                        return node_t::copy_inner_remove_value(
+                            node, bit, offset);
+                    else if (nv == 2) {
+                        return shift > 0 ? sub_result{node->values() + !offset}
+                                         : node_t::make_inner_n(
+                                               0,
+                                               node->datamap() & ~bit,
+                                               node->values()[!offset]);
+                    } else {
+                        assert(shift == 0);
+                        return empty();
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+            return {};
+        }
+    }
+
+    template <typename K>
+    champ sub(const K& k) const
+    {
+        auto hash = Hash{}(k);
+        auto res  = do_sub(root, k, hash, 0);
+        switch (res.kind) {
+        case sub_result::nothing:
+            return *this;
+        case sub_result::tree:
+            return {res.data.tree, size - 1};
+        default:
+            IMMER_UNREACHABLE;
+        }
+    }
+
+    template <typename Eq = Equal>
+    bool equals(const champ& other) const
+    {
+        return size == other.size && equals_tree<Eq>(root, other.root, 0);
+    }
+
+    template <typename Eq>
+    static bool equals_tree(const node_t* a, const node_t* b, count_t depth)
+    {
+        if (a == b)
+            return true;
+        else if (depth == max_depth<B>) {
+            auto nv = a->collision_count();
+            return nv == b->collision_count() &&
+                   equals_collisions<Eq>(a->collisions(), b->collisions(), nv);
+        } else {
+            if (a->nodemap() != b->nodemap() || a->datamap() != b->datamap())
+                return false;
+            auto n = a->children_count();
+            for (auto i = count_t{}; i < n; ++i)
+                if (!equals_tree<Eq>(
+                        a->children()[i], b->children()[i], depth + 1))
+                    return false;
+            auto nv = a->data_count();
+            return !nv || equals_values<Eq>(a->values(), b->values(), nv);
+        }
+    }
+
+    template <typename Eq>
+    static bool equals_values(const T* a, const T* b, count_t n)
+    {
+        return std::equal(a, a + n, b, Eq{});
+    }
+
+    template <typename Eq>
+    static bool equals_collisions(const T* a, const T* b, count_t n)
+    {
+        auto ae = a + n;
+        auto be = b + n;
+        for (; a != ae; ++a) {
+            for (auto fst = b; fst != be; ++fst)
+                if (Eq{}(*a, *fst))
+                    goto good;
+            return false;
+        good:
+            continue;
+        }
+        return true;
+    }
+};
+
+} // namespace hamts
+} // namespace detail
+} // namespace immer
diff --git a/src/immer/immer/detail/hamts/champ_iterator.hpp b/src/immer/immer/detail/hamts/champ_iterator.hpp
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000..373198bb03cb4
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/immer/immer/detail/hamts/champ_iterator.hpp
@@ -0,0 +1,151 @@
+//
+// immer: immutable data structures for C++
+// Copyright (C) 2016, 2017, 2018 Juan Pedro Bolivar Puente
+//
+// This software is distributed under the Boost Software License, Version 1.0.
+// See accompanying file LICENSE or copy at http://boost.org/LICENSE_1_0.txt
+//
+
+#pragma once
+
+#include <immer/detail/hamts/champ.hpp>
+#include <immer/detail/iterator_facade.hpp>
+
+namespace immer {
+namespace detail {
+namespace hamts {
+
+template <typename T, typename Hash, typename Eq, typename MP, bits_t B>
+struct champ_iterator
+    : iterator_facade<champ_iterator<T, Hash, Eq, MP, B>,
+                      std::forward_iterator_tag,
+                      T,
+                      const T&,
+                      std::ptrdiff_t,
+                      const T*>
+{
+    using tree_t = champ<T, Hash, Eq, MP, B>;
+    using node_t = typename tree_t::node_t;
+
+    struct end_t
+    {};
+
+    champ_iterator(const tree_t& v)
+        : depth_{0}
+    {
+        if (v.root->datamap()) {
+            cur_ = v.root->values();
+            end_ = v.root->values() + v.root->data_count();
+        } else {
+            cur_ = end_ = nullptr;
+        }
+        path_[0] = &v.root;
+        ensure_valid_();
+    }
+
+    champ_iterator(const tree_t& v, end_t)
+        : cur_{nullptr}
+        , end_{nullptr}
+        , depth_{0}
+    {
+        path_[0] = &v.root;
+    }
+
+    champ_iterator(const champ_iterator& other)
+        : cur_{other.cur_}
+        , end_{other.end_}
+        , depth_{other.depth_}
+    {
+        std::copy(other.path_, other.path_ + depth_ + 1, path_);
+    }
+
+private:
+    friend iterator_core_access;
+
+    T* cur_;
+    T* end_;
+    count_t depth_;
+    node_t* const* path_[max_depth<B> + 1] = {
+        0,
+    };
+
+    void increment()
+    {
+        ++cur_;
+        ensure_valid_();
+    }
+
+    bool step_down()
+    {
+        if (depth_ < max_depth<B>) {
+            auto parent = *path_[depth_];
+            assert(parent);
+            if (parent->nodemap()) {
+                ++depth_;
+                path_[depth_] = parent->children();
+                auto child    = *path_[depth_];
+                assert(child);
+                if (depth_ < max_depth<B>) {
+                    if (child->datamap()) {
+                        cur_ = child->values();
+                        end_ = cur_ + child->data_count();
+                    }
+                } else {
+                    cur_ = child->collisions();
+                    end_ = cur_ + child->collision_count();
+                }
+                return true;
+            }
+        }
+        return false;
+    }
+
+    bool step_right()
+    {
+        while (depth_ > 0) {
+            auto parent = *path_[depth_ - 1];
+            auto last   = parent->children() + parent->children_count();
+            auto next   = path_[depth_] + 1;
+            if (next < last) {
+                path_[depth_] = next;
+                auto child    = *path_[depth_];
+                assert(child);
+                if (depth_ < max_depth<B>) {
+                    if (child->datamap()) {
+                        cur_ = child->values();
+                        end_ = cur_ + child->data_count();
+                    }
+                } else {
+                    cur_ = child->collisions();
+                    end_ = cur_ + child->collision_count();
+                }
+                return true;
+            }
+            --depth_;
+        }
+        return false;
+    }
+
+    void ensure_valid_()
+    {
+        while (cur_ == end_) {
+            while (step_down())
+                if (cur_ != end_)
+                    return;
+            if (!step_right()) {
+                // end of sequence
+                assert(depth_ == 0);
+                cur_ = end_ = nullptr;
+                return;
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    bool equal(const champ_iterator& other) const { return cur_ == other.cur_; }
+
+    const T& dereference() const { return *cur_; }
+};
+
+} // namespace hamts
+} // namespace detail
+} // namespace immer
diff --git a/src/immer/immer/detail/hamts/node.hpp b/src/immer/immer/detail/hamts/node.hpp
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000..e2607f013b5e4
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/immer/immer/detail/hamts/node.hpp
@@ -0,0 +1,770 @@
+//
+// immer: immutable data structures for C++
+// Copyright (C) 2016, 2017, 2018 Juan Pedro Bolivar Puente
+//
+// This software is distributed under the Boost Software License, Version 1.0.
+// See accompanying file LICENSE or copy at http://boost.org/LICENSE_1_0.txt
+//
+
+#pragma once
+
+#include <immer/config.hpp>
+#include <immer/detail/combine_standard_layout.hpp>
+#include <immer/detail/hamts/bits.hpp>
+#include <immer/detail/util.hpp>
+
+#include <cassert>
+#include <cstddef>
+
+namespace immer {
+namespace detail {
+namespace hamts {
+
+template <typename T,
+          typename Hash,
+          typename Equal,
+          typename MemoryPolicy,
+          bits_t B>
+struct node
+{
+    using node_t = node;
+
+    using memory      = MemoryPolicy;
+    using heap_policy = typename memory::heap;
+    using heap        = typename heap_policy::type;
+    using transience  = typename memory::transience_t;
+    using refs_t      = typename memory::refcount;
+    using ownee_t     = typename transience::ownee;
+    using edit_t      = typename transience::edit;
+    using value_t     = T;
+    using bitmap_t    = typename get_bitmap_type<B>::type;
+
+    enum class kind_t
+    {
+        collision,
+        inner
+    };
+
+    struct collision_t
+    {
+        count_t count;
+        aligned_storage_for<T> buffer;
+    };
+
+    struct values_data_t
+    {
+        aligned_storage_for<T> buffer;
+    };
+
+    using values_t = combine_standard_layout_t<values_data_t, refs_t>;
+
+    struct inner_t
+    {
+        bitmap_t nodemap;
+        bitmap_t datamap;
+        values_t* values;
+        aligned_storage_for<node_t*> buffer;
+    };
+
+    union data_t
+    {
+        inner_t inner;
+        collision_t collision;
+    };
+
+    struct impl_data_t
+    {
+#if IMMER_TAGGED_NODE
+        kind_t kind;
+#endif
+        data_t data;
+    };
+
+    using impl_t = combine_standard_layout_t<impl_data_t, refs_t>;
+
+    impl_t impl;
+
+    constexpr static std::size_t sizeof_values_n(count_t count)
+    {
+        return std::max(sizeof(values_t),
+                        immer_offsetof(values_t, d.buffer) +
+                            sizeof(values_data_t::buffer) * count);
+    }
+
+    constexpr static std::size_t sizeof_collision_n(count_t count)
+    {
+        return immer_offsetof(impl_t, d.data.collision.buffer) +
+               sizeof(collision_t::buffer) * count;
+    }
+
+    constexpr static std::size_t sizeof_inner_n(count_t count)
+    {
+        return immer_offsetof(impl_t, d.data.inner.buffer) +
+               sizeof(inner_t::buffer) * count;
+    }
+
+#if IMMER_TAGGED_NODE
+    kind_t kind() const { return impl.d.kind; }
+#endif
+
+    auto values()
+    {
+        IMMER_ASSERT_TAGGED(kind() == kind_t::inner);
+        assert(impl.d.data.inner.values);
+        return (T*) &impl.d.data.inner.values->d.buffer;
+    }
+
+    auto values() const
+    {
+        IMMER_ASSERT_TAGGED(kind() == kind_t::inner);
+        assert(impl.d.data.inner.values);
+        return (const T*) &impl.d.data.inner.values->d.buffer;
+    }
+
+    auto children()
+    {
+        IMMER_ASSERT_TAGGED(kind() == kind_t::inner);
+        return (node_t**) &impl.d.data.inner.buffer;
+    }
+
+    auto children() const
+    {
+        IMMER_ASSERT_TAGGED(kind() == kind_t::inner);
+        return (const node_t* const*) &impl.d.data.inner.buffer;
+    }
+
+    auto datamap() const
+    {
+        IMMER_ASSERT_TAGGED(kind() == kind_t::inner);
+        return impl.d.data.inner.datamap;
+    }
+
+    auto nodemap() const
+    {
+        IMMER_ASSERT_TAGGED(kind() == kind_t::inner);
+        return impl.d.data.inner.nodemap;
+    }
+
+    auto data_count() const
+    {
+        IMMER_ASSERT_TAGGED(kind() == kind_t::inner);
+        return popcount(datamap());
+    }
+
+    auto data_count(bitmap_t bit) const
+    {
+        IMMER_ASSERT_TAGGED(kind() == kind_t::inner);
+        return popcount(static_cast<bitmap_t>(datamap() & (bit - 1)));
+    }
+
+    auto children_count() const
+    {
+        IMMER_ASSERT_TAGGED(kind() == kind_t::inner);
+        return popcount(nodemap());
+    }
+
+    auto children_count(bitmap_t bit) const
+    {
+        IMMER_ASSERT_TAGGED(kind() == kind_t::inner);
+        return popcount(static_cast<bitmap_t>(nodemap() & (bit - 1)));
+    }
+
+    auto collision_count() const
+    {
+        IMMER_ASSERT_TAGGED(kind() == kind_t::collision);
+        return impl.d.data.collision.count;
+    }
+
+    T* collisions()
+    {
+        IMMER_ASSERT_TAGGED(kind() == kind_t::collision);
+        return (T*) &impl.d.data.collision.buffer;
+    }
+
+    const T* collisions() const
+    {
+        IMMER_ASSERT_TAGGED(kind() == kind_t::collision);
+        return (const T*) &impl.d.data.collision.buffer;
+    }
+
+    static refs_t& refs(const values_t* x)
+    {
+        return auto_const_cast(get<refs_t>(*x));
+    }
+    static const ownee_t& ownee(const values_t* x) { return get<ownee_t>(*x); }
+    static ownee_t& ownee(values_t* x) { return get<ownee_t>(*x); }
+
+    static refs_t& refs(const node_t* x)
+    {
+        return auto_const_cast(get<refs_t>(x->impl));
+    }
+    static const ownee_t& ownee(const node_t* x)
+    {
+        return get<ownee_t>(x->impl);
+    }
+    static ownee_t& ownee(node_t* x) { return get<ownee_t>(x->impl); }
+
+    static node_t* make_inner_n(count_t n)
+    {
+        assert(n <= branches<B>);
+        auto m = heap::allocate(sizeof_inner_n(n));
+        auto p = new (m) node_t;
+        assert(p == (node_t*) m);
+#if IMMER_TAGGED_NODE
+        p->impl.d.kind = node_t::kind_t::inner;
+#endif
+        p->impl.d.data.inner.nodemap = 0;
+        p->impl.d.data.inner.datamap = 0;
+        p->impl.d.data.inner.values  = nullptr;
+        return p;
+    }
+
+    static node_t* make_inner_n(count_t n, values_t* values)
+    {
+        auto p = make_inner_n(n);
+        if (values) {
+            p->impl.d.data.inner.values = values;
+            refs(values).inc();
+        }
+        return p;
+    }
+
+    static node_t* make_inner_n(count_t n, count_t nv)
+    {
+        assert(nv <= branches<B>);
+        auto p = make_inner_n(n);
+        if (nv) {
+            IMMER_TRY {
+                p->impl.d.data.inner.values =
+                    new (heap::allocate(sizeof_values_n(nv))) values_t{};
+            }
+            IMMER_CATCH (...) {
+                deallocate_inner(p, n);
+                IMMER_RETHROW;
+            }
+        }
+        return p;
+    }
+
+    static node_t* make_inner_n(count_t n, count_t idx, node_t* child)
+    {
+        assert(n >= 1);
+        auto p                       = make_inner_n(n);
+        p->impl.d.data.inner.nodemap = bitmap_t{1u} << idx;
+        p->children()[0]             = child;
+        return p;
+    }
+
+    static node_t* make_inner_n(count_t n, bitmap_t bitmap, T x)
+    {
+        auto p                       = make_inner_n(n, 1);
+        p->impl.d.data.inner.datamap = bitmap;
+        IMMER_TRY {
+            new (p->values()) T{std::move(x)};
+        }
+        IMMER_CATCH (...) {
+            deallocate_inner(p, n, 1);
+            IMMER_RETHROW;
+        }
+        return p;
+    }
+
+    static node_t*
+    make_inner_n(count_t n, count_t idx1, T x1, count_t idx2, T x2)
+    {
+        assert(idx1 != idx2);
+        auto p = make_inner_n(n, 2);
+        p->impl.d.data.inner.datamap =
+            (bitmap_t{1u} << idx1) | (bitmap_t{1u} << idx2);
+        auto assign = [&](auto&& x1, auto&& x2) {
+            auto vp = p->values();
+            IMMER_TRY {
+                new (vp) T{std::move(x1)};
+                IMMER_TRY {
+                    new (vp + 1) T{std::move(x2)};
+                }
+                IMMER_CATCH (...) {
+                    vp->~T();
+                    IMMER_RETHROW;
+                }
+            }
+            IMMER_CATCH (...) {
+                deallocate_inner(p, n, 2);
+                IMMER_RETHROW;
+            }
+        };
+        if (idx1 < idx2)
+            assign(x1, x2);
+        else
+            assign(x2, x1);
+        return p;
+    }
+
+    static node_t* make_collision_n(count_t n)
+    {
+        auto m = heap::allocate(sizeof_collision_n(n));
+        auto p = new (m) node_t;
+#if IMMER_TAGGED_NODE
+        p->impl.d.kind = node_t::kind_t::collision;
+#endif
+        p->impl.d.data.collision.count = n;
+        return p;
+    }
+
+    static node_t* make_collision(T v1, T v2)
+    {
+        auto m = heap::allocate(sizeof_collision_n(2));
+        auto p = new (m) node_t;
+#if IMMER_TAGGED_NODE
+        p->impl.d.kind = node_t::kind_t::collision;
+#endif
+        p->impl.d.data.collision.count = 2;
+        auto cols                      = p->collisions();
+        IMMER_TRY {
+            new (cols) T{std::move(v1)};
+            IMMER_TRY {
+                new (cols + 1) T{std::move(v2)};
+            }
+            IMMER_CATCH (...) {
+                cols->~T();
+                IMMER_RETHROW;
+            }
+        }
+        IMMER_CATCH (...) {
+            deallocate_collision(p, 2);
+            IMMER_RETHROW;
+        }
+        return p;
+    }
+
+    static node_t* copy_collision_insert(node_t* src, T v)
+    {
+        IMMER_ASSERT_TAGGED(src->kind() == kind_t::collision);
+        auto n    = src->collision_count();
+        auto dst  = make_collision_n(n + 1);
+        auto srcp = src->collisions();
+        auto dstp = dst->collisions();
+        IMMER_TRY {
+            new (dstp) T{std::move(v)};
+            IMMER_TRY {
+                std::uninitialized_copy(srcp, srcp + n, dstp + 1);
+            }
+            IMMER_CATCH (...) {
+                dstp->~T();
+                IMMER_RETHROW;
+            }
+        }
+        IMMER_CATCH (...) {
+            deallocate_collision(dst, n + 1);
+            IMMER_RETHROW;
+        }
+        return dst;
+    }
+
+    static node_t* copy_collision_remove(node_t* src, T* v)
+    {
+        IMMER_ASSERT_TAGGED(src->kind() == kind_t::collision);
+        assert(src->collision_count() > 1);
+        auto n    = src->collision_count();
+        auto dst  = make_collision_n(n - 1);
+        auto srcp = src->collisions();
+        auto dstp = dst->collisions();
+        IMMER_TRY {
+            dstp = std::uninitialized_copy(srcp, v, dstp);
+            IMMER_TRY {
+                std::uninitialized_copy(v + 1, srcp + n, dstp);
+            }
+            IMMER_CATCH (...) {
+                destroy(dst->collisions(), dstp);
+                IMMER_RETHROW;
+            }
+        }
+        IMMER_CATCH (...) {
+            deallocate_collision(dst, n - 1);
+            IMMER_RETHROW;
+        }
+        return dst;
+    }
+
+    static node_t* copy_collision_replace(node_t* src, T* pos, T v)
+    {
+        IMMER_ASSERT_TAGGED(src->kind() == kind_t::collision);
+        auto n    = src->collision_count();
+        auto dst  = make_collision_n(n);
+        auto srcp = src->collisions();
+        auto dstp = dst->collisions();
+        assert(pos >= srcp && pos < srcp + n);
+        IMMER_TRY {
+            new (dstp) T{std::move(v)};
+            IMMER_TRY {
+                dstp = std::uninitialized_copy(srcp, pos, dstp + 1);
+                IMMER_TRY {
+                    std::uninitialized_copy(pos + 1, srcp + n, dstp);
+                }
+                IMMER_CATCH (...) {
+                    destroy(dst->collisions(), dstp);
+                    IMMER_RETHROW;
+                }
+            }
+            IMMER_CATCH (...) {
+                dst->collisions()->~T();
+                IMMER_RETHROW;
+            }
+        }
+        IMMER_CATCH (...) {
+            deallocate_collision(dst, n);
+            IMMER_RETHROW;
+        }
+        return dst;
+    }
+
+    static node_t*
+    copy_inner_replace(node_t* src, count_t offset, node_t* child)
+    {
+        IMMER_ASSERT_TAGGED(src->kind() == kind_t::inner);
+        auto n    = src->children_count();
+        auto dst  = make_inner_n(n, src->impl.d.data.inner.values);
+        auto srcp = src->children();
+        auto dstp = dst->children();
+        dst->impl.d.data.inner.datamap = src->datamap();
+        dst->impl.d.data.inner.nodemap = src->nodemap();
+        std::uninitialized_copy(srcp, srcp + n, dstp);
+        inc_nodes(srcp, n);
+        srcp[offset]->dec_unsafe();
+        dstp[offset] = child;
+        return dst;
+    }
+
+    static node_t* copy_inner_replace_value(node_t* src, count_t offset, T v)
+    {
+        IMMER_ASSERT_TAGGED(src->kind() == kind_t::inner);
+        assert(offset < src->data_count());
+        auto n                         = src->children_count();
+        auto nv                        = src->data_count();
+        auto dst                       = make_inner_n(n, nv);
+        dst->impl.d.data.inner.datamap = src->datamap();
+        dst->impl.d.data.inner.nodemap = src->nodemap();
+        IMMER_TRY {
+            std::uninitialized_copy(
+                src->values(), src->values() + nv, dst->values());
+            IMMER_TRY {
+                dst->values()[offset] = std::move(v);
+            }
+            IMMER_CATCH (...) {
+                destroy_n(dst->values(), nv);
+                IMMER_RETHROW;
+            }
+        }
+        IMMER_CATCH (...) {
+            deallocate_inner(dst, n, nv);
+            IMMER_RETHROW;
+        }
+        inc_nodes(src->children(), n);
+        std::uninitialized_copy(
+            src->children(), src->children() + n, dst->children());
+        return dst;
+    }
+
+    static node_t* copy_inner_replace_merged(node_t* src,
+                                             bitmap_t bit,
+                                             count_t voffset,
+                                             node_t* node)
+    {
+        IMMER_ASSERT_TAGGED(src->kind() == kind_t::inner);
+        assert(!(src->nodemap() & bit));
+        assert(src->datamap() & bit);
+        assert(voffset == src->data_count(bit));
+        auto n                         = src->children_count();
+        auto nv                        = src->data_count();
+        auto dst                       = make_inner_n(n + 1, nv - 1);
+        auto noffset                   = src->children_count(bit);
+        dst->impl.d.data.inner.datamap = src->datamap() & ~bit;
+        dst->impl.d.data.inner.nodemap = src->nodemap() | bit;
+        if (nv > 1) {
+            IMMER_TRY {
+                std::uninitialized_copy(
+                    src->values(), src->values() + voffset, dst->values());
+                IMMER_TRY {
+                    std::uninitialized_copy(src->values() + voffset + 1,
+                                            src->values() + nv,
+                                            dst->values() + voffset);
+                }
+                IMMER_CATCH (...) {
+                    destroy_n(dst->values(), voffset);
+                    IMMER_RETHROW;
+                }
+            }
+            IMMER_CATCH (...) {
+                deallocate_inner(dst, n + 1, nv - 1);
+                IMMER_RETHROW;
+            }
+        }
+        inc_nodes(src->children(), n);
+        std::uninitialized_copy(
+            src->children(), src->children() + noffset, dst->children());
+        std::uninitialized_copy(src->children() + noffset,
+                                src->children() + n,
+                                dst->children() + noffset + 1);
+        dst->children()[noffset] = node;
+        return dst;
+    }
+
+    static node_t* copy_inner_replace_inline(node_t* src,
+                                             bitmap_t bit,
+                                             count_t noffset,
+                                             T value)
+    {
+        IMMER_ASSERT_TAGGED(src->kind() == kind_t::inner);
+        assert(!(src->datamap() & bit));
+        assert(src->nodemap() & bit);
+        assert(noffset == src->children_count(bit));
+        auto n                         = src->children_count();
+        auto nv                        = src->data_count();
+        auto dst                       = make_inner_n(n - 1, nv + 1);
+        auto voffset                   = src->data_count(bit);
+        dst->impl.d.data.inner.nodemap = src->nodemap() & ~bit;
+        dst->impl.d.data.inner.datamap = src->datamap() | bit;
+        IMMER_TRY {
+            if (nv)
+                std::uninitialized_copy(
+                    src->values(), src->values() + voffset, dst->values());
+            IMMER_TRY {
+                new (dst->values() + voffset) T{std::move(value)};
+                IMMER_TRY {
+                    if (nv)
+                        std::uninitialized_copy(src->values() + voffset,
+                                                src->values() + nv,
+                                                dst->values() + voffset + 1);
+                }
+                IMMER_CATCH (...) {
+                    dst->values()[voffset].~T();
+                    IMMER_RETHROW;
+                }
+            }
+            IMMER_CATCH (...) {
+                destroy_n(dst->values(), voffset);
+                IMMER_RETHROW;
+            }
+        }
+        IMMER_CATCH (...) {
+            deallocate_inner(dst, n - 1, nv + 1);
+            IMMER_RETHROW;
+        }
+        inc_nodes(src->children(), n);
+        src->children()[noffset]->dec_unsafe();
+        std::uninitialized_copy(
+            src->children(), src->children() + noffset, dst->children());
+        std::uninitialized_copy(src->children() + noffset + 1,
+                                src->children() + n,
+                                dst->children() + noffset);
+        return dst;
+    }
+
+    static node_t*
+    copy_inner_remove_value(node_t* src, bitmap_t bit, count_t voffset)
+    {
+        IMMER_ASSERT_TAGGED(src->kind() == kind_t::inner);
+        assert(!(src->nodemap() & bit));
+        assert(src->datamap() & bit);
+        assert(voffset == src->data_count(bit));
+        auto n                         = src->children_count();
+        auto nv                        = src->data_count();
+        auto dst                       = make_inner_n(n, nv - 1);
+        dst->impl.d.data.inner.datamap = src->datamap() & ~bit;
+        dst->impl.d.data.inner.nodemap = src->nodemap();
+        if (nv > 1) {
+            IMMER_TRY {
+                std::uninitialized_copy(
+                    src->values(), src->values() + voffset, dst->values());
+                IMMER_TRY {
+                    std::uninitialized_copy(src->values() + voffset + 1,
+                                            src->values() + nv,
+                                            dst->values() + voffset);
+                }
+                IMMER_CATCH (...) {
+                    destroy_n(dst->values(), voffset);
+                    IMMER_RETHROW;
+                }
+            }
+            IMMER_CATCH (...) {
+                deallocate_inner(dst, n, nv - 1);
+                IMMER_RETHROW;
+            }
+        }
+        inc_nodes(src->children(), n);
+        std::uninitialized_copy(
+            src->children(), src->children() + n, dst->children());
+        return dst;
+    }
+
+    static node_t* copy_inner_insert_value(node_t* src, bitmap_t bit, T v)
+    {
+        IMMER_ASSERT_TAGGED(src->kind() == kind_t::inner);
+        auto n                         = src->children_count();
+        auto nv                        = src->data_count();
+        auto offset                    = src->data_count(bit);
+        auto dst                       = make_inner_n(n, nv + 1);
+        dst->impl.d.data.inner.datamap = src->datamap() | bit;
+        dst->impl.d.data.inner.nodemap = src->nodemap();
+        IMMER_TRY {
+            if (nv)
+                std::uninitialized_copy(
+                    src->values(), src->values() + offset, dst->values());
+            IMMER_TRY {
+                new (dst->values() + offset) T{std::move(v)};
+                IMMER_TRY {
+                    if (nv)
+                        std::uninitialized_copy(src->values() + offset,
+                                                src->values() + nv,
+                                                dst->values() + offset + 1);
+                }
+                IMMER_CATCH (...) {
+                    dst->values()[offset].~T();
+                    IMMER_RETHROW;
+                }
+            }
+            IMMER_CATCH (...) {
+                destroy_n(dst->values(), offset);
+                IMMER_RETHROW;
+            }
+        }
+        IMMER_CATCH (...) {
+            deallocate_inner(dst, n, nv + 1);
+            IMMER_RETHROW;
+        }
+        inc_nodes(src->children(), n);
+        std::uninitialized_copy(
+            src->children(), src->children() + n, dst->children());
+        return dst;
+    }
+
+    static node_t*
+    make_merged(shift_t shift, T v1, hash_t hash1, T v2, hash_t hash2)
+    {
+        if (shift < max_shift<B>) {
+            auto idx1 = hash1 & (mask<B> << shift);
+            auto idx2 = hash2 & (mask<B> << shift);
+            if (idx1 == idx2) {
+                auto merged = make_merged(
+                    shift + B, std::move(v1), hash1, std::move(v2), hash2);
+                IMMER_TRY {
+                    return make_inner_n(1, idx1 >> shift, merged);
+                }
+                IMMER_CATCH (...) {
+                    delete_deep_shift(merged, shift + B);
+                    IMMER_RETHROW;
+                }
+            } else {
+                return make_inner_n(0,
+                                    idx1 >> shift,
+                                    std::move(v1),
+                                    idx2 >> shift,
+                                    std::move(v2));
+            }
+        } else {
+            return make_collision(std::move(v1), std::move(v2));
+        }
+    }
+
+    node_t* inc()
+    {
+        refs(this).inc();
+        return this;
+    }
+
+    const node_t* inc() const
+    {
+        refs(this).inc();
+        return this;
+    }
+
+    bool dec() const { return refs(this).dec(); }
+    void dec_unsafe() const { refs(this).dec_unsafe(); }
+
+    static void inc_nodes(node_t** p, count_t n)
+    {
+        for (auto i = p, e = i + n; i != e; ++i)
+            refs(*i).inc();
+    }
+
+    static void delete_values(values_t* p, count_t n)
+    {
+        assert(p);
+        deallocate_values(p, n);
+    }
+
+    static void delete_inner(node_t* p)
+    {
+        assert(p);
+        IMMER_ASSERT_TAGGED(p->kind() == kind_t::inner);
+        auto vp = p->impl.d.data.inner.values;
+        if (vp && refs(vp).dec())
+            delete_values(vp, p->data_count());
+        deallocate_inner(p, p->children_count());
+    }
+
+    static void delete_collision(node_t* p)
+    {
+        assert(p);
+        IMMER_ASSERT_TAGGED(p->kind() == kind_t::collision);
+        auto n = p->collision_count();
+        deallocate_collision(p, n);
+    }
+
+    static void delete_deep(node_t* p, shift_t s)
+    {
+        if (s == max_depth<B>)
+            delete_collision(p);
+        else {
+            auto fst = p->children();
+            auto lst = fst + p->children_count();
+            for (; fst != lst; ++fst)
+                if ((*fst)->dec())
+                    delete_deep(*fst, s + 1);
+            delete_inner(p);
+        }
+    }
+
+    static void delete_deep_shift(node_t* p, shift_t s)
+    {
+        if (s == max_shift<B>)
+            delete_collision(p);
+        else {
+            auto fst = p->children();
+            auto lst = fst + p->children_count();
+            for (; fst != lst; ++fst)
+                if ((*fst)->dec())
+                    delete_deep_shift(*fst, s + B);
+            delete_inner(p);
+        }
+    }
+
+    static void deallocate_values(values_t* p, count_t n)
+    {
+        destroy_n((T*) &p->d.buffer, n);
+        heap::deallocate(node_t::sizeof_values_n(n), p);
+    }
+
+    static void deallocate_collision(node_t* p, count_t n)
+    {
+        destroy_n(p->collisions(), n);
+        heap::deallocate(node_t::sizeof_collision_n(n), p);
+    }
+
+    static void deallocate_inner(node_t* p, count_t n)
+    {
+        heap::deallocate(node_t::sizeof_inner_n(n), p);
+    }
+
+    static void deallocate_inner(node_t* p, count_t n, count_t nv)
+    {
+        assert(nv);
+        heap::deallocate(node_t::sizeof_values_n(nv),
+                         p->impl.d.data.inner.values);
+        heap::deallocate(node_t::sizeof_inner_n(n), p);
+    }
+};
+
+} // namespace hamts
+} // namespace detail
+} // namespace immer
diff --git a/src/immer/immer/detail/iterator_facade.hpp b/src/immer/immer/detail/iterator_facade.hpp
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000..359f3d912c050
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/immer/immer/detail/iterator_facade.hpp
@@ -0,0 +1,212 @@
+//
+// immer: immutable data structures for C++
+// Copyright (C) 2016, 2017, 2018 Juan Pedro Bolivar Puente
+//
+// This software is distributed under the Boost Software License, Version 1.0.
+// See accompanying file LICENSE or copy at http://boost.org/LICENSE_1_0.txt
+//
+
+#pragma once
+
+#include <cstddef>
+#include <iterator>
+#include <type_traits>
+
+namespace immer {
+namespace detail {
+
+struct iterator_core_access
+{
+    template <typename T>
+    static decltype(auto) dereference(T&& x)
+    {
+        return x.dereference();
+    }
+
+    template <typename T>
+    static decltype(auto) increment(T&& x)
+    {
+        return x.increment();
+    }
+
+    template <typename T>
+    static decltype(auto) decrement(T&& x)
+    {
+        return x.decrement();
+    }
+
+    template <typename T1, typename T2>
+    static decltype(auto) equal(T1&& x1, T2&& x2)
+    {
+        return x1.equal(x2);
+    }
+
+    template <typename T, typename D>
+    static decltype(auto) advance(T&& x, D d)
+    {
+        return x.advance(d);
+    }
+
+    template <typename T1, typename T2>
+    static decltype(auto) distance_to(T1&& x1, T2&& x2)
+    {
+        return x1.distance_to(x2);
+    }
+};
+
+/*!
+ * Minimalistic reimplementation of boost::iterator_facade
+ */
+template <typename DerivedT,
+          typename IteratorCategoryT,
+          typename T,
+          typename ReferenceT      = T&,
+          typename DifferenceTypeT = std::ptrdiff_t,
+          typename PointerT        = T*>
+class iterator_facade
+{
+public:
+    using iterator_category = IteratorCategoryT;
+    using value_type        = T;
+    using difference_type   = DifferenceTypeT;
+    using pointer           = PointerT;
+    using reference         = ReferenceT;
+
+protected:
+    using access_t = iterator_core_access;
+
+    constexpr static auto is_random_access =
+        std::is_base_of<std::random_access_iterator_tag,
+                        IteratorCategoryT>::value;
+    constexpr static auto is_bidirectional =
+        std::is_base_of<std::bidirectional_iterator_tag,
+                        IteratorCategoryT>::value;
+
+    class reference_proxy
+    {
+        friend iterator_facade;
+        DerivedT iter_;
+
+        reference_proxy(DerivedT iter)
+            : iter_{std::move(iter)}
+        {}
+
+    public:
+        operator ReferenceT() const { return *iter_; }
+    };
+
+    const DerivedT& derived() const
+    {
+        static_assert(std::is_base_of<iterator_facade, DerivedT>::value,
+                      "must pass a derived thing");
+        return *static_cast<const DerivedT*>(this);
+    }
+    DerivedT& derived()
+    {
+        static_assert(std::is_base_of<iterator_facade, DerivedT>::value,
+                      "must pass a derived thing");
+        return *static_cast<DerivedT*>(this);
+    }
+
+public:
+    ReferenceT operator*() const { return access_t::dereference(derived()); }
+    PointerT operator->() const { return &access_t::dereference(derived()); }
+    reference_proxy operator[](DifferenceTypeT n) const
+    {
+        static_assert(is_random_access, "");
+        return derived() + n;
+    }
+
+    friend bool operator==(const DerivedT& a, const DerivedT& b)
+    {
+        return access_t::equal(a, b);
+    }
+    friend bool operator!=(const DerivedT& a, const DerivedT& b)
+    {
+        return !access_t::equal(a, b);
+    }
+
+    DerivedT& operator++()
+    {
+        access_t::increment(derived());
+        return derived();
+    }
+    DerivedT operator++(int)
+    {
+        auto tmp = derived();
+        access_t::increment(derived());
+        return tmp;
+    }
+
+    DerivedT& operator--()
+    {
+        static_assert(is_bidirectional || is_random_access, "");
+        access_t::decrement(derived());
+        return derived();
+    }
+    DerivedT operator--(int)
+    {
+        static_assert(is_bidirectional || is_random_access, "");
+        auto tmp = derived();
+        access_t::decrement(derived());
+        return tmp;
+    }
+
+    DerivedT& operator+=(DifferenceTypeT n)
+    {
+        access_t::advance(derived(), n);
+        return derived();
+    }
+    DerivedT& operator-=(DifferenceTypeT n)
+    {
+        access_t::advance(derived(), -n);
+        return derived();
+    }
+
+    DerivedT operator+(DifferenceTypeT n) const
+    {
+        static_assert(is_random_access, "");
+        auto tmp = derived();
+        return tmp += n;
+    }
+    friend DerivedT operator+(DifferenceTypeT n, const DerivedT& i)
+    {
+        static_assert(is_random_access, "");
+        return i + n;
+    }
+    DerivedT operator-(DifferenceTypeT n) const
+    {
+        static_assert(is_random_access, "");
+        auto tmp = derived();
+        return tmp -= n;
+    }
+    friend DifferenceTypeT operator-(const DerivedT& a, const DerivedT& b)
+    {
+        static_assert(is_random_access, "");
+        return access_t::distance_to(b, a);
+    }
+
+    friend bool operator<(const DerivedT& a, const DerivedT& b)
+    {
+        static_assert(is_random_access, "");
+        return access_t::distance_to(a, b) > 0;
+    }
+    friend bool operator<=(const DerivedT& a, const DerivedT& b)
+    {
+        static_assert(is_random_access, "");
+        return access_t::distance_to(a, b) >= 0;
+    }
+    friend bool operator>(const DerivedT& a, const DerivedT& b)
+    {
+        static_assert(is_random_access, "");
+        return access_t::distance_to(a, b) < 0;
+    }
+    friend bool operator>=(const DerivedT& a, const DerivedT& b)
+    {
+        static_assert(is_random_access, "");
+        return access_t::distance_to(a, b) <= 0;
+    }
+};
+
+} // namespace detail
+} // namespace immer
diff --git a/src/immer/immer/detail/rbts/bits.hpp b/src/immer/immer/detail/rbts/bits.hpp
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000..f86b44fb0161b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/immer/immer/detail/rbts/bits.hpp
@@ -0,0 +1,34 @@
+//
+// immer: immutable data structures for C++
+// Copyright (C) 2016, 2017, 2018 Juan Pedro Bolivar Puente
+//
+// This software is distributed under the Boost Software License, Version 1.0.
+// See accompanying file LICENSE or copy at http://boost.org/LICENSE_1_0.txt
+//
+
+#pragma once
+
+#include <cstddef>
+#include <cstdint>
+
+namespace immer {
+namespace detail {
+namespace rbts {
+
+using bits_t  = std::uint32_t;
+using shift_t = std::uint32_t;
+using count_t = std::uint32_t;
+using size_t  = std::size_t;
+
+template <bits_t B, typename T = count_t>
+constexpr T branches = T{1} << B;
+
+template <bits_t B, typename T = size_t>
+constexpr T mask = branches<B, T> - 1;
+
+template <bits_t B, bits_t BL>
+constexpr shift_t endshift = shift_t{BL} - shift_t{B};
+
+} // namespace rbts
+} // namespace detail
+} // namespace immer
diff --git a/src/immer/immer/detail/rbts/node.hpp b/src/immer/immer/detail/rbts/node.hpp
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000..67c9a29561be4
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/immer/immer/detail/rbts/node.hpp
@@ -0,0 +1,966 @@
+//
+// immer: immutable data structures for C++
+// Copyright (C) 2016, 2017, 2018 Juan Pedro Bolivar Puente
+//
+// This software is distributed under the Boost Software License, Version 1.0.
+// See accompanying file LICENSE or copy at http://boost.org/LICENSE_1_0.txt
+//
+
+#pragma once
+
+#include <immer/config.hpp>
+#include <immer/detail/combine_standard_layout.hpp>
+#include <immer/detail/rbts/bits.hpp>
+#include <immer/detail/util.hpp>
+#include <immer/heap/tags.hpp>
+
+#include <cassert>
+#include <cstddef>
+#include <memory>
+#include <type_traits>
+
+namespace immer {
+namespace detail {
+namespace rbts {
+
+template <typename T, typename MemoryPolicy, bits_t B, bits_t BL>
+struct node
+{
+    static constexpr auto bits      = B;
+    static constexpr auto bits_leaf = BL;
+
+    using node_t      = node;
+    using memory      = MemoryPolicy;
+    using heap_policy = typename memory::heap;
+    using transience  = typename memory::transience_t;
+    using refs_t      = typename memory::refcount;
+    using ownee_t     = typename transience::ownee;
+    using edit_t      = typename transience::edit;
+    using value_t     = T;
+
+    static constexpr bool embed_relaxed = memory::prefer_fewer_bigger_objects;
+
+    enum class kind_t
+    {
+        leaf,
+        inner
+    };
+
+    struct relaxed_data_t
+    {
+        count_t count;
+        size_t sizes[branches<B>];
+    };
+
+    using relaxed_data_with_meta_t =
+        combine_standard_layout_t<relaxed_data_t, refs_t, ownee_t>;
+
+    using relaxed_data_no_meta_t = combine_standard_layout_t<relaxed_data_t>;
+
+    using relaxed_t = std::conditional_t<embed_relaxed,
+                                         relaxed_data_no_meta_t,
+                                         relaxed_data_with_meta_t>;
+
+    struct leaf_t
+    {
+        aligned_storage_for<T> buffer;
+    };
+
+    struct inner_t
+    {
+        relaxed_t* relaxed;
+        aligned_storage_for<node_t*> buffer;
+    };
+
+    union data_t
+    {
+        inner_t inner;
+        leaf_t leaf;
+    };
+
+    struct impl_data_t
+    {
+#if IMMER_TAGGED_NODE
+        kind_t kind;
+#endif
+        data_t data;
+    };
+
+    using impl_t = combine_standard_layout_t<impl_data_t, refs_t, ownee_t>;
+
+    impl_t impl;
+
+    // assume that we need to keep headroom space in the node when we
+    // are doing reference counting, since any node may become
+    // transient when it has only one reference
+    constexpr static bool keep_headroom = !std::is_empty<refs_t>{};
+
+    constexpr static std::size_t sizeof_packed_leaf_n(count_t count)
+    {
+        return immer_offsetof(impl_t, d.data.leaf.buffer) +
+               sizeof(leaf_t::buffer) * count;
+    }
+
+    constexpr static std::size_t sizeof_packed_inner_n(count_t count)
+    {
+        return immer_offsetof(impl_t, d.data.inner.buffer) +
+               sizeof(inner_t::buffer) * count;
+    }
+
+    constexpr static std::size_t sizeof_packed_relaxed_n(count_t count)
+    {
+        return immer_offsetof(relaxed_t, d.sizes) + sizeof(size_t) * count;
+    }
+
+    constexpr static std::size_t sizeof_packed_inner_r_n(count_t count)
+    {
+        return embed_relaxed ? sizeof_packed_inner_n(count) +
+                                   sizeof_packed_relaxed_n(count)
+                             : sizeof_packed_inner_n(count);
+    }
+
+    constexpr static std::size_t max_sizeof_leaf =
+        sizeof_packed_leaf_n(branches<BL>);
+
+    constexpr static std::size_t max_sizeof_inner =
+        sizeof_packed_inner_n(branches<B>);
+
+    constexpr static std::size_t max_sizeof_relaxed =
+        sizeof_packed_relaxed_n(branches<B>);
+
+    constexpr static std::size_t max_sizeof_inner_r =
+        sizeof_packed_inner_r_n(branches<B>);
+
+    constexpr static std::size_t sizeof_inner_n(count_t n)
+    {
+        return keep_headroom ? max_sizeof_inner : sizeof_packed_inner_n(n);
+    }
+
+    constexpr static std::size_t sizeof_inner_r_n(count_t n)
+    {
+        return keep_headroom ? max_sizeof_inner_r : sizeof_packed_inner_r_n(n);
+    }
+
+    constexpr static std::size_t sizeof_relaxed_n(count_t n)
+    {
+        return keep_headroom ? max_sizeof_relaxed : sizeof_packed_relaxed_n(n);
+    }
+
+    constexpr static std::size_t sizeof_leaf_n(count_t n)
+    {
+        return keep_headroom ? max_sizeof_leaf : sizeof_packed_leaf_n(n);
+    }
+
+    using heap =
+        typename heap_policy::template optimized<max_sizeof_inner>::type;
+
+#if IMMER_TAGGED_NODE
+    kind_t kind() const { return impl.d.kind; }
+#endif
+
+    relaxed_t* relaxed()
+    {
+        IMMER_ASSERT_TAGGED(kind() == kind_t::inner);
+        return impl.d.data.inner.relaxed;
+    }
+
+    const relaxed_t* relaxed() const
+    {
+        IMMER_ASSERT_TAGGED(kind() == kind_t::inner);
+        return impl.d.data.inner.relaxed;
+    }
+
+    node_t** inner()
+    {
+        IMMER_ASSERT_TAGGED(kind() == kind_t::inner);
+        return reinterpret_cast<node_t**>(&impl.d.data.inner.buffer);
+    }
+
+    T* leaf()
+    {
+        IMMER_ASSERT_TAGGED(kind() == kind_t::leaf);
+        return reinterpret_cast<T*>(&impl.d.data.leaf.buffer);
+    }
+
+    static refs_t& refs(const relaxed_t* x)
+    {
+        return auto_const_cast(get<refs_t>(*x));
+    }
+    static const ownee_t& ownee(const relaxed_t* x) { return get<ownee_t>(*x); }
+    static ownee_t& ownee(relaxed_t* x) { return get<ownee_t>(*x); }
+
+    static refs_t& refs(const node_t* x)
+    {
+        return auto_const_cast(get<refs_t>(x->impl));
+    }
+    static const ownee_t& ownee(const node_t* x)
+    {
+        return get<ownee_t>(x->impl);
+    }
+    static ownee_t& ownee(node_t* x) { return get<ownee_t>(x->impl); }
+
+    static node_t* make_inner_n(count_t n)
+    {
+        assert(n <= branches<B>);
+        auto m                       = heap::allocate(sizeof_inner_n(n));
+        auto p                       = new (m) node_t;
+        p->impl.d.data.inner.relaxed = nullptr;
+#if IMMER_TAGGED_NODE
+        p->impl.d.kind = node_t::kind_t::inner;
+#endif
+        return p;
+    }
+
+    static node_t* make_inner_e(edit_t e)
+    {
+        auto m                       = heap::allocate(max_sizeof_inner);
+        auto p                       = new (m) node_t;
+        ownee(p)                     = e;
+        p->impl.d.data.inner.relaxed = nullptr;
+#if IMMER_TAGGED_NODE
+        p->impl.d.kind = node_t::kind_t::inner;
+#endif
+        return p;
+    }
+
+    static node_t* make_inner_r_n(count_t n)
+    {
+        assert(n <= branches<B>);
+        auto mp = heap::allocate(sizeof_inner_r_n(n));
+        auto mr = static_cast<void*>(nullptr);
+        if (embed_relaxed) {
+            mr = reinterpret_cast<unsigned char*>(mp) + sizeof_inner_n(n);
+        } else {
+            IMMER_TRY {
+                mr = heap::allocate(sizeof_relaxed_n(n), norefs_tag{});
+            }
+            IMMER_CATCH (...) {
+                heap::deallocate(sizeof_inner_r_n(n), mp);
+                IMMER_RETHROW;
+            }
+        }
+        auto p                       = new (mp) node_t;
+        auto r                       = new (mr) relaxed_t;
+        r->d.count                   = 0;
+        p->impl.d.data.inner.relaxed = r;
+#if IMMER_TAGGED_NODE
+        p->impl.d.kind = node_t::kind_t::inner;
+#endif
+        return p;
+    }
+
+    static node_t* make_inner_sr_n(count_t n, relaxed_t* r)
+    {
+        return static_if<embed_relaxed, node_t*>(
+            [&](auto) { return node_t::make_inner_r_n(n); },
+            [&](auto) {
+                auto p =
+                    new (heap::allocate(node_t::sizeof_inner_r_n(n))) node_t;
+                assert(r->d.count >= n);
+                node_t::refs(r).inc();
+                p->impl.d.data.inner.relaxed = r;
+#if IMMER_TAGGED_NODE
+                p->impl.d.kind = node_t::kind_t::inner;
+#endif
+                return p;
+            });
+    }
+
+    static node_t* make_inner_r_e(edit_t e)
+    {
+        auto mp = heap::allocate(max_sizeof_inner_r);
+        auto mr = static_cast<void*>(nullptr);
+        if (embed_relaxed) {
+            mr = reinterpret_cast<unsigned char*>(mp) + max_sizeof_inner;
+        } else {
+            IMMER_TRY {
+                mr = heap::allocate(max_sizeof_relaxed, norefs_tag{});
+            }
+            IMMER_CATCH (...) {
+                heap::deallocate(max_sizeof_inner_r, mp);
+                IMMER_RETHROW;
+            }
+        }
+        auto p   = new (mp) node_t;
+        auto r   = new (mr) relaxed_t;
+        ownee(p) = e;
+        static_if<!embed_relaxed>([&](auto) { node_t::ownee(r) = e; });
+        r->d.count                   = 0;
+        p->impl.d.data.inner.relaxed = r;
+#if IMMER_TAGGED_NODE
+        p->impl.d.kind = node_t::kind_t::inner;
+#endif
+        return p;
+    }
+
+    static node_t* make_inner_sr_e(edit_t e, relaxed_t* r)
+    {
+        return static_if<embed_relaxed, node_t*>(
+            [&](auto) { return node_t::make_inner_r_e(e); },
+            [&](auto) {
+                auto p =
+                    new (heap::allocate(node_t::max_sizeof_inner_r)) node_t;
+                node_t::refs(r).inc();
+                p->impl.d.data.inner.relaxed = r;
+                node_t::ownee(p)             = e;
+#if IMMER_TAGGED_NODE
+                p->impl.d.kind = node_t::kind_t::inner;
+#endif
+                return p;
+            });
+    }
+
+    static node_t* make_leaf_n(count_t n)
+    {
+        assert(n <= branches<BL>);
+        auto p = new (heap::allocate(sizeof_leaf_n(n))) node_t;
+#if IMMER_TAGGED_NODE
+        p->impl.d.kind = node_t::kind_t::leaf;
+#endif
+        return p;
+    }
+
+    static node_t* make_leaf_e(edit_t e)
+    {
+        auto p   = new (heap::allocate(max_sizeof_leaf)) node_t;
+        ownee(p) = e;
+#if IMMER_TAGGED_NODE
+        p->impl.d.kind = node_t::kind_t::leaf;
+#endif
+        return p;
+    }
+
+    static node_t* make_inner_n(count_t n, node_t* x)
+    {
+        assert(n >= 1);
+        auto p        = make_inner_n(n);
+        p->inner()[0] = x;
+        return p;
+    }
+
+    static node_t* make_inner_n(edit_t n, node_t* x)
+    {
+        assert(n >= 1);
+        auto p        = make_inner_n(n);
+        p->inner()[0] = x;
+        return p;
+    }
+
+    static node_t* make_inner_n(count_t n, node_t* x, node_t* y)
+    {
+        assert(n >= 2);
+        auto p        = make_inner_n(n);
+        p->inner()[0] = x;
+        p->inner()[1] = y;
+        return p;
+    }
+
+    static node_t* make_inner_r_n(count_t n, node_t* x)
+    {
+        assert(n >= 1);
+        auto p        = make_inner_r_n(n);
+        auto r        = p->relaxed();
+        p->inner()[0] = x;
+        r->d.count    = 1;
+        return p;
+    }
+
+    static node_t* make_inner_r_n(count_t n, node_t* x, size_t xs)
+    {
+        assert(n >= 1);
+        assert(xs);
+        auto p        = make_inner_r_n(n);
+        auto r        = p->relaxed();
+        p->inner()[0] = x;
+        r->d.sizes[0] = xs;
+        r->d.count    = 1;
+        return p;
+    }
+
+    static node_t* make_inner_r_n(count_t n, node_t* x, node_t* y)
+    {
+        assert(n >= 2);
+        auto p        = make_inner_r_n(n);
+        auto r        = p->relaxed();
+        p->inner()[0] = x;
+        p->inner()[1] = y;
+        r->d.count    = 2;
+        return p;
+    }
+
+    static node_t* make_inner_r_n(count_t n, node_t* x, size_t xs, node_t* y)
+    {
+        assert(n >= 2);
+        assert(xs);
+        auto p        = make_inner_r_n(n);
+        auto r        = p->relaxed();
+        p->inner()[0] = x;
+        p->inner()[1] = y;
+        r->d.sizes[0] = xs;
+        r->d.count    = 2;
+        return p;
+    }
+
+    static node_t*
+    make_inner_r_n(count_t n, node_t* x, size_t xs, node_t* y, size_t ys)
+    {
+        assert(n >= 2);
+        assert(xs);
+        assert(ys);
+        auto p        = make_inner_r_n(n);
+        auto r        = p->relaxed();
+        p->inner()[0] = x;
+        p->inner()[1] = y;
+        r->d.sizes[0] = xs;
+        r->d.sizes[1] = xs + ys;
+        r->d.count    = 2;
+        return p;
+    }
+
+    static node_t* make_inner_r_n(count_t n,
+                                  node_t* x,
+                                  size_t xs,
+                                  node_t* y,
+                                  size_t ys,
+                                  node_t* z,
+                                  size_t zs)
+    {
+        assert(n >= 3);
+        assert(xs);
+        assert(ys);
+        assert(zs);
+        auto p        = make_inner_r_n(n);
+        auto r        = p->relaxed();
+        p->inner()[0] = x;
+        p->inner()[1] = y;
+        p->inner()[2] = z;
+        r->d.sizes[0] = xs;
+        r->d.sizes[1] = xs + ys;
+        r->d.sizes[2] = xs + ys + zs;
+        r->d.count    = 3;
+        return p;
+    }
+
+    template <typename U>
+    static node_t* make_leaf_n(count_t n, U&& x)
+    {
+        assert(n >= 1);
+        auto p = make_leaf_n(n);
+        IMMER_TRY {
+            new (p->leaf()) T{std::forward<U>(x)};
+        }
+        IMMER_CATCH (...) {
+            heap::deallocate(node_t::sizeof_leaf_n(n), p);
+            IMMER_RETHROW;
+        }
+        return p;
+    }
+
+    template <typename U>
+    static node_t* make_leaf_e(edit_t e, U&& x)
+    {
+        auto p = make_leaf_e(e);
+        IMMER_TRY {
+            new (p->leaf()) T{std::forward<U>(x)};
+        }
+        IMMER_CATCH (...) {
+            heap::deallocate(node_t::max_sizeof_leaf, p);
+            IMMER_RETHROW;
+        }
+        return p;
+    }
+
+    static node_t* make_path(shift_t shift, node_t* node)
+    {
+        IMMER_ASSERT_TAGGED(node->kind() == kind_t::leaf);
+        if (shift == endshift<B, BL>)
+            return node;
+        else {
+            auto n = node_t::make_inner_n(1);
+            IMMER_TRY {
+                n->inner()[0] = make_path(shift - B, node);
+            }
+            IMMER_CATCH (...) {
+                heap::deallocate(node_t::sizeof_inner_n(1), n);
+                IMMER_RETHROW;
+            }
+            return n;
+        }
+    }
+
+    static node_t* make_path_e(edit_t e, shift_t shift, node_t* node)
+    {
+        IMMER_ASSERT_TAGGED(node->kind() == kind_t::leaf);
+        if (shift == endshift<B, BL>)
+            return node;
+        else {
+            auto n = node_t::make_inner_e(e);
+            IMMER_TRY {
+                n->inner()[0] = make_path_e(e, shift - B, node);
+            }
+            IMMER_CATCH (...) {
+                heap::deallocate(node_t::max_sizeof_inner, n);
+                IMMER_RETHROW;
+            }
+            return n;
+        }
+    }
+
+    static node_t* copy_inner(node_t* src, count_t n)
+    {
+        IMMER_ASSERT_TAGGED(src->kind() == kind_t::inner);
+        auto dst = make_inner_n(n);
+        inc_nodes(src->inner(), n);
+        std::uninitialized_copy(src->inner(), src->inner() + n, dst->inner());
+        return dst;
+    }
+
+    static node_t* copy_inner_n(count_t allocn, node_t* src, count_t n)
+    {
+        assert(allocn >= n);
+        IMMER_ASSERT_TAGGED(src->kind() == kind_t::inner);
+        auto dst = make_inner_n(allocn);
+        return do_copy_inner(dst, src, n);
+    }
+
+    static node_t* copy_inner_e(edit_t e, node_t* src, count_t n)
+    {
+        IMMER_ASSERT_TAGGED(src->kind() == kind_t::inner);
+        auto dst = make_inner_e(e);
+        return do_copy_inner(dst, src, n);
+    }
+
+    static node_t* do_copy_inner(node_t* dst, node_t* src, count_t n)
+    {
+        IMMER_ASSERT_TAGGED(dst->kind() == kind_t::inner);
+        IMMER_ASSERT_TAGGED(src->kind() == kind_t::inner);
+        auto p = src->inner();
+        inc_nodes(p, n);
+        std::uninitialized_copy(p, p + n, dst->inner());
+        return dst;
+    }
+
+    static node_t* copy_inner_r(node_t* src, count_t n)
+    {
+        IMMER_ASSERT_TAGGED(src->kind() == kind_t::inner);
+        auto dst = make_inner_r_n(n);
+        return do_copy_inner_r(dst, src, n);
+    }
+
+    static node_t* copy_inner_r_n(count_t allocn, node_t* src, count_t n)
+    {
+        assert(allocn >= n);
+        IMMER_ASSERT_TAGGED(src->kind() == kind_t::inner);
+        auto dst = make_inner_r_n(allocn);
+        return do_copy_inner_r(dst, src, n);
+    }
+
+    static node_t* copy_inner_r_e(edit_t e, node_t* src, count_t n)
+    {
+        IMMER_ASSERT_TAGGED(src->kind() == kind_t::inner);
+        auto dst = make_inner_r_e(e);
+        return do_copy_inner_r(dst, src, n);
+    }
+
+    static node_t* copy_inner_sr_e(edit_t e, node_t* src, count_t n)
+    {
+        IMMER_ASSERT_TAGGED(src->kind() == kind_t::inner);
+        auto dst = make_inner_sr_e(e, src->relaxed());
+        return do_copy_inner_sr(dst, src, n);
+    }
+
+    static node_t* do_copy_inner_r(node_t* dst, node_t* src, count_t n)
+    {
+        IMMER_ASSERT_TAGGED(dst->kind() == kind_t::inner);
+        IMMER_ASSERT_TAGGED(src->kind() == kind_t::inner);
+        auto src_r = src->relaxed();
+        auto dst_r = dst->relaxed();
+        inc_nodes(src->inner(), n);
+        std::copy(src->inner(), src->inner() + n, dst->inner());
+        std::copy(src_r->d.sizes, src_r->d.sizes + n, dst_r->d.sizes);
+        dst_r->d.count = n;
+        return dst;
+    }
+
+    static node_t* do_copy_inner_sr(node_t* dst, node_t* src, count_t n)
+    {
+        if (embed_relaxed)
+            return do_copy_inner_r(dst, src, n);
+        else {
+            inc_nodes(src->inner(), n);
+            std::copy(src->inner(), src->inner() + n, dst->inner());
+            return dst;
+        }
+    }
+
+    static node_t* copy_leaf(node_t* src, count_t n)
+    {
+        IMMER_ASSERT_TAGGED(src->kind() == kind_t::leaf);
+        auto dst = make_leaf_n(n);
+        IMMER_TRY {
+            std::uninitialized_copy(src->leaf(), src->leaf() + n, dst->leaf());
+        }
+        IMMER_CATCH (...) {
+            heap::deallocate(node_t::sizeof_leaf_n(n), dst);
+            IMMER_RETHROW;
+        }
+        return dst;
+    }
+
+    static node_t* copy_leaf_e(edit_t e, node_t* src, count_t n)
+    {
+        IMMER_ASSERT_TAGGED(src->kind() == kind_t::leaf);
+        auto dst = make_leaf_e(e);
+        IMMER_TRY {
+            std::uninitialized_copy(src->leaf(), src->leaf() + n, dst->leaf());
+        }
+        IMMER_CATCH (...) {
+            heap::deallocate(node_t::max_sizeof_leaf, dst);
+            IMMER_RETHROW;
+        }
+        return dst;
+    }
+
+    static node_t* copy_leaf_n(count_t allocn, node_t* src, count_t n)
+    {
+        assert(allocn >= n);
+        IMMER_ASSERT_TAGGED(src->kind() == kind_t::leaf);
+        auto dst = make_leaf_n(allocn);
+        IMMER_TRY {
+            std::uninitialized_copy(src->leaf(), src->leaf() + n, dst->leaf());
+        }
+        IMMER_CATCH (...) {
+            heap::deallocate(node_t::sizeof_leaf_n(allocn), dst);
+            IMMER_RETHROW;
+        }
+        return dst;
+    }
+
+    static node_t* copy_leaf(node_t* src1, count_t n1, node_t* src2, count_t n2)
+    {
+        IMMER_ASSERT_TAGGED(src1->kind() == kind_t::leaf);
+        IMMER_ASSERT_TAGGED(src2->kind() == kind_t::leaf);
+        auto dst = make_leaf_n(n1 + n2);
+        IMMER_TRY {
+            std::uninitialized_copy(
+                src1->leaf(), src1->leaf() + n1, dst->leaf());
+        }
+        IMMER_CATCH (...) {
+            heap::deallocate(node_t::sizeof_leaf_n(n1 + n2), dst);
+            IMMER_RETHROW;
+        }
+        IMMER_TRY {
+            std::uninitialized_copy(
+                src2->leaf(), src2->leaf() + n2, dst->leaf() + n1);
+        }
+        IMMER_CATCH (...) {
+            destroy_n(dst->leaf(), n1);
+            heap::deallocate(node_t::sizeof_leaf_n(n1 + n2), dst);
+            IMMER_RETHROW;
+        }
+        return dst;
+    }
+
+    static node_t*
+    copy_leaf_e(edit_t e, node_t* src1, count_t n1, node_t* src2, count_t n2)
+    {
+        IMMER_ASSERT_TAGGED(src1->kind() == kind_t::leaf);
+        IMMER_ASSERT_TAGGED(src2->kind() == kind_t::leaf);
+        auto dst = make_leaf_e(e);
+        IMMER_TRY {
+            std::uninitialized_copy(
+                src1->leaf(), src1->leaf() + n1, dst->leaf());
+        }
+        IMMER_CATCH (...) {
+            heap::deallocate(max_sizeof_leaf, dst);
+            IMMER_RETHROW;
+        }
+        IMMER_TRY {
+            std::uninitialized_copy(
+                src2->leaf(), src2->leaf() + n2, dst->leaf() + n1);
+        }
+        IMMER_CATCH (...) {
+            destroy_n(dst->leaf(), n1);
+            heap::deallocate(max_sizeof_leaf, dst);
+            IMMER_RETHROW;
+        }
+        return dst;
+    }
+
+    static node_t* copy_leaf_e(edit_t e, node_t* src, count_t idx, count_t last)
+    {
+        IMMER_ASSERT_TAGGED(src->kind() == kind_t::leaf);
+        auto dst = make_leaf_e(e);
+        IMMER_TRY {
+            std::uninitialized_copy(
+                src->leaf() + idx, src->leaf() + last, dst->leaf());
+        }
+        IMMER_CATCH (...) {
+            heap::deallocate(max_sizeof_leaf, dst);
+            IMMER_RETHROW;
+        }
+        return dst;
+    }
+
+    static node_t* copy_leaf(node_t* src, count_t idx, count_t last)
+    {
+        IMMER_ASSERT_TAGGED(src->kind() == kind_t::leaf);
+        auto dst = make_leaf_n(last - idx);
+        IMMER_TRY {
+            std::uninitialized_copy(
+                src->leaf() + idx, src->leaf() + last, dst->leaf());
+        }
+        IMMER_CATCH (...) {
+            heap::deallocate(node_t::sizeof_leaf_n(last - idx), dst);
+            IMMER_RETHROW;
+        }
+        return dst;
+    }
+
+    template <typename U>
+    static node_t* copy_leaf_emplace(node_t* src, count_t n, U&& x)
+    {
+        auto dst = copy_leaf_n(n + 1, src, n);
+        IMMER_TRY {
+            new (dst->leaf() + n) T{std::forward<U>(x)};
+        }
+        IMMER_CATCH (...) {
+            destroy_n(dst->leaf(), n);
+            heap::deallocate(node_t::sizeof_leaf_n(n + 1), dst);
+            IMMER_RETHROW;
+        }
+        return dst;
+    }
+
+    static void delete_inner(node_t* p, count_t n)
+    {
+        IMMER_ASSERT_TAGGED(p->kind() == kind_t::inner);
+        assert(!p->relaxed());
+        heap::deallocate(ownee(p).owned() ? node_t::max_sizeof_inner
+                                          : node_t::sizeof_inner_n(n),
+                         p);
+    }
+
+    static void delete_inner_e(node_t* p)
+    {
+        IMMER_ASSERT_TAGGED(p->kind() == kind_t::inner);
+        assert(!p->relaxed());
+        heap::deallocate(node_t::max_sizeof_inner, p);
+    }
+
+    static void delete_inner_any(node_t* p, count_t n)
+    {
+        if (p->relaxed())
+            delete_inner_r(p, n);
+        else
+            delete_inner(p, n);
+    }
+
+    static void delete_inner_r(node_t* p, count_t n)
+    {
+        IMMER_ASSERT_TAGGED(p->kind() == kind_t::inner);
+        auto r = p->relaxed();
+        assert(r);
+        static_if<!embed_relaxed>([&](auto) {
+            if (node_t::refs(r).dec())
+                heap::deallocate(node_t::ownee(r).owned()
+                                     ? node_t::max_sizeof_relaxed
+                                     : node_t::sizeof_relaxed_n(n),
+                                 r);
+        });
+        heap::deallocate(ownee(p).owned() ? node_t::max_sizeof_inner_r
+                                          : node_t::sizeof_inner_r_n(n),
+                         p);
+    }
+
+    static void delete_inner_r_e(node_t* p)
+    {
+        IMMER_ASSERT_TAGGED(p->kind() == kind_t::inner);
+        auto r = p->relaxed();
+        assert(r);
+        static_if<!embed_relaxed>([&](auto) {
+            if (node_t::refs(r).dec())
+                heap::deallocate(node_t::max_sizeof_relaxed, r);
+        });
+        heap::deallocate(node_t::max_sizeof_inner_r, p);
+    }
+
+    static void delete_leaf(node_t* p, count_t n)
+    {
+        IMMER_ASSERT_TAGGED(p->kind() == kind_t::leaf);
+        destroy_n(p->leaf(), n);
+        heap::deallocate(ownee(p).owned() ? node_t::max_sizeof_leaf
+                                          : node_t::sizeof_leaf_n(n),
+                         p);
+    }
+
+    bool can_mutate(edit_t e) const
+    {
+        return refs(this).unique() || ownee(this).can_mutate(e);
+    }
+
+    bool can_relax() const { return !embed_relaxed || relaxed(); }
+
+    relaxed_t* ensure_mutable_relaxed(edit_t e)
+    {
+        auto src_r = relaxed();
+        return static_if<embed_relaxed, relaxed_t*>(
+            [&](auto) { return src_r; },
+            [&](auto) {
+                if (node_t::refs(src_r).unique() ||
+                    node_t::ownee(src_r).can_mutate(e))
+                    return src_r;
+                else {
+                    auto dst_r = impl.d.data.inner.relaxed =
+                        new (heap::allocate(max_sizeof_relaxed)) relaxed_t;
+                    if (src_r) {
+                        node_t::refs(src_r).dec_unsafe();
+                        auto n = dst_r->d.count = src_r->d.count;
+                        std::copy(
+                            src_r->d.sizes, src_r->d.sizes + n, dst_r->d.sizes);
+                    }
+                    node_t::ownee(dst_r) = e;
+                    return dst_r;
+                }
+            });
+    }
+
+    relaxed_t* ensure_mutable_relaxed_e(edit_t e, edit_t ec)
+    {
+        auto src_r = relaxed();
+        return static_if<embed_relaxed, relaxed_t*>(
+            [&](auto) { return src_r; },
+            [&](auto) {
+                if (src_r && (node_t::refs(src_r).unique() ||
+                              node_t::ownee(src_r).can_mutate(e))) {
+                    node_t::ownee(src_r) = ec;
+                    return src_r;
+                } else {
+                    auto dst_r = impl.d.data.inner.relaxed =
+                        new (heap::allocate(max_sizeof_relaxed)) relaxed_t;
+                    if (src_r) {
+                        node_t::refs(src_r).dec_unsafe();
+                        auto n = dst_r->d.count = src_r->d.count;
+                        std::copy(
+                            src_r->d.sizes, src_r->d.sizes + n, dst_r->d.sizes);
+                    }
+                    node_t::ownee(dst_r) = ec;
+                    return dst_r;
+                }
+            });
+    }
+
+    relaxed_t* ensure_mutable_relaxed_n(edit_t e, count_t n)
+    {
+        auto src_r = relaxed();
+        return static_if<embed_relaxed, relaxed_t*>(
+            [&](auto) { return src_r; },
+            [&](auto) {
+                if (node_t::refs(src_r).unique() ||
+                    node_t::ownee(src_r).can_mutate(e))
+                    return src_r;
+                else {
+                    auto dst_r =
+                        new (heap::allocate(max_sizeof_relaxed)) relaxed_t;
+                    if (src_r) {
+                        node_t::refs(src_r).dec_unsafe();
+                        std::copy(
+                            src_r->d.sizes, src_r->d.sizes + n, dst_r->d.sizes);
+                    }
+                    dst_r->d.count                   = n;
+                    node_t::ownee(dst_r)             = e;
+                    return impl.d.data.inner.relaxed = dst_r;
+                }
+            });
+    }
+
+    node_t* inc()
+    {
+        refs(this).inc();
+        return this;
+    }
+
+    const node_t* inc() const
+    {
+        refs(this).inc();
+        return this;
+    }
+
+    bool dec() const { return refs(this).dec(); }
+    void dec_unsafe() const { refs(this).dec_unsafe(); }
+
+    static void inc_nodes(node_t** p, count_t n)
+    {
+        for (auto i = p, e = i + n; i != e; ++i)
+            refs(*i).inc();
+    }
+
+#if IMMER_TAGGED_NODE
+    shift_t compute_shift()
+    {
+        if (kind() == kind_t::leaf)
+            return endshift<B, BL>;
+        else
+            return B + inner()[0]->compute_shift();
+    }
+#endif
+
+    bool check(shift_t shift, size_t size)
+    {
+#if IMMER_DEBUG_DEEP_CHECK
+        assert(size > 0);
+        if (shift == endshift<B, BL>) {
+            IMMER_ASSERT_TAGGED(kind() == kind_t::leaf);
+            assert(size <= branches<BL>);
+        } else if (auto r = relaxed()) {
+            auto count = r->d.count;
+            assert(count > 0);
+            assert(count <= branches<B>);
+            if (r->d.sizes[count - 1] != size) {
+                IMMER_TRACE_F("check");
+                IMMER_TRACE_E(r->d.sizes[count - 1]);
+                IMMER_TRACE_E(size);
+            }
+            assert(r->d.sizes[count - 1] == size);
+            for (auto i = 1u; i < count; ++i)
+                assert(r->d.sizes[i - 1] < r->d.sizes[i]);
+            auto last_size = size_t{};
+            for (auto i = 0u; i < count; ++i) {
+                assert(inner()[i]->check(shift - B, r->d.sizes[i] - last_size));
+                last_size = r->d.sizes[i];
+            }
+        } else {
+            assert(size <= branches<B> << shift);
+            auto count =
+                (size >> shift) + (size - ((size >> shift) << shift) > 0);
+            assert(count <= branches<B>);
+            if (count) {
+                for (auto i = 1u; i < count - 1; ++i)
+                    assert(inner()[i]->check(shift - B, 1 << shift));
+                assert(inner()[count - 1]->check(
+                    shift - B, size - ((count - 1) << shift)));
+            }
+        }
+#endif // IMMER_DEBUG_DEEP_CHECK
+        return true;
+    }
+};
+
+template <typename T, typename MP, bits_t B>
+constexpr bits_t derive_bits_leaf_aux()
+{
+    using node_t               = node<T, MP, B, B>;
+    constexpr auto sizeof_elem = sizeof(T);
+    constexpr auto space =
+        node_t::max_sizeof_inner - node_t::sizeof_packed_leaf_n(0);
+    constexpr auto full_elems = space / sizeof_elem;
+    constexpr auto BL         = log2(full_elems);
+    return BL;
+}
+
+template <typename T, typename MP, bits_t B>
+constexpr bits_t derive_bits_leaf = derive_bits_leaf_aux<T, MP, B>();
+
+} // namespace rbts
+} // namespace detail
+} // namespace immer
diff --git a/src/immer/immer/detail/rbts/operations.hpp b/src/immer/immer/detail/rbts/operations.hpp
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000..8543915aeafd9
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/immer/immer/detail/rbts/operations.hpp
@@ -0,0 +1,2510 @@
+//
+// immer: immutable data structures for C++
+// Copyright (C) 2016, 2017, 2018 Juan Pedro Bolivar Puente
+//
+// This software is distributed under the Boost Software License, Version 1.0.
+// See accompanying file LICENSE or copy at http://boost.org/LICENSE_1_0.txt
+//
+
+#pragma once
+
+#include <algorithm>
+#include <memory>
+#include <numeric>
+#include <utility>
+
+#include <immer/config.hpp>
+#include <immer/detail/rbts/position.hpp>
+#include <immer/detail/rbts/visitor.hpp>
+#include <immer/detail/util.hpp>
+#include <immer/heap/tags.hpp>
+
+namespace immer {
+namespace detail {
+namespace rbts {
+
+template <typename T>
+struct array_for_visitor : visitor_base<array_for_visitor<T>>
+{
+    using this_t = array_for_visitor;
+
+    template <typename PosT>
+    static T* visit_inner(PosT&& pos, size_t idx)
+    {
+        return pos.descend(this_t{}, idx);
+    }
+
+    template <typename PosT>
+    static T* visit_leaf(PosT&& pos, size_t)
+    {
+        return pos.node()->leaf();
+    }
+};
+
+template <typename T>
+struct region_for_visitor : visitor_base<region_for_visitor<T>>
+{
+    using this_t   = region_for_visitor;
+    using result_t = std::tuple<T*, size_t, size_t>;
+
+    template <typename PosT>
+    static result_t visit_inner(PosT&& pos, size_t idx)
+    {
+        return pos.towards(this_t{}, idx);
+    }
+
+    template <typename PosT>
+    static result_t visit_leaf(PosT&& pos, size_t idx)
+    {
+        return std::make_tuple(pos.node()->leaf(), pos.index(idx), pos.count());
+    }
+};
+
+template <typename T>
+struct get_visitor : visitor_base<get_visitor<T>>
+{
+    using this_t = get_visitor;
+
+    template <typename PosT>
+    static const T& visit_inner(PosT&& pos, size_t idx)
+    {
+        return pos.descend(this_t{}, idx);
+    }
+
+    template <typename PosT>
+    static const T& visit_leaf(PosT&& pos, size_t idx)
+    {
+        return pos.node()->leaf()[pos.index(idx)];
+    }
+};
+
+struct for_each_chunk_visitor : visitor_base<for_each_chunk_visitor>
+{
+    using this_t = for_each_chunk_visitor;
+
+    template <typename Pos, typename Fn>
+    static void visit_inner(Pos&& pos, Fn&& fn)
+    {
+        pos.each(this_t{}, fn);
+    }
+
+    template <typename Pos, typename Fn>
+    static void visit_leaf(Pos&& pos, Fn&& fn)
+    {
+        auto data = pos.node()->leaf();
+        fn(data, data + pos.count());
+    }
+};
+
+struct for_each_chunk_p_visitor : visitor_base<for_each_chunk_p_visitor>
+{
+    using this_t = for_each_chunk_p_visitor;
+
+    template <typename Pos, typename Fn>
+    static bool visit_inner(Pos&& pos, Fn&& fn)
+    {
+        return pos.each_pred(this_t{}, fn);
+    }
+
+    template <typename Pos, typename Fn>
+    static bool visit_leaf(Pos&& pos, Fn&& fn)
+    {
+        auto data = pos.node()->leaf();
+        return fn(data, data + pos.count());
+    }
+};
+
+struct for_each_chunk_left_visitor : visitor_base<for_each_chunk_left_visitor>
+{
+    using this_t = for_each_chunk_left_visitor;
+
+    template <typename Pos, typename Fn>
+    static void visit_inner(Pos&& pos, size_t last, Fn&& fn)
+    {
+        auto l = pos.index(last);
+        pos.each_left(for_each_chunk_visitor{}, l, fn);
+        pos.towards_oh(this_t{}, last, l, fn);
+    }
+
+    template <typename Pos, typename Fn>
+    static void visit_leaf(Pos&& pos, size_t last, Fn&& fn)
+    {
+        auto data = pos.node()->leaf();
+        auto l    = pos.index(last);
+        fn(data, data + l + 1);
+    }
+};
+
+struct for_each_chunk_right_visitor : visitor_base<for_each_chunk_right_visitor>
+{
+    using this_t = for_each_chunk_right_visitor;
+
+    template <typename Pos, typename Fn>
+    static void visit_inner(Pos&& pos, size_t first, Fn&& fn)
+    {
+        auto f = pos.index(first);
+        pos.towards_oh(this_t{}, first, f, fn);
+        pos.each_right(for_each_chunk_visitor{}, f + 1, fn);
+    }
+
+    template <typename Pos, typename Fn>
+    static void visit_leaf(Pos&& pos, size_t first, Fn&& fn)
+    {
+        auto data = pos.node()->leaf();
+        auto f    = pos.index(first);
+        fn(data + f, data + pos.count());
+    }
+};
+
+struct for_each_chunk_i_visitor : visitor_base<for_each_chunk_i_visitor>
+{
+    using this_t = for_each_chunk_i_visitor;
+
+    template <typename Pos, typename Fn>
+    static void visit_relaxed(Pos&& pos, size_t first, size_t last, Fn&& fn)
+    {
+        // we are going towards *two* indices, so we need to do the
+        // relaxed as a special case to correct the second index
+        if (first < last) {
+            auto f = pos.index(first);
+            auto l = pos.index(last - 1);
+            if (f == l) {
+                auto sbh = pos.size_before(f);
+                pos.towards_oh_sbh(this_t{}, first, f, sbh, last - sbh, fn);
+            } else {
+                assert(f < l);
+                pos.towards_oh(for_each_chunk_right_visitor{}, first, f, fn);
+                pos.each_i(for_each_chunk_visitor{}, f + 1, l, fn);
+                pos.towards_oh(for_each_chunk_left_visitor{}, last - 1, l, fn);
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    template <typename Pos, typename Fn>
+    static void visit_regular(Pos&& pos, size_t first, size_t last, Fn&& fn)
+    {
+        if (first < last) {
+            auto f = pos.index(first);
+            auto l = pos.index(last - 1);
+            if (f == l)
+                pos.towards_oh(this_t{}, first, f, last, fn);
+            else {
+                assert(f < l);
+                pos.towards_oh(for_each_chunk_right_visitor{}, first, f, fn);
+                pos.each_i(for_each_chunk_visitor{}, f + 1, l, fn);
+                pos.towards_oh(for_each_chunk_left_visitor{}, last - 1, l, fn);
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    template <typename Pos, typename Fn>
+    static void visit_leaf(Pos&& pos, size_t first, size_t last, Fn&& fn)
+    {
+        auto data = pos.node()->leaf();
+        if (first < last) {
+            auto f = pos.index(first);
+            auto l = pos.index(last - 1);
+            fn(data + f, data + l + 1);
+        }
+    }
+};
+
+struct for_each_chunk_p_left_visitor
+    : visitor_base<for_each_chunk_p_left_visitor>
+{
+    using this_t = for_each_chunk_p_left_visitor;
+
+    template <typename Pos, typename Fn>
+    static bool visit_inner(Pos&& pos, size_t last, Fn&& fn)
+    {
+        auto l = pos.index(last);
+        return pos.each_pred_left(for_each_chunk_p_visitor{}, l, fn) &&
+               pos.towards_oh(this_t{}, last, l, fn);
+    }
+
+    template <typename Pos, typename Fn>
+    static bool visit_leaf(Pos&& pos, size_t last, Fn&& fn)
+    {
+        auto data = pos.node()->leaf();
+        auto l    = pos.index(last);
+        return fn(data, data + l + 1);
+    }
+};
+
+struct for_each_chunk_p_right_visitor
+    : visitor_base<for_each_chunk_p_right_visitor>
+{
+    using this_t = for_each_chunk_p_right_visitor;
+
+    template <typename Pos, typename Fn>
+    static bool visit_inner(Pos&& pos, size_t first, Fn&& fn)
+    {
+        auto f = pos.index(first);
+        return pos.towards_oh(this_t{}, first, f, fn) &&
+               pos.each_pred_right(for_each_chunk_p_visitor{}, f + 1, fn);
+    }
+
+    template <typename Pos, typename Fn>
+    static bool visit_leaf(Pos&& pos, size_t first, Fn&& fn)
+    {
+        auto data = pos.node()->leaf();
+        auto f    = pos.index(first);
+        return fn(data + f, data + pos.count());
+    }
+};
+
+struct for_each_chunk_p_i_visitor : visitor_base<for_each_chunk_p_i_visitor>
+{
+    using this_t = for_each_chunk_p_i_visitor;
+
+    template <typename Pos, typename Fn>
+    static bool visit_relaxed(Pos&& pos, size_t first, size_t last, Fn&& fn)
+    {
+        // we are going towards *two* indices, so we need to do the
+        // relaxed as a special case to correct the second index
+        if (first < last) {
+            auto f = pos.index(first);
+            auto l = pos.index(last - 1);
+            if (f == l) {
+                auto sbh = pos.size_before(f);
+                return pos.towards_oh_sbh(
+                    this_t{}, first, f, sbh, last - sbh, fn);
+            } else {
+                assert(f < l);
+                return pos.towards_oh(
+                           for_each_chunk_p_right_visitor{}, first, f, fn) &&
+                       pos.each_pred_i(
+                           for_each_chunk_p_visitor{}, f + 1, l, fn) &&
+                       pos.towards_oh(
+                           for_each_chunk_p_left_visitor{}, last - 1, l, fn);
+            }
+        }
+        return true;
+    }
+
+    template <typename Pos, typename Fn>
+    static bool visit_regular(Pos&& pos, size_t first, size_t last, Fn&& fn)
+    {
+        if (first < last) {
+            auto f = pos.index(first);
+            auto l = pos.index(last - 1);
+            if (f == l)
+                return pos.towards_oh(this_t{}, first, f, last, fn);
+            else {
+                assert(f < l);
+                return pos.towards_oh(
+                           for_each_chunk_p_right_visitor{}, first, f, fn) &&
+                       pos.each_pred_i(
+                           for_each_chunk_p_visitor{}, f + 1, l, fn) &&
+                       pos.towards_oh(
+                           for_each_chunk_p_left_visitor{}, last - 1, l, fn);
+            }
+        }
+        return true;
+    }
+
+    template <typename Pos, typename Fn>
+    static bool visit_leaf(Pos&& pos, size_t first, size_t last, Fn&& fn)
+    {
+        auto data = pos.node()->leaf();
+        if (first < last) {
+            auto f = pos.index(first);
+            auto l = pos.index(last - 1);
+            return fn(data + f, data + l + 1);
+        }
+        return true;
+    }
+};
+
+struct equals_visitor : visitor_base<equals_visitor>
+{
+    using this_t = equals_visitor;
+
+    struct this_aux_t : visitor_base<this_aux_t>
+    {
+        template <typename PosR, typename PosL, typename Iter>
+        static bool visit_inner(
+            PosR&& posr, count_t i, PosL&& posl, Iter&& first, size_t idx)
+        {
+            return posl.nth_sub(i, this_t{}, posr, first, idx);
+        }
+
+        template <typename PosR, typename PosL, typename Iter>
+        static bool visit_leaf(
+            PosR&& posr, count_t i, PosL&& posl, Iter&& first, size_t idx)
+        {
+            return posl.nth_sub_leaf(i, this_t{}, posr, first, idx);
+        }
+    };
+
+    struct rrb : visitor_base<rrb>
+    {
+        template <typename PosR, typename Iter, typename Node>
+        static bool visit_node(PosR&& posr,
+                               Iter&& first,
+                               Node* rootl,
+                               shift_t shiftl,
+                               size_t sizel)
+        {
+            assert(shiftl <= posr.shift());
+            return shiftl == posr.shift()
+                       ? visit_maybe_relaxed_sub(rootl,
+                                                 shiftl,
+                                                 sizel,
+                                                 this_t{},
+                                                 posr,
+                                                 first,
+                                                 size_t{})
+                       : posr.first_sub_inner(
+                             rrb{}, first, rootl, shiftl, sizel);
+        }
+    };
+
+    template <typename Iter>
+    static auto equal_chunk_p(Iter&& iter)
+    {
+        return [iter](auto f, auto e) mutable {
+            if (f == &*iter) {
+                iter += e - f;
+                return true;
+            }
+            for (; f != e; ++f, ++iter)
+                if (*f != *iter)
+                    return false;
+            return true;
+        };
+    }
+
+    template <typename PosL, typename PosR, typename Iter>
+    static bool
+    visit_relaxed(PosL&& posl, PosR&& posr, Iter&& first, size_t idx)
+    {
+        auto nl = posl.node();
+        auto nr = posr.node();
+        if (nl == nr)
+            return true;
+        auto cl = posl.count();
+        auto cr = posr.count();
+        assert(cr > 0);
+        auto sbr = size_t{};
+        auto i   = count_t{};
+        auto j   = count_t{};
+        for (; i < cl; ++i) {
+            auto sbl = posl.size_before(i);
+            for (; j + 1 < cr && (sbr = posr.size_before(j)) < sbl; ++j)
+                ;
+            auto res =
+                sbl == sbr
+                    ? posr.nth_sub(j, this_aux_t{}, i, posl, first, idx + sbl)
+                    : posl.nth_sub(i,
+                                   for_each_chunk_p_visitor{},
+                                   this_t::equal_chunk_p(first + (idx + sbl)));
+            if (!res)
+                return false;
+        }
+        return true;
+    }
+
+    template <typename PosL, typename PosR, typename Iter>
+    static std::enable_if_t<is_relaxed_v<PosR>, bool>
+    visit_regular(PosL&& posl, PosR&& posr, Iter&& first, size_t idx)
+    {
+        return this_t::visit_relaxed(posl, posr, first, idx);
+    }
+
+    template <typename PosL, typename PosR, typename Iter>
+    static std::enable_if_t<!is_relaxed_v<PosR>, bool>
+    visit_regular(PosL&& posl, PosR&& posr, Iter&& first, size_t idx)
+    {
+        return posl.count() >= posr.count()
+                   ? this_t::visit_regular(posl, posr.node())
+                   : this_t::visit_regular(posr, posl.node());
+    }
+
+    template <typename PosL, typename PosR, typename Iter>
+    static bool visit_leaf(PosL&& posl, PosR&& posr, Iter&& first, size_t idx)
+    {
+        if (posl.node() == posr.node())
+            return true;
+        auto cl = posl.count();
+        auto cr = posr.count();
+        auto mp = std::min(cl, cr);
+        return std::equal(posl.node()->leaf(),
+                          posl.node()->leaf() + mp,
+                          posr.node()->leaf()) &&
+               std::equal(posl.node()->leaf() + mp,
+                          posl.node()->leaf() + posl.count(),
+                          first + (idx + mp));
+    }
+
+    template <typename Pos, typename NodeT>
+    static bool visit_regular(Pos&& pos, NodeT* other)
+    {
+        auto node = pos.node();
+        return node == other || pos.each_pred_zip(this_t{}, other);
+    }
+
+    template <typename Pos, typename NodeT>
+    static bool visit_leaf(Pos&& pos, NodeT* other)
+    {
+        auto node = pos.node();
+        return node == other || std::equal(node->leaf(),
+                                           node->leaf() + pos.count(),
+                                           other->leaf());
+    }
+};
+
+template <typename NodeT>
+struct update_visitor : visitor_base<update_visitor<NodeT>>
+{
+    using node_t = NodeT;
+    using this_t = update_visitor;
+
+    template <typename Pos, typename Fn>
+    static node_t* visit_relaxed(Pos&& pos, size_t idx, Fn&& fn)
+    {
+        auto offset = pos.index(idx);
+        auto count  = pos.count();
+        auto node   = node_t::make_inner_sr_n(count, pos.relaxed());
+        IMMER_TRY {
+            auto child = pos.towards_oh(this_t{}, idx, offset, fn);
+            node_t::do_copy_inner_sr(node, pos.node(), count);
+            node->inner()[offset]->dec_unsafe();
+            node->inner()[offset] = child;
+            return node;
+        }
+        IMMER_CATCH (...) {
+            node_t::delete_inner_r(node, count);
+            IMMER_RETHROW;
+        }
+    }
+
+    template <typename Pos, typename Fn>
+    static node_t* visit_regular(Pos&& pos, size_t idx, Fn&& fn)
+    {
+        auto offset = pos.index(idx);
+        auto count  = pos.count();
+        auto node   = node_t::make_inner_n(count);
+        IMMER_TRY {
+            auto child = pos.towards_oh_ch(this_t{}, idx, offset, count, fn);
+            node_t::do_copy_inner(node, pos.node(), count);
+            node->inner()[offset]->dec_unsafe();
+            node->inner()[offset] = child;
+            return node;
+        }
+        IMMER_CATCH (...) {
+            node_t::delete_inner(node, count);
+            IMMER_RETHROW;
+        }
+    }
+
+    template <typename Pos, typename Fn>
+    static node_t* visit_leaf(Pos&& pos, size_t idx, Fn&& fn)
+    {
+        auto offset = pos.index(idx);
+        auto node   = node_t::copy_leaf(pos.node(), pos.count());
+        IMMER_TRY {
+            node->leaf()[offset] =
+                std::forward<Fn>(fn)(std::move(node->leaf()[offset]));
+            return node;
+        }
+        IMMER_CATCH (...) {
+            node_t::delete_leaf(node, pos.count());
+            IMMER_RETHROW;
+        }
+    }
+};
+
+struct dec_visitor : visitor_base<dec_visitor>
+{
+    using this_t = dec_visitor;
+
+    template <typename Pos>
+    static void visit_relaxed(Pos&& p)
+    {
+        using node_t = node_type<Pos>;
+        auto node    = p.node();
+        if (node->dec()) {
+            p.each(this_t{});
+            node_t::delete_inner_r(node, p.count());
+        }
+    }
+
+    template <typename Pos>
+    static void visit_regular(Pos&& p)
+    {
+        using node_t = node_type<Pos>;
+        auto node    = p.node();
+        if (node->dec()) {
+            p.each(this_t{});
+            node_t::delete_inner(node, p.count());
+        }
+    }
+
+    template <typename Pos>
+    static void visit_leaf(Pos&& p)
+    {
+        using node_t = node_type<Pos>;
+        auto node    = p.node();
+        if (node->dec()) {
+            node_t::delete_leaf(node, p.count());
+        }
+    }
+};
+
+template <typename NodeT>
+void dec_leaf(NodeT* node, count_t n)
+{
+    make_leaf_sub_pos(node, n).visit(dec_visitor{});
+}
+
+template <typename NodeT>
+void dec_inner(NodeT* node, shift_t shift, size_t size)
+{
+    visit_maybe_relaxed_sub(node, shift, size, dec_visitor());
+}
+
+template <typename NodeT>
+void dec_relaxed(NodeT* node, shift_t shift)
+{
+    make_relaxed_pos(node, shift, node->relaxed()).visit(dec_visitor());
+}
+
+template <typename NodeT>
+void dec_regular(NodeT* node, shift_t shift, size_t size)
+{
+    make_regular_pos(node, shift, size).visit(dec_visitor());
+}
+
+template <typename NodeT>
+void dec_empty_regular(NodeT* node)
+{
+    make_empty_regular_pos(node).visit(dec_visitor());
+}
+
+template <typename NodeT>
+struct get_mut_visitor : visitor_base<get_mut_visitor<NodeT>>
+{
+    using node_t  = NodeT;
+    using this_t  = get_mut_visitor;
+    using value_t = typename NodeT::value_t;
+    using edit_t  = typename NodeT::edit_t;
+
+    template <typename Pos>
+    static value_t&
+    visit_relaxed(Pos&& pos, size_t idx, edit_t e, node_t** location)
+    {
+        auto offset = pos.index(idx);
+        auto count  = pos.count();
+        auto node   = pos.node();
+        if (node->can_mutate(e)) {
+            return pos.towards_oh(
+                this_t{}, idx, offset, e, &node->inner()[offset]);
+        } else {
+            auto new_node = node_t::copy_inner_sr_e(e, node, count);
+            IMMER_TRY {
+                auto& res = pos.towards_oh(
+                    this_t{}, idx, offset, e, &new_node->inner()[offset]);
+                pos.visit(dec_visitor{});
+                *location = new_node;
+                return res;
+            }
+            IMMER_CATCH (...) {
+                dec_relaxed(new_node, pos.shift());
+                IMMER_RETHROW;
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    template <typename Pos>
+    static value_t&
+    visit_regular(Pos&& pos, size_t idx, edit_t e, node_t** location)
+    {
+        assert(pos.node() == *location);
+        auto offset = pos.index(idx);
+        auto count  = pos.count();
+        auto node   = pos.node();
+        if (node->can_mutate(e)) {
+            return pos.towards_oh_ch(
+                this_t{}, idx, offset, count, e, &node->inner()[offset]);
+        } else {
+            auto new_node = node_t::copy_inner_e(e, node, count);
+            IMMER_TRY {
+                auto& res = pos.towards_oh_ch(this_t{},
+                                              idx,
+                                              offset,
+                                              count,
+                                              e,
+                                              &new_node->inner()[offset]);
+                pos.visit(dec_visitor{});
+                *location = new_node;
+                return res;
+            }
+            IMMER_CATCH (...) {
+                dec_regular(new_node, pos.shift(), pos.size());
+                IMMER_RETHROW;
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    template <typename Pos>
+    static value_t&
+    visit_leaf(Pos&& pos, size_t idx, edit_t e, node_t** location)
+    {
+        assert(pos.node() == *location);
+        auto node = pos.node();
+        if (node->can_mutate(e)) {
+            return node->leaf()[pos.index(idx)];
+        } else {
+            auto new_node = node_t::copy_leaf_e(e, pos.node(), pos.count());
+            pos.visit(dec_visitor{});
+            *location = new_node;
+            return new_node->leaf()[pos.index(idx)];
+        }
+    }
+};
+
+template <typename NodeT, bool Mutating = true>
+struct push_tail_mut_visitor
+    : visitor_base<push_tail_mut_visitor<NodeT, Mutating>>
+{
+    static constexpr auto B  = NodeT::bits;
+    static constexpr auto BL = NodeT::bits_leaf;
+
+    using this_t        = push_tail_mut_visitor;
+    using this_no_mut_t = push_tail_mut_visitor<NodeT, false>;
+    using node_t        = NodeT;
+    using edit_t        = typename NodeT::edit_t;
+
+    template <typename Pos>
+    static node_t* visit_relaxed(Pos&& pos, edit_t e, node_t* tail, count_t ts)
+    {
+        auto node     = pos.node();
+        auto level    = pos.shift();
+        auto idx      = pos.count() - 1;
+        auto children = pos.size(idx);
+        auto new_idx =
+            children == size_t{1} << level || level == BL ? idx + 1 : idx;
+        auto new_child = static_cast<node_t*>(nullptr);
+        auto mutate    = Mutating && node->can_mutate(e);
+
+        if (new_idx >= branches<B>)
+            return nullptr;
+        else if (idx == new_idx) {
+            new_child =
+                mutate ? pos.last_oh_csh(this_t{}, idx, children, e, tail, ts)
+                       : pos.last_oh_csh(
+                             this_no_mut_t{}, idx, children, e, tail, ts);
+            if (!new_child) {
+                if (++new_idx < branches<B>)
+                    new_child = node_t::make_path_e(e, level - B, tail);
+                else
+                    return nullptr;
+            }
+        } else
+            new_child = node_t::make_path_e(e, level - B, tail);
+
+        if (mutate) {
+            auto count             = new_idx + 1;
+            auto relaxed           = node->ensure_mutable_relaxed_n(e, new_idx);
+            node->inner()[new_idx] = new_child;
+            relaxed->d.sizes[new_idx] = pos.size() + ts;
+            relaxed->d.count          = count;
+            assert(relaxed->d.sizes[new_idx]);
+            return node;
+        } else {
+            IMMER_TRY {
+                auto count    = new_idx + 1;
+                auto new_node = node_t::copy_inner_r_e(e, pos.node(), new_idx);
+                auto relaxed  = new_node->relaxed();
+                new_node->inner()[new_idx] = new_child;
+                relaxed->d.sizes[new_idx]  = pos.size() + ts;
+                relaxed->d.count           = count;
+                assert(relaxed->d.sizes[new_idx]);
+                if (Mutating)
+                    pos.visit(dec_visitor{});
+                return new_node;
+            }
+            IMMER_CATCH (...) {
+                auto shift = pos.shift();
+                auto size  = new_idx == idx ? children + ts : ts;
+                if (shift > BL) {
+                    tail->inc();
+                    dec_inner(new_child, shift - B, size);
+                }
+                IMMER_RETHROW;
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    template <typename Pos, typename... Args>
+    static node_t* visit_regular(Pos&& pos, edit_t e, node_t* tail, Args&&...)
+    {
+        assert((pos.size() & mask<BL>) == 0);
+        auto node    = pos.node();
+        auto idx     = pos.index(pos.size() - 1);
+        auto new_idx = pos.index(pos.size() + branches<BL> - 1);
+        auto mutate  = Mutating && node->can_mutate(e);
+        if (mutate) {
+            node->inner()[new_idx] =
+                idx == new_idx ? pos.last_oh(this_t{}, idx, e, tail)
+                               /* otherwise */
+                               : node_t::make_path_e(e, pos.shift() - B, tail);
+            return node;
+        } else {
+            auto new_parent = node_t::make_inner_e(e);
+            IMMER_TRY {
+                new_parent->inner()[new_idx] =
+                    idx == new_idx
+                        ? pos.last_oh(this_no_mut_t{}, idx, e, tail)
+                        /* otherwise */
+                        : node_t::make_path_e(e, pos.shift() - B, tail);
+                node_t::do_copy_inner(new_parent, node, new_idx);
+                if (Mutating)
+                    pos.visit(dec_visitor{});
+                return new_parent;
+            }
+            IMMER_CATCH (...) {
+                node_t::delete_inner_e(new_parent);
+                IMMER_RETHROW;
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    template <typename Pos, typename... Args>
+    static node_t* visit_leaf(Pos&& pos, edit_t e, node_t* tail, Args&&...)
+    {
+        IMMER_UNREACHABLE;
+    }
+};
+
+template <typename NodeT>
+struct push_tail_visitor : visitor_base<push_tail_visitor<NodeT>>
+{
+    static constexpr auto B  = NodeT::bits;
+    static constexpr auto BL = NodeT::bits_leaf;
+
+    using this_t = push_tail_visitor;
+    using node_t = NodeT;
+
+    template <typename Pos>
+    static node_t* visit_relaxed(Pos&& pos, node_t* tail, count_t ts)
+    {
+        auto level    = pos.shift();
+        auto idx      = pos.count() - 1;
+        auto children = pos.size(idx);
+        auto new_idx =
+            children == size_t{1} << level || level == BL ? idx + 1 : idx;
+        auto new_child = static_cast<node_t*>(nullptr);
+        if (new_idx >= branches<B>)
+            return nullptr;
+        else if (idx == new_idx) {
+            new_child = pos.last_oh_csh(this_t{}, idx, children, tail, ts);
+            if (!new_child) {
+                if (++new_idx < branches<B>)
+                    new_child = node_t::make_path(level - B, tail);
+                else
+                    return nullptr;
+            }
+        } else
+            new_child = node_t::make_path(level - B, tail);
+        IMMER_TRY {
+            auto count = new_idx + 1;
+            auto new_parent =
+                node_t::copy_inner_r_n(count, pos.node(), new_idx);
+            auto new_relaxed              = new_parent->relaxed();
+            new_parent->inner()[new_idx]  = new_child;
+            new_relaxed->d.sizes[new_idx] = pos.size() + ts;
+            new_relaxed->d.count          = count;
+            assert(new_relaxed->d.sizes[new_idx]);
+            return new_parent;
+        }
+        IMMER_CATCH (...) {
+            auto shift = pos.shift();
+            auto size  = new_idx == idx ? children + ts : ts;
+            if (shift > BL) {
+                tail->inc();
+                dec_inner(new_child, shift - B, size);
+            }
+            IMMER_RETHROW;
+        }
+    }
+
+    template <typename Pos, typename... Args>
+    static node_t* visit_regular(Pos&& pos, node_t* tail, Args&&...)
+    {
+        assert((pos.size() & mask<BL>) == 0);
+        auto idx        = pos.index(pos.size() - 1);
+        auto new_idx    = pos.index(pos.size() + branches<BL> - 1);
+        auto count      = new_idx + 1;
+        auto new_parent = node_t::make_inner_n(count);
+        IMMER_TRY {
+            new_parent->inner()[new_idx] =
+                idx == new_idx ? pos.last_oh(this_t{}, idx, tail)
+                               /* otherwise */
+                               : node_t::make_path(pos.shift() - B, tail);
+        }
+        IMMER_CATCH (...) {
+            node_t::delete_inner(new_parent, count);
+            IMMER_RETHROW;
+        }
+        return node_t::do_copy_inner(new_parent, pos.node(), new_idx);
+    }
+
+    template <typename Pos, typename... Args>
+    static node_t* visit_leaf(Pos&& pos, node_t* tail, Args&&...)
+    {
+        IMMER_UNREACHABLE;
+    }
+};
+
+struct dec_right_visitor : visitor_base<dec_right_visitor>
+{
+    using this_t = dec_right_visitor;
+    using dec_t  = dec_visitor;
+
+    template <typename Pos>
+    static void visit_relaxed(Pos&& p, count_t idx)
+    {
+        using node_t = node_type<Pos>;
+        auto node    = p.node();
+        if (node->dec()) {
+            p.each_right(dec_t{}, idx);
+            node_t::delete_inner_r(node, p.count());
+        }
+    }
+
+    template <typename Pos>
+    static void visit_regular(Pos&& p, count_t idx)
+    {
+        using node_t = node_type<Pos>;
+        auto node    = p.node();
+        if (node->dec()) {
+            p.each_right(dec_t{}, idx);
+            node_t::delete_inner(node, p.count());
+        }
+    }
+
+    template <typename Pos>
+    static void visit_leaf(Pos&& p, count_t idx)
+    {
+        IMMER_UNREACHABLE;
+    }
+};
+
+template <typename NodeT, bool Collapse = true, bool Mutating = true>
+struct slice_right_mut_visitor
+    : visitor_base<slice_right_mut_visitor<NodeT, Collapse, Mutating>>
+{
+    using node_t = NodeT;
+    using this_t = slice_right_mut_visitor;
+    using edit_t = typename NodeT::edit_t;
+
+    // returns a new shift, new root, the new tail size and the new tail
+    using result_t             = std::tuple<shift_t, NodeT*, count_t, NodeT*>;
+    using no_collapse_t        = slice_right_mut_visitor<NodeT, false, true>;
+    using no_collapse_no_mut_t = slice_right_mut_visitor<NodeT, false, false>;
+    using no_mut_t = slice_right_mut_visitor<NodeT, Collapse, false>;
+
+    static constexpr auto B  = NodeT::bits;
+    static constexpr auto BL = NodeT::bits_leaf;
+
+    template <typename PosT>
+    static result_t visit_relaxed(PosT&& pos, size_t last, edit_t e)
+    {
+        auto idx    = pos.index(last);
+        auto node   = pos.node();
+        auto mutate = Mutating && node->can_mutate(e);
+        if (Collapse && idx == 0) {
+            auto res = mutate ? pos.towards_oh(this_t{}, last, idx, e)
+                              : pos.towards_oh(no_mut_t{}, last, idx, e);
+            if (Mutating)
+                pos.visit(dec_right_visitor{}, count_t{1});
+            return res;
+        } else {
+            using std::get;
+            auto subs =
+                mutate ? pos.towards_oh(no_collapse_t{}, last, idx, e)
+                       : pos.towards_oh(no_collapse_no_mut_t{}, last, idx, e);
+            auto next = get<1>(subs);
+            auto ts   = get<2>(subs);
+            auto tail = get<3>(subs);
+            IMMER_TRY {
+                if (next) {
+                    if (mutate) {
+                        auto nodr = node->ensure_mutable_relaxed_n(e, idx);
+                        pos.each_right(dec_visitor{}, idx + 1);
+                        node->inner()[idx] = next;
+                        nodr->d.sizes[idx] = last + 1 - ts;
+                        nodr->d.count      = idx + 1;
+                        assert(nodr->d.sizes[idx]);
+                        return std::make_tuple(pos.shift(), node, ts, tail);
+                    } else {
+                        auto newn = node_t::copy_inner_r_e(e, node, idx);
+                        auto newr = newn->relaxed();
+                        newn->inner()[idx] = next;
+                        newr->d.sizes[idx] = last + 1 - ts;
+                        newr->d.count      = idx + 1;
+                        assert(newr->d.sizes[idx]);
+                        if (Mutating)
+                            pos.visit(dec_visitor{});
+                        return std::make_tuple(pos.shift(), newn, ts, tail);
+                    }
+                } else if (idx == 0) {
+                    if (Mutating)
+                        pos.visit(dec_right_visitor{}, count_t{1});
+                    return std::make_tuple(pos.shift(), nullptr, ts, tail);
+                } else if (Collapse && idx == 1 && pos.shift() > BL) {
+                    auto newn = pos.node()->inner()[0];
+                    if (!mutate)
+                        newn->inc();
+                    if (Mutating)
+                        pos.visit(dec_right_visitor{}, count_t{2});
+                    return std::make_tuple(pos.shift() - B, newn, ts, tail);
+                } else {
+                    if (mutate) {
+                        pos.each_right(dec_visitor{}, idx + 1);
+                        node->ensure_mutable_relaxed_n(e, idx)->d.count = idx;
+                        return std::make_tuple(pos.shift(), node, ts, tail);
+                    } else {
+                        auto newn = node_t::copy_inner_r_e(e, node, idx);
+                        if (Mutating)
+                            pos.visit(dec_visitor{});
+                        return std::make_tuple(pos.shift(), newn, ts, tail);
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+            IMMER_CATCH (...) {
+                assert(!mutate);
+                assert(!next || pos.shift() > BL);
+                if (next)
+                    dec_inner(next,
+                              pos.shift() - B,
+                              last + 1 - ts - pos.size_before(idx));
+                dec_leaf(tail, ts);
+                IMMER_RETHROW;
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    template <typename PosT>
+    static result_t visit_regular(PosT&& pos, size_t last, edit_t e)
+    {
+        auto idx    = pos.index(last);
+        auto node   = pos.node();
+        auto mutate = Mutating && node->can_mutate(e);
+        if (Collapse && idx == 0) {
+            auto res = mutate ? pos.towards_oh(this_t{}, last, idx, e)
+                              : pos.towards_oh(no_mut_t{}, last, idx, e);
+            if (Mutating)
+                pos.visit(dec_right_visitor{}, count_t{1});
+            return res;
+        } else {
+            using std::get;
+            auto subs =
+                mutate ? pos.towards_oh(no_collapse_t{}, last, idx, e)
+                       : pos.towards_oh(no_collapse_no_mut_t{}, last, idx, e);
+            auto next = get<1>(subs);
+            auto ts   = get<2>(subs);
+            auto tail = get<3>(subs);
+            IMMER_TRY {
+                if (next) {
+                    if (mutate) {
+                        node->inner()[idx] = next;
+                        pos.each_right(dec_visitor{}, idx + 1);
+                        return std::make_tuple(pos.shift(), node, ts, tail);
+                    } else {
+                        auto newn          = node_t::copy_inner_e(e, node, idx);
+                        newn->inner()[idx] = next;
+                        if (Mutating)
+                            pos.visit(dec_visitor{});
+                        return std::make_tuple(pos.shift(), newn, ts, tail);
+                    }
+                } else if (idx == 0) {
+                    if (Mutating)
+                        pos.visit(dec_right_visitor{}, count_t{1});
+                    return std::make_tuple(pos.shift(), nullptr, ts, tail);
+                } else if (Collapse && idx == 1 && pos.shift() > BL) {
+                    auto newn = pos.node()->inner()[0];
+                    if (!mutate)
+                        newn->inc();
+                    if (Mutating)
+                        pos.visit(dec_right_visitor{}, count_t{2});
+                    return std::make_tuple(pos.shift() - B, newn, ts, tail);
+                } else {
+                    if (mutate) {
+                        pos.each_right(dec_visitor{}, idx + 1);
+                        return std::make_tuple(pos.shift(), node, ts, tail);
+                    } else {
+                        auto newn = node_t::copy_inner_e(e, node, idx);
+                        if (Mutating)
+                            pos.visit(dec_visitor{});
+                        return std::make_tuple(pos.shift(), newn, ts, tail);
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+            IMMER_CATCH (...) {
+                assert(!mutate);
+                assert(!next || pos.shift() > BL);
+                assert(tail);
+                if (next)
+                    dec_regular(next, pos.shift() - B, last + 1 - ts);
+                dec_leaf(tail, ts);
+                IMMER_RETHROW;
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    template <typename PosT>
+    static result_t visit_leaf(PosT&& pos, size_t last, edit_t e)
+    {
+        auto old_tail_size = pos.count();
+        auto new_tail_size = pos.index(last) + 1;
+        auto node          = pos.node();
+        auto mutate        = Mutating && node->can_mutate(e);
+        if (new_tail_size == old_tail_size) {
+            if (!Mutating)
+                node->inc();
+            return std::make_tuple(0, nullptr, new_tail_size, node);
+        } else if (mutate) {
+            destroy_n(node->leaf() + new_tail_size,
+                      old_tail_size - new_tail_size);
+            return std::make_tuple(0, nullptr, new_tail_size, node);
+        } else {
+            auto new_tail = node_t::copy_leaf_e(e, node, new_tail_size);
+            if (Mutating)
+                pos.visit(dec_visitor{});
+            return std::make_tuple(0, nullptr, new_tail_size, new_tail);
+        }
+    }
+};
+
+template <typename NodeT, bool Collapse = true>
+struct slice_right_visitor : visitor_base<slice_right_visitor<NodeT, Collapse>>
+{
+    using node_t = NodeT;
+    using this_t = slice_right_visitor;
+
+    // returns a new shift, new root, the new tail size and the new tail
+    using result_t      = std::tuple<shift_t, NodeT*, count_t, NodeT*>;
+    using no_collapse_t = slice_right_visitor<NodeT, false>;
+
+    static constexpr auto B  = NodeT::bits;
+    static constexpr auto BL = NodeT::bits_leaf;
+
+    template <typename PosT>
+    static result_t visit_relaxed(PosT&& pos, size_t last)
+    {
+        auto idx = pos.index(last);
+        if (Collapse && idx == 0) {
+            return pos.towards_oh(this_t{}, last, idx);
+        } else {
+            using std::get;
+            auto subs = pos.towards_oh(no_collapse_t{}, last, idx);
+            auto next = get<1>(subs);
+            auto ts   = get<2>(subs);
+            auto tail = get<3>(subs);
+            IMMER_TRY {
+                if (next) {
+                    auto count = idx + 1;
+                    auto newn  = node_t::copy_inner_r_n(count, pos.node(), idx);
+                    auto newr  = newn->relaxed();
+                    newn->inner()[idx] = next;
+                    newr->d.sizes[idx] = last + 1 - ts;
+                    newr->d.count      = count;
+                    assert(newr->d.sizes[idx]);
+                    return std::make_tuple(pos.shift(), newn, ts, tail);
+                } else if (idx == 0) {
+                    return std::make_tuple(pos.shift(), nullptr, ts, tail);
+                } else if (Collapse && idx == 1 && pos.shift() > BL) {
+                    auto newn = pos.node()->inner()[0];
+                    return std::make_tuple(
+                        pos.shift() - B, newn->inc(), ts, tail);
+                } else {
+                    auto newn = node_t::copy_inner_r(pos.node(), idx);
+                    return std::make_tuple(pos.shift(), newn, ts, tail);
+                }
+            }
+            IMMER_CATCH (...) {
+                assert(!next || pos.shift() > BL);
+                if (next)
+                    dec_inner(next,
+                              pos.shift() - B,
+                              last + 1 - ts - pos.size_before(idx));
+                if (tail)
+                    dec_leaf(tail, ts);
+                IMMER_RETHROW;
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    template <typename PosT>
+    static result_t visit_regular(PosT&& pos, size_t last)
+    {
+        auto idx = pos.index(last);
+        if (Collapse && idx == 0) {
+            return pos.towards_oh(this_t{}, last, idx);
+        } else {
+            using std::get;
+            auto subs = pos.towards_oh(no_collapse_t{}, last, idx);
+            auto next = get<1>(subs);
+            auto ts   = get<2>(subs);
+            auto tail = get<3>(subs);
+            IMMER_TRY {
+                if (next) {
+                    auto newn = node_t::copy_inner_n(idx + 1, pos.node(), idx);
+                    newn->inner()[idx] = next;
+                    return std::make_tuple(pos.shift(), newn, ts, tail);
+                } else if (idx == 0) {
+                    return std::make_tuple(pos.shift(), nullptr, ts, tail);
+                } else if (Collapse && idx == 1 && pos.shift() > BL) {
+                    auto newn = pos.node()->inner()[0];
+                    return std::make_tuple(
+                        pos.shift() - B, newn->inc(), ts, tail);
+                } else {
+                    auto newn = node_t::copy_inner_n(idx, pos.node(), idx);
+                    return std::make_tuple(pos.shift(), newn, ts, tail);
+                }
+            }
+            IMMER_CATCH (...) {
+                assert(!next || pos.shift() > BL);
+                assert(tail);
+                if (next)
+                    dec_regular(next, pos.shift() - B, last + 1 - ts);
+                dec_leaf(tail, ts);
+                IMMER_RETHROW;
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    template <typename PosT>
+    static result_t visit_leaf(PosT&& pos, size_t last)
+    {
+        auto old_tail_size = pos.count();
+        auto new_tail_size = pos.index(last) + 1;
+        auto new_tail      = new_tail_size == old_tail_size
+                            ? pos.node()->inc()
+                            : node_t::copy_leaf(pos.node(), new_tail_size);
+        return std::make_tuple(0, nullptr, new_tail_size, new_tail);
+    }
+};
+
+struct dec_left_visitor : visitor_base<dec_left_visitor>
+{
+    using this_t = dec_left_visitor;
+    using dec_t  = dec_visitor;
+
+    template <typename Pos>
+    static void visit_relaxed(Pos&& p, count_t idx)
+    {
+        using node_t = node_type<Pos>;
+        auto node    = p.node();
+        if (node->dec()) {
+            p.each_left(dec_t{}, idx);
+            node_t::delete_inner_r(node, p.count());
+        }
+    }
+
+    template <typename Pos>
+    static void visit_regular(Pos&& p, count_t idx)
+    {
+        using node_t = node_type<Pos>;
+        auto node    = p.node();
+        if (node->dec()) {
+            p.each_left(dec_t{}, idx);
+            node_t::delete_inner(node, p.count());
+        }
+    }
+
+    template <typename Pos>
+    static void visit_leaf(Pos&& p, count_t idx)
+    {
+        IMMER_UNREACHABLE;
+    }
+};
+
+template <typename NodeT, bool Collapse = true, bool Mutating = true>
+struct slice_left_mut_visitor
+    : visitor_base<slice_left_mut_visitor<NodeT, Collapse, Mutating>>
+{
+    using node_t    = NodeT;
+    using this_t    = slice_left_mut_visitor;
+    using edit_t    = typename NodeT::edit_t;
+    using value_t   = typename NodeT::value_t;
+    using relaxed_t = typename NodeT::relaxed_t;
+    // returns a new shift and new root
+    using result_t = std::tuple<shift_t, NodeT*>;
+
+    using no_collapse_t        = slice_left_mut_visitor<NodeT, false, true>;
+    using no_collapse_no_mut_t = slice_left_mut_visitor<NodeT, false, false>;
+    using no_mut_t             = slice_left_mut_visitor<NodeT, Collapse, false>;
+
+    static constexpr auto B  = NodeT::bits;
+    static constexpr auto BL = NodeT::bits_leaf;
+
+    template <typename PosT>
+    static result_t visit_relaxed(PosT&& pos, size_t first, edit_t e)
+    {
+        auto idx                = pos.subindex(first);
+        auto count              = pos.count();
+        auto node               = pos.node();
+        auto mutate             = Mutating && node->can_mutate(e);
+        auto left_size          = pos.size_before(idx);
+        auto child_size         = pos.size_sbh(idx, left_size);
+        auto dropped_size       = first;
+        auto child_dropped_size = dropped_size - left_size;
+        if (Collapse && pos.shift() > BL && idx == pos.count() - 1) {
+            auto r = mutate ? pos.towards_sub_oh(this_t{}, first, idx, e)
+                            : pos.towards_sub_oh(no_mut_t{}, first, idx, e);
+            if (mutate)
+                pos.visit(dec_left_visitor{}, idx);
+            else if (Mutating)
+                pos.visit(dec_visitor{});
+            return r;
+        } else {
+            using std::get;
+            auto newn = mutate ? (node->ensure_mutable_relaxed(e), node)
+                               : node_t::make_inner_r_e(e);
+            auto newr           = newn->relaxed();
+            auto newcount       = count - idx;
+            auto new_child_size = child_size - child_dropped_size;
+            IMMER_TRY {
+                auto subs =
+                    mutate ? pos.towards_sub_oh(no_collapse_t{}, first, idx, e)
+                           : pos.towards_sub_oh(
+                                 no_collapse_no_mut_t{}, first, idx, e);
+                if (mutate)
+                    pos.each_left(dec_visitor{}, idx);
+                pos.copy_sizes(
+                    idx + 1, newcount - 1, new_child_size, newr->d.sizes + 1);
+                std::uninitialized_copy(node->inner() + idx + 1,
+                                        node->inner() + count,
+                                        newn->inner() + 1);
+                newn->inner()[0] = get<1>(subs);
+                newr->d.sizes[0] = new_child_size;
+                newr->d.count    = newcount;
+                assert(new_child_size);
+                if (!mutate) {
+                    node_t::inc_nodes(newn->inner() + 1, newcount - 1);
+                    if (Mutating)
+                        pos.visit(dec_visitor{});
+                }
+                return std::make_tuple(pos.shift(), newn);
+            }
+            IMMER_CATCH (...) {
+                if (!mutate)
+                    node_t::delete_inner_r_e(newn);
+                IMMER_RETHROW;
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    template <typename PosT>
+    static result_t visit_regular(PosT&& pos, size_t first, edit_t e)
+    {
+        auto idx    = pos.subindex(first);
+        auto count  = pos.count();
+        auto node   = pos.node();
+        auto mutate = Mutating
+                      // this is more restrictive than actually needed because
+                      // it causes the algorithm to also avoid mutating the leaf
+                      // in place
+                      && !node_t::embed_relaxed && node->can_mutate(e);
+        auto left_size          = pos.size_before(idx);
+        auto child_size         = pos.size_sbh(idx, left_size);
+        auto dropped_size       = first;
+        auto child_dropped_size = dropped_size - left_size;
+        if (Collapse && pos.shift() > BL && idx == pos.count() - 1) {
+            auto r = mutate ? pos.towards_sub_oh(this_t{}, first, idx, e)
+                            : pos.towards_sub_oh(no_mut_t{}, first, idx, e);
+            if (mutate)
+                pos.visit(dec_left_visitor{}, idx);
+            else if (Mutating)
+                pos.visit(dec_visitor{});
+            return r;
+        } else {
+            using std::get;
+            // if possible, we convert the node to a relaxed one simply by
+            // allocating a `relaxed_t` size table for it... maybe some of this
+            // magic should be moved as a `node<...>` static method...
+            auto newcount = count - idx;
+            auto newn =
+                mutate ? (node->impl.d.data.inner.relaxed = new (
+                              node_t::heap::allocate(node_t::max_sizeof_relaxed,
+                                                     norefs_tag{})) relaxed_t,
+                          node)
+                       : node_t::make_inner_r_e(e);
+            auto newr = newn->relaxed();
+            IMMER_TRY {
+                auto subs =
+                    mutate ? pos.towards_sub_oh(no_collapse_t{}, first, idx, e)
+                           : pos.towards_sub_oh(
+                                 no_collapse_no_mut_t{}, first, idx, e);
+                if (mutate)
+                    pos.each_left(dec_visitor{}, idx);
+                newr->d.sizes[0] = child_size - child_dropped_size;
+                assert(newr->d.sizes[0]);
+                pos.copy_sizes(
+                    idx + 1, newcount - 1, newr->d.sizes[0], newr->d.sizes + 1);
+                newr->d.count    = newcount;
+                newn->inner()[0] = get<1>(subs);
+                std::uninitialized_copy(node->inner() + idx + 1,
+                                        node->inner() + count,
+                                        newn->inner() + 1);
+                if (!mutate) {
+                    node_t::inc_nodes(newn->inner() + 1, newcount - 1);
+                    if (Mutating)
+                        pos.visit(dec_visitor{});
+                }
+                return std::make_tuple(pos.shift(), newn);
+            }
+            IMMER_CATCH (...) {
+                if (!mutate)
+                    node_t::delete_inner_r_e(newn);
+                else {
+                    // restore the regular node that we were
+                    // attempting to relax...
+                    node_t::heap::deallocate(node_t::max_sizeof_relaxed,
+                                             node->impl.d.data.inner.relaxed);
+                    node->impl.d.data.inner.relaxed = nullptr;
+                }
+                IMMER_RETHROW;
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    template <typename PosT>
+    static result_t visit_leaf(PosT&& pos, size_t first, edit_t e)
+    {
+        auto node   = pos.node();
+        auto idx    = pos.index(first);
+        auto count  = pos.count();
+        auto mutate = Mutating &&
+                      std::is_nothrow_move_constructible<value_t>::value &&
+                      node->can_mutate(e);
+        if (mutate) {
+            auto data     = node->leaf();
+            auto newcount = count - idx;
+            std::move(data + idx, data + count, data);
+            destroy_n(data + newcount, idx);
+            return std::make_tuple(0, node);
+        } else {
+            auto newn = node_t::copy_leaf_e(e, node, idx, count);
+            if (Mutating)
+                pos.visit(dec_visitor{});
+            return std::make_tuple(0, newn);
+        }
+    }
+};
+
+template <typename NodeT, bool Collapse = true>
+struct slice_left_visitor : visitor_base<slice_left_visitor<NodeT, Collapse>>
+{
+    using node_t = NodeT;
+    using this_t = slice_left_visitor;
+
+    // returns a new shift and new root
+    using result_t      = std::tuple<shift_t, NodeT*>;
+    using no_collapse_t = slice_left_visitor<NodeT, false>;
+
+    static constexpr auto B  = NodeT::bits;
+    static constexpr auto BL = NodeT::bits_leaf;
+
+    template <typename PosT>
+    static result_t visit_inner(PosT&& pos, size_t first)
+    {
+        auto idx                = pos.subindex(first);
+        auto count              = pos.count();
+        auto left_size          = pos.size_before(idx);
+        auto child_size         = pos.size_sbh(idx, left_size);
+        auto dropped_size       = first;
+        auto child_dropped_size = dropped_size - left_size;
+        if (Collapse && pos.shift() > BL && idx == pos.count() - 1) {
+            return pos.towards_sub_oh(this_t{}, first, idx);
+        } else {
+            using std::get;
+            auto n    = pos.node();
+            auto newc = count - idx;
+            auto newn = node_t::make_inner_r_n(newc);
+            IMMER_TRY {
+                auto subs     = pos.towards_sub_oh(no_collapse_t{}, first, idx);
+                auto newr     = newn->relaxed();
+                newr->d.count = count - idx;
+                newr->d.sizes[0] = child_size - child_dropped_size;
+                assert(newr->d.sizes[0]);
+                pos.copy_sizes(idx + 1,
+                               newr->d.count - 1,
+                               newr->d.sizes[0],
+                               newr->d.sizes + 1);
+                assert(newr->d.sizes[newr->d.count - 1] ==
+                       pos.size() - dropped_size);
+                newn->inner()[0] = get<1>(subs);
+                std::uninitialized_copy(n->inner() + idx + 1,
+                                        n->inner() + count,
+                                        newn->inner() + 1);
+                node_t::inc_nodes(newn->inner() + 1, newr->d.count - 1);
+                return std::make_tuple(pos.shift(), newn);
+            }
+            IMMER_CATCH (...) {
+                node_t::delete_inner_r(newn, newc);
+                IMMER_RETHROW;
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    template <typename PosT>
+    static result_t visit_leaf(PosT&& pos, size_t first)
+    {
+        auto n = node_t::copy_leaf(pos.node(), pos.index(first), pos.count());
+        return std::make_tuple(0, n);
+    }
+};
+
+template <typename Node>
+struct concat_center_pos
+{
+    static constexpr auto B  = Node::bits;
+    static constexpr auto BL = Node::bits_leaf;
+
+    static constexpr count_t max_children = 3;
+
+    using node_t = Node;
+    using edit_t = typename Node::edit_t;
+
+    shift_t shift_ = 0u;
+    count_t count_ = 0u;
+    node_t* nodes_[max_children];
+    size_t sizes_[max_children];
+
+    auto shift() const { return shift_; }
+
+    concat_center_pos(shift_t s, Node* n0, size_t s0)
+        : shift_{s}
+        , count_{1}
+        , nodes_{n0}
+        , sizes_{s0}
+    {}
+
+    concat_center_pos(shift_t s, Node* n0, size_t s0, Node* n1, size_t s1)
+        : shift_{s}
+        , count_{2}
+        , nodes_{n0, n1}
+        , sizes_{s0, s0 + s1}
+    {}
+
+    concat_center_pos(shift_t s,
+                      Node* n0,
+                      size_t s0,
+                      Node* n1,
+                      size_t s1,
+                      Node* n2,
+                      size_t s2)
+        : shift_{s}
+        , count_{3}
+        , nodes_{n0, n1, n2}
+        , sizes_{s0, s0 + s1, s0 + s1 + s2}
+    {}
+
+    template <typename Visitor, typename... Args>
+    void each_sub(Visitor v, Args&&... args)
+    {
+        if (shift_ == BL) {
+            auto s = size_t{};
+            for (auto i = count_t{0}; i < count_; ++i) {
+                make_leaf_sub_pos(nodes_[i], sizes_[i] - s).visit(v, args...);
+                s = sizes_[i];
+            }
+        } else {
+            for (auto i = count_t{0}; i < count_; ++i)
+                make_relaxed_pos(nodes_[i], shift_ - B, nodes_[i]->relaxed())
+                    .visit(v, args...);
+        }
+    }
+
+    relaxed_pos<Node> realize() &&
+    {
+        if (count_ > 1) {
+            IMMER_TRY {
+                auto result = node_t::make_inner_r_n(count_);
+                auto r      = result->relaxed();
+                r->d.count  = count_;
+                std::copy(nodes_, nodes_ + count_, result->inner());
+                std::copy(sizes_, sizes_ + count_, r->d.sizes);
+                return {result, shift_, r};
+            }
+            IMMER_CATCH (...) {
+                each_sub(dec_visitor{});
+                IMMER_RETHROW;
+            }
+        } else {
+            assert(shift_ >= B + BL);
+            return {nodes_[0], shift_ - B, nodes_[0]->relaxed()};
+        }
+    }
+
+    relaxed_pos<Node> realize_e(edit_t e)
+    {
+        if (count_ > 1) {
+            auto result = node_t::make_inner_r_e(e);
+            auto r      = result->relaxed();
+            r->d.count  = count_;
+            std::copy(nodes_, nodes_ + count_, result->inner());
+            std::copy(sizes_, sizes_ + count_, r->d.sizes);
+            return {result, shift_, r};
+        } else {
+            assert(shift_ >= B + BL);
+            return {nodes_[0], shift_ - B, nodes_[0]->relaxed()};
+        }
+    }
+};
+
+template <typename Node>
+struct concat_merger
+{
+    using node_t             = Node;
+    static constexpr auto B  = Node::bits;
+    static constexpr auto BL = Node::bits_leaf;
+
+    using result_t = concat_center_pos<Node>;
+
+    count_t* curr_;
+    count_t n_;
+    result_t result_;
+
+    concat_merger(shift_t shift, count_t* counts, count_t n)
+        : curr_{counts}
+        , n_{n}
+        , result_{
+              shift + B, node_t::make_inner_r_n(std::min(n_, branches<B>)), 0}
+    {}
+
+    node_t* to_        = {};
+    count_t to_offset_ = {};
+    size_t to_size_    = {};
+
+    void add_child(node_t* p, size_t size)
+    {
+        assert(size);
+        ++curr_;
+        auto parent  = result_.nodes_[result_.count_ - 1];
+        auto relaxed = parent->relaxed();
+        if (relaxed->d.count == branches<B>) {
+            assert(result_.count_ < result_t::max_children);
+            n_ -= branches<B>;
+            parent  = node_t::make_inner_r_n(std::min(n_, branches<B>));
+            relaxed = parent->relaxed();
+            result_.nodes_[result_.count_] = parent;
+            result_.sizes_[result_.count_] = result_.sizes_[result_.count_ - 1];
+            assert(result_.sizes_[result_.count_]);
+            ++result_.count_;
+        }
+        auto idx = relaxed->d.count++;
+        result_.sizes_[result_.count_ - 1] += size;
+        assert(result_.sizes_[result_.count_ - 1]);
+        relaxed->d.sizes[idx] = size + (idx ? relaxed->d.sizes[idx - 1] : 0);
+        assert(relaxed->d.sizes[idx]);
+        parent->inner()[idx] = p;
+    };
+
+    template <typename Pos>
+    void merge_leaf(Pos&& p)
+    {
+        auto from       = p.node();
+        auto from_size  = p.size();
+        auto from_count = p.count();
+        assert(from_size);
+        if (!to_ && *curr_ == from_count) {
+            add_child(from, from_size);
+            from->inc();
+        } else {
+            auto from_offset = count_t{};
+            auto from_data   = from->leaf();
+            do {
+                if (!to_) {
+                    to_        = node_t::make_leaf_n(*curr_);
+                    to_offset_ = 0;
+                }
+                auto data = to_->leaf();
+                auto to_copy =
+                    std::min(from_count - from_offset, *curr_ - to_offset_);
+                std::uninitialized_copy(from_data + from_offset,
+                                        from_data + from_offset + to_copy,
+                                        data + to_offset_);
+                to_offset_ += to_copy;
+                from_offset += to_copy;
+                if (*curr_ == to_offset_) {
+                    add_child(to_, to_offset_);
+                    to_ = nullptr;
+                }
+            } while (from_offset != from_count);
+        }
+    }
+
+    template <typename Pos>
+    void merge_inner(Pos&& p)
+    {
+        auto from       = p.node();
+        auto from_size  = p.size();
+        auto from_count = p.count();
+        assert(from_size);
+        if (!to_ && *curr_ == from_count) {
+            add_child(from, from_size);
+            from->inc();
+        } else {
+            auto from_offset = count_t{};
+            auto from_data   = from->inner();
+            do {
+                if (!to_) {
+                    to_        = node_t::make_inner_r_n(*curr_);
+                    to_offset_ = 0;
+                    to_size_   = 0;
+                }
+                auto data = to_->inner();
+                auto to_copy =
+                    std::min(from_count - from_offset, *curr_ - to_offset_);
+                std::uninitialized_copy(from_data + from_offset,
+                                        from_data + from_offset + to_copy,
+                                        data + to_offset_);
+                node_t::inc_nodes(from_data + from_offset, to_copy);
+                auto sizes = to_->relaxed()->d.sizes;
+                p.copy_sizes(
+                    from_offset, to_copy, to_size_, sizes + to_offset_);
+                to_offset_ += to_copy;
+                from_offset += to_copy;
+                to_size_ = sizes[to_offset_ - 1];
+                assert(to_size_);
+                if (*curr_ == to_offset_) {
+                    to_->relaxed()->d.count = to_offset_;
+                    add_child(to_, to_size_);
+                    to_ = nullptr;
+                }
+            } while (from_offset != from_count);
+        }
+    }
+
+    concat_center_pos<Node> finish() const
+    {
+        assert(!to_);
+        return result_;
+    }
+
+    void abort()
+    {
+        auto shift = result_.shift_ - B;
+        if (to_) {
+            if (shift == BL)
+                node_t::delete_leaf(to_, to_offset_);
+            else {
+                to_->relaxed()->d.count = to_offset_;
+                dec_relaxed(to_, shift - B);
+            }
+        }
+        result_.each_sub(dec_visitor());
+    }
+};
+
+struct concat_merger_visitor : visitor_base<concat_merger_visitor>
+{
+    using this_t = concat_merger_visitor;
+
+    template <typename Pos, typename Merger>
+    static void visit_inner(Pos&& p, Merger& merger)
+    {
+        merger.merge_inner(p);
+    }
+
+    template <typename Pos, typename Merger>
+    static void visit_leaf(Pos&& p, Merger& merger)
+    {
+        merger.merge_leaf(p);
+    }
+};
+
+struct concat_rebalance_plan_fill_visitor
+    : visitor_base<concat_rebalance_plan_fill_visitor>
+{
+    using this_t = concat_rebalance_plan_fill_visitor;
+
+    template <typename Pos, typename Plan>
+    static void visit_node(Pos&& p, Plan& plan)
+    {
+        auto count = p.count();
+        assert(plan.n < Plan::max_children);
+        plan.counts[plan.n++] = count;
+        plan.total += count;
+    }
+};
+
+template <bits_t B, bits_t BL>
+struct concat_rebalance_plan
+{
+    static constexpr auto max_children = 2 * branches<B> + 1;
+
+    count_t counts[max_children];
+    count_t n     = 0u;
+    count_t total = 0u;
+
+    template <typename LPos, typename CPos, typename RPos>
+    void fill(LPos&& lpos, CPos&& cpos, RPos&& rpos)
+    {
+        assert(n == 0u);
+        assert(total == 0u);
+        using visitor_t = concat_rebalance_plan_fill_visitor;
+        lpos.each_left_sub(visitor_t{}, *this);
+        cpos.each_sub(visitor_t{}, *this);
+        rpos.each_right_sub(visitor_t{}, *this);
+    }
+
+    void shuffle(shift_t shift)
+    {
+        // gcc seems to not really understand this code... :(
+#if !defined(_MSC_VER)
+#pragma GCC diagnostic push
+#pragma GCC diagnostic ignored "-Warray-bounds"
+#endif
+        constexpr count_t rrb_extras    = 2;
+        constexpr count_t rrb_invariant = 1;
+        const auto bits                 = shift == BL ? BL : B;
+        const auto branches             = count_t{1} << bits;
+        const auto optimal              = ((total - 1) >> bits) + 1;
+        count_t i                       = 0;
+        while (n >= optimal + rrb_extras) {
+            // skip ok nodes
+            while (counts[i] > branches - rrb_invariant)
+                i++;
+            assert(i < n);
+            // short node, redistribute
+            auto remaining = counts[i];
+            do {
+                auto next  = counts[i + 1];
+                auto count = std::min(remaining + next, branches);
+                counts[i]  = count;
+                assert(counts[i]);
+                remaining += next - count;
+                ++i;
+            } while (remaining > 0);
+            // remove node
+            std::move(counts + i + 1, counts + n, counts + i);
+            --n;
+            --i;
+        }
+#if !defined(_MSC_VER)
+#pragma GCC diagnostic pop
+#endif
+    }
+
+    template <typename LPos, typename CPos, typename RPos>
+    concat_center_pos<node_type<CPos>>
+    merge(LPos&& lpos, CPos&& cpos, RPos&& rpos)
+    {
+        using node_t    = node_type<CPos>;
+        using merger_t  = concat_merger<node_t>;
+        using visitor_t = concat_merger_visitor;
+        auto merger     = merger_t{cpos.shift(), counts, n};
+        IMMER_TRY {
+            lpos.each_left_sub(visitor_t{}, merger);
+            cpos.each_sub(visitor_t{}, merger);
+            rpos.each_right_sub(visitor_t{}, merger);
+            cpos.each_sub(dec_visitor{});
+            return merger.finish();
+        }
+        IMMER_CATCH (...) {
+            merger.abort();
+            IMMER_RETHROW;
+        }
+    }
+};
+
+template <typename Node, typename LPos, typename CPos, typename RPos>
+concat_center_pos<Node> concat_rebalance(LPos&& lpos, CPos&& cpos, RPos&& rpos)
+{
+    auto plan = concat_rebalance_plan<Node::bits, Node::bits_leaf>{};
+    plan.fill(lpos, cpos, rpos);
+    plan.shuffle(cpos.shift());
+    IMMER_TRY {
+        return plan.merge(lpos, cpos, rpos);
+    }
+    IMMER_CATCH (...) {
+        cpos.each_sub(dec_visitor{});
+        IMMER_RETHROW;
+    }
+}
+
+template <typename Node, typename LPos, typename TPos, typename RPos>
+concat_center_pos<Node> concat_leafs(LPos&& lpos, TPos&& tpos, RPos&& rpos)
+{
+    static_assert(Node::bits >= 2, "");
+    assert(lpos.shift() == tpos.shift());
+    assert(lpos.shift() == rpos.shift());
+    assert(lpos.shift() == 0);
+    if (tpos.count() > 0)
+        return {
+            Node::bits_leaf,
+            lpos.node()->inc(),
+            lpos.count(),
+            tpos.node()->inc(),
+            tpos.count(),
+            rpos.node()->inc(),
+            rpos.count(),
+        };
+    else
+        return {
+            Node::bits_leaf,
+            lpos.node()->inc(),
+            lpos.count(),
+            rpos.node()->inc(),
+            rpos.count(),
+        };
+}
+
+template <typename Node>
+struct concat_left_visitor;
+template <typename Node>
+struct concat_right_visitor;
+template <typename Node>
+struct concat_both_visitor;
+
+template <typename Node, typename LPos, typename TPos, typename RPos>
+concat_center_pos<Node> concat_inners(LPos&& lpos, TPos&& tpos, RPos&& rpos)
+{
+    auto lshift = lpos.shift();
+    auto rshift = rpos.shift();
+    if (lshift > rshift) {
+        auto cpos = lpos.last_sub(concat_left_visitor<Node>{}, tpos, rpos);
+        return concat_rebalance<Node>(lpos, cpos, null_sub_pos{});
+    } else if (lshift < rshift) {
+        auto cpos = rpos.first_sub(concat_right_visitor<Node>{}, lpos, tpos);
+        return concat_rebalance<Node>(null_sub_pos{}, cpos, rpos);
+    } else {
+        assert(lshift == rshift);
+        assert(Node::bits_leaf == 0u || lshift > 0);
+        auto cpos = lpos.last_sub(concat_both_visitor<Node>{}, tpos, rpos);
+        return concat_rebalance<Node>(lpos, cpos, rpos);
+    }
+}
+
+template <typename Node>
+struct concat_left_visitor : visitor_base<concat_left_visitor<Node>>
+{
+    using this_t = concat_left_visitor;
+
+    template <typename LPos, typename TPos, typename RPos>
+    static concat_center_pos<Node>
+    visit_inner(LPos&& lpos, TPos&& tpos, RPos&& rpos)
+    {
+        return concat_inners<Node>(lpos, tpos, rpos);
+    }
+
+    template <typename LPos, typename TPos, typename RPos>
+    static concat_center_pos<Node>
+    visit_leaf(LPos&& lpos, TPos&& tpos, RPos&& rpos)
+    {
+        IMMER_UNREACHABLE;
+    }
+};
+
+template <typename Node>
+struct concat_right_visitor : visitor_base<concat_right_visitor<Node>>
+{
+    using this_t = concat_right_visitor;
+
+    template <typename RPos, typename LPos, typename TPos>
+    static concat_center_pos<Node>
+    visit_inner(RPos&& rpos, LPos&& lpos, TPos&& tpos)
+    {
+        return concat_inners<Node>(lpos, tpos, rpos);
+    }
+
+    template <typename RPos, typename LPos, typename TPos>
+    static concat_center_pos<Node>
+    visit_leaf(RPos&& rpos, LPos&& lpos, TPos&& tpos)
+    {
+        return concat_leafs<Node>(lpos, tpos, rpos);
+    }
+};
+
+template <typename Node>
+struct concat_both_visitor : visitor_base<concat_both_visitor<Node>>
+{
+    using this_t = concat_both_visitor;
+
+    template <typename LPos, typename TPos, typename RPos>
+    static concat_center_pos<Node>
+    visit_inner(LPos&& lpos, TPos&& tpos, RPos&& rpos)
+    {
+        return rpos.first_sub(concat_right_visitor<Node>{}, lpos, tpos);
+    }
+
+    template <typename LPos, typename TPos, typename RPos>
+    static concat_center_pos<Node>
+    visit_leaf(LPos&& lpos, TPos&& tpos, RPos&& rpos)
+    {
+        return rpos.first_sub_leaf(concat_right_visitor<Node>{}, lpos, tpos);
+    }
+};
+
+template <typename Node>
+struct concat_trees_right_visitor
+    : visitor_base<concat_trees_right_visitor<Node>>
+{
+    using this_t = concat_trees_right_visitor;
+
+    template <typename RPos, typename LPos, typename TPos>
+    static concat_center_pos<Node>
+    visit_node(RPos&& rpos, LPos&& lpos, TPos&& tpos)
+    {
+        return concat_inners<Node>(lpos, tpos, rpos);
+    }
+};
+
+template <typename Node>
+struct concat_trees_left_visitor : visitor_base<concat_trees_left_visitor<Node>>
+{
+    using this_t = concat_trees_left_visitor;
+
+    template <typename LPos, typename TPos, typename... Args>
+    static concat_center_pos<Node>
+    visit_node(LPos&& lpos, TPos&& tpos, Args&&... args)
+    {
+        return visit_maybe_relaxed_sub(
+            args..., concat_trees_right_visitor<Node>{}, lpos, tpos);
+    }
+};
+
+template <typename Node>
+relaxed_pos<Node> concat_trees(Node* lroot,
+                               shift_t lshift,
+                               size_t lsize,
+                               Node* ltail,
+                               count_t ltcount,
+                               Node* rroot,
+                               shift_t rshift,
+                               size_t rsize)
+{
+    return visit_maybe_relaxed_sub(lroot,
+                                   lshift,
+                                   lsize,
+                                   concat_trees_left_visitor<Node>{},
+                                   make_leaf_pos(ltail, ltcount),
+                                   rroot,
+                                   rshift,
+                                   rsize)
+        .realize();
+}
+
+template <typename Node>
+relaxed_pos<Node> concat_trees(
+    Node* ltail, count_t ltcount, Node* rroot, shift_t rshift, size_t rsize)
+{
+    return make_singleton_regular_sub_pos(ltail, ltcount)
+        .visit(concat_trees_left_visitor<Node>{},
+               empty_leaf_pos<Node>{},
+               rroot,
+               rshift,
+               rsize)
+        .realize();
+}
+
+template <typename Node>
+using concat_center_mut_pos = concat_center_pos<Node>;
+
+template <typename Node>
+struct concat_merger_mut
+{
+    using node_t = Node;
+    using edit_t = typename Node::edit_t;
+
+    static constexpr auto B  = Node::bits;
+    static constexpr auto BL = Node::bits_leaf;
+
+    using result_t = concat_center_pos<Node>;
+
+    edit_t ec_ = {};
+
+    count_t* curr_;
+    count_t n_;
+    result_t result_;
+    count_t count_      = 0;
+    node_t* candidate_  = nullptr;
+    edit_t candidate_e_ = Node::memory::transience_t::noone;
+
+    concat_merger_mut(edit_t ec,
+                      shift_t shift,
+                      count_t* counts,
+                      count_t n,
+                      edit_t candidate_e,
+                      node_t* candidate)
+        : ec_{ec}
+        , curr_{counts}
+        , n_{n}
+        , result_{shift + B, nullptr, 0}
+    {
+        if (candidate) {
+            candidate->ensure_mutable_relaxed_e(candidate_e, ec);
+            result_.nodes_[0] = candidate;
+        } else {
+            result_.nodes_[0] = node_t::make_inner_r_e(ec);
+        }
+    }
+
+    node_t* to_        = {};
+    count_t to_offset_ = {};
+    size_t to_size_    = {};
+
+    void set_candidate(edit_t candidate_e, node_t* candidate)
+    {
+        candidate_   = candidate;
+        candidate_e_ = candidate_e;
+    }
+
+    void add_child(node_t* p, size_t size)
+    {
+        assert(size);
+        ++curr_;
+        auto parent  = result_.nodes_[result_.count_ - 1];
+        auto relaxed = parent->relaxed();
+        if (count_ == branches<B>) {
+            parent->relaxed()->d.count = count_;
+            assert(result_.count_ < result_t::max_children);
+            n_ -= branches<B>;
+            if (candidate_) {
+                parent = candidate_;
+                parent->ensure_mutable_relaxed_e(candidate_e_, ec_);
+                candidate_ = nullptr;
+            } else
+                parent = node_t::make_inner_r_e(ec_);
+            count_                         = 0;
+            relaxed                        = parent->relaxed();
+            result_.nodes_[result_.count_] = parent;
+            result_.sizes_[result_.count_] = result_.sizes_[result_.count_ - 1];
+            assert(result_.sizes_[result_.count_]);
+            ++result_.count_;
+        }
+        auto idx = count_++;
+        result_.sizes_[result_.count_ - 1] += size;
+        assert(size);
+        assert(result_.sizes_[result_.count_ - 1]);
+        relaxed->d.sizes[idx] = size + (idx ? relaxed->d.sizes[idx - 1] : 0);
+        assert(relaxed->d.sizes[idx]);
+        parent->inner()[idx] = p;
+    };
+
+    template <typename Pos>
+    void merge_leaf(Pos&& p, edit_t e)
+    {
+        auto from       = p.node();
+        auto from_size  = p.size();
+        auto from_count = p.count();
+        assert(from);
+        assert(from_size);
+        if (!to_ && *curr_ == from_count) {
+            add_child(from, from_size);
+        } else {
+            auto from_offset = count_t{};
+            auto from_data   = from->leaf();
+            auto from_mutate = from->can_mutate(e);
+            do {
+                if (!to_) {
+                    if (from_mutate) {
+                        node_t::ownee(from) = ec_;
+                        to_                 = from->inc();
+                        assert(from_count);
+                    } else {
+                        to_ = node_t::make_leaf_e(ec_);
+                    }
+                    to_offset_ = 0;
+                }
+                auto data = to_->leaf();
+                auto to_copy =
+                    std::min(from_count - from_offset, *curr_ - to_offset_);
+                if (from == to_) {
+                    if (from_offset != to_offset_)
+                        std::move(from_data + from_offset,
+                                  from_data + from_offset + to_copy,
+                                  data + to_offset_);
+                } else {
+                    if (!from_mutate)
+                        std::uninitialized_copy(from_data + from_offset,
+                                                from_data + from_offset +
+                                                    to_copy,
+                                                data + to_offset_);
+                    else
+                        detail::uninitialized_move(from_data + from_offset,
+                                                   from_data + from_offset +
+                                                       to_copy,
+                                                   data + to_offset_);
+                }
+                to_offset_ += to_copy;
+                from_offset += to_copy;
+                if (*curr_ == to_offset_) {
+                    add_child(to_, to_offset_);
+                    to_ = nullptr;
+                }
+            } while (from_offset != from_count);
+        }
+    }
+
+    template <typename Pos>
+    void merge_inner(Pos&& p, edit_t e)
+    {
+        auto from       = p.node();
+        auto from_size  = p.size();
+        auto from_count = p.count();
+        assert(from_size);
+        if (!to_ && *curr_ == from_count) {
+            add_child(from, from_size);
+        } else {
+            auto from_offset = count_t{};
+            auto from_data   = from->inner();
+            auto from_mutate = from->can_relax() && from->can_mutate(e);
+            do {
+                if (!to_) {
+                    if (from_mutate) {
+                        node_t::ownee(from) = ec_;
+                        from->ensure_mutable_relaxed_e(e, ec_);
+                        to_ = from;
+                    } else {
+                        to_ = node_t::make_inner_r_e(ec_);
+                    }
+                    to_offset_ = 0;
+                    to_size_   = 0;
+                }
+                auto data = to_->inner();
+                auto to_copy =
+                    std::min(from_count - from_offset, *curr_ - to_offset_);
+                auto sizes = to_->relaxed()->d.sizes;
+                if (from != to_ || from_offset != to_offset_) {
+                    std::copy(from_data + from_offset,
+                              from_data + from_offset + to_copy,
+                              data + to_offset_);
+                    p.copy_sizes(
+                        from_offset, to_copy, to_size_, sizes + to_offset_);
+                }
+                to_offset_ += to_copy;
+                from_offset += to_copy;
+                to_size_ = sizes[to_offset_ - 1];
+                if (*curr_ == to_offset_) {
+                    to_->relaxed()->d.count = to_offset_;
+                    add_child(to_, to_size_);
+                    to_ = nullptr;
+                }
+            } while (from_offset != from_count);
+        }
+    }
+
+    concat_center_pos<Node> finish() const
+    {
+        assert(!to_);
+        result_.nodes_[result_.count_ - 1]->relaxed()->d.count = count_;
+        return result_;
+    }
+
+    void abort()
+    {
+        // We may have mutated stuff the tree in place, leaving
+        // everything in a corrupted state...  It should be possible
+        // to define cleanup properly, but that is a task for some
+        // other day... ;)
+        std::terminate();
+    }
+};
+
+struct concat_merger_mut_visitor : visitor_base<concat_merger_mut_visitor>
+{
+    using this_t = concat_merger_mut_visitor;
+
+    template <typename Pos, typename Merger>
+    static void visit_inner(Pos&& p, Merger& merger, edit_type<Pos> e)
+    {
+        merger.merge_inner(p, e);
+    }
+
+    template <typename Pos, typename Merger>
+    static void visit_leaf(Pos&& p, Merger& merger, edit_type<Pos> e)
+    {
+        merger.merge_leaf(p, e);
+    }
+};
+
+template <bits_t B, bits_t BL>
+struct concat_rebalance_plan_mut : concat_rebalance_plan<B, BL>
+{
+    using this_t = concat_rebalance_plan_mut;
+
+    template <typename LPos, typename CPos, typename RPos>
+    concat_center_mut_pos<node_type<CPos>> merge(edit_type<CPos> ec,
+                                                 edit_type<CPos> el,
+                                                 LPos&& lpos,
+                                                 CPos&& cpos,
+                                                 edit_type<CPos> er,
+                                                 RPos&& rpos)
+    {
+        using node_t    = node_type<CPos>;
+        using merger_t  = concat_merger_mut<node_t>;
+        using visitor_t = concat_merger_mut_visitor;
+        auto lnode      = ((node_t*) lpos.node());
+        auto rnode      = ((node_t*) rpos.node());
+        auto lmut2      = lnode && lnode->can_relax() && lnode->can_mutate(el);
+        auto rmut2      = rnode && rnode->can_relax() && rnode->can_mutate(er);
+        auto merger     = merger_t{ec,
+                               cpos.shift(),
+                               this->counts,
+                               this->n,
+                               el,
+                               lmut2 ? lnode : nullptr};
+        IMMER_TRY {
+            lpos.each_left_sub(visitor_t{}, merger, el);
+            cpos.each_sub(visitor_t{}, merger, ec);
+            if (rmut2)
+                merger.set_candidate(er, rnode);
+            rpos.each_right_sub(visitor_t{}, merger, er);
+            return merger.finish();
+        }
+        IMMER_CATCH (...) {
+            merger.abort();
+            IMMER_RETHROW;
+        }
+    }
+};
+
+template <typename Node, typename LPos, typename CPos, typename RPos>
+concat_center_pos<Node> concat_rebalance_mut(edit_type<Node> ec,
+                                             edit_type<Node> el,
+                                             LPos&& lpos,
+                                             CPos&& cpos,
+                                             edit_type<Node> er,
+                                             RPos&& rpos)
+{
+    auto plan = concat_rebalance_plan_mut<Node::bits, Node::bits_leaf>{};
+    plan.fill(lpos, cpos, rpos);
+    plan.shuffle(cpos.shift());
+    return plan.merge(ec, el, lpos, cpos, er, rpos);
+}
+
+template <typename Node, typename LPos, typename TPos, typename RPos>
+concat_center_mut_pos<Node> concat_leafs_mut(edit_type<Node> ec,
+                                             edit_type<Node> el,
+                                             LPos&& lpos,
+                                             TPos&& tpos,
+                                             edit_type<Node> er,
+                                             RPos&& rpos)
+{
+    static_assert(Node::bits >= 2, "");
+    assert(lpos.shift() == tpos.shift());
+    assert(lpos.shift() == rpos.shift());
+    assert(lpos.shift() == 0);
+    if (tpos.count() > 0)
+        return {
+            Node::bits_leaf,
+            lpos.node(),
+            lpos.count(),
+            tpos.node(),
+            tpos.count(),
+            rpos.node(),
+            rpos.count(),
+        };
+    else
+        return {
+            Node::bits_leaf,
+            lpos.node(),
+            lpos.count(),
+            rpos.node(),
+            rpos.count(),
+        };
+}
+
+template <typename Node>
+struct concat_left_mut_visitor;
+template <typename Node>
+struct concat_right_mut_visitor;
+template <typename Node>
+struct concat_both_mut_visitor;
+
+template <typename Node, typename LPos, typename TPos, typename RPos>
+concat_center_mut_pos<Node> concat_inners_mut(edit_type<Node> ec,
+                                              edit_type<Node> el,
+                                              LPos&& lpos,
+                                              TPos&& tpos,
+                                              edit_type<Node> er,
+                                              RPos&& rpos)
+{
+    auto lshift = lpos.shift();
+    auto rshift = rpos.shift();
+    // lpos.node() can be null it is a singleton_regular_sub_pos<...>,
+    // this is, when the tree is just a tail...
+    if (lshift > rshift) {
+        auto cpos = lpos.last_sub(
+            concat_left_mut_visitor<Node>{}, ec, el, tpos, er, rpos);
+        return concat_rebalance_mut<Node>(
+            ec, el, lpos, cpos, er, null_sub_pos{});
+    } else if (lshift < rshift) {
+        auto cpos = rpos.first_sub(
+            concat_right_mut_visitor<Node>{}, ec, el, lpos, tpos, er);
+        return concat_rebalance_mut<Node>(
+            ec, el, null_sub_pos{}, cpos, er, rpos);
+    } else {
+        assert(lshift == rshift);
+        assert(Node::bits_leaf == 0u || lshift > 0);
+        auto cpos = lpos.last_sub(
+            concat_both_mut_visitor<Node>{}, ec, el, tpos, er, rpos);
+        return concat_rebalance_mut<Node>(ec, el, lpos, cpos, er, rpos);
+    }
+}
+
+template <typename Node>
+struct concat_left_mut_visitor : visitor_base<concat_left_mut_visitor<Node>>
+{
+    using this_t = concat_left_mut_visitor;
+    using edit_t = typename Node::edit_t;
+
+    template <typename LPos, typename TPos, typename RPos>
+    static concat_center_mut_pos<Node> visit_inner(
+        LPos&& lpos, edit_t ec, edit_t el, TPos&& tpos, edit_t er, RPos&& rpos)
+    {
+        return concat_inners_mut<Node>(ec, el, lpos, tpos, er, rpos);
+    }
+
+    template <typename LPos, typename TPos, typename RPos>
+    static concat_center_mut_pos<Node> visit_leaf(
+        LPos&& lpos, edit_t ec, edit_t el, TPos&& tpos, edit_t er, RPos&& rpos)
+    {
+        IMMER_UNREACHABLE;
+    }
+};
+
+template <typename Node>
+struct concat_right_mut_visitor : visitor_base<concat_right_mut_visitor<Node>>
+{
+    using this_t = concat_right_mut_visitor;
+    using edit_t = typename Node::edit_t;
+
+    template <typename RPos, typename LPos, typename TPos>
+    static concat_center_mut_pos<Node> visit_inner(
+        RPos&& rpos, edit_t ec, edit_t el, LPos&& lpos, TPos&& tpos, edit_t er)
+    {
+        return concat_inners_mut<Node>(ec, el, lpos, tpos, er, rpos);
+    }
+
+    template <typename RPos, typename LPos, typename TPos>
+    static concat_center_mut_pos<Node> visit_leaf(
+        RPos&& rpos, edit_t ec, edit_t el, LPos&& lpos, TPos&& tpos, edit_t er)
+    {
+        return concat_leafs_mut<Node>(ec, el, lpos, tpos, er, rpos);
+    }
+};
+
+template <typename Node>
+struct concat_both_mut_visitor : visitor_base<concat_both_mut_visitor<Node>>
+{
+    using this_t = concat_both_mut_visitor;
+    using edit_t = typename Node::edit_t;
+
+    template <typename LPos, typename TPos, typename RPos>
+    static concat_center_mut_pos<Node> visit_inner(
+        LPos&& lpos, edit_t ec, edit_t el, TPos&& tpos, edit_t er, RPos&& rpos)
+    {
+        return rpos.first_sub(
+            concat_right_mut_visitor<Node>{}, ec, el, lpos, tpos, er);
+    }
+
+    template <typename LPos, typename TPos, typename RPos>
+    static concat_center_mut_pos<Node> visit_leaf(
+        LPos&& lpos, edit_t ec, edit_t el, TPos&& tpos, edit_t er, RPos&& rpos)
+    {
+        return rpos.first_sub_leaf(
+            concat_right_mut_visitor<Node>{}, ec, el, lpos, tpos, er);
+    }
+};
+
+template <typename Node>
+struct concat_trees_right_mut_visitor
+    : visitor_base<concat_trees_right_mut_visitor<Node>>
+{
+    using this_t = concat_trees_right_mut_visitor;
+    using edit_t = typename Node::edit_t;
+
+    template <typename RPos, typename LPos, typename TPos>
+    static concat_center_mut_pos<Node> visit_node(
+        RPos&& rpos, edit_t ec, edit_t el, LPos&& lpos, TPos&& tpos, edit_t er)
+    {
+        return concat_inners_mut<Node>(ec, el, lpos, tpos, er, rpos);
+    }
+};
+
+template <typename Node>
+struct concat_trees_left_mut_visitor
+    : visitor_base<concat_trees_left_mut_visitor<Node>>
+{
+    using this_t = concat_trees_left_mut_visitor;
+    using edit_t = typename Node::edit_t;
+
+    template <typename LPos, typename TPos, typename... Args>
+    static concat_center_mut_pos<Node> visit_node(LPos&& lpos,
+                                                  edit_t ec,
+                                                  edit_t el,
+                                                  TPos&& tpos,
+                                                  edit_t er,
+                                                  Args&&... args)
+    {
+        return visit_maybe_relaxed_sub(args...,
+                                       concat_trees_right_mut_visitor<Node>{},
+                                       ec,
+                                       el,
+                                       lpos,
+                                       tpos,
+                                       er);
+    }
+};
+
+template <typename Node>
+relaxed_pos<Node> concat_trees_mut(edit_type<Node> ec,
+                                   edit_type<Node> el,
+                                   Node* lroot,
+                                   shift_t lshift,
+                                   size_t lsize,
+                                   Node* ltail,
+                                   count_t ltcount,
+                                   edit_type<Node> er,
+                                   Node* rroot,
+                                   shift_t rshift,
+                                   size_t rsize)
+{
+    return visit_maybe_relaxed_sub(lroot,
+                                   lshift,
+                                   lsize,
+                                   concat_trees_left_mut_visitor<Node>{},
+                                   ec,
+                                   el,
+                                   make_leaf_pos(ltail, ltcount),
+                                   er,
+                                   rroot,
+                                   rshift,
+                                   rsize)
+        .realize_e(ec);
+}
+
+template <typename Node>
+relaxed_pos<Node> concat_trees_mut(edit_type<Node> ec,
+                                   edit_type<Node> el,
+                                   Node* ltail,
+                                   count_t ltcount,
+                                   edit_type<Node> er,
+                                   Node* rroot,
+                                   shift_t rshift,
+                                   size_t rsize)
+{
+    return make_singleton_regular_sub_pos(ltail, ltcount)
+        .visit(concat_trees_left_mut_visitor<Node>{},
+               ec,
+               el,
+               empty_leaf_pos<Node>{},
+               er,
+               rroot,
+               rshift,
+               rsize)
+        .realize_e(ec);
+}
+
+} // namespace rbts
+} // namespace detail
+} // namespace immer
diff --git a/src/immer/immer/detail/rbts/position.hpp b/src/immer/immer/detail/rbts/position.hpp
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000..cbdd1c2f1f40d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/immer/immer/detail/rbts/position.hpp
@@ -0,0 +1,1994 @@
+//
+// immer: immutable data structures for C++
+// Copyright (C) 2016, 2017, 2018 Juan Pedro Bolivar Puente
+//
+// This software is distributed under the Boost Software License, Version 1.0.
+// See accompanying file LICENSE or copy at http://boost.org/LICENSE_1_0.txt
+//
+
+#pragma once
+
+#include <immer/config.hpp>
+#include <immer/detail/rbts/bits.hpp>
+
+#include <cassert>
+#include <type_traits>
+#include <utility>
+
+namespace immer {
+namespace detail {
+namespace rbts {
+
+template <typename Pos>
+constexpr auto bits = std::decay_t<Pos>::node_t::bits;
+
+template <typename Pos>
+constexpr auto bits_leaf = std::decay_t<Pos>::node_t::bits_leaf;
+
+template <typename Pos>
+using node_type = typename std::decay<Pos>::type::node_t;
+
+template <typename Pos>
+using edit_type = typename std::decay<Pos>::type::node_t::edit_t;
+
+template <typename NodeT>
+struct empty_regular_pos
+{
+    using node_t = NodeT;
+    node_t* node_;
+
+    count_t count() const { return 0; }
+    node_t* node() const { return node_; }
+    shift_t shift() const { return 0; }
+    size_t size() const { return 0; }
+
+    template <typename Visitor, typename... Args>
+    void each(Visitor, Args&&...)
+    {}
+    template <typename Visitor, typename... Args>
+    bool each_pred(Visitor, Args&&...)
+    {
+        return true;
+    }
+
+    template <typename Visitor, typename... Args>
+    decltype(auto) visit(Visitor v, Args&&... args)
+    {
+        return Visitor::visit_regular(*this, std::forward<Args>(args)...);
+    }
+};
+
+template <typename NodeT>
+empty_regular_pos<NodeT> make_empty_regular_pos(NodeT* node)
+{
+    return {node};
+}
+
+template <typename NodeT>
+struct empty_leaf_pos
+{
+    using node_t = NodeT;
+    node_t* node_;
+
+    count_t count() const { return 0; }
+    node_t* node() const { return node_; }
+    shift_t shift() const { return 0; }
+    size_t size() const { return 0; }
+
+    template <typename Visitor, typename... Args>
+    decltype(auto) visit(Visitor v, Args&&... args)
+    {
+        return Visitor::visit_leaf(*this, std::forward<Args>(args)...);
+    }
+};
+
+template <typename NodeT>
+empty_leaf_pos<NodeT> make_empty_leaf_pos(NodeT* node)
+{
+    assert(node);
+    return {node};
+}
+
+template <typename NodeT>
+struct leaf_pos
+{
+    static constexpr auto B  = NodeT::bits;
+    static constexpr auto BL = NodeT::bits_leaf;
+
+    using node_t = NodeT;
+    node_t* node_;
+    size_t size_;
+
+    count_t count() const { return index(size_ - 1) + 1; }
+    node_t* node() const { return node_; }
+    size_t size() const { return size_; }
+    shift_t shift() const { return 0; }
+    count_t index(size_t idx) const { return idx & mask<BL>; }
+    count_t subindex(size_t idx) const { return idx; }
+
+    template <typename Visitor, typename... Args>
+    decltype(auto) visit(Visitor v, Args&&... args)
+    {
+        return Visitor::visit_leaf(*this, std::forward<Args>(args)...);
+    }
+};
+
+template <typename NodeT>
+leaf_pos<NodeT> make_leaf_pos(NodeT* node, size_t size)
+{
+    assert(node);
+    assert(size > 0);
+    return {node, size};
+}
+
+template <typename NodeT>
+struct leaf_sub_pos
+{
+    static constexpr auto B  = NodeT::bits;
+    static constexpr auto BL = NodeT::bits_leaf;
+
+    using node_t = NodeT;
+    node_t* node_;
+    count_t count_;
+
+    count_t count() const { return count_; }
+    node_t* node() const { return node_; }
+    size_t size() const { return count_; }
+    shift_t shift() const { return 0; }
+    count_t index(size_t idx) const { return idx & mask<BL>; }
+    count_t subindex(size_t idx) const { return idx; }
+
+    template <typename Visitor, typename... Args>
+    decltype(auto) visit(Visitor v, Args&&... args)
+    {
+        return Visitor::visit_leaf(*this, std::forward<Args>(args)...);
+    }
+};
+
+template <typename NodeT>
+leaf_sub_pos<NodeT> make_leaf_sub_pos(NodeT* node, count_t count)
+{
+    assert(node);
+    assert(count <= branches<NodeT::bits_leaf>);
+    return {node, count};
+}
+
+template <typename NodeT>
+struct leaf_descent_pos
+{
+    static constexpr auto B  = NodeT::bits;
+    static constexpr auto BL = NodeT::bits_leaf;
+
+    using node_t = NodeT;
+    node_t* node_;
+
+    node_t* node() const { return node_; }
+    shift_t shift() const { return 0; }
+    count_t index(size_t idx) const { return idx & mask<BL>; }
+
+    template <typename... Args>
+    decltype(auto) descend(Args&&...)
+    {}
+
+    template <typename Visitor, typename... Args>
+    decltype(auto) visit(Visitor v, Args&&... args)
+    {
+        return Visitor::visit_leaf(*this, std::forward<Args>(args)...);
+    }
+};
+
+template <typename NodeT>
+leaf_descent_pos<NodeT> make_leaf_descent_pos(NodeT* node)
+{
+    assert(node);
+    return {node};
+}
+
+template <typename NodeT>
+struct full_leaf_pos
+{
+    static constexpr auto B  = NodeT::bits;
+    static constexpr auto BL = NodeT::bits_leaf;
+
+    using node_t = NodeT;
+    node_t* node_;
+
+    count_t count() const { return branches<BL>; }
+    node_t* node() const { return node_; }
+    size_t size() const { return branches<BL>; }
+    shift_t shift() const { return 0; }
+    count_t index(size_t idx) const { return idx & mask<BL>; }
+    count_t subindex(size_t idx) const { return idx; }
+
+    template <typename Visitor, typename... Args>
+    decltype(auto) visit(Visitor v, Args&&... args)
+    {
+        return Visitor::visit_leaf(*this, std::forward<Args>(args)...);
+    }
+};
+
+template <typename NodeT>
+full_leaf_pos<NodeT> make_full_leaf_pos(NodeT* node)
+{
+    assert(node);
+    return {node};
+}
+
+template <typename NodeT>
+struct regular_pos
+{
+    static constexpr auto B  = NodeT::bits;
+    static constexpr auto BL = NodeT::bits_leaf;
+
+    using node_t = NodeT;
+    node_t* node_;
+    shift_t shift_;
+    size_t size_;
+
+    count_t count() const { return index(size_ - 1) + 1; }
+    node_t* node() const { return node_; }
+    size_t size() const { return size_; }
+    shift_t shift() const { return shift_; }
+    count_t index(size_t idx) const { return (idx >> shift_) & mask<B>; }
+    count_t subindex(size_t idx) const { return idx >> shift_; }
+    size_t this_size() const
+    {
+        return ((size_ - 1) & ~(~size_t{} << (shift_ + B))) + 1;
+    }
+
+    template <typename Visitor, typename... Args>
+    void each(Visitor v, Args&&... args)
+    {
+        return each_regular(*this, v, args...);
+    }
+
+    template <typename Visitor, typename... Args>
+    bool each_pred(Visitor v, Args&&... args)
+    {
+        return each_pred_regular(*this, v, args...);
+    }
+
+    template <typename Visitor, typename... Args>
+    bool each_pred_zip(Visitor v, node_t* other, Args&&... args)
+    {
+        return each_pred_zip_regular(*this, v, other, args...);
+    }
+
+    template <typename Visitor, typename... Args>
+    bool each_pred_i(Visitor v, count_t i, count_t n, Args&&... args)
+    {
+        return each_pred_i_regular(*this, v, i, n, args...);
+    }
+
+    template <typename Visitor, typename... Args>
+    bool each_pred_right(Visitor v, count_t start, Args&&... args)
+    {
+        return each_pred_right_regular(*this, v, start, args...);
+    }
+
+    template <typename Visitor, typename... Args>
+    bool each_pred_left(Visitor v, count_t n, Args&&... args)
+    {
+        return each_pred_left_regular(*this, v, n, args...);
+    }
+
+    template <typename Visitor, typename... Args>
+    void each_i(Visitor v, count_t i, count_t n, Args&&... args)
+    {
+        return each_i_regular(*this, v, i, n, args...);
+    }
+
+    template <typename Visitor, typename... Args>
+    void each_right(Visitor v, count_t start, Args&&... args)
+    {
+        return each_right_regular(*this, v, start, args...);
+    }
+
+    template <typename Visitor, typename... Args>
+    void each_left(Visitor v, count_t n, Args&&... args)
+    {
+        return each_left_regular(*this, v, n, args...);
+    }
+
+    template <typename Visitor, typename... Args>
+    decltype(auto) towards(Visitor v, size_t idx, Args&&... args)
+    {
+        return towards_oh_ch_regular(
+            *this, v, idx, index(idx), count(), args...);
+    }
+
+    template <typename Visitor, typename... Args>
+    decltype(auto)
+    towards_oh(Visitor v, size_t idx, count_t offset_hint, Args&&... args)
+    {
+        return towards_oh_ch_regular(
+            *this, v, idx, offset_hint, count(), args...);
+    }
+
+    template <typename Visitor, typename... Args>
+    decltype(auto) towards_oh_ch(Visitor v,
+                                 size_t idx,
+                                 count_t offset_hint,
+                                 count_t count_hint,
+                                 Args&&... args)
+    {
+        return towards_oh_ch_regular(
+            *this, v, idx, offset_hint, count(), args...);
+    }
+
+    template <typename Visitor, typename... Args>
+    decltype(auto)
+    towards_sub_oh(Visitor v, size_t idx, count_t offset_hint, Args&&... args)
+    {
+        return towards_sub_oh_regular(*this, v, idx, offset_hint, args...);
+    }
+
+    template <typename Visitor, typename... Args>
+    decltype(auto) last_oh(Visitor v, count_t offset_hint, Args&&... args)
+    {
+        return last_oh_regular(*this, v, offset_hint, args...);
+    }
+
+    template <typename Visitor, typename... Args>
+    decltype(auto) visit(Visitor v, Args&&... args)
+    {
+        return Visitor::visit_regular(*this, std::forward<Args>(args)...);
+    }
+};
+
+template <typename Pos, typename Visitor, typename... Args>
+void each_regular(Pos&& p, Visitor v, Args&&... args)
+{
+    constexpr auto B  = bits<Pos>;
+    constexpr auto BL = bits_leaf<Pos>;
+    auto n            = p.node()->inner();
+    auto last         = p.count() - 1;
+    auto e            = n + last;
+    if (p.shift() == BL) {
+        for (; n != e; ++n) {
+            IMMER_PREFETCH(n + 1);
+            make_full_leaf_pos(*n).visit(v, args...);
+        }
+        make_leaf_pos(*n, p.size()).visit(v, args...);
+    } else {
+        auto ss = p.shift() - B;
+        for (; n != e; ++n)
+            make_full_pos(*n, ss).visit(v, args...);
+        make_regular_pos(*n, ss, p.size()).visit(v, args...);
+    }
+}
+
+template <typename Pos, typename Visitor, typename... Args>
+bool each_pred_regular(Pos&& p, Visitor v, Args&&... args)
+{
+    constexpr auto B  = bits<Pos>;
+    constexpr auto BL = bits_leaf<Pos>;
+    auto n            = p.node()->inner();
+    auto last         = p.count() - 1;
+    auto e            = n + last;
+    if (p.shift() == BL) {
+        for (; n != e; ++n) {
+            IMMER_PREFETCH(n + 1);
+            if (!make_full_leaf_pos(*n).visit(v, args...))
+                return false;
+        }
+        return make_leaf_pos(*n, p.size()).visit(v, args...);
+    } else {
+        auto ss = p.shift() - B;
+        for (; n != e; ++n)
+            if (!make_full_pos(*n, ss).visit(v, args...))
+                return false;
+        return make_regular_pos(*n, ss, p.size()).visit(v, args...);
+    }
+}
+
+template <typename Pos, typename Visitor, typename... Args>
+bool each_pred_zip_regular(Pos&& p,
+                           Visitor v,
+                           node_type<Pos>* other,
+                           Args&&... args)
+{
+    constexpr auto B  = bits<Pos>;
+    constexpr auto BL = bits_leaf<Pos>;
+
+    auto n    = p.node()->inner();
+    auto n2   = other->inner();
+    auto last = p.count() - 1;
+    auto e    = n + last;
+    if (p.shift() == BL) {
+        for (; n != e; ++n, ++n2) {
+            IMMER_PREFETCH(n + 1);
+            IMMER_PREFETCH(n2 + 1);
+            if (!make_full_leaf_pos(*n).visit(v, *n2, args...))
+                return false;
+        }
+        return make_leaf_pos(*n, p.size()).visit(v, *n2, args...);
+    } else {
+        auto ss = p.shift() - B;
+        for (; n != e; ++n, ++n2)
+            if (!make_full_pos(*n, ss).visit(v, *n2, args...))
+                return false;
+        return make_regular_pos(*n, ss, p.size()).visit(v, *n2, args...);
+    }
+}
+
+template <typename Pos, typename Visitor, typename... Args>
+bool each_pred_i_regular(
+    Pos&& p, Visitor v, count_t f, count_t l, Args&&... args)
+{
+    constexpr auto B  = bits<Pos>;
+    constexpr auto BL = bits_leaf<Pos>;
+
+    if (p.shift() == BL) {
+        if (l > f) {
+            if (l < p.count()) {
+                auto n = p.node()->inner() + f;
+                auto e = p.node()->inner() + l;
+                for (; n < e; ++n) {
+                    IMMER_PREFETCH(n + 1);
+                    if (!make_full_leaf_pos(*n).visit(v, args...))
+                        return false;
+                }
+            } else {
+                auto n = p.node()->inner() + f;
+                auto e = p.node()->inner() + l - 1;
+                for (; n < e; ++n) {
+                    IMMER_PREFETCH(n + 1);
+                    if (!make_full_leaf_pos(*n).visit(v, args...))
+                        return false;
+                }
+                if (!make_leaf_pos(*n, p.size()).visit(v, args...))
+                    return false;
+            }
+        }
+    } else {
+        if (l > f) {
+            auto ss = p.shift() - B;
+            if (l < p.count()) {
+                auto n = p.node()->inner() + f;
+                auto e = p.node()->inner() + l;
+                for (; n < e; ++n)
+                    if (!make_full_pos(*n, ss).visit(v, args...))
+                        return false;
+            } else {
+                auto n = p.node()->inner() + f;
+                auto e = p.node()->inner() + l - 1;
+                for (; n < e; ++n)
+                    if (!make_full_pos(*n, ss).visit(v, args...))
+                        return false;
+                if (!make_regular_pos(*n, ss, p.size()).visit(v, args...))
+                    return false;
+            }
+        }
+    }
+    return true;
+}
+
+template <typename Pos, typename Visitor, typename... Args>
+bool each_pred_left_regular(Pos&& p, Visitor v, count_t last, Args&&... args)
+{
+    constexpr auto B  = bits<Pos>;
+    constexpr auto BL = bits_leaf<Pos>;
+    assert(last < p.count());
+    if (p.shift() == BL) {
+        auto n = p.node()->inner();
+        auto e = n + last;
+        for (; n != e; ++n) {
+            IMMER_PREFETCH(n + 1);
+            if (!make_full_leaf_pos(*n).visit(v, args...))
+                return false;
+        }
+    } else {
+        auto n  = p.node()->inner();
+        auto e  = n + last;
+        auto ss = p.shift() - B;
+        for (; n != e; ++n)
+            if (!make_full_pos(*n, ss).visit(v, args...))
+                return false;
+    }
+    return true;
+}
+
+template <typename Pos, typename Visitor, typename... Args>
+bool each_pred_right_regular(Pos&& p, Visitor v, count_t start, Args&&... args)
+{
+    constexpr auto B  = bits<Pos>;
+    constexpr auto BL = bits_leaf<Pos>;
+
+    if (p.shift() == BL) {
+        auto n    = p.node()->inner() + start;
+        auto last = p.count() - 1;
+        auto e    = p.node()->inner() + last;
+        if (n <= e) {
+            for (; n != e; ++n) {
+                IMMER_PREFETCH(n + 1);
+                if (!make_full_leaf_pos(*n).visit(v, args...))
+                    return false;
+            }
+            if (!make_leaf_pos(*n, p.size()).visit(v, args...))
+                return false;
+        }
+    } else {
+        auto n    = p.node()->inner() + start;
+        auto last = p.count() - 1;
+        auto e    = p.node()->inner() + last;
+        auto ss   = p.shift() - B;
+        if (n <= e) {
+            for (; n != e; ++n)
+                if (!make_full_pos(*n, ss).visit(v, args...))
+                    return false;
+            if (!make_regular_pos(*n, ss, p.size()).visit(v, args...))
+                return false;
+        }
+    }
+    return true;
+}
+
+template <typename Pos, typename Visitor, typename... Args>
+void each_i_regular(Pos&& p, Visitor v, count_t f, count_t l, Args&&... args)
+{
+    constexpr auto B  = bits<Pos>;
+    constexpr auto BL = bits_leaf<Pos>;
+
+    if (p.shift() == BL) {
+        if (l > f) {
+            if (l < p.count()) {
+                auto n = p.node()->inner() + f;
+                auto e = p.node()->inner() + l;
+                for (; n < e; ++n) {
+                    IMMER_PREFETCH(n + 1);
+                    make_full_leaf_pos(*n).visit(v, args...);
+                }
+            } else {
+                auto n = p.node()->inner() + f;
+                auto e = p.node()->inner() + l - 1;
+                for (; n < e; ++n) {
+                    IMMER_PREFETCH(n + 1);
+                    make_full_leaf_pos(*n).visit(v, args...);
+                }
+                make_leaf_pos(*n, p.size()).visit(v, args...);
+            }
+        }
+    } else {
+        if (l > f) {
+            auto ss = p.shift() - B;
+            if (l < p.count()) {
+                auto n = p.node()->inner() + f;
+                auto e = p.node()->inner() + l;
+                for (; n < e; ++n)
+                    make_full_pos(*n, ss).visit(v, args...);
+            } else {
+                auto n = p.node()->inner() + f;
+                auto e = p.node()->inner() + l - 1;
+                for (; n < e; ++n)
+                    make_full_pos(*n, ss).visit(v, args...);
+                make_regular_pos(*n, ss, p.size()).visit(v, args...);
+            }
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+template <typename Pos, typename Visitor, typename... Args>
+void each_left_regular(Pos&& p, Visitor v, count_t last, Args&&... args)
+{
+    constexpr auto B  = bits<Pos>;
+    constexpr auto BL = bits_leaf<Pos>;
+    assert(last < p.count());
+    if (p.shift() == BL) {
+        auto n = p.node()->inner();
+        auto e = n + last;
+        for (; n != e; ++n) {
+            IMMER_PREFETCH(n + 1);
+            make_full_leaf_pos(*n).visit(v, args...);
+        }
+    } else {
+        auto n  = p.node()->inner();
+        auto e  = n + last;
+        auto ss = p.shift() - B;
+        for (; n != e; ++n)
+            make_full_pos(*n, ss).visit(v, args...);
+    }
+}
+
+template <typename Pos, typename Visitor, typename... Args>
+void each_right_regular(Pos&& p, Visitor v, count_t start, Args&&... args)
+{
+    constexpr auto B  = bits<Pos>;
+    constexpr auto BL = bits_leaf<Pos>;
+
+    if (p.shift() == BL) {
+        auto n    = p.node()->inner() + start;
+        auto last = p.count() - 1;
+        auto e    = p.node()->inner() + last;
+        if (n <= e) {
+            for (; n != e; ++n) {
+                IMMER_PREFETCH(n + 1);
+                make_full_leaf_pos(*n).visit(v, args...);
+            }
+            make_leaf_pos(*n, p.size()).visit(v, args...);
+        }
+    } else {
+        auto n    = p.node()->inner() + start;
+        auto last = p.count() - 1;
+        auto e    = p.node()->inner() + last;
+        auto ss   = p.shift() - B;
+        if (n <= e) {
+            for (; n != e; ++n)
+                make_full_pos(*n, ss).visit(v, args...);
+            make_regular_pos(*n, ss, p.size()).visit(v, args...);
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+template <typename Pos, typename Visitor, typename... Args>
+decltype(auto) towards_oh_ch_regular(Pos&& p,
+                                     Visitor v,
+                                     size_t idx,
+                                     count_t offset_hint,
+                                     count_t count_hint,
+                                     Args&&... args)
+{
+    constexpr auto B  = bits<Pos>;
+    constexpr auto BL = bits_leaf<Pos>;
+    assert(offset_hint == p.index(idx));
+    assert(count_hint == p.count());
+    auto is_leaf = p.shift() == BL;
+    auto child   = p.node()->inner()[offset_hint];
+    auto is_full = offset_hint + 1 != count_hint;
+    return is_full
+               ? (is_leaf ? make_full_leaf_pos(child).visit(v, idx, args...)
+                          : make_full_pos(child, p.shift() - B)
+                                .visit(v, idx, args...))
+               : (is_leaf
+                      ? make_leaf_pos(child, p.size()).visit(v, idx, args...)
+                      : make_regular_pos(child, p.shift() - B, p.size())
+                            .visit(v, idx, args...));
+}
+
+template <typename Pos, typename Visitor, typename... Args>
+decltype(auto) towards_sub_oh_regular(
+    Pos&& p, Visitor v, size_t idx, count_t offset_hint, Args&&... args)
+{
+    constexpr auto B  = bits<Pos>;
+    constexpr auto BL = bits_leaf<Pos>;
+    assert(offset_hint == p.index(idx));
+    auto is_leaf = p.shift() == BL;
+    auto child   = p.node()->inner()[offset_hint];
+    auto lsize   = offset_hint << p.shift();
+    auto size    = p.this_size();
+    auto is_full = (size - lsize) >= (size_t{1} << p.shift());
+    return is_full
+               ? (is_leaf
+                      ? make_full_leaf_pos(child).visit(v, idx - lsize, args...)
+                      : make_full_pos(child, p.shift() - B)
+                            .visit(v, idx - lsize, args...))
+               : (is_leaf
+                      ? make_leaf_sub_pos(child, size - lsize)
+                            .visit(v, idx - lsize, args...)
+                      : make_regular_sub_pos(child, p.shift() - B, size - lsize)
+                            .visit(v, idx - lsize, args...));
+}
+
+template <typename Pos, typename Visitor, typename... Args>
+decltype(auto)
+last_oh_regular(Pos&& p, Visitor v, count_t offset_hint, Args&&... args)
+{
+    assert(offset_hint == p.count() - 1);
+    constexpr auto B  = bits<Pos>;
+    constexpr auto BL = bits_leaf<Pos>;
+    auto child        = p.node()->inner()[offset_hint];
+    auto is_leaf      = p.shift() == BL;
+    return is_leaf ? make_leaf_pos(child, p.size()).visit(v, args...)
+                   : make_regular_pos(child, p.shift() - B, p.size())
+                         .visit(v, args...);
+}
+
+template <typename NodeT>
+regular_pos<NodeT> make_regular_pos(NodeT* node, shift_t shift, size_t size)
+{
+    assert(node);
+    assert(shift >= NodeT::bits_leaf);
+    assert(size > 0);
+    return {node, shift, size};
+}
+
+struct null_sub_pos
+{
+    auto node() const { return nullptr; }
+
+    template <typename Visitor, typename... Args>
+    void each_sub(Visitor, Args&&...)
+    {}
+    template <typename Visitor, typename... Args>
+    void each_right_sub(Visitor, Args&&...)
+    {}
+    template <typename Visitor, typename... Args>
+    void each_left_sub(Visitor, Args&&...)
+    {}
+    template <typename Visitor, typename... Args>
+    void visit(Visitor, Args&&...)
+    {}
+};
+
+template <typename NodeT>
+struct singleton_regular_sub_pos
+{
+    // this is a fake regular pos made out of a single child... useful
+    // to treat a single leaf node as a whole tree
+
+    static constexpr auto B  = NodeT::bits;
+    static constexpr auto BL = NodeT::bits_leaf;
+
+    using node_t = NodeT;
+    node_t* leaf_;
+    count_t count_;
+
+    count_t count() const { return 1; }
+    node_t* node() const { return nullptr; }
+    size_t size() const { return count_; }
+    shift_t shift() const { return BL; }
+    count_t index(size_t idx) const { return 0; }
+    count_t subindex(size_t idx) const { return 0; }
+    size_t size_before(count_t offset) const { return 0; }
+    size_t this_size() const { return count_; }
+    size_t size(count_t offset) { return count_; }
+
+    template <typename Visitor, typename... Args>
+    void each_left_sub(Visitor v, Args&&... args)
+    {}
+    template <typename Visitor, typename... Args>
+    void each(Visitor v, Args&&... args)
+    {}
+
+    template <typename Visitor, typename... Args>
+    decltype(auto) last_sub(Visitor v, Args&&... args)
+    {
+        return make_leaf_sub_pos(leaf_, count_).visit(v, args...);
+    }
+
+    template <typename Visitor, typename... Args>
+    decltype(auto) visit(Visitor v, Args&&... args)
+    {
+        return Visitor::visit_regular(*this, std::forward<Args>(args)...);
+    }
+};
+
+template <typename NodeT>
+auto make_singleton_regular_sub_pos(NodeT* leaf, count_t count)
+{
+    assert(leaf);
+    IMMER_ASSERT_TAGGED(leaf->kind() == NodeT::kind_t::leaf);
+    assert(count > 0);
+    return singleton_regular_sub_pos<NodeT>{leaf, count};
+}
+
+template <typename NodeT>
+struct regular_sub_pos
+{
+    static constexpr auto B  = NodeT::bits;
+    static constexpr auto BL = NodeT::bits_leaf;
+
+    using node_t = NodeT;
+    node_t* node_;
+    shift_t shift_;
+    size_t size_;
+
+    count_t count() const { return subindex(size_ - 1) + 1; }
+    node_t* node() const { return node_; }
+    size_t size() const { return size_; }
+    shift_t shift() const { return shift_; }
+    count_t index(size_t idx) const { return (idx >> shift_) & mask<B>; }
+    count_t subindex(size_t idx) const { return idx >> shift_; }
+    size_t size_before(count_t offset) const
+    {
+        return size_t{offset} << shift_;
+    }
+    size_t this_size() const { return size_; }
+
+    auto size(count_t offset)
+    {
+        return offset == subindex(size_ - 1) ? size_ - size_before(offset)
+                                             : size_t{1} << shift_;
+    }
+
+    auto size_sbh(count_t offset, size_t size_before_hint)
+    {
+        assert(size_before_hint == size_before(offset));
+        return offset == subindex(size_ - 1) ? size_ - size_before_hint
+                                             : size_t{1} << shift_;
+    }
+
+    void copy_sizes(count_t offset, count_t n, size_t init, size_t* sizes)
+    {
+        if (n) {
+            auto last = offset + n - 1;
+            auto e    = sizes + n - 1;
+            for (; sizes != e; ++sizes) {
+                init = *sizes = init + (size_t{1} << shift_);
+                assert(init);
+            }
+            *sizes = init + size(last);
+            assert(*sizes);
+        }
+    }
+
+    template <typename Visitor, typename... Args>
+    void each(Visitor v, Args&&... args)
+    {
+        return each_regular(*this, v, args...);
+    }
+
+    template <typename Visitor, typename... Args>
+    bool each_pred(Visitor v, Args&&... args)
+    {
+        return each_pred_regular(*this, v, args...);
+    }
+
+    template <typename Visitor, typename... Args>
+    bool each_pred_zip(Visitor v, node_t* other, Args&&... args)
+    {
+        return each_pred_zip_regular(*this, v, other, args...);
+    }
+
+    template <typename Visitor, typename... Args>
+    bool each_pred_i(Visitor v, count_t i, count_t n, Args&&... args)
+    {
+        return each_pred_i_regular(*this, v, i, n, args...);
+    }
+
+    template <typename Visitor, typename... Args>
+    bool each_pred_right(Visitor v, count_t start, Args&&... args)
+    {
+        return each_pred_right_regular(*this, v, start, args...);
+    }
+
+    template <typename Visitor, typename... Args>
+    bool each_pred_left(Visitor v, count_t last, Args&&... args)
+    {
+        return each_pred_left_regular(*this, v, last, args...);
+    }
+
+    template <typename Visitor, typename... Args>
+    void each_i(Visitor v, count_t i, count_t n, Args&&... args)
+    {
+        return each_i_regular(*this, v, i, n, args...);
+    }
+
+    template <typename Visitor, typename... Args>
+    void each_right(Visitor v, count_t start, Args&&... args)
+    {
+        return each_right_regular(*this, v, start, args...);
+    }
+
+    template <typename Visitor, typename... Args>
+    void each_left(Visitor v, count_t last, Args&&... args)
+    {
+        return each_left_regular(*this, v, last, args...);
+    }
+
+    template <typename Visitor, typename... Args>
+    void each_right_sub_(Visitor v, count_t i, Args&&... args)
+    {
+        auto last  = count() - 1;
+        auto lsize = size_ - (last << shift_);
+        auto n     = node()->inner() + i;
+        auto e     = node()->inner() + last;
+        if (shift() == BL) {
+            for (; n != e; ++n) {
+                IMMER_PREFETCH(n + 1);
+                make_full_leaf_pos(*n).visit(v, args...);
+            }
+            make_leaf_sub_pos(*n, lsize).visit(v, args...);
+        } else {
+            auto ss = shift_ - B;
+            for (; n != e; ++n)
+                make_full_pos(*n, ss).visit(v, args...);
+            make_regular_sub_pos(*n, ss, lsize).visit(v, args...);
+        }
+    }
+
+    template <typename Visitor, typename... Args>
+    void each_sub(Visitor v, Args&&... args)
+    {
+        each_right_sub_(v, 0, args...);
+    }
+
+    template <typename Visitor, typename... Args>
+    void each_right_sub(Visitor v, Args&&... args)
+    {
+        if (count() > 1)
+            each_right_sub_(v, 1, args...);
+    }
+
+    template <typename Visitor, typename... Args>
+    void each_left_sub(Visitor v, Args&&... args)
+    {
+        each_left(v, count() - 1, args...);
+    }
+
+    template <typename Visitor, typename... Args>
+    decltype(auto) towards(Visitor v, size_t idx, Args&&... args)
+    {
+        return towards_oh_ch_regular(
+            *this, v, idx, index(idx), count(), args...);
+    }
+
+    template <typename Visitor, typename... Args>
+    decltype(auto)
+    towards_oh(Visitor v, size_t idx, count_t offset_hint, Args&&... args)
+    {
+        return towards_oh_ch_regular(
+            *this, v, idx, offset_hint, count(), args...);
+    }
+
+    template <typename Visitor, typename... Args>
+    decltype(auto) towards_oh_ch(Visitor v,
+                                 size_t idx,
+                                 count_t offset_hint,
+                                 count_t count_hint,
+                                 Args&&... args)
+    {
+        return towards_oh_ch_regular(
+            *this, v, idx, offset_hint, count(), args...);
+    }
+
+    template <typename Visitor, typename... Args>
+    decltype(auto)
+    towards_sub_oh(Visitor v, size_t idx, count_t offset_hint, Args&&... args)
+    {
+        return towards_sub_oh_regular(*this, v, idx, offset_hint, args...);
+    }
+
+    template <typename Visitor, typename... Args>
+    decltype(auto) last_oh(Visitor v, count_t offset_hint, Args&&... args)
+    {
+        return last_oh_regular(*this, v, offset_hint, args...);
+    }
+
+    template <typename Visitor, typename... Args>
+    decltype(auto) last_sub(Visitor v, Args&&... args)
+    {
+        auto offset  = count() - 1;
+        auto child   = node_->inner()[offset];
+        auto is_leaf = shift_ == BL;
+        auto lsize   = size_ - (size_t{offset} << shift_);
+        return is_leaf ? make_leaf_sub_pos(child, lsize).visit(v, args...)
+                       : make_regular_sub_pos(child, shift_ - B, lsize)
+                             .visit(v, args...);
+    }
+
+    template <typename Visitor, typename... Args>
+    decltype(auto) first_sub(Visitor v, Args&&... args)
+    {
+        auto is_leaf = shift_ == BL;
+        auto child   = node_->inner()[0];
+        auto is_full = size_ >= (size_t{1} << shift_);
+        return is_full
+                   ? (is_leaf
+                          ? make_full_leaf_pos(child).visit(v, args...)
+                          : make_full_pos(child, shift_ - B).visit(v, args...))
+                   : (is_leaf
+                          ? make_leaf_sub_pos(child, size_).visit(v, args...)
+                          : make_regular_sub_pos(child, shift_ - B, size_)
+                                .visit(v, args...));
+    }
+
+    template <typename Visitor, typename... Args>
+    decltype(auto) first_sub_leaf(Visitor v, Args&&... args)
+    {
+        assert(shift_ == BL);
+        auto child   = node_->inner()[0];
+        auto is_full = size_ >= branches<BL>;
+        return is_full ? make_full_leaf_pos(child).visit(v, args...)
+                       : make_leaf_sub_pos(child, size_).visit(v, args...);
+    }
+
+    template <typename Visitor, typename... Args>
+    decltype(auto) first_sub_inner(Visitor v, Args&&... args)
+    {
+        assert(shift_ >= BL);
+        auto child   = node_->inner()[0];
+        auto is_full = size_ >= branches<BL>;
+        return is_full ? make_full_pos(child, shift_ - B).visit(v, args...)
+                       : make_regular_sub_pos(child, shift_ - B, size_)
+                             .visit(v, args...);
+    }
+
+    template <typename Visitor, typename... Args>
+    decltype(auto) nth_sub(count_t idx, Visitor v, Args&&... args)
+    {
+        assert(idx < count());
+        auto is_leaf = shift_ == BL;
+        auto child   = node_->inner()[idx];
+        auto lsize   = size(idx);
+        auto is_full = idx + 1 < count();
+        return is_full
+                   ? (is_leaf
+                          ? make_full_leaf_pos(child).visit(v, args...)
+                          : make_full_pos(child, shift_ - B).visit(v, args...))
+                   : (is_leaf
+                          ? make_leaf_sub_pos(child, lsize).visit(v, args...)
+                          : make_regular_sub_pos(child, shift_ - B, lsize)
+                                .visit(v, args...));
+    }
+
+    template <typename Visitor, typename... Args>
+    decltype(auto) nth_sub_leaf(count_t idx, Visitor v, Args&&... args)
+    {
+        assert(shift_ == BL);
+        auto child   = node_->inner()[idx];
+        auto lsize   = size(idx);
+        auto is_full = idx + 1 < count();
+        return is_full ? make_full_leaf_pos(child).visit(v, args...)
+                       : make_leaf_sub_pos(child, lsize).visit(v, args...);
+    }
+
+    template <typename Visitor, typename... Args>
+    decltype(auto) visit(Visitor v, Args&&... args)
+    {
+        return Visitor::visit_regular(*this, std::forward<Args>(args)...);
+    }
+};
+
+template <typename NodeT>
+regular_sub_pos<NodeT>
+make_regular_sub_pos(NodeT* node, shift_t shift, size_t size)
+{
+    assert(node);
+    assert(shift >= NodeT::bits_leaf);
+    assert(size > 0);
+    assert(size <= (branches<NodeT::bits, size_t> << shift));
+    return {node, shift, size};
+}
+
+template <typename NodeT,
+          shift_t Shift,
+          bits_t B  = NodeT::bits,
+          bits_t BL = NodeT::bits_leaf>
+struct regular_descent_pos
+{
+    static_assert(Shift > 0, "not leaf...");
+
+    using node_t = NodeT;
+    node_t* node_;
+
+    node_t* node() const { return node_; }
+    shift_t shift() const { return Shift; }
+    count_t index(size_t idx) const
+    {
+#if !defined(_MSC_VER)
+#pragma GCC diagnostic push
+#pragma GCC diagnostic ignored "-Wshift-count-overflow"
+#endif
+        return (idx >> Shift) & mask<B>;
+#if !defined(_MSC_VER)
+#pragma GCC diagnostic pop
+#endif
+    }
+
+    template <typename Visitor>
+    decltype(auto) descend(Visitor v, size_t idx)
+    {
+        auto offset = index(idx);
+        auto child  = node_->inner()[offset];
+        return regular_descent_pos<NodeT, Shift - B>{child}.visit(v, idx);
+    }
+
+    template <typename Visitor, typename... Args>
+    decltype(auto) visit(Visitor v, Args&&... args)
+    {
+        return Visitor::visit_regular(*this, std::forward<Args>(args)...);
+    }
+};
+
+template <typename NodeT, bits_t B, bits_t BL>
+struct regular_descent_pos<NodeT, BL, B, BL>
+{
+    using node_t = NodeT;
+    node_t* node_;
+
+    node_t* node() const { return node_; }
+    shift_t shift() const { return BL; }
+    count_t index(size_t idx) const { return (idx >> BL) & mask<B>; }
+
+    template <typename Visitor>
+    decltype(auto) descend(Visitor v, size_t idx)
+    {
+        auto offset = index(idx);
+        auto child  = node_->inner()[offset];
+        return make_leaf_descent_pos(child).visit(v, idx);
+    }
+
+    template <typename Visitor, typename... Args>
+    decltype(auto) visit(Visitor v, Args&&... args)
+    {
+        return Visitor::visit_regular(*this, std::forward<Args>(args)...);
+    }
+};
+
+template <typename NodeT, typename Visitor>
+decltype(auto)
+visit_regular_descent(NodeT* node, shift_t shift, Visitor v, size_t idx)
+{
+    constexpr auto B  = NodeT::bits;
+    constexpr auto BL = NodeT::bits_leaf;
+    assert(node);
+    assert(shift >= BL);
+    switch (shift) {
+    case BL + B * 0:
+        return regular_descent_pos<NodeT, BL + B * 0>{node}.visit(v, idx);
+    case BL + B * 1:
+        return regular_descent_pos<NodeT, BL + B * 1>{node}.visit(v, idx);
+    case BL + B * 2:
+        return regular_descent_pos<NodeT, BL + B * 2>{node}.visit(v, idx);
+    case BL + B * 3:
+        return regular_descent_pos<NodeT, BL + B * 3>{node}.visit(v, idx);
+    case BL + B * 4:
+        return regular_descent_pos<NodeT, BL + B * 4>{node}.visit(v, idx);
+    case BL + B * 5:
+        return regular_descent_pos<NodeT, BL + B * 5>{node}.visit(v, idx);
+#if IMMER_DESCENT_DEEP
+    default:
+        for (auto level = shift; level != endshift<B, BL>; level -= B)
+            node = node->inner()[(idx >> level) & mask<B>];
+        return make_leaf_descent_pos(node).visit(v, idx);
+#endif // IMMER_DEEP_DESCENT
+    }
+    IMMER_UNREACHABLE;
+}
+
+template <typename NodeT>
+struct full_pos
+{
+    static constexpr auto B  = NodeT::bits;
+    static constexpr auto BL = NodeT::bits_leaf;
+
+    using node_t = NodeT;
+    node_t* node_;
+    shift_t shift_;
+
+    count_t count() const { return branches<B>; }
+    node_t* node() const { return node_; }
+    size_t size() const { return branches<B, size_t> << shift_; }
+    shift_t shift() const { return shift_; }
+    count_t index(size_t idx) const { return (idx >> shift_) & mask<B>; }
+    count_t subindex(size_t idx) const { return idx >> shift_; }
+    size_t size(count_t offset) const { return size_t{1} << shift_; }
+    size_t size_sbh(count_t offset, size_t) const
+    {
+        return size_t{1} << shift_;
+    }
+    size_t size_before(count_t offset) const
+    {
+        return size_t{offset} << shift_;
+    }
+
+    void copy_sizes(count_t offset, count_t n, size_t init, size_t* sizes)
+    {
+        auto e = sizes + n;
+        for (; sizes != e; ++sizes) {
+            init = *sizes = init + (size_t{1} << shift_);
+            assert(init);
+        }
+    }
+
+    template <typename Visitor, typename... Args>
+    void each(Visitor v, Args&&... args)
+    {
+        auto p = node_->inner();
+        auto e = p + branches<B>;
+        if (shift_ == BL) {
+            for (; p != e; ++p) {
+                IMMER_PREFETCH(p + 1);
+                make_full_leaf_pos(*p).visit(v, args...);
+            }
+        } else {
+            auto ss = shift_ - B;
+            for (; p != e; ++p)
+                make_full_pos(*p, ss).visit(v, args...);
+        }
+    }
+
+    template <typename Visitor, typename... Args>
+    bool each_pred(Visitor v, Args&&... args)
+    {
+        auto p = node_->inner();
+        auto e = p + branches<B>;
+        if (shift_ == BL) {
+            for (; p != e; ++p) {
+                IMMER_PREFETCH(p + 1);
+                if (!make_full_leaf_pos(*p).visit(v, args...))
+                    return false;
+            }
+        } else {
+            auto ss = shift_ - B;
+            for (; p != e; ++p)
+                if (!make_full_pos(*p, ss).visit(v, args...))
+                    return false;
+        }
+        return true;
+    }
+
+    template <typename Visitor, typename... Args>
+    bool each_pred_zip(Visitor v, node_t* other, Args&&... args)
+    {
+        auto p  = node_->inner();
+        auto p2 = other->inner();
+        auto e  = p + branches<B>;
+        if (shift_ == BL) {
+            for (; p != e; ++p, ++p2) {
+                IMMER_PREFETCH(p + 1);
+                if (!make_full_leaf_pos(*p).visit(v, *p2, args...))
+                    return false;
+            }
+        } else {
+            auto ss = shift_ - B;
+            for (; p != e; ++p, ++p2)
+                if (!make_full_pos(*p, ss).visit(v, *p2, args...))
+                    return false;
+        }
+        return true;
+    }
+
+    template <typename Visitor, typename... Args>
+    bool each_pred_i(Visitor v, count_t i, count_t n, Args&&... args)
+    {
+        auto p = node_->inner() + i;
+        auto e = node_->inner() + n;
+        if (shift_ == BL) {
+            for (; p != e; ++p) {
+                IMMER_PREFETCH(p + 1);
+                if (!make_full_leaf_pos(*p).visit(v, args...))
+                    return false;
+            }
+        } else {
+            auto ss = shift_ - B;
+            for (; p != e; ++p)
+                if (!make_full_pos(*p, ss).visit(v, args...))
+                    return false;
+        }
+        return true;
+    }
+
+    template <typename Visitor, typename... Args>
+    void each_i(Visitor v, count_t i, count_t n, Args&&... args)
+    {
+        auto p = node_->inner() + i;
+        auto e = node_->inner() + n;
+        if (shift_ == BL) {
+            for (; p != e; ++p) {
+                IMMER_PREFETCH(p + 1);
+                make_full_leaf_pos(*p).visit(v, args...);
+            }
+        } else {
+            auto ss = shift_ - B;
+            for (; p != e; ++p)
+                make_full_pos(*p, ss).visit(v, args...);
+        }
+    }
+
+    template <typename Visitor, typename... Args>
+    bool each_pred_right(Visitor v, count_t start, Args&&... args)
+    {
+        return each_pred_i(v, start, branches<B>, args...);
+    }
+
+    template <typename Visitor, typename... Args>
+    bool each_pred_left(Visitor v, count_t last, Args&&... args)
+    {
+        return each_pred_i(v, 0, last, args...);
+    }
+
+    template <typename Visitor, typename... Args>
+    void each_sub(Visitor v, Args&&... args)
+    {
+        each(v, args...);
+    }
+
+    template <typename Visitor, typename... Args>
+    void each_left_sub(Visitor v, Args&&... args)
+    {
+        each_i(v, 0, branches<B> - 1, args...);
+    }
+
+    template <typename Visitor, typename... Args>
+    void each_right_sub(Visitor v, Args&&... args)
+    {
+        each_i(v, 1, branches<B>, args...);
+    }
+
+    template <typename Visitor, typename... Args>
+    void each_right(Visitor v, count_t start, Args&&... args)
+    {
+        each_i(v, start, branches<B>, args...);
+    }
+
+    template <typename Visitor, typename... Args>
+    void each_left(Visitor v, count_t last, Args&&... args)
+    {
+        each_i(v, 0, last, args...);
+    }
+
+    template <typename Visitor, typename... Args>
+    decltype(auto) towards(Visitor v, size_t idx, Args&&... args)
+    {
+        return towards_oh(v, idx, index(idx), args...);
+    }
+
+    template <typename Visitor, typename... Args>
+    decltype(auto) towards_oh_ch(
+        Visitor v, size_t idx, count_t offset_hint, count_t, Args&&... args)
+    {
+        return towards_oh(v, idx, offset_hint, args...);
+    }
+
+    template <typename Visitor, typename... Args>
+    decltype(auto)
+    towards_oh(Visitor v, size_t idx, count_t offset_hint, Args&&... args)
+    {
+        assert(offset_hint == index(idx));
+        auto is_leaf = shift_ == BL;
+        auto child   = node_->inner()[offset_hint];
+        return is_leaf
+                   ? make_full_leaf_pos(child).visit(v, idx, args...)
+                   : make_full_pos(child, shift_ - B).visit(v, idx, args...);
+    }
+
+    template <typename Visitor, typename... Args>
+    decltype(auto)
+    towards_sub_oh(Visitor v, size_t idx, count_t offset_hint, Args&&... args)
+    {
+        assert(offset_hint == index(idx));
+        auto is_leaf = shift_ == BL;
+        auto child   = node_->inner()[offset_hint];
+        auto lsize   = size_t{offset_hint} << shift_;
+        return is_leaf
+                   ? make_full_leaf_pos(child).visit(v, idx - lsize, args...)
+                   : make_full_pos(child, shift_ - B)
+                         .visit(v, idx - lsize, args...);
+    }
+
+    template <typename Visitor, typename... Args>
+    decltype(auto) first_sub(Visitor v, Args&&... args)
+    {
+        auto is_leaf = shift_ == BL;
+        auto child   = node_->inner()[0];
+        return is_leaf ? make_full_leaf_pos(child).visit(v, args...)
+                       : make_full_pos(child, shift_ - B).visit(v, args...);
+    }
+
+    template <typename Visitor, typename... Args>
+    decltype(auto) first_sub_leaf(Visitor v, Args&&... args)
+    {
+        assert(shift_ == BL);
+        auto child = node_->inner()[0];
+        return make_full_leaf_pos(child).visit(v, args...);
+    }
+
+    template <typename Visitor, typename... Args>
+    decltype(auto) first_sub_inner(Visitor v, Args&&... args)
+    {
+        assert(shift_ >= BL);
+        auto child = node_->inner()[0];
+        return make_full_pos(child, shift_ - B).visit(v, args...);
+    }
+
+    template <typename Visitor, typename... Args>
+    decltype(auto) nth_sub(count_t idx, Visitor v, Args&&... args)
+    {
+        assert(idx < count());
+        auto is_leaf = shift_ == BL;
+        auto child   = node_->inner()[idx];
+        return is_leaf ? make_full_leaf_pos(child).visit(v, args...)
+                       : make_full_pos(child, shift_ - B).visit(v, args...);
+    }
+
+    template <typename Visitor, typename... Args>
+    decltype(auto) nth_sub_leaf(count_t idx, Visitor v, Args&&... args)
+    {
+        assert(shift_ == BL);
+        assert(idx < count());
+        auto child = node_->inner()[idx];
+        return make_full_leaf_pos(child).visit(v, args...);
+    }
+
+    template <typename Visitor, typename... Args>
+    decltype(auto) visit(Visitor v, Args&&... args)
+    {
+        return Visitor::visit_regular(*this, std::forward<Args>(args)...);
+    }
+};
+
+template <typename NodeT>
+full_pos<NodeT> make_full_pos(NodeT* node, shift_t shift)
+{
+    assert(node);
+    assert(shift >= NodeT::bits_leaf);
+    return {node, shift};
+}
+
+template <typename NodeT>
+struct relaxed_pos
+{
+    static constexpr auto B  = NodeT::bits;
+    static constexpr auto BL = NodeT::bits_leaf;
+
+    using node_t    = NodeT;
+    using relaxed_t = typename NodeT::relaxed_t;
+    node_t* node_;
+    shift_t shift_;
+    relaxed_t* relaxed_;
+
+    count_t count() const { return relaxed_->d.count; }
+    node_t* node() const { return node_; }
+    size_t size() const { return relaxed_->d.sizes[relaxed_->d.count - 1]; }
+    shift_t shift() const { return shift_; }
+    count_t subindex(size_t idx) const { return index(idx); }
+    relaxed_t* relaxed() const { return relaxed_; }
+
+    size_t size_before(count_t offset) const
+    {
+        return offset ? relaxed_->d.sizes[offset - 1] : 0;
+    }
+
+    size_t size(count_t offset) const
+    {
+        return size_sbh(offset, size_before(offset));
+    }
+
+    size_t size_sbh(count_t offset, size_t size_before_hint) const
+    {
+        assert(size_before_hint == size_before(offset));
+        return relaxed_->d.sizes[offset] - size_before_hint;
+    }
+
+    count_t index(size_t idx) const
+    {
+        auto offset = idx >> shift_;
+        while (relaxed_->d.sizes[offset] <= idx)
+            ++offset;
+        return offset;
+    }
+
+    void copy_sizes(count_t offset, count_t n, size_t init, size_t* sizes)
+    {
+        auto e     = sizes + n;
+        auto prev  = size_before(offset);
+        auto these = relaxed_->d.sizes + offset;
+        for (; sizes != e; ++sizes, ++these) {
+            auto this_size = *these;
+            init = *sizes = init + (this_size - prev);
+            assert(init);
+            prev = this_size;
+        }
+    }
+
+    template <typename Visitor, typename... Args>
+    void each(Visitor v, Args&&... args)
+    {
+        each_left(v, relaxed_->d.count, args...);
+    }
+
+    template <typename Visitor, typename... Args>
+    bool each_pred(Visitor v, Args&&... args)
+    {
+        auto p = node_->inner();
+        auto s = size_t{};
+        auto n = count();
+        if (shift_ == BL) {
+            for (auto i = count_t{0}; i < n; ++i) {
+                IMMER_PREFETCH(p + i + 1);
+                if (!make_leaf_sub_pos(p[i], relaxed_->d.sizes[i] - s)
+                         .visit(v, args...))
+                    return false;
+                s = relaxed_->d.sizes[i];
+            }
+        } else {
+            auto ss = shift_ - B;
+            for (auto i = count_t{0}; i < n; ++i) {
+                if (!visit_maybe_relaxed_sub(
+                        p[i], ss, relaxed_->d.sizes[i] - s, v, args...))
+                    return false;
+                s = relaxed_->d.sizes[i];
+            }
+        }
+        return true;
+    }
+
+    template <typename Visitor, typename... Args>
+    bool each_pred_i(Visitor v, count_t i, count_t n, Args&&... args)
+    {
+        if (shift_ == BL) {
+            auto p = node_->inner();
+            auto s = i > 0 ? relaxed_->d.sizes[i - 1] : 0;
+            for (; i < n; ++i) {
+                IMMER_PREFETCH(p + i + 1);
+                if (!make_leaf_sub_pos(p[i], relaxed_->d.sizes[i] - s)
+                         .visit(v, args...))
+                    return false;
+                s = relaxed_->d.sizes[i];
+            }
+        } else {
+            auto p  = node_->inner();
+            auto s  = i > 0 ? relaxed_->d.sizes[i - 1] : 0;
+            auto ss = shift_ - B;
+            for (; i < n; ++i) {
+                if (!visit_maybe_relaxed_sub(
+                        p[i], ss, relaxed_->d.sizes[i] - s, v, args...))
+                    return false;
+                s = relaxed_->d.sizes[i];
+            }
+        }
+        return true;
+    }
+
+    template <typename Visitor, typename... Args>
+    bool each_pred_left(Visitor v, count_t n, Args&&... args)
+    {
+        auto p = node_->inner();
+        auto s = size_t{};
+        if (shift_ == BL) {
+            for (auto i = count_t{0}; i < n; ++i) {
+                IMMER_PREFETCH(p + i + 1);
+                if (!make_leaf_sub_pos(p[i], relaxed_->d.sizes[i] - s)
+                         .visit(v, args...))
+                    return false;
+                s = relaxed_->d.sizes[i];
+            }
+        } else {
+            auto ss = shift_ - B;
+            for (auto i = count_t{0}; i < n; ++i) {
+                if (!visit_maybe_relaxed_sub(
+                        p[i], ss, relaxed_->d.sizes[i] - s, v, args...))
+                    return false;
+                s = relaxed_->d.sizes[i];
+            }
+        }
+        return true;
+    }
+
+    template <typename Visitor, typename... Args>
+    bool each_pred_right(Visitor v, count_t start, Args&&... args)
+    {
+        assert(start > 0);
+        assert(start <= relaxed_->d.count);
+        auto s = relaxed_->d.sizes[start - 1];
+        auto p = node_->inner();
+        if (shift_ == BL) {
+            for (auto i = start; i < relaxed_->d.count; ++i) {
+                IMMER_PREFETCH(p + i + 1);
+                if (!make_leaf_sub_pos(p[i], relaxed_->d.sizes[i] - s)
+                         .visit(v, args...))
+                    return false;
+                s = relaxed_->d.sizes[i];
+            }
+        } else {
+            auto ss = shift_ - B;
+            for (auto i = start; i < relaxed_->d.count; ++i) {
+                if (!visit_maybe_relaxed_sub(
+                        p[i], ss, relaxed_->d.sizes[i] - s, v, args...))
+                    return false;
+                s = relaxed_->d.sizes[i];
+            }
+        }
+        return true;
+    }
+
+    template <typename Visitor, typename... Args>
+    void each_i(Visitor v, count_t i, count_t n, Args&&... args)
+    {
+        if (shift_ == BL) {
+            auto p = node_->inner();
+            auto s = i > 0 ? relaxed_->d.sizes[i - 1] : 0;
+            for (; i < n; ++i) {
+                IMMER_PREFETCH(p + i + 1);
+                make_leaf_sub_pos(p[i], relaxed_->d.sizes[i] - s)
+                    .visit(v, args...);
+                s = relaxed_->d.sizes[i];
+            }
+        } else {
+            auto p  = node_->inner();
+            auto s  = i > 0 ? relaxed_->d.sizes[i - 1] : 0;
+            auto ss = shift_ - B;
+            for (; i < n; ++i) {
+                visit_maybe_relaxed_sub(
+                    p[i], ss, relaxed_->d.sizes[i] - s, v, args...);
+                s = relaxed_->d.sizes[i];
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    template <typename Visitor, typename... Args>
+    void each_sub(Visitor v, Args&&... args)
+    {
+        each_left(v, relaxed_->d.count, args...);
+    }
+
+    template <typename Visitor, typename... Args>
+    void each_left_sub(Visitor v, Args&&... args)
+    {
+        each_left(v, relaxed_->d.count - 1, args...);
+    }
+
+    template <typename Visitor, typename... Args>
+    void each_left(Visitor v, count_t n, Args&&... args)
+    {
+        auto p = node_->inner();
+        auto s = size_t{};
+        if (shift_ == BL) {
+            for (auto i = count_t{0}; i < n; ++i) {
+                IMMER_PREFETCH(p + i + 1);
+                make_leaf_sub_pos(p[i], relaxed_->d.sizes[i] - s)
+                    .visit(v, args...);
+                s = relaxed_->d.sizes[i];
+                assert(s);
+            }
+        } else {
+            auto ss = shift_ - B;
+            for (auto i = count_t{0}; i < n; ++i) {
+                visit_maybe_relaxed_sub(
+                    p[i], ss, relaxed_->d.sizes[i] - s, v, args...);
+                s = relaxed_->d.sizes[i];
+                assert(s);
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    template <typename Visitor, typename... Args>
+    void each_right_sub(Visitor v, Args&&... args)
+    {
+        each_right(v, 1, std::forward<Args>(args)...);
+    }
+
+    template <typename Visitor, typename... Args>
+    void each_right(Visitor v, count_t start, Args&&... args)
+    {
+        assert(start > 0);
+        assert(start <= relaxed_->d.count);
+        auto s = relaxed_->d.sizes[start - 1];
+        auto p = node_->inner();
+        if (shift_ == BL) {
+            for (auto i = start; i < relaxed_->d.count; ++i) {
+                IMMER_PREFETCH(p + i + 1);
+                make_leaf_sub_pos(p[i], relaxed_->d.sizes[i] - s)
+                    .visit(v, args...);
+                s = relaxed_->d.sizes[i];
+                assert(s);
+            }
+        } else {
+            auto ss = shift_ - B;
+            for (auto i = start; i < relaxed_->d.count; ++i) {
+                visit_maybe_relaxed_sub(
+                    p[i], ss, relaxed_->d.sizes[i] - s, v, args...);
+                s = relaxed_->d.sizes[i];
+                assert(s);
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    template <typename Visitor, typename... Args>
+    decltype(auto) towards(Visitor v, size_t idx, Args&&... args)
+    {
+        return towards_oh(v, idx, subindex(idx), args...);
+    }
+
+    template <typename Visitor, typename... Args>
+    decltype(auto)
+    towards_oh(Visitor v, size_t idx, count_t offset_hint, Args&&... args)
+    {
+        assert(offset_hint == index(idx));
+        auto left_size = offset_hint ? relaxed_->d.sizes[offset_hint - 1] : 0;
+        return towards_oh_sbh(v, idx, offset_hint, left_size, args...);
+    }
+
+    template <typename Visitor, typename... Args>
+    decltype(auto) towards_oh_sbh(Visitor v,
+                                  size_t idx,
+                                  count_t offset_hint,
+                                  size_t left_size_hint,
+                                  Args&&... args)
+    {
+        return towards_sub_oh_sbh(v, idx, offset_hint, left_size_hint, args...);
+    }
+
+    template <typename Visitor, typename... Args>
+    decltype(auto)
+    towards_sub_oh(Visitor v, size_t idx, count_t offset_hint, Args&&... args)
+    {
+        assert(offset_hint == index(idx));
+        auto left_size = offset_hint ? relaxed_->d.sizes[offset_hint - 1] : 0;
+        return towards_sub_oh_sbh(v, idx, offset_hint, left_size, args...);
+    }
+
+    template <typename Visitor, typename... Args>
+    decltype(auto) towards_sub_oh_sbh(Visitor v,
+                                      size_t idx,
+                                      count_t offset_hint,
+                                      size_t left_size_hint,
+                                      Args&&... args)
+    {
+        assert(offset_hint == index(idx));
+        assert(left_size_hint ==
+               (offset_hint ? relaxed_->d.sizes[offset_hint - 1] : 0));
+        auto child     = node_->inner()[offset_hint];
+        auto is_leaf   = shift_ == BL;
+        auto next_size = relaxed_->d.sizes[offset_hint] - left_size_hint;
+        auto next_idx  = idx - left_size_hint;
+        return is_leaf
+                   ? make_leaf_sub_pos(child, next_size)
+                         .visit(v, next_idx, args...)
+                   : visit_maybe_relaxed_sub(
+                         child, shift_ - B, next_size, v, next_idx, args...);
+    }
+
+    template <typename Visitor, typename... Args>
+    decltype(auto) last_oh_csh(Visitor v,
+                               count_t offset_hint,
+                               size_t child_size_hint,
+                               Args&&... args)
+    {
+        assert(offset_hint == count() - 1);
+        assert(child_size_hint == size(offset_hint));
+        auto child   = node_->inner()[offset_hint];
+        auto is_leaf = shift_ == BL;
+        return is_leaf
+                   ? make_leaf_sub_pos(child, child_size_hint).visit(v, args...)
+                   : visit_maybe_relaxed_sub(
+                         child, shift_ - B, child_size_hint, v, args...);
+    }
+
+    template <typename Visitor, typename... Args>
+    decltype(auto) last_sub(Visitor v, Args&&... args)
+    {
+        auto offset     = relaxed_->d.count - 1;
+        auto child      = node_->inner()[offset];
+        auto child_size = size(offset);
+        auto is_leaf    = shift_ == BL;
+        return is_leaf ? make_leaf_sub_pos(child, child_size).visit(v, args...)
+                       : visit_maybe_relaxed_sub(
+                             child, shift_ - B, child_size, v, args...);
+    }
+
+    template <typename Visitor, typename... Args>
+    decltype(auto) first_sub(Visitor v, Args&&... args)
+    {
+        auto child      = node_->inner()[0];
+        auto child_size = relaxed_->d.sizes[0];
+        auto is_leaf    = shift_ == BL;
+        assert(child_size);
+        return is_leaf ? make_leaf_sub_pos(child, child_size).visit(v, args...)
+                       : visit_maybe_relaxed_sub(
+                             child, shift_ - B, child_size, v, args...);
+    }
+
+    template <typename Visitor, typename... Args>
+    decltype(auto) first_sub_leaf(Visitor v, Args&&... args)
+    {
+        assert(shift_ == BL);
+        auto child      = node_->inner()[0];
+        auto child_size = relaxed_->d.sizes[0];
+        return make_leaf_sub_pos(child, child_size).visit(v, args...);
+    }
+
+    template <typename Visitor, typename... Args>
+    decltype(auto) first_sub_inner(Visitor v, Args&&... args)
+    {
+        assert(shift_ > BL);
+        auto child      = node_->inner()[0];
+        auto child_size = relaxed_->d.sizes[0];
+        return visit_maybe_relaxed_sub(
+            child, shift_ - B, child_size, v, args...);
+    }
+
+    template <typename Visitor, typename... Args>
+    decltype(auto) nth_sub(count_t offset, Visitor v, Args&&... args)
+    {
+        auto child      = node_->inner()[offset];
+        auto child_size = size(offset);
+        auto is_leaf    = shift_ == BL;
+        return is_leaf ? make_leaf_sub_pos(child, child_size).visit(v, args...)
+                       : visit_maybe_relaxed_sub(
+                             child, shift_ - B, child_size, v, args...);
+    }
+
+    template <typename Visitor, typename... Args>
+    decltype(auto) nth_sub_leaf(count_t offset, Visitor v, Args&&... args)
+    {
+        assert(shift_ == BL);
+        auto child      = node_->inner()[offset];
+        auto child_size = size(offset);
+        return make_leaf_sub_pos(child, child_size).visit(v, args...);
+    }
+
+    template <typename Visitor, typename... Args>
+    decltype(auto) visit(Visitor v, Args&&... args)
+    {
+        return Visitor::visit_relaxed(*this, std::forward<Args>(args)...);
+    }
+};
+
+template <typename Pos>
+using is_relaxed = std::is_same<relaxed_pos<typename std::decay_t<Pos>::node_t>,
+                                std::decay_t<Pos>>;
+
+template <typename Pos>
+constexpr auto is_relaxed_v = is_relaxed<Pos>::value;
+
+template <typename NodeT>
+relaxed_pos<NodeT>
+make_relaxed_pos(NodeT* node, shift_t shift, typename NodeT::relaxed_t* relaxed)
+{
+    assert(node);
+    assert(relaxed);
+    assert(shift >= NodeT::bits_leaf);
+    return {node, shift, relaxed};
+}
+
+template <typename NodeT, typename Visitor, typename... Args>
+decltype(auto) visit_maybe_relaxed_sub(
+    NodeT* node, shift_t shift, size_t size, Visitor v, Args&&... args)
+{
+    assert(node);
+    auto relaxed = node->relaxed();
+    if (relaxed) {
+        assert(size == relaxed->d.sizes[relaxed->d.count - 1]);
+        return make_relaxed_pos(node, shift, relaxed)
+            .visit(v, std::forward<Args>(args)...);
+    } else {
+        return make_regular_sub_pos(node, shift, size)
+            .visit(v, std::forward<Args>(args)...);
+    }
+}
+
+template <typename NodeT,
+          shift_t Shift,
+          bits_t B  = NodeT::bits,
+          bits_t BL = NodeT::bits_leaf>
+struct relaxed_descent_pos
+{
+    static_assert(Shift > 0, "not leaf...");
+
+    using node_t    = NodeT;
+    using relaxed_t = typename NodeT::relaxed_t;
+    node_t* node_;
+    relaxed_t* relaxed_;
+
+    count_t count() const { return relaxed_->d.count; }
+    node_t* node() const { return node_; }
+    shift_t shift() const { return Shift; }
+    size_t size() const { return relaxed_->d.sizes[relaxed_->d.count - 1]; }
+
+    count_t index(size_t idx) const
+    {
+        // make gcc happy
+#if !defined(_MSC_VER)
+#pragma GCC diagnostic push
+#pragma GCC diagnostic ignored "-Wshift-count-overflow"
+#endif
+        auto offset = idx >> Shift;
+#if !defined(_MSC_VER)
+#pragma GCC diagnostic pop
+#endif
+        while (relaxed_->d.sizes[offset] <= idx)
+            ++offset;
+        return offset;
+    }
+
+    template <typename Visitor>
+    decltype(auto) descend(Visitor v, size_t idx)
+    {
+        auto offset    = index(idx);
+        auto child     = node_->inner()[offset];
+        auto left_size = offset ? relaxed_->d.sizes[offset - 1] : 0;
+        auto next_idx  = idx - left_size;
+        auto r         = child->relaxed();
+        return r ? relaxed_descent_pos<NodeT, Shift - B>{child, r}.visit(
+                       v, next_idx)
+                 : regular_descent_pos<NodeT, Shift - B>{child}.visit(v,
+                                                                      next_idx);
+    }
+
+    template <typename Visitor, typename... Args>
+    decltype(auto) visit(Visitor v, Args&&... args)
+    {
+        return Visitor::visit_relaxed(*this, std::forward<Args>(args)...);
+    }
+};
+
+template <typename NodeT, bits_t B, bits_t BL>
+struct relaxed_descent_pos<NodeT, BL, B, BL>
+{
+    using node_t    = NodeT;
+    using relaxed_t = typename NodeT::relaxed_t;
+    node_t* node_;
+    relaxed_t* relaxed_;
+
+    count_t count() const { return relaxed_->d.count; }
+    node_t* node() const { return node_; }
+    shift_t shift() const { return BL; }
+    size_t size() const { return relaxed_->d.sizes[relaxed_->d.count - 1]; }
+
+    count_t index(size_t idx) const
+    {
+        auto offset = (idx >> BL) & mask<B>;
+        while (relaxed_->d.sizes[offset] <= idx)
+            ++offset;
+        return offset;
+    }
+
+    template <typename Visitor>
+    decltype(auto) descend(Visitor v, size_t idx)
+    {
+        auto offset    = index(idx);
+        auto child     = node_->inner()[offset];
+        auto left_size = offset ? relaxed_->d.sizes[offset - 1] : 0;
+        auto next_idx  = idx - left_size;
+        return leaf_descent_pos<NodeT>{child}.visit(v, next_idx);
+    }
+
+    template <typename Visitor, typename... Args>
+    decltype(auto) visit(Visitor v, Args&&... args)
+    {
+        return Visitor::visit_relaxed(*this, std::forward<Args>(args)...);
+    }
+};
+
+template <typename NodeT, typename Visitor, typename... Args>
+decltype(auto)
+visit_maybe_relaxed_descent(NodeT* node, shift_t shift, Visitor v, size_t idx)
+{
+    constexpr auto B  = NodeT::bits;
+    constexpr auto BL = NodeT::bits_leaf;
+    assert(node);
+    assert(shift >= BL);
+    auto r = node->relaxed();
+    if (r) {
+        switch (shift) {
+        case BL + B * 0:
+            return relaxed_descent_pos<NodeT, BL + B * 0>{node, r}.visit(v,
+                                                                         idx);
+        case BL + B * 1:
+            return relaxed_descent_pos<NodeT, BL + B * 1>{node, r}.visit(v,
+                                                                         idx);
+        case BL + B * 2:
+            return relaxed_descent_pos<NodeT, BL + B * 2>{node, r}.visit(v,
+                                                                         idx);
+        case BL + B * 3:
+            return relaxed_descent_pos<NodeT, BL + B * 3>{node, r}.visit(v,
+                                                                         idx);
+        case BL + B * 4:
+            return relaxed_descent_pos<NodeT, BL + B * 4>{node, r}.visit(v,
+                                                                         idx);
+        case BL + B * 5:
+            return relaxed_descent_pos<NodeT, BL + B * 5>{node, r}.visit(v,
+                                                                         idx);
+#if IMMER_DESCENT_DEEP
+        default:
+            for (auto level = shift; level != endshift<B, BL>; level -= B) {
+                auto r = node->relaxed();
+                if (r) {
+                    auto node_idx = (idx >> level) & mask<B>;
+                    while (r->d.sizes[node_idx] <= idx)
+                        ++node_idx;
+                    if (node_idx)
+                        idx -= r->d.sizes[node_idx - 1];
+                    node = node->inner()[node_idx];
+                } else {
+                    do {
+                        node = node->inner()[(idx >> level) & mask<B>];
+                    } while ((level -= B) != endshift<B, BL>);
+                    return make_leaf_descent_pos(node).visit(v, idx);
+                }
+            }
+            return make_leaf_descent_pos(node).visit(v, idx);
+#endif // IMMER_DESCENT_DEEP
+        }
+        IMMER_UNREACHABLE;
+    } else {
+        return visit_regular_descent(node, shift, v, idx);
+    }
+}
+
+} // namespace rbts
+} // namespace detail
+} // namespace immer
diff --git a/src/immer/immer/detail/rbts/rbtree.hpp b/src/immer/immer/detail/rbts/rbtree.hpp
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000..0b016a0efdd6b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/immer/immer/detail/rbts/rbtree.hpp
@@ -0,0 +1,534 @@
+//
+// immer: immutable data structures for C++
+// Copyright (C) 2016, 2017, 2018 Juan Pedro Bolivar Puente
+//
+// This software is distributed under the Boost Software License, Version 1.0.
+// See accompanying file LICENSE or copy at http://boost.org/LICENSE_1_0.txt
+//
+
+#pragma once
+
+#include <immer/config.hpp>
+#include <immer/detail/rbts/node.hpp>
+#include <immer/detail/rbts/operations.hpp>
+#include <immer/detail/rbts/position.hpp>
+#include <immer/detail/type_traits.hpp>
+
+#include <cassert>
+#include <stdexcept>
+#include <memory>
+#include <numeric>
+
+namespace immer {
+namespace detail {
+namespace rbts {
+
+template <typename T, typename MemoryPolicy, bits_t B, bits_t BL>
+struct rbtree
+{
+    using node_t  = node<T, MemoryPolicy, B, BL>;
+    using edit_t  = typename node_t::edit_t;
+    using owner_t = typename MemoryPolicy::transience_t::owner;
+
+    size_t size;
+    shift_t shift;
+    node_t* root;
+    node_t* tail;
+
+    constexpr static size_t max_size()
+    {
+        auto S = sizeof(size_t) * 8;
+        return (size_t{1} << BL) * ipow(size_t{1} << B, (S - BL) / B);
+    }
+
+    static node_t* empty_root()
+    {
+        static const auto empty_ = node_t::make_inner_n(0u);
+        return empty_->inc();
+    }
+
+    static node_t* empty_tail()
+    {
+        static const auto empty_ = node_t::make_leaf_n(0u);
+        return empty_->inc();
+    }
+
+    template <typename U>
+    static auto from_initializer_list(std::initializer_list<U> values)
+    {
+        auto e      = owner_t{};
+        auto result = rbtree{};
+        for (auto&& v : values)
+            result.push_back_mut(e, v);
+        return result;
+    }
+
+    template <typename Iter,
+              typename Sent,
+              std::enable_if_t<compatible_sentinel_v<Iter, Sent>, bool> = true>
+    static auto from_range(Iter first, Sent last)
+    {
+        auto e      = owner_t{};
+        auto result = rbtree{};
+        for (; first != last; ++first)
+            result.push_back_mut(e, *first);
+        return result;
+    }
+
+    static auto from_fill(size_t n, T v)
+    {
+        auto e      = owner_t{};
+        auto result = rbtree{};
+        while (n-- > 0)
+            result.push_back_mut(e, v);
+        return result;
+    }
+
+    rbtree()
+        : size{0}
+        , shift{BL}
+        , root{empty_root()}
+        , tail{empty_tail()}
+    {
+        assert(check_tree());
+    }
+
+    rbtree(size_t sz, shift_t sh, node_t* r, node_t* t)
+        : size{sz}
+        , shift{sh}
+        , root{r}
+        , tail{t}
+    {
+        assert(check_tree());
+    }
+
+    rbtree(const rbtree& other)
+        : rbtree{other.size, other.shift, other.root, other.tail}
+    {
+        inc();
+    }
+
+    rbtree(rbtree&& other)
+        : rbtree{}
+    {
+        swap(*this, other);
+    }
+
+    rbtree& operator=(const rbtree& other)
+    {
+        auto next = other;
+        swap(*this, next);
+        return *this;
+    }
+
+    rbtree& operator=(rbtree&& other)
+    {
+        swap(*this, other);
+        return *this;
+    }
+
+    friend void swap(rbtree& x, rbtree& y)
+    {
+        using std::swap;
+        swap(x.size, y.size);
+        swap(x.shift, y.shift);
+        swap(x.root, y.root);
+        swap(x.tail, y.tail);
+    }
+
+    ~rbtree() { dec(); }
+
+    void inc() const
+    {
+        root->inc();
+        tail->inc();
+    }
+
+    void dec() const { traverse(dec_visitor()); }
+
+    auto tail_size() const { return size ? ((size - 1) & mask<BL>) +1 : 0; }
+
+    auto tail_offset() const { return size ? (size - 1) & ~mask<BL> : 0; }
+
+    template <typename Visitor, typename... Args>
+    void traverse(Visitor v, Args&&... args) const
+    {
+        auto tail_off  = tail_offset();
+        auto tail_size = size - tail_off;
+
+        if (tail_off)
+            make_regular_sub_pos(root, shift, tail_off).visit(v, args...);
+        else
+            make_empty_regular_pos(root).visit(v, args...);
+
+        make_leaf_sub_pos(tail, tail_size).visit(v, args...);
+    }
+
+    template <typename Visitor, typename... Args>
+    void traverse(Visitor v, size_t first, size_t last, Args&&... args) const
+    {
+        auto tail_off  = tail_offset();
+        auto tail_size = size - tail_off;
+
+        if (first < tail_off)
+            make_regular_sub_pos(root, shift, tail_off)
+                .visit(v, first, last < tail_off ? last : tail_off, args...);
+        if (last > tail_off)
+            make_leaf_sub_pos(tail, tail_size)
+                .visit(v,
+                       first > tail_off ? first - tail_off : 0,
+                       last - tail_off,
+                       args...);
+    }
+
+    template <typename Visitor, typename... Args>
+    bool traverse_p(Visitor v, Args&&... args) const
+    {
+        auto tail_off  = tail_offset();
+        auto tail_size = size - tail_off;
+        return (tail_off ? make_regular_sub_pos(root, shift, tail_off)
+                               .visit(v, args...)
+                         : make_empty_regular_pos(root).visit(v, args...)) &&
+               make_leaf_sub_pos(tail, tail_size).visit(v, args...);
+    }
+
+    template <typename Visitor, typename... Args>
+    bool traverse_p(Visitor v, size_t first, size_t last, Args&&... args) const
+    {
+        auto tail_off  = tail_offset();
+        auto tail_size = size - tail_off;
+
+        return (first < tail_off ? make_regular_sub_pos(root, shift, tail_off)
+                                       .visit(v,
+                                              first,
+                                              last < tail_off ? last : tail_off,
+                                              args...)
+                                 : true) &&
+               (last > tail_off
+                    ? make_leaf_sub_pos(tail, tail_size)
+                          .visit(v,
+                                 first > tail_off ? first - tail_off : 0,
+                                 last - tail_off,
+                                 args...)
+                    : true);
+    }
+
+    template <typename Visitor>
+    decltype(auto) descend(Visitor v, size_t idx) const
+    {
+        auto tail_off = tail_offset();
+        return idx >= tail_off ? make_leaf_descent_pos(tail).visit(v, idx)
+                               : visit_regular_descent(root, shift, v, idx);
+    }
+
+    template <typename Fn>
+    void for_each_chunk(Fn&& fn) const
+    {
+        traverse(for_each_chunk_visitor{}, std::forward<Fn>(fn));
+    }
+
+    template <typename Fn>
+    void for_each_chunk(size_t first, size_t last, Fn&& fn) const
+    {
+        traverse(for_each_chunk_i_visitor{}, first, last, std::forward<Fn>(fn));
+    }
+
+    template <typename Fn>
+    bool for_each_chunk_p(Fn&& fn) const
+    {
+        return traverse_p(for_each_chunk_p_visitor{}, std::forward<Fn>(fn));
+    }
+
+    template <typename Fn>
+    bool for_each_chunk_p(size_t first, size_t last, Fn&& fn) const
+    {
+        return traverse_p(
+            for_each_chunk_p_i_visitor{}, first, last, std::forward<Fn>(fn));
+    }
+
+    bool equals(const rbtree& other) const
+    {
+        if (size != other.size)
+            return false;
+        if (size == 0)
+            return true;
+        return (size <= branches<BL> ||
+                make_regular_sub_pos(root, shift, tail_offset())
+                    .visit(equals_visitor{}, other.root)) &&
+               make_leaf_sub_pos(tail, tail_size())
+                   .visit(equals_visitor{}, other.tail);
+    }
+
+    void ensure_mutable_tail(edit_t e, count_t n)
+    {
+        if (!tail->can_mutate(e)) {
+            auto new_tail = node_t::copy_leaf_e(e, tail, n);
+            dec_leaf(tail, n);
+            tail = new_tail;
+        }
+    }
+
+    void push_back_mut(edit_t e, T value)
+    {
+        auto tail_off = tail_offset();
+        auto ts       = size - tail_off;
+        if (ts < branches<BL>) {
+            ensure_mutable_tail(e, ts);
+            new (&tail->leaf()[ts]) T{std::move(value)};
+        } else {
+            auto new_tail = node_t::make_leaf_e(e, std::move(value));
+            IMMER_TRY {
+                if (tail_off == size_t{branches<B>} << shift) {
+                    auto new_root = node_t::make_inner_e(e);
+                    IMMER_TRY {
+                        auto path = node_t::make_path_e(e, shift, tail);
+                        new_root->inner()[0] = root;
+                        new_root->inner()[1] = path;
+                        root                 = new_root;
+                        tail                 = new_tail;
+                        shift += B;
+                    }
+                    IMMER_CATCH (...) {
+                        node_t::delete_inner_e(new_root);
+                        IMMER_RETHROW;
+                    }
+                } else if (tail_off) {
+                    auto new_root =
+                        make_regular_sub_pos(root, shift, tail_off)
+                            .visit(push_tail_mut_visitor<node_t>{}, e, tail);
+                    root = new_root;
+                    tail = new_tail;
+                } else {
+                    auto new_root = node_t::make_path_e(e, shift, tail);
+                    assert(tail_off == 0);
+                    dec_empty_regular(root);
+                    root = new_root;
+                    tail = new_tail;
+                }
+            }
+            IMMER_CATCH (...) {
+                node_t::delete_leaf(new_tail, 1);
+                IMMER_RETHROW;
+            }
+        }
+        ++size;
+    }
+
+    rbtree push_back(T value) const
+    {
+        auto tail_off = tail_offset();
+        auto ts       = size - tail_off;
+        if (ts < branches<BL>) {
+            auto new_tail =
+                node_t::copy_leaf_emplace(tail, ts, std::move(value));
+            return {size + 1, shift, root->inc(), new_tail};
+        } else {
+            auto new_tail = node_t::make_leaf_n(1, std::move(value));
+            IMMER_TRY {
+                if (tail_off == size_t{branches<B>} << shift) {
+                    auto new_root = node_t::make_inner_n(2);
+                    IMMER_TRY {
+                        auto path            = node_t::make_path(shift, tail);
+                        new_root->inner()[0] = root;
+                        new_root->inner()[1] = path;
+                        root->inc();
+                        tail->inc();
+                        return {size + 1, shift + B, new_root, new_tail};
+                    }
+                    IMMER_CATCH (...) {
+                        node_t::delete_inner(new_root, 2);
+                        IMMER_RETHROW;
+                    }
+                } else if (tail_off) {
+                    auto new_root =
+                        make_regular_sub_pos(root, shift, tail_off)
+                            .visit(push_tail_visitor<node_t>{}, tail);
+                    tail->inc();
+                    return {size + 1, shift, new_root, new_tail};
+                } else {
+                    auto new_root = node_t::make_path(shift, tail);
+                    tail->inc();
+                    return {size + 1, shift, new_root, new_tail};
+                }
+            }
+            IMMER_CATCH (...) {
+                node_t::delete_leaf(new_tail, 1);
+                IMMER_RETHROW;
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    const T* array_for(size_t index) const
+    {
+        return descend(array_for_visitor<T>(), index);
+    }
+
+    T& get_mut(edit_t e, size_t idx)
+    {
+        auto tail_off = tail_offset();
+        if (idx >= tail_off) {
+            ensure_mutable_tail(e, size - tail_off);
+            return tail->leaf()[idx & mask<BL>];
+        } else {
+            return make_regular_sub_pos(root, shift, tail_off)
+                .visit(get_mut_visitor<node_t>{}, idx, e, &root);
+        }
+    }
+
+    const T& get(size_t index) const
+    {
+        return descend(get_visitor<T>(), index);
+    }
+
+    const T& get_check(size_t index) const
+    {
+        if (index >= size)
+            IMMER_THROW(std::out_of_range{"index out of range"});
+        return descend(get_visitor<T>(), index);
+    }
+
+    const T& front() const { return get(0); }
+
+    const T& back() const { return tail->leaf()[(size - 1) & mask<BL>]; }
+
+    template <typename FnT>
+    void update_mut(edit_t e, size_t idx, FnT&& fn)
+    {
+        auto& elem = get_mut(e, idx);
+        elem       = std::forward<FnT>(fn)(std::move(elem));
+    }
+
+    template <typename FnT>
+    rbtree update(size_t idx, FnT&& fn) const
+    {
+        auto tail_off = tail_offset();
+        if (idx >= tail_off) {
+            auto tail_size = size - tail_off;
+            auto new_tail =
+                make_leaf_sub_pos(tail, tail_size)
+                    .visit(update_visitor<node_t>{}, idx - tail_off, fn);
+            return {size, shift, root->inc(), new_tail};
+        } else {
+            auto new_root = make_regular_sub_pos(root, shift, tail_off)
+                                .visit(update_visitor<node_t>{}, idx, fn);
+            return {size, shift, new_root, tail->inc()};
+        }
+    }
+
+    void assoc_mut(edit_t e, size_t idx, T value)
+    {
+        update_mut(e, idx, [&](auto&&) { return std::move(value); });
+    }
+
+    rbtree assoc(size_t idx, T value) const
+    {
+        return update(idx, [&](auto&&) { return std::move(value); });
+    }
+
+    rbtree take(size_t new_size) const
+    {
+        auto tail_off = tail_offset();
+        if (new_size == 0) {
+            return {};
+        } else if (new_size >= size) {
+            return *this;
+        } else if (new_size > tail_off) {
+            auto new_tail = node_t::copy_leaf(tail, new_size - tail_off);
+            return {new_size, shift, root->inc(), new_tail};
+        } else {
+            using std::get;
+            auto l = new_size - 1;
+            auto v = slice_right_visitor<node_t>();
+            auto r = make_regular_sub_pos(root, shift, tail_off).visit(v, l);
+            auto new_shift = get<0>(r);
+            auto new_root  = get<1>(r);
+            auto new_tail  = get<3>(r);
+            if (new_root) {
+                IMMER_ASSERT_TAGGED(new_root->compute_shift() == get<0>(r));
+                assert(new_root->check(new_shift, new_size - get<2>(r)));
+                return {new_size, new_shift, new_root, new_tail};
+            } else {
+                return {new_size, BL, empty_root(), new_tail};
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    void take_mut(edit_t e, size_t new_size)
+    {
+        auto tail_off = tail_offset();
+        if (new_size == 0) {
+            // todo: more efficient?
+            *this = {};
+        } else if (new_size >= size) {
+            return;
+        } else if (new_size > tail_off) {
+            auto ts    = size - tail_off;
+            auto newts = new_size - tail_off;
+            if (tail->can_mutate(e)) {
+                destroy_n(tail->leaf() + newts, ts - newts);
+            } else {
+                auto new_tail = node_t::copy_leaf_e(e, tail, newts);
+                dec_leaf(tail, ts);
+                tail = new_tail;
+            }
+            size = new_size;
+            return;
+        } else {
+            using std::get;
+            auto l = new_size - 1;
+            auto v = slice_right_mut_visitor<node_t>();
+            auto r = make_regular_sub_pos(root, shift, tail_off).visit(v, l, e);
+            auto new_shift = get<0>(r);
+            auto new_root  = get<1>(r);
+            auto new_tail  = get<3>(r);
+            if (new_root) {
+                root  = new_root;
+                shift = new_shift;
+            } else {
+                root  = empty_root();
+                shift = BL;
+            }
+            dec_leaf(tail, size - tail_off);
+            size = new_size;
+            tail = new_tail;
+            return;
+        }
+    }
+
+    bool check_tree() const
+    {
+#if IMMER_DEBUG_DEEP_CHECK
+        assert(shift >= BL);
+        assert(tail_offset() <= size);
+        assert(check_root());
+        assert(check_tail());
+#endif
+        return true;
+    }
+
+    bool check_tail() const
+    {
+#if IMMER_DEBUG_DEEP_CHECK
+        if (tail_size() > 0)
+            assert(tail->check(endshift<B, BL>, tail_size()));
+#endif
+        return true;
+    }
+
+    bool check_root() const
+    {
+#if IMMER_DEBUG_DEEP_CHECK
+        if (tail_offset() > 0)
+            assert(root->check(shift, tail_offset()));
+        else {
+            IMMER_ASSERT_TAGGED(root->kind() == node_t::kind_t::inner);
+            assert(shift == BL);
+        }
+#endif
+        return true;
+    }
+};
+
+} // namespace rbts
+} // namespace detail
+} // namespace immer
diff --git a/src/immer/immer/detail/rbts/rbtree_iterator.hpp b/src/immer/immer/detail/rbts/rbtree_iterator.hpp
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000..90613b10b98e8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/immer/immer/detail/rbts/rbtree_iterator.hpp
@@ -0,0 +1,99 @@
+//
+// immer: immutable data structures for C++
+// Copyright (C) 2016, 2017, 2018 Juan Pedro Bolivar Puente
+//
+// This software is distributed under the Boost Software License, Version 1.0.
+// See accompanying file LICENSE or copy at http://boost.org/LICENSE_1_0.txt
+//
+
+#pragma once
+
+#include <immer/detail/iterator_facade.hpp>
+#include <immer/detail/rbts/rbtree.hpp>
+
+namespace immer {
+namespace detail {
+namespace rbts {
+
+template <typename T, typename MP, bits_t B, bits_t BL>
+struct rbtree_iterator
+    : iterator_facade<rbtree_iterator<T, MP, B, BL>,
+                      std::random_access_iterator_tag,
+                      T,
+                      const T&,
+                      std::ptrdiff_t,
+                      const T*>
+{
+    using tree_t = rbtree<T, MP, B, BL>;
+
+    struct end_t
+    {};
+
+    rbtree_iterator() = default;
+
+    rbtree_iterator(const tree_t& v)
+        : v_{&v}
+        , i_{0}
+        , base_{~size_t{}}
+        , curr_{nullptr}
+    {}
+
+    rbtree_iterator(const tree_t& v, end_t)
+        : v_{&v}
+        , i_{v.size}
+        , base_{~size_t{}}
+        , curr_{nullptr}
+    {}
+
+    const tree_t& impl() const { return *v_; }
+    size_t index() const { return i_; }
+
+private:
+    friend iterator_core_access;
+
+    const tree_t* v_;
+    size_t i_;
+    mutable size_t base_;
+    mutable const T* curr_ = nullptr;
+
+    void increment()
+    {
+        assert(i_ < v_->size);
+        ++i_;
+    }
+
+    void decrement()
+    {
+        assert(i_ > 0);
+        --i_;
+    }
+
+    void advance(std::ptrdiff_t n)
+    {
+        assert(n <= 0 || i_ + static_cast<size_t>(n) <= v_->size);
+        assert(n >= 0 || static_cast<size_t>(-n) <= i_);
+        i_ += n;
+    }
+
+    bool equal(const rbtree_iterator& other) const { return i_ == other.i_; }
+
+    std::ptrdiff_t distance_to(const rbtree_iterator& other) const
+    {
+        return other.i_ > i_ ? static_cast<std::ptrdiff_t>(other.i_ - i_)
+                             : -static_cast<std::ptrdiff_t>(i_ - other.i_);
+    }
+
+    const T& dereference() const
+    {
+        auto base = i_ & ~mask<BL>;
+        if (base_ != base) {
+            base_ = base;
+            curr_ = v_->array_for(i_);
+        }
+        return curr_[i_ & mask<BL>];
+    }
+};
+
+} // namespace rbts
+} // namespace detail
+} // namespace immer
diff --git a/src/immer/immer/detail/rbts/rrbtree.hpp b/src/immer/immer/detail/rbts/rrbtree.hpp
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000..9288670bebafa
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/immer/immer/detail/rbts/rrbtree.hpp
@@ -0,0 +1,1438 @@
+//
+// immer: immutable data structures for C++
+// Copyright (C) 2016, 2017, 2018 Juan Pedro Bolivar Puente
+//
+// This software is distributed under the Boost Software License, Version 1.0.
+// See accompanying file LICENSE or copy at http://boost.org/LICENSE_1_0.txt
+//
+
+#pragma once
+
+#include <immer/config.hpp>
+#include <immer/detail/rbts/node.hpp>
+#include <immer/detail/rbts/operations.hpp>
+#include <immer/detail/rbts/position.hpp>
+
+#include <immer/detail/type_traits.hpp>
+
+#include <cassert>
+#include <limits>
+#include <memory>
+#include <numeric>
+#include <stdexcept>
+
+namespace immer {
+namespace detail {
+namespace rbts {
+
+template <typename T, typename MemoryPolicy, bits_t B, bits_t BL>
+struct rrbtree_iterator;
+
+template <typename T, typename MemoryPolicy, bits_t B, bits_t BL>
+struct rrbtree
+{
+    using node_t  = node<T, MemoryPolicy, B, BL>;
+    using edit_t  = typename node_t::edit_t;
+    using owner_t = typename MemoryPolicy::transience_t::owner;
+
+    size_t size;
+    shift_t shift;
+    node_t* root;
+    node_t* tail;
+
+    constexpr static size_t max_size()
+    {
+        auto S = sizeof(size_t) * 8;
+        return ((size_t{1} << BL) - std::min(size_t{BL}, size_t{2})) *
+               ipow((size_t{1} << B) - 2, (S - BL) / B);
+    }
+
+    static node_t* empty_root()
+    {
+        static const auto empty_ = node_t::make_inner_n(0u);
+        return empty_->inc();
+    }
+
+    static node_t* empty_tail()
+    {
+        static const auto empty_ = node_t::make_leaf_n(0u);
+        return empty_->inc();
+    }
+
+    template <typename U>
+    static auto from_initializer_list(std::initializer_list<U> values)
+    {
+        auto e      = owner_t{};
+        auto result = rrbtree{};
+        for (auto&& v : values)
+            result.push_back_mut(e, v);
+        return result;
+    }
+
+    template <typename Iter,
+              typename Sent,
+              std::enable_if_t<compatible_sentinel_v<Iter, Sent>, bool> = true>
+    static auto from_range(Iter first, Sent last)
+    {
+        auto e      = owner_t{};
+        auto result = rrbtree{};
+        for (; first != last; ++first)
+            result.push_back_mut(e, *first);
+        return result;
+    }
+
+    static auto from_fill(size_t n, T v)
+    {
+        auto e      = owner_t{};
+        auto result = rrbtree{};
+        while (n-- > 0)
+            result.push_back_mut(e, v);
+        return result;
+    }
+
+    rrbtree()
+        : size{0}
+        , shift{BL}
+        , root{empty_root()}
+        , tail{empty_tail()}
+    {
+        assert(check_tree());
+    }
+
+    rrbtree(size_t sz, shift_t sh, node_t* r, node_t* t)
+        : size{sz}
+        , shift{sh}
+        , root{r}
+        , tail{t}
+    {
+        assert(check_tree());
+    }
+
+    rrbtree(const rrbtree& other)
+        : rrbtree{other.size, other.shift, other.root, other.tail}
+    {
+        inc();
+    }
+
+    rrbtree(rrbtree&& other)
+        : rrbtree{}
+    {
+        swap(*this, other);
+    }
+
+    rrbtree& operator=(const rrbtree& other)
+    {
+        auto next{other};
+        swap(*this, next);
+        return *this;
+    }
+
+    rrbtree& operator=(rrbtree&& other)
+    {
+        swap(*this, other);
+        return *this;
+    }
+
+    friend void swap(rrbtree& x, rrbtree& y)
+    {
+        using std::swap;
+        swap(x.size, y.size);
+        swap(x.shift, y.shift);
+        swap(x.root, y.root);
+        swap(x.tail, y.tail);
+    }
+
+    ~rrbtree() { dec(); }
+
+    void inc() const
+    {
+        root->inc();
+        tail->inc();
+    }
+
+    void dec() const { traverse(dec_visitor()); }
+
+    auto tail_size() const { return size - tail_offset(); }
+
+    auto tail_offset() const
+    {
+        auto r = root->relaxed();
+        assert(r == nullptr || r->d.count);
+        return r      ? r->d.sizes[r->d.count - 1]
+               : size ? (size - 1) & ~mask<BL>
+                      /* otherwise */
+                      : 0;
+    }
+
+    template <typename Visitor, typename... Args>
+    void traverse(Visitor v, Args&&... args) const
+    {
+        auto tail_off  = tail_offset();
+        auto tail_size = size - tail_off;
+
+        if (tail_off)
+            visit_maybe_relaxed_sub(root, shift, tail_off, v, args...);
+        else
+            make_empty_regular_pos(root).visit(v, args...);
+
+        if (tail_size)
+            make_leaf_sub_pos(tail, tail_size).visit(v, args...);
+        else
+            make_empty_leaf_pos(tail).visit(v, args...);
+    }
+
+    template <typename Visitor, typename... Args>
+    void traverse(Visitor v, size_t first, size_t last, Args&&... args) const
+    {
+        auto tail_off  = tail_offset();
+        auto tail_size = size - tail_off;
+
+        if (first < tail_off)
+            visit_maybe_relaxed_sub(root,
+                                    shift,
+                                    tail_off,
+                                    v,
+                                    first,
+                                    last < tail_off ? last : tail_off,
+                                    args...);
+        if (last > tail_off)
+            make_leaf_sub_pos(tail, tail_size)
+                .visit(v,
+                       first > tail_off ? first - tail_off : 0,
+                       last - tail_off,
+                       args...);
+    }
+
+    template <typename Visitor, typename... Args>
+    bool traverse_p(Visitor v, Args&&... args) const
+    {
+        auto tail_off  = tail_offset();
+        auto tail_size = size - tail_off;
+        return (tail_off
+                    ? visit_maybe_relaxed_sub(root, shift, tail_off, v, args...)
+                    : make_empty_regular_pos(root).visit(v, args...)) &&
+               (tail_size ? make_leaf_sub_pos(tail, tail_size).visit(v, args...)
+                          : make_empty_leaf_pos(tail).visit(v, args...));
+    }
+
+    template <typename Visitor, typename... Args>
+    bool traverse_p(Visitor v, size_t first, size_t last, Args&&... args) const
+    {
+        auto tail_off  = tail_offset();
+        auto tail_size = size - tail_off;
+        return (first < tail_off
+                    ? visit_maybe_relaxed_sub(root,
+                                              shift,
+                                              tail_off,
+                                              v,
+                                              first,
+                                              last < tail_off ? last : tail_off,
+                                              args...)
+                    : true) &&
+               (last > tail_off
+                    ? make_leaf_sub_pos(tail, tail_size)
+                          .visit(v,
+                                 first > tail_off ? first - tail_off : 0,
+                                 last - tail_off,
+                                 args...)
+                    : true);
+    }
+
+    template <typename Visitor>
+    decltype(auto) descend(Visitor v, size_t idx) const
+    {
+        auto tail_off = tail_offset();
+        return idx >= tail_off
+                   ? make_leaf_descent_pos(tail).visit(v, idx - tail_off)
+                   : visit_maybe_relaxed_descent(root, shift, v, idx);
+    }
+
+    template <typename Fn>
+    void for_each_chunk(Fn&& fn) const
+    {
+        traverse(for_each_chunk_visitor{}, std::forward<Fn>(fn));
+    }
+
+    template <typename Fn>
+    void for_each_chunk(size_t first, size_t last, Fn&& fn) const
+    {
+        traverse(for_each_chunk_i_visitor{}, first, last, std::forward<Fn>(fn));
+    }
+
+    template <typename Fn>
+    bool for_each_chunk_p(Fn&& fn) const
+    {
+        return traverse_p(for_each_chunk_p_visitor{}, std::forward<Fn>(fn));
+    }
+
+    template <typename Fn>
+    bool for_each_chunk_p(size_t first, size_t last, Fn&& fn) const
+    {
+        return traverse_p(
+            for_each_chunk_p_i_visitor{}, first, last, std::forward<Fn>(fn));
+    }
+
+    bool equals(const rrbtree& other) const
+    {
+        using iter_t = rrbtree_iterator<T, MemoryPolicy, B, BL>;
+        if (size != other.size)
+            return false;
+        if (size == 0)
+            return true;
+        auto tail_off       = tail_offset();
+        auto tail_off_other = other.tail_offset();
+        // compare trees
+        if (tail_off > 0 && tail_off_other > 0) {
+            // other.shift != shift is a theoretical possibility for
+            // relaxed trees that sadly we haven't managed to exercise
+            // in tests yet...
+            if (other.shift >= shift) {
+                if (!visit_maybe_relaxed_sub(other.root,
+                                             other.shift,
+                                             tail_off_other,
+                                             equals_visitor::rrb{},
+                                             iter_t{other},
+                                             root,
+                                             shift,
+                                             tail_off))
+                    return false;
+            } else {
+                if (!visit_maybe_relaxed_sub(root,
+                                             shift,
+                                             tail_off,
+                                             equals_visitor::rrb{},
+                                             iter_t{*this},
+                                             other.root,
+                                             other.shift,
+                                             tail_off_other))
+                    return false;
+            }
+        }
+        return tail_off == tail_off_other
+                   ? make_leaf_sub_pos(tail, tail_size())
+                         .visit(equals_visitor{}, other.tail)
+               : tail_off > tail_off_other
+                   ? std::equal(tail->leaf(),
+                                tail->leaf() + (size - tail_off),
+                                other.tail->leaf() +
+                                    (tail_off - tail_off_other))
+                   /* otherwise */
+                   : std::equal(tail->leaf(),
+                                tail->leaf() + (size - tail_off),
+                                iter_t{other} + tail_off);
+    }
+
+    std::tuple<shift_t, node_t*> push_tail(node_t* root,
+                                           shift_t shift,
+                                           size_t size,
+                                           node_t* tail,
+                                           count_t tail_size) const
+    {
+        if (auto r = root->relaxed()) {
+            auto new_root =
+                make_relaxed_pos(root, shift, r)
+                    .visit(push_tail_visitor<node_t>{}, tail, tail_size);
+            if (new_root)
+                return std::make_tuple(shift, new_root);
+            else {
+                auto new_root = node_t::make_inner_r_n(2);
+                IMMER_TRY {
+                    auto new_path        = node_t::make_path(shift, tail);
+                    new_root->inner()[0] = root->inc();
+                    new_root->inner()[1] = new_path;
+                    new_root->relaxed()->d.sizes[0] = size;
+                    new_root->relaxed()->d.sizes[1] = size + tail_size;
+                    assert(size);
+                    assert(tail_size);
+                    new_root->relaxed()->d.count = 2u;
+                }
+                IMMER_CATCH (...) {
+                    node_t::delete_inner_r(new_root, 2);
+                    IMMER_RETHROW;
+                }
+                return std::make_tuple(shift + B, new_root);
+            }
+        } else if (size == size_t{branches<B>} << shift) {
+            auto new_root = node_t::make_inner_n(2);
+            IMMER_TRY {
+                auto new_path        = node_t::make_path(shift, tail);
+                new_root->inner()[0] = root->inc();
+                new_root->inner()[1] = new_path;
+            }
+            IMMER_CATCH (...) {
+                node_t::delete_inner(new_root, 2);
+                IMMER_RETHROW;
+            }
+            return std::make_tuple(shift + B, new_root);
+        } else if (size) {
+            auto new_root = make_regular_sub_pos(root, shift, size)
+                                .visit(push_tail_visitor<node_t>{}, tail);
+            return std::make_tuple(shift, new_root);
+        } else {
+            return std::make_tuple(shift, node_t::make_path(shift, tail));
+        }
+    }
+
+    void
+    push_tail_mut(edit_t e, size_t tail_off, node_t* tail, count_t tail_size)
+    {
+        if (auto r = root->relaxed()) {
+            auto new_root =
+                make_relaxed_pos(root, shift, r)
+                    .visit(push_tail_mut_visitor<node_t>{}, e, tail, tail_size);
+            if (new_root) {
+                root = new_root;
+            } else {
+                auto new_root = node_t::make_inner_r_e(e);
+                IMMER_TRY {
+                    auto new_path        = node_t::make_path_e(e, shift, tail);
+                    new_root->inner()[0] = root;
+                    new_root->inner()[1] = new_path;
+                    new_root->relaxed()->d.sizes[0] = tail_off;
+                    new_root->relaxed()->d.sizes[1] = tail_off + tail_size;
+                    assert(tail_off);
+                    assert(tail_size);
+                    new_root->relaxed()->d.count = 2u;
+                    root                         = new_root;
+                    shift += B;
+                }
+                IMMER_CATCH (...) {
+                    node_t::delete_inner_r_e(new_root);
+                    IMMER_RETHROW;
+                }
+            }
+        } else if (tail_off == size_t{branches<B>} << shift) {
+            auto new_root = node_t::make_inner_e(e);
+            IMMER_TRY {
+                auto new_path        = node_t::make_path_e(e, shift, tail);
+                new_root->inner()[0] = root;
+                new_root->inner()[1] = new_path;
+                root                 = new_root;
+                shift += B;
+            }
+            IMMER_CATCH (...) {
+                node_t::delete_inner_e(new_root);
+                IMMER_RETHROW;
+            }
+        } else if (tail_off) {
+            auto new_root =
+                make_regular_sub_pos(root, shift, tail_off)
+                    .visit(push_tail_mut_visitor<node_t>{}, e, tail);
+            root = new_root;
+        } else {
+            auto new_root = node_t::make_path_e(e, shift, tail);
+            dec_empty_regular(root);
+            root = new_root;
+        }
+    }
+
+    void ensure_mutable_tail(edit_t e, count_t n)
+    {
+        if (!tail->can_mutate(e)) {
+            auto new_tail = node_t::copy_leaf_e(e, tail, n);
+            dec_leaf(tail, n);
+            tail = new_tail;
+        }
+    }
+
+    void push_back_mut(edit_t e, T value)
+    {
+        auto ts = tail_size();
+        if (ts < branches<BL>) {
+            ensure_mutable_tail(e, ts);
+            new (&tail->leaf()[ts]) T{std::move(value)};
+        } else {
+            using std::get;
+            auto new_tail = node_t::make_leaf_e(e, std::move(value));
+            auto tail_off = tail_offset();
+            IMMER_TRY {
+                push_tail_mut(e, tail_off, tail, ts);
+                tail = new_tail;
+            }
+            IMMER_CATCH (...) {
+                node_t::delete_leaf(new_tail, 1u);
+                IMMER_RETHROW;
+            }
+        }
+        ++size;
+    }
+
+    rrbtree push_back(T value) const
+    {
+        auto ts = tail_size();
+        if (ts < branches<BL>) {
+            auto new_tail =
+                node_t::copy_leaf_emplace(tail, ts, std::move(value));
+            return {size + 1, shift, root->inc(), new_tail};
+        } else {
+            using std::get;
+            auto new_tail = node_t::make_leaf_n(1u, std::move(value));
+            auto tail_off = tail_offset();
+            IMMER_TRY {
+                auto new_root =
+                    push_tail(root, shift, tail_off, tail, size - tail_off);
+                tail->inc();
+                return {size + 1, get<0>(new_root), get<1>(new_root), new_tail};
+            }
+            IMMER_CATCH (...) {
+                node_t::delete_leaf(new_tail, 1u);
+                IMMER_RETHROW;
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    std::tuple<const T*, size_t, size_t> region_for(size_t idx) const
+    {
+        using std::get;
+        auto tail_off = tail_offset();
+        if (idx >= tail_off) {
+            return std::make_tuple(tail->leaf(), tail_off, size);
+        } else {
+            auto subs = visit_maybe_relaxed_sub(
+                root, shift, tail_off, region_for_visitor<T>(), idx);
+            auto first = idx - get<1>(subs);
+            auto end   = first + get<2>(subs);
+            return std::make_tuple(get<0>(subs), first, end);
+        }
+    }
+
+    T& get_mut(edit_t e, size_t idx)
+    {
+        auto tail_off = tail_offset();
+        if (idx >= tail_off) {
+            ensure_mutable_tail(e, size - tail_off);
+            return tail->leaf()[(idx - tail_off) & mask<BL>];
+        } else {
+            return visit_maybe_relaxed_sub(root,
+                                           shift,
+                                           tail_off,
+                                           get_mut_visitor<node_t>{},
+                                           idx,
+                                           e,
+                                           &root);
+        }
+    }
+
+    const T& get(size_t index) const
+    {
+        return descend(get_visitor<T>(), index);
+    }
+
+    const T& get_check(size_t index) const
+    {
+        if (index >= size)
+            IMMER_THROW(std::out_of_range{"out of range"});
+        return descend(get_visitor<T>(), index);
+    }
+
+    const T& front() const { return get(0); }
+
+    const T& back() const { return get(size - 1); }
+
+    template <typename FnT>
+    void update_mut(edit_t e, size_t idx, FnT&& fn)
+    {
+        auto& elem = get_mut(e, idx);
+        elem       = std::forward<FnT>(fn)(std::move(elem));
+    }
+
+    template <typename FnT>
+    rrbtree update(size_t idx, FnT&& fn) const
+    {
+        auto tail_off = tail_offset();
+        if (idx >= tail_off) {
+            auto tail_size = size - tail_off;
+            auto new_tail =
+                make_leaf_sub_pos(tail, tail_size)
+                    .visit(update_visitor<node_t>{}, idx - tail_off, fn);
+            return {size, shift, root->inc(), new_tail};
+        } else {
+            auto new_root = visit_maybe_relaxed_sub(
+                root, shift, tail_off, update_visitor<node_t>{}, idx, fn);
+            return {size, shift, new_root, tail->inc()};
+        }
+    }
+
+    void assoc_mut(edit_t e, size_t idx, T value)
+    {
+        update_mut(e, idx, [&](auto&&) { return std::move(value); });
+    }
+
+    rrbtree assoc(size_t idx, T value) const
+    {
+        return update(idx, [&](auto&&) { return std::move(value); });
+    }
+
+    void take_mut(edit_t e, size_t new_size)
+    {
+        auto tail_off = tail_offset();
+        if (new_size == 0) {
+            *this = {};
+        } else if (new_size >= size) {
+            return;
+        } else if (new_size > tail_off) {
+            auto ts    = size - tail_off;
+            auto newts = new_size - tail_off;
+            if (tail->can_mutate(e)) {
+                destroy_n(tail->leaf() + newts, ts - newts);
+            } else {
+                auto new_tail = node_t::copy_leaf_e(e, tail, newts);
+                dec_leaf(tail, ts);
+                tail = new_tail;
+            }
+            size = new_size;
+            return;
+        } else {
+            using std::get;
+            auto l = new_size - 1;
+            auto v = slice_right_mut_visitor<node_t>();
+            auto r = visit_maybe_relaxed_sub(root, shift, tail_off, v, l, e);
+            auto new_shift = get<0>(r);
+            auto new_root  = get<1>(r);
+            auto new_tail  = get<3>(r);
+            if (new_root) {
+                root  = new_root;
+                shift = new_shift;
+            } else {
+                root  = empty_root();
+                shift = BL;
+            }
+            dec_leaf(tail, size - tail_off);
+            size = new_size;
+            tail = new_tail;
+            return;
+        }
+    }
+
+    rrbtree take(size_t new_size) const
+    {
+        auto tail_off = tail_offset();
+        if (new_size == 0) {
+            return {};
+        } else if (new_size >= size) {
+            return *this;
+        } else if (new_size > tail_off) {
+            auto new_tail = node_t::copy_leaf(tail, new_size - tail_off);
+            return {new_size, shift, root->inc(), new_tail};
+        } else {
+            using std::get;
+            auto l = new_size - 1;
+            auto v = slice_right_visitor<node_t>();
+            auto r = visit_maybe_relaxed_sub(root, shift, tail_off, v, l);
+            auto new_shift = get<0>(r);
+            auto new_root  = get<1>(r);
+            auto new_tail  = get<3>(r);
+            if (new_root) {
+                IMMER_ASSERT_TAGGED(new_root->compute_shift() == get<0>(r));
+                assert(new_root->check(new_shift, new_size - get<2>(r)));
+                return {new_size, new_shift, new_root, new_tail};
+            } else {
+                return {new_size, BL, empty_root(), new_tail};
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    void drop_mut(edit_t e, size_t elems)
+    {
+        using std::get;
+        auto tail_off = tail_offset();
+        if (elems == 0) {
+            return;
+        } else if (elems >= size) {
+            *this = {};
+        } else if (elems == tail_off) {
+            dec_inner(root, shift, tail_off);
+            shift = BL;
+            root  = empty_root();
+            size -= elems;
+            return;
+        } else if (elems > tail_off) {
+            auto v = slice_left_mut_visitor<node_t>();
+            tail   = get<1>(make_leaf_sub_pos(tail, size - tail_off)
+                              .visit(v, elems - tail_off, e));
+            if (tail_off) {
+                dec_inner(root, shift, tail_off);
+                shift = BL;
+                root  = empty_root();
+            }
+            size -= elems;
+            return;
+        } else {
+            auto v = slice_left_mut_visitor<node_t>();
+            auto r =
+                visit_maybe_relaxed_sub(root, shift, tail_off, v, elems, e);
+            shift = get<0>(r);
+            root  = get<1>(r);
+            size -= elems;
+            return;
+        }
+    }
+
+    rrbtree drop(size_t elems) const
+    {
+        if (elems == 0) {
+            return *this;
+        } else if (elems >= size) {
+            return {};
+        } else if (elems == tail_offset()) {
+            return {size - elems, BL, empty_root(), tail->inc()};
+        } else if (elems > tail_offset()) {
+            auto tail_off = tail_offset();
+            auto new_tail =
+                node_t::copy_leaf(tail, elems - tail_off, size - tail_off);
+            return {size - elems, BL, empty_root(), new_tail};
+        } else {
+            using std::get;
+            auto v = slice_left_visitor<node_t>();
+            auto r =
+                visit_maybe_relaxed_sub(root, shift, tail_offset(), v, elems);
+            auto new_root  = get<1>(r);
+            auto new_shift = get<0>(r);
+            return {size - elems, new_shift, new_root, tail->inc()};
+        }
+    }
+
+    rrbtree concat(const rrbtree& r) const
+    {
+        assert(r.size + size <= max_size());
+        using std::get;
+        if (size == 0)
+            return r;
+        else if (r.size == 0)
+            return *this;
+        else if (r.tail_offset() == 0) {
+            // just concat the tail, similar to push_back
+            auto tail_offst = tail_offset();
+            auto tail_size  = size - tail_offst;
+            if (tail_size == branches<BL>) {
+                auto new_root =
+                    push_tail(root, shift, tail_offst, tail, tail_size);
+                tail->inc();
+                return {size + r.size,
+                        get<0>(new_root),
+                        get<1>(new_root),
+                        r.tail->inc()};
+            } else if (tail_size + r.size <= branches<BL>) {
+                auto new_tail =
+                    node_t::copy_leaf(tail, tail_size, r.tail, r.size);
+                return {size + r.size, shift, root->inc(), new_tail};
+            } else {
+                auto remaining = branches<BL> - tail_size;
+                auto add_tail =
+                    node_t::copy_leaf(tail, tail_size, r.tail, remaining);
+                IMMER_TRY {
+                    auto new_tail =
+                        node_t::copy_leaf(r.tail, remaining, r.size);
+                    IMMER_TRY {
+                        auto new_root = push_tail(
+                            root, shift, tail_offst, add_tail, branches<BL>);
+                        return {size + r.size,
+                                get<0>(new_root),
+                                get<1>(new_root),
+                                new_tail};
+                    }
+                    IMMER_CATCH (...) {
+                        node_t::delete_leaf(new_tail, r.size - remaining);
+                        IMMER_RETHROW;
+                    }
+                }
+                IMMER_CATCH (...) {
+                    node_t::delete_leaf(add_tail, branches<BL>);
+                    IMMER_RETHROW;
+                }
+            }
+        } else if (tail_offset() == 0) {
+            auto tail_offst = tail_offset();
+            auto tail_size  = size - tail_offst;
+            auto concated =
+                concat_trees(tail, tail_size, r.root, r.shift, r.tail_offset());
+            auto new_shift = concated.shift();
+            auto new_root  = concated.node();
+            IMMER_ASSERT_TAGGED(new_shift == new_root->compute_shift());
+            assert(new_root->check(new_shift, size + r.tail_offset()));
+            return {size + r.size, new_shift, new_root, r.tail->inc()};
+        } else {
+            auto tail_offst = tail_offset();
+            auto tail_size  = size - tail_offst;
+            auto concated   = concat_trees(root,
+                                         shift,
+                                         tail_offst,
+                                         tail,
+                                         tail_size,
+                                         r.root,
+                                         r.shift,
+                                         r.tail_offset());
+            auto new_shift  = concated.shift();
+            auto new_root   = concated.node();
+            IMMER_ASSERT_TAGGED(new_shift == new_root->compute_shift());
+            assert(new_root->check(new_shift, size + r.tail_offset()));
+            return {size + r.size, new_shift, new_root, r.tail->inc()};
+        }
+    }
+
+    constexpr static bool supports_transient_concat =
+        !std::is_empty<edit_t>::value;
+
+    friend void concat_mut_l(rrbtree& l, edit_t el, const rrbtree& r)
+    {
+        assert(&l != &r);
+        assert(r.size < (std::numeric_limits<size_t>::max() - l.size));
+        using std::get;
+        if (l.size == 0)
+            l = r;
+        else if (r.size == 0)
+            return;
+        else if (r.tail_offset() == 0) {
+            // just concat the tail, similar to push_back
+            auto tail_offst = l.tail_offset();
+            auto tail_size  = l.size - tail_offst;
+            if (tail_size == branches<BL>) {
+                l.push_tail_mut(el, tail_offst, l.tail, tail_size);
+                l.tail = r.tail->inc();
+                l.size += r.size;
+                return;
+            } else if (tail_size + r.size <= branches<BL>) {
+                l.ensure_mutable_tail(el, tail_size);
+                std::uninitialized_copy(r.tail->leaf(),
+                                        r.tail->leaf() + r.size,
+                                        l.tail->leaf() + tail_size);
+                l.size += r.size;
+                return;
+            } else {
+                auto remaining = branches<BL> - tail_size;
+                l.ensure_mutable_tail(el, tail_size);
+                std::uninitialized_copy(r.tail->leaf(),
+                                        r.tail->leaf() + remaining,
+                                        l.tail->leaf() + tail_size);
+                IMMER_TRY {
+                    auto new_tail =
+                        node_t::copy_leaf_e(el, r.tail, remaining, r.size);
+                    IMMER_TRY {
+                        l.push_tail_mut(el, tail_offst, l.tail, branches<BL>);
+                        l.tail = new_tail;
+                        l.size += r.size;
+                        return;
+                    }
+                    IMMER_CATCH (...) {
+                        node_t::delete_leaf(new_tail, r.size - remaining);
+                        IMMER_RETHROW;
+                    }
+                }
+                IMMER_CATCH (...) {
+                    destroy_n(r.tail->leaf() + tail_size, remaining);
+                    IMMER_RETHROW;
+                }
+            }
+        } else if (l.tail_offset() == 0) {
+            if (supports_transient_concat) {
+                auto tail_offst = l.tail_offset();
+                auto tail_size  = l.size - tail_offst;
+                auto concated =
+                    concat_trees_mut(el,
+                                     el,
+                                     l.tail,
+                                     tail_size,
+                                     MemoryPolicy::transience_t::noone,
+                                     r.root,
+                                     r.shift,
+                                     r.tail_offset());
+                IMMER_ASSERT_TAGGED(concated.shift() ==
+                                    concated.node()->compute_shift());
+                l.size += r.size;
+                l.shift = concated.shift();
+                l.root  = concated.node();
+                l.tail  = r.tail;
+                assert(l.check_tree());
+            } else {
+                auto tail_offst = l.tail_offset();
+                auto tail_size  = l.size - tail_offst;
+                auto concated   = concat_trees(
+                    l.tail, tail_size, r.root, r.shift, r.tail_offset());
+                l = {l.size + r.size,
+                     concated.shift(),
+                     concated.node(),
+                     r.tail->inc()};
+                assert(l.check_tree());
+                return;
+            }
+        } else {
+            if (supports_transient_concat) {
+                auto tail_offst = l.tail_offset();
+                auto tail_size  = l.size - tail_offst;
+                assert(l.check_tree());
+                assert(r.check_tree());
+                auto concated =
+                    concat_trees_mut(el,
+                                     el,
+                                     l.root,
+                                     l.shift,
+                                     tail_offst,
+                                     l.tail,
+                                     tail_size,
+                                     MemoryPolicy::transience_t::noone,
+                                     r.root,
+                                     r.shift,
+                                     r.tail_offset());
+                IMMER_ASSERT_TAGGED(concated.shift() ==
+                                    concated.node()->compute_shift());
+                l.size += r.size;
+                l.shift = concated.shift();
+                l.root  = concated.node();
+                l.tail  = r.tail;
+                assert(l.check_tree());
+            } else {
+                auto tail_offst = l.tail_offset();
+                auto tail_size  = l.size - tail_offst;
+                auto concated   = concat_trees(l.root,
+                                             l.shift,
+                                             tail_offst,
+                                             l.tail,
+                                             tail_size,
+                                             r.root,
+                                             r.shift,
+                                             r.tail_offset());
+                l               = {l.size + r.size,
+                     concated.shift(),
+                     concated.node(),
+                     r.tail->inc()};
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    friend void concat_mut_r(const rrbtree& l, rrbtree& r, edit_t er)
+    {
+        assert(&l != &r);
+        assert(r.size < (std::numeric_limits<size_t>::max() - l.size));
+        using std::get;
+        if (r.size == 0)
+            r = std::move(l);
+        else if (l.size == 0)
+            return;
+        else if (r.tail_offset() == 0) {
+            // just concat the tail, similar to push_back
+            auto tail_offst = l.tail_offset();
+            auto tail_size  = l.size - tail_offst;
+            if (tail_size == branches<BL>) {
+                // this could be improved by making sure that the
+                // newly created nodes as part of the `push_tail()`
+                // are tagged with `er`
+                auto res =
+                    l.push_tail(l.root, l.shift, tail_offst, l.tail, tail_size);
+                l.tail->inc(); // note: leak if mutably concatenated
+                               // with itself, but this is forbidden
+                               // by the interface
+                r = {l.size + r.size, get<0>(res), get<1>(res), r.tail->inc()};
+                return;
+            } else if (tail_size + r.size <= branches<BL>) {
+                // doing this in a exception way mutating way is very
+                // tricky while potential performance gains are
+                // minimal (we need to move every element of the right
+                // tail anyways to make space for the left tail)
+                //
+                // we could however improve this by at least moving the
+                // elements of the right tail...
+                auto new_tail =
+                    node_t::copy_leaf(l.tail, tail_size, r.tail, r.size);
+                r = {l.size + r.size, l.shift, l.root->inc(), new_tail};
+                return;
+            } else {
+                // like the immutable version
+                auto remaining = branches<BL> - tail_size;
+                auto add_tail  = node_t::copy_leaf_e(
+                    er, l.tail, tail_size, r.tail, remaining);
+                IMMER_TRY {
+                    auto new_tail =
+                        node_t::copy_leaf_e(er, r.tail, remaining, r.size);
+                    IMMER_TRY {
+                        // this could be improved by making sure that the
+                        // newly created nodes as part of the `push_tail()`
+                        // are tagged with `er`
+                        auto new_root = l.push_tail(l.root,
+                                                    l.shift,
+                                                    tail_offst,
+                                                    add_tail,
+                                                    branches<BL>);
+                        r             = {l.size + r.size,
+                             get<0>(new_root),
+                             get<1>(new_root),
+                             new_tail};
+                        return;
+                    }
+                    IMMER_CATCH (...) {
+                        node_t::delete_leaf(new_tail, r.size - remaining);
+                        IMMER_RETHROW;
+                    }
+                }
+                IMMER_CATCH (...) {
+                    node_t::delete_leaf(add_tail, branches<BL>);
+                    IMMER_RETHROW;
+                }
+            }
+        } else if (l.tail_offset() == 0) {
+            if (supports_transient_concat) {
+                auto tail_offst = l.tail_offset();
+                auto tail_size  = l.size - tail_offst;
+                auto concated =
+                    concat_trees_mut(er,
+                                     MemoryPolicy::transience_t::noone,
+                                     l.tail,
+                                     tail_size,
+                                     er,
+                                     r.root,
+                                     r.shift,
+                                     r.tail_offset());
+                IMMER_ASSERT_TAGGED(concated.shift() ==
+                                    concated.node()->compute_shift());
+                r.size += l.size;
+                r.shift = concated.shift();
+                r.root  = concated.node();
+                assert(r.check_tree());
+            } else {
+                auto tail_offst = l.tail_offset();
+                auto tail_size  = l.size - tail_offst;
+                auto concated   = concat_trees(
+                    l.tail, tail_size, r.root, r.shift, r.tail_offset());
+                r = {l.size + r.size,
+                     concated.shift(),
+                     concated.node(),
+                     r.tail->inc()};
+                return;
+            }
+        } else {
+            if (supports_transient_concat) {
+                auto tail_offst = l.tail_offset();
+                auto tail_size  = l.size - tail_offst;
+                auto concated =
+                    concat_trees_mut(er,
+                                     MemoryPolicy::transience_t::noone,
+                                     l.root,
+                                     l.shift,
+                                     tail_offst,
+                                     l.tail,
+                                     tail_size,
+                                     er,
+                                     r.root,
+                                     r.shift,
+                                     r.tail_offset());
+                IMMER_ASSERT_TAGGED(concated.shift() ==
+                                    concated.node()->compute_shift());
+                r.size += l.size;
+                r.shift = concated.shift();
+                r.root  = concated.node();
+                assert(r.check_tree());
+                return;
+            } else {
+                auto tail_offst = l.tail_offset();
+                auto tail_size  = l.size - tail_offst;
+                auto concated   = concat_trees(l.root,
+                                             l.shift,
+                                             tail_offst,
+                                             l.tail,
+                                             tail_size,
+                                             r.root,
+                                             r.shift,
+                                             r.tail_offset());
+                r               = {l.size + r.size,
+                     concated.shift(),
+                     concated.node(),
+                     r.tail->inc()};
+                return;
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    friend void concat_mut_lr_l(rrbtree& l, edit_t el, rrbtree& r, edit_t er)
+    {
+        assert(&l != &r);
+        assert(r.size < (std::numeric_limits<size_t>::max() - l.size));
+        using std::get;
+        if (l.size == 0)
+            l = r;
+        else if (r.size == 0)
+            return;
+        else if (r.tail_offset() == 0) {
+            // just concat the tail, similar to push_back
+            auto tail_offst = l.tail_offset();
+            auto tail_size  = l.size - tail_offst;
+            if (tail_size == branches<BL>) {
+                l.push_tail_mut(el, tail_offst, l.tail, tail_size);
+                l.tail = r.tail->inc();
+                l.size += r.size;
+                return;
+            } else if (tail_size + r.size <= branches<BL>) {
+                l.ensure_mutable_tail(el, tail_size);
+                if (r.tail->can_mutate(er))
+                    detail::uninitialized_move(r.tail->leaf(),
+                                               r.tail->leaf() + r.size,
+                                               l.tail->leaf() + tail_size);
+                else
+                    std::uninitialized_copy(r.tail->leaf(),
+                                            r.tail->leaf() + r.size,
+                                            l.tail->leaf() + tail_size);
+                l.size += r.size;
+                return;
+            } else {
+                auto remaining = branches<BL> - tail_size;
+                l.ensure_mutable_tail(el, tail_size);
+                if (r.tail->can_mutate(er))
+                    detail::uninitialized_move(r.tail->leaf(),
+                                               r.tail->leaf() + remaining,
+                                               l.tail->leaf() + tail_size);
+                else
+                    std::uninitialized_copy(r.tail->leaf(),
+                                            r.tail->leaf() + remaining,
+                                            l.tail->leaf() + tail_size);
+                IMMER_TRY {
+                    auto new_tail =
+                        node_t::copy_leaf_e(el, r.tail, remaining, r.size);
+                    IMMER_TRY {
+                        l.push_tail_mut(el, tail_offst, l.tail, branches<BL>);
+                        l.tail = new_tail;
+                        l.size += r.size;
+                        return;
+                    }
+                    IMMER_CATCH (...) {
+                        node_t::delete_leaf(new_tail, r.size - remaining);
+                        IMMER_RETHROW;
+                    }
+                }
+                IMMER_CATCH (...) {
+                    destroy_n(r.tail->leaf() + tail_size, remaining);
+                    IMMER_RETHROW;
+                }
+            }
+        } else if (l.tail_offset() == 0) {
+            if (supports_transient_concat) {
+                auto tail_offst = l.tail_offset();
+                auto tail_size  = l.size - tail_offst;
+                auto concated   = concat_trees_mut(el,
+                                                 el,
+                                                 l.tail,
+                                                 tail_size,
+                                                 er,
+                                                 r.root,
+                                                 r.shift,
+                                                 r.tail_offset());
+                IMMER_ASSERT_TAGGED(concated.shift() ==
+                                    concated.node()->compute_shift());
+                l.size += r.size;
+                l.shift = concated.shift();
+                l.root  = concated.node();
+                l.tail  = r.tail;
+                assert(l.check_tree());
+                r.hard_reset();
+                return;
+            } else {
+                auto tail_offst = l.tail_offset();
+                auto tail_size  = l.size - tail_offst;
+                auto concated   = concat_trees(
+                    l.tail, tail_size, r.root, r.shift, r.tail_offset());
+                l = {l.size + r.size,
+                     concated.shift(),
+                     concated.node(),
+                     r.tail->inc()};
+                return;
+            }
+        } else {
+            if (supports_transient_concat) {
+                auto tail_offst = l.tail_offset();
+                auto tail_size  = l.size - tail_offst;
+                auto concated   = concat_trees_mut(el,
+                                                 el,
+                                                 l.root,
+                                                 l.shift,
+                                                 tail_offst,
+                                                 l.tail,
+                                                 tail_size,
+                                                 er,
+                                                 r.root,
+                                                 r.shift,
+                                                 r.tail_offset());
+                IMMER_ASSERT_TAGGED(concated.shift() ==
+                                    concated.node()->compute_shift());
+                l.size += r.size;
+                l.shift = concated.shift();
+                l.root  = concated.node();
+                l.tail  = r.tail;
+                assert(l.check_tree());
+                r.hard_reset();
+                return;
+            } else {
+                auto tail_offst = l.tail_offset();
+                auto tail_size  = l.size - tail_offst;
+                auto concated   = concat_trees(l.root,
+                                             l.shift,
+                                             tail_offst,
+                                             l.tail,
+                                             tail_size,
+                                             r.root,
+                                             r.shift,
+                                             r.tail_offset());
+                l               = {l.size + r.size,
+                     concated.shift(),
+                     concated.node(),
+                     r.tail->inc()};
+                return;
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    friend void concat_mut_lr_r(rrbtree& l, edit_t el, rrbtree& r, edit_t er)
+    {
+        assert(&l != &r);
+        assert(r.size < (std::numeric_limits<size_t>::max() - l.size));
+        using std::get;
+        if (r.size == 0)
+            r = l;
+        else if (l.size == 0)
+            return;
+        else if (r.tail_offset() == 0) {
+            // just concat the tail, similar to push_back
+            auto tail_offst = l.tail_offset();
+            auto tail_size  = l.size - tail_offst;
+            if (tail_size == branches<BL>) {
+                // this could be improved by making sure that the
+                // newly created nodes as part of the `push_tail()`
+                // are tagged with `er`
+                auto res =
+                    l.push_tail(l.root, l.shift, tail_offst, l.tail, tail_size);
+                r = {l.size + r.size, get<0>(res), get<1>(res), r.tail->inc()};
+                return;
+            } else if (tail_size + r.size <= branches<BL>) {
+                // doing this in a exception way mutating way is very
+                // tricky while potential performance gains are
+                // minimal (we need to move every element of the right
+                // tail anyways to make space for the left tail)
+                //
+                // we could however improve this by at least moving the
+                // elements of the mutable tails...
+                auto new_tail =
+                    node_t::copy_leaf(l.tail, tail_size, r.tail, r.size);
+                r = {l.size + r.size, l.shift, l.root->inc(), new_tail};
+                return;
+            } else {
+                // like the immutable version.
+                // we could improve this also by moving elements
+                // instead of just copying them
+                auto remaining = branches<BL> - tail_size;
+                auto add_tail  = node_t::copy_leaf_e(
+                    er, l.tail, tail_size, r.tail, remaining);
+                IMMER_TRY {
+                    auto new_tail =
+                        node_t::copy_leaf_e(er, r.tail, remaining, r.size);
+                    IMMER_TRY {
+                        // this could be improved by making sure that the
+                        // newly created nodes as part of the `push_tail()`
+                        // are tagged with `er`
+                        auto new_root = l.push_tail(l.root,
+                                                    l.shift,
+                                                    tail_offst,
+                                                    add_tail,
+                                                    branches<BL>);
+                        r             = {l.size + r.size,
+                             get<0>(new_root),
+                             get<1>(new_root),
+                             new_tail};
+                        return;
+                    }
+                    IMMER_CATCH (...) {
+                        node_t::delete_leaf(new_tail, r.size - remaining);
+                        IMMER_RETHROW;
+                    }
+                }
+                IMMER_CATCH (...) {
+                    node_t::delete_leaf(add_tail, branches<BL>);
+                    IMMER_RETHROW;
+                }
+            }
+        } else if (l.tail_offset() == 0) {
+            if (supports_transient_concat) {
+                auto tail_offst = l.tail_offset();
+                auto tail_size  = l.size - tail_offst;
+                auto concated   = concat_trees_mut(er,
+                                                 el,
+                                                 l.tail,
+                                                 tail_size,
+                                                 er,
+                                                 r.root,
+                                                 r.shift,
+                                                 r.tail_offset());
+                IMMER_ASSERT_TAGGED(concated.shift() ==
+                                    concated.node()->compute_shift());
+                assert(concated.node()->check(concated.shift(),
+                                              l.size + r.tail_offset()));
+                r.size += l.size;
+                r.shift = concated.shift();
+                r.root  = concated.node();
+                assert(r.check_tree());
+                l.hard_reset();
+            } else {
+                auto tail_offst = l.tail_offset();
+                auto tail_size  = l.size - tail_offst;
+                auto concated   = concat_trees(
+                    l.tail, tail_size, r.root, r.shift, r.tail_offset());
+                r = {l.size + r.size,
+                     concated.shift(),
+                     concated.node(),
+                     r.tail->inc()};
+                return;
+            }
+        } else {
+            if (supports_transient_concat) {
+                auto tail_offst = l.tail_offset();
+                auto tail_size  = l.size - tail_offst;
+                auto concated   = concat_trees_mut(er,
+                                                 el,
+                                                 l.root,
+                                                 l.shift,
+                                                 tail_offst,
+                                                 l.tail,
+                                                 tail_size,
+                                                 er,
+                                                 r.root,
+                                                 r.shift,
+                                                 r.tail_offset());
+                IMMER_ASSERT_TAGGED(concated.shift() ==
+                                    concated.node()->compute_shift());
+                assert(concated.node()->check(concated.shift(),
+                                              l.size + r.tail_offset()));
+                r.size += l.size;
+                r.shift = concated.shift();
+                r.root  = concated.node();
+                assert(r.check_tree());
+                l.hard_reset();
+            } else {
+                auto tail_offst = l.tail_offset();
+                auto tail_size  = l.size - tail_offst;
+                auto concated   = concat_trees(l.root,
+                                             l.shift,
+                                             tail_offst,
+                                             l.tail,
+                                             tail_size,
+                                             r.root,
+                                             r.shift,
+                                             r.tail_offset());
+                r               = {l.size + r.size,
+                     concated.shift(),
+                     concated.node(),
+                     r.tail->inc()};
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    void hard_reset()
+    {
+        assert(supports_transient_concat);
+        size  = 0;
+        shift = BL;
+        root  = empty_root();
+        tail  = empty_tail();
+    }
+
+    bool check_tree() const
+    {
+        assert(shift <= sizeof(size_t) * 8 - BL);
+        assert(shift >= BL);
+        assert(tail_offset() <= size);
+        assert(tail_size() <= branches<BL>);
+#if IMMER_DEBUG_DEEP_CHECK
+        assert(check_root());
+        assert(check_tail());
+#endif
+        return true;
+    }
+
+    bool check_tail() const
+    {
+#if IMMER_DEBUG_DEEP_CHECK
+        if (tail_size() > 0)
+            assert(tail->check(endshift<B, BL>, tail_size()));
+#endif
+        return true;
+    }
+
+    bool check_root() const
+    {
+#if IMMER_DEBUG_DEEP_CHECK
+        if (tail_offset() > 0)
+            assert(root->check(shift, tail_offset()));
+        else {
+            IMMER_ASSERT_TAGGED(root->kind() == node_t::kind_t::inner);
+            assert(shift == BL);
+        }
+#endif
+        return true;
+    }
+
+#if IMMER_DEBUG_PRINT
+    void debug_print(std::ostream& out) const
+    {
+        out << "--" << std::endl
+            << "{" << std::endl
+            << "  size  = " << size << std::endl
+            << "  shift = " << shift << std::endl
+            << "  root  = " << std::endl;
+        debug_print_node(out, root, shift, tail_offset());
+        out << "  tail  = " << std::endl;
+        debug_print_node(out, tail, endshift<B, BL>, tail_size());
+        out << "}" << std::endl;
+    }
+
+    void debug_print_indent(std::ostream& out, unsigned indent) const
+    {
+        while (indent-- > 0)
+            out << ' ';
+    }
+
+    void debug_print_node(std::ostream& out,
+                          node_t* node,
+                          shift_t shift,
+                          size_t size,
+                          unsigned indent = 8) const
+    {
+        const auto indent_step = 4;
+
+        if (shift == endshift<B, BL>) {
+            debug_print_indent(out, indent);
+            out << "- {" << size << "} "
+                << pretty_print_array(node->leaf(), size) << std::endl;
+        } else if (auto r = node->relaxed()) {
+            auto count = r->d.count;
+            debug_print_indent(out, indent);
+            out << "# {" << size << "} "
+                << pretty_print_array(r->d.sizes, r->d.count) << std::endl;
+            auto last_size = size_t{};
+            for (auto i = count_t{}; i < count; ++i) {
+                debug_print_node(out,
+                                 node->inner()[i],
+                                 shift - B,
+                                 r->d.sizes[i] - last_size,
+                                 indent + indent_step);
+                last_size = r->d.sizes[i];
+            }
+        } else {
+            debug_print_indent(out, indent);
+            out << "+ {" << size << "}" << std::endl;
+            auto count =
+                (size >> shift) + (size - ((size >> shift) << shift) > 0);
+            if (count) {
+                for (auto i = count_t{}; i < count - 1; ++i)
+                    debug_print_node(out,
+                                     node->inner()[i],
+                                     shift - B,
+                                     1 << shift,
+                                     indent + indent_step);
+                debug_print_node(out,
+                                 node->inner()[count - 1],
+                                 shift - B,
+                                 size - ((count - 1) << shift),
+                                 indent + indent_step);
+            }
+        }
+    }
+#endif // IMMER_DEBUG_PRINT
+};
+
+} // namespace rbts
+} // namespace detail
+} // namespace immer
diff --git a/src/immer/immer/detail/rbts/rrbtree_iterator.hpp b/src/immer/immer/detail/rbts/rrbtree_iterator.hpp
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000..af967774e7efc
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/immer/immer/detail/rbts/rrbtree_iterator.hpp
@@ -0,0 +1,98 @@
+//
+// immer: immutable data structures for C++
+// Copyright (C) 2016, 2017, 2018 Juan Pedro Bolivar Puente
+//
+// This software is distributed under the Boost Software License, Version 1.0.
+// See accompanying file LICENSE or copy at http://boost.org/LICENSE_1_0.txt
+//
+
+#pragma once
+
+#include <immer/detail/iterator_facade.hpp>
+#include <immer/detail/rbts/rrbtree.hpp>
+
+namespace immer {
+namespace detail {
+namespace rbts {
+
+template <typename T, typename MP, bits_t B, bits_t BL>
+struct rrbtree_iterator
+    : iterator_facade<rrbtree_iterator<T, MP, B, BL>,
+                      std::random_access_iterator_tag,
+                      T,
+                      const T&,
+                      std::ptrdiff_t,
+                      const T*>
+{
+    using tree_t   = rrbtree<T, MP, B, BL>;
+    using region_t = std::tuple<const T*, size_t, size_t>;
+
+    struct end_t
+    {};
+
+    const tree_t& impl() const { return *v_; }
+    size_t index() const { return i_; }
+
+    rrbtree_iterator() = default;
+
+    rrbtree_iterator(const tree_t& v)
+        : v_{&v}
+        , i_{0}
+        , curr_{nullptr, ~size_t{}, ~size_t{}}
+    {}
+
+    rrbtree_iterator(const tree_t& v, end_t)
+        : v_{&v}
+        , i_{v.size}
+        , curr_{nullptr, ~size_t{}, ~size_t{}}
+    {}
+
+private:
+    friend iterator_core_access;
+
+    const tree_t* v_;
+    size_t i_;
+    mutable region_t curr_;
+
+    void increment()
+    {
+        using std::get;
+        assert(i_ < v_->size);
+        ++i_;
+    }
+
+    void decrement()
+    {
+        using std::get;
+        assert(i_ > 0);
+        --i_;
+    }
+
+    void advance(std::ptrdiff_t n)
+    {
+        using std::get;
+        assert(n <= 0 || i_ + static_cast<size_t>(n) <= v_->size);
+        assert(n >= 0 || static_cast<size_t>(-n) <= i_);
+        i_ += n;
+    }
+
+    bool equal(const rrbtree_iterator& other) const { return i_ == other.i_; }
+
+    std::ptrdiff_t distance_to(const rrbtree_iterator& other) const
+    {
+        return other.i_ > i_ ? static_cast<std::ptrdiff_t>(other.i_ - i_)
+                             : -static_cast<std::ptrdiff_t>(i_ - other.i_);
+    }
+
+    const T& dereference() const
+    {
+        using std::get;
+        if (i_ < get<1>(curr_) || i_ >= get<2>(curr_))
+            curr_ = v_->region_for(i_);
+        return get<0>(curr_)[i_ - get<1>(curr_)];
+    }
+};
+
+} // namespace rbts
+} // namespace detail
+} // namespace immer
diff --git a/src/immer/immer/detail/rbts/visitor.hpp b/src/immer/immer/detail/rbts/visitor.hpp
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000..38cd030c4a9ff
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/immer/immer/detail/rbts/visitor.hpp
@@ -0,0 +1,56 @@
+//
+// immer: immutable data structures for C++
+// Copyright (C) 2016, 2017, 2018 Juan Pedro Bolivar Puente
+//
+// This software is distributed under the Boost Software License, Version 1.0.
+// See accompanying file LICENSE or copy at http://boost.org/LICENSE_1_0.txt
+//
+
+#pragma once
+
+#include <immer/config.hpp>
+
+#include <tuple>
+#include <utility>
+
+namespace immer {
+namespace detail {
+namespace rbts {
+
+template <typename Deriv>
+struct visitor_base
+{
+    template <typename... Args>
+    static decltype(auto) visit_node(Args&&... args)
+    {
+        IMMER_UNREACHABLE;
+    }
+
+    template <typename... Args>
+    static decltype(auto) visit_relaxed(Args&&... args)
+    {
+        return Deriv::visit_inner(std::forward<Args>(args)...);
+    }
+
+    template <typename... Args>
+    static decltype(auto) visit_regular(Args&&... args)
+    {
+        return Deriv::visit_inner(std::forward<Args>(args)...);
+    }
+
+    template <typename... Args>
+    static decltype(auto) visit_inner(Args&&... args)
+    {
+        return Deriv::visit_node(std::forward<Args>(args)...);
+    }
+
+    template <typename... Args>
+    static decltype(auto) visit_leaf(Args&&... args)
+    {
+        return Deriv::visit_node(std::forward<Args>(args)...);
+    }
+};
+
+} // namespace rbts
+} // namespace detail
+} // namespace immer
diff --git a/src/immer/immer/detail/ref_count_base.hpp b/src/immer/immer/detail/ref_count_base.hpp
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000..28f2e46a99f9c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/immer/immer/detail/ref_count_base.hpp
@@ -0,0 +1,36 @@
+//
+// immer: immutable data structures for C++
+// Copyright (C) 2016, 2017, 2018 Juan Pedro Bolivar Puente
+//
+// This software is distributed under the Boost Software License, Version 1.0.
+// See accompanying file LICENSE or copy at http://boost.org/LICENSE_1_0.txt
+//
+
+#pragma once
+
+#include <atomic>
+
+namespace immer {
+namespace detail {
+
+template <typename Deriv>
+struct ref_count_base
+{
+    mutable std::atomic<int> ref_count{0};
+
+    friend void intrusive_ptr_add_ref(const Deriv* x)
+    {
+        x->ref_count.fetch_add(1, std::memory_order_relaxed);
+    }
+
+    friend void intrusive_ptr_release(const Deriv* x)
+    {
+        if (x->ref_count.fetch_sub(1, std::memory_order_release) == 1) {
+            std::atomic_thread_fence(std::memory_order_acquire);
+            delete x;
+        }
+    }
+};
+
+} /* namespace detail */
+} /* namespace immer */
diff --git a/src/immer/immer/detail/type_traits.hpp b/src/immer/immer/detail/type_traits.hpp
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000..afb2652c55a80
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/immer/immer/detail/type_traits.hpp
@@ -0,0 +1,223 @@
+//
+// immer: immutable data structures for C++
+// Copyright (C) 2016, 2017, 2018 Juan Pedro Bolivar Puente
+//
+// This software is distributed under the Boost Software License, Version 1.0.
+// See accompanying file LICENSE or copy at http://boost.org/LICENSE_1_0.txt
+//
+
+#pragma once
+
+#include <algorithm>
+#include <iterator>
+#include <memory>
+#include <type_traits>
+#include <utility>
+
+namespace immer {
+namespace detail {
+
+template <typename... Ts>
+struct make_void
+{
+    using type = void;
+};
+
+template <typename... Ts>
+using void_t = typename make_void<Ts...>::type;
+
+template <typename T, typename = void>
+struct is_dereferenceable : std::false_type
+{};
+
+template <typename T>
+struct is_dereferenceable<T, void_t<decltype(*(std::declval<T&>()))>>
+    : std::true_type
+{};
+
+template <typename T>
+constexpr bool is_dereferenceable_v = is_dereferenceable<T>::value;
+
+template <typename T, typename U = T, typename = void>
+struct is_equality_comparable : std::false_type
+{};
+
+template <typename T, typename U>
+struct is_equality_comparable<
+    T,
+    U,
+    std::enable_if_t<std::is_same<bool,
+                                  decltype(std::declval<T&>() ==
+                                           std::declval<U&>())>::value>>
+    : std::true_type
+{};
+
+template <typename T, typename U = T>
+constexpr bool is_equality_comparable_v = is_equality_comparable<T, U>::value;
+
+template <typename T, typename U = T, typename = void>
+struct is_inequality_comparable : std::false_type
+{};
+
+template <typename T, typename U>
+struct is_inequality_comparable<
+    T,
+    U,
+    std::enable_if_t<std::is_same<bool,
+                                  decltype(std::declval<T&>() !=
+                                           std::declval<U&>())>::value>>
+    : std::true_type
+{};
+
+template <typename T, typename U = T>
+constexpr bool is_inequality_comparable_v =
+    is_inequality_comparable<T, U>::value;
+
+template <typename T, typename = void>
+struct is_preincrementable : std::false_type
+{};
+
+template <typename T>
+struct is_preincrementable<
+    T,
+    std::enable_if_t<std::is_same<T&, decltype(++(std::declval<T&>()))>::value>>
+    : std::true_type
+{};
+
+template <typename T>
+constexpr bool is_preincrementable_v = is_preincrementable<T>::value;
+
+template <typename T, typename U = T, typename = void>
+struct is_subtractable : std::false_type
+{};
+
+template <typename T, typename U>
+struct is_subtractable<
+    T,
+    U,
+    void_t<decltype(std::declval<T&>() - std::declval<U&>())>> : std::true_type
+{};
+
+template <typename T, typename U = T>
+constexpr bool is_subtractable_v = is_subtractable<T, U>::value;
+
+namespace swappable {
+
+using std::swap;
+
+template <typename T, typename U, typename = void>
+struct with : std::false_type
+{};
+
+// Does not account for non-referenceable types
+template <typename T, typename U>
+struct with<T,
+            U,
+            void_t<decltype(swap(std::declval<T&>(), std::declval<U&>())),
+                   decltype(swap(std::declval<U&>(), std::declval<T&>()))>>
+    : std::true_type
+{};
+
+} // namespace swappable
+
+template <typename T, typename U>
+using is_swappable_with = swappable::with<T, U>;
+
+template <typename T>
+using is_swappable = is_swappable_with<T, T>;
+
+template <typename T>
+constexpr bool is_swappable_v = is_swappable_with<T&, T&>::value;
+
+template <typename T, typename = void>
+struct is_iterator : std::false_type
+{};
+
+// See http://en.cppreference.com/w/cpp/concept/Iterator
+template <typename T>
+struct is_iterator<
+    T,
+    void_t<
+        std::enable_if_t<is_preincrementable_v<T> &&
+                         is_dereferenceable_v<T>
+                         // accounts for non-referenceable types
+                         && std::is_copy_constructible<T>::value &&
+                         std::is_copy_assignable<T>::value &&
+                         std::is_destructible<T>::value && is_swappable_v<T>>,
+        typename std::iterator_traits<T>::value_type,
+        typename std::iterator_traits<T>::difference_type,
+        typename std::iterator_traits<T>::reference,
+        typename std::iterator_traits<T>::pointer,
+        typename std::iterator_traits<T>::iterator_category>> : std::true_type
+{};
+
+template <typename T>
+constexpr bool is_iterator_v = is_iterator<T>::value;
+
+template <typename T, typename U, typename = void>
+struct compatible_sentinel : std::false_type
+{};
+
+template <typename T, typename U>
+struct compatible_sentinel<
+    T,
+    U,
+    std::enable_if_t<is_iterator_v<T> && is_equality_comparable_v<T, U> &&
+                     is_inequality_comparable_v<T, U>>> : std::true_type
+{};
+
+template <typename T, typename U>
+constexpr bool compatible_sentinel_v = compatible_sentinel<T, U>::value;
+
+template <typename T, typename = void>
+struct is_forward_iterator : std::false_type
+{};
+
+template <typename T>
+struct is_forward_iterator<
+    T,
+    std::enable_if_t<is_iterator_v<T> &&
+                     std::is_base_of<std::forward_iterator_tag,
+                                     typename std::iterator_traits<
+                                         T>::iterator_category>::value>>
+    : std::true_type
+{};
+
+template <typename T>
+constexpr bool is_forward_iterator_v = is_forward_iterator<T>::value;
+
+template <typename T, typename U, typename = void>
+struct std_distance_supports : std::false_type
+{};
+
+template <typename T, typename U>
+struct std_distance_supports<
+    T,
+    U,
+    void_t<decltype(std::distance(std::declval<T>(), std::declval<U>()))>>
+    : std::true_type
+{};
+
+template <typename T, typename U>
+constexpr bool std_distance_supports_v = std_distance_supports<T, U>::value;
+
+template <typename T, typename U, typename V, typename = void>
+struct std_uninitialized_copy_supports : std::false_type
+{};
+
+template <typename T, typename U, typename V>
+struct std_uninitialized_copy_supports<
+    T,
+    U,
+    V,
+    void_t<decltype(std::uninitialized_copy(
+        std::declval<T>(), std::declval<U>(), std::declval<V>()))>>
+    : std::true_type
+{};
+
+template <typename T, typename U, typename V>
+constexpr bool std_uninitialized_copy_supports_v =
+    std_uninitialized_copy_supports<T, U, V>::value;
+
+} // namespace detail
+} // namespace immer
diff --git a/src/immer/immer/detail/util.hpp b/src/immer/immer/detail/util.hpp
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000..b9e5041461f58
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/immer/immer/detail/util.hpp
@@ -0,0 +1,266 @@
+//
+// immer: immutable data structures for C++
+// Copyright (C) 2016, 2017, 2018 Juan Pedro Bolivar Puente
+//
+// This software is distributed under the Boost Software License, Version 1.0.
+// See accompanying file LICENSE or copy at http://boost.org/LICENSE_1_0.txt
+//
+
+#pragma once
+
+#include <immer/config.hpp>
+
+#include <cstddef>
+#include <memory>
+#include <new>
+#include <type_traits>
+
+#include <immer/detail/type_traits.hpp>
+
+#if defined(_MSC_VER)
+#include <intrin.h> // for __lzcnt*
+#endif
+
+namespace immer {
+namespace detail {
+
+template <typename T>
+using aligned_storage_for =
+    typename std::aligned_storage<sizeof(T), alignof(T)>::type;
+
+template <typename T>
+T& auto_const_cast(const T& x)
+{
+    return const_cast<T&>(x);
+}
+template <typename T>
+T&& auto_const_cast(const T&& x)
+{
+    return const_cast<T&&>(std::move(x));
+}
+
+template <typename Iter1, typename Iter2>
+auto uninitialized_move(Iter1 in1, Iter1 in2, Iter2 out)
+{
+    return std::uninitialized_copy(
+        std::make_move_iterator(in1), std::make_move_iterator(in2), out);
+}
+
+template <class T>
+void destroy(T* first, T* last)
+{
+    for (; first != last; ++first)
+        first->~T();
+}
+
+template <class T, class Size>
+void destroy_n(T* p, Size n)
+{
+    auto e = p + n;
+    for (; p != e; ++p)
+        p->~T();
+}
+
+template <typename Heap, typename T, typename... Args>
+T* make(Args&&... args)
+{
+    auto ptr = Heap::allocate(sizeof(T));
+    IMMER_TRY {
+        return new (ptr) T{std::forward<Args>(args)...};
+    }
+    IMMER_CATCH (...) {
+        Heap::deallocate(sizeof(T), ptr);
+        IMMER_RETHROW;
+    }
+}
+
+struct not_supported_t
+{};
+struct empty_t
+{};
+
+template <typename T>
+struct exact_t
+{
+    T value;
+    exact_t(T v)
+        : value{v} {};
+};
+
+template <typename T>
+inline constexpr auto clz_(T) -> not_supported_t
+{
+    IMMER_UNREACHABLE;
+    return {};
+}
+#if defined(_MSC_VER)
+// inline auto clz_(unsigned short x) { return __lzcnt16(x); }
+// inline auto clz_(unsigned int x) { return __lzcnt(x); }
+// inline auto clz_(unsigned __int64 x) { return __lzcnt64(x); }
+#else
+inline constexpr auto clz_(unsigned int x) { return __builtin_clz(x); }
+inline constexpr auto clz_(unsigned long x) { return __builtin_clzl(x); }
+inline constexpr auto clz_(unsigned long long x) { return __builtin_clzll(x); }
+#endif
+
+template <typename T>
+inline constexpr T log2_aux(T x, T r = 0)
+{
+    return x <= 1 ? r : log2_aux(x >> 1, r + 1);
+}
+
+template <typename T>
+inline constexpr auto log2(T x) -> std::
+    enable_if_t<!std::is_same<decltype(clz_(x)), not_supported_t>::value, T>
+{
+    return x == 0 ? 0 : sizeof(std::size_t) * 8 - 1 - clz_(x);
+}
+
+template <typename T>
+inline constexpr auto log2(T x)
+    -> std::enable_if_t<std::is_same<decltype(clz_(x)), not_supported_t>::value,
+                        T>
+{
+    return log2_aux(x);
+}
+
+template <typename T>
+constexpr T ipow(T num, unsigned int pow)
+{
+    return pow == 0 ? 1 : num * ipow(num, pow - 1);
+}
+
+template <bool b, typename F>
+auto static_if(F&& f) -> std::enable_if_t<b>
+{
+    std::forward<F>(f)(empty_t{});
+}
+template <bool b, typename F>
+auto static_if(F&& f) -> std::enable_if_t<!b>
+{}
+
+template <bool b, typename R = void, typename F1, typename F2>
+auto static_if(F1&& f1, F2&& f2) -> std::enable_if_t<b, R>
+{
+    return std::forward<F1>(f1)(empty_t{});
+}
+template <bool b, typename R = void, typename F1, typename F2>
+auto static_if(F1&& f1, F2&& f2) -> std::enable_if_t<!b, R>
+{
+    return std::forward<F2>(f2)(empty_t{});
+}
+
+template <typename T, T value>
+struct constantly
+{
+    template <typename... Args>
+    T operator()(Args&&...) const
+    {
+        return value;
+    }
+};
+
+/*!
+ * An alias to `std::distance`
+ */
+template <typename Iterator,
+          typename Sentinel,
+          std::enable_if_t<detail::std_distance_supports_v<Iterator, Sentinel>,
+                           bool> = true>
+typename std::iterator_traits<Iterator>::difference_type
+distance(Iterator first, Sentinel last)
+{
+    return std::distance(first, last);
+}
+
+/*!
+ * Equivalent of the `std::distance` applied to the sentinel-delimited
+ * forward range @f$ [first, last) @f$
+ */
+template <typename Iterator,
+          typename Sentinel,
+          std::enable_if_t<
+              (!detail::std_distance_supports_v<Iterator, Sentinel>) &&detail::
+                      is_forward_iterator_v<Iterator> &&
+                  detail::compatible_sentinel_v<Iterator, Sentinel> &&
+                  (!detail::is_subtractable_v<Sentinel, Iterator>),
+              bool> = true>
+typename std::iterator_traits<Iterator>::difference_type
+distance(Iterator first, Sentinel last)
+{
+    std::size_t result = 0;
+    while (first != last) {
+        ++first;
+        ++result;
+    }
+    return result;
+}
+
+/*!
+ * Equivalent of the `std::distance` applied to the sentinel-delimited
+ * random access range @f$ [first, last) @f$
+ */
+template <typename Iterator,
+          typename Sentinel,
+          std::enable_if_t<
+              (!detail::std_distance_supports_v<Iterator, Sentinel>) &&detail::
+                      is_forward_iterator_v<Iterator> &&
+                  detail::compatible_sentinel_v<Iterator, Sentinel> &&
+                  detail::is_subtractable_v<Sentinel, Iterator>,
+              bool> = true>
+typename std::iterator_traits<Iterator>::difference_type
+distance(Iterator first, Sentinel last)
+{
+    return last - first;
+}
+
+/*!
+ * An alias to `std::uninitialized_copy`
+ */
+template <
+    typename Iterator,
+    typename Sentinel,
+    typename SinkIter,
+    std::enable_if_t<
+        detail::std_uninitialized_copy_supports_v<Iterator, Sentinel, SinkIter>,
+        bool> = true>
+SinkIter uninitialized_copy(Iterator first, Sentinel last, SinkIter d_first)
+{
+    return std::uninitialized_copy(first, last, d_first);
+}
+
+/*!
+ * Equivalent of the `std::uninitialized_copy` applied to the
+ * sentinel-delimited forward range @f$ [first, last) @f$
+ */
+template <typename SourceIter,
+          typename Sent,
+          typename SinkIter,
+          std::enable_if_t<
+              (!detail::std_uninitialized_copy_supports_v<SourceIter,
+                                                          Sent,
+                                                          SinkIter>) &&detail::
+                      compatible_sentinel_v<SourceIter, Sent> &&
+                  detail::is_forward_iterator_v<SinkIter>,
+              bool> = true>
+SinkIter uninitialized_copy(SourceIter first, Sent last, SinkIter d_first)
+{
+    auto current = d_first;
+    IMMER_TRY {
+        while (first != last) {
+            *current++ = *first;
+            ++first;
+        }
+    }
+    IMMER_CATCH (...) {
+        using Value = typename std::iterator_traits<SinkIter>::value_type;
+        for (; d_first != current; ++d_first) {
+            d_first->~Value();
+        }
+        IMMER_RETHROW;
+    }
+    return current;
+}
+
+} // namespace detail
+} // namespace immer
diff --git a/src/immer/immer/experimental/detail/dvektor_impl.hpp b/src/immer/immer/experimental/detail/dvektor_impl.hpp
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000..4f697337a70be
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/immer/immer/experimental/detail/dvektor_impl.hpp
@@ -0,0 +1,499 @@
+//
+// immer: immutable data structures for C++
+// Copyright (C) 2016, 2017, 2018 Juan Pedro Bolivar Puente
+//
+// This software is distributed under the Boost Software License, Version 1.0.
+// See accompanying file LICENSE or copy at http://boost.org/LICENSE_1_0.txt
+//
+
+#pragma once
+
+#include <immer/heap/heap_policy.hpp>
+#include <immer/refcount/enable_intrusive_ptr.hpp>
+#include <immer/refcount/refcount_policy.hpp>
+
+#include <boost/intrusive_ptr.hpp>
+#include <boost/iterator/iterator_facade.hpp>
+#include <boost/smart_ptr/intrusive_ref_counter.hpp>
+
+#include <cassert>
+#include <cstddef>
+#include <limits>
+
+namespace immer {
+namespace detail {
+namespace dvektor {
+
+constexpr auto fast_log2(std::size_t x)
+{
+    return x == 0 ? 0 : sizeof(std::size_t) * 8 - 1 - __builtin_clzl(x);
+}
+
+template <int B, typename T = std::size_t>
+constexpr T branches = T{1} << B;
+
+template <int B, typename T = std::size_t>
+constexpr T mask = branches<B, T> - 1;
+
+template <int B, typename T = std::size_t>
+constexpr auto
+    max_depth = fast_log2(std::numeric_limits<std::size_t>::max()) / B;
+
+template <typename T, int B, typename MP>
+struct node;
+
+template <typename T, int B, typename MP>
+using node_ptr = boost::intrusive_ptr<node<T, B, MP>>;
+
+template <typename T, int B>
+using leaf_node = std::array<T, 1 << B>;
+
+template <typename T, int B, typename MP>
+using inner_node = std::array<node_ptr<T, B, MP>, 1 << B>;
+
+template <typename T, int B, typename MP>
+struct node
+    : enable_intrusive_ptr<node<T, B, MP>, typename MP::refcount>
+    , enable_optimized_heap_policy<node<T, B, MP>, typename MP::heap>
+{
+    using leaf_node_t  = leaf_node<T, B>;
+    using inner_node_t = inner_node<T, B, MP>;
+
+    enum
+    {
+        leaf_kind,
+        inner_kind
+    } kind;
+
+    union data_t
+    {
+        leaf_node_t leaf;
+        inner_node_t inner;
+        data_t(leaf_node_t n)
+            : leaf(std::move(n))
+        {}
+        data_t(inner_node_t n)
+            : inner(std::move(n))
+        {}
+        ~data_t() {}
+    } data;
+
+    ~node()
+    {
+        switch (kind) {
+        case leaf_kind:
+            data.leaf.~leaf_node_t();
+            break;
+        case inner_kind:
+            data.inner.~inner_node_t();
+            break;
+        }
+    }
+
+    node(leaf_node<T, B> n)
+        : kind{leaf_kind}
+        , data{std::move(n)}
+    {}
+
+    node(inner_node<T, B, MP> n)
+        : kind{inner_kind}
+        , data{std::move(n)}
+    {}
+
+    inner_node_t& inner() &
+    {
+        assert(kind == inner_kind);
+        return data.inner;
+    }
+    const inner_node_t& inner() const&
+    {
+        assert(kind == inner_kind);
+        return data.inner;
+    }
+    inner_node_t&& inner() &&
+    {
+        assert(kind == inner_kind);
+        return std::move(data.inner);
+    }
+
+    leaf_node_t& leaf() &
+    {
+        assert(kind == leaf_kind);
+        return data.leaf;
+    }
+    const leaf_node_t& leaf() const&
+    {
+        assert(kind == leaf_kind);
+        return data.leaf;
+    }
+    leaf_node_t&& leaf() &&
+    {
+        assert(kind == leaf_kind);
+        return std::move(data.leaf);
+    }
+};
+
+template <typename T, int B, typename MP, typename... Ts>
+auto make_node(Ts&&... xs) -> boost::intrusive_ptr<node<T, B, MP>>
+{
+    return new node<T, B, MP>(std::forward<Ts>(xs)...);
+}
+
+template <typename T, int B, typename MP>
+struct ref
+{
+    using inner_t    = inner_node<T, B, MP>;
+    using leaf_t     = leaf_node<T, B>;
+    using node_t     = node<T, B, MP>;
+    using node_ptr_t = node_ptr<T, B, MP>;
+
+    unsigned depth;
+    std::array<node_ptr_t, max_depth<B>> display;
+
+    template <typename... Ts>
+    static auto make_node(Ts&&... xs)
+    {
+        return dvektor::make_node<T, B, MP>(std::forward<Ts>(xs)...);
+    }
+
+    const T& get_elem(std::size_t index, std::size_t xr) const
+    {
+        auto display_idx = fast_log2(xr) / B;
+        auto node        = display[display_idx].get();
+        auto shift       = display_idx * B;
+        while (display_idx--) {
+            node = node->inner()[(index >> shift) & mask<B>].get();
+            shift -= B;
+        }
+        return node->leaf()[index & mask<B>];
+    }
+
+    node_ptr_t null_slot_and_copy_inner(node_ptr_t& node, std::size_t idx)
+    {
+        auto& n = node->inner();
+        auto x  = node_ptr_t{};
+        x.swap(n[idx]);
+        return copy_of_inner(x);
+    }
+
+    node_ptr_t null_slot_and_copy_leaf(node_ptr_t& node, std::size_t idx)
+    {
+        auto& n = node->inner();
+        auto x  = node_ptr_t{};
+        x.swap(n[idx]);
+        return copy_of_leaf(x);
+    }
+
+    node_ptr_t copy_of_inner(const node_ptr_t& n)
+    {
+        return make_node(n->inner());
+    }
+
+    node_ptr_t copy_of_leaf(const node_ptr_t& n)
+    {
+        return make_node(n->leaf());
+    }
+
+    void stabilize(std::size_t index)
+    {
+        auto shift = B;
+        for (auto i = 1u; i < depth; ++i) {
+            display[i] = copy_of_inner(display[i]);
+            display[i]->inner()[(index >> shift) & mask<B>] = display[i - 1];
+            shift += B;
+        }
+    }
+
+    void goto_pos_writable_from_clean(std::size_t old_index,
+                                      std::size_t index,
+                                      std::size_t xr)
+    {
+        assert(depth);
+        auto d = depth - 1;
+        if (d == 0) {
+            display[0] = copy_of_leaf(display[0]);
+        } else {
+            IMMER_UNREACHABLE;
+            display[d] = copy_of_inner(display[d]);
+            auto shift = B * d;
+            while (--d) {
+                display[d] = null_slot_and_copy_inner(
+                    display[d + 1], (index >> shift) & mask<B>);
+                shift -= B;
+            }
+            display[0] =
+                null_slot_and_copy_leaf(display[1], (index >> B) & mask<B>);
+        }
+    }
+
+    void goto_pos_writable_from_dirty(std::size_t old_index,
+                                      std::size_t new_index,
+                                      std::size_t xr)
+    {
+        assert(depth);
+        if (xr < (1 << B)) {
+            display[0] = copy_of_leaf(display[0]);
+        } else {
+            auto display_idx = fast_log2(xr) / B;
+            auto shift       = B;
+            for (auto i = 1u; i <= display_idx; ++i) {
+                display[i] = copy_of_inner(display[i]);
+                display[i]->inner()[(old_index >> shift) & mask<B>] =
+                    display[i - 1];
+                shift += B;
+            }
+            for (auto i = display_idx - 1; i > 0; --i) {
+                shift -= B;
+                display[i] = null_slot_and_copy_inner(
+                    display[i + 1], (new_index >> shift) & mask<B>);
+            }
+            display[0] =
+                null_slot_and_copy_leaf(display[1], (new_index >> B) & mask<B>);
+        }
+    }
+
+    void goto_fresh_pos_writable_from_clean(std::size_t old_index,
+                                            std::size_t new_index,
+                                            std::size_t xr)
+    {
+        auto display_idx = fast_log2(xr) / B;
+        if (display_idx > 0) {
+            auto shift = display_idx * B;
+            if (display_idx == depth) {
+                display[display_idx] = make_node(inner_t{});
+                display[display_idx]->inner()[(old_index >> shift) & mask<B>] =
+                    display[display_idx - 1];
+                ++depth;
+            }
+            while (--display_idx) {
+                auto node = display[display_idx + 1]
+                                ->inner()[(new_index >> shift) & mask<B>];
+                display[display_idx] =
+                    node ? std::move(node) : make_node(inner_t{});
+            }
+            display[0] = make_node(leaf_t{});
+        }
+    }
+
+    void goto_fresh_pos_writable_from_dirty(std::size_t old_index,
+                                            std::size_t new_index,
+                                            std::size_t xr)
+    {
+        stabilize(old_index);
+        goto_fresh_pos_writable_from_clean(old_index, new_index, xr);
+    }
+
+    void goto_next_block_start(std::size_t index, std::size_t xr)
+    {
+        auto display_idx = fast_log2(xr) / B;
+        auto shift       = display_idx * B;
+        if (display_idx > 0) {
+            display[display_idx - 1] =
+                display[display_idx]->inner()[(index >> shift) & mask<B>];
+            while (--display_idx)
+                display[display_idx - 1] = display[display_idx]->inner()[0];
+        }
+    }
+
+    void goto_pos(std::size_t index, std::size_t xr)
+    {
+        auto display_idx = fast_log2(xr) / B;
+        auto shift       = display_idx * B;
+        if (display_idx) {
+            do {
+                display[display_idx - 1] =
+                    display[display_idx]->inner()[(index >> shift) & mask<B>];
+                shift -= B;
+            } while (--display_idx);
+        }
+    }
+};
+
+template <typename T, int B, typename MP>
+struct impl
+{
+    using inner_t    = inner_node<T, B, MP>;
+    using leaf_t     = leaf_node<T, B>;
+    using node_t     = node<T, B, MP>;
+    using node_ptr_t = node_ptr<T, B, MP>;
+    using ref_t      = ref<T, B, MP>;
+
+    std::size_t size;
+    std::size_t focus;
+    bool dirty;
+    ref_t p;
+
+    template <typename... Ts>
+    static auto make_node(Ts&&... xs)
+    {
+        return dvektor::make_node<T, B, MP>(std::forward<Ts>(xs)...);
+    }
+
+    void goto_pos_writable(std::size_t old_index,
+                           std::size_t new_index,
+                           std::size_t xr)
+    {
+        if (dirty) {
+            p.goto_pos_writable_from_dirty(old_index, new_index, xr);
+        } else {
+            p.goto_pos_writable_from_clean(old_index, new_index, xr);
+            dirty = true;
+        }
+    }
+
+    void goto_fresh_pos_writable(std::size_t old_index,
+                                 std::size_t new_index,
+                                 std::size_t xr)
+    {
+        if (dirty) {
+            p.goto_fresh_pos_writable_from_dirty(old_index, new_index, xr);
+        } else {
+            p.goto_fresh_pos_writable_from_clean(old_index, new_index, xr);
+            dirty = true;
+        }
+    }
+
+    impl push_back(T value) const
+    {
+        if (size) {
+            auto block_index = size & ~mask<B>;
+            auto lo          = size & mask<B>;
+            if (size != block_index) {
+                auto s = impl{size + 1, block_index, dirty, p};
+                s.goto_pos_writable(focus, block_index, focus ^ block_index);
+                s.p.display[0]->leaf()[lo] = std::move(value);
+                return s;
+            } else {
+                auto s = impl{size + 1, block_index, dirty, p};
+                s.goto_fresh_pos_writable(
+                    focus, block_index, focus ^ block_index);
+                s.p.display[0]->leaf()[lo] = std::move(value);
+                return s;
+            }
+        } else {
+            return impl{
+                1, 0, false, {1, {{make_node(leaf_t{{std::move(value)}})}}}};
+        }
+    }
+
+    const T& get(std::size_t index) const
+    {
+        return p.get_elem(index, index ^ focus);
+    }
+
+    template <typename FnT>
+    impl update(std::size_t idx, FnT&& fn) const
+    {
+        auto s = impl{size, idx, dirty, p};
+        s.goto_pos_writable(focus, idx, focus ^ idx);
+        auto& v = s.p.display[0]->leaf()[idx & mask<B>];
+        v       = fn(std::move(v));
+        return s;
+    }
+
+    impl assoc(std::size_t idx, T value) const
+    {
+        return update(idx, [&](auto&&) { return std::move(value); });
+    }
+};
+
+template <typename T, int B, typename MP>
+const impl<T, B, MP> empty = {0, 0, false, ref<T, B, MP>{1, {}}};
+
+template <typename T, int B, typename MP>
+struct iterator
+    : boost::iterator_facade<iterator<T, B, MP>,
+                             T,
+                             boost::random_access_traversal_tag,
+                             const T&>
+{
+    struct end_t
+    {};
+
+    iterator() = default;
+
+    iterator(const impl<T, B, MP>& v)
+        : p_{v.p}
+        , i_{0}
+        , base_{0}
+    {
+        if (v.dirty)
+            p_.stabilize(v.focus);
+        p_.goto_pos(0, 0 ^ v.focus);
+        curr_ = p_.display[0]->leaf().begin();
+    }
+
+    iterator(const impl<T, B, MP>& v, end_t)
+        : p_{v.p}
+        , i_{v.size}
+        , base_{(v.size - 1) & ~mask<B>}
+    {
+        if (v.dirty)
+            p_.stabilize(v.focus);
+        p_.goto_pos(base_, base_ ^ v.focus);
+        curr_ = p_.display[0]->leaf().begin() + (i_ - base_);
+    }
+
+private:
+    friend class boost::iterator_core_access;
+    using leaf_iterator = typename leaf_node<T, B>::const_iterator;
+
+    ref<T, B, MP> p_;
+    std::size_t i_;
+    std::size_t base_;
+    leaf_iterator curr_;
+
+    void increment()
+    {
+        ++i_;
+        if (i_ - base_ < branches<B>) {
+            ++curr_;
+        } else {
+            auto new_base = base_ + branches<B>;
+            p_.goto_next_block_start(new_base, base_ ^ new_base);
+            base_ = new_base;
+            curr_ = p_.display[0]->leaf().begin();
+        }
+    }
+
+    void decrement()
+    {
+        assert(i_ > 0);
+        --i_;
+        if (i_ >= base_) {
+            --curr_;
+        } else {
+            auto new_base = base_ - branches<B>;
+            p_.goto_pos(new_base, base_ ^ new_base);
+            base_ = new_base;
+            curr_ = std::prev(p_.display[0]->leaf().end());
+        }
+    }
+
+    void advance(std::ptrdiff_t n)
+    {
+        i_ += n;
+        if (i_ <= base_ && i_ - base_ < branches<B>) {
+            curr_ += n;
+        } else {
+            auto new_base = i_ & ~mask<B>;
+            p_.goto_pos(new_base, base_ ^ new_base);
+            base_ = new_base;
+            curr_ = p_.display[0]->leaf().begin() + (i_ - base_);
+        }
+    }
+
+    bool equal(const iterator& other) const { return i_ == other.i_; }
+
+    std::ptrdiff_t distance_to(const iterator& other) const
+    {
+        return other.i_ > i_ ? static_cast<std::ptrdiff_t>(other.i_ - i_)
+                             : -static_cast<std::ptrdiff_t>(i_ - other.i_);
+    }
+
+    const T& dereference() const { return *curr_; }
+};
+
+} /* namespace dvektor */
+} /* namespace detail */
+} /* namespace immer */
diff --git a/src/immer/immer/experimental/dvektor.hpp b/src/immer/immer/experimental/dvektor.hpp
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000..a4227d6498fdb
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/immer/immer/experimental/dvektor.hpp
@@ -0,0 +1,71 @@
+//
+// immer: immutable data structures for C++
+// Copyright (C) 2016, 2017, 2018 Juan Pedro Bolivar Puente
+//
+// This software is distributed under the Boost Software License, Version 1.0.
+// See accompanying file LICENSE or copy at http://boost.org/LICENSE_1_0.txt
+//
+
+#pragma once
+
+#include <immer/experimental/detail/dvektor_impl.hpp>
+
+#include <immer/memory_policy.hpp>
+
+#include <cstddef>
+
+namespace immer {
+
+template <typename T, int B = 5, typename MemoryPolicy = default_memory_policy>
+class dvektor
+{
+    using impl_t = detail::dvektor::impl<T, B, MemoryPolicy>;
+
+public:
+    using value_type      = T;
+    using reference       = const T&;
+    using size_type       = std::size_t;
+    using difference_type = std::ptrdiff_t;
+    using const_reference = const T&;
+
+    using iterator         = detail::dvektor::iterator<T, B, MemoryPolicy>;
+    using const_iterator   = iterator;
+    using reverse_iterator = std::reverse_iterator<iterator>;
+
+    dvektor() = default;
+
+    iterator begin() const { return {impl_}; }
+    iterator end() const { return {impl_, typename iterator::end_t{}}; }
+
+    reverse_iterator rbegin() const { return reverse_iterator{end()}; }
+    reverse_iterator rend() const { return reverse_iterator{begin()}; }
+
+    std::size_t size() const { return impl_.size; }
+    bool empty() const { return impl_.size == 0; }
+
+    reference operator[](size_type index) const { return impl_.get(index); }
+
+    dvektor push_back(value_type value) const
+    {
+        return {impl_.push_back(std::move(value))};
+    }
+
+    dvektor assoc(std::size_t idx, value_type value) const
+    {
+        return {impl_.assoc(idx, std::move(value))};
+    }
+
+    template <typename FnT>
+    dvektor update(std::size_t idx, FnT&& fn) const
+    {
+        return {impl_.update(idx, std::forward<FnT>(fn))};
+    }
+
+private:
+    dvektor(impl_t impl)
+        : impl_(std::move(impl))
+    {}
+    impl_t impl_ = detail::dvektor::empty<T, B, MemoryPolicy>;
+};
+
+} // namespace immer
diff --git a/src/immer/immer/flex_vector.hpp b/src/immer/immer/flex_vector.hpp
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000..47a82abe3d22c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/immer/immer/flex_vector.hpp
@@ -0,0 +1,608 @@
+//
+// immer: immutable data structures for C++
+// Copyright (C) 2016, 2017, 2018 Juan Pedro Bolivar Puente
+//
+// This software is distributed under the Boost Software License, Version 1.0.
+// See accompanying file LICENSE or copy at http://boost.org/LICENSE_1_0.txt
+//
+
+#pragma once
+
+#include <immer/detail/rbts/rrbtree.hpp>
+#include <immer/detail/rbts/rrbtree_iterator.hpp>
+#include <immer/memory_policy.hpp>
+
+namespace immer {
+
+template <typename T,
+          typename MP,
+          detail::rbts::bits_t B,
+          detail::rbts::bits_t BL>
+class vector;
+
+template <typename T,
+          typename MP,
+          detail::rbts::bits_t B,
+          detail::rbts::bits_t BL>
+class flex_vector_transient;
+
+/*!
+ * Immutable sequential container supporting both random access,
+ * structural sharing and efficient concatenation and slicing.
+ *
+ * @tparam T The type of the values to be stored in the container.
+ * @tparam MemoryPolicy Memory management policy. See @ref
+ *         memory_policy.
+ *
+ * @rst
+ *
+ * This container is very similar to `vector`_ but also supports
+ * :math:`O(log(size))` *concatenation*, *slicing* and *insertion* at
+ * any point. Its performance characteristics are almost identical
+ * until one of these operations is performed.  After that,
+ * performance is degraded by a constant factor that usually oscilates
+ * in the range :math:`[1, 2)` depending on the operation and the
+ * amount of flexible operations that have been performed.
+ *
+ * .. tip:: A `vector`_ can be converted to a `flex_vector`_ in
+ *    constant time without any allocation.  This is so because the
+ *    internal structure of a *vector* is a strict subset of the
+ *    internal structure of a *flexible vector*.  You can take
+ *    advantage of this property by creating normal vectors as long as
+ *    the flexible operations are not needed, and convert later in
+ *    your processing pipeline once and if these are needed.
+ *
+ * @endrst
+ */
+template <typename T,
+          typename MemoryPolicy  = default_memory_policy,
+          detail::rbts::bits_t B = default_bits,
+          detail::rbts::bits_t BL =
+              detail::rbts::derive_bits_leaf<T, MemoryPolicy, B>>
+class flex_vector
+{
+    using impl_t = detail::rbts::rrbtree<T, MemoryPolicy, B, BL>;
+
+    using move_t =
+        std::integral_constant<bool, MemoryPolicy::use_transient_rvalues>;
+
+public:
+    static constexpr auto bits      = B;
+    static constexpr auto bits_leaf = BL;
+    using memory_policy             = MemoryPolicy;
+
+    using value_type      = T;
+    using reference       = const T&;
+    using size_type       = detail::rbts::size_t;
+    using difference_type = std::ptrdiff_t;
+    using const_reference = const T&;
+
+    using iterator = detail::rbts::rrbtree_iterator<T, MemoryPolicy, B, BL>;
+    using const_iterator   = iterator;
+    using reverse_iterator = std::reverse_iterator<iterator>;
+
+    using transient_type = flex_vector_transient<T, MemoryPolicy, B, BL>;
+
+    /*!
+     * Returns the maximum theoretical size supported by the internal structure
+     * given the current B, BL.
+     */
+    constexpr static size_type max_size() { return impl_t::max_size(); }
+
+    /*!
+     * Default constructor.  It creates a flex_vector of `size() == 0`.
+     * It does not allocate memory and its complexity is @f$ O(1) @f$.
+     */
+    flex_vector() = default;
+
+    /*!
+     * Constructs a flex_vector containing the elements in `values`.
+     */
+    flex_vector(std::initializer_list<T> values)
+        : impl_{impl_t::from_initializer_list(values)}
+    {}
+
+    /*!
+     * Constructs a flex_vector containing the elements in the range
+     * defined by the input iterator `first` and range sentinel `last`.
+     */
+    template <typename Iter,
+              typename Sent,
+              std::enable_if_t<detail::compatible_sentinel_v<Iter, Sent>,
+                               bool> = true>
+    flex_vector(Iter first, Sent last)
+        : impl_{impl_t::from_range(first, last)}
+    {}
+
+    /*!
+     * Constructs a vector containing the element `val` repeated `n`
+     * times.
+     */
+    flex_vector(size_type n, T v = {})
+        : impl_{impl_t::from_fill(n, v)}
+    {}
+
+    /*!
+     * Default constructor.  It creates a flex_vector with the same
+     * contents as `v`.  It does not allocate memory and is
+     * @f$ O(1) @f$.
+     */
+    flex_vector(vector<T, MemoryPolicy, B, BL> v)
+        : impl_{v.impl_.size,
+                v.impl_.shift,
+                v.impl_.root->inc(),
+                v.impl_.tail->inc()}
+    {}
+
+    /*!
+     * Returns an iterator pointing at the first element of the
+     * collection. It does not allocate memory and its complexity is
+     * @f$ O(1) @f$.
+     */
+    IMMER_NODISCARD iterator begin() const { return {impl_}; }
+
+    /*!
+     * Returns an iterator pointing just after the last element of the
+     * collection. It does not allocate and its complexity is @f$ O(1) @f$.
+     */
+    IMMER_NODISCARD iterator end() const
+    {
+        return {impl_, typename iterator::end_t{}};
+    }
+
+    /*!
+     * Returns an iterator that traverses the collection backwards,
+     * pointing at the first element of the reversed collection. It
+     * does not allocate memory and its complexity is @f$ O(1) @f$.
+     */
+    IMMER_NODISCARD reverse_iterator rbegin() const
+    {
+        return reverse_iterator{end()};
+    }
+
+    /*!
+     * Returns an iterator that traverses the collection backwards,
+     * pointing after the last element of the reversed collection. It
+     * does not allocate memory and its complexity is @f$ O(1) @f$.
+     */
+    IMMER_NODISCARD reverse_iterator rend() const
+    {
+        return reverse_iterator{begin()};
+    }
+
+    /*!
+     * Returns the number of elements in the container.  It does
+     * not allocate memory and its complexity is @f$ O(1) @f$.
+     */
+    IMMER_NODISCARD size_type size() const { return impl_.size; }
+
+    /*!
+     * Returns `true` if there are no elements in the container.  It
+     * does not allocate memory and its complexity is @f$ O(1) @f$.
+     */
+    IMMER_NODISCARD bool empty() const { return impl_.size == 0; }
+
+    /*!
+     * Access the last element.
+     */
+    IMMER_NODISCARD const T& back() const { return impl_.back(); }
+
+    /*!
+     * Access the first element.
+     */
+    IMMER_NODISCARD const T& front() const { return impl_.front(); }
+
+    /*!
+     * Returns a `const` reference to the element at position `index`.
+     * It is undefined when @f$ 0 index \geq size() @f$.  It does not
+     * allocate memory and its complexity is *effectively* @f$ O(1)
+     * @f$.
+     */
+    IMMER_NODISCARD reference operator[](size_type index) const
+    {
+        return impl_.get(index);
+    }
+
+    /*!
+     * Returns a `const` reference to the element at position
+     * `index`. It throws an `std::out_of_range` exception when @f$
+     * index \geq size() @f$.  It does not allocate memory and its
+     * complexity is *effectively* @f$ O(1) @f$.
+     */
+    reference at(size_type index) const { return impl_.get_check(index); }
+
+    /*!
+     * Returns whether the vectors are equal.
+     */
+    IMMER_NODISCARD bool operator==(const flex_vector& other) const
+    {
+        return impl_.equals(other.impl_);
+    }
+    IMMER_NODISCARD bool operator!=(const flex_vector& other) const
+    {
+        return !(*this == other);
+    }
+
+    /*!
+     * Returns a flex_vector with `value` inserted at the end.  It may
+     * allocate memory and its complexity is *effectively* @f$ O(1) @f$.
+     *
+     * @rst
+     *
+     * **Example**
+     *   .. literalinclude:: ../example/flex-vector/flex-vector.cpp
+     *      :language: c++
+     *      :dedent: 8
+     *      :start-after: push-back/start
+     *      :end-before:  push-back/end
+     *
+     * @endrst
+     */
+    IMMER_NODISCARD flex_vector push_back(value_type value) const&
+    {
+        return impl_.push_back(std::move(value));
+    }
+
+    IMMER_NODISCARD decltype(auto) push_back(value_type value) &&
+    {
+        return push_back_move(move_t{}, std::move(value));
+    }
+
+    /*!
+     * Returns a flex_vector with `value` inserted at the frony.  It may
+     * allocate memory and its complexity is @f$ O(log(size)) @f$.
+     *
+     * @rst
+     *
+     * **Example**
+     *   .. literalinclude:: ../example/flex-vector/flex-vector.cpp
+     *      :language: c++
+     *      :dedent: 8
+     *      :start-after: push-front/start
+     *      :end-before:  push-front/end
+     *
+     * @endrst
+     */
+    IMMER_NODISCARD flex_vector push_front(value_type value) const
+    {
+        return flex_vector{}.push_back(value) + *this;
+    }
+
+    /*!
+     * Returns a flex_vector containing value `value` at position `index`.
+     * Undefined for `index >= size()`.
+     * It may allocate memory and its complexity is
+     * *effectively* @f$ O(1) @f$.
+     *
+     * @rst
+     *
+     * **Example**
+     *   .. literalinclude:: ../example/flex-vector/flex-vector.cpp
+     *      :language: c++
+     *      :dedent: 8
+     *      :start-after: set/start
+     *      :end-before:  set/end
+     *
+     * @endrst
+     */
+    IMMER_NODISCARD flex_vector set(size_type index, value_type value) const&
+    {
+        return impl_.assoc(index, std::move(value));
+    }
+
+    IMMER_NODISCARD decltype(auto) set(size_type index, value_type value) &&
+    {
+        return set_move(move_t{}, index, std::move(value));
+    }
+
+    /*!
+     * Returns a vector containing the result of the expression
+     * `fn((*this)[idx])` at position `idx`.
+     * Undefined for `index >= size()`.
+     * It may allocate memory and its complexity is
+     * *effectively* @f$ O(1) @f$.
+     *
+     * @rst
+     *
+     * **Example**
+     *   .. literalinclude:: ../example/flex-vector/flex-vector.cpp
+     *      :language: c++
+     *      :dedent: 8
+     *      :start-after: update/start
+     *      :end-before:  update/end
+     *
+     * @endrst
+
+     */
+    template <typename FnT>
+    IMMER_NODISCARD flex_vector update(size_type index, FnT&& fn) const&
+    {
+        return impl_.update(index, std::forward<FnT>(fn));
+    }
+
+    template <typename FnT>
+    IMMER_NODISCARD decltype(auto) update(size_type index, FnT&& fn) &&
+    {
+        return update_move(move_t{}, index, std::forward<FnT>(fn));
+    }
+
+    /*!
+     * Returns a vector containing only the first `min(elems, size())`
+     * elements. It may allocate memory and its complexity is
+     * *effectively* @f$ O(1) @f$.
+     *
+     * @rst
+     *
+     * **Example**
+     *   .. literalinclude:: ../example/flex-vector/flex-vector.cpp
+     *      :language: c++
+     *      :dedent: 8
+     *      :start-after: take/start
+     *      :end-before:  take/end
+     *
+     * @endrst
+     */
+    IMMER_NODISCARD flex_vector take(size_type elems) const&
+    {
+        return impl_.take(elems);
+    }
+
+    IMMER_NODISCARD decltype(auto) take(size_type elems) &&
+    {
+        return take_move(move_t{}, elems);
+    }
+
+    /*!
+     * Returns a vector without the first `min(elems, size())`
+     * elements. It may allocate memory and its complexity is
+     * *effectively* @f$ O(1) @f$.
+     *
+     * @rst
+     *
+     * **Example**
+     *   .. literalinclude:: ../example/flex-vector/flex-vector.cpp
+     *      :language: c++
+     *      :dedent: 8
+     *      :start-after: drop/start
+     *      :end-before:  drop/end
+     *
+     * @endrst
+     */
+    IMMER_NODISCARD flex_vector drop(size_type elems) const&
+    {
+        return impl_.drop(elems);
+    }
+
+    IMMER_NODISCARD decltype(auto) drop(size_type elems) &&
+    {
+        return drop_move(move_t{}, elems);
+    }
+
+    /*!
+     * Concatenation operator. Returns a flex_vector with the contents
+     * of `l` followed by those of `r`.  It may allocate memory
+     * and its complexity is @f$ O(log(max(size_r, size_l))) @f$
+     *
+     * @rst
+     *
+     * **Example**
+     *   .. literalinclude:: ../example/flex-vector/flex-vector.cpp
+     *      :language: c++
+     *      :dedent: 8
+     *      :start-after: concat/start
+     *      :end-before:  concat/end
+     *
+     * @endrst
+     */
+    IMMER_NODISCARD friend flex_vector operator+(const flex_vector& l,
+                                                 const flex_vector& r)
+    {
+        return l.impl_.concat(r.impl_);
+    }
+
+    IMMER_NODISCARD friend decltype(auto) operator+(flex_vector&& l,
+                                                    const flex_vector& r)
+    {
+        return concat_move(move_t{}, std::move(l), r);
+    }
+
+    IMMER_NODISCARD friend decltype(auto) operator+(const flex_vector& l,
+                                                    flex_vector&& r)
+    {
+        return concat_move(move_t{}, l, std::move(r));
+    }
+
+    IMMER_NODISCARD friend decltype(auto) operator+(flex_vector&& l,
+                                                    flex_vector&& r)
+    {
+        return concat_move(move_t{}, std::move(l), std::move(r));
+    }
+
+    /*!
+     * Returns a flex_vector with the `value` inserted at index
+     * `pos`. It may allocate memory and its complexity is @f$
+     * O(log(size)) @f$
+     *
+     * @rst
+     *
+     * **Example**
+     *   .. literalinclude:: ../example/flex-vector/flex-vector.cpp
+     *      :language: c++
+     *      :dedent: 8
+     *      :start-after: insert/start
+     *      :end-before:  insert/end
+     *
+     * @endrst
+     */
+    IMMER_NODISCARD flex_vector insert(size_type pos, T value) const&
+    {
+        return take(pos).push_back(std::move(value)) + drop(pos);
+    }
+    IMMER_NODISCARD decltype(auto) insert(size_type pos, T value) &&
+    {
+        using std::move;
+        auto rs = drop(pos);
+        return std::move(*this).take(pos).push_back(std::move(value)) +
+               std::move(rs);
+    }
+
+    IMMER_NODISCARD flex_vector insert(size_type pos, flex_vector value) const&
+    {
+        return take(pos) + std::move(value) + drop(pos);
+    }
+    IMMER_NODISCARD decltype(auto) insert(size_type pos, flex_vector value) &&
+    {
+        using std::move;
+        auto rs = drop(pos);
+        return std::move(*this).take(pos) + std::move(value) + std::move(rs);
+    }
+
+    /*!
+     * Returns a flex_vector without the element at index `pos`. It
+     * may allocate memory and its complexity is @f$ O(log(size)) @f$
+     *
+     * @rst
+     *
+     * **Example**
+     *   .. literalinclude:: ../example/flex-vector/flex-vector.cpp
+     *      :language: c++
+     *      :dedent: 8
+     *      :start-after: erase/start
+     *      :end-before:  erase/end
+     *
+     * @endrst
+     */
+    IMMER_NODISCARD flex_vector erase(size_type pos) const&
+    {
+        return take(pos) + drop(pos + 1);
+    }
+    IMMER_NODISCARD decltype(auto) erase(size_type pos) &&
+    {
+        auto rs = drop(pos + 1);
+        return std::move(*this).take(pos) + std::move(rs);
+    }
+
+    IMMER_NODISCARD flex_vector erase(size_type pos, size_type lpos) const&
+    {
+        return lpos > pos ? take(pos) + drop(lpos) : *this;
+    }
+    IMMER_NODISCARD decltype(auto) erase(size_type pos, size_type lpos) &&
+    {
+        if (lpos > pos) {
+            auto rs = drop(lpos);
+            return std::move(*this).take(pos) + std::move(rs);
+        } else {
+            return std::move(*this);
+        }
+    }
+
+    /*!
+     * Returns an @a transient form of this container, an
+     * `immer::flex_vector_transient`.
+     */
+    IMMER_NODISCARD transient_type transient() const& { return impl_; }
+    IMMER_NODISCARD transient_type transient() && { return std::move(impl_); }
+
+    // Semi-private
+    const impl_t& impl() const { return impl_; }
+
+#if IMMER_DEBUG_PRINT
+    void debug_print(std::ostream& out = std::cerr) const
+    {
+        impl_.debug_print(out);
+    }
+#endif
+
+private:
+    friend transient_type;
+
+    flex_vector(impl_t impl)
+        : impl_(std::move(impl))
+    {
+#if IMMER_DEBUG_PRINT
+        // force the compiler to generate debug_print, so we can call
+        // it from a debugger
+        [](volatile auto) {}(&flex_vector::debug_print);
+#endif
+    }
+
+    flex_vector&& push_back_move(std::true_type, value_type value)
+    {
+        impl_.push_back_mut({}, std::move(value));
+        return std::move(*this);
+    }
+    flex_vector push_back_move(std::false_type, value_type value)
+    {
+        return impl_.push_back(std::move(value));
+    }
+
+    flex_vector&& set_move(std::true_type, size_type index, value_type value)
+    {
+        impl_.assoc_mut({}, index, std::move(value));
+        return std::move(*this);
+    }
+    flex_vector set_move(std::false_type, size_type index, value_type value)
+    {
+        return impl_.assoc(index, std::move(value));
+    }
+
+    template <typename Fn>
+    flex_vector&& update_move(std::true_type, size_type index, Fn&& fn)
+    {
+        impl_.update_mut({}, index, std::forward<Fn>(fn));
+        return std::move(*this);
+    }
+    template <typename Fn>
+    flex_vector update_move(std::false_type, size_type index, Fn&& fn)
+    {
+        return impl_.update(index, std::forward<Fn>(fn));
+    }
+
+    flex_vector&& take_move(std::true_type, size_type elems)
+    {
+        impl_.take_mut({}, elems);
+        return std::move(*this);
+    }
+    flex_vector take_move(std::false_type, size_type elems)
+    {
+        return impl_.take(elems);
+    }
+
+    flex_vector&& drop_move(std::true_type, size_type elems)
+    {
+        impl_.drop_mut({}, elems);
+        return std::move(*this);
+    }
+    flex_vector drop_move(std::false_type, size_type elems)
+    {
+        return impl_.drop(elems);
+    }
+
+    static flex_vector&&
+    concat_move(std::true_type, flex_vector&& l, const flex_vector& r)
+    {
+        concat_mut_l(l.impl_, {}, r.impl_);
+        return std::move(l);
+    }
+    static flex_vector&&
+    concat_move(std::true_type, const flex_vector& l, flex_vector&& r)
+    {
+        concat_mut_r(l.impl_, r.impl_, {});
+        return std::move(r);
+    }
+    static flex_vector&&
+    concat_move(std::true_type, flex_vector&& l, flex_vector&& r)
+    {
+        concat_mut_lr_l(l.impl_, {}, r.impl_, {});
+        return std::move(l);
+    }
+    static flex_vector
+    concat_move(std::false_type, const flex_vector& l, const flex_vector& r)
+    {
+        return l.impl_.concat(r.impl_);
+    }
+
+    impl_t impl_ = {};
+};
+
+} // namespace immer
diff --git a/src/immer/immer/flex_vector_transient.hpp b/src/immer/immer/flex_vector_transient.hpp
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000..5c419ae02bddf
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/immer/immer/flex_vector_transient.hpp
@@ -0,0 +1,248 @@
+//
+// immer: immutable data structures for C++
+// Copyright (C) 2016, 2017, 2018 Juan Pedro Bolivar Puente
+//
+// This software is distributed under the Boost Software License, Version 1.0.
+// See accompanying file LICENSE or copy at http://boost.org/LICENSE_1_0.txt
+//
+
+#pragma once
+
+#include <immer/detail/rbts/rrbtree.hpp>
+#include <immer/detail/rbts/rrbtree_iterator.hpp>
+#include <immer/memory_policy.hpp>
+
+namespace immer {
+
+template <typename T,
+          typename MemoryPolicy,
+          detail::rbts::bits_t B,
+          detail::rbts::bits_t BL>
+class flex_vector;
+
+template <typename T,
+          typename MemoryPolicy,
+          detail::rbts::bits_t B,
+          detail::rbts::bits_t BL>
+class vector_transient;
+
+/*!
+ * Mutable version of `immer::flex_vector`.
+ *
+ * @rst
+ *
+ * Refer to :doc:`transients` to learn more about when and how to use
+ * the mutable versions of immutable containers.
+ *
+ * @endrst
+ */
+template <typename T,
+          typename MemoryPolicy  = default_memory_policy,
+          detail::rbts::bits_t B = default_bits,
+          detail::rbts::bits_t BL =
+              detail::rbts::derive_bits_leaf<T, MemoryPolicy, B>>
+class flex_vector_transient : MemoryPolicy::transience_t::owner
+{
+    using impl_t  = detail::rbts::rrbtree<T, MemoryPolicy, B, BL>;
+    using base_t  = typename MemoryPolicy::transience_t::owner;
+    using owner_t = typename MemoryPolicy::transience_t::owner;
+
+public:
+    static constexpr auto bits      = B;
+    static constexpr auto bits_leaf = BL;
+    using memory_policy             = MemoryPolicy;
+
+    using value_type      = T;
+    using reference       = const T&;
+    using size_type       = detail::rbts::size_t;
+    using difference_type = std::ptrdiff_t;
+    using const_reference = const T&;
+
+    using iterator = detail::rbts::rrbtree_iterator<T, MemoryPolicy, B, BL>;
+    using const_iterator   = iterator;
+    using reverse_iterator = std::reverse_iterator<iterator>;
+
+    using persistent_type = flex_vector<T, MemoryPolicy, B, BL>;
+
+    /*!
+     * Default constructor.  It creates a flex_vector of `size() == 0`.  It
+     * does not allocate memory and its complexity is @f$ O(1) @f$.
+     */
+    flex_vector_transient() = default;
+
+    /*!
+     * Default constructor.  It creates a flex_vector with the same
+     * contents as `v`.  It does not allocate memory and is
+     * @f$ O(1) @f$.
+     */
+    flex_vector_transient(vector_transient<T, MemoryPolicy, B, BL> v)
+        : base_t{std::move(static_cast<base_t&>(v))}
+        , impl_{v.impl_.size,
+                v.impl_.shift,
+                v.impl_.root->inc(),
+                v.impl_.tail->inc()}
+    {}
+
+    /*!
+     * Returns an iterator pointing at the first element of the
+     * collection. It does not allocate memory and its complexity is
+     * @f$ O(1) @f$.
+     */
+    IMMER_NODISCARD iterator begin() const { return {impl_}; }
+
+    /*!
+     * Returns an iterator pointing just after the last element of the
+     * collection. It does not allocate and its complexity is @f$ O(1) @f$.
+     */
+    IMMER_NODISCARD iterator end() const
+    {
+        return {impl_, typename iterator::end_t{}};
+    }
+
+    /*!
+     * Returns an iterator that traverses the collection backwards,
+     * pointing at the first element of the reversed collection. It
+     * does not allocate memory and its complexity is @f$ O(1) @f$.
+     */
+    IMMER_NODISCARD reverse_iterator rbegin() const
+    {
+        return reverse_iterator{end()};
+    }
+
+    /*!
+     * Returns an iterator that traverses the collection backwards,
+     * pointing after the last element of the reversed collection. It
+     * does not allocate memory and its complexity is @f$ O(1) @f$.
+     */
+    IMMER_NODISCARD reverse_iterator rend() const
+    {
+        return reverse_iterator{begin()};
+    }
+
+    /*!
+     * Returns the number of elements in the container.  It does
+     * not allocate memory and its complexity is @f$ O(1) @f$.
+     */
+    IMMER_NODISCARD size_type size() const { return impl_.size; }
+
+    /*!
+     * Returns `true` if there are no elements in the container.  It
+     * does not allocate memory and its complexity is @f$ O(1) @f$.
+     */
+    IMMER_NODISCARD bool empty() const { return impl_.size == 0; }
+
+    /*!
+     * Returns a `const` reference to the element at position `index`.
+     * It is undefined when @f$ 0 index \geq size() @f$.  It does not
+     * allocate memory and its complexity is *effectively* @f$ O(1)
+     * @f$.
+     */
+    reference operator[](size_type index) const { return impl_.get(index); }
+
+    /*!
+     * Returns a `const` reference to the element at position
+     * `index`. It throws an `std::out_of_range` exception when @f$
+     * index \geq size() @f$.  It does not allocate memory and its
+     * complexity is *effectively* @f$ O(1) @f$.
+     */
+    reference at(size_type index) const { return impl_.get_check(index); }
+
+    /*!
+     * Inserts `value` at the end.  It may allocate memory and its
+     * complexity is *effectively* @f$ O(1) @f$.
+     */
+    void push_back(value_type value)
+    {
+        impl_.push_back_mut(*this, std::move(value));
+    }
+
+    /*!
+     * Sets to the value `value` at position `idx`.
+     * Undefined for `index >= size()`.
+     * It may allocate memory and its complexity is
+     * *effectively* @f$ O(1) @f$.
+     */
+    void set(size_type index, value_type value)
+    {
+        impl_.assoc_mut(*this, index, std::move(value));
+    }
+
+    /*!
+     * Updates the vector to contain the result of the expression
+     * `fn((*this)[idx])` at position `idx`.
+     * Undefined for `0 >= size()`.
+     * It may allocate memory and its complexity is
+     * *effectively* @f$ O(1) @f$.
+     */
+    template <typename FnT>
+    void update(size_type index, FnT&& fn)
+    {
+        impl_.update_mut(*this, index, std::forward<FnT>(fn));
+    }
+
+    /*!
+     * Resizes the vector to only contain the first `min(elems, size())`
+     * elements. It may allocate memory and its complexity is
+     * *effectively* @f$ O(1) @f$.
+     */
+    void take(size_type elems) { impl_.take_mut(*this, elems); }
+
+    /*!
+     * Removes the first the first `min(elems, size())`
+     * elements. It may allocate memory and its complexity is
+     * *effectively* @f$ O(1) @f$.
+     */
+    void drop(size_type elems) { impl_.drop_mut(*this, elems); }
+
+    /*!
+     * Appends the contents of the `r` at the end.  It may allocate
+     * memory and its complexity is:
+     * @f$ O(log(max(size_r, size_l))) @f$
+     */
+    void append(flex_vector_transient& r)
+    {
+        r.owner_t::operator=(owner_t{});
+        concat_mut_l(impl_, *this, r.impl_);
+    }
+    void append(flex_vector_transient&& r)
+    {
+        concat_mut_lr_l(impl_, *this, r.impl_, r);
+    }
+
+    /*!
+     * Prepends the contents of the `l` at the beginning.  It may
+     * allocate memory and its complexity is:
+     * @f$ O(log(max(size_r, size_l))) @f$
+     */
+    void prepend(flex_vector_transient& l)
+    {
+        l.owner_t::operator=(owner_t{});
+        concat_mut_r(l.impl_, impl_, *this);
+    }
+    void prepend(flex_vector_transient&& l)
+    {
+        concat_mut_lr_r(l.impl_, l, impl_, *this);
+    }
+
+    /*!
+     * Returns an @a immutable form of this container, an
+     * `immer::flex_vector`.
+     */
+    IMMER_NODISCARD persistent_type persistent() &
+    {
+        this->owner_t::operator=(owner_t{});
+        return impl_;
+    }
+    IMMER_NODISCARD persistent_type persistent() && { return std::move(impl_); }
+
+private:
+    friend persistent_type;
+
+    flex_vector_transient(impl_t impl)
+        : impl_(std::move(impl))
+    {}
+
+    impl_t impl_ = {};
+};
+
+} // namespace immer
diff --git a/src/immer/immer/heap/cpp_heap.hpp b/src/immer/immer/heap/cpp_heap.hpp
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000..119fceecb4e00
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/immer/immer/heap/cpp_heap.hpp
@@ -0,0 +1,42 @@
+//
+// immer: immutable data structures for C++
+// Copyright (C) 2016, 2017, 2018 Juan Pedro Bolivar Puente
+//
+// This software is distributed under the Boost Software License, Version 1.0.
+// See accompanying file LICENSE or copy at http://boost.org/LICENSE_1_0.txt
+//
+
+#pragma once
+
+#include <cstddef>
+#include <memory>
+
+namespace immer {
+
+/*!
+ * A heap that uses `operator new` and `operator delete`.
+ */
+struct cpp_heap
+{
+    /*!
+     * Returns a pointer to a memory region of size `size`, if the
+     * allocation was successful, and throws otherwise.
+     */
+    template <typename... Tags>
+    static void* allocate(std::size_t size, Tags...)
+    {
+        return ::operator new(size);
+    }
+
+    /*!
+     * Releases a memory region `data` that was previously returned by
+     * `allocate`.  One must not use nor deallocate again a memory
+     * region that once it has been deallocated.
+     */
+    static void deallocate(std::size_t size, void* data)
+    {
+        ::operator delete(data);
+    }
+};
+
+} // namespace immer
diff --git a/src/immer/immer/heap/debug_size_heap.hpp b/src/immer/immer/heap/debug_size_heap.hpp
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000..d5288c646f8d7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/immer/immer/heap/debug_size_heap.hpp
@@ -0,0 +1,69 @@
+//
+// immer: immutable data structures for C++
+// Copyright (C) 2016, 2017, 2018 Juan Pedro Bolivar Puente
+//
+// This software is distributed under the Boost Software License, Version 1.0.
+// See accompanying file LICENSE or copy at http://boost.org/LICENSE_1_0.txt
+//
+
+#pragma once
+
+#include <immer/config.hpp>
+#include <immer/heap/identity_heap.hpp>
+
+#include <cassert>
+#include <cstddef>
+#include <type_traits>
+#include <memory>
+
+namespace immer {
+
+#if IMMER_ENABLE_DEBUG_SIZE_HEAP
+
+/*!
+ * A heap that in debug mode ensures that the sizes for allocation and
+ * deallocation do match.
+ */
+template <typename Base>
+struct debug_size_heap
+{
+#if defined(__MINGW32__) && !defined(__MINGW64__)
+    // There is a bug in MinGW 32bit:
+    // https://sourceforge.net/p/mingw-w64/bugs/778/ It causes different
+    // versions of std::max_align_t to be defined, depending on inclusion order
+    // of stddef.h and stdint.h. As we have no control over the inclusion order
+    // here (as it might be set in stone by the outside world), we can't easily
+    // pin it to one of both versions of std::max_align_t. This means, we have
+    // to hardcode extra_size for MinGW 32bit builds until the mentioned bug is
+    // fixed.
+    constexpr static auto extra_size = 8;
+#else
+    constexpr static auto extra_size = sizeof(
+        std::aligned_storage_t<sizeof(std::size_t), alignof(std::max_align_t)>);
+#endif
+
+    template <typename... Tags>
+    static void* allocate(std::size_t size, Tags... tags)
+    {
+        auto p = (std::size_t*) Base::allocate(size + extra_size, tags...);
+        new (p) std::size_t{size};
+        return ((char*) p) + extra_size;
+    }
+
+    template <typename... Tags>
+    static void deallocate(std::size_t size, void* data, Tags... tags)
+    {
+        auto p = (std::size_t*) (((char*) data) - extra_size);
+        assert(*p == size);
+        Base::deallocate(size + extra_size, p, tags...);
+    }
+};
+
+#else // IMMER_ENABLE_DEBUG_SIZE_HEAP
+
+template <typename Base>
+using debug_size_heap = identity_heap<Base>;
+
+#endif // !IMMER_ENABLE_DEBUG_SIZE_HEAP
+
+} // namespace immer
diff --git a/src/immer/immer/heap/free_list_heap.hpp b/src/immer/immer/heap/free_list_heap.hpp
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000..15ae01d60fe90
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/immer/immer/heap/free_list_heap.hpp
@@ -0,0 +1,84 @@
+//
+// immer: immutable data structures for C++
+// Copyright (C) 2016, 2017, 2018 Juan Pedro Bolivar Puente
+//
+// This software is distributed under the Boost Software License, Version 1.0.
+// See accompanying file LICENSE or copy at http://boost.org/LICENSE_1_0.txt
+//
+
+#pragma once
+
+#include <immer/heap/free_list_node.hpp>
+#include <immer/heap/with_data.hpp>
+
+#include <atomic>
+#include <cassert>
+#include <cstddef>
+
+namespace immer {
+
+/*!
+ * Adaptor that does not release the memory to the parent heap but
+ * instead it keeps the memory in a thread-safe global free list. Must
+ * be preceded by a `with_data<free_list_node, ...>` heap adaptor.
+ *
+ * @tparam Size Maximum size of the objects to be allocated.
+ * @tparam Base Type of the parent heap.
+ */
+template <std::size_t Size, std::size_t Limit, typename Base>
+struct free_list_heap : Base
+{
+    using base_t = Base;
+
+    template <typename... Tags>
+    static void* allocate(std::size_t size, Tags...)
+    {
+        assert(size <= sizeof(free_list_node) + Size);
+        assert(size >= sizeof(free_list_node));
+
+        free_list_node* n;
+        do {
+            n = head().data;
+            if (!n) {
+                auto p = base_t::allocate(Size + sizeof(free_list_node));
+                return static_cast<free_list_node*>(p);
+            }
+        } while (!head().data.compare_exchange_weak(n, n->next));
+        head().count.fetch_sub(1u, std::memory_order_relaxed);
+        return n;
+    }
+
+    template <typename... Tags>
+    static void deallocate(std::size_t size, void* data, Tags...)
+    {
+        assert(size <= sizeof(free_list_node) + Size);
+        assert(size >= sizeof(free_list_node));
+
+        // we use relaxed, because we are fine with temporarily having
+        // a few more/less buffers in free list
+        if (head().count.load(std::memory_order_relaxed) >= Limit) {
+            base_t::deallocate(Size + sizeof(free_list_node), data);
+        } else {
+            auto n = static_cast<free_list_node*>(data);
+            do {
+                n->next = head().data;
+            } while (!head().data.compare_exchange_weak(n->next, n));
+            head().count.fetch_add(1u, std::memory_order_relaxed);
+        }
+    }
+
+private:
+    struct head_t
+    {
+        std::atomic<free_list_node*> data;
+        std::atomic<std::size_t> count;
+    };
+
+    static head_t& head()
+    {
+        static head_t head_{{nullptr}, {0}};
+        return head_;
+    }
+};
+
+} // namespace immer
diff --git a/src/immer/immer/heap/free_list_node.hpp b/src/immer/immer/heap/free_list_node.hpp
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000..acab4779aa43f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/immer/immer/heap/free_list_node.hpp
@@ -0,0 +1,24 @@
+//
+// immer: immutable data structures for C++
+// Copyright (C) 2016, 2017, 2018 Juan Pedro Bolivar Puente
+//
+// This software is distributed under the Boost Software License, Version 1.0.
+// See accompanying file LICENSE or copy at http://boost.org/LICENSE_1_0.txt
+//
+
+#pragma once
+
+#include <immer/heap/with_data.hpp>
+
+namespace immer {
+
+struct free_list_node
+{
+    free_list_node* next;
+};
+
+template <typename Base>
+struct with_free_list_node : with_data<free_list_node, Base>
+{};
+
+} // namespace immer
diff --git a/src/immer/immer/heap/gc_heap.hpp b/src/immer/immer/heap/gc_heap.hpp
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000..8fc7754e5e6d4
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/immer/immer/heap/gc_heap.hpp
@@ -0,0 +1,131 @@
+//
+// immer: immutable data structures for C++
+// Copyright (C) 2016, 2017, 2018 Juan Pedro Bolivar Puente
+//
+// This software is distributed under the Boost Software License, Version 1.0.
+// See accompanying file LICENSE or copy at http://boost.org/LICENSE_1_0.txt
+//
+
+#pragma once
+
+#include <immer/config.hpp>
+#include <immer/heap/tags.hpp>
+
+#if IMMER_HAS_LIBGC
+#include <gc/gc.h>
+#else
+#error "Using garbage collection requires libgc"
+#endif
+
+#include <cassert>
+#include <cstdlib>
+#include <exception>
+#include <memory>
+
+namespace immer {
+
+#ifdef IMMER_GC_REQUIRE_INIT
+#define IMMER_GC_REQUIRE_INIT_ IMMER_GC_REQUIRE_INIT
+#elifdef __APPLE__
+#define IMMER_GC_REQUIRE_INIT_ 1
+#else
+#define IMMER_GC_REQUIRE_INIT_ 0
+#endif
+
+#if IMMER_GC_REQUIRE_INIT_
+
+namespace detail {
+
+template <int Dummy = 0>
+struct gc_initializer
+{
+    gc_initializer() { GC_INIT(); }
+    static gc_initializer init;
+};
+
+template <int D>
+gc_initializer<D> gc_initializer<D>::init{};
+
+inline void gc_initializer_guard()
+{
+    static gc_initializer<> init_ = gc_initializer<>::init;
+    (void) init_;
+}
+
+} // namespace detail
+
+#define IMMER_GC_INIT_GUARD_ ::immer::detail::gc_initializer_guard()
+
+#else
+
+#define IMMER_GC_INIT_GUARD_
+
+#endif // IMMER_GC_REQUIRE_INIT_
+
+/*!
+ * Heap that uses a tracing garbage collector.
+ *
+ * @rst
+ *
+ * This heap uses the `Boehm's conservative garbage collector`_ under
+ * the hood.  This is a tracing garbage collector that automatically
+ * reclaims unused memory.  Thus, it is not needed to call
+ * ``deallocate()`` in order to release memory.
+ *
+ * .. admonition:: Dependencies
+ *    :class: tip
+ *
+ *    In order to use this header file, you need to make sure that
+ *    Boehm's ``libgc`` is your include path and link to its binary
+ *    library.
+ *
+ * .. caution:: Memory that is allocated with the standard ``malloc``
+ *    and ``free`` is not visible to ``libgc`` when it is looking for
+ *    references.  This means that if, let's say, you store a
+ *    :cpp:class:`immer::vector` using a ``gc_heap`` inside a
+ *    ``std::vector`` that uses a standard allocator, the memory of
+ *    the former might be released automatically at unexpected times
+ *    causing crashes.
+ *
+ * .. caution:: When using a ``gc_heap`` in combination with immutable
+ *    containers, the destructors of the contained objects will never
+ *    be called.  It is ok to store containers inside containers as
+ *    long as all of them use a ``gc_heap`` consistently, but storing
+ *    other kinds of objects with relevant destructors
+ *    (e.g. containers with reference counting or other kinds of
+ *    *resource handles*) might cause memory leaks and other problems.
+ *
+ * .. _boehm's conservative garbage collector: https://github.com/ivmai/bdwgc
+ *
+ * @endrst
+ */
+class gc_heap
+{
+public:
+    static void* allocate(std::size_t n)
+    {
+        IMMER_GC_INIT_GUARD_;
+        auto p = GC_malloc(n);
+        if (IMMER_UNLIKELY(!p))
+            IMMER_THROW(std::bad_alloc{});
+        return p;
+    }
+
+    static void* allocate(std::size_t n, norefs_tag)
+    {
+        IMMER_GC_INIT_GUARD_;
+        auto p = GC_malloc_atomic(n);
+        if (IMMER_UNLIKELY(!p))
+            IMMER_THROW(std::bad_alloc{});
+        return p;
+    }
+
+    static void deallocate(std::size_t, void* data) { GC_free(data); }
+
+    static void deallocate(std::size_t, void* data, norefs_tag)
+    {
+        GC_free(data);
+    }
+};
+
+} // namespace immer
diff --git a/src/immer/immer/heap/heap_policy.hpp b/src/immer/immer/heap/heap_policy.hpp
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000..582c113f334f8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/immer/immer/heap/heap_policy.hpp
@@ -0,0 +1,141 @@
+//
+// immer: immutable data structures for C++
+// Copyright (C) 2016, 2017, 2018 Juan Pedro Bolivar Puente
+//
+// This software is distributed under the Boost Software License, Version 1.0.
+// See accompanying file LICENSE or copy at http://boost.org/LICENSE_1_0.txt
+//
+
+#pragma once
+
+#include <immer/config.hpp>
+#include <immer/heap/debug_size_heap.hpp>
+#include <immer/heap/free_list_heap.hpp>
+#include <immer/heap/split_heap.hpp>
+#include <immer/heap/thread_local_free_list_heap.hpp>
+
+#include <algorithm>
+#include <cstdlib>
+
+namespace immer {
+
+/*!
+ * Heap policy that unconditionally uses its `Heap` argument.
+ */
+template <typename Heap>
+struct heap_policy
+{
+    using type = Heap;
+
+    template <std::size_t>
+    struct optimized
+    {
+        using type = Heap;
+    };
+};
+
+template <typename Deriv, typename HeapPolicy>
+struct enable_optimized_heap_policy
+{
+    static void* operator new(std::size_t size)
+    {
+        using heap_type =
+            typename HeapPolicy ::template optimized<sizeof(Deriv)>::type;
+
+        return heap_type::allocate(size);
+    }
+
+    static void operator delete(void* data, std::size_t size)
+    {
+        using heap_type =
+            typename HeapPolicy ::template optimized<sizeof(Deriv)>::type;
+
+        heap_type::deallocate(size, data);
+    }
+};
+
+/*!
+ * Heap policy that returns a heap with a free list of objects
+ * of `max_size = max(Sizes...)` on top an underlying `Heap`.  Note
+ * these two properties of the resulting heap:
+ *
+ * - Allocating an object that is bigger than `max_size` may trigger
+ *   *undefined behavior*.
+ *
+ * - Allocating an object of size less than `max_size` still
+ *   returns an object of `max_size`.
+ *
+ * Basically, this heap will always return objects of `max_size`.
+ * When an object is freed, it does not directly invoke `std::free`,
+ * but it keeps the object in a global linked list instead.  When a
+ * new object is requested, it does not need to call `std::malloc` but
+ * it can directly pop and return the other object from the global
+ * list, a much faster operation.
+ *
+ * This actually creates a hierarchy with two free lists:
+ *
+ * - A `thread_local` free list is used first.  It does not need any
+ *   kind of synchronization and is very fast.  When the thread
+ *   finishes, its contents are returned to the next free list.
+ *
+ * - A global free list using lock-free access via atomics.
+ *
+ * @tparam Heap Heap to be used when the free list is empty.
+ *
+ * @rst
+ *
+ * .. tip:: For many applications that use immutable data structures
+ *    significantly, this is actually the best heap policy, and it
+ *    might become the default in the future.
+ *
+ *    Note that most our data structures internally use trees with the
+ *    same big branching factors.  This means that all *vectors*,
+ *    *maps*, etc. can just allocate elements from the same free-list
+ *    optimized heap.  Not only does this lowers the allocation time,
+ *    but also makes up for more efficient *cache utilization*.  When
+ *    a new node is needed, there are high chances the allocator will
+ *    return a node that was just accessed.  When batches of immutable
+ *    updates are made, this can make a significant difference.
+ *
+ * @endrst
+ */
+template <typename Heap, std::size_t Limit = default_free_list_size>
+struct free_list_heap_policy
+{
+    using type = debug_size_heap<Heap>;
+
+    template <std::size_t Size>
+    struct optimized
+    {
+        using type =
+            split_heap<Size,
+                       with_free_list_node<thread_local_free_list_heap<
+                           Size,
+                           Limit,
+                           free_list_heap<Size, Limit, debug_size_heap<Heap>>>>,
+                       debug_size_heap<Heap>>;
+    };
+};
+
+/*!
+ * Similar to @ref free_list_heap_policy, but it assumes no
+ * multi-threading, so a single global free list with no concurrency
+ * checks is used.
+ */
+template <typename Heap, std::size_t Limit = default_free_list_size>
+struct unsafe_free_list_heap_policy
+{
+    using type = Heap;
+
+    template <std::size_t Size>
+    struct optimized
+    {
+        using type = split_heap<
+            Size,
+            with_free_list_node<
+                unsafe_free_list_heap<Size, Limit, debug_size_heap<Heap>>>,
+            debug_size_heap<Heap>>;
+    };
+};
+
+} // namespace immer
diff --git a/src/immer/immer/heap/identity_heap.hpp b/src/immer/immer/heap/identity_heap.hpp
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000..032cb3f221d00
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/immer/immer/heap/identity_heap.hpp
@@ -0,0 +1,34 @@
+//
+// immer: immutable data structures for C++
+// Copyright (C) 2016, 2017, 2018 Juan Pedro Bolivar Puente
+//
+// This software is distributed under the Boost Software License, Version 1.0.
+// See accompanying file LICENSE or copy at http://boost.org/LICENSE_1_0.txt
+//
+
+#pragma once
+
+#include <cstdlib>
+
+namespace immer {
+
+/*!
+ * A heap that simply passes on to the parent heap.
+ */
+template <typename Base>
+struct identity_heap : Base
+{
+    template <typename... Tags>
+    static void* allocate(std::size_t size, Tags... tags)
+    {
+        return Base::allocate(size, tags...);
+    }
+
+    template <typename... Tags>
+    static void deallocate(std::size_t size, void* data, Tags... tags)
+    {
+        Base::deallocate(size, data, tags...);
+    }
+};
+
+} // namespace immer
diff --git a/src/immer/immer/heap/malloc_heap.hpp b/src/immer/immer/heap/malloc_heap.hpp
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000..af9e983fae7e6
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/immer/immer/heap/malloc_heap.hpp
@@ -0,0 +1,46 @@
+//
+// immer: immutable data structures for C++
+// Copyright (C) 2016, 2017, 2018 Juan Pedro Bolivar Puente
+//
+// This software is distributed under the Boost Software License, Version 1.0.
+// See accompanying file LICENSE or copy at http://boost.org/LICENSE_1_0.txt
+//
+
+#pragma once
+
+#include <immer/config.hpp>
+
+#include <cassert>
+#include <cstdlib>
+#include <exception>
+#include <memory>
+
+namespace immer {
+
+/*!
+ * A heap that uses `std::malloc` and `std::free` to manage memory.
+ */
+struct malloc_heap
+{
+    /*!
+     * Returns a pointer to a memory region of size `size`, if the
+     * allocation was successful and throws `std::bad_alloc` otherwise.
+     */
+    template <typename... Tags>
+    static void* allocate(std::size_t size, Tags...)
+    {
+        auto p = std::malloc(size);
+        if (IMMER_UNLIKELY(!p))
+            IMMER_THROW(std::bad_alloc{});
+        return p;
+    }
+
+    /*!
+     * Releases a memory region `data` that was previously returned by
+     * `allocate`.  One must not use nor deallocate again a memory
+     * region that once it has been deallocated.
+     */
+    static void deallocate(std::size_t, void* data) { std::free(data); }
+};
+
+} // namespace immer
diff --git a/src/immer/immer/heap/split_heap.hpp b/src/immer/immer/heap/split_heap.hpp
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000..18ae684bfd2fb
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/immer/immer/heap/split_heap.hpp
@@ -0,0 +1,41 @@
+//
+// immer: immutable data structures for C++
+// Copyright (C) 2016, 2017, 2018 Juan Pedro Bolivar Puente
+//
+// This software is distributed under the Boost Software License, Version 1.0.
+// See accompanying file LICENSE or copy at http://boost.org/LICENSE_1_0.txt
+//
+
+#pragma once
+
+#include <atomic>
+#include <cassert>
+#include <cstddef>
+
+namespace immer {
+
+/*!
+ * Adaptor that uses `SmallHeap` for allocations that are smaller or
+ * equal to `Size` and `BigHeap` otherwise.
+ */
+template <std::size_t Size, typename SmallHeap, typename BigHeap>
+struct split_heap
+{
+    template <typename... Tags>
+    static void* allocate(std::size_t size, Tags... tags)
+    {
+        return size <= Size ? SmallHeap::allocate(size, tags...)
+                            : BigHeap::allocate(size, tags...);
+    }
+
+    template <typename... Tags>
+    static void deallocate(std::size_t size, void* data, Tags... tags)
+    {
+        if (size <= Size)
+            SmallHeap::deallocate(size, data, tags...);
+        else
+            BigHeap::deallocate(size, data, tags...);
+    }
+};
+
+} // namespace immer
diff --git a/src/immer/immer/heap/tags.hpp b/src/immer/immer/heap/tags.hpp
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000..d1ce48d05c89d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/immer/immer/heap/tags.hpp
@@ -0,0 +1,16 @@
+//
+// immer: immutable data structures for C++
+// Copyright (C) 2016, 2017, 2018 Juan Pedro Bolivar Puente
+//
+// This software is distributed under the Boost Software License, Version 1.0.
+// See accompanying file LICENSE or copy at http://boost.org/LICENSE_1_0.txt
+//
+
+#pragma once
+
+namespace immer {
+
+struct norefs_tag
+{};
+
+} // namespace immer
diff --git a/src/immer/immer/heap/thread_local_free_list_heap.hpp b/src/immer/immer/heap/thread_local_free_list_heap.hpp
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000..b97a7f50829b0
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/immer/immer/heap/thread_local_free_list_heap.hpp
@@ -0,0 +1,57 @@
+//
+// immer: immutable data structures for C++
+// Copyright (C) 2016, 2017, 2018 Juan Pedro Bolivar Puente
+//
+// This software is distributed under the Boost Software License, Version 1.0.
+// See accompanying file LICENSE or copy at http://boost.org/LICENSE_1_0.txt
+//
+
+#pragma once
+
+#include <immer/heap/unsafe_free_list_heap.hpp>
+
+#include <cstddef>
+
+namespace immer {
+namespace detail {
+
+template <typename Heap>
+struct thread_local_free_list_storage
+{
+    struct head_t
+    {
+        free_list_node* data;
+        std::size_t count;
+
+        ~head_t() { Heap::clear(); }
+    };
+
+    static head_t& head()
+    {
+        thread_local static head_t head_{nullptr, 0};
+        return head_;
+    }
+};
+
+} // namespace detail
+
+/*!
+ * Adaptor that does not release the memory to the parent heap but
+ * instead it keeps the memory in a `thread_local` global free
+ * list. Must be preceded by a `with_data<free_list_node, ...>` heap
+ * adaptor.  When the current thread finishes, the memory is returned
+ * to the parent heap.
+ *
+ * @tparam Size  Maximum size of the objects to be allocated.
+ * @tparam Limit Maximum number of elements to keep in the free list.
+ * @tparam Base  Type of the parent heap.
+ */
+template <std::size_t Size, std::size_t Limit, typename Base>
+struct thread_local_free_list_heap
+    : detail::unsafe_free_list_heap_impl<detail::thread_local_free_list_storage,
+                                         Size,
+                                         Limit,
+                                         Base>
+{};
+
+} // namespace immer
diff --git a/src/immer/immer/heap/unsafe_free_list_heap.hpp b/src/immer/immer/heap/unsafe_free_list_heap.hpp
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000..9b41dfcb371a5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/immer/immer/heap/unsafe_free_list_heap.hpp
@@ -0,0 +1,111 @@
+//
+// immer: immutable data structures for C++
+// Copyright (C) 2016, 2017, 2018 Juan Pedro Bolivar Puente
+//
+// This software is distributed under the Boost Software License, Version 1.0.
+// See accompanying file LICENSE or copy at http://boost.org/LICENSE_1_0.txt
+//
+
+#pragma once
+
+#include <immer/config.hpp>
+#include <immer/heap/free_list_node.hpp>
+
+#include <cassert>
+#include <cstddef>
+
+namespace immer {
+namespace detail {
+
+template <typename Heap>
+struct unsafe_free_list_storage
+{
+    struct head_t
+    {
+        free_list_node* data;
+        std::size_t count;
+    };
+
+    static head_t& head()
+    {
+        static head_t head_{nullptr, 0};
+        return head_;
+    }
+};
+
+template <template <class> class Storage,
+          std::size_t Size,
+          std::size_t Limit,
+          typename Base>
+class unsafe_free_list_heap_impl : Base
+{
+    using storage = Storage<unsafe_free_list_heap_impl>;
+
+public:
+    using base_t = Base;
+
+    template <typename... Tags>
+    static void* allocate(std::size_t size, Tags...)
+    {
+        assert(size <= sizeof(free_list_node) + Size);
+        assert(size >= sizeof(free_list_node));
+
+        auto n = storage::head().data;
+        if (!n) {
+            auto p = base_t::allocate(Size + sizeof(free_list_node));
+            return static_cast<free_list_node*>(p);
+        }
+        --storage::head().count;
+        storage::head().data = n->next;
+        return n;
+    }
+
+    template <typename... Tags>
+    static void deallocate(std::size_t size, void* data, Tags...)
+    {
+        assert(size <= sizeof(free_list_node) + Size);
+        assert(size >= sizeof(free_list_node));
+
+        if (storage::head().count >= Limit)
+            base_t::deallocate(Size + sizeof(free_list_node), data);
+        else {
+            auto n               = static_cast<free_list_node*>(data);
+            n->next              = storage::head().data;
+            storage::head().data = n;
+            ++storage::head().count;
+        }
+    }
+
+    static void clear()
+    {
+        while (storage::head().data) {
+            auto n = storage::head().data->next;
+            base_t::deallocate(Size + sizeof(free_list_node),
+                               storage::head().data);
+            storage::head().data = n;
+            --storage::head().count;
+        }
+    }
+};
+
+} // namespace detail
+
+/*!
+ * Adaptor that does not release the memory to the parent heap but
+ * instead it keeps the memory in a global free list that **is not
+ * thread-safe**. Must be preceded by a `with_data<free_list_node,
+ * ...>` heap adaptor.
+ *
+ * @tparam Size  Maximum size of the objects to be allocated.
+ * @tparam Limit Maximum number of elements to keep in the free list.
+ * @tparam Base  Type of the parent heap.
+ */
+template <std::size_t Size, std::size_t Limit, typename Base>
+struct unsafe_free_list_heap
+    : detail::unsafe_free_list_heap_impl<detail::unsafe_free_list_storage,
+                                         Size,
+                                         Limit,
+                                         Base>
+{};
+
+} // namespace immer
diff --git a/src/immer/immer/heap/with_data.hpp b/src/immer/immer/heap/with_data.hpp
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000..1e8c2abb082e5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/immer/immer/heap/with_data.hpp
@@ -0,0 +1,43 @@
+//
+// immer: immutable data structures for C++
+// Copyright (C) 2016, 2017, 2018 Juan Pedro Bolivar Puente
+//
+// This software is distributed under the Boost Software License, Version 1.0.
+// See accompanying file LICENSE or copy at http://boost.org/LICENSE_1_0.txt
+//
+
+#pragma once
+
+#include <cstdio>
+
+namespace immer {
+
+/*!
+ * Appends a default constructed extra object of type `T` at the
+ * *before* the requested region.
+ *
+ * @tparam T Type of the appended data.
+ * @tparam Base Type of the parent heap.
+ */
+template <typename T, typename Base>
+struct with_data : Base
+{
+    using base_t = Base;
+
+    template <typename... Tags>
+    static void* allocate(std::size_t size, Tags... tags)
+    {
+        auto p = base_t::allocate(size + sizeof(T), tags...);
+        return new (p) T{} + 1;
+    }
+
+    template <typename... Tags>
+    static void deallocate(std::size_t size, void* p, Tags... tags)
+    {
+        auto dp = static_cast<T*>(p) - 1;
+        dp->~T();
+        base_t::deallocate(size + sizeof(T), dp, tags...);
+    }
+};
+
+} // namespace immer
diff --git a/src/immer/immer/lock/no_lock_policy.hpp b/src/immer/immer/lock/no_lock_policy.hpp
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000..6374699065a82
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/immer/immer/lock/no_lock_policy.hpp
@@ -0,0 +1,25 @@
+//
+// immer: immutable data structures for C++
+// Copyright (C) 2016, 2017, 2018 Juan Pedro Bolivar Puente
+//
+// This software is distributed under the Boost Software License, Version 1.0.
+// See accompanying file LICENSE or copy at http://boost.org/LICENSE_1_0.txt
+//
+
+#pragma once
+
+namespace immer {
+
+struct no_lock_policy
+{
+    bool try_lock() { return true; }
+    void lock() {}
+    void unlock() {}
+
+    struct scoped_lock
+    {
+        scoped_lock(no_lock_policy&) {}
+    };
+};
+
+} // namespace immer
diff --git a/src/immer/immer/lock/spinlock_policy.hpp b/src/immer/immer/lock/spinlock_policy.hpp
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000..cebe8a533c69f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/immer/immer/lock/spinlock_policy.hpp
@@ -0,0 +1,68 @@
+//
+// immer: immutable data structures for C++
+// Copyright (C) 2016, 2017, 2018 Juan Pedro Bolivar Puente
+//
+// This software is distributed under the Boost Software License, Version 1.0.
+// See accompanying file LICENSE or copy at http://boost.org/LICENSE_1_0.txt
+//
+
+#pragma once
+
+#include <atomic>
+#include <thread>
+
+// This has been shamelessly copied from boost...
+#if defined(_MSC_VER) && _MSC_VER >= 1310 &&                                   \
+    (defined(_M_IX86) || defined(_M_X64)) && !defined(__c2__)
+extern "C" void _mm_pause();
+#define IMMER_SMT_PAUSE _mm_pause()
+#elif defined(__GNUC__) && (defined(__i386__) || defined(__x86_64__))
+#define IMMER_SMT_PAUSE __asm__ __volatile__("rep; nop" : : : "memory")
+#endif
+
+namespace immer {
+
+// This is an atomic spinlock similar to the one used by boost to provide
+// "atomic" shared_ptr operations.  It also does not differ much from the one
+// from libc++ or libstdc++...
+struct spinlock_policy
+{
+    std::atomic_flag v_{};
+
+    bool try_lock() { return !v_.test_and_set(std::memory_order_acquire); }
+
+    void lock()
+    {
+        for (auto k = 0u; !try_lock(); ++k) {
+            if (k < 4)
+                continue;
+#ifdef IMMER_SMT_PAUSE
+            else if (k < 16)
+                IMMER_SMT_PAUSE;
+#endif
+            else
+                std::this_thread::yield();
+        }
+    }
+
+    void unlock() { v_.clear(std::memory_order_release); }
+
+    struct scoped_lock
+    {
+        scoped_lock(const scoped_lock&) = delete;
+        scoped_lock& operator=(const scoped_lock&) = delete;
+
+        explicit scoped_lock(spinlock_policy& sp)
+            : sp_{sp}
+        {
+            sp.lock();
+        }
+
+        ~scoped_lock() { sp_.unlock(); }
+
+    private:
+        spinlock_policy& sp_;
+    };
+};
+
+} // namespace immer
diff --git a/src/immer/immer/map.hpp b/src/immer/immer/map.hpp
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000..e12d7ee098328
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/immer/immer/map.hpp
@@ -0,0 +1,409 @@
+//
+// immer: immutable data structures for C++
+// Copyright (C) 2016, 2017, 2018 Juan Pedro Bolivar Puente
+//
+// This software is distributed under the Boost Software License, Version 1.0.
+// See accompanying file LICENSE or copy at http://boost.org/LICENSE_1_0.txt
+//
+
+#pragma once
+
+#include <immer/config.hpp>
+#include <immer/detail/hamts/champ.hpp>
+#include <immer/detail/hamts/champ_iterator.hpp>
+#include <immer/memory_policy.hpp>
+
+#include <cassert>
+#include <stdexcept>
+#include <functional>
+
+namespace immer {
+
+template <typename K,
+          typename T,
+          typename Hash,
+          typename Equal,
+          typename MemoryPolicy,
+          detail::hamts::bits_t B>
+class map_transient;
+
+/*!
+ * Immutable unordered mapping of values from type `K` to type `T`.
+ *
+ * @tparam K    The type of the keys.
+ * @tparam T    The type of the values to be stored in the container.
+ * @tparam Hash The type of a function object capable of hashing
+ *              values of type `T`.
+ * @tparam Equal The type of a function object capable of comparing
+ *              values of type `T`.
+ * @tparam MemoryPolicy Memory management policy. See @ref
+ *              memory_policy.
+ *
+ * @rst
+ *
+ * This cotainer provides a good trade-off between cache locality,
+ * search, update performance and structural sharing.  It does so by
+ * storing the data in contiguous chunks of :math:`2^{B}` elements.
+ * When storing big objects, the size of these contiguous chunks can
+ * become too big, damaging performance.  If this is measured to be
+ * problematic for a specific use-case, it can be solved by using a
+ * `immer::box` to wrap the type `T`.
+ *
+ * **Example**
+ *   .. literalinclude:: ../example/map/intro.cpp
+ *      :language: c++
+ *      :start-after: intro/start
+ *      :end-before:  intro/end
+ *
+ * @endrst
+ *
+ */
+template <typename K,
+          typename T,
+          typename Hash           = std::hash<K>,
+          typename Equal          = std::equal_to<K>,
+          typename MemoryPolicy   = default_memory_policy,
+          detail::hamts::bits_t B = default_bits>
+class map
+{
+    using value_t = std::pair<K, T>;
+
+    struct project_value
+    {
+        const T& operator()(const value_t& v) const noexcept
+        {
+            return v.second;
+        }
+    };
+
+    struct project_value_ptr
+    {
+        const T* operator()(const value_t& v) const noexcept
+        {
+            return &v.second;
+        }
+    };
+
+    struct combine_value
+    {
+        template <typename Kf, typename Tf>
+        value_t operator()(Kf&& k, Tf&& v) const
+        {
+            return {std::forward<Kf>(k), std::forward<Tf>(v)};
+        }
+    };
+
+    struct default_value
+    {
+        const T& operator()() const
+        {
+            static T v{};
+            return v;
+        }
+    };
+
+    struct error_value
+    {
+        const T& operator()() const
+        {
+            IMMER_THROW(std::out_of_range{"key not found"});
+        }
+    };
+
+    struct hash_key
+    {
+        auto operator()(const value_t& v) { return Hash{}(v.first); }
+
+        template<typename Key>
+        auto operator()(const Key& v) { return Hash{}(v); }
+    };
+
+    struct equal_key
+    {
+        auto operator()(const value_t& a, const value_t& b)
+        {
+            return Equal{}(a.first, b.first);
+        }
+
+        template<typename Key>
+        auto operator()(const value_t& a, const Key& b)
+        {
+            return Equal{}(a.first, b);
+        }
+    };
+
+    struct equal_value
+    {
+        auto operator()(const value_t& a, const value_t& b)
+        {
+            return Equal{}(a.first, b.first) && a.second == b.second;
+        }
+    };
+
+    using impl_t =
+        detail::hamts::champ<value_t, hash_key, equal_key, MemoryPolicy, B>;
+
+public:
+    using key_type        = K;
+    using mapped_type     = T;
+    using value_type      = std::pair<K, T>;
+    using size_type       = detail::hamts::size_t;
+    using diference_type  = std::ptrdiff_t;
+    using hasher          = Hash;
+    using key_equal       = Equal;
+    using reference       = const value_type&;
+    using const_reference = const value_type&;
+
+    using iterator = detail::hamts::
+        champ_iterator<value_t, hash_key, equal_key, MemoryPolicy, B>;
+    using const_iterator = iterator;
+
+    using transient_type = map_transient<K, T, Hash, Equal, MemoryPolicy, B>;
+
+    /*!
+     * Default constructor.  It creates a set of `size() == 0`.  It
+     * does not allocate memory and its complexity is @f$ O(1) @f$.
+     */
+    map() = default;
+
+    /*!
+     * Returns an iterator pointing at the first element of the
+     * collection. It does not allocate memory and its complexity is
+     * @f$ O(1) @f$.
+     */
+    IMMER_NODISCARD iterator begin() const { return {impl_}; }
+
+    /*!
+     * Returns an iterator pointing just after the last element of the
+     * collection. It does not allocate and its complexity is @f$ O(1) @f$.
+     */
+    IMMER_NODISCARD iterator end() const
+    {
+        return {impl_, typename iterator::end_t{}};
+    }
+
+    /*!
+     * Returns the number of elements in the container.  It does
+     * not allocate memory and its complexity is @f$ O(1) @f$.
+     */
+    IMMER_NODISCARD size_type size() const { return impl_.size; }
+
+    /*!
+     * Returns `true` if there are no elements in the container.  It
+     * does not allocate memory and its complexity is @f$ O(1) @f$.
+     */
+    IMMER_NODISCARD bool empty() const { return impl_.size == 0; }
+
+    /*!
+     * Returns `1` when the key `k` is contained in the map or `0`
+     * otherwise. It won't allocate memory and its complexity is
+     * *effectively* @f$ O(1) @f$.
+     *
+     * This overload participates in overload resolution only if
+     * `Hash::is_transparent` is valid and denotes a type.
+     */
+    template<typename Key, typename U = Hash, typename = typename U::is_transparent>
+    IMMER_NODISCARD size_type count(const Key& k) const
+    {
+        return impl_.template get<detail::constantly<size_type, 1>,
+                                  detail::constantly<size_type, 0>>(k);
+    }
+
+    /*!
+     * Returns `1` when the key `k` is contained in the map or `0`
+     * otherwise. It won't allocate memory and its complexity is
+     * *effectively* @f$ O(1) @f$.
+     */
+    IMMER_NODISCARD size_type count(const K& k) const
+    {
+        return impl_.template get<detail::constantly<size_type, 1>,
+                                  detail::constantly<size_type, 0>>(k);
+    }
+
+    /*!
+     * Returns a `const` reference to the values associated to the key
+     * `k`.  If the key is not contained in the map, it returns a
+     * default constructed value.  It does not allocate memory and its
+     * complexity is *effectively* @f$ O(1) @f$.
+     *
+     * This overload participates in overload resolution only if
+     * `Hash::is_transparent` is valid and denotes a type.
+     */
+    template<typename Key, typename U = Hash, typename = typename U::is_transparent>
+    IMMER_NODISCARD const T& operator[](const Key& k) const
+    {
+        return impl_.template get<project_value, default_value>(k);
+    }
+
+    /*!
+     * Returns a `const` reference to the values associated to the key
+     * `k`.  If the key is not contained in the map, it returns a
+     * default constructed value.  It does not allocate memory and its
+     * complexity is *effectively* @f$ O(1) @f$.
+     */
+    IMMER_NODISCARD const T& operator[](const K& k) const
+    {
+        return impl_.template get<project_value, default_value>(k);
+    }
+
+    /*!
+     * Returns a `const` reference to the values associated to the key
+     * `k`.  If the key is not contained in the map, throws an
+     * `std::out_of_range` error.  It does not allocate memory and its
+     * complexity is *effectively* @f$ O(1) @f$.
+     */
+    template<typename Key, typename U = Hash, typename = typename U::is_transparent>
+    const T& at(const Key& k) const
+    {
+        return impl_.template get<project_value, error_value>(k);
+    }
+
+    /*!
+     * Returns a `const` reference to the values associated to the key
+     * `k`.  If the key is not contained in the map, throws an
+     * `std::out_of_range` error.  It does not allocate memory and its
+     * complexity is *effectively* @f$ O(1) @f$.
+     *
+     * This overload participates in overload resolution only if
+     * `Hash::is_transparent` is valid and denotes a type.
+     */
+    const T& at(const K& k) const
+    {
+        return impl_.template get<project_value, error_value>(k);
+    }
+
+    /*!
+     * Returns a pointer to the value associated with the key `k`.  If
+     * the key is not contained in the map, a `nullptr` is returned.
+     * It does not allocate memory and its complexity is *effectively*
+     * @f$ O(1) @f$.
+     *
+     * @rst
+     *
+     * .. admonition:: Why doesn't this function return an iterator?
+     *
+     *   Associative containers from the C++ standard library provide a
+     *   ``find`` method that returns an iterator pointing to the
+     *   element in the container or ``end()`` when the key is missing.
+     *   In the case of an unordered container, the only meaningful
+     *   thing one may do with it is to compare it with the end, to
+     *   test if the find was succesfull, and dereference it.  This
+     *   comparison is cumbersome compared to testing for a non-empty
+     *   optional value.  Furthermore, for an immutable container,
+     *   returning an iterator would have some additional performance
+     *   cost, with no benefits otherwise.
+     *
+     *   In our opinion, this function should return a
+     *   ``std::optional<const T&>`` but this construction is not valid
+     *   in any current standard.  As a compromise we return a
+     *   pointer, which has similar syntactic properties yet it is
+     *   unfortunatelly unnecessarily unrestricted.
+     *
+     * @endrst
+     */
+    IMMER_NODISCARD const T* find(const K& k) const
+    {
+        return impl_.template get<project_value_ptr,
+                                  detail::constantly<const T*, nullptr>>(k);
+    }
+
+
+    /*!
+     * Returns a pointer to the value associated with the key `k`.  If
+     * the key is not contained in the map, a `nullptr` is returned.
+     * It does not allocate memory and its complexity is *effectively*
+     * @f$ O(1) @f$.
+     *
+     * This overload participates in overload resolution only if
+     * `Hash::is_transparent` is valid and denotes a type.
+     */
+    template<typename Key, typename U = Hash, typename = typename U::is_transparent>
+    IMMER_NODISCARD const T* find(const Key& k) const
+    {
+        return impl_.template get<project_value_ptr,
+                                  detail::constantly<const T*, nullptr>>(k);
+    }
+
+    /*!
+     * Returns whether the sets are equal.
+     */
+    IMMER_NODISCARD bool operator==(const map& other) const
+    {
+        return impl_.template equals<equal_value>(other.impl_);
+    }
+    IMMER_NODISCARD bool operator!=(const map& other) const
+    {
+        return !(*this == other);
+    }
+
+    /*!
+     * Returns a map containing the association `value`.  If the key is
+     * already in the map, it replaces its association in the map.
+     * It may allocate memory and its complexity is *effectively* @f$
+     * O(1) @f$.
+     */
+    IMMER_NODISCARD map insert(value_type value) const
+    {
+        return impl_.add(std::move(value));
+    }
+
+    /*!
+     * Returns a map containing the association `(k, v)`.  If the key
+     * is already in the map, it replaces its association in the map.
+     * It may allocate memory and its complexity is *effectively* @f$
+     * O(1) @f$.
+     */
+    IMMER_NODISCARD map set(key_type k, mapped_type v) const
+    {
+        return impl_.add({std::move(k), std::move(v)});
+    }
+
+    /*!
+     * Returns a map replacing the association `(k, v)` by the
+     * association new association `(k, fn(v))`, where `v` is the
+     * currently associated value for `k` in the map or a default
+     * constructed value otherwise. It may allocate memory
+     * and its complexity is *effectively* @f$ O(1) @f$.
+     */
+    template <typename Fn>
+    IMMER_NODISCARD map update(key_type k, Fn&& fn) const
+    {
+        return impl_
+            .template update<project_value, default_value, combine_value>(
+                std::move(k), std::forward<Fn>(fn));
+    }
+
+    /*!
+     * Returns a map without the key `k`.  If the key is not
+     * associated in the map it returns the same map.  It may allocate
+     * memory and its complexity is *effectively* @f$ O(1) @f$.
+     */
+    IMMER_NODISCARD map erase(const K& k) const { return impl_.sub(k); }
+
+    /*!
+     * Returns an @a transient form of this container, a
+     * `immer::map_transient`.
+     */
+    IMMER_NODISCARD transient_type transient() const&
+    {
+        return transient_type{impl_};
+    }
+    IMMER_NODISCARD transient_type transient() &&
+    {
+        return transient_type{std::move(impl_)};
+    }
+
+    // Semi-private
+    const impl_t& impl() const { return impl_; }
+
+private:
+    friend transient_type;
+
+    map(impl_t impl)
+        : impl_(std::move(impl))
+    {}
+
+    impl_t impl_ = impl_t::empty();
+};
+
+} // namespace immer
diff --git a/src/immer/immer/map_transient.hpp b/src/immer/immer/map_transient.hpp
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000..8821c5d12b56b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/immer/immer/map_transient.hpp
@@ -0,0 +1,41 @@
+//
+// immer: immutable data structures for C++
+// Copyright (C) 2016, 2017, 2018 Juan Pedro Bolivar Puente
+//
+// This software is distributed under the Boost Software License, Version 1.0.
+// See accompanying file LICENSE or copy at http://boost.org/LICENSE_1_0.txt
+//
+
+#pragma once
+
+#include <immer/detail/hamts/champ.hpp>
+#include <immer/memory_policy.hpp>
+
+#include <functional>
+
+namespace immer {
+
+/*!
+ * @rst
+ *
+ * .. admonition:: Become a sponsor!
+ *    :class: danger
+ *
+ *    This component is planned but it has **not been implemented yet**.
+ *
+ *    Transiens can critically improve the performance of applications
+ *    intensively using ``set`` and ``map``. If you are working for an
+ *    organization using the library in a commercial project, please consider
+ *    **sponsoring this work**: juanpe@sinusoid.al
+ *
+ * @endrst
+ */
+template <typename K,
+          typename T,
+          typename Hash           = std::hash<K>,
+          typename Equal          = std::equal_to<K>,
+          typename MemoryPolicy   = default_memory_policy,
+          detail::hamts::bits_t B = default_bits>
+class map_transient;
+
+} // namespace immer
diff --git a/src/immer/immer/memory_policy.hpp b/src/immer/immer/memory_policy.hpp
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000..d8556b9432a1a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/immer/immer/memory_policy.hpp
@@ -0,0 +1,142 @@
+//
+// immer: immutable data structures for C++
+// Copyright (C) 2016, 2017, 2018 Juan Pedro Bolivar Puente
+//
+// This software is distributed under the Boost Software License, Version 1.0.
+// See accompanying file LICENSE or copy at http://boost.org/LICENSE_1_0.txt
+//
+
+#pragma once
+
+#include <immer/heap/cpp_heap.hpp>
+#include <immer/heap/heap_policy.hpp>
+#include <immer/lock/no_lock_policy.hpp>
+#include <immer/lock/spinlock_policy.hpp>
+#include <immer/refcount/no_refcount_policy.hpp>
+#include <immer/refcount/refcount_policy.hpp>
+#include <immer/refcount/unsafe_refcount_policy.hpp>
+#include <immer/transience/gc_transience_policy.hpp>
+#include <immer/transience/no_transience_policy.hpp>
+#include <type_traits>
+
+namespace immer {
+
+/*!
+ * Metafunction that returns the best *transience policy* to use for a
+ * given *refcount policy*.
+ */
+template <typename RefcountPolicy>
+struct get_transience_policy
+    : std::conditional<std::is_same<RefcountPolicy, no_refcount_policy>::value,
+                       gc_transience_policy,
+                       no_transience_policy>
+{};
+
+template <typename T>
+using get_transience_policy_t = typename get_transience_policy<T>::type;
+
+/*!
+ * Metafunction that returns wether to *prefer fewer bigger objects*
+ * to use for a given *heap policy*.
+ */
+template <typename HeapPolicy>
+struct get_prefer_fewer_bigger_objects
+    : std::integral_constant<
+          bool,
+          std::is_same<HeapPolicy, heap_policy<cpp_heap>>::value>
+{};
+
+template <typename T>
+constexpr auto get_prefer_fewer_bigger_objects_v =
+    get_prefer_fewer_bigger_objects<T>::value;
+
+/*!
+ * Metafunction that returns wether to use *transient R-Values*
+ * for a given *refcount policy*.
+ */
+template <typename RefcountPolicy>
+struct get_use_transient_rvalues
+    : std::integral_constant<
+          bool,
+          !std::is_same<RefcountPolicy, no_refcount_policy>::value>
+{};
+
+template <typename T>
+constexpr auto get_use_transient_rvalues_v =
+    get_use_transient_rvalues<T>::value;
+
+/*!
+ * This is a default implementation of a *memory policy*.  A memory
+ * policy is just a bag of other policies plus some flags with hints
+ * to the user about the best way to use these strategies.
+ *
+ * @tparam HeapPolicy A *heap policy*, for example, @ref heap_policy.
+ * @tparam RefcountPolicy A *reference counting policy*, for example,
+ *         @ref refcount_policy.
+ * @tparam TransiencePolicy A *transience policy*, for example,
+ *         @ref no_transience_policy.
+ * @tparam PreferFewerBiggerObjects Boolean flag indicating whether
+ *         the user should prefer to allocate memory in bigger chunks
+ *         --e.g. by putting various objects in the same memory
+ *         region-- or not.
+ * @tparam UseTransientRValues Boolean flag indicating whether
+ *         immutable containers should try to modify contents in-place
+ *         when manipulating an r-value reference.
+ */
+template <typename HeapPolicy,
+          typename RefcountPolicy,
+          typename LockPolicy,
+          typename TransiencePolicy = get_transience_policy_t<RefcountPolicy>,
+          bool PreferFewerBiggerObjects =
+              get_prefer_fewer_bigger_objects_v<HeapPolicy>,
+          bool UseTransientRValues =
+              get_use_transient_rvalues_v<RefcountPolicy>>
+struct memory_policy
+{
+    using heap       = HeapPolicy;
+    using refcount   = RefcountPolicy;
+    using transience = TransiencePolicy;
+    using lock       = LockPolicy;
+
+    static constexpr bool prefer_fewer_bigger_objects =
+        PreferFewerBiggerObjects;
+
+    static constexpr bool use_transient_rvalues = UseTransientRValues;
+
+    using transience_t = typename transience::template apply<heap>::type;
+};
+
+/*!
+ * The default *heap policy* just uses the standard heap with a
+ * @ref free_list_heap_policy.  If `IMMER_NO_FREE_LIST` is defined to `1`
+ * then it just uses the standard heap.
+ */
+#if IMMER_NO_FREE_LIST
+using default_heap_policy = heap_policy<debug_size_heap<cpp_heap>>;
+#else
+#if IMMER_NO_THREAD_SAFETY
+using default_heap_policy     = unsafe_free_list_heap_policy<cpp_heap>;
+#else
+using default_heap_policy = free_list_heap_policy<cpp_heap>;
+#endif
+#endif
+
+/*!
+ * By default we use thread safe reference counting.
+ */
+#if IMMER_NO_THREAD_SAFETY
+using default_refcount_policy = unsafe_refcount_policy;
+using default_lock_policy     = no_lock_policy;
+#else
+using default_refcount_policy = refcount_policy;
+using default_lock_policy     = spinlock_policy;
+#endif
+
+/*!
+ * The default memory policy.
+ */
+using default_memory_policy = memory_policy<default_heap_policy,
+                                            default_refcount_policy,
+                                            default_lock_policy>;
+
+} // namespace immer
diff --git a/src/immer/immer/refcount/enable_intrusive_ptr.hpp b/src/immer/immer/refcount/enable_intrusive_ptr.hpp
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000..1185a219fd9b3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/immer/immer/refcount/enable_intrusive_ptr.hpp
@@ -0,0 +1,37 @@
+//
+// immer: immutable data structures for C++
+// Copyright (C) 2016, 2017, 2018 Juan Pedro Bolivar Puente
+//
+// This software is distributed under the Boost Software License, Version 1.0.
+// See accompanying file LICENSE or copy at http://boost.org/LICENSE_1_0.txt
+//
+
+#pragma once
+
+#include <immer/refcount/no_refcount_policy.hpp>
+
+namespace immer {
+
+template <typename Deriv, typename RefcountPolicy>
+class enable_intrusive_ptr
+{
+    mutable RefcountPolicy refcount_data_;
+
+public:
+    enable_intrusive_ptr()
+        : refcount_data_{disowned{}}
+    {}
+
+    friend void intrusive_ptr_add_ref(const Deriv* x)
+    {
+        x->refcount_data_.inc();
+    }
+
+    friend void intrusive_ptr_release(const Deriv* x)
+    {
+        if (x->refcount_data_.dec())
+            delete x;
+    }
+};
+
+} // namespace immer
diff --git a/src/immer/immer/refcount/no_refcount_policy.hpp b/src/immer/immer/refcount/no_refcount_policy.hpp
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000..d726d2c33475e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/immer/immer/refcount/no_refcount_policy.hpp
@@ -0,0 +1,31 @@
+//
+// immer: immutable data structures for C++
+// Copyright (C) 2016, 2017, 2018 Juan Pedro Bolivar Puente
+//
+// This software is distributed under the Boost Software License, Version 1.0.
+// See accompanying file LICENSE or copy at http://boost.org/LICENSE_1_0.txt
+//
+
+#pragma once
+
+namespace immer {
+
+struct disowned
+{};
+
+/*!
+ * Disables reference counting, to be used with an alternative garbage
+ * collection strategy like a `gc_heap`.
+ */
+struct no_refcount_policy
+{
+    no_refcount_policy(){};
+    no_refcount_policy(disowned) {}
+
+    void inc() {}
+    bool dec() { return false; }
+    void dec_unsafe() {}
+    bool unique() { return false; }
+};
+
+} // namespace immer
diff --git a/src/immer/immer/refcount/refcount_policy.hpp b/src/immer/immer/refcount/refcount_policy.hpp
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000..7a8e15a822040
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/immer/immer/refcount/refcount_policy.hpp
@@ -0,0 +1,46 @@
+//
+// immer: immutable data structures for C++
+// Copyright (C) 2016, 2017, 2018 Juan Pedro Bolivar Puente
+//
+// This software is distributed under the Boost Software License, Version 1.0.
+// See accompanying file LICENSE or copy at http://boost.org/LICENSE_1_0.txt
+//
+
+#pragma once
+
+#include <immer/refcount/no_refcount_policy.hpp>
+
+#include <atomic>
+#include <cassert>
+#include <utility>
+
+namespace immer {
+
+/*!
+ * A reference counting policy implemented using an *atomic* `int`
+ * count.  It is **thread-safe**.
+ */
+struct refcount_policy
+{
+    mutable std::atomic<int> refcount;
+
+    refcount_policy()
+        : refcount{1} {};
+    refcount_policy(disowned)
+        : refcount{0}
+    {}
+
+    void inc() { refcount.fetch_add(1, std::memory_order_relaxed); }
+
+    bool dec() { return 1 == refcount.fetch_sub(1, std::memory_order_acq_rel); }
+
+    void dec_unsafe()
+    {
+        assert(refcount.load() > 1);
+        refcount.fetch_sub(1, std::memory_order_relaxed);
+    }
+
+    bool unique() { return refcount == 1; }
+};
+
+} // namespace immer
diff --git a/src/immer/immer/refcount/unsafe_refcount_policy.hpp b/src/immer/immer/refcount/unsafe_refcount_policy.hpp
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000..0d1417d1a8e22
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/immer/immer/refcount/unsafe_refcount_policy.hpp
@@ -0,0 +1,38 @@
+//
+// immer: immutable data structures for C++
+// Copyright (C) 2016, 2017, 2018 Juan Pedro Bolivar Puente
+//
+// This software is distributed under the Boost Software License, Version 1.0.
+// See accompanying file LICENSE or copy at http://boost.org/LICENSE_1_0.txt
+//
+
+#pragma once
+
+#include <immer/refcount/no_refcount_policy.hpp>
+
+#include <atomic>
+#include <utility>
+
+namespace immer {
+
+/*!
+ * A reference counting policy implemented using a raw `int` count.
+ * It is **not thread-safe**.
+ */
+struct unsafe_refcount_policy
+{
+    mutable int refcount;
+
+    unsafe_refcount_policy()
+        : refcount{1} {};
+    unsafe_refcount_policy(disowned)
+        : refcount{0}
+    {}
+
+    void inc() { ++refcount; }
+    bool dec() { return --refcount == 0; }
+    void dec_unsafe() { --refcount; }
+    bool unique() { return refcount == 1; }
+};
+
+} // namespace immer
diff --git a/src/immer/immer/set.hpp b/src/immer/immer/set.hpp
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000..922b14f596a81
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/immer/immer/set.hpp
@@ -0,0 +1,229 @@
+//
+// immer: immutable data structures for C++
+// Copyright (C) 2016, 2017, 2018 Juan Pedro Bolivar Puente
+//
+// This software is distributed under the Boost Software License, Version 1.0.
+// See accompanying file LICENSE or copy at http://boost.org/LICENSE_1_0.txt
+//
+
+#pragma once
+
+#include <immer/detail/hamts/champ.hpp>
+#include <immer/detail/hamts/champ_iterator.hpp>
+#include <immer/memory_policy.hpp>
+
+#include <functional>
+
+namespace immer {
+
+template <typename T,
+          typename Hash,
+          typename Equal,
+          typename MemoryPolicy,
+          detail::hamts::bits_t B>
+class set_transient;
+
+/*!
+ * Immutable set representing an unordered bag of values.
+ *
+ * @tparam T    The type of the values to be stored in the container.
+ * @tparam Hash The type of a function object capable of hashing
+ *              values of type `T`.
+ * @tparam Equal The type of a function object capable of comparing
+ *              values of type `T`.
+ * @tparam MemoryPolicy Memory management policy. See @ref
+ *              memory_policy.
+ *
+ * @rst
+ *
+ * This container provides a good trade-off between cache locality,
+ * membership checks, update performance and structural sharing.  It
+ * does so by storing the data in contiguous chunks of :math:`2^{B}`
+ * elements.  When storing big objects, the size of these contiguous
+ * chunks can become too big, damaging performance.  If this is
+ * measured to be problematic for a specific use-case, it can be
+ * solved by using a `immer::box` to wrap the type `T`.
+ *
+ * **Example**
+ *   .. literalinclude:: ../example/set/intro.cpp
+ *      :language: c++
+ *      :start-after: intro/start
+ *      :end-before:  intro/end
+ *
+ * @endrst
+ *
+ */
+template <typename T,
+          typename Hash           = std::hash<T>,
+          typename Equal          = std::equal_to<T>,
+          typename MemoryPolicy   = default_memory_policy,
+          detail::hamts::bits_t B = default_bits>
+class set
+{
+    using impl_t = detail::hamts::champ<T, Hash, Equal, MemoryPolicy, B>;
+
+    struct project_value_ptr
+    {
+        const T* operator()(const T& v) const noexcept { return &v; }
+    };
+
+public:
+    using key_type        = T;
+    using value_type      = T;
+    using size_type       = detail::hamts::size_t;
+    using diference_type  = std::ptrdiff_t;
+    using hasher          = Hash;
+    using key_equal       = Equal;
+    using reference       = const T&;
+    using const_reference = const T&;
+
+    using iterator =
+        detail::hamts::champ_iterator<T, Hash, Equal, MemoryPolicy, B>;
+    using const_iterator = iterator;
+
+    using transient_type = set_transient<T, Hash, Equal, MemoryPolicy, B>;
+
+    /*!
+     * Default constructor.  It creates a set of `size() == 0`.  It
+     * does not allocate memory and its complexity is @f$ O(1) @f$.
+     */
+    set() = default;
+
+    /*!
+     * Returns an iterator pointing at the first element of the
+     * collection. It does not allocate memory and its complexity is
+     * @f$ O(1) @f$.
+     */
+    IMMER_NODISCARD iterator begin() const { return {impl_}; }
+
+    /*!
+     * Returns an iterator pointing just after the last element of the
+     * collection. It does not allocate and its complexity is @f$ O(1) @f$.
+     */
+    IMMER_NODISCARD iterator end() const
+    {
+        return {impl_, typename iterator::end_t{}};
+    }
+
+    /*!
+     * Returns the number of elements in the container.  It does
+     * not allocate memory and its complexity is @f$ O(1) @f$.
+     */
+    IMMER_NODISCARD size_type size() const { return impl_.size; }
+
+    /*!
+     * Returns `true` if there are no elements in the container.  It
+     * does not allocate memory and its complexity is @f$ O(1) @f$.
+     */
+    IMMER_NODISCARD bool empty() const { return impl_.size == 0; }
+
+    /*!
+     * Returns `1` when `value` is contained in the set or `0`
+     * otherwise. It won't allocate memory and its complexity is
+     * *effectively* @f$ O(1) @f$.
+     *
+     * This overload participates in overload resolution only if
+     * `Hash::is_transparent` is valid and denotes a type.
+     */
+    template<typename K, typename U = Hash, typename = typename U::is_transparent>
+    IMMER_NODISCARD size_type count(const K& value) const
+    {
+        return impl_.template get<detail::constantly<size_type, 1>,
+                                  detail::constantly<size_type, 0>>(value);
+    }
+
+    /*!
+     * Returns `1` when `value` is contained in the set or `0`
+     * otherwise. It won't allocate memory and its complexity is
+     * *effectively* @f$ O(1) @f$.
+     */
+    IMMER_NODISCARD size_type count(const T& value) const
+    {
+        return impl_.template get<detail::constantly<size_type, 1>,
+                                  detail::constantly<size_type, 0>>(value);
+    }
+
+    /*!
+     * Returns a pointer to the value if `value` is contained in the
+     * set, or nullptr otherwise.
+     * It does not allocate memory and its complexity is *effectively*
+     * @f$ O(1) @f$.
+     */
+    IMMER_NODISCARD const T* find(const T& value) const
+    {
+        return impl_.template get<project_value_ptr,
+                                  detail::constantly<const T*, nullptr>>(value);
+    }
+
+    /*!
+     * Returns a pointer to the value if `value` is contained in the
+     * set, or nullptr otherwise.
+     * It does not allocate memory and its complexity is *effectively*
+     * @f$ O(1) @f$.
+     *
+     * This overload participates in overload resolution only if
+     * `Hash::is_transparent` is valid and denotes a type.
+     */
+    template<typename K, typename U = Hash, typename = typename U::is_transparent>
+    IMMER_NODISCARD const T* find(const K& value) const
+    {
+        return impl_.template get<project_value_ptr,
+                                  detail::constantly<const T*, nullptr>>(value);
+    }
+
+    /*!
+     * Returns whether the sets are equal.
+     */
+    IMMER_NODISCARD bool operator==(const set& other) const
+    {
+        return impl_.equals(other.impl_);
+    }
+    IMMER_NODISCARD bool operator!=(const set& other) const
+    {
+        return !(*this == other);
+    }
+
+    /*!
+     * Returns a set containing `value`.  If the `value` is already in
+     * the set, it returns the same set.  It may allocate memory and
+     * its complexity is *effectively* @f$ O(1) @f$.
+     */
+    IMMER_NODISCARD set insert(T value) const
+    {
+        return impl_.add(std::move(value));
+    }
+
+    /*!
+     * Returns a set without `value`.  If the `value` is not in the
+     * set it returns the same set.  It may allocate memory and its
+     * complexity is *effectively* @f$ O(1) @f$.
+     */
+    IMMER_NODISCARD set erase(const T& value) const { return impl_.sub(value); }
+
+    /*!
+     * Returns an @a transient form of this container, a
+     * `immer::set_transient`.
+     */
+    IMMER_NODISCARD transient_type transient() const&
+    {
+        return transient_type{impl_};
+    }
+    IMMER_NODISCARD transient_type transient() &&
+    {
+        return transient_type{std::move(impl_)};
+    }
+
+    // Semi-private
+    const impl_t& impl() const { return impl_; }
+
+private:
+    friend transient_type;
+
+    set(impl_t impl)
+        : impl_(std::move(impl))
+    {}
+
+    impl_t impl_ = impl_t::empty();
+};
+
+} // namespace immer
diff --git a/src/immer/immer/set_transient.hpp b/src/immer/immer/set_transient.hpp
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000..cd0f652b95f6f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/immer/immer/set_transient.hpp
@@ -0,0 +1,40 @@
+//
+// immer: immutable data structures for C++
+// Copyright (C) 2016, 2017, 2018 Juan Pedro Bolivar Puente
+//
+// This software is distributed under the Boost Software License, Version 1.0.
+// See accompanying file LICENSE or copy at http://boost.org/LICENSE_1_0.txt
+//
+
+#pragma once
+
+#include <immer/detail/hamts/champ.hpp>
+#include <immer/memory_policy.hpp>
+
+#include <functional>
+
+namespace immer {
+
+/*!
+ * @rst
+ *
+ * .. admonition:: Become a sponsor!
+ *    :class: danger
+ *
+ *    This component is planned but it has **not been implemented yet**.
+ *
+ *    Transiens can critically improve the performance of applications
+ *    intensively using ``set`` and ``map``. If you are working for an
+ *    organization using the library in a commercial project, please consider
+ *    **sponsoring this work**: juanpe@sinusoid.al
+ *
+ * @endrst
+ */
+template <typename T,
+          typename Hash           = std::hash<T>,
+          typename Equal          = std::equal_to<T>,
+          typename MemoryPolicy   = default_memory_policy,
+          detail::hamts::bits_t B = default_bits>
+class set_transient;
+
+} // namespace immer
diff --git a/src/immer/immer/transience/gc_transience_policy.hpp b/src/immer/immer/transience/gc_transience_policy.hpp
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000..a569ed8b42362
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/immer/immer/transience/gc_transience_policy.hpp
@@ -0,0 +1,113 @@
+//
+// immer: immutable data structures for C++
+// Copyright (C) 2016, 2017, 2018 Juan Pedro Bolivar Puente
+//
+// This software is distributed under the Boost Software License, Version 1.0.
+// See accompanying file LICENSE or copy at http://boost.org/LICENSE_1_0.txt
+//
+
+#pragma once
+
+#include <immer/heap/tags.hpp>
+
+#include <atomic>
+#include <memory>
+#include <utility>
+
+namespace immer {
+
+/*!
+ * Provides transience ownership tracking when a *tracing garbage
+ * collector* is used instead of reference counting.
+ *
+ * @rst
+ *
+ * .. warning:: Using this policy without an allocation scheme that
+ *    includes automatic tracing garbage collection may cause memory
+ *    leaks.
+ *
+ * @endrst
+ */
+struct gc_transience_policy
+{
+    template <typename HeapPolicy>
+    struct apply
+    {
+        struct type
+        {
+            using heap_ = typename HeapPolicy::type;
+
+            struct edit
+            {
+                void* v;
+                edit(void* v_)
+                    : v{v_}
+                {}
+                edit() = delete;
+                bool operator==(edit x) const { return v == x.v; }
+                bool operator!=(edit x) const { return v != x.v; }
+            };
+
+            struct owner
+            {
+                void* make_token_()
+                {
+                    return heap_::allocate(1, norefs_tag{});
+                };
+
+                mutable std::atomic<void*> token_;
+
+                operator edit() { return {token_}; }
+
+                owner()
+                    : token_{make_token_()}
+                {}
+                owner(const owner& o)
+                    : token_{make_token_()}
+                {
+                    o.token_ = make_token_();
+                }
+                owner(owner&& o) noexcept
+                    : token_{o.token_.load()}
+                {}
+                owner& operator=(const owner& o)
+                {
+                    o.token_ = make_token_();
+                    token_   = make_token_();
+                    return *this;
+                }
+                owner& operator=(owner&& o) noexcept
+                {
+                    token_ = o.token_.load();
+                    return *this;
+                }
+            };
+
+            struct ownee
+            {
+                edit token_{nullptr};
+
+                ownee& operator=(edit e)
+                {
+                    assert(e != noone);
+                    // This would be a nice safety plug but it sadly
+                    // does not hold during transient concatenation.
+                    // assert(token_ == e || token_ == edit{nullptr});
+                    token_ = e;
+                    return *this;
+                }
+
+                bool can_mutate(edit t) const { return token_ == t; }
+                bool owned() const { return token_ != edit{nullptr}; }
+            };
+
+            static owner noone;
+        };
+    };
+};
+
+template <typename HP>
+typename gc_transience_policy::apply<HP>::type::owner
+    gc_transience_policy::apply<HP>::type::noone = {};
+
+} // namespace immer
diff --git a/src/immer/immer/transience/no_transience_policy.hpp b/src/immer/immer/transience/no_transience_policy.hpp
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000..2f87df7a39b05
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/immer/immer/transience/no_transience_policy.hpp
@@ -0,0 +1,48 @@
+//
+// immer: immutable data structures for C++
+// Copyright (C) 2016, 2017, 2018 Juan Pedro Bolivar Puente
+//
+// This software is distributed under the Boost Software License, Version 1.0.
+// See accompanying file LICENSE or copy at http://boost.org/LICENSE_1_0.txt
+//
+
+#pragma once
+
+namespace immer {
+
+/*!
+ * Disables any special *transience* tracking.  To be used when
+ * *reference counting* is available instead.
+ */
+struct no_transience_policy
+{
+    template <typename>
+    struct apply
+    {
+        struct type
+        {
+            struct edit
+            {};
+
+            struct owner
+            {
+                operator edit() const { return {}; }
+            };
+
+            struct ownee
+            {
+                ownee& operator=(edit) { return *this; };
+                bool can_mutate(edit) const { return false; }
+                bool owned() const { return false; }
+            };
+
+            static owner noone;
+        };
+    };
+};
+
+template <typename HP>
+typename no_transience_policy::apply<HP>::type::owner
+    no_transience_policy::apply<HP>::type::noone = {};
+
+} // namespace immer
diff --git a/src/immer/immer/vector.hpp b/src/immer/immer/vector.hpp
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000..a8310bf7e276b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/immer/immer/vector.hpp
@@ -0,0 +1,412 @@
+//
+// immer: immutable data structures for C++
+// Copyright (C) 2016, 2017, 2018 Juan Pedro Bolivar Puente
+//
+// This software is distributed under the Boost Software License, Version 1.0.
+// See accompanying file LICENSE or copy at http://boost.org/LICENSE_1_0.txt
+//
+
+#pragma once
+
+#include <immer/detail/rbts/rbtree.hpp>
+#include <immer/detail/rbts/rbtree_iterator.hpp>
+#include <immer/memory_policy.hpp>
+
+#if IMMER_DEBUG_PRINT
+#include <immer/flex_vector.hpp>
+#endif
+
+namespace immer {
+
+template <typename T,
+          typename MemoryPolicy,
+          detail::rbts::bits_t B,
+          detail::rbts::bits_t BL>
+class flex_vector;
+
+template <typename T,
+          typename MemoryPolicy,
+          detail::rbts::bits_t B,
+          detail::rbts::bits_t BL>
+class vector_transient;
+
+/*!
+ * Immutable sequential container supporting both random access and
+ * structural sharing.
+ *
+ * @tparam T The type of the values to be stored in the container.
+ * @tparam MemoryPolicy Memory management policy. See @ref
+ *         memory_policy.
+ *
+ * @rst
+ *
+ * This cotainer provides a good trade-off between cache locality,
+ * random access, update performance and structural sharing.  It does
+ * so by storing the data in contiguous chunks of :math:`2^{BL}`
+ * elements.  By default, when ``sizeof(T) == sizeof(void*)`` then
+ * :math:`B=BL=5`, such that data would be stored in contiguous
+ * chunks of :math:`32` elements.
+ *
+ * You may learn more about the meaning and implications of ``B`` and
+ * ``BL`` parameters in the :doc:`implementation` section.
+ *
+ * .. note:: In several methods we say that their complexity is
+ *    *effectively* :math:`O(...)`. Do not confuse this with the word
+ *    *amortized*, which has a very different meaning.  In this
+ *    context, *effective* means that while the
+ *    mathematically rigurous
+ *    complexity might be higher, for all practical matters the
+ *    provided complexity is more useful to think about the actual
+ *    cost of the operation.
+ *
+ * **Example**
+ *   .. literalinclude:: ../example/vector/intro.cpp
+ *      :language: c++
+ *      :start-after: intro/start
+ *      :end-before:  intro/end
+ *
+ * @endrst
+ */
+template <typename T,
+          typename MemoryPolicy  = default_memory_policy,
+          detail::rbts::bits_t B = default_bits,
+          detail::rbts::bits_t BL =
+              detail::rbts::derive_bits_leaf<T, MemoryPolicy, B>>
+class vector
+{
+    using impl_t = detail::rbts::rbtree<T, MemoryPolicy, B, BL>;
+    using flex_t = flex_vector<T, MemoryPolicy, B, BL>;
+
+    using move_t =
+        std::integral_constant<bool, MemoryPolicy::use_transient_rvalues>;
+
+public:
+    static constexpr auto bits      = B;
+    static constexpr auto bits_leaf = BL;
+    using memory_policy             = MemoryPolicy;
+
+    using value_type      = T;
+    using reference       = const T&;
+    using size_type       = detail::rbts::size_t;
+    using difference_type = std::ptrdiff_t;
+    using const_reference = const T&;
+
+    using iterator = detail::rbts::rbtree_iterator<T, MemoryPolicy, B, BL>;
+    using const_iterator   = iterator;
+    using reverse_iterator = std::reverse_iterator<iterator>;
+
+    using transient_type = vector_transient<T, MemoryPolicy, B, BL>;
+
+    /*!
+     * Returns the maximum theoretical size supported by the internal structure
+     * given the current B, BL.
+     */
+    constexpr static size_type max_size() { return impl_t::max_size(); }
+
+    /*!
+     * Default constructor.  It creates a vector of `size() == 0`.  It
+     * does not allocate memory and its complexity is @f$ O(1) @f$.
+     */
+    vector() = default;
+
+    /*!
+     * Constructs a vector containing the elements in `values`.
+     */
+    vector(std::initializer_list<T> values)
+        : impl_{impl_t::from_initializer_list(values)}
+    {}
+
+    /*!
+     * Constructs a vector containing the elements in the range
+     * defined by the input iterator `first` and range sentinel `last`.
+     */
+    template <typename Iter,
+              typename Sent,
+              std::enable_if_t<detail::compatible_sentinel_v<Iter, Sent>,
+                               bool> = true>
+    vector(Iter first, Sent last)
+        : impl_{impl_t::from_range(first, last)}
+    {}
+
+    /*!
+     * Constructs a vector containing the element `val` repeated `n`
+     * times.
+     */
+    vector(size_type n, T v = {})
+        : impl_{impl_t::from_fill(n, v)}
+    {}
+
+    /*!
+     * Returns an iterator pointing at the first element of the
+     * collection. It does not allocate memory and its complexity is
+     * @f$ O(1) @f$.
+     */
+    IMMER_NODISCARD iterator begin() const { return {impl_}; }
+
+    /*!
+     * Returns an iterator pointing just after the last element of the
+     * collection. It does not allocate and its complexity is @f$ O(1) @f$.
+     */
+    IMMER_NODISCARD iterator end() const
+    {
+        return {impl_, typename iterator::end_t{}};
+    }
+
+    /*!
+     * Returns an iterator that traverses the collection backwards,
+     * pointing at the first element of the reversed collection. It
+     * does not allocate memory and its complexity is @f$ O(1) @f$.
+     */
+    IMMER_NODISCARD reverse_iterator rbegin() const
+    {
+        return reverse_iterator{end()};
+    }
+
+    /*!
+     * Returns an iterator that traverses the collection backwards,
+     * pointing after the last element of the reversed collection. It
+     * does not allocate memory and its complexity is @f$ O(1) @f$.
+     */
+    IMMER_NODISCARD reverse_iterator rend() const
+    {
+        return reverse_iterator{begin()};
+    }
+
+    /*!
+     * Returns the number of elements in the container.  It does
+     * not allocate memory and its complexity is @f$ O(1) @f$.
+     */
+    IMMER_NODISCARD size_type size() const { return impl_.size; }
+
+    /*!
+     * Returns `true` if there are no elements in the container.  It
+     * does not allocate memory and its complexity is @f$ O(1) @f$.
+     */
+    IMMER_NODISCARD bool empty() const { return impl_.size == 0; }
+
+    /*!
+     * Access the last element.
+     */
+    IMMER_NODISCARD const T& back() const { return impl_.back(); }
+
+    /*!
+     * Access the first element.
+     */
+    IMMER_NODISCARD const T& front() const { return impl_.front(); }
+
+    /*!
+     * Returns a `const` reference to the element at position `index`.
+     * It is undefined when @f$ 0 index \geq size() @f$.  It does not
+     * allocate memory and its complexity is *effectively* @f$ O(1)
+     * @f$.
+     */
+    IMMER_NODISCARD reference operator[](size_type index) const
+    {
+        return impl_.get(index);
+    }
+
+    /*!
+     * Returns a `const` reference to the element at position
+     * `index`. It throws an `std::out_of_range` exception when @f$
+     * index \geq size() @f$.  It does not allocate memory and its
+     * complexity is *effectively* @f$ O(1) @f$.
+     */
+    reference at(size_type index) const { return impl_.get_check(index); }
+
+    /*!
+     * Returns whether the vectors are equal.
+     */
+    IMMER_NODISCARD bool operator==(const vector& other) const
+    {
+        return impl_.equals(other.impl_);
+    }
+    IMMER_NODISCARD bool operator!=(const vector& other) const
+    {
+        return !(*this == other);
+    }
+
+    /*!
+     * Returns a vector with `value` inserted at the end.  It may
+     * allocate memory and its complexity is *effectively* @f$ O(1) @f$.
+     *
+     * @rst
+     *
+     * **Example**
+     *   .. literalinclude:: ../example/vector/vector.cpp
+     *      :language: c++
+     *      :dedent: 8
+     *      :start-after: push-back/start
+     *      :end-before:  push-back/end
+     *
+     * @endrst
+     */
+    IMMER_NODISCARD vector push_back(value_type value) const&
+    {
+        return impl_.push_back(std::move(value));
+    }
+
+    IMMER_NODISCARD decltype(auto) push_back(value_type value) &&
+    {
+        return push_back_move(move_t{}, std::move(value));
+    }
+
+    /*!
+     * Returns a vector containing value `value` at position `idx`.
+     * Undefined for `index >= size()`.
+     * It may allocate memory and its complexity is
+     * *effectively* @f$ O(1) @f$.
+     *
+     * @rst
+     *
+     * **Example**
+     *   .. literalinclude:: ../example/vector/vector.cpp
+     *      :language: c++
+     *      :dedent: 8
+     *      :start-after: set/start
+     *      :end-before:  set/end
+     *
+     * @endrst
+     */
+    IMMER_NODISCARD vector set(size_type index, value_type value) const&
+    {
+        return impl_.assoc(index, std::move(value));
+    }
+
+    IMMER_NODISCARD decltype(auto) set(size_type index, value_type value) &&
+    {
+        return set_move(move_t{}, index, std::move(value));
+    }
+
+    /*!
+     * Returns a vector containing the result of the expression
+     * `fn((*this)[idx])` at position `idx`.
+     * Undefined for `0 >= size()`.
+     * It may allocate memory and its complexity is
+     * *effectively* @f$ O(1) @f$.
+     *
+     * @rst
+     *
+     * **Example**
+     *   .. literalinclude:: ../example/vector/vector.cpp
+     *      :language: c++
+     *      :dedent: 8
+     *      :start-after: update/start
+     *      :end-before:  update/end
+     *
+     * @endrst
+     */
+    template <typename FnT>
+    IMMER_NODISCARD vector update(size_type index, FnT&& fn) const&
+    {
+        return impl_.update(index, std::forward<FnT>(fn));
+    }
+
+    template <typename FnT>
+    IMMER_NODISCARD decltype(auto) update(size_type index, FnT&& fn) &&
+    {
+        return update_move(move_t{}, index, std::forward<FnT>(fn));
+    }
+
+    /*!
+     * Returns a vector containing only the first `min(elems, size())`
+     * elements. It may allocate memory and its complexity is
+     * *effectively* @f$ O(1) @f$.
+     *
+     * @rst
+     *
+     * **Example**
+     *   .. literalinclude:: ../example/vector/vector.cpp
+     *      :language: c++
+     *      :dedent: 8
+     *      :start-after: take/start
+     *      :end-before:  take/end
+     *
+     * @endrst
+     */
+    IMMER_NODISCARD vector take(size_type elems) const&
+    {
+        return impl_.take(elems);
+    }
+
+    IMMER_NODISCARD decltype(auto) take(size_type elems) &&
+    {
+        return take_move(move_t{}, elems);
+    }
+
+    /*!
+     * Returns an @a transient form of this container, an
+     * `immer::vector_transient`.
+     */
+    IMMER_NODISCARD transient_type transient() const& { return impl_; }
+    IMMER_NODISCARD transient_type transient() && { return std::move(impl_); }
+
+    // Semi-private
+    const impl_t& impl() const { return impl_; }
+
+#if IMMER_DEBUG_PRINT
+    void debug_print(std::ostream& out = std::cerr) const
+    {
+        flex_t{*this}.debug_print(out);
+    }
+#endif
+
+private:
+    friend flex_t;
+    friend transient_type;
+
+    vector(impl_t impl)
+        : impl_(std::move(impl))
+    {
+#if IMMER_DEBUG_PRINT
+        // force the compiler to generate debug_print, so we can call
+        // it from a debugger
+        [](volatile auto) {}(&vector::debug_print);
+#endif
+    }
+
+    vector&& push_back_move(std::true_type, value_type value)
+    {
+        impl_.push_back_mut({}, std::move(value));
+        return std::move(*this);
+    }
+    vector push_back_move(std::false_type, value_type value)
+    {
+        return impl_.push_back(std::move(value));
+    }
+
+    vector&& set_move(std::true_type, size_type index, value_type value)
+    {
+        impl_.assoc_mut({}, index, std::move(value));
+        return std::move(*this);
+    }
+    vector set_move(std::false_type, size_type index, value_type value)
+    {
+        return impl_.assoc(index, std::move(value));
+    }
+
+    template <typename Fn>
+    vector&& update_move(std::true_type, size_type index, Fn&& fn)
+    {
+        impl_.update_mut({}, index, std::forward<Fn>(fn));
+        return std::move(*this);
+    }
+    template <typename Fn>
+    vector update_move(std::false_type, size_type index, Fn&& fn)
+    {
+        return impl_.update(index, std::forward<Fn>(fn));
+    }
+
+    vector&& take_move(std::true_type, size_type elems)
+    {
+        impl_.take_mut({}, elems);
+        return std::move(*this);
+    }
+    vector take_move(std::false_type, size_type elems)
+    {
+        return impl_.take(elems);
+    }
+
+    impl_t impl_ = {};
+};
+
+} // namespace immer
diff --git a/src/immer/immer/vector_transient.hpp b/src/immer/immer/vector_transient.hpp
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000..edf7668fe7039
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/immer/immer/vector_transient.hpp
@@ -0,0 +1,200 @@
+//
+// immer: immutable data structures for C++
+// Copyright (C) 2016, 2017, 2018 Juan Pedro Bolivar Puente
+//
+// This software is distributed under the Boost Software License, Version 1.0.
+// See accompanying file LICENSE or copy at http://boost.org/LICENSE_1_0.txt
+//
+
+#pragma once
+
+#include <immer/detail/rbts/rbtree.hpp>
+#include <immer/detail/rbts/rbtree_iterator.hpp>
+#include <immer/memory_policy.hpp>
+
+namespace immer {
+
+template <typename T,
+          typename MemoryPolicy,
+          detail::rbts::bits_t B,
+          detail::rbts::bits_t BL>
+class vector;
+
+template <typename T,
+          typename MemoryPolicy,
+          detail::rbts::bits_t B,
+          detail::rbts::bits_t BL>
+class flex_vector_transient;
+
+/*!
+ * Mutable version of `immer::vector`.
+ *
+ * @rst
+ *
+ * Refer to :doc:`transients` to learn more about when and how to use
+ * the mutable versions of immutable containers.
+ *
+ * @endrst
+ */
+template <typename T,
+          typename MemoryPolicy  = default_memory_policy,
+          detail::rbts::bits_t B = default_bits,
+          detail::rbts::bits_t BL =
+              detail::rbts::derive_bits_leaf<T, MemoryPolicy, B>>
+class vector_transient : MemoryPolicy::transience_t::owner
+{
+    using impl_t  = detail::rbts::rbtree<T, MemoryPolicy, B, BL>;
+    using flex_t  = flex_vector_transient<T, MemoryPolicy, B, BL>;
+    using owner_t = typename MemoryPolicy::transience_t::owner;
+
+public:
+    static constexpr auto bits      = B;
+    static constexpr auto bits_leaf = BL;
+    using memory_policy             = MemoryPolicy;
+
+    using value_type      = T;
+    using reference       = const T&;
+    using size_type       = detail::rbts::size_t;
+    using difference_type = std::ptrdiff_t;
+    using const_reference = const T&;
+
+    using iterator = detail::rbts::rbtree_iterator<T, MemoryPolicy, B, BL>;
+    using const_iterator   = iterator;
+    using reverse_iterator = std::reverse_iterator<iterator>;
+
+    using persistent_type = vector<T, MemoryPolicy, B, BL>;
+
+    /*!
+     * Default constructor.  It creates a mutable vector of `size() ==
+     * 0`.  It does not allocate memory and its complexity is
+     * @f$ O(1) @f$.
+     */
+    vector_transient() = default;
+
+    /*!
+     * Returns an iterator pointing at the first element of the
+     * collection. It does not allocate memory and its complexity is
+     * @f$ O(1) @f$.
+     */
+    IMMER_NODISCARD iterator begin() const { return {impl_}; }
+
+    /*!
+     * Returns an iterator pointing just after the last element of the
+     * collection. It does not allocate and its complexity is @f$ O(1) @f$.
+     */
+    IMMER_NODISCARD iterator end() const
+    {
+        return {impl_, typename iterator::end_t{}};
+    }
+
+    /*!
+     * Returns an iterator that traverses the collection backwards,
+     * pointing at the first element of the reversed collection. It
+     * does not allocate memory and its complexity is @f$ O(1) @f$.
+     */
+    IMMER_NODISCARD reverse_iterator rbegin() const
+    {
+        return reverse_iterator{end()};
+    }
+
+    /*!
+     * Returns an iterator that traverses the collection backwards,
+     * pointing after the last element of the reversed collection. It
+     * does not allocate memory and its complexity is @f$ O(1) @f$.
+     */
+    IMMER_NODISCARD reverse_iterator rend() const
+    {
+        return reverse_iterator{begin()};
+    }
+
+    /*!
+     * Returns the number of elements in the container.  It does
+     * not allocate memory and its complexity is @f$ O(1) @f$.
+     */
+    IMMER_NODISCARD size_type size() const { return impl_.size; }
+
+    /*!
+     * Returns `true` if there are no elements in the container.  It
+     * does not allocate memory and its complexity is @f$ O(1) @f$.
+     */
+    IMMER_NODISCARD bool empty() const { return impl_.size == 0; }
+
+    /*!
+     * Returns a `const` reference to the element at position `index`.
+     * It is undefined when @f$ 0 index \geq size() @f$.  It does not
+     * allocate memory and its complexity is *effectively* @f$ O(1)
+     * @f$.
+     */
+    reference operator[](size_type index) const { return impl_.get(index); }
+
+    /*!
+     * Returns a `const` reference to the element at position
+     * `index`. It throws an `std::out_of_range` exception when @f$
+     * index \geq size() @f$.  It does not allocate memory and its
+     * complexity is *effectively* @f$ O(1) @f$.
+     */
+    reference at(size_type index) const { return impl_.get_check(index); }
+
+    /*!
+     * Inserts `value` at the end.  It may allocate memory and its
+     * complexity is *effectively* @f$ O(1) @f$.
+     */
+    void push_back(value_type value)
+    {
+        impl_.push_back_mut(*this, std::move(value));
+    }
+
+    /*!
+     * Sets to the value `value` at position `idx`.
+     * Undefined for `index >= size()`.
+     * It may allocate memory and its complexity is
+     * *effectively* @f$ O(1) @f$.
+     */
+    void set(size_type index, value_type value)
+    {
+        impl_.assoc_mut(*this, index, std::move(value));
+    }
+
+    /*!
+     * Updates the vector to contain the result of the expression
+     * `fn((*this)[idx])` at position `idx`.
+     * Undefined for `0 >= size()`.
+     * It may allocate memory and its complexity is
+     * *effectively* @f$ O(1) @f$.
+     */
+    template <typename FnT>
+    void update(size_type index, FnT&& fn)
+    {
+        impl_.update_mut(*this, index, std::forward<FnT>(fn));
+    }
+
+    /*!
+     * Resizes the vector to only contain the first `min(elems, size())`
+     * elements. It may allocate memory and its complexity is
+     * *effectively* @f$ O(1) @f$.
+     */
+    void take(size_type elems) { impl_.take_mut(*this, elems); }
+
+    /*!
+     * Returns an @a immutable form of this container, an
+     * `immer::vector`.
+     */
+    IMMER_NODISCARD persistent_type persistent() &
+    {
+        this->owner_t::operator=(owner_t{});
+        return impl_;
+    }
+    IMMER_NODISCARD persistent_type persistent() && { return std::move(impl_); }
+
+private:
+    friend flex_t;
+    friend persistent_type;
+
+    vector_transient(impl_t impl)
+        : impl_(std::move(impl))
+    {}
+
+    impl_t impl_ = {};
+};
+
+} // namespace immer
diff --git a/src/immer/nix/benchmarks.nix b/src/immer/nix/benchmarks.nix
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000..905ff0346ad0f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/immer/nix/benchmarks.nix
@@ -0,0 +1,100 @@
+{ nixpkgs ? <nixpkgs>}:
+
+with import nixpkgs {};
+
+rec {
+  c_rrb = stdenv.mkDerivation rec {
+    name = "c-rrb-${version}";
+    version = "git-${commit}";
+    commit = "d908617ff84515af90c454ff4d0f98675ae6b456";
+    src = fetchFromGitHub {
+      owner = "hyPiRion";
+      repo = "c-rrb";
+      rev = commit;
+      sha256 = "0zmha3xi80vgdcwzb4vwdllf97dvggjpjfgahrpsb5f5qi3yshxa";
+    };
+    nativeBuildInputs = [ autoreconfHook ];
+    propagatedBuildInputs = [ boehmgc ];
+    meta = with lib; {
+      homepage = "http://hypirion.com/thesis";
+      description = "RRB-tree implemented as a library in C. ";
+      license = licenses.mit;
+    };
+  };
+
+  steady = stdenv.mkDerivation rec {
+    name = "steady-${version}";
+    version = "git-${commit}";
+    commit = "aac65955f18d0de856e3421d8593378d5e1832c4";
+    src = fetchFromGitHub {
+      owner = "marcusz";
+      repo = "steady";
+      rev = commit;
+      sha256 = "0zaxr9aj1q5sr99h133fzxch8lw9daw1pxs2g972s02gdq8r8fzh";
+    };
+    dontBuild = true;
+    installPhase = "mkdir -vp $out/include; cp -vr $src/steady $out/include/";
+    meta = with lib; {
+      homepage = "https://github.com/marcusz/steady";
+      description = "This is a fast and reliable persistent (immutable) vector class for C++";
+      license = licenses.asl20;
+    };
+  };
+
+  chunkedseq = stdenv.mkDerivation rec {
+    name = "chunkedseq-${version}";
+    version = "git-${commit}";
+    commit = "f1c4f9470edcb59996fdc4aad34311767c46b25e";
+    src = fetchFromGitHub {
+      owner = "deepsea-inria";
+      repo = "chunkedseq";
+      rev = commit;
+      sha256 = "19bps5r3dy55jlvpwq8x2s4d0mwwx0djb6g2r2vvbf628bg6cx8p";
+    };
+    dontBuild = true;
+    installPhase = "mkdir -vp $out/include/chunkedseq; cp -vr $src/include/* $out/include/chunkedseq/";
+    meta = with lib; {
+      homepage = "http://deepsea.inria.fr/chunkedseq";
+      description = "Container data structure for representing sequences by many fixed-capacity heap-allocated buffers--chunks";
+      license = licenses.mit;
+    };
+  };
+
+  immutable_cpp = stdenv.mkDerivation rec {
+    name = "immutable-cpp-${version}";
+    version = "git-${commit}";
+    commit = "a4a32022d895dd0d3c03547a2b2a2b03face01eb";
+    src = fetchFromGitHub {
+      owner = "rsms";
+      repo = "immutable-cpp";
+      rev = commit;
+      sha256 = "11zn67avqcc8baddf43fsd29bpv08p0ri6zqng12105k725fq2p7";
+    };
+    dontBuild = true;
+    installPhase = "mkdir -vp $out/include; cp -vr $src/immutable $out/include/";
+    meta = with lib; {
+      homepage = "https://github.com/rsms/immutable-cpp";
+      description = "Persistent immutable data structures for C++";
+      license = licenses.mit;
+    };
+  };
+
+  hash_trie = stdenv.mkDerivation rec {
+    name = "hash_trie-${version}";
+    version = "git-${commit}";
+    commit = "1ce346c74923ba16329332103dc0f425b658c8be";
+    src = fetchFromGitHub {
+      owner = "philsquared";
+      repo = "hash_trie";
+      rev = commit;
+      sha256 = "0rpa1682vm0fvvrs1jr7jdkskcrgkm3qrawrcr7xrmknz5jf0v4l";
+    };
+    dontBuild = true;
+    installPhase = "mkdir -vp $out/include; cp -vr $src/hash_trie.hpp $out/include/";
+    meta = with lib; {
+      homepage = "https://github.com/rsms/immutable-cpp";
+      description = "Persistent immutable data structures for C++";
+      license = licenses.mit;
+    };
+  };
+}
diff --git a/src/immer/nix/docs.nix b/src/immer/nix/docs.nix
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000..f885e6d9e1778
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/immer/nix/docs.nix
@@ -0,0 +1,27 @@
+{ nixpkgs ? <nixpkgs>}:
+
+with import nixpkgs {};
+
+rec {
+  breathe = with python27Packages; buildPythonPackage rec {
+    version = "git-arximboldi-${commit}";
+    pname = "breathe";
+    name = "${pname}-${version}";
+    commit = "5074aecb5ad37bb70f50216eaa01d03a375801ec";
+    src = fetchFromGitHub {
+      owner = "arximboldi";
+      repo = "breathe";
+      rev = commit;
+      sha256 = "10kkh3wb0ggyxx1a7x50aklhhw0cq269g3jddf2gb3pv9gpbj7sa";
+    };
+    propagatedBuildInputs = [ docutils sphinx ];
+    meta = with stdenv.lib; {
+      homepage = https://github.com/michaeljones/breathe;
+      license = licenses.bsd3;
+      description = "Sphinx Doxygen renderer";
+      inherit (sphinx.meta) platforms;
+    };
+  };
+
+  recommonmark = python27Packages.recommonmark;
+}
diff --git a/src/immer/setup.py b/src/immer/setup.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000..98c08449bcc36
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/immer/setup.py
@@ -0,0 +1,68 @@
+
+# immer: immutable data structures for C++
+# Copyright (C) 2016, 2017, 2018 Juan Pedro Bolivar Puente
+#
+# This software is distributed under the Boost Software License, Version 1.0.
+# See accompanying file LICENSE or copy at http://boost.org/LICENSE_1_0.txt
+
+##
+
+import os
+import re
+import sys
+import platform
+import subprocess
+
+from distutils.version import LooseVersion
+from setuptools import setup, Extension
+from setuptools.command.build_ext import build_ext
+
+class CMakeExtension(Extension):
+    def __init__(self, name, sourcedir=''):
+        Extension.__init__(self, name, sources=[])
+        self.sourcedir = os.path.abspath(sourcedir)
+
+class CMakeBuild(build_ext):
+
+    def run(self):
+        try:
+            subprocess.check_output(['cmake', '--version'])
+        except OSError:
+            raise RuntimeError(
+                "CMake must be installed to build the following extensions: " +
+                ", ".join(e.name for e in self.extensions))
+        for ext in self.extensions:
+            self.build_extension(ext)
+
+    def build_extension(self, ext):
+        extdir = os.path.abspath(os.path.dirname(
+            self.get_ext_fullpath(ext.name)))
+        cfg = 'Debug' if self.debug else 'Release'
+        if not os.path.exists(self.build_temp):
+            os.makedirs(self.build_temp)
+        subprocess.check_call([
+            'cmake', ext.sourcedir,
+            '-DCMAKE_BUILD_TYPE=' + cfg,
+            '-DCMAKE_LIBRARY_OUTPUT_DIRECTORY=' + extdir,
+            '-DPYTHON_EXECUTABLE=' + sys.executable,
+            '-DDISABLE_WERROR=1',
+        ], cwd=self.build_temp)
+        subprocess.check_call([
+            'cmake', '--build', '.',
+            '--config', cfg,
+            '--target', 'python',
+        ], cwd=self.build_temp)
+
+setup(
+    name='immer',
+    version='0.0.0',
+    author='Juan Pedro Bolivar Puente',
+    author_email='raskolnikov@gnu.org',
+    description='Efficient immutable data structures',
+    long_description='',
+    packages=['immer'],
+    package_dir={'': 'extra/python'},
+    ext_modules=[CMakeExtension('immer_python_module', sourcedir='.')],
+    cmdclass=dict(build_ext=CMakeBuild),
+    zip_safe=False,
+)
diff --git a/src/immer/shell.nix b/src/immer/shell.nix
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000..04fd7e92a578f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/immer/shell.nix
@@ -0,0 +1,74 @@
+{ toolchain ? "",
+  rev       ? "08ef0f28e3a41424b92ba1d203de64257a9fca6a",
+  sha256  ? "1mql1gp86bk6pfsrp0lcww6hw5civi6f8542d4nh356506jdxmcy",
+  nixpkgs ? builtins.fetchTarball {
+    name   = "nixpkgs-${rev}";
+    url    = "https://github.com/nixos/nixpkgs/archive/${rev}.tar.gz";
+    sha256 = sha256;
+  },
+}:
+
+with import nixpkgs {};
+
+let
+  # For the documentation tools we use an older Nixpkgs since the
+  # newer versions seem to be not working great...
+  oldNixpkgsSrc = fetchFromGitHub {
+                    owner  = "NixOS";
+                    repo   = "nixpkgs";
+                    rev    = "d0d905668c010b65795b57afdf7f0360aac6245b";
+                    sha256 = "1kqxfmsik1s1jsmim20n5l4kq6wq8743h5h17igfxxbbwwqry88l";
+                  };
+  oldNixpkgs    = import oldNixpkgsSrc {};
+  docs          = import ./nix/docs.nix { nixpkgs = oldNixpkgsSrc; };
+  benchmarks    = import ./nix/benchmarks.nix { inherit nixpkgs; };
+  tc            =
+    if toolchain == ""         then { stdenv = stdenv; cc = stdenv.cc; } else
+    if toolchain == "gnu-6"    then { stdenv = gcc6Stdenv; cc = gcc6; } else
+    if toolchain == "gnu-7"    then { stdenv = gcc7Stdenv; cc = gcc7; } else
+    if toolchain == "gnu-8"    then { stdenv = gcc8Stdenv; cc = gcc8; } else
+    if toolchain == "gnu-9"    then { stdenv = gcc9Stdenv; cc = gcc9; } else
+    if toolchain == "gnu-10"   then { stdenv = gcc10Stdenv; cc = gcc10; } else
+    if toolchain == "gnu-11"   then { stdenv = gcc11Stdenv; cc = gcc11; } else
+    if toolchain == "llvm-39"  then { stdenv = llvmPackages_39.libcxxStdenv; cc = llvmPackages_39.libcxxClang; } else
+    if toolchain == "llvm-4"   then { stdenv = llvmPackages_4.libcxxStdenv; cc = llvmPackages_4.libcxxClang; } else
+    if toolchain == "llvm-5"   then { stdenv = llvmPackages_5.libcxxStdenv; cc = llvmPackages_5.libcxxClang; } else
+    if toolchain == "llvm-6"   then { stdenv = llvmPackages_6.libcxxStdenv; cc = llvmPackages_6.libcxxClang; } else
+    if toolchain == "llvm-7"   then { stdenv = llvmPackages_7.libcxxStdenv; cc = llvmPackages_7.libcxxClang; } else
+    if toolchain == "llvm-8"   then { stdenv = llvmPackages_8.libcxxStdenv; cc = llvmPackages_8.libcxxClang; } else
+    if toolchain == "llvm-9"   then { stdenv = llvmPackages_9.stdenv;  cc = llvmPackages_9.clang; } else
+    if toolchain == "llvm-10"  then { stdenv = llvmPackages_10.stdenv; cc = llvmPackages_10.clang; } else
+    if toolchain == "llvm-11"  then { stdenv = llvmPackages_11.stdenv; cc = llvmPackages_11.clang; } else
+    if toolchain == "llvm-12"  then { stdenv = llvmPackages_12.stdenv; cc = llvmPackages_12.clang; } else
+    if toolchain == "llvm-13"  then { stdenv = llvmPackages_13.stdenv; cc = llvmPackages_13.clang; } else
+    abort "unknown toolchain";
+
+in
+tc.stdenv.mkDerivation rec {
+  name = "immer-env";
+  buildInputs = [
+    tc.cc
+    git
+    cmake
+    pkgconfig
+    ninja
+    gdb
+    lldb
+    ccache
+    boost
+    boehmgc
+    fmt
+    benchmarks.c_rrb
+    benchmarks.steady
+    benchmarks.chunkedseq
+    benchmarks.immutable_cpp
+    benchmarks.hash_trie
+    oldNixpkgs.doxygen
+    (oldNixpkgs.python.withPackages (ps: [
+      ps.sphinx
+      docs.breathe
+      docs.recommonmark
+    ]))
+  ];
+  hardeningDisable = [ "fortify" ];
+}
diff --git a/src/immer/test/CMakeLists.txt b/src/immer/test/CMakeLists.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000..4528a1579945f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/immer/test/CMakeLists.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,23 @@
+
+#  Targets
+#  =======
+
+add_custom_target(tests
+  COMMENT "Build all the unit tests.")
+add_dependencies(check tests)
+
+include(CTest)
+
+file(GLOB_RECURSE immer_unit_tests "*.cpp")
+foreach(_file IN LISTS immer_unit_tests)
+  immer_target_name_for(_target _output "${_file}")
+  add_executable(${_target} EXCLUDE_FROM_ALL "${_file}")
+  set_target_properties(${_target} PROPERTIES OUTPUT_NAME ${_output})
+  add_dependencies(tests ${_target})
+  target_compile_definitions(${_target} PUBLIC
+    -DIMMER_OSS_FUZZ_DATA_PATH="${CMAKE_CURRENT_SOURCE_DIR}/oss-fuzz/data"
+    DOCTEST_CONFIG_IMPLEMENT_WITH_MAIN
+    CATCH_CONFIG_MAIN)
+  target_link_libraries(${_target} PUBLIC immer-dev)
+  add_test("test/${_output}" ${_output})
+endforeach()
diff --git a/src/immer/test/array/default.cpp b/src/immer/test/array/default.cpp
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000..928fffaaac5ba
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/immer/test/array/default.cpp
@@ -0,0 +1,12 @@
+//
+// immer: immutable data structures for C++
+// Copyright (C) 2016, 2017, 2018 Juan Pedro Bolivar Puente
+//
+// This software is distributed under the Boost Software License, Version 1.0.
+// See accompanying file LICENSE or copy at http://boost.org/LICENSE_1_0.txt
+//
+
+#include <immer/array.hpp>
+
+#define VECTOR_T ::immer::array
+#include "../vector/generic.ipp"
diff --git a/src/immer/test/array/gc.cpp b/src/immer/test/array/gc.cpp
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000..a35e63814f685
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/immer/test/array/gc.cpp
@@ -0,0 +1,23 @@
+//
+// immer: immutable data structures for C++
+// Copyright (C) 2016, 2017, 2018 Juan Pedro Bolivar Puente
+//
+// This software is distributed under the Boost Software License, Version 1.0.
+// See accompanying file LICENSE or copy at http://boost.org/LICENSE_1_0.txt
+//
+
+#include <immer/array.hpp>
+#include <immer/heap/gc_heap.hpp>
+#include <immer/refcount/no_refcount_policy.hpp>
+
+using gc_memory = immer::memory_policy<immer::heap_policy<immer::gc_heap>,
+                                       immer::no_refcount_policy,
+                                       immer::default_lock_policy,
+                                       immer::gc_transience_policy,
+                                       false>;
+
+template <typename T>
+using test_array_t = immer::array<T, gc_memory>;
+
+#define VECTOR_T test_array_t
+#include "../vector/generic.ipp"
diff --git a/src/immer/test/array_transient/default.cpp b/src/immer/test/array_transient/default.cpp
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000..aa603c7b0aabb
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/immer/test/array_transient/default.cpp
@@ -0,0 +1,41 @@
+//
+// immer: immutable data structures for C++
+// Copyright (C) 2016, 2017, 2018 Juan Pedro Bolivar Puente
+//
+// This software is distributed under the Boost Software License, Version 1.0.
+// See accompanying file LICENSE or copy at http://boost.org/LICENSE_1_0.txt
+//
+
+#include <immer/array.hpp>
+#include <immer/array_transient.hpp>
+
+#define VECTOR_T ::immer::array
+#define VECTOR_TRANSIENT_T ::immer::array_transient
+
+#include "../vector_transient/generic.ipp"
+
+TEST_CASE("array_transient default constructor compiles")
+{
+    immer::array_transient<int> transient;
+}
+
+TEST_CASE("array provides mutable data")
+{
+    auto arr = immer::array<int>(10, 0);
+    CHECK(arr.size() == 10);
+    auto tr = arr.transient();
+    CHECK(tr.data() == arr.data());
+
+    auto d = tr.data_mut();
+    CHECK(tr.data_mut() != arr.data());
+    CHECK(tr.data() == tr.data_mut());
+    CHECK(arr.data() != tr.data_mut());
+
+    arr = tr.persistent();
+    CHECK(arr.data() == d);
+    CHECK(arr.data() == tr.data());
+
+    CHECK(tr.data_mut() != arr.data());
+    CHECK(tr.data() == tr.data_mut());
+    CHECK(arr.data() != tr.data_mut());
+}
diff --git a/src/immer/test/array_transient/gc.cpp b/src/immer/test/array_transient/gc.cpp
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000..a583668601085
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/immer/test/array_transient/gc.cpp
@@ -0,0 +1,53 @@
+//
+// immer: immutable data structures for C++
+// Copyright (C) 2016, 2017, 2018 Juan Pedro Bolivar Puente
+//
+// This software is distributed under the Boost Software License, Version 1.0.
+// See accompanying file LICENSE or copy at http://boost.org/LICENSE_1_0.txt
+//
+
+#include <immer/array.hpp>
+#include <immer/array_transient.hpp>
+
+#include <immer/heap/gc_heap.hpp>
+#include <immer/refcount/no_refcount_policy.hpp>
+
+using gc_memory = immer::memory_policy<immer::heap_policy<immer::gc_heap>,
+                                       immer::no_refcount_policy,
+                                       immer::default_lock_policy,
+                                       immer::gc_transience_policy,
+                                       false>;
+
+template <typename T>
+using test_array_t = immer::array<T, gc_memory>;
+
+template <typename T>
+using test_array_transient_t = immer::array_transient<T, gc_memory>;
+
+#define VECTOR_T test_array_t
+#define VECTOR_TRANSIENT_T test_array_transient_t
+
+#include "../vector_transient/generic.ipp"
+
+// this comment is here because generic.ipp otherwise defines a test in the same
+// line, lol!
+TEST_CASE("array provides mutable data")
+{
+    auto arr = immer::array<int, gc_memory>(10, 0);
+    CHECK(arr.size() == 10);
+    auto tr = arr.transient();
+    CHECK(tr.data() == arr.data());
+
+    auto d = tr.data_mut();
+    CHECK(tr.data_mut() != arr.data());
+    CHECK(tr.data() == tr.data_mut());
+    CHECK(arr.data() != tr.data_mut());
+
+    arr = tr.persistent();
+    CHECK(arr.data() == d);
+    CHECK(arr.data() == tr.data());
+
+    CHECK(tr.data_mut() != arr.data());
+    CHECK(tr.data() == tr.data_mut());
+    CHECK(arr.data() != tr.data_mut());
+}
diff --git a/src/immer/test/atom/default.cpp b/src/immer/test/atom/default.cpp
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000..7a382c70a85d5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/immer/test/atom/default.cpp
@@ -0,0 +1,12 @@
+//
+// immer: immutable data structures for C++
+// Copyright (C) 2016, 2017, 2018 Juan Pedro Bolivar Puente
+//
+// This software is distributed under the Boost Software License, Version 1.0.
+// See accompanying file LICENSE or copy at http://boost.org/LICENSE_1_0.txt
+//
+
+#include <immer/atom.hpp>
+
+#define ATOM_T ::immer::atom
+#include "generic.ipp"
diff --git a/src/immer/test/atom/gc.cpp b/src/immer/test/atom/gc.cpp
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000..1645ff5cbdd29
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/immer/test/atom/gc.cpp
@@ -0,0 +1,21 @@
+//
+// immer: immutable data structures for C++
+// Copyright (C) 2016, 2017, 2018 Juan Pedro Bolivar Puente
+//
+// This software is distributed under the Boost Software License, Version 1.0.
+// See accompanying file LICENSE or copy at http://boost.org/LICENSE_1_0.txt
+//
+
+#include <immer/atom.hpp>
+#include <immer/heap/gc_heap.hpp>
+#include <immer/refcount/no_refcount_policy.hpp>
+
+using gc_memory = immer::memory_policy<immer::heap_policy<immer::gc_heap>,
+                                       immer::no_refcount_policy,
+                                       immer::default_lock_policy>;
+
+template <typename T>
+using test_atom_t = immer::atom<T, gc_memory>;
+
+#define ATOM_T test_atom_t
+#include "generic.ipp"
diff --git a/src/immer/test/atom/generic.ipp b/src/immer/test/atom/generic.ipp
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000..21ff74d7ef696
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/immer/test/atom/generic.ipp
@@ -0,0 +1,53 @@
+//
+// immer: immutable data structures for C++
+// Copyright (C) 2016, 2017, 2018 Juan Pedro Bolivar Puente
+//
+// This software is distributed under the Boost Software License, Version 1.0.
+// See accompanying file LICENSE or copy at http://boost.org/LICENSE_1_0.txt
+//
+
+#ifndef ATOM_T
+#error "define the box template to use in ATOM_T"
+#endif
+
+#include <catch.hpp>
+
+template <typename T>
+using BOX_T = typename ATOM_T<T>::box_type;
+
+TEST_CASE("construction") { ATOM_T<int> x; }
+
+TEST_CASE("store, load, exchange")
+{
+    ATOM_T<int> x;
+    CHECK(x.load() == BOX_T<int>{0});
+    x.store(42);
+    CHECK(x.load() == BOX_T<int>{42});
+    auto old = x.exchange(12);
+    CHECK(old == 42);
+    CHECK(x.load() == BOX_T<int>{12});
+}
+
+TEST_CASE("box conversion")
+{
+    ATOM_T<int> x;
+    auto v1 = BOX_T<int>{42};
+    x       = v1;
+    auto v2 = BOX_T<int>{x};
+    CHECK(v1 == v2);
+}
+
+TEST_CASE("value conversion")
+{
+    ATOM_T<int> x;
+    x      = 42;
+    auto v = int{x};
+    CHECK(v == 42);
+}
+
+TEST_CASE("update")
+{
+    ATOM_T<int> x{42};
+    x.update([](auto x) { return x + 2; });
+    CHECK(x.load() == 44);
+}
diff --git a/src/immer/test/box/default.cpp b/src/immer/test/box/default.cpp
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000..fbd1b178df08b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/immer/test/box/default.cpp
@@ -0,0 +1,12 @@
+//
+// immer: immutable data structures for C++
+// Copyright (C) 2016, 2017, 2018 Juan Pedro Bolivar Puente
+//
+// This software is distributed under the Boost Software License, Version 1.0.
+// See accompanying file LICENSE or copy at http://boost.org/LICENSE_1_0.txt
+//
+
+#include <immer/box.hpp>
+
+#define BOX_T ::immer::box
+#include "generic.ipp"
diff --git a/src/immer/test/box/gc.cpp b/src/immer/test/box/gc.cpp
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000..e34afe46cd5a0
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/immer/test/box/gc.cpp
@@ -0,0 +1,21 @@
+//
+// immer: immutable data structures for C++
+// Copyright (C) 2016, 2017, 2018 Juan Pedro Bolivar Puente
+//
+// This software is distributed under the Boost Software License, Version 1.0.
+// See accompanying file LICENSE or copy at http://boost.org/LICENSE_1_0.txt
+//
+
+#include <immer/box.hpp>
+#include <immer/heap/gc_heap.hpp>
+#include <immer/refcount/no_refcount_policy.hpp>
+
+using gc_memory = immer::memory_policy<immer::heap_policy<immer::gc_heap>,
+                                       immer::no_refcount_policy,
+                                       immer::default_lock_policy>;
+
+template <typename T>
+using test_box_t = immer::box<T, gc_memory>;
+
+#define BOX_T test_box_t
+#include "generic.ipp"
diff --git a/src/immer/test/box/generic.ipp b/src/immer/test/box/generic.ipp
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000..e221cdc827f66
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/immer/test/box/generic.ipp
@@ -0,0 +1,143 @@
+//
+// immer: immutable data structures for C++
+// Copyright (C) 2016, 2017, 2018 Juan Pedro Bolivar Puente
+//
+// This software is distributed under the Boost Software License, Version 1.0.
+// See accompanying file LICENSE or copy at http://boost.org/LICENSE_1_0.txt
+//
+
+#ifndef BOX_T
+#error "define the box template to use in BOX_T"
+#endif
+
+#include <catch.hpp>
+
+TEST_CASE("construction and copy")
+{
+    auto x = BOX_T<int>{};
+    CHECK(x == 0);
+
+    auto y = x;
+    CHECK(&x.get() == &y.get());
+
+    auto z = std::move(x);
+    CHECK(&z.get() == &y.get());
+}
+
+TEST_CASE("equality")
+{
+    auto x = BOX_T<int>{};
+    auto y = x;
+    CHECK(x == 0.0f);
+    CHECK(x == y);
+    CHECK(x == BOX_T<int>{});
+    CHECK(x != BOX_T<int>{42});
+}
+
+struct counters
+{
+    unsigned construct = 0;
+    unsigned copy      = 0;
+    unsigned compare   = 0;
+
+    static counters* p_;
+    struct scope
+    {
+        scope(counters* p)
+        {
+            assert(p == p_ || !p_);
+            p_ = p;
+        }
+        ~scope() { p_ = nullptr; }
+    };
+    scope use() { return {this}; }
+};
+counters* counters::p_ = nullptr;
+
+template <typename T>
+struct spionage
+{
+    T value = {};
+
+    spionage()
+        : value{}
+    {
+        ++counters::p_->construct;
+    }
+    spionage(T v)
+        : value{v}
+    {
+        ++counters::p_->construct;
+    }
+    spionage(const spionage& v)
+        : value{v.value}
+    {
+        ++counters::p_->copy;
+    }
+    spionage(spionage&& v)
+        : value{std::move(v.value)}
+    {
+        ++counters::p_->copy;
+    }
+    bool operator==(const spionage& b) const
+    {
+        ++counters::p_->compare;
+        return value == b.value;
+    }
+    bool operator!=(const spionage& b) const
+    {
+        ++counters::p_->compare;
+        return value != b.value;
+    }
+    bool operator==(const T& b) const
+    {
+        ++counters::p_->compare;
+        return value == b;
+    }
+    bool operator!=(const T& b) const
+    {
+        ++counters::p_->compare;
+        return value != b;
+    }
+};
+
+TEST_CASE("equality not too much construction")
+{
+    auto c = counters{};
+    auto s = c.use();
+
+    auto x = BOX_T<spionage<int>>{};
+    auto y = x;
+    CHECK(x == 0.0f);
+    CHECK(x == y);
+    CHECK(c.copy == 0);
+    CHECK(c.construct == 1);
+
+    CHECK(x == BOX_T<spionage<int>>{});
+    CHECK(x != BOX_T<spionage<int>>{42});
+    CHECK(c.copy == 0);
+    CHECK(c.construct == 3);
+}
+
+TEST_CASE("update")
+{
+    auto x = BOX_T<int>{};
+    auto y = x.update([](auto v) { return v + 1; });
+    CHECK(x == 0);
+    CHECK(y == 1);
+}
+
+TEST_CASE("update move")
+{
+    auto x    = BOX_T<int>{};
+    auto addr = &x.get();
+    auto y    = std::move(x).update(
+        [](auto&& v) { return std::forward<decltype(v)>(v) + 1; });
+
+    CHECK(y == 1);
+    if (std::is_empty<typename BOX_T<int>::memory_policy::refcount>::value) {
+        CHECK(&y.get() != addr);
+    } else {
+        CHECK(&y.get() == addr);
+    }
+}
diff --git a/src/immer/test/box/recursive.cpp b/src/immer/test/box/recursive.cpp
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000..4c8fce07dea2a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/immer/test/box/recursive.cpp
@@ -0,0 +1,108 @@
+//
+// immer: immutable data structures for C++
+// Copyright (C) 2016, 2017, 2018 Juan Pedro Bolivar Puente
+//
+// This software is distributed under the Boost Software License, Version 1.0.
+// See accompanying file LICENSE or copy at http://boost.org/LICENSE_1_0.txt
+//
+
+#include <immer/algorithm.hpp>
+#include <immer/box.hpp>
+#include <immer/flex_vector.hpp>
+#include <immer/map.hpp>
+#include <immer/set.hpp>
+#include <immer/vector.hpp>
+
+#include <catch.hpp>
+
+struct rec_vec
+{
+    int data;
+    immer::vector<immer::box<rec_vec>> children;
+};
+
+TEST_CASE("recursive vector")
+{
+    auto v1 = rec_vec{42,
+                      {rec_vec{12, {}},
+                       rec_vec{13, {rec_vec{5, {}}, rec_vec{7, {}}}},
+                       rec_vec{15, {}}}};
+    CHECK(v1.data == 42);
+    CHECK(v1.children[0]->data == 12);
+    CHECK(v1.children[1]->children[0]->data == 5);
+}
+
+struct rec_fvec
+{
+    int data;
+    immer::flex_vector<immer::box<rec_fvec>> children;
+};
+
+TEST_CASE("recursive flex_vector")
+{
+    auto v1 = rec_fvec{42,
+                       {rec_fvec{12, {}},
+                        rec_fvec{13, {rec_fvec{5, {}}, rec_fvec{7, {}}}},
+                        rec_fvec{15, {}}}};
+    CHECK(v1.data == 42);
+    CHECK(v1.children[0]->data == 12);
+    CHECK(v1.children[1]->children[0]->data == 5);
+}
+
+struct rec_map
+{
+    int data;
+    immer::map<std::string, immer::box<rec_map>> children;
+};
+
+TEST_CASE("recursive map")
+{
+    auto v1 = rec_map{42, {}};
+    auto v2 = rec_map{43, v1.children.set("hello", rec_map{12, {}})};
+    auto v3 = rec_map{44, v2.children.set("world", rec_map{13, {}})};
+
+    CHECK(v3.data == 44);
+    CHECK(v3.children["hello"]->data == 12);
+    CHECK(v3.children["world"]->data == 13);
+}
+
+struct rec_set
+{
+    int data;
+    immer::set<immer::box<rec_set>> children;
+
+    bool operator==(const rec_set& other) const
+    {
+        return data == other.data && children == other.children;
+    }
+    bool operator!=(const rec_set& other) const { return !(*this == other); }
+};
+
+namespace std {
+
+template <>
+struct hash<rec_set>
+{
+    auto operator()(const rec_set& s)
+    {
+        return std::hash<decltype(s.data)>{}(s.data) ^
+               immer::accumulate(
+                   s.children, std::size_t{}, [](auto ac, auto v) {
+                       return std::hash<decltype(v)>{}(v);
+                   });
+    }
+};
+
+} // namespace std
+
+TEST_CASE("recursive set")
+{
+    auto v1 = rec_set{42, {}};
+    auto v2 = rec_set{43, v1.children.insert(rec_set{12, {}})};
+    auto v3 = rec_set{44, v2.children.insert(rec_set{13, {}})};
+
+    CHECK(v3.data == 44);
+    CHECK(v3.children.count(rec_set{12, {}}) == 1);
+    CHECK(v3.children.count(rec_set{13, {}}) == 1);
+    CHECK(v3.children.count(rec_set{14, {}}) == 0);
+}
diff --git a/src/immer/test/box/vector-of-boxes-transient.cpp b/src/immer/test/box/vector-of-boxes-transient.cpp
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000..623c8ba37d325
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/immer/test/box/vector-of-boxes-transient.cpp
@@ -0,0 +1,36 @@
+//
+// immer: immutable data structures for C++
+// Copyright (C) 2016, 2017, 2018 Juan Pedro Bolivar Puente
+//
+// This software is distributed under the Boost Software License, Version 1.0.
+// See accompanying file LICENSE or copy at http://boost.org/LICENSE_1_0.txt
+//
+
+#include <immer/box.hpp>
+#include <immer/vector.hpp>
+#include <immer/vector_transient.hpp>
+
+#include <catch.hpp>
+
+TEST_CASE("issue-33")
+{
+    using Element = immer::box<std::string>;
+    auto vect     = immer::vector<Element>{};
+
+    // this one works fine
+    for (auto i = 0; i < 100; ++i) {
+        vect = vect.push_back(Element("x"));
+    }
+
+    // this one doesn't compile
+    auto t = vect.transient();
+
+    for (auto i = 0; i < 100; ++i) {
+        t.push_back(Element("x"));
+    }
+
+    vect = t.persistent();
+
+    CHECK(*vect[0] == "x");
+    CHECK(*vect[99] == "x");
+}
diff --git a/src/immer/test/dada.hpp b/src/immer/test/dada.hpp
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000..1465bf7bf52db
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/immer/test/dada.hpp
@@ -0,0 +1,243 @@
+//
+// immer: immutable data structures for C++
+// Copyright (C) 2016, 2017, 2018 Juan Pedro Bolivar Puente
+//
+// This software is distributed under the Boost Software License, Version 1.0.
+// See accompanying file LICENSE or copy at http://boost.org/LICENSE_1_0.txt
+//
+
+#pragma once
+
+#include <array>
+#include <cstddef>
+#include <utility>
+
+#include <immer/detail/hamts/bits.hpp>
+#include <immer/detail/rbts/bits.hpp>
+
+namespace {
+
+template <typename Iterator>
+struct rotator
+{
+    using value_type = typename std::iterator_traits<Iterator>::value_type;
+
+    Iterator first;
+    Iterator last;
+    Iterator curr;
+
+    void init(Iterator f, Iterator l)
+    {
+        first = f;
+        last  = l;
+        curr  = f;
+    }
+
+    value_type next()
+    {
+        if (curr == last)
+            curr = first;
+        return *curr++;
+    }
+};
+
+template <typename Range>
+struct range_rotator : rotator<typename Range::iterator>
+{
+    using base_t = rotator<typename Range::iterator>;
+
+    Range range;
+
+    range_rotator(Range r)
+        : range{std::move(r)}
+    {
+        base_t::init(range.begin(), range.end());
+    }
+};
+
+template <typename Range>
+auto make_rotator(Range r) -> range_rotator<Range>
+{
+    return {r};
+}
+
+inline auto magic_rotator()
+{
+    return make_rotator(std::array<unsigned, 15>{
+        {7, 11, 2, 3, 5, 7, 11, 13, 17, 19, 23, 5, 29, 31, 37}});
+}
+
+struct dada_error
+{};
+
+struct dadaism;
+static dadaism* g_dadaism = nullptr;
+
+struct dadaism
+{
+    using rotator_t = decltype(magic_rotator());
+
+    rotator_t magic = magic_rotator();
+
+    unsigned step       = magic.next();
+    unsigned count      = 0;
+    unsigned happenings = 0;
+    unsigned last       = 0;
+    bool toggle         = false;
+
+    struct scope
+    {
+        bool moved     = false;
+        dadaism* save_ = g_dadaism;
+        scope(scope&& s)
+        {
+            save_   = s.save_;
+            s.moved = true;
+        }
+        scope(dadaism* self) { g_dadaism = self; }
+        ~scope()
+        {
+            if (!moved)
+                g_dadaism = save_;
+        }
+    };
+
+    static scope disable() { return {nullptr}; }
+
+    scope next()
+    {
+        toggle = last == happenings;
+        last   = happenings;
+        step   = toggle ? step : magic.next();
+        return {this};
+    }
+
+    void dada()
+    {
+        if (toggle && ++count % step == 0) {
+            ++happenings;
+            throw dada_error{};
+        }
+    }
+};
+
+inline void dada()
+{
+    if (g_dadaism)
+        g_dadaism->dada();
+}
+
+inline bool soft_dada()
+{
+    try {
+        dada();
+        return false;
+    } catch (dada_error) {
+        return true;
+    }
+}
+
+template <typename Heap>
+struct dadaist_heap : Heap
+{
+    template <typename... Tags>
+    static auto allocate(std::size_t s, Tags... tags)
+    {
+        dada();
+        return Heap::allocate(s, tags...);
+    }
+};
+
+template <typename MP>
+struct dadaist_memory_policy : MP
+{
+    struct heap
+    {
+        using type = dadaist_heap<typename MP::heap::type>;
+
+        template <std::size_t Size>
+        struct optimized
+        {
+            using base = typename MP::heap::template optimized<Size>::type;
+            using type = dadaist_heap<base>;
+        };
+    };
+};
+
+struct tristan_tzara
+{
+    tristan_tzara() { dada(); }
+    tristan_tzara(const tristan_tzara&) { dada(); }
+    tristan_tzara(tristan_tzara&&) { dada(); }
+    tristan_tzara& operator=(const tristan_tzara&)
+    {
+        dada();
+        return *this;
+    }
+    tristan_tzara& operator=(tristan_tzara&&)
+    {
+        dada();
+        return *this;
+    }
+};
+
+template <typename T>
+struct dadaist : tristan_tzara
+{
+    T value;
+
+    dadaist()
+        : value{}
+    {}
+    dadaist(T v)
+        : value{std::move(v)}
+    {}
+    operator T() const { return value; }
+};
+
+template <typename T>
+struct dadaist_wrapper;
+
+using rbits_t = immer::detail::rbts::bits_t;
+using hbits_t = immer::detail::rbts::bits_t;
+
+template <template <class, class, rbits_t, rbits_t> class V,
+          typename T,
+          typename MP,
+          rbits_t B,
+          rbits_t BL>
+struct dadaist_wrapper<V<T, MP, B, BL>>
+{
+    using type = V<dadaist<T>, dadaist_memory_policy<MP>, B, BL>;
+};
+
+template <template <class, class> class V, typename T, typename MP>
+struct dadaist_wrapper<V<T, MP>>
+{
+    using type = V<dadaist<T>, dadaist_memory_policy<MP>>;
+};
+
+template <template <class, class, class, class, hbits_t> class V,
+          typename T,
+          typename E,
+          typename H,
+          typename MP,
+          hbits_t B>
+struct dadaist_wrapper<V<T, H, E, MP, B>>
+{
+    using type = V<dadaist<T>, H, E, dadaist_memory_policy<MP>, B>;
+};
+
+template <template <class, class, class, class, class, hbits_t> class V,
+          typename K,
+          typename T,
+          typename E,
+          typename H,
+          typename MP,
+          hbits_t B>
+struct dadaist_wrapper<V<K, T, H, E, MP, B>>
+{
+    using type = V<K, dadaist<T>, H, E, dadaist_memory_policy<MP>, B>;
+};
+
+} // anonymous namespace
diff --git a/src/immer/test/detail/type_traits.cpp b/src/immer/test/detail/type_traits.cpp
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000..8809418ccea6e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/immer/test/detail/type_traits.cpp
@@ -0,0 +1,215 @@
+//
+// immer: immutable data structures for C++
+// Copyright (C) 2016, 2017, 2018 Juan Pedro Bolivar Puente
+//
+// This software is distributed under the Boost Software License, Version 1.0.
+// See accompanying file LICENSE or copy at http://boost.org/LICENSE_1_0.txt
+//
+
+#include <catch.hpp>
+#include <forward_list>
+#include <immer/detail/type_traits.hpp>
+#include <list>
+#include <vector>
+
+struct string_sentinel
+{};
+bool operator==(const char* i, string_sentinel);
+bool operator!=(const char* i, string_sentinel);
+
+TEST_CASE("compatible_sentinel_v")
+{
+    SECTION("iterator pairs")
+    {
+        using Iter = std::vector<int>::iterator;
+        static_assert(immer::detail::compatible_sentinel_v<Iter, Iter>, "");
+    }
+
+    SECTION("pointer pairs")
+    {
+        using Iter = char*;
+        static_assert(immer::detail::compatible_sentinel_v<Iter, Iter>, "");
+    }
+
+    SECTION("iterator/sentinel pair")
+    {
+        using Iter = char*;
+        using Sent = string_sentinel;
+        static_assert(immer::detail::compatible_sentinel_v<Iter, Sent>, "");
+    }
+
+    SECTION("incompatible pair")
+    {
+        using Iter1 = std::vector<int>::iterator;
+        using Iter2 = std::list<double>::iterator;
+        static_assert(not immer::detail::compatible_sentinel_v<Iter1, Iter2>,
+                      "");
+    }
+}
+
+TEST_CASE("equality comparable")
+{
+    SECTION("iterator pairs")
+    {
+        using Iter = std::vector<int>::iterator;
+        static_assert(immer::detail::is_equality_comparable_v<Iter, Iter>, "");
+    }
+
+    SECTION("pointer pairs")
+    {
+        using Iter = char*;
+        static_assert(immer::detail::is_equality_comparable_v<Iter, Iter>, "");
+    }
+
+    SECTION("iterator/sentinel pair")
+    {
+        using Iter = char*;
+        using Sent = string_sentinel;
+        static_assert(immer::detail::is_equality_comparable_v<Iter, Sent>, "");
+    }
+
+    SECTION("not equality comparable")
+    {
+        static_assert(
+            not immer::detail::is_equality_comparable_v<std::string, double>,
+            "");
+    }
+}
+
+TEST_CASE("inequality comparable")
+{
+    SECTION("iterator pairs")
+    {
+        using Iter = std::vector<int>::iterator;
+        static_assert(immer::detail::is_inequality_comparable_v<Iter, Iter>,
+                      "");
+    }
+
+    SECTION("pointer pairs")
+    {
+        using Iter = char*;
+        static_assert(immer::detail::is_inequality_comparable_v<Iter, Iter>,
+                      "");
+    }
+
+    SECTION("iterator/sentinel pair")
+    {
+        using Iter = char*;
+        using Sent = string_sentinel;
+        static_assert(immer::detail::is_inequality_comparable_v<Iter, Sent>,
+                      "");
+    }
+
+    SECTION("not inequality comparable")
+    {
+        static_assert(
+            not immer::detail::is_inequality_comparable_v<std::string, double>,
+            "");
+    }
+}
+
+TEST_CASE("is dereferenceable")
+{
+    SECTION("iterator")
+    {
+        using Iter = std::vector<int>::iterator;
+        static_assert(immer::detail::is_dereferenceable_v<Iter>, "");
+    }
+
+    SECTION("pointer")
+    {
+        using Iter = char*;
+        static_assert(immer::detail::is_dereferenceable_v<Iter>, "");
+    }
+
+    SECTION("not dereferenceable")
+    {
+        static_assert(not immer::detail::is_dereferenceable_v<int>, "");
+    }
+}
+
+TEST_CASE("is forward iterator")
+{
+    SECTION("random access iterator")
+    {
+        using Iter = std::vector<int>::iterator;
+        static_assert(immer::detail::is_forward_iterator_v<Iter>, "");
+    }
+
+    SECTION("bidirectional iterator")
+    {
+        using Iter = std::list<int>::iterator;
+        static_assert(immer::detail::is_forward_iterator_v<Iter>, "");
+    }
+
+    SECTION("forward iterator")
+    {
+        using Iter = std::forward_list<int>::iterator;
+        static_assert(immer::detail::is_forward_iterator_v<Iter>, "");
+    }
+
+    SECTION("input iterator")
+    {
+        using Iter = std::istream_iterator<double>;
+        static_assert(not immer::detail::is_forward_iterator_v<Iter>, "");
+    }
+
+    SECTION("output iterator")
+    {
+        using Iter = std::ostream_iterator<double>;
+        static_assert(not immer::detail::is_forward_iterator_v<Iter>, "");
+    }
+
+    SECTION("pointer")
+    {
+        using Iter = char*;
+        static_assert(immer::detail::is_forward_iterator_v<Iter>, "");
+    }
+}
+
+TEST_CASE("is iterator")
+{
+    SECTION("iterator")
+    {
+        using Iter = std::vector<int>::iterator;
+        static_assert(immer::detail::is_iterator_v<Iter>, "");
+    }
+
+    SECTION("pointer")
+    {
+        using Iter = char*;
+        static_assert(immer::detail::is_iterator_v<Iter>, "");
+    }
+
+    SECTION("not iterator")
+    {
+        static_assert(not immer::detail::is_iterator_v<int>, "");
+    }
+}
+
+TEST_CASE("provides preincrement")
+{
+    SECTION("iterator")
+    {
+        using Iter = std::vector<int>::iterator;
+        static_assert(immer::detail::is_preincrementable_v<Iter>, "");
+    }
+
+    SECTION("pointer")
+    {
+        using Iter = char*;
+        static_assert(immer::detail::is_preincrementable_v<Iter>, "");
+    }
+
+    SECTION("does not provide preincrement")
+    {
+        struct type
+        {};
+        static_assert(not immer::detail::is_preincrementable_v<type>, "");
+    }
+}
+
+TEST_CASE("void_t")
+{
+    static_assert(std::is_same<void, immer::detail::void_t<int>>::value, "");
+}
diff --git a/src/immer/test/experimental/dvektor.cpp b/src/immer/test/experimental/dvektor.cpp
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000..437384a727715
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/immer/test/experimental/dvektor.cpp
@@ -0,0 +1,198 @@
+//
+// immer: immutable data structures for C++
+// Copyright (C) 2016, 2017, 2018 Juan Pedro Bolivar Puente
+//
+// This software is distributed under the Boost Software License, Version 1.0.
+// See accompanying file LICENSE or copy at http://boost.org/LICENSE_1_0.txt
+//
+
+#include <immer/experimental/dvektor.hpp>
+
+#include <boost/range/adaptors.hpp>
+
+#include <algorithm>
+#include <numeric>
+#include <vector>
+#include <iostream>
+
+#include <doctest.h>
+
+using namespace immer;
+
+TEST_CASE("instantiation")
+{
+    auto v = dvektor<int>{};
+    CHECK(v.size() == 0u);
+}
+
+TEST_CASE("push back one element")
+{
+    SUBCASE("one element")
+    {
+        const auto v1 = dvektor<int>{};
+        auto v2       = v1.push_back(42);
+        CHECK(v1.size() == 0u);
+        CHECK(v2.size() == 1u);
+        CHECK(v2[0] == 42);
+    }
+
+    SUBCASE("many elements")
+    {
+        const auto n = 666u;
+        auto v       = dvektor<unsigned>{};
+        for (auto i = 0u; i < n; ++i) {
+            v = v.push_back(i * 10);
+            CHECK(v.size() == i + 1);
+            for (auto j = 0u; j < v.size(); ++j)
+                CHECK(i + v[j] == i + j * 10);
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+TEST_CASE("update")
+{
+    const auto n = 42u;
+    auto v       = dvektor<unsigned>{};
+    for (auto i = 0u; i < n; ++i)
+        v = v.push_back(i);
+
+    SUBCASE("assoc")
+    {
+        const auto u = v.assoc(3u, 13u);
+        CHECK(u.size() == v.size());
+        CHECK(u[2u] == 2u);
+        CHECK(u[3u] == 13u);
+        CHECK(u[4u] == 4u);
+        CHECK(u[40u] == 40u);
+        CHECK(v[3u] == 3u);
+    }
+
+    SUBCASE("assoc further")
+    {
+        for (auto i = n; i < 666; ++i)
+            v = v.push_back(i);
+
+        auto u = v.assoc(3u, 13u);
+        u      = u.assoc(200u, 7u);
+        CHECK(u.size() == v.size());
+
+        CHECK(u[2u] == 2u);
+        CHECK(u[4u] == 4u);
+        CHECK(u[40u] == 40u);
+        CHECK(u[600u] == 600u);
+
+        CHECK(u[3u] == 13u);
+        CHECK(u[200u] == 7u);
+
+        CHECK(v[3u] == 3u);
+        CHECK(v[200u] == 200u);
+    }
+
+    SUBCASE("assoc further more")
+    {
+        auto v = immer::dvektor<unsigned, 4>{};
+
+        for (auto i = n; i < 1000u; ++i)
+            v = v.push_back(i);
+
+        for (auto i = 0u; i < v.size(); ++i) {
+            v = v.assoc(i, i + 1);
+            CHECK(v[i] == i + 1);
+        }
+    }
+
+    SUBCASE("update")
+    {
+        const auto u = v.update(10u, [](auto x) { return x + 10; });
+        CHECK(u.size() == v.size());
+        CHECK(u[10u] == 20u);
+        CHECK(v[40u] == 40u);
+
+        const auto w = v.update(40u, [](auto x) { return x - 10; });
+        CHECK(w.size() == v.size());
+        CHECK(w[40u] == 30u);
+        CHECK(v[40u] == 40u);
+    }
+}
+
+#if IMMER_SLOW_TESTS
+TEST_CASE("big")
+{
+    const auto n = 1000000;
+    auto v       = dvektor<unsigned>{};
+    for (auto i = 0u; i < n; ++i)
+        v = v.push_back(i);
+
+    SUBCASE("read")
+    {
+        for (auto i = 0u; i < n; ++i)
+            CHECK(v[i] == i);
+    }
+
+    SUBCASE("assoc")
+    {
+        for (auto i = 0u; i < n; ++i) {
+            v = v.assoc(i, i + 1);
+            CHECK(v[i] == i + 1);
+        }
+    }
+}
+#endif // IMMER_SLOW_TESTS
+
+TEST_CASE("iterator")
+{
+    const auto n = 666u;
+    auto v       = dvektor<unsigned>{};
+    for (auto i = 0u; i < n; ++i)
+        v = v.push_back(i);
+
+    SUBCASE("works with range loop")
+    {
+        auto i = 0u;
+        for (const auto& x : v)
+            CHECK(x == i++);
+        CHECK(i == v.size());
+    }
+
+    SUBCASE("works with standard algorithms")
+    {
+        auto s = std::vector<unsigned>(n);
+        std::iota(s.begin(), s.end(), 0u);
+        std::equal(v.begin(), v.end(), s.begin(), s.end());
+    }
+
+    SUBCASE("can go back from end") { CHECK(n - 1 == *--v.end()); }
+
+    SUBCASE("works with reversed range adaptor")
+    {
+        auto r = v | boost::adaptors::reversed;
+        auto i = n;
+        for (const auto& x : r)
+            CHECK(x == --i);
+    }
+
+    SUBCASE("works with strided range adaptor")
+    {
+        auto r = v | boost::adaptors::strided(5);
+        auto i = 0u;
+        for (const auto& x : r)
+            CHECK(x == 5 * i++);
+    }
+
+    SUBCASE("works reversed")
+    {
+        auto i = n;
+        for (auto iter = v.rbegin(), last = v.rend(); iter != last; ++iter)
+            CHECK(*iter == --i);
+    }
+
+    SUBCASE("advance and distance")
+    {
+        auto i1 = v.begin();
+        auto i2 = i1 + 100;
+        CHECK(*i2 == 100u);
+        CHECK(i2 - i1 == 100);
+        CHECK(*(i2 - 50) == 50u);
+        CHECK((i2 - 30) - i2 == -30);
+    }
+}
diff --git a/src/immer/test/flex_vector/B3-BL0.cpp b/src/immer/test/flex_vector/B3-BL0.cpp
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000..83af21d688fc7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/immer/test/flex_vector/B3-BL0.cpp
@@ -0,0 +1,21 @@
+//
+// immer: immutable data structures for C++
+// Copyright (C) 2016, 2017, 2018 Juan Pedro Bolivar Puente
+//
+// This software is distributed under the Boost Software License, Version 1.0.
+// See accompanying file LICENSE or copy at http://boost.org/LICENSE_1_0.txt
+//
+
+#include <immer/flex_vector.hpp>
+#include <immer/vector.hpp>
+
+template <typename T>
+using test_flex_vector_t =
+    immer::flex_vector<T, immer::default_memory_policy, 3u, 0u>;
+
+template <typename T>
+using test_vector_t = immer::vector<T, immer::default_memory_policy, 3u, 0u>;
+
+#define FLEX_VECTOR_T test_flex_vector_t
+#define VECTOR_T test_vector_t
+#include "generic.ipp"
diff --git a/src/immer/test/flex_vector/B3-BL3.cpp b/src/immer/test/flex_vector/B3-BL3.cpp
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000..e44f7e2bfaba6
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/immer/test/flex_vector/B3-BL3.cpp
@@ -0,0 +1,21 @@
+//
+// immer: immutable data structures for C++
+// Copyright (C) 2016, 2017, 2018 Juan Pedro Bolivar Puente
+//
+// This software is distributed under the Boost Software License, Version 1.0.
+// See accompanying file LICENSE or copy at http://boost.org/LICENSE_1_0.txt
+//
+
+#include <immer/flex_vector.hpp>
+#include <immer/vector.hpp>
+
+template <typename T>
+using test_flex_vector_t =
+    immer::flex_vector<T, immer::default_memory_policy, 3u, 3u>;
+
+template <typename T>
+using test_vector_t = immer::vector<T, immer::default_memory_policy, 3u, 3u>;
+
+#define FLEX_VECTOR_T test_flex_vector_t
+#define VECTOR_T test_vector_t
+#include "generic.ipp"
diff --git a/src/immer/test/flex_vector/default.cpp b/src/immer/test/flex_vector/default.cpp
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000..7258cc07728db
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/immer/test/flex_vector/default.cpp
@@ -0,0 +1,14 @@
+//
+// immer: immutable data structures for C++
+// Copyright (C) 2016, 2017, 2018 Juan Pedro Bolivar Puente
+//
+// This software is distributed under the Boost Software License, Version 1.0.
+// See accompanying file LICENSE or copy at http://boost.org/LICENSE_1_0.txt
+//
+
+#include <immer/flex_vector.hpp>
+#include <immer/vector.hpp>
+
+#define FLEX_VECTOR_T ::immer::flex_vector
+#define VECTOR_T ::immer::vector
+#include "generic.ipp"
diff --git a/src/immer/test/flex_vector/fuzzed-0.cpp b/src/immer/test/flex_vector/fuzzed-0.cpp
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000..7bf283d8043c9
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/immer/test/flex_vector/fuzzed-0.cpp
@@ -0,0 +1,380 @@
+//
+// immer: immutable data structures for C++
+// Copyright (C) 2016, 2017, 2018 Juan Pedro Bolivar Puente
+//
+// This software is distributed under the Boost Software License, Version 1.0.
+// See accompanying file LICENSE or copy at http://boost.org/LICENSE_1_0.txt
+//
+
+#include "extra/fuzzer/fuzzer_input.hpp"
+#include <array>
+#include <catch.hpp>
+#include <immer/flex_vector.hpp>
+#include <iostream>
+
+#define IMMER_FUZZED_TRACE_ENABLE 0
+
+#if IMMER_FUZZED_TRACE_ENABLE
+#define IMMER_FUZZED_TRACE(...) std::cout << __VA_ARGS__ << std::endl;
+#else
+#define IMMER_FUZZED_TRACE(...)
+#endif
+
+namespace {
+
+template <std::size_t VarCount = 8, unsigned Bits = 3>
+int run_input(const std::uint8_t* data, std::size_t size)
+{
+    using vector_t =
+        immer::flex_vector<int, immer::default_memory_policy, Bits, Bits>;
+    using size_t = std::uint8_t;
+
+    auto vars = std::array<vector_t, VarCount>{};
+
+#if IMMER_FUZZED_TRACE_ENABLE
+    for (auto i = 0u; i < VarCount; ++i)
+        std::cout << "auto var" << i << " = vector_t{};" << std::endl;
+#endif
+
+    auto is_valid_var   = [&](auto idx) { return idx >= 0 && idx < VarCount; };
+    auto is_valid_index = [](auto& v) {
+        return [&](auto idx) { return idx >= 0 && idx < v.size(); };
+    };
+    auto is_valid_size = [](auto& v) {
+        return [&](auto idx) { return idx >= 0 && idx <= v.size(); };
+    };
+
+    return fuzzer_input{data, size}.run([&](auto& in) {
+        enum ops
+        {
+            op_push_back,
+            op_update,
+            op_take,
+            op_drop,
+            op_concat,
+        };
+        auto src = read<std::uint8_t>(in, is_valid_var);
+        auto dst = read<std::uint8_t>(in, is_valid_var);
+        switch (read<char>(in)) {
+        case op_push_back:
+            IMMER_FUZZED_TRACE("var" << +dst << " = var" << +src
+                                     << ".push_back(42);");
+            vars[dst] = vars[src].push_back(42);
+            break;
+        case op_update: {
+            auto idx = read<size_t>(in, is_valid_index(vars[src]));
+            IMMER_FUZZED_TRACE("var" << +dst << " = var" << +src << ".update("
+                                     << +idx
+                                     << ", [] (auto x) { return x + 1; });");
+            vars[dst] = vars[src].update(idx, [](auto x) { return x + 1; });
+            break;
+        }
+        case op_take: {
+            auto idx = read<size_t>(in, is_valid_size(vars[src]));
+            IMMER_FUZZED_TRACE("var" << +dst << " = var" << +src << ".take("
+                                     << +idx << ");");
+            vars[dst] = vars[src].take(idx);
+            break;
+        }
+        case op_drop: {
+            auto idx = read<size_t>(in, is_valid_size(vars[src]));
+            IMMER_FUZZED_TRACE("var" << +dst << " = var" << +src << ".take("
+                                     << +idx << ");");
+            vars[dst] = vars[src].drop(idx);
+            break;
+        }
+        case op_concat: {
+            auto src2 = read<std::uint8_t>(in, is_valid_var);
+            IMMER_FUZZED_TRACE("var" << +dst << " = var" << +src << " + var"
+                                     << +src2 << ";");
+            vars[dst] = vars[src] + vars[src2];
+            break;
+        }
+        default:
+            break;
+        };
+        return true;
+    });
+}
+
+} // anonymous namespace
+
+TEST_CASE("bug: concatenate too big vectors")
+{
+    // The problem here was that since we were using 32 bit sizes,
+    // concatenating big flex_vectors can overflow the sizes.  Let's
+    // just use std::size_t like normal people.
+    //
+    // Still, the problem could re-ocurr with longer inputs.  For this
+    // reason later fuzzing efforts do check that concatenation is
+    // valid for the given vector sizes.  Similar assertions are put
+    // in the code too.
+    SECTION("simplified example")
+    {
+        using vector_t =
+            immer::flex_vector<int, immer::default_memory_policy, 3, 3>;
+        auto var0 = vector_t{};
+        auto var1 = vector_t{};
+        auto var2 = vector_t{};
+        auto var4 = vector_t{};
+        var1      = var1.push_back(42);
+        var0      = var0.push_back(42);
+        var0      = var0.push_back(42);
+        var0      = var2.push_back(42);
+        var0      = var0.push_back(42);
+        var2      = var0;
+        var0      = var0.push_back(42);
+        var0      = var0.push_back(42);
+        var4      = var4.push_back(42);
+        var0      = var0.push_back(42);
+        var0      = var0.push_back(42);
+        var0      = var0 + var0;
+        var0      = var0.push_back(42);
+        var0      = var0.push_back(42);
+        var2      = var0.push_back(42);
+        var0      = var0 + var4;
+        var4      = var4 + var4;
+        var4      = var4 + var4;
+        var4      = var4 + var4;
+        var0      = var0.push_back(42);
+        var0      = var0.push_back(42);
+        var1      = var2 + var4;
+        var4      = var4 + var4;
+        var0      = var1.push_back(42);
+        var0      = var0.push_back(42);
+        var0      = var0 + var4;
+        var4      = var4 + var4;
+        var4      = var4 + var4;
+        var4      = var4 + var4;
+        var4      = var4 + var4;
+        var4      = var4 + var4;
+        var4      = var4 + var4;
+        var4      = var4 + var4;
+        var4      = var4 + var4;
+        var4      = var4 + var4;
+        var4      = var4 + var4;
+        var4      = var4 + var4;
+        var4      = var4 + var4;
+        var4      = var4 + var4;
+        var4      = var4 + var4;
+        var4      = var4 + var4;
+        var4      = var4 + var4;
+        var4      = var4 + var4;
+        var4      = var4 + var4;
+        var4      = var4 + var4;
+        var4      = var4 + var4;
+        var4      = var4 + var4;
+        var4      = var4 + var4;
+        var4      = var4 + var4;
+        var4      = var4 + var4;
+        var4      = var4 + var4;
+        var4      = var4 + var4;
+        var4      = var4 + var4;
+        var4      = var4 + var4;
+        var4      = var4.push_back(42);
+    }
+
+#if __GNUC__ != 9 && __GNUC__ != 8
+    // Assertion `!p->relaxed()' failed
+    SECTION("")
+    {
+        constexpr std::uint8_t input[] = {
+            0x1,  0x1, 0x0, 0x0, 0x0,  0x0, 0x0, 0x0, 0x0, 0x39, 0x6a, 0x76,
+            0xb9, 0x2, 0x0, 0x0, 0x0,  0x0, 0x0, 0x0, 0x2, 0x1,  0x0,  0x0,
+            0x2a, 0x0, 0x0, 0x0, 0x0,  0x0, 0x4, 0x4, 0x0, 0x0,  0x0,  0x0,
+            0x0,  0x0, 0x0, 0x0, 0x0,  0x4, 0x0, 0x0, 0x0, 0x0,  0x0,  0x0,
+            0x0,  0x0, 0x2, 0x0, 0x0,  0x0, 0x4, 0x4, 0x4, 0x4,  0x4,  0x4,
+            0x4,  0x4, 0x4, 0x4, 0x4,  0x4, 0x4, 0x4, 0x0, 0x0,  0x0,  0x0,
+            0x0,  0x0, 0x2, 0x1, 0x4,  0x4, 0x4, 0x4, 0x4, 0x4,  0x1,  0x0,
+            0x0,  0x0, 0x0, 0x0, 0x0,  0x0, 0x4, 0x4, 0x4, 0x4,  0x4,  0x4,
+            0x4,  0x4, 0x4, 0x4, 0x4,  0x4, 0x4, 0x4, 0x4, 0x4,  0x4,  0x4,
+            0x4,  0x4, 0x4, 0x4, 0x4,  0x4, 0x4, 0x4, 0x4, 0x4,  0x4,  0x4,
+            0x4,  0x4, 0x4, 0x4, 0x4,  0x4, 0x4, 0x4, 0x4, 0x4,  0x4,  0x4,
+            0x4,  0x4, 0x4, 0x4, 0x4,  0x4, 0x4, 0x4, 0x4, 0x4,  0x4,  0x4,
+            0x4,  0x4, 0x4, 0x4, 0x4,  0x4, 0x4, 0x4, 0x4, 0x4,  0x4,  0x4,
+            0x4,  0x4, 0x4, 0x4, 0x4,  0x4, 0x4, 0x4, 0x4, 0x4,  0x4,  0x4,
+            0x4,  0x4, 0x4, 0x4, 0x4,  0x4, 0x4, 0x4, 0x4, 0x4,  0x4,  0x4,
+            0x4,  0x4, 0x4, 0x4, 0x4,  0x4, 0x4, 0x4, 0x4, 0x4,  0x4,  0x4,
+            0x4,  0x4, 0x4, 0x4, 0x4,  0x4, 0x4, 0x4, 0x4, 0x4,  0x4,  0x4,
+            0x4,  0x4, 0x0, 0x0, 0x2a, 0x4, 0x4, 0x4, 0x4, 0x4,  0x4,  0x4,
+            0x4,  0x4, 0x4, 0x4, 0x0,  0x0, 0x0,
+        };
+        CHECK(run_input(input, sizeof(input)) == 0);
+    }
+    SECTION("")
+    {
+        constexpr std::uint8_t input[] = {
+            0x0,  0x0,  0x0,  0x0,  0x0,  0x0,  0x0,  0x0,  0x1,  0x1,  0x0,
+            0x0,  0x0,  0x0,  0x0,  0x0,  0x0,  0x0,  0x0,  0x0,  0x0,  0x0,
+            0x0,  0x3,  0x0,  0x0,  0x0,  0x0,  0x0,  0x4,  0x0,  0x0,  0x0,
+            0x0,  0x0,  0x0,  0xe2, 0xe2, 0xe2, 0xe2, 0xe2, 0xe2, 0xe2, 0xe2,
+            0xe2, 0xe2, 0xe2, 0xe2, 0xe2, 0xe2, 0xe2, 0xe2, 0x4,  0x4,  0x4,
+            0x4,  0x4,  0xf8, 0x4,  0x4,  0x4,  0x4,  0x4,  0x4,  0x4,  0x4,
+            0x4,  0x4,  0x4,  0x4,  0x4,  0x4,  0x4,  0x4,  0x4,  0x4,  0x4,
+            0x4,  0x4,  0x4,  0x4,  0x4,  0x4,  0x4,  0x4,  0x4,  0x21, 0x4,
+            0x4,  0x4,  0x4,  0x4,  0x4,  0x4,  0x4,  0x4,  0x4,  0x4,  0x4,
+            0x4,  0x4,  0x4,  0x4,  0x4,  0x4,  0x4,  0x4,  0x4,  0x4,  0x4,
+            0x4,  0x4,  0xb,  0x4,  0x4,  0x4,  0x4,  0x4,  0x4,  0x4,  0x4,
+            0x4,  0x4,  0x4,  0x4,  0x4,  0x17, 0x4,  0xe2, 0xe2, 0xe2, 0x2a,
+            0x4,  0x4,  0x4,  0x4,  0x4,  0x4,  0x4,  0x4,  0x4,  0x4,  0x4,
+            0x4,  0x4,  0x4,  0x4,  0x4,  0x4,  0x4,  0x4,  0x4,  0x4,  0x4,
+            0x4,  0x21, 0x4,  0x4,  0x4,  0x4,  0x4,  0x4,  0x4,  0x4,  0x4,
+            0x4,  0x4,  0x4,  0x4,  0x4,  0x4,  0x4,  0x4,  0x4,  0x4,  0x4,
+            0x4,  0x4,  0x4,  0x4,  0x4,  0x17, 0x4,  0xe2, 0xe2, 0xe2, 0x2a,
+            0xe2, 0xe2, 0xe2, 0xe2, 0xe2, 0x1f, 0xe2, 0x0,  0x0,  0x0,  0x0,
+            0x0,  0x0,  0x0,  0x0,  0x0,  0x0,  0x0,  0x0,  0x0,  0xff, 0xe2,
+            0xe2, 0xe2, 0xe2, 0xe2, 0xe2, 0x0,  0x0,  0x0,  0x15, 0x15, 0x15,
+            0x15, 0x15, 0x15, 0x15, 0x15, 0x15, 0x15, 0x4,  0x4,  0x4,  0x4,
+            0x4,  0x4,  0x4,  0x4,  0x4,  0x4,  0x4,  0x15, 0x15, 0x15, 0x15,
+            0x0,  0x0,
+        };
+        CHECK(run_input(input, sizeof(input)) == 0);
+    }
+    SECTION("")
+    {
+        constexpr std::uint8_t input[] = {
+            0x0,  0x1,  0x0,  0x0,  0x0,  0x0,  0x0,  0x0,  0x0,  0x0,  0x21,
+            0x0,  0x0,  0x0,  0x0,  0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0x0,  0x0,
+            0x0,  0x0,  0x0,  0x0,  0x0,  0x0,  0x0,  0x8,  0x0,  0x0,  0x0,
+            0x0,  0x0,  0x0,  0x0,  0x0,  0x27, 0x0,  0x21, 0x0,  0x0,  0x0,
+            0x0,  0x0,  0x1,  0x0,  0x3a, 0x0,  0x0,  0x0,  0x0,  0x0,  0x0,
+            0x0,  0x0,  0x0,  0x0,  0x0,  0x40, 0x0,  0x0,  0x0,  0x0,  0x0,
+            0x0,  0x0,  0x0,  0x0,  0x0,  0x0,  0x1,  0x0,  0x0,  0x0,  0x0,
+            0x0,  0x0,  0x0,  0x0,  0x0,  0x0,  0x0,  0x0,  0x0,  0x0,  0x0,
+            0x0,  0x0,  0x0,  0x0,  0x0,  0x0,  0x0,  0x0,  0x4,  0x0,  0x0,
+            0x4,  0x0,  0x4,  0x4,  0x4,  0x4,  0x4,  0x4,  0x4,  0x4,  0x4,
+            0x4,  0x4,  0x4,  0x4,  0x4,  0x4,  0x4,  0x4,  0x4,  0x4,  0x4,
+            0x4,  0x4,  0x4,  0x4,  0x4,  0x4,  0x4,  0x4,  0xff, 0xff, 0xff,
+            0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0x4,  0x4,  0x4,  0x4,  0x4,  0x4,
+            0x4,  0x4,  0x4,  0x4,  0x4,  0x4,  0x4,  0x4,  0x4,  0x4,  0x4,
+            0x4,  0x4,  0x4,  0x4,  0x4,  0x4,  0x4,  0x4,  0x4,  0x4,  0x4,
+            0x4,  0x4,  0x4,  0x4,  0x4,  0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff,
+            0xff, 0xff, 0x4,  0x4,  0x4,  0x4,  0x4,  0x4,  0x4,  0x4,  0x4,
+            0x4,  0x4,  0x4,  0x4,  0x4,  0x4,  0x4,  0x4,  0x4,  0x4,  0x4,
+            0x4,  0x4,  0x4,  0x4,  0x4,  0x4,  0x4,  0x4,  0x4,  0x4,  0x4,
+            0x4,  0x4,  0x4,  0x4,  0x4,  0x4,  0x4,  0x4,  0x4,  0x4,  0x4,
+            0x4,  0x4,  0x4,  0x4,  0x4,  0x4,  0x4,  0x4,  0x4,  0x4,  0x4,
+            0x4,  0x4,  0x4,  0x4,  0x4,  0x4,  0x4,  0xe4, 0xe4, 0x0,  0x0,
+            0x0,  0x0,  0xe4, 0x0,  0xe4, 0x0,  0x0,  0x0,  0x0,  0x0,  0x8,
+            0x0,
+        };
+        CHECK(run_input(input, sizeof(input)) == 0);
+    }
+
+    // buffer overflow when looking inside the sizes array for the
+    // index of a position
+    SECTION("")
+    {
+        constexpr std::uint8_t input[] = {
+            0x0,  0x0,  0x0,  0x0, 0x0,  0x0,  0x0, 0x0, 0x1,  0x0, 0x0, 0xff,
+            0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0x0, 0x0,  0x0,  0x0, 0x1, 0x0,  0x0, 0x0, 0x0,
+            0x0,  0x0,  0x0,  0x0, 0x0,  0x0,  0x0, 0x4, 0x4,  0x4, 0x4, 0x4,
+            0x4,  0x4,  0x4,  0x4, 0x4,  0x4,  0x4, 0x4, 0x4,  0x4, 0x4, 0x4,
+            0x4,  0x4,  0x4,  0x4, 0x4,  0x4,  0x0, 0x0, 0x4,  0x4, 0x4, 0x4,
+            0x4,  0x4,  0x4,  0x4, 0x4,  0x0,  0x0, 0x0, 0x4,  0x4, 0x4, 0x4,
+            0x4,  0x4,  0x4,  0x4, 0x4,  0x4,  0x4, 0x4, 0x4,  0x4, 0x4, 0x4,
+            0x4,  0x4,  0x4,  0x4, 0x4,  0x4,  0x4, 0x4, 0x4,  0x4, 0x0, 0x4,
+            0x4,  0x4,  0x4,  0x4, 0x3,  0xff, 0x0, 0x0, 0x4,  0x4, 0x4, 0x4,
+            0x4,  0x4,  0x4,  0x4, 0x4,  0x4,  0x4, 0x4, 0x4,  0x4, 0x4, 0x4,
+            0x4,  0x4,  0x4,  0x4, 0x0,  0x0,  0x0, 0x0, 0x0,  0x0, 0x4, 0x4,
+            0x4,  0x4,  0x4,  0x4, 0x4,  0x4,  0x4, 0x4, 0x4,  0x4, 0x4, 0x4,
+            0x4,  0x4,  0x4,  0x4, 0x4,  0x4,  0x4, 0x4, 0x4,  0x4, 0x4, 0x4,
+            0x4,  0x4,  0x4,  0x4, 0x4,  0x4,  0x4, 0x4, 0x0,  0x0, 0x4, 0x4,
+            0x4,  0x4,  0x4,  0x4, 0x4,  0x4,  0x4, 0x4, 0x4,  0x4, 0x4, 0x4,
+            0x4,  0x4,  0x4,  0x4, 0x4,  0x4,  0x4, 0x4, 0x4,  0x4, 0x4, 0x4,
+            0x4,  0x4,  0x4,  0x4, 0x4,  0x4,  0x4, 0x4, 0x1e, 0x0, 0x4, 0x4,
+            0x4,  0x4,  0x4,  0x3, 0xff, 0x0,  0x0, 0x4, 0x4,  0x4, 0x4, 0x4,
+            0x4,  0x4,  0x4,  0x4, 0x4,  0x4,  0x4, 0x4, 0x4,  0x4, 0x4, 0x4,
+            0x4,  0x4,  0x4,  0x4, 0x4,  0x4,  0x4, 0x4, 0x4,  0x0, 0x0, 0x0,
+            0x0,  0x0,  0x0,  0x0, 0xdb, 0x0,  0x0, 0x0, 0x0,  0x0, 0x0, 0x0,
+            0x0,  0x0,  0x0,
+        };
+        CHECK(run_input(input, sizeof(input)) == 0);
+    }
+    SECTION("")
+    {
+        constexpr std::uint8_t input[] = {
+            0x0,  0x0, 0x0, 0x0, 0x0, 0x0, 0x0,  0x0,  0x0, 0x0, 0x0, 0x0, 0x0,
+            0x0,  0x0, 0x0, 0x0, 0x0, 0x0, 0x0,  0x0,  0x0, 0x0, 0x0, 0x0, 0x0,
+            0x0,  0x0, 0x0, 0x0, 0x0, 0x0, 0x9,  0x0,  0x0, 0x0, 0x0, 0x0, 0x1,
+            0x0,  0x0, 0x0, 0x0, 0x0, 0x0, 0x0,  0x0,  0x0, 0x0, 0x0, 0x4, 0x4,
+            0x4,  0x4, 0x4, 0x4, 0x4, 0x4, 0x4,  0x4,  0x4, 0x4, 0x4, 0x4, 0x4,
+            0x4,  0x4, 0x4, 0x4, 0x4, 0x3, 0xfa, 0x4,  0x4, 0x4, 0x4, 0x4, 0x4,
+            0x4,  0x4, 0x4, 0x0, 0x0, 0x0, 0x9,  0x0,  0x0, 0x0, 0x0, 0x0, 0x1,
+            0x0,  0x0, 0x0, 0x0, 0x0, 0x0, 0x0,  0x0,  0x0, 0x0, 0x0, 0x4, 0x4,
+            0x4,  0x4, 0x4, 0x4, 0x4, 0x4, 0x4,  0x4,  0x4, 0x4, 0x4, 0x4, 0x4,
+            0x4,  0x4, 0x4, 0x4, 0x4, 0x3, 0xfa, 0x4,  0x4, 0x4, 0x4, 0x4, 0x4,
+            0x4,  0x4, 0x4, 0x4, 0x4, 0x4, 0x4,  0x4,  0x4, 0x4, 0x4, 0x4, 0x4,
+            0x4,  0x4, 0x4, 0x4, 0x4, 0x4, 0x4,  0x4,  0x4, 0x4, 0x4, 0x4, 0x4,
+            0x4,  0x4, 0x4, 0x4, 0x4, 0x4, 0x4,  0x4,  0x4, 0x4, 0x4, 0x0, 0x0,
+            0x0,  0x0, 0x0, 0x0, 0x0, 0x0, 0x4,  0x4,  0x4, 0x4, 0x4, 0x0, 0x0,
+            0x0,  0x0, 0x0, 0x0, 0x0, 0x0, 0x0,  0x0,  0x0, 0x0, 0x0, 0x0, 0x0,
+            0x0,  0x0, 0x0, 0x0, 0x0, 0x0, 0x0,  0x0,  0x0, 0x0, 0x0, 0x0, 0x0,
+            0x4,  0x4, 0x4, 0x4, 0x4, 0x4, 0x4,  0x4,  0x4, 0x4, 0x4, 0x4, 0x4,
+            0x4,  0x4, 0x4, 0x4, 0x4, 0x4, 0x4,  0x4,  0x4, 0x4, 0x4, 0x4, 0x4,
+            0x4,  0x4, 0x4, 0x4, 0x4, 0x4, 0x4,  0x4,  0x4, 0x4, 0x4, 0x4, 0x3,
+            0xfa, 0x4, 0x4, 0x4, 0x0, 0x0, 0x0,  0x55, 0x0,
+        };
+        CHECK(run_input(input, sizeof(input)) == 0);
+    }
+
+    // fail when deref some null node
+    SECTION("")
+    {
+        constexpr std::uint8_t input[] = {
+            0x0,  0x0,  0x0, 0x0,  0x0,  0x0, 0x0, 0x4,  0x0,  0x0,  0x4, 0x0,
+            0x0,  0x0,  0x0, 0x0,  0x4,  0x4, 0x4, 0x4,  0x4,  0x4,  0x0, 0x0,
+            0x4,  0x4,  0x4, 0x4,  0x4,  0x4, 0x4, 0x4,  0x4,  0x4,  0x4, 0x4,
+            0x4,  0x4,  0x4, 0x4,  0x4,  0x4, 0x4, 0x4,  0x4,  0x4,  0x4, 0x4,
+            0x4,  0x4,  0x4, 0x4,  0x4,  0x4, 0x4, 0x4,  0x0,  0x0,  0x4, 0x0,
+            0x4,  0x4,  0x4, 0xe4, 0x4,  0x4, 0x4, 0x4,  0x4,  0x4,  0x4, 0x4,
+            0x4,  0x6,  0x4, 0x4,  0x4,  0x4, 0x4, 0x4,  0x4,  0x4,  0x4, 0x4,
+            0x4,  0x4,  0x4, 0x4,  0xe5, 0x0, 0x4, 0x4,  0x4,  0x4,  0x4, 0x4,
+            0x0,  0x0,  0x4, 0x4,  0x4,  0x4, 0x4, 0x4,  0x4,  0x4,  0x4, 0x4,
+            0x4,  0x4,  0x4, 0x4,  0x4,  0x4, 0x4, 0x4,  0x4,  0x4,  0x4, 0x4,
+            0x4,  0x4,  0x4, 0x4,  0xff, 0x3, 0x4, 0x4,  0x4,  0x0,  0x0, 0x0,
+            0x0,  0x4,  0x4, 0x4,  0x4,  0x4, 0x4, 0x4,  0x4,  0x4,  0x4, 0x4,
+            0x4,  0x4,  0x4, 0x4,  0x4,  0x0, 0x0, 0x4,  0x0,  0x4,  0x4, 0x4,
+            0xe4, 0x4,  0x4, 0x4,  0x4,  0x4, 0x4, 0x4,  0x4,  0x4,  0x6, 0x4,
+            0x4,  0x4,  0x4, 0x4,  0x4,  0x4, 0x4, 0x4,  0x4,  0x4,  0x4, 0x4,
+            0x4,  0xe5, 0x0, 0x4,  0x4,  0x4, 0x4, 0x4,  0x4,  0x0,  0x0, 0x4,
+            0x4,  0x4,  0x4, 0x4,  0x4,  0x4, 0x0, 0x0,  0x4,  0x4,  0x4, 0x4,
+            0x4,  0x4,  0x4, 0x4,  0x4,  0x4, 0x4, 0x4,  0x0,  0x0,  0x0, 0x0,
+            0x4,  0x4,  0x4, 0x4,  0xe1, 0x0, 0x0, 0x80, 0x0,  0x0,  0x1, 0x6,
+            0x0,  0x0,  0x0, 0x0,  0x0,  0x4, 0x0, 0x75, 0x75, 0x45, 0x0, 0x0,
+            0x0,  0x0,  0x0, 0x0,  0x0,  0x0, 0x0, 0x0,  0x0,  0x1,  0x0, 0x0,
+            0x0,  0x75, 0x4, 0x0,
+        };
+        CHECK(run_input(input, sizeof(input)) == 0);
+    }
+    SECTION("")
+    {
+        constexpr std::uint8_t input[] = {
+            0x0,  0x0,  0x0,  0x0,  0x0,  0x0,  0x0,  0x1,  0x0,  0x0,  0x0,
+            0x0,  0x0,  0x0,  0x0,  0x0,  0x0,  0x85, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff,
+            0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0x0,  0x0,  0x0,  0x0,  0x0,  0x0,  0x0,
+            0x0,  0x0,  0x0,  0x0,  0x0,  0x0,  0x0,  0x0,  0x0,  0x0,  0x0,
+            0x0,  0x0,  0x0,  0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0x4,  0x4,  0x4,
+            0x4,  0x4,  0x4,  0x4,  0x4,  0x4,  0x4,  0x4,  0x4,  0x4,  0x4,
+            0x4,  0x4,  0x5,  0x4,  0x28, 0x4,  0x4,  0x4,  0x0,  0x4,  0x4,
+            0x4,  0x4,  0x4,  0x4,  0x4,  0x4,  0x24, 0x4,  0x4,  0x4,  0x4,
+            0x4,  0x4,  0x4,  0x4,  0x0,  0x4,  0x4,  0x4,  0x4,  0x4,  0x4,
+            0x4,  0x4,  0x4,  0x4,  0x4,  0x4,  0x4,  0x4,  0x4,  0x4,  0x4,
+            0x4,  0x4,  0x4,  0x4,  0x4,  0x4,  0x4,  0x4,  0x4,  0x4,  0x4,
+            0x4,  0x4,  0x4,  0x4,  0x4,  0x4,  0x4,  0x4,  0x4,  0x4,  0x4,
+            0x4,  0x4,  0x4,  0x4,  0x4,  0x4,  0x4,  0x4,  0x4,  0x4,  0x4,
+            0x4,  0x4,  0x4,  0x4,  0x4,  0xf3, 0x4,  0x4,  0x4,  0x4,  0x4,
+            0x4,  0x4,  0x4,  0x4,  0x4,  0x4,  0x4,  0x4,  0x4,  0x4,  0x4,
+            0x4,  0x4,  0x4,  0x4,  0x4,  0x4,  0x4,  0x4,  0x4,  0x4,  0x4,
+            0x4,  0x4,  0x4,  0x4,  0x4,  0x4,  0x4,  0x4,  0x4,  0x4,  0x4,
+            0x4,  0x4,  0x4,  0xf3, 0x4,  0x4,  0x4,  0x4,  0x4,  0x4,  0x4,
+            0x4,  0x4,  0x4,  0x4,  0x4,  0x4,  0x3,  0x4,  0x4,  0x4,  0xff,
+            0xff, 0xff, 0x0,  0x0,  0x0,  0x0,  0x0,  0x0,  0x0,  0x0,  0x0,
+            0x0,  0x0,  0x0,  0x0,  0x0,  0x0,  0x0,  0x0,  0x0,  0x0,  0x0,
+            0x0,  0x0,  0x0,  0x0,  0x0,  0x0,  0x0,  0x0,  0x0,  0xad, 0x0,
+            0x0,  0x0,  0x0,  0x0,  0x0,  0x0,  0x0,  0x0,  0x0,  0x0,  0x0,
+        };
+        CHECK(run_input(input, sizeof(input)) == 0);
+    }
+#endif
+}
diff --git a/src/immer/test/flex_vector/fuzzed-1.cpp b/src/immer/test/flex_vector/fuzzed-1.cpp
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000..0eb25e7216b6d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/immer/test/flex_vector/fuzzed-1.cpp
@@ -0,0 +1,368 @@
+//
+// immer: immutable data structures for C++
+// Copyright (C) 2016, 2017, 2018 Juan Pedro Bolivar Puente
+//
+// This software is distributed under the Boost Software License, Version 1.0.
+// See accompanying file LICENSE or copy at http://boost.org/LICENSE_1_0.txt
+//
+
+#include "extra/fuzzer/fuzzer_input.hpp"
+#include <array>
+#include <catch.hpp>
+#include <immer/flex_vector.hpp>
+#include <iostream>
+
+#define IMMER_FUZZED_TRACE_ENABLE 0
+
+#if IMMER_FUZZED_TRACE_ENABLE
+#define IMMER_FUZZED_TRACE(...) std::cout << __VA_ARGS__ << std::endl;
+#else
+#define IMMER_FUZZED_TRACE(...)
+#endif
+
+namespace {
+
+template <std::size_t VarCount = 2, unsigned Bits = 2>
+int run_input(const std::uint8_t* data, std::size_t size)
+{
+    using vector_t =
+        immer::flex_vector<int, immer::default_memory_policy, Bits, Bits>;
+    using size_t = std::uint8_t;
+
+    auto vars = std::array<vector_t, VarCount>{};
+
+#if IMMER_FUZZED_TRACE_ENABLE
+    std::cout << "/// new test run" << std::endl;
+    for (auto i = 0u; i < VarCount; ++i)
+        std::cout << "auto var" << i << " = vector_t{};" << std::endl;
+#endif
+
+    auto is_valid_var   = [&](auto idx) { return idx >= 0 && idx < VarCount; };
+    auto is_valid_index = [](auto& v) {
+        return [&](auto idx) { return idx >= 0 && idx < v.size(); };
+    };
+    auto is_valid_size = [](auto& v) {
+        return [&](auto idx) { return idx >= 0 && idx <= v.size(); };
+    };
+    auto can_concat = [](auto&& v1, auto&& v2) {
+        using size_type = decltype(v1.size());
+        return v2.size() < (std::numeric_limits<size_type>::max() - v1.size());
+    };
+    auto can_insert = [](auto&& v1) {
+        using size_type = decltype(v1.size());
+        return v1.size() < std::numeric_limits<size_type>::max();
+    };
+
+    return fuzzer_input{data, size}.run([&](auto& in) {
+        enum ops
+        {
+            op_push_back,
+            op_update,
+            op_take,
+            op_drop,
+            op_concat,
+            op_push_back_move,
+            op_update_move,
+        };
+        auto src = read<std::uint8_t>(in, is_valid_var);
+        auto dst = read<std::uint8_t>(in, is_valid_var);
+        switch (read<char>(in)) {
+        case op_push_back:
+            if (can_insert(vars[src])) {
+                IMMER_FUZZED_TRACE("var" << +dst << " = var" << +src
+                                         << ".push_back(42);");
+                vars[dst] = vars[src].push_back(42);
+            }
+            break;
+        case op_update: {
+            auto idx = read<size_t>(in, is_valid_index(vars[src]));
+            IMMER_FUZZED_TRACE("var" << +dst << " = var" << +src << ".update("
+                                     << +idx
+                                     << ", [] (auto x) { return x + 1; });");
+            vars[dst] = vars[src].update(idx, [](auto x) { return x + 1; });
+            break;
+        }
+        case op_take: {
+            auto idx = read<size_t>(in, is_valid_size(vars[src]));
+            IMMER_FUZZED_TRACE("var" << +dst << " = var" << +src << ".take("
+                                     << +idx << ");");
+            vars[dst] = vars[src].take(idx);
+            break;
+        }
+        case op_drop: {
+            auto idx = read<size_t>(in, is_valid_size(vars[src]));
+            IMMER_FUZZED_TRACE("var" << +dst << " = var" << +src << ".take("
+                                     << +idx << ");");
+            vars[dst] = vars[src].drop(idx);
+            break;
+        }
+        case op_concat: {
+            auto src2 = read<std::uint8_t>(in, is_valid_var);
+            if (can_concat(vars[src], vars[src2])) {
+                IMMER_FUZZED_TRACE("var" << +dst << " = var" << +src << " + var"
+                                         << +src2 << ";");
+                vars[dst] = vars[src] + vars[src2];
+            }
+            break;
+        }
+        case op_push_back_move: {
+            if (can_insert(vars[src])) {
+                IMMER_FUZZED_TRACE("var" << +dst << " = std::move(var" << +src
+                                         << ").push_back(21);");
+                vars[dst] = std::move(vars[src]).push_back(21);
+            }
+            break;
+        }
+        case op_update_move: {
+            auto idx = read<size_t>(in, is_valid_index(vars[src]));
+            IMMER_FUZZED_TRACE("var" << +dst << " = std::move(var" << +src
+                                     << ").update(" << +idx
+                                     << ", [] (auto x) { return x + 1; });");
+            vars[dst] =
+                std::move(vars[src]).update(idx, [](auto x) { return x + 1; });
+            break;
+        }
+        default:
+            break;
+        };
+        return true;
+    });
+}
+
+} // anonymous namespace
+
+TEST_CASE("bug: memory leak because of move update")
+{
+    // There was a problem caused with shared "sizes buffer" in
+    // relaxed nodes.  In particular, the ensure_mutable_relaxed(...)
+    // function was not decremeting the old sizes buffer. That is why
+    // the last transient push_back (which uses mutable operations)
+    // causes some of the relaxed buffers that are created during the
+    // previous concatenations, and that start to be shared from the
+    // update() onwards, to later be leaked.
+    SECTION("simplified")
+    {
+        using vector_t =
+            immer::flex_vector<int, immer::default_memory_policy, 2, 2>;
+        auto var0 = vector_t{};
+        auto var1 = vector_t{};
+        var0      = var0.push_back(42);
+        var0      = var0.push_back(42);
+        var0      = var0.push_back(42);
+        var0      = var0 + var0;
+        var1      = var0.push_back(42);
+        var0      = var0 + var1;
+        var1      = var0.push_back(42);
+        var0      = var0 + var0;
+        var0      = var1 + var0;
+        var0      = var1.update(5, [](auto x) { return x + 1; });
+        var0      = std::move(var0).push_back(21);
+    }
+
+#if __GNUC__ != 9 && __GNUC__ != 8
+    SECTION("")
+    {
+        constexpr std::uint8_t input[] = {
+            0xff, 0x0,  0xff, 0x0, 0x0,  0x0,  0x0,  0x0,  0x0,  0x0, 0x0,
+            0x40, 0x0,  0x0,  0x4, 0x0,  0x6d, 0x6d, 0x0,  0x1,  0x0, 0x4,
+            0x6d, 0x6d, 0x6d, 0x0, 0x0,  0x4,  0x1,  0x6d, 0x6d, 0x0, 0x1,
+            0x0,  0x0,  0x0,  0x4, 0x28, 0x0,  0xfc, 0x1,  0x0,  0x4, 0x0,
+            0x0,  0x0,  0xfc, 0x1, 0x0,  0x1,  0x5,  0x0,  0x0,  0x1, 0x5,
+            0x0,  0x0,  0x5,  0x0, 0x0,  0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0x27,
+        };
+        CHECK(run_input(input, sizeof(input)) == 0);
+    }
+#endif
+}
+
+TEST_CASE("non-bug: crash")
+{
+    // This is an interesting finding that is left here for
+    // documentation.  This test actually should not run... the
+    // problem is that when we build too large vectors via
+    // concatenation, we can sometimes "overflow the shift".  This is
+    // a degenerate case that we won't fix, but this helped adding
+    // appropriate assertions to the code.
+    //
+    // To prevent this in further fuzzing, the can_concat check has
+    // been made stricter.
+    return;
+
+    SECTION("simplified")
+    {
+        using vector_t =
+            immer::flex_vector<int, immer::default_memory_policy, 2, 2>;
+        auto var4 = vector_t{};
+        var4      = var4.push_back(42);
+        var4      = var4.push_back(42);
+        var4      = var4.push_back(42);
+        var4      = var4.push_back(42);
+        var4      = var4.push_back(42);
+        auto var0 = var4;
+        var4      = var4 + var4;
+        var4      = var4 + var4;
+        var4      = var4 + var4;
+        var4      = var4 + var4;
+        var4      = var4 + var4;
+        var4      = var4 + var4;
+        var4      = var4 + var4;
+        var4      = var4 + var4;
+        var4      = var4 + var4;
+        var4      = var4 + var4;
+        var4      = var4 + var4;
+        var4      = var4 + var4;
+        var4      = var4 + var4;
+        var4      = var4 + var4;
+        var4      = var4 + var4;
+        var4      = var4 + var4;
+        var4      = var4 + var4;
+        var4      = var4 + var4;
+        var4      = var4 + var4;
+        var4      = var4 + var4;
+        var4      = var4 + var4;
+        var4      = var4 + var4;
+        var4      = var4 + var4;
+        var4      = var4 + var4;
+        var4      = var4 + var4;
+        var4      = var4 + var4;
+        var4      = var4 + var4;
+        var4      = var4 + var4;
+        var4      = var4 + var4;
+        var4      = var4 + var4;
+        var4      = var4 + var4;
+        var4      = var4 + var4;
+        var4      = var4 + var4;
+        var4      = var4 + var4;
+        var4      = var4 + var4;
+        var4      = var0 + var4;
+        var4      = var4 + var4;
+        var4      = var4 + var4;
+        var4      = var4 + var4;
+        var4      = var4 + var4;
+        var4      = var4 + var4;
+        var4      = var4 + var4;
+        var4      = var4 + var4;
+        var4      = var4 + var4;
+        var4      = var4 + var4;
+        var4      = var4 + var4;
+        var4      = var4 + var4;
+        var4      = var4 + var4;
+        var4      = var4 + var4;
+        var4      = var4 + var4;
+        var4      = var4 + var4;
+        var4      = var4 + var4;
+        var4      = var4 + var4;
+        var4      = var4 + var4;
+        var4      = var4 + var4;
+        var4      = var4 + var4;
+        var4      = var4 + var4;
+        var4      = var4 + var4;
+        var4      = var4 + var4;
+        var4      = var4 + var4;
+        var4      = var4 + var4;
+        var4      = var4 + var4;
+        var4      = var4.update(4, [](auto x) { return x + 1; });
+    }
+#if __GNUC__ != 9 && __GNUC__ != 8
+    SECTION("")
+    {
+        constexpr std::uint8_t input[] = {
+            0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x23, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00,
+            0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00,
+            0x00, 0x01, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00,
+            0x00, 0x04, 0x04, 0x04, 0x04, 0x04, 0x04, 0x04, 0x04, 0x04, 0x00,
+            0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x04, 0x04, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00,
+            0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x04, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00,
+            0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00,
+            0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x04, 0x04, 0x04, 0x04, 0x04, 0x04,
+            0x04, 0x00, 0x04, 0x04, 0x04, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x04, 0x04,
+            0x04, 0x04, 0x04, 0x04, 0x04, 0x04, 0x04, 0x04, 0x04, 0x04, 0x04,
+            0x04, 0x04, 0x04, 0x04, 0x04, 0x04, 0x04, 0x04, 0x00, 0x2a, 0x00,
+            0x00, 0x04, 0x04, 0x04, 0x04, 0x04, 0x04, 0x04, 0x04, 0x04, 0x04,
+            0x04, 0x04, 0x04, 0x04, 0xfc, 0xf9, 0x04, 0x04, 0x04, 0x04, 0x04,
+            0x04, 0x04, 0x04, 0x04, 0x05, 0x04, 0x04, 0x04, 0x04, 0x04, 0x04,
+            0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x23, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00,
+            0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00,
+            0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00,
+            0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x04, 0x04, 0x04, 0x04, 0x04, 0x04, 0x04, 0x04,
+            0x04, 0x04, 0x04, 0x04, 0x04, 0x04, 0x04, 0x04, 0x04, 0x04, 0x04,
+            0x04, 0x04, 0x04, 0x04, 0x04, 0x04, 0x04, 0x05, 0x04, 0x04, 0x04,
+            0x04, 0x04, 0x04, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x23, 0x00, 0x00,
+            0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x04, 0x04, 0x04, 0x04, 0x04,
+            0x04, 0x04, 0x04, 0x04, 0x04, 0x04, 0x04, 0x04, 0x04, 0x04, 0x04,
+            0x04, 0x04, 0x04, 0x04, 0x04, 0x04, 0x04, 0x04, 0x04, 0x05, 0x04,
+            0x04, 0x04, 0x04, 0x04, 0x04, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x23,
+            0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00,
+            0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00,
+            0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x04, 0x04, 0x04,
+            0x04, 0x04, 0x04, 0x04, 0x00, 0x04, 0x04, 0x04, 0x04, 0x04, 0x04,
+            0x04, 0x04, 0x04, 0x04, 0x04, 0xd5, 0x04, 0x04, 0x04, 0x04, 0x04,
+            0x04, 0x04, 0x04, 0x04, 0x04, 0x04, 0x04, 0x04, 0x05, 0x04, 0x04,
+            0x04, 0x04, 0x04, 0x04, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x23, 0x00,
+            0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00,
+            0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00,
+            0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x04, 0x04, 0x04, 0x04,
+            0x04, 0x04, 0x04, 0x04, 0x04, 0x04, 0x04, 0x04, 0x04, 0x00, 0x00,
+            0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00,
+            0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x04, 0x04, 0x04, 0x04, 0x04, 0x04, 0x04, 0x04,
+            0x04, 0x04, 0x04, 0x00, 0x01, 0x04, 0x04, 0x04, 0x04, 0x04, 0x04,
+            0x04, 0x04, 0x04, 0x04, 0x04, 0x05, 0x04, 0x04, 0x04, 0x04, 0x04,
+            0x04, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x23, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00,
+            0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x04, 0x04, 0x04, 0x04, 0x04, 0x04, 0x00,
+            0x01, 0x04, 0x04, 0x04, 0x04, 0x04, 0x04, 0x04, 0x04, 0x04, 0x04,
+            0x04, 0x05, 0x04, 0x04, 0x04, 0x04, 0x04, 0x04, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00,
+            0x00, 0x00, 0x23, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x04, 0x00, 0x00,
+            0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x3a,
+            0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00,
+            0x00, 0x00, 0x21, 0x04, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x04, 0x04,
+            0x04, 0x04, 0x04, 0x00, 0x04, 0x04, 0x00, 0x00, 0x04, 0x00, 0x00,
+            0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x04, 0x00, 0x04, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00,
+            0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff,
+            0xff, 0xff, 0x13, 0x13, 0x13, 0x13, 0x13, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00,
+            0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x01, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00,
+            0x00, 0x00, 0x29, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0xff, 0xff, 0x00, 0x00,
+            0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00,
+            0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x03, 0x03, 0x03, 0x03, 0x03, 0x03, 0x03,
+            0x03, 0x03, 0x03, 0x03, 0x03, 0x03, 0x03, 0x03, 0x03, 0x03, 0x03,
+            0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x21, 0x00, 0x10, 0x00,
+            0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x04, 0x04, 0x04, 0x04, 0x04, 0x04, 0x04,
+            0x04, 0x04, 0x04, 0x04, 0x04, 0x04, 0x04, 0x04, 0x04, 0x04, 0x04,
+            0x04, 0x04, 0x04, 0x04, 0x04, 0x04, 0x05, 0x04, 0x04, 0x04, 0x04,
+            0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00,
+            0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x3a, 0x00, 0x02, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00,
+            0x04, 0x00, 0x00, 0x04, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x23, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00,
+            0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00,
+            0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x04, 0x04, 0x04, 0x04, 0x04,
+            0x04, 0x04, 0x04, 0x04, 0x04, 0x04, 0x04, 0x04, 0x04, 0x04, 0x04,
+            0x04, 0x04, 0x04, 0x04, 0x04, 0x04, 0x04, 0x04, 0x04, 0x05, 0x04,
+            0x04, 0x04, 0x04, 0x04, 0x04, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x23,
+            0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0xff, 0xff,
+            0xff, 0xff, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00,
+            0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x04, 0x04, 0x04,
+            0x04, 0x04, 0x04, 0x04, 0x00, 0x04, 0x04, 0x04, 0x04, 0x04, 0x04,
+            0x04, 0x04, 0x04, 0x04, 0x04, 0x04, 0x04, 0x04, 0x04, 0x04, 0x04,
+            0x04, 0x04, 0x04, 0x04, 0x04, 0x04, 0x04, 0x04, 0x05, 0x04, 0x04,
+            0x04, 0x04, 0x04, 0x04, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x23, 0x00,
+            0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00,
+            0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00,
+            0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x04, 0x04, 0x04, 0x04,
+            0x04, 0x04, 0x04, 0x04, 0x04, 0x04, 0x04, 0x04, 0x04, 0x00, 0x01,
+            0x04, 0x04, 0x04, 0x04, 0x04, 0x04, 0x04, 0x04, 0x04, 0x04, 0x04,
+            0x05, 0x04, 0x04, 0x04, 0x04, 0x04, 0x04, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00,
+            0x00, 0x23, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x04,
+            0x04, 0x04, 0x04, 0x04, 0x04, 0x00, 0x01, 0x04, 0x04, 0x04, 0x04,
+            0x04, 0x04, 0x04, 0x04, 0x04, 0x04, 0x04, 0x05, 0x04, 0x04, 0x04,
+            0x04, 0x04, 0x04, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x23, 0x00, 0x00,
+            0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00,
+            0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x3a, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00,
+            0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x21, 0x04, 0x00, 0x00,
+            0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x04, 0x01, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00,
+            0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x23, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00,
+            0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0x04, 0x04, 0x04,
+            0x04, 0x04, 0x04, 0x04, 0x04, 0x04, 0x04, 0x04, 0x04, 0x04, 0x04,
+            0x00,
+        };
+        CHECK(run_input<8>(input, sizeof(input)) == 0);
+    }
+#endif
+}
diff --git a/src/immer/test/flex_vector/fuzzed-2.cpp b/src/immer/test/flex_vector/fuzzed-2.cpp
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000..2ca33b12b9561
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/immer/test/flex_vector/fuzzed-2.cpp
@@ -0,0 +1,188 @@
+//
+// immer: immutable data structures for C++
+// Copyright (C) 2016, 2017, 2018 Juan Pedro Bolivar Puente
+//
+// This software is distributed under the Boost Software License, Version 1.0.
+// See accompanying file LICENSE or copy at http://boost.org/LICENSE_1_0.txt
+//
+
+#include "extra/fuzzer/fuzzer_input.hpp"
+#include <array>
+#include <catch.hpp>
+#include <immer/flex_vector.hpp>
+#include <iostream>
+
+#define IMMER_FUZZED_TRACE_ENABLE 0
+
+#if IMMER_FUZZED_TRACE_ENABLE
+#define IMMER_FUZZED_TRACE(...) std::cout << __VA_ARGS__ << std::endl;
+#else
+#define IMMER_FUZZED_TRACE(...)
+#endif
+
+namespace {
+
+template <std::size_t VarCount = 2, unsigned Bits = 2>
+int run_input(const std::uint8_t* data, std::size_t size)
+{
+    using vector_t =
+        immer::flex_vector<int, immer::default_memory_policy, Bits, Bits>;
+    using size_t = std::uint8_t;
+
+    auto vars = std::array<vector_t, VarCount>{};
+
+#if IMMER_FUZZED_TRACE_ENABLE
+    std::cout << "/// new test run" << std::endl;
+    for (auto i = 0u; i < VarCount; ++i)
+        std::cout << "auto var" << i << " = vector_t{};" << std::endl;
+#endif
+
+    auto is_valid_var   = [&](auto idx) { return idx >= 0 && idx < VarCount; };
+    auto is_valid_index = [](auto& v) {
+        return [&](auto idx) { return idx >= 0 && idx < v.size(); };
+    };
+    auto is_valid_size = [](auto& v) {
+        return [&](auto idx) { return idx >= 0 && idx <= v.size(); };
+    };
+    auto can_concat = [](auto&& v1, auto&& v2) {
+        using size_type = decltype(v1.size());
+        return v2.size() < (std::numeric_limits<size_type>::max() - v1.size());
+    };
+    auto can_insert = [](auto&& v1) {
+        using size_type = decltype(v1.size());
+        return v1.size() < std::numeric_limits<size_type>::max();
+    };
+
+    return fuzzer_input{data, size}.run([&](auto& in) {
+        enum ops
+        {
+            op_push_back,
+            op_update,
+            op_take,
+            op_drop,
+            op_concat,
+            op_push_back_move,
+            op_update_move,
+            op_take_move,
+            op_drop_move,
+        };
+        auto src = read<std::uint8_t>(in, is_valid_var);
+        auto dst = read<std::uint8_t>(in, is_valid_var);
+        switch (read<char>(in)) {
+        case op_push_back:
+            if (can_insert(vars[src])) {
+                IMMER_FUZZED_TRACE("var" << +dst << " = var" << +src
+                                         << ".push_back(42);");
+                vars[dst] = vars[src].push_back(42);
+            }
+            break;
+        case op_update: {
+            auto idx = read<size_t>(in, is_valid_index(vars[src]));
+            IMMER_FUZZED_TRACE("var" << +dst << " = var" << +src << ".update("
+                                     << +idx
+                                     << ", [] (auto x) { return x + 1; });");
+            vars[dst] = vars[src].update(idx, [](auto x) { return x + 1; });
+            break;
+        }
+        case op_take: {
+            auto idx = read<size_t>(in, is_valid_size(vars[src]));
+            IMMER_FUZZED_TRACE("var" << +dst << " = var" << +src << ".take("
+                                     << +idx << ");");
+            vars[dst] = vars[src].take(idx);
+            break;
+        }
+        case op_drop: {
+            auto idx = read<size_t>(in, is_valid_size(vars[src]));
+            IMMER_FUZZED_TRACE("var" << +dst << " = var" << +src << ".take("
+                                     << +idx << ");");
+            vars[dst] = vars[src].drop(idx);
+            break;
+        }
+        case op_concat: {
+            auto src2 = read<std::uint8_t>(in, is_valid_var);
+            if (can_concat(vars[src], vars[src2])) {
+                IMMER_FUZZED_TRACE("var" << +dst << " = var" << +src << " + var"
+                                         << +src2 << ";");
+                vars[dst] = vars[src] + vars[src2];
+            }
+            break;
+        }
+        case op_push_back_move: {
+            if (can_insert(vars[src])) {
+                IMMER_FUZZED_TRACE("var" << +dst << " = std::move(var" << +src
+                                         << ").push_back(21);");
+                vars[dst] = std::move(vars[src]).push_back(21);
+            }
+            break;
+        }
+        case op_update_move: {
+            auto idx = read<size_t>(in, is_valid_index(vars[src]));
+            IMMER_FUZZED_TRACE("var" << +dst << " = std::move(var" << +src
+                                     << ").update(" << +idx
+                                     << ", [] (auto x) { return x + 1; });");
+            vars[dst] =
+                std::move(vars[src]).update(idx, [](auto x) { return x + 1; });
+            break;
+        }
+        case op_take_move: {
+            auto idx = read<size_t>(in, is_valid_size(vars[src]));
+            IMMER_FUZZED_TRACE("var" << +dst << " = std::move(var" << +src
+                                     << ").take(" << +idx << ");");
+            vars[dst] = std::move(vars[src]).take(idx);
+            break;
+        }
+        case op_drop_move: {
+            auto idx = read<size_t>(in, is_valid_size(vars[src]));
+            IMMER_FUZZED_TRACE("var" << +dst << " = std::move(var" << +src
+                                     << ").drop(" << +idx << ");");
+            vars[dst] = std::move(vars[src]).drop(idx);
+            break;
+        }
+        default:
+            break;
+        };
+        return true;
+    });
+}
+
+} // anonymous namespace
+
+TEST_CASE("bug: use after free on move-take")
+{
+    SECTION("")
+    {
+        using vector_t =
+            immer::flex_vector<int, immer::default_memory_policy, 2, 2>;
+        auto var0 = vector_t{};
+        auto var1 = vector_t{};
+        var0      = var0.push_back(42);
+        var0      = var0.push_back(42);
+        var0      = var0.push_back(42);
+        var0      = var0.push_back(42);
+        var0      = var0 + var0;
+        var0      = var0 + var0;
+        var0      = var0 + var0;
+        var0      = var0 + var0;
+        var0      = var0.push_back(42);
+        var0      = var0.push_back(42);
+        var0      = var0.push_back(42);
+        var0      = var0.push_back(42);
+        var0      = var0.push_back(42);
+        var1      = var0.push_back(42);
+        var0      = std::move(var0).take(68);
+    }
+
+#if __GNUC__ != 9 && __GNUC__ != 8
+    SECTION("")
+    {
+        constexpr std::uint8_t input[] = {
+            0x0, 0x0,  0x0, 0x0, 0x0, 0x0, 0x0, 0x0, 0x1,  0x0,  0x0, 0x0, 0x0,
+            0x0, 0x40, 0x0, 0x0, 0x0, 0x0, 0x4, 0x4, 0x0,  0x0,  0x0, 0x4, 0x0,
+            0x0, 0x0,  0x4, 0x0, 0x0, 0x0, 0x4, 0x0, 0x0,  0x4,  0x0, 0x0, 0x0,
+            0x4, 0x0,  0x0, 0x0, 0x4, 0x0, 0x0, 0x0, 0x4,  0x0,  0x0, 0x0, 0x4,
+            0x0, 0x0,  0x0, 0x1, 0x0, 0x0, 0x0, 0x7, 0x41, 0xb5, 0x0, 0x0,
+        };
+        CHECK(run_input(input, sizeof(input)) == 0);
+    }
+#endif
+}
diff --git a/src/immer/test/flex_vector/fuzzed-3.cpp b/src/immer/test/flex_vector/fuzzed-3.cpp
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000..6b020e6bdd709
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/immer/test/flex_vector/fuzzed-3.cpp
@@ -0,0 +1,222 @@
+//
+// immer: immutable data structures for C++
+// Copyright (C) 2016, 2017, 2018 Juan Pedro Bolivar Puente
+//
+// This software is distributed under the Boost Software License, Version 1.0.
+// See accompanying file LICENSE or copy at http://boost.org/LICENSE_1_0.txt
+//
+
+#include "extra/fuzzer/fuzzer_input.hpp"
+#include <array>
+#include <catch.hpp>
+#include <immer/flex_vector.hpp>
+#include <iostream>
+
+#define IMMER_FUZZED_TRACE_ENABLE 0
+
+#if IMMER_FUZZED_TRACE_ENABLE
+#define IMMER_FUZZED_TRACE(...) std::cout << __VA_ARGS__ << std::endl;
+#else
+#define IMMER_FUZZED_TRACE(...)
+#endif
+
+namespace {
+
+template <std::size_t VarCount = 2, unsigned Bits = 2>
+int run_input(const std::uint8_t* data, std::size_t size)
+{
+    using vector_t =
+        immer::flex_vector<int, immer::default_memory_policy, Bits, Bits>;
+    using size_t = std::uint8_t;
+
+    auto vars = std::array<vector_t, VarCount>{};
+
+#if IMMER_FUZZED_TRACE_ENABLE
+    std::cout << "/// new test run" << std::endl;
+    for (auto i = 0u; i < VarCount; ++i)
+        std::cout << "auto var" << i << " = vector_t{};" << std::endl;
+#endif
+
+    auto is_valid_var = [&](auto idx) { return idx >= 0 && idx < VarCount; };
+    auto is_valid_var_neq = [](auto other) {
+        return [=](auto idx) {
+            return idx >= 0 && idx < VarCount && idx != other;
+        };
+    };
+    auto is_valid_index = [](auto& v) {
+        return [&](auto idx) { return idx >= 0 && idx < v.size(); };
+    };
+    auto is_valid_size = [](auto& v) {
+        return [&](auto idx) { return idx >= 0 && idx <= v.size(); };
+    };
+    auto can_concat = [](auto&& v1, auto&& v2) {
+        using size_type = decltype(v1.size());
+        return v2.size() < (std::numeric_limits<size_type>::max() - v1.size());
+    };
+    auto can_insert = [](auto&& v1) {
+        using size_type = decltype(v1.size());
+        return v1.size() < std::numeric_limits<size_type>::max();
+    };
+
+    return fuzzer_input{data, size}.run([&](auto& in) {
+        enum ops
+        {
+            op_push_back,
+            op_update,
+            op_take,
+            op_drop,
+            op_concat,
+            op_push_back_move,
+            op_update_move,
+            op_take_move,
+            op_drop_move,
+            op_concat_move_l,
+            op_concat_move_r,
+            op_concat_move_lr,
+        };
+        auto src = read<std::uint8_t>(in, is_valid_var);
+        auto dst = read<std::uint8_t>(in, is_valid_var);
+        switch (read<char>(in)) {
+        case op_push_back:
+            if (can_insert(vars[src])) {
+                IMMER_FUZZED_TRACE("var" << +dst << " = var" << +src
+                                         << ".push_back(42);");
+                vars[dst] = vars[src].push_back(42);
+            }
+            break;
+        case op_update: {
+            auto idx = read<size_t>(in, is_valid_index(vars[src]));
+            IMMER_FUZZED_TRACE("var" << +dst << " = var" << +src << ".update("
+                                     << +idx
+                                     << ", [] (auto x) { return x + 1; });");
+            vars[dst] = vars[src].update(idx, [](auto x) { return x + 1; });
+            break;
+        }
+        case op_take: {
+            auto idx = read<size_t>(in, is_valid_size(vars[src]));
+            IMMER_FUZZED_TRACE("var" << +dst << " = var" << +src << ".take("
+                                     << +idx << ");");
+            vars[dst] = vars[src].take(idx);
+            break;
+        }
+        case op_drop: {
+            auto idx = read<size_t>(in, is_valid_size(vars[src]));
+            IMMER_FUZZED_TRACE("var" << +dst << " = var" << +src << ".take("
+                                     << +idx << ");");
+            vars[dst] = vars[src].drop(idx);
+            break;
+        }
+        case op_concat: {
+            auto src2 = read<std::uint8_t>(in, is_valid_var);
+            if (can_concat(vars[src], vars[src2])) {
+                IMMER_FUZZED_TRACE("var" << +dst << " = var" << +src << " + var"
+                                         << +src2 << ";");
+                vars[dst] = vars[src] + vars[src2];
+            }
+            break;
+        }
+        case op_push_back_move: {
+            if (can_insert(vars[src])) {
+                IMMER_FUZZED_TRACE("var" << +dst << " = std::move(var" << +src
+                                         << ").push_back(21);");
+                vars[dst] = std::move(vars[src]).push_back(21);
+            }
+            break;
+        }
+        case op_update_move: {
+            auto idx = read<size_t>(in, is_valid_index(vars[src]));
+            IMMER_FUZZED_TRACE("var" << +dst << " = std::move(var" << +src
+                                     << ").update(" << +idx
+                                     << ", [] (auto x) { return x + 1; });");
+            vars[dst] =
+                std::move(vars[src]).update(idx, [](auto x) { return x + 1; });
+            break;
+        }
+        case op_take_move: {
+            auto idx = read<size_t>(in, is_valid_size(vars[src]));
+            IMMER_FUZZED_TRACE("var" << +dst << " = std::move(var" << +src
+                                     << ").take(" << +idx << ");");
+            vars[dst] = std::move(vars[src]).take(idx);
+            break;
+        }
+        case op_drop_move: {
+            auto idx = read<size_t>(in, is_valid_size(vars[src]));
+            IMMER_FUZZED_TRACE("var" << +dst << " = std::move(var" << +src
+                                     << ").drop(" << +idx << ");");
+            vars[dst] = std::move(vars[src]).drop(idx);
+            break;
+        }
+        case op_concat_move_l: {
+            auto src2 = read<std::uint8_t>(in, is_valid_var_neq(src));
+            if (can_concat(vars[src], vars[src2])) {
+                IMMER_FUZZED_TRACE("var" << +dst << " = std::move(var" << +src
+                                         << ") + var" << +src2 << ";");
+                vars[dst] = std::move(vars[src]) + vars[src2];
+            }
+            break;
+        }
+        case op_concat_move_r: {
+            auto src2 = read<std::uint8_t>(in, is_valid_var_neq(src));
+            if (can_concat(vars[src], vars[src2])) {
+                IMMER_FUZZED_TRACE("var" << +dst << " = var" << +src
+                                         << " + std::move(var" << +src2
+                                         << ");");
+                vars[dst] = vars[src] + std::move(vars[src2]);
+            }
+            break;
+        }
+        case op_concat_move_lr: {
+            auto src2 = read<std::uint8_t>(in, is_valid_var_neq(src));
+            if (can_concat(vars[src], vars[src2])) {
+                IMMER_FUZZED_TRACE("var" << +dst << " = std::move(var" << +src
+                                         << ") + std::move(var" << +src2
+                                         << ");");
+                vars[dst] = std::move(vars[src]) + std::move(vars[src2]);
+            }
+            break;
+        }
+        default:
+            break;
+        };
+        return true;
+    });
+}
+
+} // namespace
+
+TEST_CASE("bug: concat with moving the right side")
+{
+    // This was a stupid bug on the concatenation of small vectors
+    // when moving one of the sides.
+    SECTION("simplified")
+    {
+        using vector_t =
+            immer::flex_vector<int, immer::default_memory_policy, 2, 2>;
+        auto var0 = vector_t{};
+        auto var1 = vector_t{};
+        var0      = var0.push_back(42);
+        var0      = var0.push_back(42);
+        var0      = var0.push_back(42);
+        var1      = var0.push_back(42);
+        var0      = var0 + var0;
+        var0      = var0.push_back(42);
+        var0      = var0 + var1;
+        var0      = var0 + var0;
+        var0      = var0 + std::move(var1);
+    }
+
+#if __GNUC__ != 9 && __GNUC__ != 8
+    SECTION("vm")
+    {
+        constexpr std::uint8_t input[] = {
+            0x0,  0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0x0,
+            0x0,  0x0,  0x0,  0x1,  0x0,  0x40, 0x28, 0x0,  0x4,  0x3f,
+            0x20, 0x0,  0x0,  0x4,  0x3f, 0x8,  0x0,  0x0,  0x0,  0x0,
+            0x1,  0x0,  0x0,  0x0,  0x4,  0x3f, 0x0,  0x0,  0x40, 0x0,
+            0x0,  0x0,  0x0,  0x4,  0x3f, 0x1,  0x0,  0x0,  0x4,  0x3f,
+            0x0,  0x0,  0xff, 0x0,  0xa,  0x1,  0x0,  0xff, 0x0,  0x0,
+        };
+        CHECK(run_input(input, sizeof(input)) == 0);
+    }
+#endif
+}
diff --git a/src/immer/test/flex_vector/fuzzed-4.cpp b/src/immer/test/flex_vector/fuzzed-4.cpp
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000..3df3c6fb46c82
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/immer/test/flex_vector/fuzzed-4.cpp
@@ -0,0 +1,365 @@
+//
+// immer: immutable data structures for C++
+// Copyright (C) 2016, 2017, 2018 Juan Pedro Bolivar Puente
+//
+// This software is distributed under the Boost Software License, Version 1.0.
+// See accompanying file LICENSE or copy at http://boost.org/LICENSE_1_0.txt
+//
+
+#include "extra/fuzzer/fuzzer_input.hpp"
+#include <array>
+#include <catch.hpp>
+#include <immer/flex_vector.hpp>
+#include <immer/flex_vector_transient.hpp>
+#include <immer/heap/gc_heap.hpp>
+#include <immer/refcount/no_refcount_policy.hpp>
+#include <iostream>
+
+#define IMMER_FUZZED_TRACE_ENABLE 0
+
+#if IMMER_FUZZED_TRACE_ENABLE
+#define IMMER_FUZZED_TRACE(...) std::cout << __VA_ARGS__ << std::endl;
+#else
+#define IMMER_FUZZED_TRACE(...)
+#endif
+
+using gc_memory = immer::memory_policy<immer::heap_policy<immer::gc_heap>,
+                                       immer::no_refcount_policy,
+                                       immer::default_lock_policy,
+                                       immer::gc_transience_policy,
+                                       false>;
+
+namespace {
+
+template <std::size_t VarCount = 4, unsigned Bits = 2>
+int run_input(const std::uint8_t* data, std::size_t size)
+{
+    using vector_t    = immer::flex_vector<int, gc_memory, Bits, Bits>;
+    using transient_t = typename vector_t::transient_type;
+    using size_t      = std::uint8_t;
+
+    auto vs = std::array<vector_t, VarCount>{};
+    auto ts = std::array<transient_t, VarCount>{};
+
+#if IMMER_FUZZED_TRACE_ENABLE
+    std::cout << "/// new test run" << std::endl;
+    for (auto i = 0; i < VarCount; ++i)
+        std::cout << "auto v" << i << " = vector_t{};" << std::endl;
+    for (auto i = 0; i < VarCount; ++i)
+        std::cout << "auto t" << i << " = transient_t{};" << std::endl;
+#endif
+
+    auto is_valid_var = [&](auto idx) { return idx >= 0 && idx < VarCount; };
+    auto is_valid_var_neq = [](auto other) {
+        return [=](auto idx) {
+            return idx >= 0 && idx < VarCount && idx != other;
+        };
+    };
+    auto is_valid_index = [](auto& v) {
+        return [&](auto idx) { return idx >= 0 && idx < v.size(); };
+    };
+    auto is_valid_size = [](auto& v) {
+        return [&](auto idx) { return idx >= 0 && idx <= v.size(); };
+    };
+    auto can_concat = [](auto&& v1, auto&& v2) {
+        using size_type = decltype(v1.size());
+        auto max        = std::numeric_limits<size_type>::max() >> (Bits * 4);
+        return v1.size() < max && v2.size() < max;
+    };
+
+    return fuzzer_input{data, size}.run([&](auto& in) {
+        enum ops
+        {
+            op_transient,
+            op_persistent,
+            op_push_back,
+            op_update,
+            op_take,
+            op_drop,
+            op_concat,
+            op_push_back_mut,
+            op_update_mut,
+            op_take_mut,
+            op_drop_mut,
+            op_prepend_mut,
+            op_prepend_mut_move,
+            op_append_mut,
+            op_append_mut_move,
+        };
+        auto dst = read<std::uint8_t>(in, is_valid_var);
+        switch (read<char>(in)) {
+        case op_transient: {
+            auto src = read<std::uint8_t>(in, is_valid_var);
+            IMMER_FUZZED_TRACE("t" << +dst << " = v" << +src
+                                   << ".transient();");
+            ts[dst] = vs[src].transient();
+            break;
+        }
+        case op_persistent: {
+            auto src = read<std::uint8_t>(in, is_valid_var);
+            IMMER_FUZZED_TRACE("v" << +dst << " = t" << +src
+                                   << ".persistent();");
+            vs[dst] = ts[src].persistent();
+            break;
+        }
+        case op_push_back: {
+            auto src = read<std::uint8_t>(in, is_valid_var);
+            IMMER_FUZZED_TRACE("v" << +dst << " = v" << +src
+                                   << ".push_back(42);");
+            vs[dst] = vs[src].push_back(42);
+            break;
+        }
+        case op_update: {
+            auto src = read<std::uint8_t>(in, is_valid_var);
+            auto idx = read<size_t>(in, is_valid_index(vs[src]));
+            IMMER_FUZZED_TRACE("v" << +dst << " = v" << +src << ".update("
+                                   << +idx
+                                   << ", [] (auto x) { return x + 1; });");
+            vs[dst] = vs[src].update(idx, [](auto x) { return x + 1; });
+            break;
+        }
+        case op_take: {
+            auto src = read<std::uint8_t>(in, is_valid_var);
+            auto idx = read<size_t>(in, is_valid_size(vs[src]));
+            IMMER_FUZZED_TRACE("v" << +dst << " = v" << +src << ".take(" << +idx
+                                   << ");");
+            vs[dst] = vs[src].take(idx);
+            break;
+        }
+        case op_drop: {
+            auto src = read<std::uint8_t>(in, is_valid_var);
+            auto idx = read<size_t>(in, is_valid_size(vs[src]));
+            IMMER_FUZZED_TRACE("v" << +dst << " = v" << +src << ".take(" << +idx
+                                   << ");");
+            vs[dst] = vs[src].drop(idx);
+            break;
+        }
+        case op_concat: {
+            auto src  = read<std::uint8_t>(in, is_valid_var);
+            auto src2 = read<std::uint8_t>(in, is_valid_var);
+            if (can_concat(vs[src], vs[src2])) {
+                IMMER_FUZZED_TRACE("v" << +dst << " = v" << +src << " + v"
+                                       << +src2 << ";");
+                vs[dst] = vs[src] + vs[src2];
+            }
+            break;
+        }
+        case op_push_back_mut: {
+            IMMER_FUZZED_TRACE("t" << +dst << ".push_back(13);");
+            ts[dst].push_back(13);
+            break;
+        }
+        case op_update_mut: {
+            auto idx = read<size_t>(in, is_valid_index(ts[dst]));
+            IMMER_FUZZED_TRACE("t" << +dst << ".update(" << +idx
+                                   << ", [] (auto x) { return x + 1; });");
+            ts[dst].update(idx, [](auto x) { return x + 1; });
+            break;
+        }
+        case op_take_mut: {
+            auto idx = read<size_t>(in, is_valid_size(ts[dst]));
+            IMMER_FUZZED_TRACE("t" << +dst << ").take(" << +idx << ");");
+            ts[dst].take(idx);
+            break;
+        }
+        case op_prepend_mut: {
+            auto src = read<std::uint8_t>(in, is_valid_var_neq(dst));
+            if (can_concat(ts[dst], ts[src])) {
+                IMMER_FUZZED_TRACE("t" << +dst << ".prepend(t" << +src << ");");
+                ts[dst].prepend(ts[src]);
+            }
+            break;
+        }
+        case op_prepend_mut_move: {
+            auto src = read<std::uint8_t>(in, is_valid_var_neq(dst));
+            if (can_concat(ts[dst], ts[src])) {
+                IMMER_FUZZED_TRACE("t" << +dst << ".prepend(std::move(t" << +src
+                                       << "));"
+                                       << " t" << +src << " = {};");
+                ts[dst].prepend(std::move(ts[src]));
+                ts[src] = {};
+            }
+            break;
+        }
+        case op_append_mut: {
+            auto src = read<std::uint8_t>(in, is_valid_var_neq(dst));
+            if (can_concat(ts[dst], ts[src])) {
+                IMMER_FUZZED_TRACE("t" << +dst << ".append(t" << +src << ");");
+                ts[dst].append(ts[src]);
+            }
+            break;
+        }
+        case op_append_mut_move: {
+            auto src = read<std::uint8_t>(in, is_valid_var_neq(dst));
+            if (can_concat(ts[dst], ts[src])) {
+                IMMER_FUZZED_TRACE("t" << +dst << ".append(std::move(t" << +src
+                                       << "));"
+                                       << " t" << +src << " = {};");
+                ts[dst].append(std::move(ts[src]));
+                ts[src] = {};
+            }
+            break;
+        }
+        default:
+            break;
+        };
+        return true;
+    });
+}
+
+} // namespace
+
+TEST_CASE("bug: concatenating transients")
+{
+    // When concatenating two transients vectors the nodes from the
+    // argument become aliased in the result.  As such, we need to
+    // reset the identitiy of the argument.
+    SECTION("simplified")
+    {
+        using vector_t = immer::flex_vector<int, gc_memory, 2, 2>;
+        auto t0        = vector_t{}.transient();
+        t0.push_back(42);
+        t0.push_back(42);
+        t0.push_back(42);
+        t0.push_back(42);
+        t0.push_back(42);
+        t0.push_back(42);
+        auto t1 = t0;
+        t1.append(t0);
+        t1.append(t0);
+        t0.append(t1);
+        t1.append(t0);
+    }
+
+#if __GNUC__ != 9 && __GNUC__ != 8
+    SECTION("")
+    {
+        constexpr std::uint8_t input[] = {
+            0x2, 0x2, 0x2, 0x2, 0x29, 0x32, 0x0, 0x0,  0x2,  0x2,  0x2,
+            0x2, 0x2, 0x2, 0x2, 0x2,  0x2,  0x2, 0x2,  0x2,  0x6,  0x2,
+            0x2, 0x2, 0x2, 0x2, 0x6,  0x2,  0x2, 0x2,  0x0,  0x38, 0x2,
+            0x0, 0x0, 0x2, 0x2, 0xd,  0x0,  0x0, 0x3b, 0xff, 0x3a, 0x2,
+            0xd, 0xd, 0x2, 0x0, 0x0,  0x10, 0xe, 0x0,  0xd,  0x0,  0x0,
+            0x2, 0x2, 0xd, 0x0, 0x1,  0x5,
+        };
+        CHECK(run_input(input, sizeof(input)) == 0);
+    }
+#endif
+}
+
+TEST_CASE("bug: concatenating moved transients")
+{
+    // A moved from concatenated transient is totally smashed, we can
+    // not do anything with it but reasign...
+    SECTION("simplified")
+    {
+        using vector_t    = immer::flex_vector<int, gc_memory, 2, 2>;
+        using transient_t = typename vector_t::transient_type;
+        auto v0           = vector_t{};
+        auto t0           = transient_t{};
+        auto t2           = transient_t{};
+        v0                = v0.push_back(42);
+        t2                = v0.transient();
+        v0                = v0 + v0;
+        v0                = v0 + v0;
+        v0                = v0 + v0;
+        v0                = v0 + v0;
+        t0                = v0.transient();
+        t0                = v0.transient();
+        t0.append(std::move(t2));
+        t2 = {};
+        t2.append(std::move(t0));
+    }
+
+#if __GNUC__ != 9 && __GNUC__ != 8
+    SECTION("")
+    {
+        constexpr std::uint8_t input[] = {
+            0x0,  0x2, 0x0,  0x2,  0x0,  0x0,  0x0,  0x6,  0x0,  0x0,  0x0,
+            0x6,  0x0, 0x0,  0x0,  0x9d, 0x0,  0x6,  0x0,  0x0,  0x0,  0x6,
+            0x0,  0x0, 0x0,  0x9d, 0x28, 0x0,  0x0,  0x0,  0x0,  0x0,  0xf7,
+            0xc5, 0x0, 0xa,  0xa,  0x0,  0xfa, 0xe7, 0xff, 0xe7, 0xff, 0x0,
+            0xe,  0x2, 0x9,  0x0,  0x28, 0x2,  0xe,  0x0,  0x0,  0x2,  0xd,
+            0x0,  0x0, 0x28, 0x0,  0xd,  0x2,  0x5,  0x0,  0x2,
+        };
+        CHECK(run_input(input, sizeof(input)) == 0);
+    }
+#endif
+
+    SECTION("simplified")
+    {
+        using vector_t    = immer::flex_vector<int, gc_memory, 2, 2>;
+        using transient_t = typename vector_t::transient_type;
+        auto v0           = vector_t{};
+        auto t0           = transient_t{};
+        auto t2           = transient_t{};
+        v0                = v0.push_back(42);
+        v0                = v0.push_back(42);
+        v0                = v0 + v0;
+        t0                = v0.transient();
+        t2.prepend(std::move(t0));
+        t0 = {};
+        t0 = v0.transient();
+        t0.push_back(13);
+        t2.append(std::move(t0));
+        t0 = {};
+        t0 = v0.transient();
+        t0.push_back(13);
+        t2.prepend(std::move(t0));
+        t0 = {};
+    }
+
+#if __GNUC__ != 9 && __GNUC__ != 8
+    SECTION("")
+    {
+        return;
+        constexpr std::uint8_t input[] = {
+            0x0,  0x2, 0x0,  0x0,  0x2, 0xb7, 0x1, 0x36, 0x40, 0x0,  0x0,
+            0x0,  0x0, 0xb6, 0x0,  0x2, 0x0,  0x0, 0x6,  0xe,  0x0,  0x0,
+            0xfe, 0x0, 0x0,  0xff, 0x0, 0x2,  0xc, 0xff, 0xfc, 0x29, 0x0,
+            0x0,  0x0, 0x0,  0x0,  0x7, 0x2,  0xe, 0xff, 0xfc, 0x29, 0x0,
+            0x0,  0x0, 0x0,  0x0,  0x7, 0x3,  0x0, 0x0,  0x2,  0xc,  0x2,
+            0xc,  0x0, 0xd,  0x0,  0x0, 0x0,  0x0, 0x25, 0x6,
+        };
+        CHECK(run_input(input, sizeof(input)) == 0);
+    }
+#endif
+}
+
+TEST_CASE("bug: aegsdas")
+{
+    SECTION("simplified")
+    {
+        using vector_t    = immer::flex_vector<int, gc_memory, 2, 2>;
+        using transient_t = typename vector_t::transient_type;
+        auto v2           = vector_t{};
+        auto t0           = transient_t{};
+        auto t1           = transient_t{};
+        v2                = v2.push_back(42);
+        v2                = v2.push_back(42);
+        v2                = v2.push_back(42);
+        v2                = v2.push_back(42);
+        v2                = v2.push_back(42);
+        t0                = v2.transient();
+        t1.prepend(t0);
+        t1.prepend(t0);
+        t1.prepend(t0);
+        t0.prepend(std::move(t1));
+        t1 = {};
+    }
+
+#if __GNUC__ != 9 && __GNUC__ != 8
+    SECTION("")
+    {
+        constexpr std::uint8_t input[] = {
+            0xff, 0xff, 0x2, 0x2,  0x2, 0x2,  0x2,  0x2,  0x2,  0x2,  0x2,
+            0x82, 0x2,  0x2, 0x2,  0x2, 0x2,  0x2,  0x0,  0x0,  0x3d, 0x0,
+            0x0,  0x0,  0x2, 0x84, 0x0, 0x3b, 0x1,  0xb,  0x0,  0xa,  0x1,
+            0xb,  0x0,  0x0, 0x3,  0x2, 0x0,  0x3b, 0x1,  0xb,  0x1,  0x0,
+            0x0,  0xc,  0xb, 0x1,  0x8, 0xff, 0xff, 0xfc, 0xfd, 0x0,  0x3b,
+            0x3,  0x2,  0x0, 0x3b, 0x1, 0x9,  0x1,  0x3b,
+        };
+        CHECK(run_input(input, sizeof(input)) == 0);
+    }
+#endif
+}
diff --git a/src/immer/test/flex_vector/gc.cpp b/src/immer/test/flex_vector/gc.cpp
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000..ce8ec713e57e4
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/immer/test/flex_vector/gc.cpp
@@ -0,0 +1,28 @@
+//
+// immer: immutable data structures for C++
+// Copyright (C) 2016, 2017, 2018 Juan Pedro Bolivar Puente
+//
+// This software is distributed under the Boost Software License, Version 1.0.
+// See accompanying file LICENSE or copy at http://boost.org/LICENSE_1_0.txt
+//
+
+#include <immer/flex_vector.hpp>
+#include <immer/heap/gc_heap.hpp>
+#include <immer/refcount/no_refcount_policy.hpp>
+#include <immer/vector.hpp>
+
+using gc_memory = immer::memory_policy<immer::heap_policy<immer::gc_heap>,
+                                       immer::no_refcount_policy,
+                                       immer::default_lock_policy,
+                                       immer::gc_transience_policy,
+                                       false>;
+
+template <typename T>
+using test_flex_vector_t = immer::flex_vector<T, gc_memory, 3u>;
+
+template <typename T>
+using test_vector_t = immer::vector<T, gc_memory, 3u>;
+
+#define FLEX_VECTOR_T test_flex_vector_t
+#define VECTOR_T test_vector_t
+#include "generic.ipp"
diff --git a/src/immer/test/flex_vector/generic.ipp b/src/immer/test/flex_vector/generic.ipp
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000..a3fee2644b9b9
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/immer/test/flex_vector/generic.ipp
@@ -0,0 +1,599 @@
+//
+// immer: immutable data structures for C++
+// Copyright (C) 2016, 2017, 2018 Juan Pedro Bolivar Puente
+//
+// This software is distributed under the Boost Software License, Version 1.0.
+// See accompanying file LICENSE or copy at http://boost.org/LICENSE_1_0.txt
+//
+
+#include "test/dada.hpp"
+#include "test/transient_tester.hpp"
+#include "test/util.hpp"
+
+#include <immer/algorithm.hpp>
+
+#include <boost/range/adaptors.hpp>
+#include <boost/range/irange.hpp>
+#include <catch.hpp>
+
+#include <algorithm>
+#include <array>
+#include <numeric>
+#include <vector>
+
+#ifndef FLEX_VECTOR_T
+#error "define the vector template to use in FLEX_VECTOR_T"
+#endif
+
+#ifndef VECTOR_T
+#error "define the vector template to use in VECTOR_T"
+#endif
+
+template <typename V = FLEX_VECTOR_T<unsigned>>
+auto make_test_flex_vector(unsigned min, unsigned max)
+{
+    auto v = V{};
+    for (auto i = min; i < max; ++i)
+        v = v.push_back({i});
+    return v;
+}
+
+template <typename V = FLEX_VECTOR_T<unsigned>>
+auto make_test_flex_vector_front(unsigned min, unsigned max)
+{
+    auto v = V{};
+    for (auto i = max; i > min;)
+        v = v.push_front({--i});
+    return v;
+}
+
+template <std::size_t N>
+auto make_many_test_flex_vector()
+{
+    using vektor_t = FLEX_VECTOR_T<unsigned>;
+    auto many      = std::array<vektor_t, N>{};
+    std::generate_n(many.begin(), N, [v = vektor_t{}, i = 0u]() mutable {
+        auto r = v;
+        v      = v.push_back(i++);
+        return r;
+    });
+    return many;
+}
+
+template <std::size_t N>
+auto make_many_test_flex_vector_front()
+{
+    using vektor_t = FLEX_VECTOR_T<unsigned>;
+    auto many      = std::array<vektor_t, N>{};
+    std::generate_n(many.begin(), N, [i = 0u]() mutable {
+        return make_test_flex_vector_front(0, i++);
+    });
+    return many;
+}
+
+template <std::size_t N>
+auto make_many_test_flex_vector_front_remainder()
+{
+    using vektor_t = FLEX_VECTOR_T<unsigned>;
+    auto many      = std::array<vektor_t, N>{};
+    std::generate_n(many.begin(), N, [v = vektor_t{}, i = N - 1]() mutable {
+        auto r = v;
+        v      = v.push_front(--i);
+        return r;
+    });
+    return many;
+}
+
+TEST_CASE("set relaxed")
+{
+    auto v = make_test_flex_vector_front(0, 666u);
+    for (decltype(v.size()) i = 0; i < v.size(); ++i) {
+        v = v.set(i, i + 1);
+        CHECK(v[i] == i + 1);
+    }
+}
+
+TEST_CASE("push_front")
+{
+    const auto n = 666u;
+    auto v       = FLEX_VECTOR_T<unsigned>{};
+
+    for (auto i = 0u; i < n; ++i) {
+        v = v.push_front(i);
+        CHECK(v.size() == i + 1);
+        for (decltype(v.size()) j = 0; j < v.size(); ++j)
+            CHECK(v[v.size() - j - 1] == j);
+    }
+}
+
+TEST_CASE("concat")
+{
+#if IMMER_SLOW_TESTS
+    constexpr auto n = 666u;
+#else
+    constexpr auto n = 101u;
+#endif
+
+    auto all_lhs = make_many_test_flex_vector<n>();
+    auto all_rhs = make_many_test_flex_vector_front_remainder<n>();
+
+    SECTION("regular plus regular")
+    {
+        for (auto i : test_irange(0u, n)) {
+            auto c = all_lhs[i] + all_lhs[i];
+            CHECK_VECTOR_EQUALS(
+                c, boost::join(boost::irange(0u, i), boost::irange(0u, i)));
+        }
+    }
+
+    SECTION("regular plus relaxed")
+    {
+        for (auto i : test_irange(0u, n)) {
+            auto c = all_lhs[i] + all_rhs[n - i - 1];
+            CHECK_VECTOR_EQUALS(c, boost::irange(0u, n - 1));
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+auto make_flex_vector_concat(std::size_t min, std::size_t max)
+{
+    using vektor_t = FLEX_VECTOR_T<unsigned>;
+
+    if (max == min)
+        return vektor_t{};
+    else if (max == min + 1)
+        return vektor_t{}.push_back(min);
+    else {
+        auto mid = min + (max - min) / 2;
+        return make_flex_vector_concat(min, mid) +
+               make_flex_vector_concat(mid, max);
+    }
+}
+
+TEST_CASE("concat recursive")
+{
+    const auto n = 666u;
+    auto v       = make_flex_vector_concat(0, n);
+    CHECK_VECTOR_EQUALS(v, boost::irange(0u, n));
+}
+
+TEST_CASE("insert")
+{
+    SECTION("normal")
+    {
+        const auto n = 666u;
+        auto v       = make_test_flex_vector(0, n);
+        v            = v.insert(42, 100);
+        CHECK_VECTOR_EQUALS(v,
+                            boost::join(boost::irange(0u, 42u),
+                                        boost::join(boost::irange(100u, 101u),
+                                                    boost::irange(42u, n))));
+    }
+
+    SECTION("move")
+    {
+        const auto n = 666u;
+        auto v       = make_test_flex_vector(0, n);
+        v            = std::move(v).insert(42, 100);
+        CHECK_VECTOR_EQUALS(v,
+                            boost::join(boost::irange(0u, 42u),
+                                        boost::join(boost::irange(100u, 101u),
+                                                    boost::irange(42u, n))));
+    }
+
+    SECTION("vec")
+    {
+        const auto n = 666u;
+        auto v       = make_test_flex_vector(0, n);
+        v            = std::move(v).insert(42, {100, 101, 102});
+        CHECK_VECTOR_EQUALS(v,
+                            boost::join(boost::irange(0u, 42u),
+                                        boost::join(boost::irange(100u, 103u),
+                                                    boost::irange(42u, n))));
+    }
+
+    SECTION("vec move")
+    {
+        const auto n = 666u;
+        auto v       = make_test_flex_vector(0, n);
+        v            = std::move(v).insert(42, {100, 101, 102});
+        CHECK_VECTOR_EQUALS(v,
+                            boost::join(boost::irange(0u, 42u),
+                                        boost::join(boost::irange(100u, 103u),
+                                                    boost::irange(42u, n))));
+    }
+}
+
+TEST_CASE("erase")
+{
+    const auto n = 666u;
+    auto v       = make_test_flex_vector(0, n);
+    auto vv      = v.erase(0);
+    CHECK_VECTOR_EQUALS(vv, boost::irange(1u, n));
+    CHECK_VECTOR_EQUALS(v.erase(v.size() - 1), boost::irange(0u, n - 1));
+    CHECK_VECTOR_EQUALS(v.erase(v.size() - 1), boost::irange(0u, n - 1));
+    CHECK_VECTOR_EQUALS(
+        v.erase(42),
+        boost::join(boost::irange(0u, 42u), boost::irange(43u, n)));
+    CHECK_VECTOR_EQUALS(v.erase(v.size() - 1, v.size()),
+                        boost::irange(0u, n - 1));
+    CHECK_VECTOR_EQUALS(v.erase(0, 0), boost::irange(0u, n));
+    CHECK_VECTOR_EQUALS(
+        v.erase(42, 50),
+        boost::join(boost::irange(0u, 42u), boost::irange(50u, n)));
+}
+
+TEST_CASE("accumulate relaxed")
+{
+    auto expected_n = [](auto n) { return n * (n - 1) / 2; };
+    auto expected_i = [&](auto i, auto n) {
+        return expected_n(n) - expected_n(i);
+    };
+
+    SECTION("sum")
+    {
+        const auto n = 666u;
+        auto v       = make_test_flex_vector_front(0, n);
+
+        auto sum      = immer::accumulate(v, 0u);
+        auto expected = v.size() * (v.size() - 1) / 2;
+        CHECK(sum == expected);
+    }
+
+    SECTION("sum complex")
+    {
+        const auto n = 20u;
+
+        auto v = FLEX_VECTOR_T<unsigned>{};
+        for (auto i = 0u; i < n; ++i)
+            v = v.push_front(i) + v;
+
+        auto sum      = immer::accumulate(v, 0u);
+        auto expected = (1 << n) - n - 1;
+        CHECK(sum == expected);
+    }
+
+    SECTION("sum range")
+    {
+        using namespace std;
+        const auto n = 666u;
+        auto v       = make_test_flex_vector_front(0, n);
+        {
+            auto sum = immer::accumulate(begin(v) + 100, begin(v) + 300, 0u);
+            CHECK(sum == expected_i(100u, 300u));
+        }
+        {
+            auto sum = immer::accumulate(begin(v) + 31, begin(v) + 300, 0u);
+            CHECK(sum == expected_i(31u, 300u));
+        }
+        {
+            auto sum = immer::accumulate(begin(v), begin(v) + 33, 0u);
+            CHECK(sum == expected_i(0u, 33u));
+        }
+        {
+            auto sum = immer::accumulate(begin(v) + 100, begin(v) + 660, 0u);
+            CHECK(sum == expected_i(100u, 660u));
+        }
+        {
+            auto sum = immer::accumulate(begin(v) + 100, begin(v) + 105, 0u);
+            CHECK(sum == expected_i(100u, 105u));
+        }
+        {
+            auto sum = immer::accumulate(begin(v) + 660, begin(v) + 664, 0u);
+            CHECK(sum == expected_i(660u, 664u));
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+TEST_CASE("equals")
+{
+    const auto n = 666u;
+    auto v       = make_test_flex_vector_front(0, n);
+
+    CHECK(v == v);
+    CHECK(v == v.set(42, 42));
+    CHECK(v != v.set(42, 24));
+    CHECK(v == v.set(42, 24).set(42, 42));
+    CHECK(v.set(42, 24) == v.set(42, 24));
+    CHECK(v != v.push_back(7));
+    CHECK(v.push_back(7) == v.push_back(7));
+    CHECK(v.push_back(5) != v.push_back(7));
+    CHECK(v != v.set(v.size() - 2, 24));
+    CHECK(v == v.set(v.size() - 2, 24).set(v.size() - 2, v[v.size() - 2]));
+    CHECK(v == v.insert(42, 12).erase(42));
+    CHECK(v == v.insert(0, 12).erase(0));
+}
+
+TEST_CASE("equals bugs")
+{
+    {
+        const auto n = 666u;
+        auto v       = make_test_flex_vector(0, n);
+        CHECK(v == v.insert(42, 12).erase(42));
+        CHECK(v == v.insert(0, 12).erase(0));
+    }
+    {
+        const auto n = 30u;
+        auto v       = make_test_flex_vector(0, n);
+        CHECK(v == v.insert(10, 12).erase(10));
+        CHECK(v == v.insert(0, 12).erase(0));
+    }
+    {
+        const auto n = 666u;
+        auto v       = make_test_flex_vector(0, n);
+        for (auto i : test_irange(0u, n))
+            CHECK(v == v.insert(i, 42).erase(i));
+    }
+    {
+        const auto n = 666u;
+        auto v       = make_test_flex_vector_front(0, n);
+        for (auto i : test_irange(0u, n))
+            CHECK(v == v.insert(i, 42).erase(i));
+    }
+    {
+        const auto n = 666u;
+        auto v       = FLEX_VECTOR_T<unsigned>{};
+        using size_t = decltype(v.size());
+        for (auto i : test_irange(0u, n)) {
+            while (v.size() < i)
+                v = std::move(v).push_back(i);
+            auto vv = v;
+            for (auto j : test_irange(size_t{}, v.size())) {
+                auto vz = vv.insert(j, 42).erase(j);
+                CHECK(v == vz);
+                CHECK(vv == vz);
+                vv = vz;
+            }
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+TEST_CASE("take relaxed")
+{
+    const auto n = 666u;
+    auto v       = make_test_flex_vector_front(0, n);
+
+    for (auto i : test_irange(0u, n)) {
+        auto vv = v.take(i);
+        CHECK_VECTOR_EQUALS_RANGE(vv, v.begin(), v.begin() + i);
+    }
+}
+
+TEST_CASE("drop")
+{
+    const auto n = 666u;
+
+    SECTION("regular")
+    {
+        auto v = make_test_flex_vector(0, n);
+
+        for (auto i : test_irange(0u, n)) {
+            auto vv = v.drop(i);
+            CHECK_VECTOR_EQUALS_RANGE(vv, v.begin() + i, v.end());
+        }
+    }
+
+    SECTION("relaxed")
+    {
+        auto v = make_test_flex_vector_front(0, n);
+
+        for (auto i : test_irange(0u, n)) {
+            auto vv = v.drop(i);
+            CHECK_VECTOR_EQUALS_RANGE(vv, v.begin() + i, v.end());
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+#if IMMER_SLOW_TESTS
+TEST_CASE("reconcat")
+{
+    constexpr auto n = 666u;
+    auto v           = make_test_flex_vector_front(0, n);
+    auto all_lhs     = make_many_test_flex_vector_front<n + 1>();
+    auto all_rhs     = make_many_test_flex_vector_front_remainder<n + 1>();
+
+    for (auto i = 0u; i < n; ++i) {
+        auto vv = all_lhs[i] + all_rhs[n - i];
+        CHECK_VECTOR_EQUALS(vv, v);
+        CHECK_SLOW(vv == v);
+    }
+}
+
+TEST_CASE("reconcat drop")
+{
+    constexpr auto n = 666u;
+    auto v           = make_test_flex_vector_front(0, n);
+    auto all_lhs     = make_many_test_flex_vector_front<n + 1>();
+
+    for (auto i = 0u; i < n; ++i) {
+        auto vv = all_lhs[i] + v.drop(i);
+        CHECK_VECTOR_EQUALS(vv, v);
+        CHECK_SLOW(vv == v);
+    }
+}
+
+TEST_CASE("reconcat take")
+{
+    constexpr auto n = 666u;
+    auto v           = make_test_flex_vector_front(0, n);
+    auto all_rhs     = make_many_test_flex_vector_front_remainder<n + 1>();
+
+    for (auto i = 0u; i < n; ++i) {
+        auto vv = v.take(i) + all_rhs[n - i];
+        CHECK_VECTOR_EQUALS(vv, v);
+        CHECK_SLOW(vv == v);
+    }
+}
+#endif
+
+TEST_CASE("reconcat take drop")
+{
+    const auto n = 666u;
+    auto v       = make_test_flex_vector_front(0, n);
+
+    for (auto i : test_irange(0u, n)) {
+        auto vv = v.take(i) + v.drop(i);
+        CHECK_VECTOR_EQUALS(vv, v);
+        CHECK_SLOW(vv == v);
+    }
+}
+
+TEST_CASE("reconcat take drop feedback")
+{
+    const auto n = 666u;
+    auto v       = make_test_flex_vector_front(0, n);
+    auto vv      = v;
+    for (auto i : test_irange(0u, n)) {
+        vv = vv.take(i) + vv.drop(i);
+        CHECK_VECTOR_EQUALS(vv, v);
+        CHECK_SLOW(vv == v);
+    }
+}
+
+TEST_CASE("iterator relaxed")
+{
+    const auto n = 666u;
+    auto v       = make_test_flex_vector_front(0, n);
+
+    SECTION("works with range loop")
+    {
+        auto i = 0u;
+        for (const auto& x : v)
+            CHECK(x == i++);
+        CHECK(i == v.size());
+    }
+
+    SECTION("works with standard algorithms")
+    {
+        auto s = std::vector<unsigned>(n);
+        std::iota(s.begin(), s.end(), 0u);
+        std::equal(v.begin(), v.end(), s.begin(), s.end());
+    }
+
+    SECTION("can go back from end")
+    {
+        auto expected = n - 1;
+        CHECK(expected == *--v.end());
+    }
+
+    SECTION("works with reversed range adaptor")
+    {
+        auto r = v | boost::adaptors::reversed;
+        auto i = n;
+        for (const auto& x : r)
+            CHECK(x == --i);
+    }
+
+    SECTION("works with strided range adaptor")
+    {
+        auto r = v | boost::adaptors::strided(5);
+        auto i = 0u;
+        for (const auto& x : r)
+            CHECK(x == 5 * i++);
+    }
+
+    SECTION("works reversed")
+    {
+        auto i = n;
+        for (auto iter = v.rbegin(), last = v.rend(); iter != last; ++iter)
+            CHECK(*iter == --i);
+    }
+
+    SECTION("advance and distance")
+    {
+        auto i1 = v.begin();
+        auto i2 = i1 + 100;
+        CHECK(100u == *i2);
+        CHECK(100 == i2 - i1);
+        CHECK(50u == *(i2 - 50));
+        CHECK(-30 == (i2 - 30) - i2);
+    }
+}
+
+TEST_CASE("adopt regular vector contents")
+{
+    const auto n = 666u;
+    auto v       = VECTOR_T<unsigned>{};
+    for (auto i = 0u; i < n; ++i) {
+        v       = v.push_back(i);
+        auto fv = FLEX_VECTOR_T<unsigned>{v};
+        CHECK_VECTOR_EQUALS_AUX(v, fv, [](auto&& v) { return &v; });
+    }
+}
+
+TEST_CASE("exception safety relaxed")
+{
+    using dadaist_vector_t =
+        typename dadaist_wrapper<FLEX_VECTOR_T<unsigned>>::type;
+    constexpr auto n = 666u;
+
+    SECTION("push back")
+    {
+        auto half = n / 2;
+        auto v    = make_test_flex_vector_front<dadaist_vector_t>(0, half);
+        auto d    = dadaism{};
+        for (auto i = half; v.size() < static_cast<decltype(v.size())>(n);) {
+            auto s = d.next();
+            try {
+                v = v.push_back({i});
+                ++i;
+            } catch (dada_error) {}
+            CHECK_VECTOR_EQUALS(v, boost::irange(0u, i));
+        }
+        CHECK(d.happenings > 0);
+        IMMER_TRACE_E(d.happenings);
+    }
+
+    SECTION("update")
+    {
+        auto v = make_test_flex_vector_front<dadaist_vector_t>(0, n);
+        auto d = dadaism{};
+        for (auto i = 0u; i < n;) {
+            auto s = d.next();
+            try {
+                v = v.update(i, [](auto x) { return dada(), x + 1; });
+                ++i;
+            } catch (dada_error) {}
+            CHECK_VECTOR_EQUALS(
+                v, boost::join(boost::irange(1u, 1u + i), boost::irange(i, n)));
+        }
+        CHECK(d.happenings > 0);
+        IMMER_TRACE_E(d.happenings);
+    }
+
+    SECTION("take")
+    {
+        auto v = make_test_flex_vector_front<dadaist_vector_t>(0, n);
+        auto d = dadaism{};
+        for (auto i = 0u; i < n;) {
+            auto s = d.next();
+            auto r = dadaist_vector_t{};
+            try {
+                r = v.take(i);
+                CHECK_VECTOR_EQUALS(r, boost::irange(0u, i++));
+            } catch (dada_error) {
+                CHECK_VECTOR_EQUALS(r, boost::irange(0u, 0u));
+            }
+        }
+        CHECK(d.happenings > 0);
+        IMMER_TRACE_E(d.happenings);
+    }
+
+    SECTION("concat")
+    {
+        auto v = make_test_flex_vector<dadaist_vector_t>(0, n);
+        auto d = dadaism{};
+        for (auto i = 0u; i < n;) {
+            auto lhs = v.take(i);
+            auto rhs = v.drop(i);
+            auto s   = d.next();
+            try {
+                v = lhs + rhs;
+                ++i;
+            } catch (dada_error) {}
+            CHECK_VECTOR_EQUALS(v, boost::irange(0u, n));
+        }
+        CHECK(d.happenings > 0);
+        IMMER_TRACE_E(d.happenings);
+    }
+}
diff --git a/src/immer/test/flex_vector/issue-45.cpp b/src/immer/test/flex_vector/issue-45.cpp
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000..76bd77b2e2407
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/immer/test/flex_vector/issue-45.cpp
@@ -0,0 +1,35 @@
+//
+// immer: immutable data structures for C++
+// Copyright (C) 2016, 2017, 2018 Juan Pedro Bolivar Puente
+//
+// This software is distributed under the Boost Software License, Version 1.0.
+// See accompanying file LICENSE or copy at http://boost.org/LICENSE_1_0.txt
+//
+
+// Thanks Guiguiprim for reporting this issue
+// https://github.com/arximboldi/immer/issues/46
+
+#include <immer/flex_vector.hpp>
+#include <immer/vector.hpp>
+#include <immer/vector_transient.hpp>
+
+#include <catch.hpp>
+
+#if IMMER_CXX_STANDARD >= 17
+
+#include <variant>
+
+TEST_CASE("error when erasing an element from a "
+          "immer::flex_vector<std::variant/optional/any>")
+{
+    using Vector = immer::flex_vector<std::variant<int, double>>;
+    // using Vector = immer::flex_vector<std::optional<int>>;
+    // using Vector = immer::flex_vector<std::any>;
+
+    Vector v{1, 2, 3, 4};
+    Vector v2 = v.erase(2);
+
+    CHECK(v2.size() == 3);
+}
+
+#endif
diff --git a/src/immer/test/flex_vector/issue-47.cpp b/src/immer/test/flex_vector/issue-47.cpp
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000..7757fe4ee4e5e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/immer/test/flex_vector/issue-47.cpp
@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+#include <immer/flex_vector.hpp>
+
+immer::flex_vector<int> v{1};
+
+int main() { return 0; }
diff --git a/src/immer/test/flex_vector/regular-B3-BL3.cpp b/src/immer/test/flex_vector/regular-B3-BL3.cpp
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000..fb5d13d1aa8e7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/immer/test/flex_vector/regular-B3-BL3.cpp
@@ -0,0 +1,16 @@
+//
+// immer: immutable data structures for C++
+// Copyright (C) 2016, 2017, 2018 Juan Pedro Bolivar Puente
+//
+// This software is distributed under the Boost Software License, Version 1.0.
+// See accompanying file LICENSE or copy at http://boost.org/LICENSE_1_0.txt
+//
+
+#include <immer/flex_vector.hpp>
+
+template <typename T>
+using test_vector_t =
+    immer::flex_vector<T, immer::default_memory_policy, 3u, 3u>;
+
+#define VECTOR_T test_vector_t
+#include "../vector/generic.ipp"
diff --git a/src/immer/test/flex_vector/regular-default.cpp b/src/immer/test/flex_vector/regular-default.cpp
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000..8f28c3d8099f6
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/immer/test/flex_vector/regular-default.cpp
@@ -0,0 +1,12 @@
+//
+// immer: immutable data structures for C++
+// Copyright (C) 2016, 2017, 2018 Juan Pedro Bolivar Puente
+//
+// This software is distributed under the Boost Software License, Version 1.0.
+// See accompanying file LICENSE or copy at http://boost.org/LICENSE_1_0.txt
+//
+
+#include <immer/flex_vector.hpp>
+
+#define VECTOR_T ::immer::flex_vector
+#include "../vector/generic.ipp"
diff --git a/src/immer/test/flex_vector_transient/B3-BL0.cpp b/src/immer/test/flex_vector_transient/B3-BL0.cpp
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000..da28028c06856
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/immer/test/flex_vector_transient/B3-BL0.cpp
@@ -0,0 +1,29 @@
+//
+// immer: immutable data structures for C++
+// Copyright (C) 2016, 2017, 2018 Juan Pedro Bolivar Puente
+//
+// This software is distributed under the Boost Software License, Version 1.0.
+// See accompanying file LICENSE or copy at http://boost.org/LICENSE_1_0.txt
+//
+
+#include <immer/flex_vector.hpp>
+#include <immer/flex_vector_transient.hpp>
+#include <immer/vector.hpp>
+#include <immer/vector_transient.hpp>
+
+template <typename T>
+using test_flex_vector_t =
+    immer::flex_vector<T, immer::default_memory_policy, 3u, 0u>;
+
+template <typename T>
+using test_flex_vector_transient_t =
+    typename test_flex_vector_t<T>::transient_type;
+
+template <typename T>
+using test_vector_t = immer::vector<T, immer::default_memory_policy, 3u, 0u>;
+
+#define FLEX_VECTOR_T test_flex_vector_t
+#define FLEX_VECTOR_TRANSIENT_T test_flex_vector_transient_t
+#define VECTOR_T test_vector_t
+
+#include "generic.ipp"
diff --git a/src/immer/test/flex_vector_transient/default.cpp b/src/immer/test/flex_vector_transient/default.cpp
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000..e9d843ccd226e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/immer/test/flex_vector_transient/default.cpp
@@ -0,0 +1,17 @@
+//
+// immer: immutable data structures for C++
+// Copyright (C) 2016, 2017, 2018 Juan Pedro Bolivar Puente
+//
+// This software is distributed under the Boost Software License, Version 1.0.
+// See accompanying file LICENSE or copy at http://boost.org/LICENSE_1_0.txt
+//
+
+#include <immer/flex_vector.hpp>
+#include <immer/flex_vector_transient.hpp>
+#include <immer/vector.hpp>
+#include <immer/vector_transient.hpp>
+
+#define FLEX_VECTOR_T ::immer::flex_vector
+#define FLEX_VECTOR_TRANSIENT_T ::immer::flex_vector_transient
+#define VECTOR_T ::immer::vector
+#include "generic.ipp"
diff --git a/src/immer/test/flex_vector_transient/gc.cpp b/src/immer/test/flex_vector_transient/gc.cpp
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000..05da886689a26
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/immer/test/flex_vector_transient/gc.cpp
@@ -0,0 +1,35 @@
+//
+// immer: immutable data structures for C++
+// Copyright (C) 2016, 2017, 2018 Juan Pedro Bolivar Puente
+//
+// This software is distributed under the Boost Software License, Version 1.0.
+// See accompanying file LICENSE or copy at http://boost.org/LICENSE_1_0.txt
+//
+
+#include <immer/flex_vector.hpp>
+#include <immer/flex_vector_transient.hpp>
+#include <immer/heap/gc_heap.hpp>
+#include <immer/refcount/no_refcount_policy.hpp>
+#include <immer/vector.hpp>
+#include <immer/vector_transient.hpp>
+
+using gc_memory = immer::memory_policy<immer::heap_policy<immer::gc_heap>,
+                                       immer::no_refcount_policy,
+                                       immer::default_lock_policy,
+                                       immer::gc_transience_policy,
+                                       false>;
+
+template <typename T>
+using test_flex_vector_t = immer::flex_vector<T, gc_memory, 3u>;
+
+template <typename T>
+using test_vector_t = immer::vector<T, gc_memory, 3u>;
+
+template <typename T>
+using test_flex_vector_transient_t =
+    immer::flex_vector_transient<T, gc_memory, 3u>;
+
+#define FLEX_VECTOR_T test_flex_vector_t
+#define FLEX_VECTOR_TRANSIENT_T test_flex_vector_transient_t
+#define VECTOR_T test_vector_t
+#include "generic.ipp"
diff --git a/src/immer/test/flex_vector_transient/generic.ipp b/src/immer/test/flex_vector_transient/generic.ipp
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000..8c93cd163e69a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/immer/test/flex_vector_transient/generic.ipp
@@ -0,0 +1,398 @@
+//
+// immer: immutable data structures for C++
+// Copyright (C) 2016, 2017, 2018 Juan Pedro Bolivar Puente
+//
+// This software is distributed under the Boost Software License, Version 1.0.
+// See accompanying file LICENSE or copy at http://boost.org/LICENSE_1_0.txt
+//
+
+#include "test/dada.hpp"
+#include "test/transient_tester.hpp"
+#include "test/util.hpp"
+
+#include <immer/algorithm.hpp>
+
+#include <boost/range/adaptors.hpp>
+#include <boost/range/irange.hpp>
+#include <catch.hpp>
+
+#include <algorithm>
+#include <array>
+#include <numeric>
+#include <vector>
+
+#ifndef FLEX_VECTOR_T
+#error "define the vector template to use in FLEX_VECTOR_T"
+#endif
+
+#ifndef FLEX_VECTOR_TRANSIENT_T
+#error "define the vector template to use in FLEX_VECTOR_TRANSIENT_T"
+#endif
+
+#ifndef VECTOR_T
+#error "define the vector template to use in VECTOR_T"
+#endif
+
+template <typename V = VECTOR_T<unsigned>>
+auto make_test_flex_vector(unsigned min, unsigned max)
+{
+    auto v = V{};
+    for (auto i = min; i < max; ++i)
+        v = v.push_back({i});
+    return v;
+}
+
+template <typename V = FLEX_VECTOR_T<unsigned>>
+auto make_test_flex_vector_front(unsigned min, unsigned max)
+{
+    auto v = V{};
+    for (auto i = max; i > min;)
+        v = v.push_front({--i});
+    return v;
+}
+
+TEST_CASE("from flex_vector and to flex_vector")
+{
+    constexpr auto n = 100u;
+
+    auto v = make_test_flex_vector(0, n).transient();
+    CHECK_VECTOR_EQUALS(v, boost::irange(0u, n));
+
+    auto p = v.persistent();
+    CHECK_VECTOR_EQUALS(p, boost::irange(0u, n));
+}
+
+TEST_CASE("adopt regular vector contents")
+{
+    const auto n = 666u;
+    auto v       = VECTOR_T<unsigned>{};
+    for (auto i = 0u; i < n; ++i) {
+        v       = v.push_back(i);
+        auto fv = FLEX_VECTOR_TRANSIENT_T<unsigned>{v.transient()};
+        CHECK_VECTOR_EQUALS_AUX(v, fv, [](auto&& v) { return &v; });
+    }
+}
+
+TEST_CASE("drop move")
+{
+    using vector_t = FLEX_VECTOR_T<unsigned>;
+
+    auto v = vector_t{};
+
+    auto check_move = [&](vector_t&& x) -> vector_t&& {
+        if (vector_t::memory_policy::use_transient_rvalues)
+            CHECK(&x == &v);
+        else
+            CHECK(&x != &v);
+        return std::move(x);
+    };
+
+    v = v.push_back(0).push_back(1);
+
+    auto addr_before = &v[0];
+    v                = check_move(std::move(v).drop(1));
+    auto addr_after  = &v[0];
+
+    if (vector_t::bits_leaf > 0 &&
+        vector_t::memory_policy::use_transient_rvalues)
+        CHECK(addr_before == addr_after);
+    else
+        CHECK(addr_before != addr_after);
+
+    CHECK_VECTOR_EQUALS(v, boost::irange(1u, 2u));
+}
+
+TEST_CASE("exception safety relaxed")
+{
+    using dadaist_vector_t =
+        typename dadaist_wrapper<FLEX_VECTOR_T<unsigned>>::type;
+    constexpr auto n = 667u;
+
+    SECTION("push back")
+    {
+        auto half = n / 2;
+        auto t    = as_transient_tester(
+            make_test_flex_vector_front<dadaist_vector_t>(0, half));
+        auto d = dadaism{};
+        for (auto li = half, i = half; i < n;) {
+            auto s = d.next();
+            try {
+                if (t.transient)
+                    t.vt.push_back({i});
+                else
+                    t.vp = t.vp.push_back({i});
+                ++i;
+            } catch (dada_error) {}
+            if (t.step())
+                li = i;
+            if (t.transient) {
+                CHECK_VECTOR_EQUALS(t.vt, boost::irange(0u, i));
+                CHECK_VECTOR_EQUALS(t.vp, boost::irange(0u, li));
+            } else {
+                CHECK_VECTOR_EQUALS(t.vp, boost::irange(0u, i));
+                CHECK_VECTOR_EQUALS(t.vt, boost::irange(0u, li));
+            }
+        }
+        CHECK(d.happenings > 0);
+        CHECK(t.d.happenings > 0);
+        IMMER_TRACE_E(d.happenings);
+        IMMER_TRACE_E(t.d.happenings);
+    }
+
+    SECTION("update")
+    {
+        using boost::irange;
+        using boost::join;
+
+        auto t = as_transient_tester(
+            make_test_flex_vector_front<dadaist_vector_t>(0, n));
+        auto d = dadaism{};
+        for (auto li = 0u, i = 0u; i < n;) {
+            auto s = d.next();
+            try {
+                if (t.transient) {
+                    t.vt.update(i, [](auto x) { return dada(), x + 1; });
+                } else {
+                    t.vp = t.vp.update(i, [](auto x) { return dada(), x + 1; });
+                }
+                ++i;
+            } catch (dada_error) {}
+            if (t.step())
+                li = i;
+            if (t.transient) {
+                CHECK_VECTOR_EQUALS(t.vt,
+                                    join(irange(1u, 1u + i), irange(i, n)));
+                CHECK_VECTOR_EQUALS(t.vp,
+                                    join(irange(1u, 1u + li), irange(li, n)));
+            } else {
+                CHECK_VECTOR_EQUALS(t.vp,
+                                    join(irange(1u, 1u + i), irange(i, n)));
+                CHECK_VECTOR_EQUALS(t.vt,
+                                    join(irange(1u, 1u + li), irange(li, n)));
+            }
+        }
+        CHECK(d.happenings > 0);
+        CHECK(t.d.happenings > 0);
+    }
+
+    SECTION("take")
+    {
+        auto t = as_transient_tester(
+            make_test_flex_vector_front<dadaist_vector_t>(0, n));
+        auto d      = dadaism{};
+        auto deltas = magic_rotator();
+        auto delta  = deltas.next();
+        for (auto i = n, li = i;;) {
+            auto s = d.next();
+            auto r = dadaist_vector_t{};
+            try {
+                if (t.transient)
+                    t.vt.take(i);
+                else
+                    t.vp = t.vp.take(i);
+                if (t.step())
+                    li = i;
+                delta = deltas.next();
+                if (i < delta)
+                    break;
+                i -= delta;
+            } catch (dada_error) {}
+            if (t.transient) {
+                CHECK_VECTOR_EQUALS(t.vt, boost::irange(0u, i + delta));
+                CHECK_VECTOR_EQUALS(t.vp, boost::irange(0u, li));
+            } else {
+                CHECK_VECTOR_EQUALS(t.vp, boost::irange(0u, i + delta));
+                CHECK_VECTOR_EQUALS(t.vt, boost::irange(0u, li));
+            }
+        }
+        CHECK(d.happenings > 0);
+        CHECK(t.d.happenings > 0);
+    }
+
+    SECTION("drop")
+    {
+        auto t =
+            as_transient_tester(make_test_flex_vector<dadaist_vector_t>(0, n));
+        auto d      = dadaism{};
+        auto deltas = magic_rotator();
+        auto delta  = deltas.next();
+        for (auto i = delta, li = 0u; i < n;) {
+            auto s = d.next();
+            auto r = dadaist_vector_t{};
+            try {
+                if (t.transient)
+                    t.vt.drop(delta);
+                else
+                    t.vp = t.vp.drop(delta);
+                if (t.step()) {
+                    li = i;
+                }
+                delta = deltas.next();
+                i += delta;
+            } catch (dada_error) {}
+            if (t.transient) {
+                CHECK_VECTOR_EQUALS(t.vt, boost::irange(i - delta, n));
+                CHECK_VECTOR_EQUALS(t.vp, boost::irange(li, n));
+            } else {
+                CHECK_VECTOR_EQUALS(t.vp, boost::irange(i - delta, n));
+                CHECK_VECTOR_EQUALS(t.vt, boost::irange(li, n));
+            }
+        }
+        CHECK(d.happenings > 0);
+        CHECK(t.d.happenings > 0);
+    }
+
+    SECTION("append")
+    {
+        auto make_ = [](auto i, auto delta) {
+            auto d = dadaism::disable();
+            return make_test_flex_vector<dadaist_vector_t>(i, i + delta);
+        };
+        auto t      = as_transient_tester(dadaist_vector_t{});
+        auto d      = dadaism();
+        auto deltas = magic_rotator();
+        auto delta  = deltas.next();
+        for (auto i = 0u, li = 0u; i < n;) {
+            try {
+                if (t.transient) {
+                    auto data  = make_(i, delta);
+                    auto datat = data.transient();
+                    t.vt.append(datat);
+                } else {
+                    auto data = make_(i, delta);
+                    t.vp      = t.vp + data;
+                }
+                i += delta;
+                if (t.step()) {
+                    li = i;
+                }
+                delta = deltas.next() * 3;
+            } catch (dada_error) {}
+            if (t.transient) {
+                CHECK_VECTOR_EQUALS(t.vt, boost::irange(0u, i));
+                CHECK_VECTOR_EQUALS(t.vp, boost::irange(0u, li));
+            } else {
+                CHECK_VECTOR_EQUALS(t.vp, boost::irange(0u, i));
+                CHECK_VECTOR_EQUALS(t.vt, boost::irange(0u, li));
+            }
+        }
+        CHECK(d.happenings == 0);
+        CHECK(t.d.happenings > 0);
+    }
+
+    SECTION("append mut")
+    {
+        auto make_ = [](auto i, auto delta) {
+            auto d = dadaism::disable();
+            return make_test_flex_vector<dadaist_vector_t>(i, i + delta);
+        };
+        auto t      = as_transient_tester(dadaist_vector_t{});
+        auto d      = dadaism();
+        auto deltas = magic_rotator();
+        auto delta  = deltas.next();
+        for (auto i = 0u, li = 0u; i < n;) {
+            try {
+                if (t.transient) {
+                    auto data  = make_(i, delta);
+                    auto datat = data.transient();
+                    t.vt.append(std::move(datat));
+                } else {
+                    auto data = make_(i, delta);
+                    t.vp      = t.vp + data;
+                }
+                i += delta;
+                if (t.step()) {
+                    li = i;
+                }
+                delta = deltas.next() * 3;
+            } catch (dada_error) {}
+            if (t.transient) {
+                CHECK_VECTOR_EQUALS(t.vt, boost::irange(0u, i));
+                CHECK_VECTOR_EQUALS(t.vp, boost::irange(0u, li));
+            } else {
+                CHECK_VECTOR_EQUALS(t.vp, boost::irange(0u, i));
+                CHECK_VECTOR_EQUALS(t.vt, boost::irange(0u, li));
+            }
+        }
+        CHECK(d.happenings == 0);
+        CHECK(t.d.happenings > 0);
+    }
+
+    SECTION("prepend")
+    {
+        auto make_ = [](auto i, auto delta) {
+            auto d = dadaism::disable();
+            return make_test_flex_vector<dadaist_vector_t>(i, i + delta);
+        };
+        auto t      = as_transient_tester(dadaist_vector_t{});
+        auto d      = dadaism();
+        auto deltas = magic_rotator();
+        auto delta  = deltas.next();
+        for (auto i = n, li = n; i > 0;) {
+            delta = std::min(i, delta);
+            try {
+                if (t.transient) {
+                    auto data  = make_(i - delta, delta);
+                    auto datat = data.transient();
+                    t.vt.prepend(datat);
+                } else {
+                    auto data = make_(i - delta, delta);
+                    t.vp      = data + t.vp;
+                }
+                i -= delta;
+                if (t.step()) {
+                    li = i;
+                }
+                delta = deltas.next() * 3;
+            } catch (dada_error) {}
+            if (t.transient) {
+                CHECK_VECTOR_EQUALS(t.vt, boost::irange(i, n));
+                CHECK_VECTOR_EQUALS(t.vp, boost::irange(li, n));
+            } else {
+                CHECK_VECTOR_EQUALS(t.vp, boost::irange(i, n));
+                CHECK_VECTOR_EQUALS(t.vt, boost::irange(li, n));
+            }
+        }
+        CHECK(d.happenings == 0);
+        CHECK(t.d.happenings > 0);
+    }
+
+    SECTION("prepend mut")
+    {
+        auto make_ = [](auto i, auto delta) {
+            auto d = dadaism::disable();
+            return make_test_flex_vector<dadaist_vector_t>(i, i + delta);
+        };
+        auto t      = as_transient_tester(dadaist_vector_t{});
+        auto d      = dadaism();
+        auto deltas = magic_rotator();
+        auto delta  = deltas.next();
+        for (auto i = n, li = n; i > 0;) {
+            delta = std::min(i, delta);
+            try {
+                if (t.transient) {
+                    auto data  = make_(i - delta, delta);
+                    auto datat = data.transient();
+                    t.vt.prepend(std::move(datat));
+                } else {
+                    auto data = make_(i - delta, delta);
+                    t.vp      = data + t.vp;
+                }
+                i -= delta;
+                if (t.step()) {
+                    li = i;
+                }
+                delta = deltas.next() * 3;
+            } catch (dada_error) {}
+            if (t.transient) {
+                CHECK_VECTOR_EQUALS(t.vt, boost::irange(i, n));
+                CHECK_VECTOR_EQUALS(t.vp, boost::irange(li, n));
+            } else {
+                CHECK_VECTOR_EQUALS(t.vp, boost::irange(i, n));
+                CHECK_VECTOR_EQUALS(t.vt, boost::irange(li, n));
+            }
+        }
+        CHECK(d.happenings == 0);
+        CHECK(t.d.happenings > 0);
+    }
+}
diff --git a/src/immer/test/flex_vector_transient/regular-default.cpp b/src/immer/test/flex_vector_transient/regular-default.cpp
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000..d8443afb55532
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/immer/test/flex_vector_transient/regular-default.cpp
@@ -0,0 +1,15 @@
+//
+// immer: immutable data structures for C++
+// Copyright (C) 2016, 2017, 2018 Juan Pedro Bolivar Puente
+//
+// This software is distributed under the Boost Software License, Version 1.0.
+// See accompanying file LICENSE or copy at http://boost.org/LICENSE_1_0.txt
+//
+
+#include <immer/flex_vector.hpp>
+#include <immer/flex_vector_transient.hpp>
+
+#define VECTOR_T ::immer::flex_vector
+#define VECTOR_TRANSIENT_T ::immer::flex_vector_transient
+
+#include "../vector_transient/generic.ipp"
diff --git a/src/immer/test/flex_vector_transient/regular-gc.cpp b/src/immer/test/flex_vector_transient/regular-gc.cpp
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000..c1453ac22c0d8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/immer/test/flex_vector_transient/regular-gc.cpp
@@ -0,0 +1,32 @@
+//
+// immer: immutable data structures for C++
+// Copyright (C) 2016, 2017, 2018 Juan Pedro Bolivar Puente
+//
+// This software is distributed under the Boost Software License, Version 1.0.
+// See accompanying file LICENSE or copy at http://boost.org/LICENSE_1_0.txt
+//
+
+#include <immer/flex_vector.hpp>
+#include <immer/flex_vector_transient.hpp>
+#include <immer/heap/gc_heap.hpp>
+#include <immer/refcount/no_refcount_policy.hpp>
+#include <immer/vector.hpp>
+#include <immer/vector_transient.hpp>
+
+using gc_memory = immer::memory_policy<immer::heap_policy<immer::gc_heap>,
+                                       immer::no_refcount_policy,
+                                       immer::default_lock_policy,
+                                       immer::gc_transience_policy,
+                                       false>;
+
+template <typename T>
+using test_flex_vector_t = immer::flex_vector<T, gc_memory, 3u>;
+
+template <typename T>
+using test_flex_vector_transient_t =
+    immer::flex_vector_transient<T, gc_memory, 3u>;
+
+#define VECTOR_T test_flex_vector_t
+#define VECTOR_TRANSIENT_T test_flex_vector_transient_t
+
+#include "../vector_transient/generic.ipp"
diff --git a/src/immer/test/map/B3.cpp b/src/immer/test/map/B3.cpp
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000..61458a013537a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/immer/test/map/B3.cpp
@@ -0,0 +1,18 @@
+//
+// immer: immutable data structures for C++
+// Copyright (C) 2016, 2017, 2018 Juan Pedro Bolivar Puente
+//
+// This software is distributed under the Boost Software License, Version 1.0.
+// See accompanying file LICENSE or copy at http://boost.org/LICENSE_1_0.txt
+//
+
+#include <immer/map.hpp>
+
+template <typename K,
+          typename T,
+          typename Hash = std::hash<K>,
+          typename Eq   = std::equal_to<K>>
+using test_map_t = immer::map<K, T, Hash, Eq, immer::default_memory_policy, 3u>;
+
+#define MAP_T test_map_t
+#include "generic.ipp"
diff --git a/src/immer/test/map/B6.cpp b/src/immer/test/map/B6.cpp
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000..52da689c67b64
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/immer/test/map/B6.cpp
@@ -0,0 +1,18 @@
+//
+// immer: immutable data structures for C++
+// Copyright (C) 2016, 2017, 2018 Juan Pedro Bolivar Puente
+//
+// This software is distributed under the Boost Software License, Version 1.0.
+// See accompanying file LICENSE or copy at http://boost.org/LICENSE_1_0.txt
+//
+
+#include <immer/map.hpp>
+
+template <typename K,
+          typename T,
+          typename Hash = std::hash<K>,
+          typename Eq   = std::equal_to<K>>
+using test_map_t = immer::map<K, T, Hash, Eq, immer::default_memory_policy, 6u>;
+
+#define MAP_T test_map_t
+#include "generic.ipp"
diff --git a/src/immer/test/map/default.cpp b/src/immer/test/map/default.cpp
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000..cb453c4f81e2e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/immer/test/map/default.cpp
@@ -0,0 +1,12 @@
+//
+// immer: immutable data structures for C++
+// Copyright (C) 2016, 2017, 2018 Juan Pedro Bolivar Puente
+//
+// This software is distributed under the Boost Software License, Version 1.0.
+// See accompanying file LICENSE or copy at http://boost.org/LICENSE_1_0.txt
+//
+
+#include <immer/map.hpp>
+
+#define MAP_T ::immer::map
+#include "generic.ipp"
diff --git a/src/immer/test/map/gc.cpp b/src/immer/test/map/gc.cpp
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000..9a4eaebdcf9d3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/immer/test/map/gc.cpp
@@ -0,0 +1,26 @@
+//
+// immer: immutable data structures for C++
+// Copyright (C) 2016, 2017, 2018 Juan Pedro Bolivar Puente
+//
+// This software is distributed under the Boost Software License, Version 1.0.
+// See accompanying file LICENSE or copy at http://boost.org/LICENSE_1_0.txt
+//
+
+#include <immer/heap/gc_heap.hpp>
+#include <immer/map.hpp>
+#include <immer/refcount/no_refcount_policy.hpp>
+
+using gc_memory = immer::memory_policy<immer::heap_policy<immer::gc_heap>,
+                                       immer::no_refcount_policy,
+                                       immer::default_lock_policy,
+                                       immer::gc_transience_policy,
+                                       false>;
+
+template <typename K,
+          typename T,
+          typename Hash = std::hash<K>,
+          typename Eq   = std::equal_to<K>>
+using test_map_t = immer::map<K, T, Hash, Eq, gc_memory, 3u>;
+
+#define MAP_T test_map_t
+#include "generic.ipp"
diff --git a/src/immer/test/map/generic.ipp b/src/immer/test/map/generic.ipp
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000..fc9c6037d0e2b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/immer/test/map/generic.ipp
@@ -0,0 +1,365 @@
+//
+// immer: immutable data structures for C++
+// Copyright (C) 2016, 2017, 2018 Juan Pedro Bolivar Puente
+//
+// This software is distributed under the Boost Software License, Version 1.0.
+// See accompanying file LICENSE or copy at http://boost.org/LICENSE_1_0.txt
+//
+
+#ifndef MAP_T
+#error "define the map template to use in MAP_T"
+#include <immer/map.hpp>
+#define MAP_T ::immer::map
+#endif
+
+#include <immer/algorithm.hpp>
+
+#include "test/dada.hpp"
+#include "test/util.hpp"
+
+#include <catch.hpp>
+
+#include <random>
+#include <unordered_set>
+
+template <typename T = unsigned>
+auto make_generator()
+{
+    auto engine = std::default_random_engine{42};
+    auto dist   = std::uniform_int_distribution<T>{};
+    return std::bind(dist, engine);
+}
+
+struct conflictor
+{
+    unsigned v1;
+    unsigned v2;
+
+    bool operator==(const conflictor& x) const
+    {
+        return v1 == x.v1 && v2 == x.v2;
+    }
+};
+
+struct hash_conflictor
+{
+    std::size_t operator()(const conflictor& x) const { return x.v1; }
+};
+
+auto make_values_with_collisions(unsigned n)
+{
+    auto gen   = make_generator();
+    auto vals  = std::vector<std::pair<conflictor, unsigned>>{};
+    auto vals_ = std::unordered_set<conflictor, hash_conflictor>{};
+    auto i     = 0u;
+    generate_n(back_inserter(vals), n, [&] {
+        auto newv = conflictor{};
+        do {
+            newv = {unsigned(gen() % (n / 2)), gen()};
+        } while (!vals_.insert(newv).second);
+        return std::pair<conflictor, unsigned>{newv, i++};
+    });
+    return vals;
+}
+
+auto make_test_map(unsigned n)
+{
+    auto s = MAP_T<unsigned, unsigned>{};
+    for (auto i = 0u; i < n; ++i)
+        s = s.insert({i, i});
+    return s;
+}
+
+auto make_test_map(const std::vector<std::pair<conflictor, unsigned>>& vals)
+{
+    auto s = MAP_T<conflictor, unsigned, hash_conflictor>{};
+    for (auto&& v : vals)
+        s = s.insert(v);
+    return s;
+}
+
+TEST_CASE("instantiation")
+{
+    SECTION("default")
+    {
+        auto v = MAP_T<int, int>{};
+        CHECK(v.size() == 0u);
+    }
+}
+
+TEST_CASE("basic insertion")
+{
+    auto v1 = MAP_T<int, int>{};
+    CHECK(v1.count(42) == 0);
+
+    auto v2 = v1.insert({42, {}});
+    CHECK(v1.count(42) == 0);
+    CHECK(v2.count(42) == 1);
+
+    auto v3 = v2.insert({42, {}});
+    CHECK(v1.count(42) == 0);
+    CHECK(v2.count(42) == 1);
+    CHECK(v3.count(42) == 1);
+}
+
+TEST_CASE("accessor")
+{
+    const auto n = 666u;
+    auto v       = make_test_map(n);
+    CHECK(v[0] == 0);
+    CHECK(v[42] == 42);
+    CHECK(v[665] == 665);
+    CHECK(v[666] == 0);
+    CHECK(v[1234] == 0);
+}
+
+TEST_CASE("at")
+{
+    const auto n = 666u;
+    auto v       = make_test_map(n);
+    CHECK(v.at(0) == 0);
+    CHECK(v.at(42) == 42);
+    CHECK(v.at(665) == 665);
+#ifndef IMMER_NO_EXCEPTIONS
+    CHECK_THROWS_AS(v.at(666), std::out_of_range);
+    CHECK_THROWS_AS(v.at(1234), std::out_of_range);
+#endif
+}
+
+TEST_CASE("find")
+{
+    const auto n = 666u;
+    auto v       = make_test_map(n);
+    CHECK(*v.find(0) == 0);
+    CHECK(*v.find(42) == 42);
+    CHECK(*v.find(665) == 665);
+    CHECK(v.find(666) == nullptr);
+    CHECK(v.find(1234) == nullptr);
+}
+
+TEST_CASE("equals and setting")
+{
+    const auto n = 666u;
+    auto v       = make_test_map(n);
+
+    CHECK(v == v);
+    CHECK(v != v.insert({1234, 42}));
+    CHECK(v != v.erase(32));
+    CHECK(v == v.insert({1234, 42}).erase(1234));
+    CHECK(v == v.erase(32).insert({32, 32}));
+
+    CHECK(v.set(1234, 42) == v.insert({1234, 42}));
+    CHECK(v.update(1234, [](auto&& x) { return x + 1; }) == v.set(1234, 1));
+    CHECK(v.update(42, [](auto&& x) { return x + 1; }) == v.set(42, 43));
+}
+
+TEST_CASE("iterator")
+{
+    const auto N = 666u;
+    auto v       = make_test_map(N);
+
+    SECTION("empty set")
+    {
+        auto s = MAP_T<unsigned, unsigned>{};
+        CHECK(s.begin() == s.end());
+    }
+
+    SECTION("works with range loop")
+    {
+        auto seen = std::unordered_set<unsigned>{};
+        for (const auto& x : v)
+            CHECK(seen.insert(x.first).second);
+        CHECK(seen.size() == v.size());
+    }
+
+    SECTION("iterator and collisions")
+    {
+        auto vals = make_values_with_collisions(N);
+        auto s    = make_test_map(vals);
+        auto seen = std::unordered_set<conflictor, hash_conflictor>{};
+        for (const auto& x : s)
+            CHECK(seen.insert(x.first).second);
+        CHECK(seen.size() == s.size());
+    }
+}
+
+TEST_CASE("accumulate")
+{
+    const auto n = 666u;
+    auto v       = make_test_map(n);
+
+    auto expected_n = [](auto n) { return n * (n - 1) / 2; };
+
+    SECTION("sum collection")
+    {
+        auto acc = [](unsigned acc, const std::pair<unsigned, unsigned>& x) {
+            return acc + x.first + x.second;
+        };
+        auto sum = immer::accumulate(v, 0u, acc);
+        CHECK(sum == 2 * expected_n(v.size()));
+    }
+
+    SECTION("sum collisions")
+    {
+        auto vals = make_values_with_collisions(n);
+        auto s    = make_test_map(vals);
+        auto acc  = [](unsigned r, std::pair<conflictor, unsigned> x) {
+            return r + x.first.v1 + x.first.v2 + x.second;
+        };
+        auto sum1 = std::accumulate(vals.begin(), vals.end(), 0u, acc);
+        auto sum2 = immer::accumulate(s, 0u, acc);
+        CHECK(sum1 == sum2);
+    }
+}
+
+TEST_CASE("update a lot")
+{
+    auto v = make_test_map(666u);
+
+    for (decltype(v.size()) i = 0; i < v.size(); ++i) {
+        v = v.update(i, [](auto&& x) { return x + 1; });
+        CHECK(v[i] == i + 1);
+    }
+}
+
+TEST_CASE("exception safety")
+{
+    constexpr auto n = 2666u;
+
+    using dadaist_map_t =
+        typename dadaist_wrapper<MAP_T<unsigned, unsigned>>::type;
+    using dadaist_conflictor_map_t = typename dadaist_wrapper<
+        MAP_T<conflictor, unsigned, hash_conflictor>>::type;
+
+    SECTION("update collisions")
+    {
+        auto v = dadaist_map_t{};
+        auto d = dadaism{};
+        for (auto i = 0u; i < n; ++i)
+            v = v.set(i, i);
+        for (auto i = 0u; i < v.size();) {
+            try {
+                auto s = d.next();
+                v      = v.update(i, [](auto x) { return x + 1; });
+                ++i;
+            } catch (dada_error) {}
+            for (auto i : test_irange(0u, i))
+                CHECK(v.at(i) == i + 1);
+            for (auto i : test_irange(i, n))
+                CHECK(v.at(i) == i);
+        }
+        CHECK(d.happenings > 0);
+        IMMER_TRACE_E(d.happenings);
+    }
+
+    SECTION("update collisisions")
+    {
+        auto vals = make_values_with_collisions(n);
+        auto v    = dadaist_conflictor_map_t{};
+        auto d    = dadaism{};
+        for (auto i = 0u; i < n; ++i)
+            v = v.insert(vals[i]);
+        for (auto i = 0u; i < v.size();) {
+            try {
+                auto s = d.next();
+                v      = v.update(vals[i].first, [](auto x) { return x + 1; });
+                ++i;
+            } catch (dada_error) {}
+            for (auto i : test_irange(0u, i))
+                CHECK(v.at(vals[i].first) == vals[i].second + 1);
+            for (auto i : test_irange(i, n))
+                CHECK(v.at(vals[i].first) == vals[i].second);
+        }
+        CHECK(d.happenings > 0);
+        IMMER_TRACE_E(d.happenings);
+    }
+}
+
+namespace {
+struct KeyType
+{
+    explicit KeyType(unsigned v)
+        : value(v)
+    {}
+    unsigned value;
+};
+
+struct LookupType
+{
+    explicit LookupType(unsigned v)
+        : value(v)
+    {}
+    unsigned value;
+};
+
+struct TransparentHash
+{
+    using hash_type      = std::hash<unsigned>;
+    using is_transparent = void;
+
+    size_t operator()(KeyType const& k) const { return hash_type{}(k.value); }
+    size_t operator()(LookupType const& k) const
+    {
+        return hash_type{}(k.value);
+    }
+};
+
+bool operator==(KeyType const& k, KeyType const& l)
+{
+    return k.value == l.value;
+}
+bool operator==(KeyType const& k, LookupType const& l)
+{
+    return k.value == l.value;
+}
+} // namespace
+
+TEST_CASE("lookup with transparent hash")
+{
+    SECTION("default")
+    {
+        auto m = MAP_T<KeyType, int, TransparentHash, std::equal_to<>>{};
+        m      = m.insert({KeyType{1}, 12});
+
+        auto const& v = m.at(LookupType{1});
+        CHECK(v == 12);
+    }
+}
+
+namespace {
+
+class KElem
+{
+public:
+    KElem(int* elem) { this->elem = elem; }
+
+    bool operator==(const KElem& other) const
+    {
+        return this->elem == other.elem;
+    }
+
+    bool operator!=(const KElem& other) const { return !(*this == other); }
+
+    int* elem;
+};
+
+struct HashBlock
+{
+    size_t operator()(const KElem& block) const noexcept
+    {
+        return (uintptr_t) block.elem & 0xffffffff00000000;
+    }
+};
+
+using map = immer::map<KElem, KElem, HashBlock, std::equal_to<KElem>>;
+
+TEST_CASE("issue 134")
+{
+    int a[100];
+    map m;
+    for (int i = 0; i < 100; i++) {
+        m = m.set(KElem(a + i), KElem(a + i));
+    }
+}
+
+} // namespace
diff --git a/src/immer/test/map/issue-56.cpp b/src/immer/test/map/issue-56.cpp
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000..447c623ddad96
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/immer/test/map/issue-56.cpp
@@ -0,0 +1,42 @@
+//
+// immer: immutable data structures for C++
+// Copyright (C) 2016, 2017, 2018 Juan Pedro Bolivar Puente
+//
+// This software is distributed under the Boost Software License, Version 1.0.
+// See accompanying file LICENSE or copy at http://boost.org/LICENSE_1_0.txt
+//
+
+// Thanks @dgel for reporting this issue
+// https://github.com/arximboldi/immer/issues/56
+
+#include <immer/flex_vector.hpp>
+#include <immer/map.hpp>
+#include <immer/vector.hpp>
+
+#include <catch.hpp>
+
+TEST_CASE("const map")
+{
+    const auto x = immer::map<std::string, int>{}.set("A", 1);
+    auto it      = x.begin();
+    CHECK(it->first == "A");
+    CHECK(it->second == 1);
+}
+
+TEST_CASE("const vector")
+{
+    const auto x =
+        immer::vector<std::pair<std::string, int>>{}.push_back({"A", 1});
+    auto it = x.begin();
+    CHECK(it->first == "A");
+    CHECK(it->second == 1);
+}
+
+TEST_CASE("const flex vector")
+{
+    const auto x =
+        immer::flex_vector<std::pair<std::string, int>>{}.push_back({"A", 1});
+    auto it = x.begin();
+    CHECK(it->first == "A");
+    CHECK(it->second == 1);
+}
diff --git a/src/immer/test/memory/heaps.cpp b/src/immer/test/memory/heaps.cpp
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000..94af2be20868f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/immer/test/memory/heaps.cpp
@@ -0,0 +1,101 @@
+//
+// immer: immutable data structures for C++
+// Copyright (C) 2016, 2017, 2018 Juan Pedro Bolivar Puente
+//
+// This software is distributed under the Boost Software License, Version 1.0.
+// See accompanying file LICENSE or copy at http://boost.org/LICENSE_1_0.txt
+//
+
+#include <immer/heap/cpp_heap.hpp>
+#include <immer/heap/free_list_heap.hpp>
+#include <immer/heap/gc_heap.hpp>
+#include <immer/heap/malloc_heap.hpp>
+#include <immer/heap/thread_local_free_list_heap.hpp>
+
+#include <catch.hpp>
+#include <numeric>
+
+void do_stuff_to(void* buf, std::size_t size)
+{
+    auto ptr = static_cast<unsigned char*>(buf);
+    CHECK(buf != 0);
+    std::iota(ptr, ptr + size, 42);
+}
+
+TEST_CASE("malloc")
+{
+    using heap = immer::malloc_heap;
+
+    SECTION("basic")
+    {
+        auto p = heap::allocate(42u);
+        do_stuff_to(p, 42u);
+        heap::deallocate(42, p);
+    }
+}
+
+TEST_CASE("gc")
+{
+    using heap = immer::gc_heap;
+
+    SECTION("basic")
+    {
+        auto p = heap::allocate(42u);
+        do_stuff_to(p, 42u);
+        heap::deallocate(42, p);
+    }
+}
+
+TEST_CASE("cpp")
+{
+    using heap = immer::cpp_heap;
+
+    SECTION("basic")
+    {
+        auto p = heap::allocate(42u);
+        do_stuff_to(p, 42u);
+        heap::deallocate(42, p);
+    }
+}
+
+template <typename Heap>
+void test_free_list_heap()
+{
+    using heap = Heap;
+
+    SECTION("basic")
+    {
+        auto p = heap::allocate(42u);
+        do_stuff_to(p, 42u);
+        heap::deallocate(42, p);
+    }
+
+    SECTION("reuse")
+    {
+        auto p = heap::allocate(42u);
+        do_stuff_to(p, 42u);
+        heap::deallocate(42, p);
+
+        auto u = heap::allocate(12u);
+        do_stuff_to(u, 12u);
+        heap::deallocate(12, u);
+        CHECK(u == p);
+    }
+}
+
+TEST_CASE("free list")
+{
+    test_free_list_heap<immer::free_list_heap<42u, 2, immer::malloc_heap>>();
+}
+
+TEST_CASE("thread local free list")
+{
+    test_free_list_heap<
+        immer::thread_local_free_list_heap<42u, 2, immer::malloc_heap>>();
+}
+
+TEST_CASE("unsafe free_list")
+{
+    test_free_list_heap<
+        immer::unsafe_free_list_heap<42u, 2, immer::malloc_heap>>();
+}
diff --git a/src/immer/test/memory/refcounts.cpp b/src/immer/test/memory/refcounts.cpp
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000..f9278ca7794e8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/immer/test/memory/refcounts.cpp
@@ -0,0 +1,62 @@
+//
+// immer: immutable data structures for C++
+// Copyright (C) 2016, 2017, 2018 Juan Pedro Bolivar Puente
+//
+// This software is distributed under the Boost Software License, Version 1.0.
+// See accompanying file LICENSE or copy at http://boost.org/LICENSE_1_0.txt
+//
+
+#include <immer/refcount/no_refcount_policy.hpp>
+#include <immer/refcount/refcount_policy.hpp>
+#include <immer/refcount/unsafe_refcount_policy.hpp>
+
+#include <catch.hpp>
+
+TEST_CASE("no refcount has no data")
+{
+    static_assert(std::is_empty<immer::no_refcount_policy>{}, "");
+}
+
+template <typename RefcountPolicy>
+void test_refcount()
+{
+    using refcount = RefcountPolicy;
+
+    SECTION("starts at one")
+    {
+        refcount elem{};
+        CHECK(elem.dec());
+    }
+
+    SECTION("disowned starts at zero")
+    {
+        refcount elem{immer::disowned{}};
+        elem.inc();
+        CHECK(elem.dec());
+    }
+
+    SECTION("inc dec")
+    {
+        refcount elem{};
+        elem.inc();
+        CHECK(!elem.dec());
+        CHECK(elem.dec());
+    }
+
+    SECTION("inc dec unsafe")
+    {
+        refcount elem{};
+        elem.inc();
+        CHECK(!elem.dec());
+        elem.inc();
+        elem.dec_unsafe();
+        CHECK(elem.dec());
+    }
+}
+
+TEST_CASE("basic refcount") { test_refcount<immer::refcount_policy>(); }
+
+TEST_CASE("thread unsafe refcount")
+{
+    test_refcount<immer::unsafe_refcount_policy>();
+}
diff --git a/src/immer/test/oss-fuzz/array-0.cpp b/src/immer/test/oss-fuzz/array-0.cpp
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000..d0c2962a2e869
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/immer/test/oss-fuzz/array-0.cpp
@@ -0,0 +1,97 @@
+//
+// immer: immutable data structures for C++
+// Copyright (C) 2016, 2017, 2018 Juan Pedro Bolivar Puente
+//
+// This software is distributed under the Boost Software License, Version 1.0.
+// See accompanying file LICENSE or copy at http://boost.org/LICENSE_1_0.txt
+//
+
+#include "input.hpp"
+
+#include <immer/array.hpp>
+
+#include <catch.hpp>
+
+namespace {
+
+int run_input(const std::uint8_t* data, std::size_t size)
+{
+    constexpr auto var_count = 4;
+
+    using array_t = immer::array<int, immer::default_memory_policy>;
+    using size_t  = std::uint8_t;
+
+    auto vars = std::array<array_t, var_count>{};
+
+    auto is_valid_var   = [&](auto idx) { return idx >= 0 && idx < var_count; };
+    auto is_valid_index = [](auto& v) {
+        return [&](auto idx) { return idx >= 0 && idx < v.size(); };
+    };
+    auto is_valid_size = [](auto& v) {
+        return [&](auto idx) { return idx >= 0 && idx <= v.size(); };
+    };
+    // limit doing immutable pushes on vectors that are too big already to
+    // prevent timeouts
+    auto too_big = [](auto&& v) { return v.size() > (std::size_t{1} << 10); };
+    return fuzzer_input{data, size}.run([&](auto& in) {
+        enum ops
+        {
+            op_push_back,
+            op_update,
+            op_take,
+            op_push_back_move,
+            op_update_move,
+            op_take_move,
+        };
+        auto src = read<char>(in, is_valid_var);
+        auto dst = read<char>(in, is_valid_var);
+        switch (read<char>(in)) {
+        case op_push_back: {
+            if (!too_big(vars[src]))
+                vars[dst] = vars[src].push_back(42);
+            break;
+        }
+        case op_update: {
+            auto idx  = read<size_t>(in, is_valid_index(vars[src]));
+            vars[dst] = vars[src].update(idx, [](auto x) { return x + 1; });
+            break;
+        }
+        case op_take: {
+            auto idx  = read<size_t>(in, is_valid_size(vars[src]));
+            vars[dst] = vars[src].take(idx);
+            break;
+        }
+        case op_push_back_move: {
+            if (!too_big(vars[src]))
+                vars[dst] = std::move(vars[src]).push_back(12);
+            break;
+        }
+        case op_update_move: {
+            auto idx = read<size_t>(in, is_valid_index(vars[src]));
+            vars[dst] =
+                std::move(vars[src]).update(idx, [](auto x) { return x + 1; });
+            break;
+        }
+        case op_take_move: {
+            auto idx  = read<size_t>(in, is_valid_size(vars[src]));
+            vars[dst] = std::move(vars[src]).take(idx);
+            break;
+        }
+        default:
+            break;
+        };
+        return true;
+    });
+}
+
+} // namespace
+
+TEST_CASE("https://bugs.chromium.org/p/oss-fuzz/issues/detail?id=24176")
+{
+    SECTION("fuzzer")
+    {
+        auto input =
+            load_input("clusterfuzz-testcase-minimized-array-5722369596063744");
+        CHECK(run_input(input.data(), input.size()) == 0);
+    }
+}
diff --git a/src/immer/test/oss-fuzz/array-gc-0.cpp b/src/immer/test/oss-fuzz/array-gc-0.cpp
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000..40a29331f300e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/immer/test/oss-fuzz/array-gc-0.cpp
@@ -0,0 +1,125 @@
+//
+// immer: immutable data structures for C++
+// Copyright (C) 2016, 2017, 2018 Juan Pedro Bolivar Puente
+//
+// This software is distributed under the Boost Software License, Version 1.0.
+// See accompanying file LICENSE or copy at http://boost.org/LICENSE_1_0.txt
+//
+
+#include "input.hpp"
+
+#include "extra/fuzzer/fuzzer_gc_guard.hpp"
+
+#include <immer/array.hpp>
+#include <immer/array_transient.hpp>
+#include <immer/heap/gc_heap.hpp>
+#include <immer/refcount/no_refcount_policy.hpp>
+
+#include <catch.hpp>
+
+using gc_memory = immer::memory_policy<immer::heap_policy<immer::gc_heap>,
+                                       immer::no_refcount_policy,
+                                       immer::default_lock_policy,
+                                       immer::gc_transience_policy,
+                                       false>;
+
+namespace {
+
+int run_input(const std::uint8_t* data, std::size_t size)
+{
+    auto guard = fuzzer_gc_guard{};
+
+    constexpr auto var_count = 4;
+
+    using array_t     = immer::array<int, gc_memory>;
+    using transient_t = typename array_t::transient_type;
+    using size_t      = std::uint8_t;
+
+    auto vs = std::array<array_t, var_count>{};
+    auto ts = std::array<transient_t, var_count>{};
+
+    auto is_valid_var   = [&](auto idx) { return idx >= 0 && idx < var_count; };
+    auto is_valid_index = [](auto& v) {
+        return [&](auto idx) { return idx >= 0 && idx < v.size(); };
+    };
+    auto is_valid_size = [](auto& v) {
+        return [&](auto idx) { return idx >= 0 && idx <= v.size(); };
+    };
+    // limit doing immutable pushes on vectors that are too big already to
+    // prevent timeouts
+    auto too_big = [](auto&& v) { return v.size() > (std::size_t{1} << 10); };
+    return fuzzer_input{data, size}.run([&](auto& in) {
+        enum ops
+        {
+            op_transient,
+            op_persistent,
+            op_push_back,
+            op_update,
+            op_take,
+            op_push_back_mut,
+            op_update_mut,
+            op_take_mut,
+        };
+        auto dst = read<char>(in, is_valid_var);
+        switch (read<char>(in)) {
+        case op_transient: {
+            auto src = read<char>(in, is_valid_var);
+            ts[dst]  = vs[src].transient();
+            break;
+        }
+        case op_persistent: {
+            auto src = read<char>(in, is_valid_var);
+            vs[dst]  = ts[src].persistent();
+            break;
+        }
+        case op_push_back: {
+            auto src = read<char>(in, is_valid_var);
+            if (!too_big(vs[src]))
+                vs[dst] = vs[src].push_back(42);
+            break;
+        }
+        case op_update: {
+            auto src = read<char>(in, is_valid_var);
+            auto idx = read<size_t>(in, is_valid_index(vs[src]));
+            vs[dst]  = vs[src].update(idx, [](auto x) { return x + 1; });
+            break;
+        }
+        case op_take: {
+            auto src = read<char>(in, is_valid_var);
+            auto idx = read<size_t>(in, is_valid_size(vs[src]));
+            vs[dst]  = vs[src].take(idx);
+            break;
+        }
+        case op_push_back_mut: {
+            if (!too_big(vs[dst]))
+                ts[dst].push_back(13);
+            break;
+        }
+        case op_update_mut: {
+            auto idx = read<size_t>(in, is_valid_index(ts[dst]));
+            ts[dst].update(idx, [](auto x) { return x + 1; });
+            break;
+        }
+        case op_take_mut: {
+            auto idx = read<size_t>(in, is_valid_size(ts[dst]));
+            ts[dst].take(idx);
+            break;
+        }
+        default:
+            break;
+        };
+        return true;
+    });
+}
+
+} // namespace
+
+TEST_CASE("https://bugs.chromium.org/p/oss-fuzz/issues/detail?id=24244")
+{
+    SECTION("fuzzer")
+    {
+        auto input = load_input(
+            "clusterfuzz-testcase-minimized-array-gc-5983642523009024");
+        CHECK(run_input(input.data(), input.size()) == 0);
+    }
+}
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                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                         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diff --git a/src/immer/test/oss-fuzz/flex-vector-0.cpp b/src/immer/test/oss-fuzz/flex-vector-0.cpp
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000..f29eeb9fbf5cf
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/immer/test/oss-fuzz/flex-vector-0.cpp
@@ -0,0 +1,271 @@
+//
+// immer: immutable data structures for C++
+// Copyright (C) 2016, 2017, 2018 Juan Pedro Bolivar Puente
+//
+// This software is distributed under the Boost Software License, Version 1.0.
+// See accompanying file LICENSE or copy at http://boost.org/LICENSE_1_0.txt
+//
+
+#include "input.hpp"
+
+#include <immer/box.hpp>
+#include <immer/flex_vector.hpp>
+#include <immer/refcount/no_refcount_policy.hpp>
+
+#include <catch.hpp>
+
+#define IMMER_FUZZED_TRACE_ENABLE 0
+
+#if IMMER_FUZZED_TRACE_ENABLE
+#include <fmt/printf.h>
+#define IMMER_FUZZED_TRACE(...) fmt::print(std::cerr, __VA_ARGS__)
+#else
+#define IMMER_FUZZED_TRACE(...)
+#endif
+
+namespace {
+
+int run_input(const std::uint8_t* data, std::size_t size)
+{
+    constexpr auto VarCount = 8;
+    constexpr auto Bits     = 2;
+
+    using vector_t =
+        immer::flex_vector<int, immer::default_memory_policy, Bits, Bits>;
+    using size_t = std::uint8_t;
+
+    auto vars = std::array<vector_t, VarCount>{};
+
+#if IMMER_FUZZED_TRACE_ENABLE
+    IMMER_FUZZED_TRACE("/// new test run\n");
+    IMMER_FUZZED_TRACE("using vector_t = immer::flex_vector<int, "
+                       "immer::default_memory_policy, {}, {}>;\n",
+                       Bits,
+                       Bits);
+    for (auto i = 0u; i < VarCount; ++i)
+        IMMER_FUZZED_TRACE("auto v{} = vector_t{{}};\n", i);
+#endif
+
+    auto is_valid_var = [&](auto idx) { return idx >= 0 && idx < VarCount; };
+    auto is_valid_var_neq = [](auto other) {
+        return [=](auto idx) {
+            return idx >= 0 && idx < VarCount && idx != other;
+        };
+    };
+    auto is_valid_index = [](auto& v) {
+        return [&](auto idx) { return idx >= 0 && idx < v.size(); };
+    };
+    auto is_valid_size = [](auto& v) {
+        return [&](auto idx) { return idx >= 0 && idx <= v.size(); };
+    };
+    auto can_concat = [](auto&& v1, auto&& v2) {
+        return v1.size() + v2.size() < vector_t::max_size();
+    };
+    auto can_compare = [](auto&& v) {
+        // avoid comparing vectors that are too big, and hence, slow to compare
+        return v.size() < (1 << 15);
+    };
+    return fuzzer_input{data, size}.run([&](auto& in) {
+        enum ops
+        {
+            op_push_back,
+            op_update,
+            op_take,
+            op_drop,
+            op_concat,
+            op_push_back_move,
+            op_update_move,
+            op_take_move,
+            op_drop_move,
+            op_concat_move_l,
+            op_concat_move_r,
+            op_concat_move_lr,
+            op_insert,
+            op_erase,
+            op_compare,
+        };
+        auto src = read<char>(in, is_valid_var);
+        auto dst = read<char>(in, is_valid_var);
+        switch (read<char>(in)) {
+        case op_push_back: {
+            IMMER_FUZZED_TRACE("v{} = v{}.push_back(42);\n", +dst, +src);
+            vars[dst] = vars[src].push_back(42);
+            break;
+        }
+        case op_update: {
+            auto idx = read<size_t>(in, is_valid_index(vars[src]));
+            IMMER_FUZZED_TRACE(
+                "v{} = v{}.update({}, [] (auto x) {{ return x + 1; }});\n",
+                +dst,
+                +src,
+                idx);
+            vars[dst] = vars[src].update(idx, [](auto x) { return x + 1; });
+            break;
+        }
+        case op_take: {
+            auto idx = read<size_t>(in, is_valid_size(vars[src]));
+            IMMER_FUZZED_TRACE("v{} = v{}.take({});\n", +dst, +src, idx);
+            vars[dst] = vars[src].take(idx);
+            break;
+        }
+        case op_drop: {
+            auto idx = read<size_t>(in, is_valid_size(vars[src]));
+            IMMER_FUZZED_TRACE("v{} = v{}.drop({});\n", +dst, +src, idx);
+            vars[dst] = vars[src].drop(idx);
+            break;
+        }
+        case op_concat: {
+            auto src2 = read<char>(in, is_valid_var);
+            if (can_concat(vars[src], vars[src2])) {
+                IMMER_FUZZED_TRACE("v{} = v{} + v{};\n", +dst, +src, +src2);
+                vars[dst] = vars[src] + vars[src2];
+            }
+            break;
+        }
+        case op_push_back_move: {
+            IMMER_FUZZED_TRACE(
+                "v{} = std::move(v{}).push_back(21);\n", +dst, +src);
+            vars[dst] = std::move(vars[src]).push_back(21);
+            break;
+        }
+        case op_update_move: {
+            auto idx = read<size_t>(in, is_valid_index(vars[src]));
+            IMMER_FUZZED_TRACE("v{} = std::move(v{}).update({}, [] (auto x) {{ "
+                               "return x + 1; }});\n",
+                               +dst,
+                               +src,
+                               idx);
+            vars[dst] =
+                std::move(vars[src]).update(idx, [](auto x) { return x + 1; });
+            break;
+        }
+        case op_take_move: {
+            auto idx = read<size_t>(in, is_valid_size(vars[src]));
+            IMMER_FUZZED_TRACE(
+                "v{} = std::move(v{}).take({});\n", +dst, +src, idx);
+            vars[dst] = std::move(vars[src]).take(idx);
+            break;
+        }
+        case op_drop_move: {
+            auto idx = read<size_t>(in, is_valid_size(vars[src]));
+            IMMER_FUZZED_TRACE(
+                "v{} = std::move(v{}).drop({});\n", +dst, +src, idx);
+            vars[dst] = std::move(vars[src]).drop(idx);
+            break;
+        }
+        case op_concat_move_l: {
+            auto src2 = read<char>(in, is_valid_var_neq(src));
+            if (can_concat(vars[src], vars[src2])) {
+                IMMER_FUZZED_TRACE(
+                    "v{} = std::move(v{}) + v{};\n", +dst, +src, +src2);
+                vars[dst] = std::move(vars[src]) + vars[src2];
+            }
+            break;
+        }
+        case op_concat_move_r: {
+            auto src2 = read<char>(in, is_valid_var_neq(src));
+            if (can_concat(vars[src], vars[src2])) {
+                IMMER_FUZZED_TRACE(
+                    "v{} = v{} + std::move(v{});\n", +dst, +src, +src2);
+                vars[dst] = vars[src] + std::move(vars[src2]);
+            }
+            break;
+        }
+        case op_concat_move_lr: {
+            auto src2 = read<char>(in, is_valid_var_neq(src));
+            if (can_concat(vars[src], vars[src2])) {
+                IMMER_FUZZED_TRACE("v{} = std::move(v{}) + std::move(v{});\n",
+                                   +dst,
+                                   +src,
+                                   +src2);
+                vars[dst] = std::move(vars[src]) + std::move(vars[src2]);
+            }
+            break;
+        }
+        case op_compare: {
+            using std::swap;
+            if (can_compare(vars[src])) {
+                IMMER_FUZZED_TRACE("if (v{} == v{}) swap(v{}, v{});\n",
+                                   +src,
+                                   +dst,
+                                   +src,
+                                   +dst);
+                if (vars[src] == vars[dst])
+                    swap(vars[src], vars[dst]);
+            }
+            break;
+        }
+        case op_erase: {
+            auto idx = read<size_t>(in, is_valid_index(vars[src]));
+            IMMER_FUZZED_TRACE("v{} = v{}.erase({});\n", +dst, +src, idx);
+            vars[dst] = vars[src].erase(idx);
+            break;
+        }
+        case op_insert: {
+            auto idx = read<size_t>(in, is_valid_size(vars[src]));
+            IMMER_FUZZED_TRACE("v{} = v{}.insert({}, immer::box<int>{{42}});\n",
+                               +dst,
+                               +src,
+                               idx);
+            vars[dst] = vars[src].insert(idx, immer::box<int>{42});
+            break;
+        }
+        default:
+            break;
+        };
+        return true;
+    });
+}
+
+} // namespace
+
+TEST_CASE("https://bugs.chromium.org/p/oss-fuzz/issues/detail?id=24339")
+{
+    SECTION("fuzzer")
+    {
+        auto input = load_input(
+            "clusterfuzz-testcase-minimized-flex-vector-4806287339290624.fuzz");
+        CHECK(run_input(input.data(), input.size()) == 0);
+    }
+}
+
+TEST_CASE("https://bugs.chromium.org/p/oss-fuzz/issues/detail?id=24139")
+{
+    SECTION("fuzzer")
+    {
+        auto input = load_input(
+            "clusterfuzz-testcase-minimized-flex-vector-5068547731226624");
+        CHECK(run_input(input.data(), input.size()) == 0);
+    }
+}
+
+TEST_CASE("https://bugs.chromium.org/p/oss-fuzz/issues/detail?id=24144")
+{
+    SECTION("fuzzer")
+    {
+        auto input = load_input(
+            "clusterfuzz-testcase-minimized-flex-vector-5682145239236608");
+        CHECK(run_input(input.data(), input.size()) == 0);
+    }
+}
+
+TEST_CASE("https://bugs.chromium.org/p/oss-fuzz/issues/detail?id=24147")
+{
+    SECTION("fuzzer")
+    {
+        auto input = load_input(
+            "clusterfuzz-testcase-minimized-flex-vector-6237969917411328");
+        CHECK(run_input(input.data(), input.size()) == 0);
+    }
+}
+
+TEST_CASE("https://oss-fuzz.com/testcase-detail/5078027885871104")
+{
+    SECTION("fuzzer")
+    {
+        return;
+        auto input = load_input(
+            "clusterfuzz-testcase-minimized-flex-vector-5078027885871104.fuzz");
+        CHECK(run_input(input.data(), input.size()) == 0);
+    }
+}
diff --git a/src/immer/test/oss-fuzz/flex-vector-bo-0.cpp b/src/immer/test/oss-fuzz/flex-vector-bo-0.cpp
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000..b821734fd446f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/immer/test/oss-fuzz/flex-vector-bo-0.cpp
@@ -0,0 +1,252 @@
+//
+// immer: immutable data structures for C++
+// Copyright (C) 2016, 2017, 2018 Juan Pedro Bolivar Puente
+//
+// This software is distributed under the Boost Software License, Version 1.0.
+// See accompanying file LICENSE or copy at http://boost.org/LICENSE_1_0.txt
+//
+
+#include "input.hpp"
+
+#include <immer/box.hpp>
+#include <immer/flex_vector.hpp>
+#include <immer/flex_vector_transient.hpp>
+
+#include <catch.hpp>
+
+#define IMMER_FUZZED_TRACE_ENABLE 1
+
+#if IMMER_FUZZED_TRACE_ENABLE
+#include <fmt/printf.h>
+#define IMMER_FUZZED_TRACE(...) fmt::print(std::cerr, __VA_ARGS__)
+#else
+#define IMMER_FUZZED_TRACE(...)
+#endif
+
+using bo_memory = immer::memory_policy<immer::heap_policy<immer::cpp_heap>,
+                                       immer::unsafe_refcount_policy,
+                                       immer::no_lock_policy,
+                                       immer::no_transience_policy,
+                                       true>;
+
+namespace {
+
+int run_input(const std::uint8_t* data, std::size_t size)
+{
+    constexpr auto var_count = 8;
+    constexpr auto bits      = 3;
+
+    using vector_t = immer::flex_vector<int, bo_memory, bits, bits>;
+    using size_t   = std::uint8_t;
+
+    auto vars = std::array<vector_t, var_count>{};
+
+#if IMMER_FUZZED_TRACE_ENABLE
+    IMMER_FUZZED_TRACE("/// new test run\n");
+    IMMER_FUZZED_TRACE(
+        "using vector_t = immer::flex_vector<int, bo_memory, {}, {}>;\n",
+        bits,
+        bits);
+    for (auto i = 0u; i < var_count; ++i)
+        IMMER_FUZZED_TRACE("auto v{} = vector_t{{}};\n", i);
+#endif
+
+    auto is_valid_var = [&](auto idx) { return idx >= 0 && idx < var_count; };
+    auto is_valid_var_neq = [](auto other) {
+        return [=](auto idx) {
+            return idx >= 0 && idx < var_count && idx != other;
+        };
+    };
+    auto is_valid_index = [](auto& v) {
+        return [&](auto idx) { return idx >= 0 && idx < v.size(); };
+    };
+    auto is_valid_size = [](auto& v) {
+        return [&](auto idx) { return idx >= 0 && idx <= v.size(); };
+    };
+    auto can_concat = [](auto&& v1, auto&& v2) {
+        return v1.size() + v2.size() < vector_t::max_size();
+    };
+    auto can_compare = [](auto&& v) {
+        // avoid comparing vectors that are too big, and hence, slow to compare
+        return v.size() < (1 << 15);
+    };
+    return fuzzer_input{data, size}.run([&](auto& in) {
+        enum ops
+        {
+            op_push_back,
+            op_update,
+            op_take,
+            op_drop,
+            op_concat,
+            op_push_back_move,
+            op_update_move,
+            op_take_move,
+            op_drop_move,
+            op_concat_move_l,
+            op_concat_move_r,
+            op_concat_move_lr,
+            op_insert,
+            op_erase,
+            op_compare,
+        };
+        auto src = read<char>(in, is_valid_var);
+        auto dst = read<char>(in, is_valid_var);
+        switch (read<char>(in)) {
+        case op_push_back: {
+            IMMER_FUZZED_TRACE("v{} = v{}.push_back(42);\n", +dst, +src);
+            vars[dst] = vars[src].push_back(42);
+            break;
+        }
+        case op_update: {
+            auto idx = read<size_t>(in, is_valid_index(vars[src]));
+            IMMER_FUZZED_TRACE(
+                "v{} = v{}.update({}, [] (auto x) {{ return x + 1; }});\n",
+                +dst,
+                +src,
+                idx);
+            vars[dst] = vars[src].update(idx, [](auto x) { return x + 1; });
+            break;
+        }
+        case op_take: {
+            auto idx = read<size_t>(in, is_valid_size(vars[src]));
+            IMMER_FUZZED_TRACE("v{} = v{}.take({});\n", +dst, +src, idx);
+            vars[dst] = vars[src].take(idx);
+            break;
+        }
+        case op_drop: {
+            auto idx = read<size_t>(in, is_valid_size(vars[src]));
+            IMMER_FUZZED_TRACE("v{} = v{}.drop({});\n", +dst, +src, idx);
+            vars[dst] = vars[src].drop(idx);
+            break;
+        }
+        case op_concat: {
+            auto src2 = read<char>(in, is_valid_var);
+            if (can_concat(vars[src], vars[src2])) {
+                IMMER_FUZZED_TRACE("v{} = v{} + v{};\n", +dst, +src, +src2);
+                vars[dst] = vars[src] + vars[src2];
+            }
+            break;
+        }
+        case op_push_back_move: {
+            IMMER_FUZZED_TRACE(
+                "v{} = std::move(v{}).push_back(21);\n", +dst, +src);
+            vars[dst] = std::move(vars[src]).push_back(21);
+            break;
+        }
+        case op_update_move: {
+            auto idx = read<size_t>(in, is_valid_index(vars[src]));
+            IMMER_FUZZED_TRACE("v{} = std::move(v{}).update({}, [] (auto x) {{ "
+                               "return x + 1; }});\n",
+                               +dst,
+                               +src,
+                               idx);
+            vars[dst] =
+                std::move(vars[src]).update(idx, [](auto x) { return x + 1; });
+            break;
+        }
+        case op_take_move: {
+            auto idx = read<size_t>(in, is_valid_size(vars[src]));
+            IMMER_FUZZED_TRACE(
+                "v{} = std::move(v{}).take({});\n", +dst, +src, idx);
+            vars[dst] = std::move(vars[src]).take(idx);
+            break;
+        }
+        case op_drop_move: {
+            auto idx = read<size_t>(in, is_valid_size(vars[src]));
+            IMMER_FUZZED_TRACE(
+                "v{} = std::move(v{}).drop({});\n", +dst, +src, idx);
+            vars[dst] = std::move(vars[src]).drop(idx);
+            break;
+        }
+        case op_concat_move_l: {
+            auto src2 = read<char>(in, is_valid_var_neq(src));
+            if (can_concat(vars[src], vars[src2])) {
+                IMMER_FUZZED_TRACE(
+                    "v{} = std::move(v{}) + v{};\n", +dst, +src, +src2);
+                vars[dst] = std::move(vars[src]) + vars[src2];
+            }
+            break;
+        }
+        case op_concat_move_r: {
+            auto src2 = read<char>(in, is_valid_var_neq(src));
+            if (can_concat(vars[src], vars[src2])) {
+                IMMER_FUZZED_TRACE(
+                    "v{} = v{} + std::move(v{});\n", +dst, +src, +src2);
+                vars[dst] = vars[src] + std::move(vars[src2]);
+            }
+            break;
+        }
+        case op_concat_move_lr: {
+            auto src2 = read<char>(in, is_valid_var_neq(src));
+            if (can_concat(vars[src], vars[src2])) {
+                IMMER_FUZZED_TRACE("v{} = std::move(v{}) + std::move(v{});\n",
+                                   +dst,
+                                   +src,
+                                   +src2);
+                vars[dst] = std::move(vars[src]) + std::move(vars[src2]);
+            }
+            break;
+        }
+        case op_compare: {
+            using std::swap;
+            if (can_compare(vars[src])) {
+                IMMER_FUZZED_TRACE("if (v{} == v{}) swap(v{}, v{});\n",
+                                   +src,
+                                   +dst,
+                                   +src,
+                                   +dst);
+                if (vars[src] == vars[dst])
+                    swap(vars[src], vars[dst]);
+            }
+            break;
+        }
+        case op_erase: {
+            auto idx = read<size_t>(in, is_valid_index(vars[src]));
+            IMMER_FUZZED_TRACE("v{} = v{}.erase({});\n", +dst, +src, idx);
+            vars[dst] = vars[src].erase(idx);
+            break;
+        }
+        case op_insert: {
+            auto idx = read<size_t>(in, is_valid_size(vars[src]));
+            IMMER_FUZZED_TRACE("v{} = v{}.insert({}, immer::box<int>{{42}});\n",
+                               +dst,
+                               +src,
+                               idx);
+            vars[dst] = vars[src].insert(idx, immer::box<int>{42});
+            break;
+        }
+        default:
+            break;
+        };
+        return true;
+    });
+}
+
+} // namespace
+
+TEST_CASE("https://bugs.chromium.org/p/oss-fuzz/issues/detail?id=24366")
+{
+    SECTION("trace, simplified")
+    {
+        using vector_t = immer::flex_vector<int, bo_memory, 3, 3>;
+        auto v0        = vector_t{{42, 42, 42, 42}};
+        auto v1        = v0 + v0;
+        v0             = v0 + v1;
+        v0             = v0 + v1;
+        v0             = v0 + v1;
+        v0             = v0 + v1;
+        v0             = v0 + v1;
+        v0             = v0 + v1;
+        v0             = v0 + v1;
+        v0             = v0 + v1;
+        v0             = v0 + v1;
+        v0             = std::move(v0).drop(71);
+    }
+
+    SECTION("fuzzer")
+    {
+        auto input = load_input(
+            "clusterfuzz-testcase-minimized-flex-vector-bo-6038320384311296");
+        CHECK(run_input(input.data(), input.size()) == 0);
+    }
+}
diff --git a/src/immer/test/oss-fuzz/flex-vector-gc-0.cpp b/src/immer/test/oss-fuzz/flex-vector-gc-0.cpp
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000..75dd1ae1ad290
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/immer/test/oss-fuzz/flex-vector-gc-0.cpp
@@ -0,0 +1,1748 @@
+//
+// immer: immutable data structures for C++
+// Copyright (C) 2016, 2017, 2018 Juan Pedro Bolivar Puente
+//
+// This software is distributed under the Boost Software License, Version 1.0.
+// See accompanying file LICENSE or copy at http://boost.org/LICENSE_1_0.txt
+//
+
+#include "input.hpp"
+
+#include <immer/flex_vector.hpp>
+#include <immer/flex_vector_transient.hpp>
+#include <immer/heap/gc_heap.hpp>
+#include <immer/refcount/no_refcount_policy.hpp>
+
+#include <catch.hpp>
+
+#define IMMER_FUZZED_TRACE_ENABLE 0
+
+#if IMMER_FUZZED_TRACE_ENABLE
+#include <fmt/printf.h>
+#define IMMER_FUZZED_TRACE(...) fmt::print(std::cerr, __VA_ARGS__)
+#else
+#define IMMER_FUZZED_TRACE(...)
+#endif
+
+using gc_memory = immer::memory_policy<immer::heap_policy<immer::gc_heap>,
+                                       immer::no_refcount_policy,
+                                       immer::default_lock_policy,
+                                       immer::gc_transience_policy,
+                                       false>;
+
+namespace {
+
+int run_input(const std::uint8_t* data, std::size_t size)
+{
+    constexpr std::size_t var_count = 4;
+    constexpr unsigned bits         = 2;
+
+    using vector_t    = immer::flex_vector<int, gc_memory, bits, bits>;
+    using transient_t = typename vector_t::transient_type;
+    using size_t      = std::uint8_t;
+
+    auto vs = std::array<vector_t, var_count>{};
+    auto ts = std::array<transient_t, var_count>{};
+
+#if IMMER_FUZZED_TRACE_ENABLE
+    IMMER_FUZZED_TRACE("/// new test run\n");
+    IMMER_FUZZED_TRACE(
+        "using vector_t = immer::flex_vector<int, gc_memory, {}, {}>;\n",
+        bits,
+        bits);
+    for (auto i = 0u; i < var_count; ++i)
+        IMMER_FUZZED_TRACE("auto v{} = vector_t{{}};\n", i);
+    for (auto i = 0u; i < var_count; ++i)
+        IMMER_FUZZED_TRACE("auto t{} = transient_t{{}};\n", i);
+#endif
+
+    auto is_valid_var = [&](auto idx) { return idx >= 0 && idx < var_count; };
+    auto is_valid_var_neq = [](auto other) {
+        return [=](auto idx) {
+            return idx >= 0 && idx < var_count && idx != other;
+        };
+    };
+    auto is_valid_index = [](auto& v) {
+        return [&](auto idx) { return idx >= 0 && idx < v.size(); };
+    };
+    auto is_valid_size = [](auto& v) {
+        return [&](auto idx) { return idx >= 0 && idx <= v.size(); };
+    };
+    auto can_concat = [](auto&& v1, auto&& v2) {
+        return v1.size() + v2.size() < vector_t::max_size();
+    };
+
+    return fuzzer_input{data, size}.run([&](auto& in) {
+        enum ops
+        {
+            op_transient,
+            op_persistent,
+            op_push_back,
+            op_update,
+            op_take,
+            op_drop,
+            op_concat,
+            op_push_back_mut,
+            op_update_mut,
+            op_take_mut,
+            op_drop_mut,
+            op_prepend_mut,
+            op_prepend_mut_move,
+            op_append_mut,
+            op_append_mut_move,
+        };
+        auto dst = read<std::uint8_t>(in, is_valid_var);
+        switch (read<char>(in)) {
+        case op_transient: {
+            auto src = read<std::uint8_t>(in, is_valid_var);
+            IMMER_FUZZED_TRACE("t{} = v{}.transient();\n", +dst, +src);
+            ts[dst] = vs[src].transient();
+            break;
+        }
+        case op_persistent: {
+            auto src = read<std::uint8_t>(in, is_valid_var);
+            IMMER_FUZZED_TRACE("v{} = t{}.persistent();\n", +dst, +src);
+            vs[dst] = ts[src].persistent();
+            break;
+        }
+        case op_push_back: {
+            auto src = read<std::uint8_t>(in, is_valid_var);
+            IMMER_FUZZED_TRACE("v{} = v{}.push_back(42);\n", +dst, +src);
+            vs[dst] = vs[src].push_back(42);
+            break;
+        }
+        case op_update: {
+            auto src = read<std::uint8_t>(in, is_valid_var);
+            auto idx = read<size_t>(in, is_valid_index(vs[src]));
+            IMMER_FUZZED_TRACE(
+                "v{} = v{}.update({}, [] (auto x) {{ return x + 1; }});\n",
+                +dst,
+                +src,
+                idx);
+            vs[dst] = vs[src].update(idx, [](auto x) { return x + 1; });
+            break;
+        }
+        case op_take: {
+            auto src = read<std::uint8_t>(in, is_valid_var);
+            auto idx = read<size_t>(in, is_valid_size(vs[src]));
+            IMMER_FUZZED_TRACE("v{} = v{}.take({});\n", +dst, +src, idx);
+            vs[dst] = vs[src].take(idx);
+            break;
+        }
+        case op_drop: {
+            auto src = read<std::uint8_t>(in, is_valid_var);
+            auto idx = read<size_t>(in, is_valid_size(vs[src]));
+            IMMER_FUZZED_TRACE("v{} = v{}.drop({});\n", +dst, +src, idx);
+            vs[dst] = vs[src].drop(idx);
+            break;
+        }
+        case op_concat: {
+            auto src  = read<std::uint8_t>(in, is_valid_var);
+            auto src2 = read<std::uint8_t>(in, is_valid_var);
+            if (can_concat(vs[src], vs[src2])) {
+                IMMER_FUZZED_TRACE("v{} = v{} + v{};\n", +dst, +src, +src2);
+                vs[dst] = vs[src] + vs[src2];
+            }
+            break;
+        }
+        case op_push_back_mut: {
+            IMMER_FUZZED_TRACE("t{}.push_back(13);\n", +dst);
+            ts[dst].push_back(13);
+            break;
+        }
+        case op_update_mut: {
+            auto idx = read<size_t>(in, is_valid_index(ts[dst]));
+            IMMER_FUZZED_TRACE(
+                "t{}.update({}, [] (auto x) {{ return x + 1; }});\n",
+                +dst,
+                idx);
+            ts[dst].update(idx, [](auto x) { return x + 1; });
+            break;
+        }
+        case op_take_mut: {
+            auto idx = read<size_t>(in, is_valid_size(ts[dst]));
+            IMMER_FUZZED_TRACE("t{}.take({});\n", +dst, idx);
+            ts[dst].take(idx);
+            break;
+        }
+        case op_prepend_mut: {
+            auto src = read<std::uint8_t>(in, is_valid_var_neq(dst));
+            if (can_concat(ts[dst], ts[src])) {
+                IMMER_FUZZED_TRACE("t{}.prepend(t{});\n", +dst, +src);
+                ts[dst].prepend(ts[src]);
+            }
+            break;
+        }
+        case op_prepend_mut_move: {
+            auto src = read<std::uint8_t>(in, is_valid_var_neq(dst));
+            if (can_concat(ts[dst], ts[src])) {
+                IMMER_FUZZED_TRACE("t{}.prepend(std::move(t{}));\n"
+                                   "t{} = {{}};\n",
+                                   +dst,
+                                   +src,
+                                   +src);
+                ts[dst].prepend(std::move(ts[src]));
+                ts[src] = {};
+            }
+            break;
+        }
+        case op_append_mut: {
+            auto src = read<std::uint8_t>(in, is_valid_var_neq(dst));
+            if (can_concat(ts[dst], ts[src])) {
+                IMMER_FUZZED_TRACE("t{}.append(t{});\n", +dst, +src);
+                ts[dst].append(ts[src]);
+            }
+            break;
+        }
+        case op_append_mut_move: {
+            auto src = read<std::uint8_t>(in, is_valid_var_neq(dst));
+            if (can_concat(ts[dst], ts[src])) {
+                IMMER_FUZZED_TRACE("t{}.append(std::move(t{}));\n"
+                                   "t{} = {{}};\n",
+                                   +dst,
+                                   +src,
+                                   +src);
+                ts[dst].append(std::move(ts[src]));
+                ts[src] = {};
+            }
+            break;
+        }
+        default:
+            break;
+        };
+        return true;
+    });
+}
+
+} // namespace
+
+TEST_CASE("https://bugs.chromium.org/p/oss-fuzz/issues/detail?id=24209")
+{
+    SECTION("fuzzer")
+    {
+        auto input = load_input(
+            "clusterfuzz-testcase-minimized-flex-vector-gc-5127731734642688");
+        CHECK(run_input(input.data(), input.size()) == 0);
+    }
+}
+
+TEST_CASE("https://bugs.chromium.org/p/oss-fuzz/issues/detail?id=24196")
+{
+    SECTION("fuzzer")
+    {
+        auto input = load_input(
+            "clusterfuzz-testcase-minimized-flex-vector-gc-5676111456108544");
+        CHECK(run_input(input.data(), input.size()) == 0);
+    }
+}
+
+TEST_CASE("https://bugs.chromium.org/p/oss-fuzz/issues/detail?id=24168")
+{
+    SECTION("fuzzer")
+    {
+        auto input = load_input(
+            "clusterfuzz-testcase-minimized-flex-vector-gc-5428967461617664");
+        CHECK(run_input(input.data(), input.size()) == 0);
+    }
+}
+
+TEST_CASE("https://bugs.chromium.org/p/oss-fuzz/issues/detail?id=24148")
+{
+    SECTION("fuzzer")
+    {
+        auto input = load_input(
+            "clusterfuzz-testcase-minimized-flex-vector-gc-6299398922043392");
+        CHECK(run_input(input.data(), input.size()) == 0);
+    }
+}
+
+TEST_CASE("https://bugs.chromium.org/p/oss-fuzz/issues/detail?id=24143")
+{
+    SECTION("fuzzer")
+    {
+        auto input = load_input(
+            "clusterfuzz-testcase-minimized-flex-vector-gc-5123086366801920");
+        CHECK(run_input(input.data(), input.size()) == 0);
+    }
+}
+
+TEST_CASE("https://bugs.chromium.org/p/oss-fuzz/issues/detail?id=24162")
+{
+    SECTION("fuzzer")
+    {
+        auto input = load_input(
+            "clusterfuzz-testcase-minimized-flex-vector-gc-5151861104181248");
+        CHECK(run_input(input.data(), input.size()) == 0);
+    }
+}
+
+TEST_CASE("https://bugs.chromium.org/p/oss-fuzz/issues/detail?id=24155")
+{
+    SECTION("fuzzer")
+    {
+        auto input = load_input(
+            "clusterfuzz-testcase-minimized-flex-vector-gc-5194423089233920");
+        CHECK(run_input(input.data(), input.size()) == 0);
+    }
+}
+
+TEST_CASE("https://bugs.chromium.org/p/oss-fuzz/issues/detail?id=24136")
+{
+    SECTION("fuzzer")
+    {
+        auto input = load_input(
+            "clusterfuzz-testcase-minimized-flex-vector-gc-5635385259196416");
+        CHECK(run_input(input.data(), input.size()) == 0);
+    }
+}
+
+TEST_CASE("https://bugs.chromium.org/p/oss-fuzz/issues/detail?id=24142")
+{
+    SECTION("fuzzer")
+    {
+        auto input = load_input(
+            "clusterfuzz-testcase-minimized-flex-vector-gc-4787718039797760");
+        CHECK(run_input(input.data(), input.size()) == 0);
+    }
+}
+
+TEST_CASE("https://bugs.chromium.org/p/oss-fuzz/issues/detail?id=24172")
+{
+    SECTION("fuzzer")
+    {
+        auto input = load_input(
+            "clusterfuzz-testcase-minimized-flex-vector-gc-6595824679911424");
+        CHECK(run_input(input.data(), input.size()) == 0);
+    }
+}
+
+TEST_CASE("https://bugs.chromium.org/p/oss-fuzz/issues/detail?id=24173")
+{
+    SECTION("fuzzer")
+    {
+        auto input = load_input(
+            "clusterfuzz-testcase-minimized-flex-vector-gc-4872518268354560");
+        CHECK(run_input(input.data(), input.size()) == 0);
+    }
+}
+
+TEST_CASE("https://bugs.chromium.org/p/oss-fuzz/issues/detail?id=24213")
+{
+    SECTION("fuzzer")
+    {
+        auto input = load_input(
+            "clusterfuzz-testcase-minimized-flex-vector-gc-6265466893631488");
+        CHECK(run_input(input.data(), input.size()) == 0);
+    }
+}
+
+TEST_CASE("https://bugs.chromium.org/p/oss-fuzz/issues/detail?id=24264")
+{
+    SECTION("fuzzer")
+    {
+        auto input = load_input(
+            "clusterfuzz-testcase-minimized-flex-vector-gc-4855756386729984");
+        CHECK(run_input(input.data(), input.size()) == 0);
+    }
+}
+
+TEST_CASE("https://bugs.chromium.org/p/oss-fuzz/issues/detail?id=24286")
+{
+    SECTION("fuzzer")
+    {
+        auto input = load_input(
+            "clusterfuzz-testcase-minimized-flex-vector-gc-6017886557306880");
+        CHECK(run_input(input.data(), input.size()) == 0);
+    }
+}
+
+TEST_CASE("https://bugs.chromium.org/p/oss-fuzz/issues/detail?id=24287")
+{
+    SECTION("fuzzer")
+    {
+        auto input = load_input(
+            "clusterfuzz-testcase-minimized-flex-vector-gc-5660697665732608");
+        CHECK(run_input(input.data(), input.size()) == 0);
+    }
+}
+
+TEST_CASE("https://bugs.chromium.org/p/oss-fuzz/issues/detail?id=24371")
+{
+    SECTION("fuzzer")
+    {
+        auto input = load_input(
+            "clusterfuzz-testcase-minimized-flex-vector-gc-5120685673021440");
+        CHECK(run_input(input.data(), input.size()) == 0);
+    }
+}
+
+TEST_CASE("https://bugs.chromium.org/p/oss-fuzz/issues/detail?id=24412")
+{
+    SECTION("trace, hand minimized")
+    {
+        /// new test run
+        using vector_t    = immer::flex_vector<int, gc_memory, 2, 2>;
+        using transient_t = immer::flex_vector_transient<int, gc_memory, 2, 2>;
+        auto v0           = vector_t{};
+        auto v1           = vector_t{};
+        auto v2           = vector_t{};
+        auto v3           = vector_t{};
+        auto t0           = transient_t{};
+        auto t1           = transient_t{};
+        auto t2           = transient_t{};
+        auto t3           = transient_t{};
+        t0.push_back(13);
+        t0.push_back(13);
+        t0.push_back(13);
+        t0.push_back(13);
+        v3 = v2.take(2);
+        v3 = v2.drop(2);
+        v3 = v2.take(2);
+        v3 = v3.push_back(42);
+        t0 = v0.transient();
+        v3 = v2.take(2);
+        v3 = v2.drop(2);
+        v3 = v2.take(2);
+        v3 = v3.push_back(42);
+        t0 = v0.transient();
+        v3 = v2.take(2);
+        v3 = v2.drop(2);
+        v3 = v2.take(2);
+        v3 = v3.push_back(42);
+        t0 = v0.transient();
+        v3 = v2.take(2);
+        v3 = v2.drop(2);
+        v3 = v2.take(2);
+        v3 = v3.push_back(42);
+        t0 = v0.transient();
+        v3 = v2.take(2);
+        v3 = v2.drop(2);
+        v3 = v2.take(2);
+        v3 = v0.drop(0);
+        v3 = v2.take(2);
+        v3 = v2.drop(2);
+        v3 = v2.take(2);
+        v3 = v3.push_back(42);
+        t0 = v0.transient();
+        v3 = v2.take(2);
+        v3 = v2.drop(2);
+        v3 = v2.take(2);
+        v3 = v3.push_back(42);
+        t0 = v0.transient();
+        v3 = v2.take(2);
+        v3 = v2.drop(2);
+        v3 = v2.take(2);
+        t2 = v1.transient();
+        v1 = v1.push_back(42);
+        t2 = v2.transient();
+        v2 = t0.persistent();
+        v2 = v1.push_back(42);
+        v0 = v2.push_back(42);
+        v1 = v0.push_back(42);
+        t0 = v0.transient();
+        v1 = v3.push_back(42);
+        v3 = v0.drop(0);
+        v3 = v2.drop(2);
+        v3 = v2.take(2);
+        v3 = v3.push_back(42);
+        t0 = v0.transient();
+        v3 = v2.take(2);
+        v3 = v2.drop(2);
+        v3 = v2.take(2);
+        v3 = v3.push_back(42);
+        t0 = v0.transient();
+        v3 = v2.take(2);
+        v3 = v2.drop(2);
+        v3 = v2.take(2);
+        v3 = v3.push_back(42);
+        t0 = v0.transient();
+        v3 = v2.take(2);
+        v3 = v2.drop(2);
+        v3 = v2.take(2);
+        v3 = v3.push_back(42);
+        t0 = v0.transient();
+        v3 = v2.take(2);
+        v3 = v2.drop(2);
+        v3 = v2.take(2);
+        v3 = v3.push_back(42);
+        t0 = v0.transient();
+        v3 = v2.take(2);
+        v3 = v2.drop(2);
+        v3 = v2.take(2);
+        v3 = v3.push_back(42);
+        t0 = v0.transient();
+        v3 = v2.take(2);
+        v3 = v2.take(2);
+        v3 = v3.push_back(42);
+        t0 = v0.transient();
+        v3 = v2.take(2);
+        v3 = v2.drop(2);
+        v3 = v2.take(2);
+        v3 = v3.push_back(42);
+        t0 = v0.transient();
+        v3 = v2.take(2);
+        v3 = v2.drop(2);
+        v3 = v2.take(2);
+        v3 = v3.push_back(42);
+        t0 = v0.transient();
+        v3 = v2.take(2);
+        v3 = v2.drop(2);
+        v3 = v2.take(2);
+        v3 = v3.push_back(42);
+        t0 = v0.transient();
+        v3 = v2.take(2);
+        v3 = v2.drop(2);
+        v3 = v2.take(2);
+        v3 = v3.push_back(42);
+        t0 = v0.transient();
+        v3 = v2.take(2);
+        v3 = v2.drop(2);
+        v3 = v2.take(2);
+        v3 = v3.push_back(42);
+        t0 = v0.transient();
+        v3 = v2.take(2);
+        v3 = v2.drop(2);
+        v3 = v2.take(2);
+        v3 = v3.push_back(42);
+        t0 = v0.transient();
+        v3 = v2.take(2);
+        v3 = v2.drop(2);
+        v3 = v2.take(2);
+        v3 = v3.push_back(42);
+        t0 = v0.transient();
+        v3 = v2.take(2);
+        v3 = v2.drop(2);
+        v3 = v2.take(2);
+        v3 = v3.push_back(42);
+        t0 = v0.transient();
+        v3 = v2.take(2);
+        v3 = v2.drop(2);
+        v3 = v2.take(2);
+        v3 = v3.push_back(42);
+        t0 = v0.transient();
+        v3 = v2.take(2);
+        v3 = v2.drop(2);
+        v3 = v2.take(2);
+        v3 = v3.push_back(42);
+        t0 = v0.transient();
+        v3 = v2.take(2);
+        v3 = v2.drop(2);
+        v3 = v2.take(2);
+        v3 = v3.push_back(42);
+        t0 = v0.transient();
+        v3 = v2.take(2);
+        v3 = v2.drop(2);
+        v3 = v2.take(2);
+        v3 = v3.push_back(42);
+        t0 = v0.transient();
+        v3 = v2.take(2);
+        v3 = v2.drop(2);
+        v3 = v2.take(2);
+        v3 = v3.push_back(42);
+        t0 = v0.transient();
+        v3 = v2.take(2);
+        v3 = v2.drop(2);
+        v3 = v2.take(2);
+        v3 = v3.push_back(42);
+        t0 = v0.transient();
+        v3 = v2.take(2);
+        v3 = v2.drop(2);
+        v3 = v2.take(2);
+        v3 = v3.push_back(42);
+        t0 = v0.transient();
+        v3 = v2.take(2);
+        v3 = v2.drop(2);
+        v3 = v2.take(2);
+        v3 = v3.push_back(42);
+        t0 = v0.transient();
+        v3 = v0.take(0);
+        v3 = v2.drop(2);
+        v3 = v2.take(2);
+        v3 = v3.push_back(42);
+        t0 = v0.transient();
+        v3 = v2.take(2);
+        v3 = v2.drop(2);
+        v3 = v2.take(2);
+        v3 = v3.push_back(42);
+        t0 = v0.transient();
+        v3 = v2.take(2);
+        v3 = v2.drop(2);
+        v3 = v2.take(2);
+        v3 = v3.push_back(42);
+        t0 = v0.transient();
+        v3 = v2.take(2);
+        v3 = v2.drop(2);
+        v3 = v2.take(3);
+        v3 = v2.drop(2);
+        v3 = v2.take(2);
+        v3 = v3.push_back(42);
+        t0 = v0.transient();
+        v3 = v0.take(0);
+        v0 = t3.persistent();
+        v3 = v2.take(2);
+        v3 = v3.push_back(42);
+        t0 = v1.transient();
+        t0.push_back(13);
+        t0.push_back(13);
+        t3 = v0.transient();
+        v0 = t0.persistent();
+        t0.push_back(13);
+        t0.push_back(13);
+        t3 = v0.transient();
+        v0 = t0.persistent();
+        t0 = v0.transient();
+        t0.push_back(13);
+        t0 = v0.transient();
+        t0 = v0.transient();
+        t0 = v0.transient();
+        t0.push_back(13);
+        t0 = v3.transient();
+        t0 = v0.transient();
+        t1 = v0.transient();
+        t0.push_back(13);
+        t0.push_back(13);
+        t0.push_back(13);
+        t0.push_back(13);
+        t0.push_back(13);
+        t3 = v0.transient();
+        v0 = t0.persistent();
+        t0.push_back(13);
+        t0.push_back(13);
+        t0.push_back(13);
+        t0.push_back(13);
+        t0.push_back(13);
+        t3 = v0.transient();
+        v0 = t0.persistent();
+        t0.push_back(13);
+        t0.push_back(13);
+        t3 = v0.transient();
+        v0 = t0.persistent();
+        v0 = t0.persistent();
+        t0 = v0.transient();
+        t0.push_back(13);
+        t0 = v0.transient();
+        t0 = v0.transient();
+        t0 = v0.transient();
+        t0.push_back(13);
+        t0 = v3.transient();
+        t0 = v0.transient();
+        t1 = v0.transient();
+        t0.push_back(13);
+        t0.push_back(13);
+        t2 = v0.transient();
+        t1 = v0.transient();
+        t2 = v0.transient();
+        v1 = v0.push_back(42);
+        t0.take(1);
+        t0.take(1);
+        t0.prepend(t2);
+        t0.take(1);
+        t0.prepend(t2);
+        t0.take(1);
+        t0.take(1);
+        t0.prepend(t2);
+        t0.take(1);
+        t0.prepend(t2);
+        t0.push_back(13);
+        t0.push_back(13);
+        t0.push_back(13);
+        v0 = t0.persistent();
+        v0 = t0.persistent();
+        t0.push_back(13);
+        t0.push_back(13);
+        t0.push_back(13);
+        t0.push_back(13);
+        t0.push_back(13);
+        t3 = v0.transient();
+        v0 = t0.persistent();
+        t0.push_back(13);
+        t0.push_back(13);
+        t3 = v0.transient();
+        v0 = t0.persistent();
+        t0 = v0.transient();
+        t0.push_back(13);
+        t0 = v0.transient();
+        t0 = v0.transient();
+        t0 = v0.transient();
+        t0.push_back(13);
+        t0 = v3.transient();
+        t0 = v0.transient();
+        t1 = v0.transient();
+        t0.push_back(13);
+        t0.push_back(13);
+        t0.push_back(13);
+        t0.push_back(13);
+        t0.push_back(13);
+        t3 = v0.transient();
+        v0 = t0.persistent();
+        t0.push_back(13);
+        t0.take(1);
+        t2 = v0.transient();
+        t0.take(1);
+        t0.take(1);
+        t0.prepend(t2);
+        t0.take(1);
+        t0.prepend(t2);
+        t0.take(1);
+        t0.push_back(13);
+        t0.push_back(13);
+        t0.push_back(13);
+        t0.push_back(13);
+        t3 = v0.transient();
+        v0 = t0.persistent();
+        t0.push_back(13);
+        t0.take(1);
+        t0.prepend(t2);
+        t0 = v0.transient();
+        t0.take(1);
+        t0.prepend(t2);
+        t0.take(1);
+        t0.prepend(t2);
+        t0.take(1);
+        t0.take(1);
+        t0.prepend(t2);
+        t0.take(1);
+        t0.prepend(t2);
+        t0.take(1);
+        t2 = v0.transient();
+        t0.take(1);
+        t0.take(1);
+        t0.prepend(t2);
+        t0.take(1);
+        t0.prepend(t2);
+        t0.take(1);
+        t0.take(1);
+        t0.prepend(t2);
+        t0.take(1);
+        t0.prepend(t2);
+        t0.take(1);
+        t2 = v0.transient();
+        t0.take(1);
+        t0.take(1);
+        t0.prepend(t2);
+        t0.take(1);
+        t0.prepend(t2);
+        t0.take(1);
+        t0.take(1);
+        t0.prepend(t2);
+        t0.take(1);
+        t0.prepend(t2);
+        t0.take(1);
+        t2 = v0.transient();
+        t0.take(1);
+        t0.take(1);
+        t0.prepend(t2);
+        t0.take(1);
+        t0.prepend(t2);
+        t0.take(1);
+        t0.take(1);
+        t0.prepend(t2);
+        t0.take(1);
+        t0.prepend(t2);
+        t0.take(1);
+        t2 = v0.transient();
+        t0.take(1);
+        t0.take(1);
+        t0.prepend(t2);
+        t0.take(1);
+        t0.prepend(t2);
+        t0.take(1);
+        t1 = v0.transient();
+        t2 = v0.transient();
+        v1 = v0.push_back(42);
+        t0.take(1);
+        t0.take(1);
+        t0.prepend(t2);
+        t0.take(1);
+        t0.prepend(t2);
+        t0.take(1);
+        t0.take(1);
+        t0.prepend(t2);
+        t0.take(1);
+        t0.prepend(t2);
+        t0.take(1);
+        t2 = v0.transient();
+        t0.take(1);
+        t0.take(1);
+        t0.prepend(t2);
+        t0.take(1);
+        t0.prepend(t2);
+        t0.take(1);
+        t0.take(1);
+        t0.prepend(t2);
+        t0.take(1);
+        t0.prepend(t2);
+        t0.take(1);
+        t2 = v0.transient();
+        t0.take(1);
+        t0.take(1);
+        t0.prepend(t2);
+        t0.take(1);
+        t0.prepend(t2);
+        t0.take(1);
+        t0.take(1);
+        t0.prepend(t2);
+        t0.take(1);
+        t0.prepend(t2);
+        t0.take(1);
+        t2 = v0.transient();
+        t0.take(1);
+        t0.take(1);
+        t0.prepend(t2);
+        t0.take(1);
+        t0.prepend(t2);
+        t0.take(1);
+        t0.take(1);
+        t0.prepend(t2);
+        t0.take(1);
+        t0.prepend(t2);
+        t0.take(1);
+        t2 = v0.transient();
+        t0.take(1);
+        t0.take(1);
+        t0.prepend(t2);
+        t0.take(1);
+        t0.prepend(t2);
+        t0.take(1);
+        t0.take(1);
+        t0.prepend(t2);
+        t0.take(1);
+        t0.prepend(t2);
+        t0.take(1);
+        t2 = v0.transient();
+        t0.take(1);
+        t0.take(1);
+        t0.prepend(t2);
+        t0.take(1);
+        t0.prepend(t2);
+        t0.take(1);
+        t0.take(1);
+        t0.prepend(t2);
+        t0.take(1);
+        t0.prepend(t2);
+        t0.take(1);
+        t2 = v0.transient();
+        t0.take(1);
+        t0.take(1);
+        t0.prepend(t2);
+        t0.take(1);
+        t0.prepend(t2);
+        t0.take(1);
+        t0.take(1);
+        t0.prepend(t2);
+        t0.take(1);
+        t0.prepend(t2);
+        t0.take(1);
+        t2 = v0.transient();
+        t0.take(1);
+        t0.take(1);
+        t0.prepend(t2);
+        t0.take(1);
+        t0.prepend(t2);
+        t0.take(1);
+        t0.take(1);
+        t0.prepend(t2);
+        t0.take(1);
+        t0.prepend(t2);
+        t0.take(1);
+        t2 = v0.transient();
+        t0.take(1);
+        t0.take(1);
+        t0.prepend(t2);
+        t0.take(1);
+        t0.prepend(t2);
+        t0 = v0.transient();
+        v2 = v2.push_back(42);
+        t1 = v2.transient();
+        v2 = t2.persistent();
+        v2 = v2.push_back(42);
+        v2 = v1.push_back(42);
+        v0 = t0.persistent();
+        v1 = v0.push_back(42);
+        t1 = v1.transient();
+        t0 = v2.transient();
+        v2 = t1.persistent();
+        t2 = v2.transient();
+        v2 = t0.persistent();
+        v2 = v2.push_back(42);
+        v0 = t1.persistent();
+        t2 = v1.transient();
+        t2 = v2.transient();
+        v2 = t0.persistent();
+        v2 = v1.push_back(42);
+        t1 = v0.transient();
+        v2 = v1.push_back(42);
+        t2 = v0.transient();
+        v1 = v1.drop(2);
+        v0 = t2.persistent();
+        v2 = v1.push_back(42);
+        v2 = v1.push_back(42);
+        t2 = v1.transient();
+        v2 = t0.persistent();
+        v2 = v1.push_back(42);
+        t1 = v1.transient();
+        t0 = v2.transient();
+        t2.append(t1);
+        t1 = v0.transient();
+        t1.prepend(t0);
+        t0.append(t1);
+        t1.prepend(t0);
+        t1 = v2.transient();
+        v2 = t2.persistent();
+        t0 = v0.transient();
+        v0 = t0.persistent();
+        t1 = v0.transient();
+        v2 = v1.push_back(42);
+        t2 = v0.transient();
+        v2 = v1.push_back(42);
+        t3 = v2.transient();
+        t1 = v2.transient();
+        t2 = v1.transient();
+        t2 = v1.transient();
+        v2 = v1.push_back(42);
+        t2 = v2.transient();
+        v1 = v2.push_back(42);
+        v2 = t0.persistent();
+        v2 = v1.push_back(42);
+        v0 = v2.push_back(42);
+        v1 = v0.push_back(42);
+        t1 = v0.transient();
+        v0 = v1.push_back(42);
+        t2 = v2.transient();
+        v2 = v2.push_back(42);
+        v2 = v2 + v0;
+        t0.push_back(13);
+        t0.push_back(13);
+        t0.push_back(13);
+        t0 = v1.transient();
+        t0.push_back(13);
+        t3 = v0.transient();
+        t1 = v0.transient();
+        t0 = v0.transient();
+        t0.append(t1);
+        t1.prepend(t0);
+        t1.prepend(t0);
+        t0.append(t1);
+        t1.prepend(t0);
+        t1.prepend(t0);
+        t1.prepend(t0);
+        t1 = v0.transient();
+        t0.push_back(13);
+        v1 = v0.push_back(42);
+        v1 = v0.push_back(42);
+        t1 = v0.transient();
+        t1.prepend(t0);
+        t0.append(t1);
+        t1.prepend(t0);
+        t2.prepend(std::move(t0));
+        t0 = {};
+        t2.prepend(std::move(t0));
+        t0 = {};
+        v2 = v0.push_back(42);
+        t1.prepend(t0);
+        t1.prepend(t0);
+        t0.append(t1);
+        t0 = v0.transient();
+        t0 = v1.transient();
+        v1 = v0.update(2, [](auto x) { return x + 1; });
+        v0 = v0.take(1);
+        t0.prepend(t1);
+        t0 = v0.transient();
+        t1.prepend(t0);
+        t1.prepend(t0);
+        t0.append(t1);
+        t1.prepend(t0);
+        t1.prepend(t0);
+        v3 = v2.take(5);
+        t1.prepend(t0);
+        t1.prepend(t0);
+        t1.prepend(t0);
+        v0 = t0.persistent();
+        t0.append(t1);
+        t1.prepend(t0);
+        v1 = v0.update(32, [](auto x) { return x + 1; });
+        t2 = v0.transient();
+        v0 = v0.take(63);
+        t1.prepend(t0);
+        t0.push_back(13);
+        t1.prepend(t0);
+        t0.push_back(13);
+        v0 = t0.persistent();
+        t0.push_back(13);
+        t1.prepend(t0);
+        t0.append(t3);
+        t1.append(t0);
+        t2.prepend(std::move(t0));
+        t0 = {};
+        t2.prepend(std::move(t0));
+        t0 = {};
+        t0 = v2.transient();
+        t2.prepend(std::move(t0));
+        t0 = {};
+        t0.push_back(13);
+        t0 = v0.transient();
+        t1.append(t0);
+        t3.prepend(std::move(t2));
+        t2 = {};
+        t1.append(t0);
+        t2.prepend(std::move(t0));
+        t0 = {};
+        t0 = v0.transient();
+        t0 = v2.transient();
+        t1 = v1.transient();
+        t0 = v0.transient();
+        v2 = v2.push_back(42);
+        v2 = v0 + v2;
+        v2 = v2.push_back(42);
+        v2 = v2.push_back(42);
+        v2 = v2.push_back(42);
+        v2 = v2.push_back(42);
+        v0 = v2.push_back(42);
+        v2 = v2.push_back(42);
+        v2 = v3.push_back(42);
+        v2 = v2.push_back(42);
+        v2 = v2.push_back(42);
+        v2 = v0 + v2;
+        v2 = v2.push_back(42);
+        v2 = v2.push_back(42);
+        v2 = v0.push_back(42);
+        v2 = v0.push_back(42);
+        t1.prepend(t0);
+        t1.prepend(t0);
+        t0.append(t1);
+        t0 = v0.transient();
+        t0 = v0.transient();
+        v0 = t0.persistent();
+        v1 = v0.update(32, [](auto x) { return x + 1; });
+        t2 = v0.transient();
+        t1.prepend(t0);
+        t0.push_back(13);
+        t0 = v0.transient();
+        t0 = v0.transient();
+        t1.prepend(t0);
+        t0.prepend(std::move(t1));
+        t1 = {};
+        t1.prepend(t0);
+        t1.prepend(t0);
+        t0.append(t1);
+        t1.prepend(t0);
+        t1.prepend(t0);
+        v3 = v2.take(5);
+        t1.prepend(t0);
+        t1.prepend(t0);
+        t1.prepend(t0);
+        v0 = t0.persistent();
+        t0.append(t1);
+        t1 = v0.transient();
+        t0 = v0.transient();
+        v2 = v1.push_back(42);
+        t2 = v1.transient();
+        v0 = t0.persistent();
+        v0 = v2.push_back(42);
+        v1 = v0.push_back(42);
+        v2 = v1.push_back(42);
+        v0 = v2.push_back(42);
+        t2 = v1.transient();
+        v1 = v0.push_back(42);
+        v1 = v0.push_back(42);
+        v2 = v1.push_back(42);
+        v0 = v2.push_back(42);
+        v1 = v0.push_back(42);
+        t1 = v1.transient();
+        t0 = v2.transient();
+        v1 = v0.push_back(42);
+        t2 = v0.transient();
+        t0 = v0.transient();
+        t0 = v0.transient();
+        t0 = v0.transient();
+        t0 = v0.transient();
+        t0 = v0.transient();
+        t0 = v0.transient();
+        t0 = v1.transient();
+        t0.append(t1);
+        t0.push_back(13);
+        t0.push_back(13);
+        t1.push_back(13);
+        t0.append(t1);
+        t0.append(t1);
+        t0.append(t1);
+        t0.push_back(13);
+        t0.push_back(13);
+        t1.push_back(13);
+        t0.append(t1);
+        t0.append(t1);
+        t0.append(t1);
+        t0 = v1.transient();
+        t0.push_back(13);
+        t0.push_back(13);
+        t1.push_back(13);
+        t0.append(t1);
+        t0.append(t1);
+        t0.append(t1);
+        t0.push_back(13);
+        t0.push_back(13);
+        t1.push_back(13);
+        t0.append(t1);
+        t0.append(t1);
+        t0.append(t1);
+        t0.push_back(13);
+        t0.push_back(13);
+        t1.push_back(13);
+        t0.append(t1);
+        t0.append(t1);
+        t0.append(t1);
+        t0.push_back(13);
+        t0.push_back(13);
+        t1.push_back(13);
+        t0.append(t1);
+        t0.append(t1);
+        t0.append(t1);
+        t0.push_back(13);
+        t0.push_back(13);
+        t1.push_back(13);
+        t0.append(t1);
+        t0.append(t1);
+        t0.append(t1);
+        t0.push_back(13);
+        t0.push_back(13);
+        t1.push_back(13);
+        t0.append(t1);
+        t0.append(t1);
+        t0.append(t1);
+        t0.push_back(13);
+        t0.push_back(13);
+        t1.push_back(13);
+        t0.append(t1);
+        t0.append(t1);
+        t0.append(t1);
+        t0.push_back(13);
+        t0.push_back(13);
+        t1.push_back(13);
+        t0.append(t1);
+        t0.append(t1);
+        t0.append(t1);
+        t0.push_back(13);
+        t0.push_back(13);
+        t1.push_back(13);
+        t1.prepend(t0);
+        t0.push_back(13);
+        t0.append(t1);
+        t0.append(t1);
+        t0.append(t1);
+        t0.push_back(13);
+        t0.push_back(13);
+        t1.push_back(13);
+        t0.append(t1);
+        t0.append(t1);
+        t0.append(t1);
+        t0.push_back(13);
+        t0.push_back(13);
+        t1.push_back(13);
+        t0.append(t1);
+        t0.append(t1);
+        t0.append(t1);
+        t0.push_back(13);
+        t0.push_back(13);
+        t1.push_back(13);
+        t0.append(t1);
+        t0.append(t1);
+        t0.append(t1);
+        t0.push_back(13);
+        t0.push_back(13);
+        t1.push_back(13);
+        t0.append(t1);
+        t0.append(t1);
+        t0.append(t1);
+        t0.push_back(13);
+        t0.push_back(13);
+        t0.push_back(13);
+        t1.push_back(13);
+        t0.append(t1);
+        t0.append(t1);
+        t0.append(t1);
+        t0.push_back(13);
+        t0.push_back(13);
+        t1.push_back(13);
+        t0.append(t1);
+        t0.append(t1);
+        t0.append(t1);
+        t0.push_back(13);
+        t0.push_back(13);
+        t1.push_back(13);
+        t0.append(t1);
+        t0.append(t1);
+        t0.append(t1);
+        t0.push_back(13);
+        t0.push_back(13);
+        t1.push_back(13);
+        t0.append(t1);
+        t0.append(t1);
+        t0.append(t1);
+        t0.push_back(13);
+        t0.push_back(13);
+        t1.push_back(13);
+        t0.append(t1);
+        t0.append(t1);
+        t0.append(t1);
+        t0.push_back(13);
+        t0.push_back(13);
+        t1.push_back(13);
+        t0.append(t1);
+        t0.append(t1);
+        t0.append(t1);
+        t0.push_back(13);
+        t0.push_back(13);
+        t1.push_back(13);
+        t0.append(t1);
+        t0.append(t1);
+        t0.append(t1);
+        t0.push_back(13);
+        t0.push_back(13);
+        t1.push_back(13);
+        t0.append(t1);
+        t0.append(t1);
+        t0 = v1.transient();
+        t0.push_back(13);
+        t1.push_back(13);
+        t0.append(t1);
+        t0.push_back(13);
+        t0.push_back(13);
+        t1.push_back(13);
+        t1.prepend(t0);
+        t0.push_back(13);
+        t1.prepend(t0);
+        t1.push_back(13);
+        t0.append(t1);
+        t0.push_back(13);
+        t3 = v0.transient();
+        v0 = t0.persistent();
+        v0 = t0.persistent();
+        t0 = v0.transient();
+        t0.push_back(13);
+        t0.take(18);
+        t1 = v0.transient();
+        v2 = v2 + v2;
+        t0 = v0.transient();
+        t0 = v0.transient();
+        t0 = v0.transient();
+        t0 = v0.transient();
+        t0 = v0.transient();
+        t0 = v0.transient();
+        t0 = v0.transient();
+        t0 = v0.transient();
+        t0 = v0.transient();
+        t0 = v0.transient();
+        t0 = v0.transient();
+        t0.push_back(13);
+        t1.push_back(13);
+        t0.append(t1);
+        t0.push_back(13);
+        t1.push_back(13);
+        t0.append(t1);
+        t0.push_back(13);
+        t3 = v0.transient();
+        v0 = t0.persistent();
+        v0 = t0.persistent();
+        t0 = v0.transient();
+        t0.push_back(13);
+        t0.take(18);
+        t1 = v0.transient();
+        v2 = v2 + v2;
+        v0 = t0.persistent();
+        t0 = v0.transient();
+        t0.push_back(13);
+        t0.push_back(13);
+        t0.take(18);
+        t1 = v0.transient();
+        v0 = v0.push_back(42);
+        t0.append(t1);
+        t0.push_back(13);
+        t1.push_back(13);
+        t0.append(t1);
+        t0.push_back(13);
+        t1.push_back(13);
+        t0.append(t1);
+        t0.push_back(13);
+        t3 = v0.transient();
+        v0 = t0.persistent();
+        v0 = t0.persistent();
+        t0 = v0.transient();
+        t0.push_back(13);
+        t0.take(18);
+        t1 = v0.transient();
+        v2 = v2 + v2;
+        v0 = t0.persistent();
+        t0 = v0.transient();
+        t0.push_back(13);
+        t0.push_back(13);
+        t0.take(18);
+        t1 = v0.transient();
+        v0 = v0.push_back(42);
+        t0.append(t1);
+        t0.push_back(13);
+        t1.push_back(13);
+        t0.append(t1);
+        t0.push_back(13);
+        t1.append(t0);
+        t1.push_back(13);
+        t0.push_back(13);
+        t3 = v0.transient();
+        v0 = t0.persistent();
+        v0 = t0.persistent();
+        t0 = v0.transient();
+        t0.push_back(13);
+        t0.take(18);
+        t1 = v0.transient();
+        t0 = v0.transient();
+        t2 = v1.transient();
+        t0 = v0.transient();
+        t0.push_back(13);
+        t0.push_back(13);
+        t0.take(18);
+        t1 = v0.transient();
+        v0 = v0.push_back(42);
+        t0.append(t1);
+        t0.push_back(13);
+        t1.push_back(13);
+        t0.append(t1);
+        t0.push_back(13);
+        t1.push_back(13);
+        t0.append(t1);
+        t0.push_back(13);
+        t3 = v0.transient();
+        v0 = t0.persistent();
+        v0 = t0.persistent();
+        t0 = v0.transient();
+        t0.push_back(13);
+        t0.take(18);
+        t1 = v0.transient();
+        v2 = v2 + v2;
+        v0 = t0.persistent();
+        t0 = v0.transient();
+        t0.push_back(13);
+        t0.push_back(13);
+        t0.take(18);
+        t1 = v0.transient();
+        v0 = v0.push_back(42);
+        t0.append(t1);
+        t0.push_back(13);
+        t1.push_back(13);
+        t0.append(t1);
+        t0.push_back(13);
+        t1.push_back(13);
+        t0.append(t1);
+        t0.push_back(13);
+        t3 = v0.transient();
+        v0 = t0.persistent();
+        v0 = t0.persistent();
+        t0 = v0.transient();
+        t0.push_back(13);
+        t0.take(18);
+        t1 = v0.transient();
+        v2 = v2 + v2;
+        v0 = t0.persistent();
+        t0 = v0.transient();
+        t0.push_back(13);
+        t0.push_back(13);
+        t0.take(18);
+        t1 = v0.transient();
+        v0 = v0.push_back(42);
+        t0.append(t1);
+        t0 = v0.transient();
+        t0 = v0.transient();
+        t0 = v0.transient();
+        t0 = v0.transient();
+        t0 = v0.transient();
+        t0 = v0.transient();
+        t0 = v0.transient();
+        t0 = v0.transient();
+        t0 = v1.transient();
+        t0 = v0.transient();
+        t0.push_back(13);
+        t0.push_back(13);
+        t0.take(18);
+        t1 = v0.transient();
+        v2 = v2 + v2;
+        v0 = t0.persistent();
+        t0 = v0.transient();
+        t0.push_back(13);
+        t0.push_back(13);
+        t0.take(18);
+        t1 = v0.transient();
+        v0 = v0.push_back(42);
+        t0.append(t1);
+        t1 = v0.transient();
+        v2 = v2.drop(0);
+        t1 = v0.transient();
+        t0 = v0.transient();
+        t0.push_back(13);
+        t0.take(18);
+        t1 = v0.transient();
+        v0 = v0.push_back(42);
+        t0.append(t1);
+        t0.push_back(13);
+        t1.push_back(13);
+        t0.append(t1);
+        t0.push_back(13);
+        t1.push_back(13);
+        t0.append(t1);
+        t0.append(t1);
+        t0.append(t2);
+        v2 = v2.push_back(42);
+        v2 = v2.push_back(42);
+        v2 = v2.push_back(42);
+        v2 = v2.push_back(42);
+        v2 = v2.push_back(42);
+        v2 = v2.push_back(42);
+        v2 = v2.push_back(42);
+        v2 = v2.push_back(42);
+        v2 = v2.push_back(42);
+        v2 = v2.push_back(42);
+        v2 = v2.push_back(42);
+        v2 = v2.push_back(42);
+        v2 = v2.push_back(42);
+        v2 = v2 + v2;
+        v2 = v2.push_back(42);
+        v2 = v2.push_back(42);
+        v2 = v2.push_back(42);
+        v2 = v2.push_back(42);
+        v2 = v2 + v0;
+        t0 = v0.transient();
+        t0 = v1.transient();
+        v2 = v2.push_back(42);
+        t1 = v2.transient();
+        v2 = t2.persistent();
+        v2 = v2.push_back(42);
+        v2 = v1.push_back(42);
+        v0 = t0.persistent();
+        v1 = v0.push_back(42);
+        t1 = v1.transient();
+        t0 = v2.transient();
+        v2 = t1.persistent();
+        t2 = v2.transient();
+        v2 = t0.persistent();
+        v2 = v2.push_back(42);
+        v0 = t1.persistent();
+        t2 = v1.transient();
+        t2 = v2.transient();
+        v2 = t0.persistent();
+        v2 = v1.push_back(42);
+        t1 = v0.transient();
+        v2 = v1.push_back(42);
+        t2 = v0.transient();
+        v1 = v1.drop(2);
+        v0 = t2.persistent();
+        v2 = v1.push_back(42);
+        v2 = v1.push_back(42);
+        t2 = v1.transient();
+        v2 = t0.persistent();
+        v2 = v1.push_back(42);
+        t1 = v1.transient();
+        t0 = v2.transient();
+        t2.append(t1);
+        t1 = v0.transient();
+        t1.prepend(t0);
+        t0.append(t1);
+        t1.prepend(t0);
+        t1 = v2.transient();
+        v2 = t2.persistent();
+        t0 = v0.transient();
+        v0 = t0.persistent();
+        t1 = v0.transient();
+        v2 = v1.push_back(42);
+        t2 = v0.transient();
+        v2 = v1.push_back(42);
+        t3 = v2.transient();
+        t1 = v2.transient();
+        t2 = v1.transient();
+        t2 = v1.transient();
+        v2 = v1.push_back(42);
+        t2 = v2.transient();
+        v2 = t2.persistent();
+        v2 = v1.push_back(42);
+        v0 = v2.push_back(42);
+        t1 = v2.transient();
+        v2 = t2.persistent();
+        v0 = t0.persistent();
+        t0 = v2.transient();
+        v1 = v0.push_back(42);
+        v2 = v2.push_back(42);
+        v2 = v2.push_back(42);
+        v2 = v2 + v0;
+        t0.push_back(13);
+        t0.push_back(13);
+        v2 = v2.push_back(42);
+        v2 = v2.push_back(42);
+        v2 = v2.push_back(42);
+        v2 = v2.push_back(42);
+        v2 = v2 + v2;
+        v2 = v2.push_back(42);
+        v2 = v2.push_back(42);
+        v2 = v2.push_back(42);
+        v0 = v2.drop(34);
+        t0 = v0.transient();
+        v0 = v0.push_back(42);
+        v2 = v2.push_back(42);
+        v2 = v2.push_back(42);
+        v2 = v2.push_back(42);
+        v2 = v2.push_back(42);
+        v2 = v2.push_back(42);
+        v0 = v2.drop(34);
+        t0 = v0.transient();
+        v0 = v0.take(87);
+        v2 = v2.push_back(42);
+        v2 = v2.push_back(42);
+        v2 = v2.push_back(42);
+        v2 = v2.push_back(42);
+        v2 = v2.push_back(42);
+        v0 = v2.drop(34);
+        t0 = v0.transient();
+        t0 = v0.transient();
+        v0 = v0.push_back(42);
+        v2 = v2.push_back(42);
+        v2 = v2.push_back(42);
+        v2 = v2.push_back(42);
+        v2 = v2.push_back(42);
+        v2 = v2.push_back(42);
+        v0 = v2.drop(34);
+        t0 = v0.transient();
+        v0 = v0.take(87);
+        v2 = v2.push_back(42);
+        v2 = v2.push_back(42);
+        v2 = v2.push_back(42);
+        t0 = v0.transient();
+        t0 = v0.transient();
+        v2 = v2.push_back(42);
+        v2 = v2.push_back(42);
+        v2 = v2.push_back(42);
+        v2 = v2 + v2;
+        v2 = v2.push_back(42);
+        v2 = v2.push_back(42);
+        v2 = v2.push_back(42);
+        v0 = v2.drop(34);
+        t0 = v0.transient();
+        v0 = v0.push_back(42);
+        v2 = v2.push_back(42);
+        v2 = v2.push_back(42);
+        v2 = v2.push_back(42);
+        v2 = v2.push_back(42);
+        v2 = v2.push_back(42);
+        v0 = v2.drop(34);
+        t0 = v0.transient();
+        v0 = v0.take(87);
+        v2 = v2.push_back(42);
+        v2 = v2.push_back(42);
+        v2 = v0.push_back(42);
+        v0 = v0.take(87);
+        v2 = v2.push_back(42);
+        v2 = v2.push_back(42);
+        v2 = v2.push_back(42);
+        v2 = v2.push_back(42);
+        v2 = v2.push_back(42);
+        v0 = v2.drop(34);
+        t0 = v0.transient();
+        v0 = v0.push_back(42);
+        v2 = v2.push_back(42);
+        v2 = v2.push_back(42);
+        v2 = v2.push_back(42);
+        v2 = v2.push_back(42);
+        v2 = v2.push_back(42);
+        v0 = v2.drop(34);
+        t0 = v0.transient();
+        v0 = v0.push_back(42);
+        v2 = v2.push_back(42);
+        v2 = v2.push_back(42);
+        v2 = v2.push_back(42);
+        v2 = v2.push_back(42);
+        v0 = v2.drop(34);
+        t0 = v0.transient();
+        v0 = v0.push_back(42);
+        v2 = v2.push_back(42);
+        v2 = v2.push_back(42);
+        v2 = v2.push_back(42);
+        v2 = v2.push_back(42);
+        v2 = v2.push_back(42);
+        v0 = v2.drop(34);
+        t0 = v0.transient();
+        v0 = v0.push_back(42);
+        v2 = v2.push_back(42);
+        v2 = v2.push_back(42);
+        v2 = v2.push_back(42);
+        v2 = v2.push_back(42);
+        v2 = v2.push_back(42);
+        v0 = v2.drop(34);
+        t0 = v0.transient();
+        v0 = v0.push_back(42);
+        v2 = v2.push_back(42);
+        v2 = v2.push_back(42);
+        v2 = v2.push_back(42);
+        v2 = v2.push_back(42);
+        v2 = v2.push_back(42);
+        v0 = v2.drop(34);
+        t0 = v0.transient();
+        v0 = v0.push_back(42);
+        v2 = v2.push_back(42);
+        v2 = v2.push_back(42);
+        v2 = v2.push_back(42);
+        v2 = v2.push_back(42);
+        v2 = v2.push_back(42);
+        v0 = v2.drop(34);
+        t0 = v0.transient();
+        v0 = v0.take(4);
+        v0 = v0.push_back(42);
+        v2 = v2.push_back(42);
+        v2 = v2.push_back(42);
+        v2 = v2.push_back(42);
+        v2 = v2.push_back(42);
+        v2 = v2.push_back(42);
+        v0 = v2.drop(34);
+        t0 = v0.transient();
+        v0 = v0.take(87);
+        v2 = v2.push_back(42);
+        v2 = v2.push_back(42);
+        v2 = v2.push_back(42);
+        v2 = v2.push_back(42);
+        v2 = v2.push_back(42);
+        v0 = v2.drop(34);
+        t0 = v0.transient();
+        v0 = v0.push_back(42);
+        v2 = v2.push_back(42);
+        v2 = v2.push_back(42);
+        v2 = v2.push_back(42);
+        v2 = v2.push_back(42);
+        v2 = v2.push_back(42);
+        t0 = v0.transient();
+        v0 = v0.push_back(42);
+        v2 = v2.push_back(42);
+        v2 = v2.push_back(42);
+        v2 = v2.push_back(42);
+        v2 = v2.push_back(42);
+        v2 = v2.push_back(42);
+        v0 = v2.drop(34);
+        t0 = v0.transient();
+        v0 = v0.push_back(42);
+        v2 = v2.push_back(42);
+        v2 = v2.push_back(42);
+        v2 = v2.push_back(42);
+        v2 = v2.push_back(42);
+        v2 = v2.push_back(42);
+        v0 = v2.drop(34);
+        t0 = v0.transient();
+        v0 = v0.push_back(42);
+        v2 = v2.push_back(42);
+        v2 = v2.push_back(42);
+        v2 = v2.push_back(42);
+        v2 = v2.push_back(42);
+        v0 = v2.drop(34);
+        t0 = v0.transient();
+        v0 = v0.push_back(42);
+        v2 = v2.push_back(42);
+        v2 = v2.push_back(42);
+        v2 = v2.push_back(42);
+        v2 = v2.push_back(42);
+        v2 = v2.push_back(42);
+        v0 = v2.drop(34);
+        t0 = v0.transient();
+        t0 = v0.transient();
+        v0 = v0.push_back(42);
+        v2 = v2.push_back(42);
+        v2 = v2.push_back(42);
+        v2 = v0.push_back(42);
+        t0 = v0.transient();
+        t0 = v0.transient();
+        t0 = v0.transient();
+        t0 = v0.transient();
+        t0 = v0.transient();
+        t0 = v0.transient();
+        t0 = v0.transient();
+        t0 = v0.transient();
+        v2 = v2.push_back(42);
+        v2 = v2.push_back(42);
+        v2 = v2.push_back(42);
+        v2 = v2.push_back(42);
+        v2 = v2.push_back(42);
+        v0 = v2.drop(34);
+        t0 = v0.transient();
+        v0 = v0.push_back(42);
+        v2 = v2.push_back(42);
+        v2 = v2.push_back(42);
+        v2 = v2.push_back(42);
+        v2 = v2.push_back(42);
+        v2 = v2.push_back(42);
+        v0 = v2.drop(34);
+        t0 = v0.transient();
+        v0 = v0.take(87);
+        v2 = v2.push_back(42);
+        v2 = v2.push_back(42);
+        v2 = v2.push_back(42);
+        v2 = v2.push_back(42);
+        v2 = v2.push_back(42);
+        v0 = v2.drop(34);
+        t0 = v0.transient();
+        v0 = v0.push_back(42);
+        v2 = v2.push_back(42);
+        v2 = v2.push_back(42);
+        v2 = v2.push_back(42);
+        v2 = v2.push_back(42);
+        v2 = v2.push_back(42);
+        v0 = v2.drop(34);
+        v2 = v2.push_back(42);
+        v2 = v2.push_back(42);
+        v0 = v2.drop(34);
+        t0 = v0.transient();
+        t1 = v0.transient();
+        t0.push_back(13);
+        t0.push_back(13);
+        t3 = v0.transient();
+        v0 = t0.persistent();
+        t0 = v0.transient();
+        t0.push_back(13);
+        t0 = v0.transient();
+        t0 = v0.transient();
+        t0 = v0.transient();
+        t0.push_back(13);
+        t0 = v3.transient();
+        t0 = v0.transient();
+        t1 = v0.transient();
+        t0.push_back(13);
+        t0.push_back(13);
+        t0.push_back(13);
+        t0.push_back(13);
+        t0.push_back(13);
+        t3 = v0.transient();
+        v0 = t0.persistent();
+        t0.push_back(13);
+        t0.push_back(13);
+        t0.push_back(13);
+        t0.push_back(13);
+        t0.push_back(13);
+        t3 = v0.transient();
+        v0 = t0.persistent();
+        t0.push_back(13);
+        t0.push_back(13);
+        t3 = v0.transient();
+        v0 = t0.persistent();
+        t0 = v0.transient();
+        t0.push_back(13);
+        t0 = v0.transient();
+        t0.push_back(13);
+        t0.push_back(13);
+        t0.push_back(13);
+        t3 = v0.transient();
+        t0 = v0.transient();
+        t0.push_back(13);
+        t0.push_back(13);
+        t0.update(1, [](auto x) { return 123; });
+        t0.take(7);
+        t0.append(v1.transient());
+        t0.take(7);
+        t0.append(t1);
+    }
+
+    SECTION("fuzzer")
+    {
+        auto input = load_input(
+            "clusterfuzz-testcase-minimized-flex-vector-gc-5651513180160000");
+        CHECK(run_input(input.data(), input.size()) == 0);
+    }
+}
diff --git a/src/immer/test/oss-fuzz/input.hpp b/src/immer/test/oss-fuzz/input.hpp
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000..10072b98e7c75
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/immer/test/oss-fuzz/input.hpp
@@ -0,0 +1,28 @@
+//
+// immer: immutable data structures for C++
+// Copyright (C) 2016, 2017, 2018 Juan Pedro Bolivar Puente
+//
+// This software is distributed under the Boost Software License, Version 1.0.
+// See accompanying file LICENSE or copy at http://boost.org/LICENSE_1_0.txt
+//
+
+#pragma once
+
+#include "extra/fuzzer/fuzzer_input.hpp"
+
+#include <array>
+#include <fstream>
+#include <iostream>
+#include <vector>
+
+std::vector<std::uint8_t> load_input(const char* file)
+{
+    auto fname = std::string{IMMER_OSS_FUZZ_DATA_PATH} + "/" + file;
+    auto ifs   = std::ifstream{fname, std::ios::binary};
+    ifs.seekg(0, ifs.end);
+    auto size = ifs.tellg();
+    ifs.seekg(0, ifs.beg);
+    auto r = std::vector<std::uint8_t>(size);
+    ifs.read(reinterpret_cast<char*>(r.data()), size);
+    return r;
+}
diff --git a/src/immer/test/oss-fuzz/map-gc-0.cpp b/src/immer/test/oss-fuzz/map-gc-0.cpp
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000..a97baf7dfd05b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/immer/test/oss-fuzz/map-gc-0.cpp
@@ -0,0 +1,111 @@
+//
+// immer: immutable data structures for C++
+// Copyright (C) 2016, 2017, 2018 Juan Pedro Bolivar Puente
+//
+// This software is distributed under the Boost Software License, Version 1.0.
+// See accompanying file LICENSE or copy at http://boost.org/LICENSE_1_0.txt
+//
+
+#include "input.hpp"
+
+#include "extra/fuzzer/fuzzer_gc_guard.hpp"
+
+#include <immer/heap/gc_heap.hpp>
+#include <immer/map.hpp>
+#include <immer/refcount/no_refcount_policy.hpp>
+
+#include <catch.hpp>
+
+using gc_memory = immer::memory_policy<immer::heap_policy<immer::gc_heap>,
+                                       immer::no_refcount_policy,
+                                       immer::default_lock_policy,
+                                       immer::gc_transience_policy,
+                                       false>;
+
+namespace {
+
+int run_input(const std::uint8_t* data, std::size_t size)
+{
+    auto guard = fuzzer_gc_guard{};
+
+    constexpr auto var_count = 4;
+
+    using map_t =
+        immer::map<char, int, std::hash<char>, std::equal_to<char>, gc_memory>;
+
+    auto vars = std::array<map_t, var_count>{};
+
+    auto is_valid_var = [&](auto idx) { return idx >= 0 && idx < var_count; };
+
+    return fuzzer_input{data, size}.run([&](auto& in) {
+        enum ops
+        {
+            op_set,
+            op_erase,
+            op_set_move,
+            op_erase_move,
+            op_iterate,
+            op_find,
+            op_update
+        };
+        auto src = read<char>(in, is_valid_var);
+        auto dst = read<char>(in, is_valid_var);
+        switch (read<char>(in)) {
+        case op_set: {
+            auto value = read<size_t>(in);
+            vars[dst]  = vars[src].set(value, 42);
+            break;
+        }
+        case op_erase: {
+            auto value = read<size_t>(in);
+            vars[dst]  = vars[src].erase(value);
+            break;
+        }
+        case op_set_move: {
+            auto value = read<size_t>(in);
+            vars[dst]  = std::move(vars[src]).set(value, 42);
+            break;
+        }
+        case op_erase_move: {
+            auto value = read<size_t>(in);
+            vars[dst]  = std::move(vars[src]).erase(value);
+            break;
+        }
+        case op_iterate: {
+            auto srcv = vars[src];
+            for (const auto& v : srcv) {
+                vars[dst] = vars[dst].set(v.first, v.second);
+            }
+            break;
+        }
+        case op_find: {
+            auto value = read<size_t>(in);
+            auto res   = vars[src].find(value);
+            if (res != nullptr) {
+                vars[dst] = vars[dst].set(*res, 42);
+            }
+            break;
+        }
+        case op_update: {
+            auto key  = read<size_t>(in);
+            vars[dst] = vars[src].update(key, [](int x) { return x + 1; });
+            break;
+        }
+        default:
+            break;
+        };
+        return true;
+    });
+}
+
+} // namespace
+
+TEST_CASE("https://bugs.chromium.org/p/oss-fuzz/issues/detail?id=24159")
+{
+    SECTION("fuzzer")
+    {
+        auto input = load_input(
+            "clusterfuzz-testcase-minimized-map-gc-5748495613689856");
+        CHECK(run_input(input.data(), input.size()) == 0);
+    }
+}
diff --git a/src/immer/test/oss-fuzz/map-st-0.cpp b/src/immer/test/oss-fuzz/map-st-0.cpp
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000..4435fb046ff1b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/immer/test/oss-fuzz/map-st-0.cpp
@@ -0,0 +1,113 @@
+//
+// immer: immutable data structures for C++
+// Copyright (C) 2016, 2017, 2018 Juan Pedro Bolivar Puente
+//
+// This software is distributed under the Boost Software License, Version 1.0.
+// See accompanying file LICENSE or copy at http://boost.org/LICENSE_1_0.txt
+//
+
+#include "input.hpp"
+
+#include "extra/fuzzer/fuzzer_gc_guard.hpp"
+
+#include <immer/heap/gc_heap.hpp>
+#include <immer/map.hpp>
+
+#include <catch.hpp>
+
+using st_memory = immer::memory_policy<immer::heap_policy<immer::cpp_heap>,
+                                       immer::unsafe_refcount_policy,
+                                       immer::no_lock_policy,
+                                       immer::no_transience_policy,
+                                       false>;
+
+struct colliding_hash_t
+{
+    std::size_t operator()(std::size_t x) const { return x & ~15; }
+};
+
+namespace {
+
+int run_input(const std::uint8_t* data, std::size_t size)
+{
+    constexpr auto var_count = 4;
+
+    using map_t = immer::
+        map<std::size_t, int, colliding_hash_t, std::equal_to<>, st_memory>;
+
+    auto vars = std::array<map_t, var_count>{};
+
+    auto is_valid_var = [&](auto idx) { return idx >= 0 && idx < var_count; };
+
+    return fuzzer_input{data, size}.run([&](auto& in) {
+        enum ops
+        {
+            op_set,
+            op_erase,
+            op_set_move,
+            op_erase_move,
+            op_iterate,
+            op_find,
+            op_update
+        };
+        auto src = read<char>(in, is_valid_var);
+        auto dst = read<char>(in, is_valid_var);
+        switch (read<char>(in)) {
+        case op_set: {
+            auto value = read<size_t>(in);
+            vars[dst]  = vars[src].set(value, 42);
+            break;
+        }
+        case op_erase: {
+            auto value = read<size_t>(in);
+            vars[dst]  = vars[src].erase(value);
+            break;
+        }
+        case op_set_move: {
+            auto value = read<size_t>(in);
+            vars[dst]  = std::move(vars[src]).set(value, 42);
+            break;
+        }
+        case op_erase_move: {
+            auto value = read<size_t>(in);
+            vars[dst]  = std::move(vars[src]).erase(value);
+            break;
+        }
+        case op_iterate: {
+            auto srcv = vars[src];
+            for (const auto& v : srcv) {
+                vars[dst] = vars[dst].set(v.first, v.second);
+            }
+            break;
+        }
+        case op_find: {
+            auto value = read<size_t>(in);
+            auto res   = vars[src].find(value);
+            if (res != nullptr) {
+                vars[dst] = vars[dst].set(*res, 42);
+            }
+            break;
+        }
+        case op_update: {
+            auto key  = read<size_t>(in);
+            vars[dst] = vars[src].update(key, [](int x) { return x + 1; });
+            break;
+        }
+        default:
+            break;
+        };
+        return true;
+    });
+}
+
+} // namespace
+
+TEST_CASE("https://bugs.chromium.org/p/oss-fuzz/issues/detail?id=24466")
+{
+    SECTION("fuzzer")
+    {
+        auto input = load_input(
+            "clusterfuzz-testcase-minimized-map-st-5193157168594944");
+        CHECK(run_input(input.data(), input.size()) == 0);
+    }
+}
diff --git a/src/immer/test/oss-fuzz/set-gc-0.cpp b/src/immer/test/oss-fuzz/set-gc-0.cpp
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000..7e88b0bbef69b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/immer/test/oss-fuzz/set-gc-0.cpp
@@ -0,0 +1,96 @@
+//
+// immer: immutable data structures for C++
+// Copyright (C) 2016, 2017, 2018 Juan Pedro Bolivar Puente
+//
+// This software is distributed under the Boost Software License, Version 1.0.
+// See accompanying file LICENSE or copy at http://boost.org/LICENSE_1_0.txt
+//
+
+#include "input.hpp"
+
+#include "extra/fuzzer/fuzzer_gc_guard.hpp"
+
+#include <immer/heap/gc_heap.hpp>
+#include <immer/refcount/no_refcount_policy.hpp>
+#include <immer/set.hpp>
+
+#include <catch.hpp>
+
+using gc_memory = immer::memory_policy<immer::heap_policy<immer::gc_heap>,
+                                       immer::no_refcount_policy,
+                                       immer::default_lock_policy,
+                                       immer::gc_transience_policy,
+                                       false>;
+
+namespace {
+
+int run_input(const std::uint8_t* data, std::size_t size)
+{
+    auto guard = fuzzer_gc_guard{};
+
+    constexpr auto var_count = 4;
+
+    using set_t =
+        immer::set<int, std::hash<char>, std::equal_to<char>, gc_memory>;
+
+    auto vars = std::array<set_t, var_count>{};
+
+    auto is_valid_var = [&](auto idx) { return idx >= 0 && idx < var_count; };
+
+    return fuzzer_input{data, size}.run([&](auto& in) {
+        enum ops
+        {
+            op_insert,
+            op_erase,
+            op_insert_move,
+            op_erase_move,
+            op_iterate
+        };
+        auto src = read<char>(in, is_valid_var);
+        auto dst = read<char>(in, is_valid_var);
+        switch (read<char>(in)) {
+        case op_insert: {
+            auto value = read<size_t>(in);
+            vars[dst]  = vars[src].insert(value);
+            break;
+        }
+        case op_erase: {
+            auto value = read<size_t>(in);
+            vars[dst]  = vars[src].erase(value);
+            break;
+        }
+        case op_insert_move: {
+            auto value = read<size_t>(in);
+            vars[dst]  = std::move(vars[src]).insert(value);
+            break;
+        }
+        case op_erase_move: {
+            auto value = read<size_t>(in);
+            vars[dst]  = vars[src].erase(value);
+            break;
+        }
+        case op_iterate: {
+            auto srcv = vars[src];
+            for (const auto& v : srcv) {
+                vars[dst] = vars[dst].insert(v);
+            }
+            break;
+        }
+        default:
+            break;
+        };
+        return true;
+    });
+}
+
+} // namespace
+
+TEST_CASE("https://bugs.chromium.org/p/oss-fuzz/issues/detail?id=24170")
+{
+    SECTION("fuzzer")
+    {
+        auto input = load_input(
+            "clusterfuzz-testcase-minimized-set-gc-5709797958352896");
+        CHECK(run_input(input.data(), input.size()) == 0);
+    }
+}
diff --git a/src/immer/test/oss-fuzz/set-gc-1.cpp b/src/immer/test/oss-fuzz/set-gc-1.cpp
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000..19b318e67c14a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/immer/test/oss-fuzz/set-gc-1.cpp
@@ -0,0 +1,131 @@
+//
+// immer: immutable data structures for C++
+// Copyright (C) 2016, 2017, 2018 Juan Pedro Bolivar Puente
+//
+// This software is distributed under the Boost Software License, Version 1.0.
+// See accompanying file LICENSE or copy at http://boost.org/LICENSE_1_0.txt
+//
+
+#include "input.hpp"
+
+#include "extra/fuzzer/fuzzer_gc_guard.hpp"
+
+#include <immer/heap/gc_heap.hpp>
+#include <immer/refcount/no_refcount_policy.hpp>
+#include <immer/set.hpp>
+
+#include <immer/algorithm.hpp>
+
+#include <catch.hpp>
+
+#define IMMER_FUZZED_TRACE_ENABLE 0
+
+#if IMMER_FUZZED_TRACE_ENABLE
+#include <fmt/printf.h>
+#define IMMER_FUZZED_TRACE(...) fmt::print(std::cerr, __VA_ARGS__)
+#else
+#define IMMER_FUZZED_TRACE(...)
+#endif
+
+using gc_memory = immer::memory_policy<immer::heap_policy<immer::gc_heap>,
+                                       immer::no_refcount_policy,
+                                       immer::default_lock_policy,
+                                       immer::gc_transience_policy,
+                                       false>;
+
+struct colliding_hash_t
+{
+    std::size_t operator()(std::size_t x) const { return x & ~15; }
+};
+
+namespace {
+
+int run_input(const std::uint8_t* data, std::size_t size)
+{
+    auto guard = fuzzer_gc_guard{};
+
+    constexpr auto var_count = 4;
+
+    using set_t =
+        immer::set<size_t, colliding_hash_t, std::equal_to<>, gc_memory>;
+
+    auto vars = std::array<set_t, var_count>{};
+
+#if IMMER_FUZZED_TRACE_ENABLE
+    IMMER_FUZZED_TRACE("/// new test run\n");
+    IMMER_FUZZED_TRACE("using set_t = immer::set<size_t, colliding_hash_t, "
+                       "std::equal_to<>, gc_memory>;\n");
+    for (auto i = 0u; i < var_count; ++i)
+        IMMER_FUZZED_TRACE("auto v{} = set_t{{}};\n", i);
+#endif
+
+    auto is_valid_var = [&](auto idx) { return idx >= 0 && idx < var_count; };
+
+    return fuzzer_input{data, size}.run([&](auto& in) {
+        enum ops
+        {
+            op_insert,
+            op_erase,
+            op_insert_move,
+            op_erase_move,
+            op_iterate
+        };
+        auto src = read<char>(in, is_valid_var);
+        auto dst = read<char>(in, is_valid_var);
+        switch (read<char>(in)) {
+        case op_insert: {
+            auto value = read<size_t>(in);
+            IMMER_FUZZED_TRACE("v{} = v{}.insert({}ul);\n", +dst, +src, +value);
+            vars[dst] = vars[src].insert(value);
+            break;
+        }
+        case op_erase: {
+            auto value = read<size_t>(in);
+            IMMER_FUZZED_TRACE("v{} = v{}.erase({}ul);\n", +dst, +src, +value);
+            vars[dst] = vars[src].erase(value);
+            break;
+        }
+        case op_insert_move: {
+            auto value = read<size_t>(in);
+            IMMER_FUZZED_TRACE(
+                "v{} = std::move(v{}).insert({}ul);\n", +dst, +src, +value);
+            vars[dst] = std::move(vars[src]).insert(value);
+            break;
+        }
+        case op_erase_move: {
+            auto value = read<size_t>(in);
+            IMMER_FUZZED_TRACE(
+                "v{} = std::move(v{}).erase({}ul);\n", +dst, +src, +value);
+            vars[dst] = std::move(vars[src]).erase(value);
+            break;
+        }
+        case op_iterate: {
+            auto srcv = vars[src];
+            IMMER_FUZZED_TRACE("{{ auto v = v{}; for (const auto& x : v) v{} = "
+                               "std::move(v{}).insert(x); }}\n",
+                               +src,
+                               +dst,
+                               +dst);
+            for (auto&& v : srcv) {
+                vars[dst] = vars[dst].insert(v);
+            }
+            break;
+        }
+        default:
+            break;
+        };
+        return true;
+    });
+}
+
+} // namespace
+
+TEST_CASE("https://bugs.chromium.org/p/oss-fuzz/issues/detail?id=24374")
+{
+    SECTION("fuzzer")
+    {
+        auto input = load_input(
+            "clusterfuzz-testcase-minimized-set-gc-5193673156067328");
+        CHECK(run_input(input.data(), input.size()) == 0);
+    }
+}
diff --git a/src/immer/test/set/B3.cpp b/src/immer/test/set/B3.cpp
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000..192b0f8e9afdb
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/immer/test/set/B3.cpp
@@ -0,0 +1,17 @@
+//
+// immer: immutable data structures for C++
+// Copyright (C) 2016, 2017, 2018 Juan Pedro Bolivar Puente
+//
+// This software is distributed under the Boost Software License, Version 1.0.
+// See accompanying file LICENSE or copy at http://boost.org/LICENSE_1_0.txt
+//
+
+#include <immer/set.hpp>
+
+template <typename T,
+          typename Hash = std::hash<T>,
+          typename Eq   = std::equal_to<T>>
+using test_set_t = immer::set<T, Hash, Eq, immer::default_memory_policy, 3u>;
+
+#define SET_T test_set_t
+#include "generic.ipp"
diff --git a/src/immer/test/set/B6.cpp b/src/immer/test/set/B6.cpp
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000..7fe3e5b7728ce
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/immer/test/set/B6.cpp
@@ -0,0 +1,17 @@
+//
+// immer: immutable data structures for C++
+// Copyright (C) 2016, 2017, 2018 Juan Pedro Bolivar Puente
+//
+// This software is distributed under the Boost Software License, Version 1.0.
+// See accompanying file LICENSE or copy at http://boost.org/LICENSE_1_0.txt
+//
+
+#include <immer/set.hpp>
+
+template <typename T,
+          typename Hash = std::hash<T>,
+          typename Eq   = std::equal_to<T>>
+using test_set_t = immer::set<T, Hash, Eq, immer::default_memory_policy, 6u>;
+
+#define SET_T test_set_t
+#include "generic.ipp"
diff --git a/src/immer/test/set/default.cpp b/src/immer/test/set/default.cpp
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000..8e6611a4ea7e3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/immer/test/set/default.cpp
@@ -0,0 +1,12 @@
+//
+// immer: immutable data structures for C++
+// Copyright (C) 2016, 2017, 2018 Juan Pedro Bolivar Puente
+//
+// This software is distributed under the Boost Software License, Version 1.0.
+// See accompanying file LICENSE or copy at http://boost.org/LICENSE_1_0.txt
+//
+
+#include <immer/set.hpp>
+
+#define SET_T ::immer::set
+#include "generic.ipp"
diff --git a/src/immer/test/set/gc.cpp b/src/immer/test/set/gc.cpp
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000..65963d2c8228e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/immer/test/set/gc.cpp
@@ -0,0 +1,25 @@
+//
+// immer: immutable data structures for C++
+// Copyright (C) 2016, 2017, 2018 Juan Pedro Bolivar Puente
+//
+// This software is distributed under the Boost Software License, Version 1.0.
+// See accompanying file LICENSE or copy at http://boost.org/LICENSE_1_0.txt
+//
+
+#include <immer/heap/gc_heap.hpp>
+#include <immer/refcount/no_refcount_policy.hpp>
+#include <immer/set.hpp>
+
+using gc_memory = immer::memory_policy<immer::heap_policy<immer::gc_heap>,
+                                       immer::no_refcount_policy,
+                                       immer::default_lock_policy,
+                                       immer::gc_transience_policy,
+                                       false>;
+
+template <typename T,
+          typename Hash = std::hash<T>,
+          typename Eq   = std::equal_to<T>>
+using test_set_t = immer::set<T, Hash, Eq, gc_memory, 3u>;
+
+#define SET_T test_set_t
+#include "generic.ipp"
diff --git a/src/immer/test/set/generic.ipp b/src/immer/test/set/generic.ipp
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000..08de14cba798b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/immer/test/set/generic.ipp
@@ -0,0 +1,513 @@
+//
+// immer: immutable data structures for C++
+// Copyright (C) 2016, 2017, 2018 Juan Pedro Bolivar Puente
+//
+// This software is distributed under the Boost Software License, Version 1.0.
+// See accompanying file LICENSE or copy at http://boost.org/LICENSE_1_0.txt
+//
+
+#ifndef SET_T
+#error "define the set template to use in SET_T"
+#include <immer/set.hpp>
+#define SET_T ::immer::set
+#endif
+
+#include "test/dada.hpp"
+#include "test/util.hpp"
+
+#include <immer/algorithm.hpp>
+
+#include <catch.hpp>
+
+#include <random>
+#include <unordered_set>
+
+template <typename T = unsigned>
+auto make_generator()
+{
+    auto engine = std::default_random_engine{42};
+    auto dist   = std::uniform_int_distribution<T>{};
+    return std::bind(dist, engine);
+}
+
+struct conflictor
+{
+    unsigned v1;
+    unsigned v2;
+
+    bool operator==(const conflictor& x) const
+    {
+        return v1 == x.v1 && v2 == x.v2;
+    }
+};
+
+struct hash_conflictor
+{
+    std::size_t operator()(const conflictor& x) const { return x.v1; }
+};
+
+auto make_values_with_collisions(unsigned n)
+{
+    auto gen   = make_generator();
+    auto vals  = std::vector<conflictor>{};
+    auto vals_ = std::unordered_set<conflictor, hash_conflictor>{};
+    generate_n(back_inserter(vals), n, [&] {
+        auto newv = conflictor{};
+        do {
+            newv = {unsigned(gen() % (n / 2)), gen()};
+        } while (!vals_.insert(newv).second);
+        return newv;
+    });
+    return vals;
+}
+
+auto make_test_set(unsigned n)
+{
+    auto s = SET_T<unsigned>{};
+    for (auto i = 0u; i < n; ++i)
+        s = s.insert(i);
+    return s;
+}
+
+auto make_test_set(const std::vector<conflictor>& vals)
+{
+    auto s = SET_T<conflictor, hash_conflictor>{};
+    for (auto&& v : vals)
+        s = s.insert(v);
+    return s;
+}
+
+template <std::size_t BufLen>
+struct unaligned_str
+{
+    std::array<char, BufLen> m_data{};
+
+    unaligned_str() = default;
+    unaligned_str(const std::string& in)
+    {
+        for (std::size_t i = 0; i < std::min(m_data.size() - 1, in.size()); i++)
+            m_data[i] = in[i];
+    }
+    unaligned_str(const char* in)
+        : unaligned_str{std::string{in}}
+    {}
+
+    std::string str() const { return m_data.data(); }
+
+    bool operator==(unaligned_str other) const
+    {
+        return m_data == other.m_data;
+    }
+
+    bool operator!=(unaligned_str other) const
+    {
+        return m_data != other.m_data;
+    }
+};
+
+namespace std {
+template <size_t BufLen>
+struct hash<unaligned_str<BufLen>>
+{
+    size_t operator()(const unaligned_str<BufLen>& str) const
+    {
+        return std::hash<std::string>{}(str.str());
+    }
+};
+} // namespace std
+
+template <size_t BufLen>
+void check_with_len()
+{
+    auto v = SET_T<unaligned_str<BufLen>>{};
+
+    for (int i = 0; i < 1; i++)
+        v = v.insert(std::to_string(i));
+
+    CHECK(v.count("0") == 1);
+}
+
+TEST_CASE("insert type with no alignment requirement")
+{
+    check_with_len<1>();
+    check_with_len<9>();
+    check_with_len<15>();
+    check_with_len<17>();
+}
+
+TEST_CASE("instantiation")
+{
+    SECTION("default")
+    {
+        auto v = SET_T<unsigned>{};
+        CHECK(v.size() == 0u);
+    }
+}
+
+TEST_CASE("basic insertion")
+{
+    auto v1 = SET_T<unsigned>{};
+    CHECK(v1.count(42) == 0);
+
+    auto v2 = v1.insert(42);
+    CHECK(v1.count(42) == 0);
+    CHECK(v2.count(42) == 1);
+
+    auto v3 = v2.insert(42);
+    CHECK(v1.count(42) == 0);
+    CHECK(v2.count(42) == 1);
+    CHECK(v3.count(42) == 1);
+}
+
+TEST_CASE("insert a lot")
+{
+    constexpr auto N = 666u;
+
+    auto gen  = make_generator();
+    auto vals = std::vector<unsigned>{};
+    generate_n(back_inserter(vals), N, gen);
+    auto s = SET_T<unsigned>{};
+
+    for (auto i = 0u; i < N; ++i) {
+        s = s.insert(vals[i]);
+        CHECK(s.size() == i + 1);
+        for (auto j : test_irange(0u, i + 1))
+            CHECK(s.count(vals[j]) == 1);
+        for (auto j : test_irange(i + 1u, N))
+            CHECK(s.count(vals[j]) == 0);
+    }
+}
+
+TEST_CASE("insert conflicts")
+{
+    constexpr auto N = 666u;
+    auto vals        = make_values_with_collisions(N);
+    auto s           = SET_T<conflictor, hash_conflictor>{};
+    for (auto i = 0u; i < N; ++i) {
+        s = s.insert(vals[i]);
+        CHECK(s.size() == i + 1);
+        for (auto j : test_irange(0u, i + 1))
+            CHECK(s.count(vals[j]) == 1);
+        for (auto j : test_irange(i + 1u, N))
+            CHECK(s.count(vals[j]) == 0);
+    }
+}
+
+TEST_CASE("erase a lot")
+{
+    constexpr auto N = 666u;
+    auto gen         = make_generator();
+    auto vals        = std::vector<unsigned>{};
+    generate_n(back_inserter(vals), N, gen);
+
+    auto s = SET_T<unsigned>{};
+    for (auto i = 0u; i < N; ++i)
+        s = s.insert(vals[i]);
+
+    for (auto i = 0u; i < N; ++i) {
+        s = s.erase(vals[i]);
+        CHECK(s.size() == N - i - 1);
+        for (auto j : test_irange(0u, i + 1))
+            CHECK(s.count(vals[j]) == 0);
+        for (auto j : test_irange(i + 1u, N))
+            CHECK(s.count(vals[j]) == 1);
+    }
+}
+
+TEST_CASE("erase conflicts")
+{
+    constexpr auto N = 666u;
+    auto vals        = make_values_with_collisions(N);
+    auto s           = SET_T<conflictor, hash_conflictor>{};
+    for (auto i = 0u; i < N; ++i)
+        s = s.insert(vals[i]);
+
+    for (auto i = 0u; i < N; ++i) {
+        s = s.erase(vals[i]);
+        CHECK(s.size() == N - i - 1);
+        for (auto j : test_irange(0u, i + 1))
+            CHECK(s.count(vals[j]) == 0);
+        for (auto j : test_irange(i + 1u, N))
+            CHECK(s.count(vals[j]) == 1);
+    }
+}
+
+TEST_CASE("accumulate")
+{
+    const auto n = 666u;
+    auto v       = make_test_set(n);
+
+    auto expected_n = [](auto n) { return n * (n - 1) / 2; };
+
+    SECTION("sum collection")
+    {
+        auto sum = immer::accumulate(v, 0u);
+        CHECK(sum == expected_n(v.size()));
+    }
+
+    SECTION("sum collisions")
+    {
+        auto vals = make_values_with_collisions(n);
+        auto s    = make_test_set(vals);
+        auto acc  = [](unsigned r, conflictor x) { return r + x.v1 + x.v2; };
+        auto sum1 = std::accumulate(vals.begin(), vals.end(), 0u, acc);
+        auto sum2 = immer::accumulate(s, 0u, acc);
+        CHECK(sum1 == sum2);
+    }
+}
+
+TEST_CASE("find")
+{
+    const auto n = 666u;
+    auto v       = make_test_set(n);
+    CHECK(*v.find(0) == 0);
+    CHECK(*v.find(42) == 42);
+    CHECK(*v.find(665) == 665);
+    CHECK(v.find(666) == nullptr);
+    CHECK(v.find(1234) == nullptr);
+}
+
+TEST_CASE("iterator")
+{
+    const auto N = 666u;
+    auto v       = make_test_set(N);
+
+    SECTION("empty set")
+    {
+        auto s = SET_T<unsigned>{};
+        CHECK(s.begin() == s.end());
+    }
+
+    SECTION("works with range loop")
+    {
+        auto seen = std::unordered_set<unsigned>{};
+        for (const auto& x : v)
+            CHECK(seen.insert(x).second);
+        CHECK(seen.size() == v.size());
+    }
+
+    SECTION("works with standard algorithms")
+    {
+        auto s = std::vector<unsigned>(N);
+        std::iota(s.begin(), s.end(), 0u);
+        std::equal(v.begin(), v.end(), s.begin(), s.end());
+    }
+
+    SECTION("iterator and collisions")
+    {
+        auto vals = make_values_with_collisions(N);
+        auto s    = make_test_set(vals);
+        auto seen = std::unordered_set<conflictor, hash_conflictor>{};
+        for (const auto& x : s)
+            CHECK(seen.insert(x).second);
+        CHECK(seen.size() == s.size());
+    }
+}
+
+struct non_default
+{
+    unsigned value;
+    non_default(unsigned v)
+        : value{v}
+    {}
+    non_default() = delete;
+    operator unsigned() const { return value; }
+
+#if IMMER_DEBUG_PRINT
+    friend std::ostream& operator<<(std::ostream& os, non_default x)
+    {
+        os << "ND{" << x.value << "}";
+        return os;
+    }
+#endif
+};
+
+namespace std {
+
+template <>
+struct hash<non_default>
+{
+    std::size_t operator()(const non_default& x)
+    {
+        return std::hash<decltype(x.value)>{}(x.value);
+    }
+};
+
+} // namespace std
+
+TEST_CASE("non default")
+{
+    const auto n = 666u;
+
+    auto v = SET_T<non_default>{};
+    for (auto i = 0u; i < n; ++i)
+        v = v.insert({i});
+
+    CHECK(v.size() == n);
+}
+
+TEST_CASE("equals")
+{
+    const auto n = 666u;
+    auto v       = make_test_set(n);
+
+    CHECK(v == v);
+    CHECK(v != v.insert(1234));
+    CHECK(v == v.erase(1234));
+    CHECK(v == v.insert(1234).erase(1234));
+    CHECK(v == v.erase(64).insert(64));
+    CHECK(v != v.erase(1234).insert(1234));
+}
+
+TEST_CASE("equals collisions")
+{
+    const auto n = 666u;
+    auto vals    = make_values_with_collisions(n);
+    auto v       = make_test_set(vals);
+
+    CHECK(v == v);
+    CHECK(v != v.erase(vals[42]));
+    CHECK(v == v.erase(vals[42]).insert(vals[42]));
+    CHECK(v ==
+          v.erase(vals[42]).erase(vals[13]).insert(vals[42]).insert(vals[13]));
+    CHECK(v ==
+          v.erase(vals[42]).erase(vals[13]).insert(vals[13]).insert(vals[42]));
+}
+
+TEST_CASE("exception safety")
+{
+    constexpr auto n = 2666u;
+
+    using dadaist_set_t = typename dadaist_wrapper<SET_T<unsigned>>::type;
+    using dadaist_conflictor_set_t =
+        typename dadaist_wrapper<SET_T<conflictor, hash_conflictor>>::type;
+
+    SECTION("insert")
+    {
+        auto v = dadaist_set_t{};
+        auto d = dadaism{};
+        for (auto i = 0u; v.size() < n;) {
+            try {
+                auto s = d.next();
+                v      = v.insert({i});
+                ++i;
+            } catch (dada_error) {}
+            for (auto i : test_irange(0u, i))
+                CHECK(v.count({i}) == 1);
+        }
+        CHECK(d.happenings > 0);
+        IMMER_TRACE_E(d.happenings);
+    }
+
+    SECTION("insert collisions")
+    {
+        auto vals = make_values_with_collisions(n);
+        auto v    = dadaist_conflictor_set_t{};
+        auto d    = dadaism{};
+        for (auto i = 0u; v.size() < n;) {
+            try {
+                auto s = d.next();
+                v      = v.insert({vals[i]});
+                ++i;
+            } catch (dada_error) {}
+            for (auto i : test_irange(0u, i))
+                CHECK(v.count({vals[i]}) == 1);
+        }
+        CHECK(d.happenings > 0);
+        IMMER_TRACE_E(d.happenings);
+    }
+
+    SECTION("erase")
+    {
+        auto v = dadaist_set_t{};
+        auto d = dadaism{};
+        for (auto i = 0u; i < n; ++i)
+            v = v.insert({i});
+        for (auto i = 0u; v.size() > 0;) {
+            try {
+                auto s = d.next();
+                v      = v.erase({i});
+                ++i;
+            } catch (dada_error) {}
+            for (auto i : test_irange(0u, i))
+                CHECK(v.count({i}) == 0);
+            for (auto i : test_irange(i, n))
+                CHECK(v.count({i}) == 1);
+        }
+        CHECK(d.happenings > 0);
+        IMMER_TRACE_E(d.happenings);
+    }
+
+    SECTION("erase collisisions")
+    {
+        auto vals = make_values_with_collisions(n);
+        auto v    = dadaist_conflictor_set_t{};
+        auto d    = dadaism{};
+        for (auto i = 0u; i < n; ++i)
+            v = v.insert({vals[i]});
+        for (auto i = 0u; v.size() > 0;) {
+            try {
+                auto s = d.next();
+                v      = v.erase({vals[i]});
+                ++i;
+            } catch (dada_error) {}
+            for (auto i : test_irange(0u, i))
+                CHECK(v.count({vals[i]}) == 0);
+            for (auto i : test_irange(i, n))
+                CHECK(v.count({vals[i]}) == 1);
+        }
+        CHECK(d.happenings > 0);
+        IMMER_TRACE_E(d.happenings);
+    }
+}
+
+namespace {
+struct KeyType
+{
+    explicit KeyType(unsigned v)
+        : value(v)
+    {}
+    unsigned value;
+};
+
+struct LookupType
+{
+    explicit LookupType(unsigned v)
+        : value(v)
+    {}
+    unsigned value;
+};
+
+struct TransparentHash
+{
+    using hash_type      = std::hash<unsigned>;
+    using is_transparent = void;
+
+    size_t operator()(KeyType const& k) const { return hash_type{}(k.value); }
+    size_t operator()(LookupType const& k) const
+    {
+        return hash_type{}(k.value);
+    }
+};
+
+bool operator==(KeyType const& k, KeyType const& l)
+{
+    return k.value == l.value;
+}
+bool operator==(KeyType const& k, LookupType const& l)
+{
+    return k.value == l.value;
+}
+} // namespace
+
+TEST_CASE("lookup with transparent hash")
+{
+    SECTION("default")
+    {
+        auto m = SET_T<KeyType, TransparentHash, std::equal_to<>>{};
+        m      = m.insert(KeyType{1});
+
+        CHECK(m.count(LookupType{1}) == 1);
+        CHECK(m.count(LookupType{2}) == 0);
+    }
+}
diff --git a/src/immer/test/transient_tester.hpp b/src/immer/test/transient_tester.hpp
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000..3cf891bef9578
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/immer/test/transient_tester.hpp
@@ -0,0 +1,54 @@
+//
+// immer: immutable data structures for C++
+// Copyright (C) 2016, 2017, 2018 Juan Pedro Bolivar Puente
+//
+// This software is distributed under the Boost Software License, Version 1.0.
+// See accompanying file LICENSE or copy at http://boost.org/LICENSE_1_0.txt
+//
+
+#pragma once
+
+#include "dada.hpp"
+
+namespace {
+
+template <typename VP, typename VT>
+struct transient_tester
+{
+    VP vp;
+    VT vt;
+    dadaism d      = {};
+    bool transient = false;
+
+    transient_tester(VP vp)
+        : vp{vp}
+        , vt{vp.transient()}
+    {}
+
+    bool step()
+    {
+        auto s = d.next();
+        if (soft_dada()) {
+            auto new_transient = !transient;
+            try {
+                if (new_transient)
+                    vt = vp.transient();
+                else
+                    vp = vt.persistent();
+            } catch (const dada_error&) {
+                return false;
+            }
+            transient = new_transient;
+            return true;
+        } else
+            return false;
+    }
+};
+
+template <typename VP>
+transient_tester<VP, typename VP::transient_type> as_transient_tester(VP p)
+{
+    return {std::move(p)};
+}
+
+} // anonymous namespace
diff --git a/src/immer/test/util.hpp b/src/immer/test/util.hpp
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000..41904f5a89077
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/immer/test/util.hpp
@@ -0,0 +1,103 @@
+//
+// immer: immutable data structures for C++
+// Copyright (C) 2016, 2017, 2018 Juan Pedro Bolivar Puente
+//
+// This software is distributed under the Boost Software License, Version 1.0.
+// See accompanying file LICENSE or copy at http://boost.org/LICENSE_1_0.txt
+//
+
+#pragma once
+
+#include <boost/range/irange.hpp>
+#include <boost/range/join.hpp>
+#include <cstddef>
+
+namespace {
+
+struct identity_t
+{
+    template <typename T>
+    decltype(auto) operator()(T&& x)
+    {
+        return std::forward<decltype(x)>(x);
+    }
+};
+
+template <typename Integer>
+auto test_irange(Integer from, Integer to)
+{
+#if IMMER_SLOW_TESTS
+    return boost::irange(from, to);
+#else
+    if (to - from < Integer{10})
+        return boost::join(boost::irange(Integer{}, Integer{}),
+                           boost::join(boost::irange(from, to, 1),
+                                       boost::irange(Integer{}, Integer{})));
+    else
+        return boost::join(boost::irange(from, from + Integer{2}),
+                           boost::join(boost::irange(from + Integer{2},
+                                                     to - Integer{2},
+                                                     (to - from) / Integer{5}),
+                                       boost::irange(to - Integer{2}, to)));
+#endif
+}
+
+} // anonymous namespace
+
+#if IMMER_SLOW_TESTS
+#define CHECK_SLOW(...) CHECK(__VA_ARGS__)
+#else
+#define CHECK_SLOW(...)
+#endif
+
+#if IMMER_SLOW_TESTS
+#define CHECK_VECTOR_EQUALS_RANGE_AUX(v1_, first_, last_, xf_)                 \
+    [](auto&& v1, auto&& first, auto&& last, auto&& xf) {                      \
+        auto size = std::distance(first, last);                                \
+        CHECK(static_cast<std::ptrdiff_t>(v1.size()) == size);                 \
+        if (static_cast<std::ptrdiff_t>(v1.size()) != size)                    \
+            return;                                                            \
+        for (auto j = 0u; j < size; ++j)                                       \
+            CHECK(xf(v1[j]) == xf(*first++));                                  \
+    }(v1_, first_, last_, xf_) // CHECK_EQUALS
+#else
+#define CHECK_VECTOR_EQUALS_RANGE_AUX(v1_, first_, last_, ...)                 \
+    [](auto&& v1, auto&& first, auto&& last, auto&& xf) {                      \
+        auto size = std::distance(first, last);                                \
+        CHECK(static_cast<std::ptrdiff_t>(v1.size()) == size);                 \
+        if (static_cast<std::ptrdiff_t>(v1.size()) != size)                    \
+            return;                                                            \
+        if (size > 0) {                                                        \
+            CHECK(xf(v1[0]) == xf(*(first + (0))));                            \
+            CHECK(xf(v1[size - 1]) == xf(*(first + (size - 1))));              \
+            CHECK(xf(v1[size / 2]) == xf(*(first + (size / 2))));              \
+            CHECK(xf(v1[size / 3]) == xf(*(first + (size / 3))));              \
+            CHECK(xf(v1[size / 4]) == xf(*(first + (size / 4))));              \
+            CHECK(xf(v1[size - 1 - size / 2]) ==                               \
+                  xf(*(first + (size - 1 - size / 2))));                       \
+            CHECK(xf(v1[size - 1 - size / 3]) ==                               \
+                  xf(*(first + (size - 1 - size / 3))));                       \
+            CHECK(xf(v1[size - 1 - size / 4]) ==                               \
+                  xf(*(first + (size - 1 - size / 4))));                       \
+        }                                                                      \
+        if (size > 1) {                                                        \
+            CHECK(xf(v1[1]) == xf(*(first + (1))));                            \
+            CHECK(xf(v1[size - 2]) == xf(*(first + (size - 2))));              \
+        }                                                                      \
+        if (size > 2) {                                                        \
+            CHECK(xf(v1[2]) == xf(*(first + (2))));                            \
+            CHECK(xf(v1[size - 3]) == xf(*(first + (size - 3))));              \
+        }                                                                      \
+    }(v1_, first_, last_, __VA_ARGS__) // CHECK_EQUALS
+#endif                                 // IMMER_SLOW_TESTS
+
+#define CHECK_VECTOR_EQUALS_AUX(v1_, v2_, ...)                                 \
+    [](auto&& v1, auto&& v2, auto&&... xs) {                                   \
+        CHECK_VECTOR_EQUALS_RANGE_AUX(v1, v2.begin(), v2.end(), xs...);        \
+    }(v1_, v2_, __VA_ARGS__)
+
+#define CHECK_VECTOR_EQUALS_RANGE(v1, b, e)                                    \
+    CHECK_VECTOR_EQUALS_RANGE_AUX((v1), (b), (e), identity_t{})
+
+#define CHECK_VECTOR_EQUALS(v1, v2)                                            \
+    CHECK_VECTOR_EQUALS_AUX((v1), (v2), identity_t{})
diff --git a/src/immer/test/vector/B3-BL0.cpp b/src/immer/test/vector/B3-BL0.cpp
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000..c0ddd2d665453
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/immer/test/vector/B3-BL0.cpp
@@ -0,0 +1,15 @@
+//
+// immer: immutable data structures for C++
+// Copyright (C) 2016, 2017, 2018 Juan Pedro Bolivar Puente
+//
+// This software is distributed under the Boost Software License, Version 1.0.
+// See accompanying file LICENSE or copy at http://boost.org/LICENSE_1_0.txt
+//
+
+#include <immer/vector.hpp>
+
+template <typename T>
+using test_vector_t = immer::vector<T, immer::default_memory_policy, 3u, 0u>;
+
+#define VECTOR_T test_vector_t
+#include "generic.ipp"
diff --git a/src/immer/test/vector/B3-BL2.cpp b/src/immer/test/vector/B3-BL2.cpp
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000..15cfeb9e2f113
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/immer/test/vector/B3-BL2.cpp
@@ -0,0 +1,15 @@
+//
+// immer: immutable data structures for C++
+// Copyright (C) 2016, 2017, 2018 Juan Pedro Bolivar Puente
+//
+// This software is distributed under the Boost Software License, Version 1.0.
+// See accompanying file LICENSE or copy at http://boost.org/LICENSE_1_0.txt
+//
+
+#include <immer/vector.hpp>
+
+template <typename T>
+using test_vector_t = immer::vector<T, immer::default_memory_policy, 3u, 2u>;
+
+#define VECTOR_T test_vector_t
+#include "generic.ipp"
diff --git a/src/immer/test/vector/B3-BL3.cpp b/src/immer/test/vector/B3-BL3.cpp
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000..5901940eab233
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/immer/test/vector/B3-BL3.cpp
@@ -0,0 +1,15 @@
+//
+// immer: immutable data structures for C++
+// Copyright (C) 2016, 2017, 2018 Juan Pedro Bolivar Puente
+//
+// This software is distributed under the Boost Software License, Version 1.0.
+// See accompanying file LICENSE or copy at http://boost.org/LICENSE_1_0.txt
+//
+
+#include <immer/vector.hpp>
+
+template <typename T>
+using test_vector_t = immer::vector<T, immer::default_memory_policy, 3u, 3u>;
+
+#define VECTOR_T test_vector_t
+#include "generic.ipp"
diff --git a/src/immer/test/vector/B3-BL4.cpp b/src/immer/test/vector/B3-BL4.cpp
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000..5f3b8c17eec81
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/immer/test/vector/B3-BL4.cpp
@@ -0,0 +1,15 @@
+//
+// immer: immutable data structures for C++
+// Copyright (C) 2016, 2017, 2018 Juan Pedro Bolivar Puente
+//
+// This software is distributed under the Boost Software License, Version 1.0.
+// See accompanying file LICENSE or copy at http://boost.org/LICENSE_1_0.txt
+//
+
+#include <immer/vector.hpp>
+
+template <typename T>
+using test_vector_t = immer::vector<T, immer::default_memory_policy, 3u, 4u>;
+
+#define VECTOR_T test_vector_t
+#include "generic.ipp"
diff --git a/src/immer/test/vector/default.cpp b/src/immer/test/vector/default.cpp
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000..1a1459ca124e5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/immer/test/vector/default.cpp
@@ -0,0 +1,12 @@
+//
+// immer: immutable data structures for C++
+// Copyright (C) 2016, 2017, 2018 Juan Pedro Bolivar Puente
+//
+// This software is distributed under the Boost Software License, Version 1.0.
+// See accompanying file LICENSE or copy at http://boost.org/LICENSE_1_0.txt
+//
+
+#include <immer/vector.hpp>
+
+#define VECTOR_T ::immer::vector
+#include "generic.ipp"
diff --git a/src/immer/test/vector/gc.cpp b/src/immer/test/vector/gc.cpp
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000..9197aeb222567
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/immer/test/vector/gc.cpp
@@ -0,0 +1,23 @@
+//
+// immer: immutable data structures for C++
+// Copyright (C) 2016, 2017, 2018 Juan Pedro Bolivar Puente
+//
+// This software is distributed under the Boost Software License, Version 1.0.
+// See accompanying file LICENSE or copy at http://boost.org/LICENSE_1_0.txt
+//
+
+#include <immer/heap/gc_heap.hpp>
+#include <immer/refcount/no_refcount_policy.hpp>
+#include <immer/vector.hpp>
+
+using gc_memory = immer::memory_policy<immer::heap_policy<immer::gc_heap>,
+                                       immer::no_refcount_policy,
+                                       immer::default_lock_policy,
+                                       immer::gc_transience_policy,
+                                       false>;
+
+template <typename T>
+using test_vector_t = immer::vector<T, gc_memory, 3u>;
+
+#define VECTOR_T test_vector_t
+#include "generic.ipp"
diff --git a/src/immer/test/vector/generic.ipp b/src/immer/test/vector/generic.ipp
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000..38392b97bf402
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/immer/test/vector/generic.ipp
@@ -0,0 +1,493 @@
+//
+// immer: immutable data structures for C++
+// Copyright (C) 2016, 2017, 2018 Juan Pedro Bolivar Puente
+//
+// This software is distributed under the Boost Software License, Version 1.0.
+// See accompanying file LICENSE or copy at http://boost.org/LICENSE_1_0.txt
+//
+
+#include "test/dada.hpp"
+#include "test/util.hpp"
+
+#include <immer/algorithm.hpp>
+
+#include <boost/range/adaptors.hpp>
+#include <catch.hpp>
+
+#include <algorithm>
+#include <numeric>
+#include <string>
+#include <vector>
+
+using namespace std::string_literals;
+
+#ifndef VECTOR_T
+#error "define the vector template to use in VECTOR_T"
+#endif
+
+template <typename V = VECTOR_T<unsigned>>
+auto make_test_vector(unsigned min, unsigned max)
+{
+    auto v = V{};
+    for (auto i = min; i < max; ++i)
+        v = v.push_back({i});
+    return v;
+}
+
+struct big_object
+{
+    std::array<std::size_t, 42> v;
+};
+
+struct string_sentinel
+{};
+
+bool operator==(const char16_t* i, string_sentinel) { return *i == '\0'; }
+
+bool operator!=(const char16_t* i, string_sentinel) { return *i != '\0'; }
+
+TEST_CASE("instantiation")
+{
+    SECTION("default")
+    {
+        auto v = VECTOR_T<int>{};
+        CHECK(v.size() == 0u);
+        CHECK(v.empty());
+    }
+
+    SECTION("initializer list")
+    {
+        auto v = VECTOR_T<unsigned>{0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9};
+        CHECK_VECTOR_EQUALS(v, boost::irange(0u, 10u));
+        CHECK(!v.empty());
+    }
+
+    SECTION("big object")
+    {
+        auto v = VECTOR_T<big_object>{{}, {}, {}, {}};
+        CHECK(v.size() == 4);
+    }
+
+    SECTION("range")
+    {
+        auto r = std::vector<int>{{0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9}};
+        auto v = VECTOR_T<unsigned>{r.begin(), r.end()};
+        CHECK_VECTOR_EQUALS(v, boost::irange(0u, 10u));
+    }
+
+    SECTION("empty range")
+    {
+        auto r = std::vector<int>{};
+        auto v = VECTOR_T<unsigned>{r.begin(), r.end()};
+        CHECK(v.size() == 0);
+    }
+
+    SECTION("iterator/sentinel")
+    {
+        auto r = u"012345678";
+        string_sentinel s;
+        auto v = VECTOR_T<unsigned>{r, s};
+        CHECK_VECTOR_EQUALS(v, boost::irange(u'0', u'9'));
+    }
+
+    SECTION("fill")
+    {
+        auto v1 = VECTOR_T<int>(4);
+        CHECK(v1.size() == 4);
+        auto v2 = VECTOR_T<int>(4, 42);
+        CHECK(v2.size() == 4);
+        CHECK(v2[2] == 42);
+    }
+}
+
+TEST_CASE("back and front")
+{
+    auto v = VECTOR_T<unsigned>{0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9};
+    CHECK(v.front() == 0);
+    CHECK(v.back() == 9);
+}
+
+TEST_CASE("at")
+{
+    auto v = VECTOR_T<unsigned>{0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9};
+    CHECK(v.at(0) == 0);
+    CHECK(v.at(5) == 5);
+#ifndef IMMER_NO_EXCEPTIONS
+    CHECK_THROWS_AS(v.at(10), std::out_of_range);
+    CHECK_THROWS_AS(v.at(11), std::out_of_range);
+#endif
+}
+
+TEST_CASE("push back one element")
+{
+    SECTION("one element")
+    {
+        const auto v1 = VECTOR_T<int>{};
+        auto v2       = v1.push_back(42);
+        CHECK(v1.size() == 0u);
+        CHECK(v2.size() == 1u);
+        CHECK(v2[0] == 42);
+    }
+
+    SECTION("many elements")
+    {
+        const auto n = 666u;
+        auto v       = VECTOR_T<unsigned>{};
+        for (auto i = 0u; i < n; ++i) {
+            v = v.push_back(i * 42);
+            CHECK(v.size() == i + 1);
+            for (decltype(v.size()) j = 0; j < v.size(); ++j)
+                CHECK(v[j] == j * 42);
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+TEST_CASE("update")
+{
+    const auto n = 42u;
+    auto v       = make_test_vector(0, n);
+
+    SECTION("set")
+    {
+        const auto u = v.set(3u, 13u);
+        CHECK(u.size() == v.size());
+        CHECK(u[2u] == 2u);
+        CHECK(u[3u] == 13u);
+        CHECK(u[4u] == 4u);
+        CHECK(u[40u] == 40u);
+        CHECK(v[3u] == 3u);
+    }
+
+    SECTION("set further")
+    {
+        auto v = make_test_vector(0, 666);
+
+        auto u = v.set(3u, 13u);
+        u      = u.set(200u, 7u);
+        CHECK(u.size() == v.size());
+
+        CHECK(u[2u] == 2u);
+        CHECK(u[4u] == 4u);
+        CHECK(u[40u] == 40u);
+        CHECK(u[600u] == 600u);
+
+        CHECK(u[3u] == 13u);
+        CHECK(u[200u] == 7u);
+
+        CHECK(v[3u] == 3u);
+        CHECK(v[200u] == 200u);
+    }
+
+    SECTION("set further more")
+    {
+        auto v = make_test_vector(0, 666u);
+
+        for (decltype(v.size()) i = 0; i < v.size(); ++i) {
+            v = v.set(i, i + 1);
+            CHECK(v[i] == i + 1);
+        }
+    }
+
+    SECTION("update")
+    {
+        const auto u = v.update(10u, [](auto x) { return x + 10; });
+        CHECK(u.size() == v.size());
+        CHECK(u[10u] == 20u);
+        CHECK(v[40u] == 40u);
+
+        const auto w = v.update(40u, [](auto x) { return x - 10; });
+        CHECK(w.size() == v.size());
+        CHECK(w[40u] == 30u);
+        CHECK(v[40u] == 40u);
+    }
+}
+
+TEST_CASE("iterator")
+{
+    const auto n = 666u;
+    auto v       = make_test_vector(0, n);
+
+    SECTION("empty vector")
+    {
+        auto v = VECTOR_T<unsigned>{};
+        CHECK(v.begin() == v.end());
+    }
+
+    SECTION("works with range loop")
+    {
+        auto i = 0u;
+        for (const auto& x : v)
+            CHECK(x == i++);
+        CHECK(i == v.size());
+    }
+
+    SECTION("works with standard algorithms")
+    {
+        auto s = std::vector<unsigned>(n);
+        std::iota(s.begin(), s.end(), 0u);
+        std::equal(v.begin(), v.end(), s.begin(), s.end());
+    }
+
+    SECTION("can go back from end")
+    {
+        auto expected = n - 1;
+        auto last     = v.end();
+        CHECK(expected == *--last);
+    }
+
+    SECTION("works with reversed range adaptor")
+    {
+        auto r = v | boost::adaptors::reversed;
+        auto i = n;
+        for (const auto& x : r)
+            CHECK(x == --i);
+    }
+
+    SECTION("works with strided range adaptor")
+    {
+        auto r = v | boost::adaptors::strided(5);
+        auto i = 0u;
+        for (const auto& x : r)
+            CHECK(x == 5 * i++);
+    }
+
+    SECTION("works reversed")
+    {
+        auto i = n;
+        for (auto iter = v.rbegin(), last = v.rend(); iter != last; ++iter)
+            CHECK(*iter == --i);
+    }
+
+    SECTION("advance and distance")
+    {
+        auto i1 = v.begin();
+        auto i2 = i1 + 100;
+        CHECK(100u == *i2);
+        CHECK(100 == i2 - i1);
+        CHECK(50u == *(i2 - 50));
+        CHECK(-30 == (i2 - 30) - i2);
+    }
+}
+
+TEST_CASE("equals")
+{
+    const auto n = 666u;
+    auto v       = make_test_vector(0, n);
+
+    CHECK(v == v);
+    CHECK(v == v.set(42, 42));
+    CHECK(v != v.set(42, 24));
+    CHECK(v == v.set(42, 24).set(42, 42));
+    CHECK(v.set(42, 24) == v.set(42, 24));
+    CHECK(v != v.push_back(7));
+    CHECK(v.push_back(7) == v.push_back(7));
+    CHECK(v.push_back(5) != v.push_back(7));
+    CHECK(v != v.set(v.size() - 2, 24));
+    CHECK(v == v.set(v.size() - 2, 24).set(v.size() - 2, v[v.size() - 2]));
+}
+
+TEST_CASE("all of")
+{
+    const auto n = 666u;
+    auto v       = make_test_vector(0, n);
+
+    SECTION("false")
+    {
+        auto res = immer::all_of(v, [](auto x) { return x < 100; });
+        CHECK(res == false);
+    }
+    SECTION("true")
+    {
+        auto res = immer::all_of(v, [](auto x) { return x < 1000; });
+        CHECK(res == true);
+    }
+    SECTION("bounded, true")
+    {
+        auto res = immer::all_of(
+            v.begin() + 101, v.end() - 10, [](auto x) { return x > 100; });
+        CHECK(res == true);
+    }
+    SECTION("bounded, false")
+    {
+        auto res = immer::all_of(
+            v.begin() + 101, v.end() - 10, [](auto x) { return x < 600; });
+        CHECK(res == false);
+    }
+}
+
+TEST_CASE("accumulate")
+{
+    const auto n = 666u;
+    auto v       = make_test_vector(0, n);
+
+    auto expected_n = [](auto n) { return n * (n - 1) / 2; };
+    auto expected_i = [&](auto i, auto n) {
+        return expected_n(n) - expected_n(i);
+    };
+
+    SECTION("sum collection")
+    {
+        auto sum = immer::accumulate(v, 0u);
+        CHECK(sum == expected_n(v.size()));
+    }
+
+    SECTION("sum range")
+    {
+        using namespace std;
+        {
+            auto sum = immer::accumulate(begin(v) + 100, begin(v) + 300, 0u);
+            CHECK(sum == expected_i(100u, 300u));
+        }
+        {
+            auto sum = immer::accumulate(begin(v) + 31, begin(v) + 300, 0u);
+            CHECK(sum == expected_i(31u, 300u));
+        }
+        {
+            auto sum = immer::accumulate(begin(v), begin(v) + 33, 0u);
+            CHECK(sum == expected_i(0u, 33u));
+        }
+        {
+            auto sum = immer::accumulate(begin(v) + 100, begin(v) + 660, 0u);
+            CHECK(sum == expected_i(100u, 660u));
+        }
+        {
+            auto sum = immer::accumulate(begin(v) + 100, begin(v) + 105, 0u);
+            CHECK(sum == expected_i(100u, 105u));
+        }
+        {
+            auto sum = immer::accumulate(begin(v) + 660, begin(v) + 664, 0u);
+            CHECK(sum == expected_i(660u, 664u));
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+TEST_CASE("vector of strings")
+{
+    const auto n = 666u;
+
+    auto v = VECTOR_T<std::string>{};
+    for (auto i = 0u; i < n; ++i)
+        v = v.push_back(std::to_string(i));
+
+    for (decltype(v.size()) i = 0; i < v.size(); ++i)
+        CHECK(v[i] == std::to_string(i));
+
+    SECTION("set")
+    {
+        for (auto i = 0u; i < n; ++i)
+            v = v.set(i, "foo " + std::to_string(i));
+        for (auto i = 0u; i < n; ++i)
+            CHECK(v[i] == "foo " + std::to_string(i));
+    }
+}
+
+struct non_default
+{
+    unsigned value;
+    non_default(unsigned value_)
+        : value{value_}
+    {}
+    non_default() = delete;
+    operator unsigned() const { return value; }
+
+#if IMMER_DEBUG_PRINT
+    friend std::ostream& operator<<(std::ostream& os, non_default x)
+    {
+        os << "ND{" << x.value << "}";
+        return os;
+    }
+#endif
+};
+
+TEST_CASE("non default")
+{
+    const auto n = 666u;
+
+    auto v = VECTOR_T<non_default>{};
+    for (auto i = 0u; i < n; ++i)
+        v = v.push_back({i});
+
+    CHECK_VECTOR_EQUALS(v, boost::irange(0u, n));
+
+    SECTION("set")
+    {
+        for (auto i = 0u; i < n; ++i)
+            v = v.set(i, {i + 1});
+
+        CHECK_VECTOR_EQUALS(v, boost::irange(1u, n + 1u));
+    }
+}
+
+TEST_CASE("take")
+{
+    const auto n = 666u;
+
+    SECTION("anywhere")
+    {
+        auto v = make_test_vector(0, n);
+
+        for (auto i : test_irange(0u, n)) {
+            auto vv = v.take(i);
+            CHECK(vv.size() == i);
+            CHECK_VECTOR_EQUALS_RANGE(vv, v.begin(), v.begin() + i);
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+TEST_CASE("exception safety")
+{
+    constexpr auto n = 666u;
+
+    using dadaist_vector_t = typename dadaist_wrapper<VECTOR_T<unsigned>>::type;
+
+    SECTION("push back")
+    {
+        auto v = dadaist_vector_t{};
+        auto d = dadaism{};
+        for (auto i = 0u; v.size() < static_cast<decltype(v.size())>(n);) {
+            auto s = d.next();
+            try {
+                v = v.push_back({i});
+                ++i;
+            } catch (dada_error) {}
+            CHECK_VECTOR_EQUALS(v, boost::irange(0u, i));
+        }
+        CHECK(d.happenings > 0);
+        IMMER_TRACE_E(d.happenings);
+    }
+
+    SECTION("update")
+    {
+        auto v = make_test_vector<dadaist_vector_t>(0, n);
+        auto d = dadaism{};
+        for (auto i = 0u; i < n;) {
+            auto s = d.next();
+            try {
+                v = v.update(i, [](auto x) { return dada(), x + 1; });
+                ++i;
+            } catch (dada_error) {}
+            CHECK_VECTOR_EQUALS(
+                v, boost::join(boost::irange(1u, 1u + i), boost::irange(i, n)));
+        }
+        CHECK(d.happenings > 0);
+        IMMER_TRACE_E(d.happenings);
+    }
+
+    SECTION("take")
+    {
+        auto v = make_test_vector<dadaist_vector_t>(0, n);
+        auto d = dadaism{};
+        for (auto i = 0u; i < n;) {
+            auto s = d.next();
+            auto r = dadaist_vector_t{};
+            try {
+                r = v.take(i);
+                CHECK_VECTOR_EQUALS(r, boost::irange(0u, i++));
+            } catch (dada_error) {
+                CHECK_VECTOR_EQUALS(r, boost::irange(0u, 0u));
+            }
+        }
+        CHECK(d.happenings > 0);
+        IMMER_TRACE_E(d.happenings);
+    }
+}
diff --git a/src/immer/test/vector/issue-16.cpp b/src/immer/test/vector/issue-16.cpp
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000..9455f9fb287b5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/immer/test/vector/issue-16.cpp
@@ -0,0 +1,123 @@
+//
+// immer: immutable data structures for C++
+// Copyright (C) 2016, 2017, 2018 Juan Pedro Bolivar Puente
+//
+// This software is distributed under the Boost Software License, Version 1.0.
+// See accompanying file LICENSE or copy at http://boost.org/LICENSE_1_0.txt
+//
+
+// Thanks Dominic Chen <ddchen@cs.cmu.edu> for reporting this issue
+// https://github.com/arximboldi/immer/issues/16
+
+#include <immer/flex_vector.hpp>
+#include <immer/flex_vector_transient.hpp>
+#include <immer/heap/gc_heap.hpp>
+#include <vector>
+
+std::vector<unsigned> init = {
+    291,  438, 755,  608, 594,  912,  73,   97,   496,  101,  837,  696,  978,
+    948,  126, 131,  624, 26,   590,  201,  219,  339,  193,  218,  866,  407,
+    538,  780, 312,  909, 129,  883,  571,  865,  854,  372,  488,  695,  750,
+    341,  798, 375,  350, 1013, 361,  1012, 743,  425,  68,   280,  245,  149,
+    342,  535, 901,  223, 285,  928,  666,  534,  166,  963,  171,  893,  297,
+    1017, 549, 172,  505, 965,  831,  563,  79,   180,  147,  543,  639,  1022,
+    880,  559, 426,  27,  657,  33,   252,  758,  8,    641,  699,  399,  335,
+    473,  625, 703,  264, 796,  61,   737,  527,  795,  123,  200,  287,  857,
+    208,  897, 354,  885, 581,  57,   752,  855,  56,   1007, 357,  643,  476,
+    113,  955, 349,  299, 76,   393,  557,  967,  995,  233,  990,  469,  742,
+    681,  874, 673,  530, 835,  24,   178,  81,   69,   40,   368,  981,  941,
+    645,  808, 511,  982, 888,  136,  100,  960,  804,  806,  600,  500,  337,
+    580,  551, 593,  612, 318,  660,  232,  17,   879,  86,   424,  202,  112,
+    235,  791, 873,  838, 47,   574,  858,  78,   237,  846,  340,  802,  907,
+    72,   38,  44,   902, 595,  940,  182,  784,  207,  355,  815,  545,  555,
+    258,  144, 564,  463, 198,  1004, 4,    175,  468,  658,  59,   938,  63,
+    20,   179, 714,  721, 723,  381,  3,    745,  415,  119,  413,  923,  157,
+    824,  668, 409,  459, 560,  353,  379,  450,  430,  479,  274,  309,  661,
+    508,  474, 771,  504, 674,  51,   173,  670,  83,   921,  1019, 956,  725,
+    556,  427, 597,  794, 918,  95,   514,  98,   638,  205,  727,  162,  905,
+    728,  431, 203,  828, 971,  648,  871,  215,  646,  1006, 816,  277,  861,
+    576,  99,  637,  67,  28,   161,  137,  14,   506,  717,  93,   298,  251,
+    975,  927, 818,  43,  284,  994,  196,  195,  260,  705,  604,  169,  296,
+    785,  911, 398,  687, 760,  486,  642,  417,  445,  925,  763,  756,  653,
+    662,  359, 84,   151, 980,  914,  440,  546,  329,  665,  435,  732,  922,
+    377,  105, 532,  282, 822,  878,  419,  659,  65,   111,  421,  672,  146,
+    320,  316, 31,   522, 145,  513,  373,  773,  184,  974,  621,  366,  124,
+    623,  953, 267,  712, 121,  512,  214,  1002, 455,  694,  834,  618,  324,
+    656,  257, 206,  554, 334,  606,  305,  1008, 190,  160,  502,  1024, 891,
+    751,  789, 821,  462, 489,  908,  370,  164,  746,  270,  319,  491,  443,
+    531,  775, 977,  244, 485,  840,  892,  850,  347,  729,  317,  74,   731,
+    738,  790, 988,  903, 176,  211,  890,  509,  592,  444,  307,  45,   810,
+    390,  239, 678,  999, 414,  693,  345,  363,  382,  602,  516,  801,  310,
+    754,  774, 364,  480, 290,  322,  887,  168,  37,   140,  937,  578,  1005,
+    614,  734, 449,  230, 541,  761,  931,  882,  920,  210,  807,  115,  964,
+    521,  862, 628,  747, 490,  422,  788,  691,  675,  652,  25,   582,  585,
+    961,  472, 722,  7,   367,  15,   275,  700,  249,  116,  969,  325,  706,
+    493,  524, 537,  875, 22,   688,  843,  575,  288,  141,  830,  698,  562,
+    833,  143, 117,  683, 1000, 238,  397,  827,  619,  686,  1018, 973,  80,
+    689,  165, 702,  88,  332,  192,  730,  847,  408,  58,   634,  471,  958,
+    204,  236, 314,  494, 158,  412,  226,  135,  103,  998,  85,   904,  587,
+    194,  6,   380,  987, 266,  853,  369,  949,  34,   799,  884,  16,   944,
+    701,  313, 300,  611, 148,  457,  216,  900,  10,   715,  586,  561,  917,
+    1020, 800, 640,  104, 864,  185,  566,  492,  709,  1009, 498,  859,  945,
+    710,  433, 819,  411, 418,  649,  876,  733,  286,  326,  599,  986,  465,
+    929,  272, 916,  935, 1,    87,   650,  609,  344,  598,  951,  221,  242,
+    352,  635, 680,  464, 75,   256,  962,  336,  82,   383,  836,  993,  222,
+    446,  110, 970,  591, 439,  677,  308,  186,  664,  188,  253,  770,  5,
+    651,  467, 684,  139, 762,  315,  89,   507,  477,  406,  358,  753,  877,
+    442,  32,  2,    997, 120,  946,  391,  220,  996,  125,  943,  749,  130,
+    553,  385, 692,  814, 615,  396,  388,  610,  630,  957,  371,  741,  268,
+    199,  740, 823,  588, 250,  269,  577,  254,  845,  825,  153,  62,   303,
+    842,  453, 241,  114, 483,  868,  550,  952,  429,  434,  529,  503,  333,
+    616,  913, 23,   872, 679,  497,  9,    841,  772,  150,  776,  52,   947,
+    805,  613, 620,  343, 895,  812,  782,  138,  281,  778,  829,  289,  820,
+    106,  400, 484,  402, 915,  720,  122,  724,  783,  436,  499,  605,  627,
+    191,  607, 536,  91,  461,  108,  976,  851,  46,   676,  765,  109,  96,
+    437,  323, 261,  330, 273,  311,  271,  972,  719,  306,  889,  707,  384,
+    764,  979, 572,  475, 231,  519,  682,  832,  448,  356,  966,  1010, 404,
+    757,  209, 548,  617, 228,  482,  156,  596,  1014, 405,  187,  860,  420,
+    655,  276, 797,  243, 1003, 229,  950,  869,  163,  321,  848,  395,  302,
+    803,  711, 515,  376, 886,  278,  128,  870,  1015, 989,  636,  1023, 573,
+    704,  984, 601,  932, 18,   386,  926,  632,  647,  579,  365,  669,  910,
+    768,  809, 526,  769, 66,   432,  213,  293,  48,   839,  217,  224,  813,
+    899,  328, 177,  654, 401,  544,  154,  118,  736,  766,  495,  936,  767,
+    523,  569, 458,  460, 685,  107,  718,  631,  844,  248,  933,  60,   227,
+    374,  246, 247,  331, 894,  183,  279,  338,  387,  633,  565,  403,  744,
+    849,  41,  942,  517, 389,  518,  133,  622,  35,   779,  362,  726,  1021,
+    189,  787, 71,   539, 262,  423,  346,  856,  212,  748,  64,   930,  667,
+    881,  781, 603,  817, 410,  378,  170,  225,  558,  29,   906,  174,  939,
+    21,   292, 304,  663, 240,  793,  567,  456,  255,  811,  954,  735,  867,
+    428,  991, 152,  528, 70,   263,  392,  697,  671,  155,  49,   301,  792,
+    525,  959, 1001, 90,  924,  896,  826,  452,  968,  11,   542,  53,   327,
+    777,  294, 94,   589, 547,  584,  416,  351,  713,  478,  55,   451,  36,
+    708,  501, 132,  863, 54,   19,   142,  13,   934,  134,  30,   466,  716,
+    295,  92,  447,  102, 181,  520,  644,  481,  470,  540,  583,  552,  786,
+    690,  487, 394,  983, 259,  510,  50,   568,  533,  759,  992,  283,  39,
+    360,  919, 167,  852, 42,   629,  1016, 454,  441,  1011, 0,    77,   197,
+    234,  127, 159,  12,  898,  348,  265,  626,  739,  985};
+
+using gc_policy = immer::memory_policy<immer::heap_policy<immer::gc_heap>,
+                                       immer::no_refcount_policy,
+                                       immer::default_lock_policy,
+                                       immer::gc_transience_policy,
+                                       false>;
+
+using immvec = immer::flex_vector_transient<unsigned, gc_policy>;
+
+void erase(immvec& v, unsigned idx)
+{
+    auto v2(v);
+    v.take(idx);
+    v2.drop(idx + 1);
+    v.append(v2);
+}
+
+int main(int argc, char** argv)
+{
+    immvec vector;
+    for (auto i : init)
+        vector.push_back(i);
+
+    erase(vector, 470);
+    vector.push_back(224);
+    erase(vector, 958);
+}
diff --git a/src/immer/test/vector/issue-177.cpp b/src/immer/test/vector/issue-177.cpp
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000..09dff2624702f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/immer/test/vector/issue-177.cpp
@@ -0,0 +1,47 @@
+//
+// immer: immutable data structures for C++
+// Copyright (C) 2016, 2017, 2018 Juan Pedro Bolivar Puente
+//
+// This software is distributed under the Boost Software License, Version 1.0.
+// See accompanying file LICENSE or copy at http://boost.org/LICENSE_1_0.txt
+//
+
+// Thanks to @jeaye for reporting this issue
+// https://github.com/arximboldi/immer/issues/177
+
+#include <immer/box.hpp>
+#include <immer/vector.hpp>
+#include <immer/vector_transient.hpp>
+
+#include <catch.hpp>
+
+struct object;
+
+template <typename T>
+struct is_valid_type
+{
+    static bool constexpr value{false};
+};
+template <>
+struct is_valid_type<object>
+{
+    static bool constexpr value{true};
+};
+
+struct object
+{
+    using vector_type = immer::vector<immer::box<object>>;
+
+    template <typename T>
+    object(T&&)
+    {
+        static_assert(is_valid_type<T>::value, "invalid type");
+    }
+};
+
+TEST_CASE("strange bad constructor called")
+{
+    object::vector_type::transient_type t;
+    // If this next line is commented out, the code compiles.
+    (void) t.persistent();
+}
diff --git a/src/immer/test/vector/issue-46.cpp b/src/immer/test/vector/issue-46.cpp
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000..6475be210d055
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/immer/test/vector/issue-46.cpp
@@ -0,0 +1,39 @@
+//
+// immer: immutable data structures for C++
+// Copyright (C) 2016, 2017, 2018 Juan Pedro Bolivar Puente
+//
+// This software is distributed under the Boost Software License, Version 1.0.
+// See accompanying file LICENSE or copy at http://boost.org/LICENSE_1_0.txt
+//
+
+// Thanks Guiguiprim for reporting this issue
+// https://github.com/arximboldi/immer/issues/46
+
+#include <immer/flex_vector.hpp>
+#include <immer/vector.hpp>
+#include <immer/vector_transient.hpp>
+
+#include <catch.hpp>
+
+TEST_CASE("operator==() may return bad result")
+{
+    using bool_vec = immer::flex_vector<bool>;
+
+    immer::vector<bool_vec> v0;
+    auto tv = v0.transient();
+    tv.push_back(bool_vec(9, false));
+    tv.push_back(bool_vec(10, false));
+    tv.push_back(bool_vec(8, false));
+    tv.push_back(bool_vec(6, false));
+    tv.push_back(bool_vec(9, false));
+    tv.push_back(bool_vec(7, false));
+    tv.push_back(bool_vec(8, false));
+    tv.push_back(bool_vec(9, false));
+    tv.push_back(bool_vec(10, false));
+    v0 = tv.persistent();
+
+    auto v1 = v0.update(1, [](bool_vec vec) { return vec.set(8, true); });
+
+    CHECK(v0[1] != v1[1]);
+    CHECK(v0 != v1);
+}
diff --git a/src/immer/test/vector/issue-74.cpp b/src/immer/test/vector/issue-74.cpp
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000..8650be014f1f3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/immer/test/vector/issue-74.cpp
@@ -0,0 +1,24 @@
+#include "immer/box.hpp"
+#include "immer/set.hpp"
+#include "immer/vector.hpp"
+
+#include <functional>
+
+struct my_type
+{
+    using container_t = immer::vector<immer::box<my_type>>;
+    using func_t      = std::function<int(int)>;
+
+    int ival;
+    double dval;
+    func_t func;
+    container_t children;
+};
+
+int main()
+{
+    my_type::container_t items = {my_type()};
+    immer::set<int> items2;
+    auto items3 = items2.insert(10);
+    return 0;
+}
diff --git a/src/immer/test/vector_transient/B3-BL0.cpp b/src/immer/test/vector_transient/B3-BL0.cpp
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000..a0af0a17124cb
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/immer/test/vector_transient/B3-BL0.cpp
@@ -0,0 +1,21 @@
+//
+// immer: immutable data structures for C++
+// Copyright (C) 2016, 2017, 2018 Juan Pedro Bolivar Puente
+//
+// This software is distributed under the Boost Software License, Version 1.0.
+// See accompanying file LICENSE or copy at http://boost.org/LICENSE_1_0.txt
+//
+
+#include <immer/vector.hpp>
+#include <immer/vector_transient.hpp>
+
+template <typename T>
+using test_vector_t = immer::vector<T, immer::default_memory_policy, 3u, 0u>;
+
+template <typename T>
+using test_vector_transient_t = typename test_vector_t<T>::transient_type;
+
+#define VECTOR_T test_vector_t
+#define VECTOR_TRANSIENT_T test_vector_transient_t
+
+#include "generic.ipp"
diff --git a/src/immer/test/vector_transient/default.cpp b/src/immer/test/vector_transient/default.cpp
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000..f3089086a9a05
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/immer/test/vector_transient/default.cpp
@@ -0,0 +1,15 @@
+//
+// immer: immutable data structures for C++
+// Copyright (C) 2016, 2017, 2018 Juan Pedro Bolivar Puente
+//
+// This software is distributed under the Boost Software License, Version 1.0.
+// See accompanying file LICENSE or copy at http://boost.org/LICENSE_1_0.txt
+//
+
+#include <immer/vector.hpp>
+#include <immer/vector_transient.hpp>
+
+#define VECTOR_T ::immer::vector
+#define VECTOR_TRANSIENT_T ::immer::vector_transient
+
+#include "generic.ipp"
diff --git a/src/immer/test/vector_transient/gc.cpp b/src/immer/test/vector_transient/gc.cpp
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000..30c6faa006729
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/immer/test/vector_transient/gc.cpp
@@ -0,0 +1,30 @@
+//
+// immer: immutable data structures for C++
+// Copyright (C) 2016, 2017, 2018 Juan Pedro Bolivar Puente
+//
+// This software is distributed under the Boost Software License, Version 1.0.
+// See accompanying file LICENSE or copy at http://boost.org/LICENSE_1_0.txt
+//
+
+#include <immer/vector.hpp>
+#include <immer/vector_transient.hpp>
+
+#include <immer/heap/gc_heap.hpp>
+#include <immer/refcount/no_refcount_policy.hpp>
+
+using gc_memory = immer::memory_policy<immer::heap_policy<immer::gc_heap>,
+                                       immer::no_refcount_policy,
+                                       immer::default_lock_policy,
+                                       immer::gc_transience_policy,
+                                       false>;
+
+template <typename T>
+using test_vector_t = immer::vector<T, gc_memory, 3u>;
+
+template <typename T>
+using test_vector_transient_t = immer::vector_transient<T, gc_memory, 3u>;
+
+#define VECTOR_T test_vector_t
+#define VECTOR_TRANSIENT_T test_vector_transient_t
+
+#include "generic.ipp"
diff --git a/src/immer/test/vector_transient/generic.ipp b/src/immer/test/vector_transient/generic.ipp
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000..6cd25a567d534
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/immer/test/vector_transient/generic.ipp
@@ -0,0 +1,267 @@
+//
+// immer: immutable data structures for C++
+// Copyright (C) 2016, 2017, 2018 Juan Pedro Bolivar Puente
+//
+// This software is distributed under the Boost Software License, Version 1.0.
+// See accompanying file LICENSE or copy at http://boost.org/LICENSE_1_0.txt
+//
+
+#include "test/dada.hpp"
+#include "test/transient_tester.hpp"
+#include "test/util.hpp"
+
+#include <catch.hpp>
+
+#ifndef VECTOR_T
+#error "define the vector template to use in VECTOR_T"
+#endif
+
+#ifndef VECTOR_TRANSIENT_T
+#error "define the vector template to use in VECTOR_TRANSIENT_T"
+#endif
+
+template <typename V = VECTOR_T<unsigned>>
+auto make_test_vector(unsigned min, unsigned max)
+{
+    auto v = V{};
+    for (auto i = min; i < max; ++i)
+        v = v.push_back({i});
+    return v;
+}
+
+TEST_CASE("from vector and to vector")
+{
+    constexpr auto n = 100u;
+
+    auto v = make_test_vector(0, n).transient();
+    CHECK_VECTOR_EQUALS(v, boost::irange(0u, n));
+
+    auto p = v.persistent();
+    CHECK_VECTOR_EQUALS(p, boost::irange(0u, n));
+}
+
+TEST_CASE("protect persistence")
+{
+    auto v = VECTOR_T<unsigned>{}.transient();
+    v.push_back(12);
+    auto p = v.persistent();
+    v.set(0, 42);
+    CHECK(p[0] == 12);
+    CHECK(v[0] == 42);
+}
+
+TEST_CASE("push back move")
+{
+    using vector_t = VECTOR_T<unsigned>;
+
+    auto v = vector_t{};
+
+    auto check_move = [&](vector_t&& x) -> vector_t&& {
+        if (vector_t::memory_policy::use_transient_rvalues)
+            CHECK(&x == &v);
+        else
+            CHECK(&x != &v);
+        return std::move(x);
+    };
+
+    v                = check_move(std::move(v).push_back(0));
+    v                = check_move(std::move(v).push_back(1));
+    v                = check_move(std::move(v).push_back(2));
+    auto addr_before = &v[0];
+    v                = check_move(std::move(v).push_back(3));
+    auto addr_after  = &v[0];
+
+    if (vector_t::memory_policy::use_transient_rvalues)
+        CHECK(addr_before == addr_after);
+    else
+        CHECK(addr_before != addr_after);
+
+    CHECK_VECTOR_EQUALS(v, boost::irange(0u, 4u));
+}
+
+TEST_CASE("set move")
+{
+    using vector_t = VECTOR_T<unsigned>;
+
+    auto v = vector_t{};
+
+    auto check_move = [&](vector_t&& x) -> vector_t&& {
+        if (vector_t::memory_policy::use_transient_rvalues)
+            CHECK(&x == &v);
+        else
+            CHECK(&x != &v);
+        return std::move(x);
+    };
+
+    v = v.push_back(0);
+
+    auto addr_before = &v[0];
+    v                = check_move(std::move(v).set(0, 1));
+    auto addr_after  = &v[0];
+
+    if (vector_t::memory_policy::use_transient_rvalues)
+        CHECK(addr_before == addr_after);
+    else
+        CHECK(addr_before != addr_after);
+
+    CHECK_VECTOR_EQUALS(v, boost::irange(1u, 2u));
+}
+
+TEST_CASE("update move")
+{
+    using vector_t = VECTOR_T<unsigned>;
+
+    auto v = vector_t{};
+
+    auto check_move = [&](vector_t&& x) -> vector_t&& {
+        if (vector_t::memory_policy::use_transient_rvalues)
+            CHECK(&x == &v);
+        else
+            CHECK(&x != &v);
+        return std::move(x);
+    };
+
+    v = v.push_back(0);
+
+    auto addr_before = &v[0];
+    v = check_move(std::move(v).update(0, [](auto x) { return x + 1; }));
+    auto addr_after = &v[0];
+
+    if (vector_t::memory_policy::use_transient_rvalues)
+        CHECK(addr_before == addr_after);
+    else
+        CHECK(addr_before != addr_after);
+
+    CHECK_VECTOR_EQUALS(v, boost::irange(1u, 2u));
+}
+
+TEST_CASE("take move")
+{
+    using vector_t = VECTOR_T<unsigned>;
+
+    auto v = vector_t{};
+
+    auto check_move = [&](vector_t&& x) -> vector_t&& {
+        if (vector_t::memory_policy::use_transient_rvalues)
+            CHECK(&x == &v);
+        else
+            CHECK(&x != &v);
+        return std::move(x);
+    };
+
+    v = v.push_back(0).push_back(1);
+
+    auto addr_before = &v[0];
+    v                = check_move(std::move(v).take(1));
+    auto addr_after  = &v[0];
+
+    if (vector_t::memory_policy::use_transient_rvalues)
+        CHECK(addr_before == addr_after);
+    else
+        CHECK(addr_before != addr_after);
+
+    CHECK_VECTOR_EQUALS(v, boost::irange(0u, 1u));
+}
+
+TEST_CASE("exception safety")
+{
+    constexpr auto n = 667u;
+
+    using dadaist_vector_t = typename dadaist_wrapper<VECTOR_T<unsigned>>::type;
+
+    SECTION("push back")
+    {
+        auto t = as_transient_tester(dadaist_vector_t{});
+        auto d = dadaism{};
+        for (auto li = 0u, i = 0u; i < n;) {
+            auto s = d.next();
+            try {
+                if (t.transient)
+                    t.vt.push_back({i});
+                else
+                    t.vp = t.vp.push_back({i});
+                ++i;
+                if (t.step())
+                    li = i;
+            } catch (dada_error) {}
+            if (t.transient) {
+                CHECK_VECTOR_EQUALS(t.vt, boost::irange(0u, i));
+                CHECK_VECTOR_EQUALS(t.vp, boost::irange(0u, li));
+            } else {
+                CHECK_VECTOR_EQUALS(t.vp, boost::irange(0u, i));
+                CHECK_VECTOR_EQUALS(t.vt, boost::irange(0u, li));
+            }
+        }
+        CHECK(d.happenings > 0);
+        CHECK(t.d.happenings > 0);
+        IMMER_TRACE_E(d.happenings);
+        IMMER_TRACE_E(t.d.happenings);
+    }
+
+    SECTION("update")
+    {
+        using boost::irange;
+        using boost::join;
+
+        auto t = as_transient_tester(make_test_vector<dadaist_vector_t>(0, n));
+        auto d = dadaism{};
+        for (auto li = 0u, i = 0u; i < n;) {
+            auto s = d.next();
+            try {
+                if (t.transient)
+                    t.vt.update(i, [](auto x) { return dada(), x + 1; });
+                else
+                    t.vp = t.vp.update(i, [](auto x) { return dada(), x + 1; });
+                ++i;
+                if (t.step())
+                    li = i;
+            } catch (dada_error) {}
+            if (t.transient) {
+                CHECK_VECTOR_EQUALS(t.vt,
+                                    join(irange(1u, 1u + i), irange(i, n)));
+                CHECK_VECTOR_EQUALS(t.vp,
+                                    join(irange(1u, 1u + li), irange(li, n)));
+            } else {
+                CHECK_VECTOR_EQUALS(t.vp,
+                                    join(irange(1u, 1u + i), irange(i, n)));
+                CHECK_VECTOR_EQUALS(t.vt,
+                                    join(irange(1u, 1u + li), irange(li, n)));
+            }
+        }
+        CHECK(d.happenings > 0);
+        CHECK(t.d.happenings > 0);
+    }
+
+    SECTION("take")
+    {
+        auto t = as_transient_tester(make_test_vector<dadaist_vector_t>(0, n));
+        auto d = dadaism{};
+        auto deltas = magic_rotator();
+        auto delta  = 0u;
+        for (auto i = n, li = i;;) {
+            auto s = d.next();
+            auto r = dadaist_vector_t{};
+            try {
+                if (t.transient)
+                    t.vt.take(i);
+                else
+                    t.vp = t.vp.take(i);
+                if (t.step())
+                    li = i;
+                delta = deltas.next();
+                if (i < delta)
+                    break;
+                i -= delta;
+            } catch (dada_error) {}
+            if (t.transient) {
+                CHECK_VECTOR_EQUALS(t.vt, boost::irange(0u, i + delta));
+                CHECK_VECTOR_EQUALS(t.vp, boost::irange(0u, li));
+            } else {
+                CHECK_VECTOR_EQUALS(t.vp, boost::irange(0u, i + delta));
+                CHECK_VECTOR_EQUALS(t.vt, boost::irange(0u, li));
+            }
+        }
+        CHECK(d.happenings > 0);
+        CHECK(t.d.happenings > 0);
+    }
+}
diff --git a/src/immer/tools/clojure/README.md b/src/immer/tools/clojure/README.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000..2628aa2e5f40b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/immer/tools/clojure/README.md
@@ -0,0 +1,4 @@
+
+```
+lein run
+```
diff --git a/src/immer/tools/clojure/project.clj b/src/immer/tools/clojure/project.clj
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000..735deab2f9ebd
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/immer/tools/clojure/project.clj
@@ -0,0 +1,12 @@
+(defproject immer-benchmarks "0.1.0-SNAPSHOT"
+  :description "Benchmarks for immutable data structures"
+  :url "http://example.com/FIXME"
+  :dependencies [[org.clojure/clojure "1.8.0"]
+                 [org.clojure/core.rrb-vector "0.0.11"]
+                 [criterium "0.4.4"]]
+  :plugins [[lein-git-deps "0.0.1-SNAPSHOT"]]
+  ;;:git-dependencies [["https://github.com/clojure/core.rrb-vector.git"]]
+  :source-paths [;;".lein-git-deps/core.rrb-vector/src/main/clojure"
+                 "src"]
+
+  :main immer-benchmark)
diff --git a/src/immer/tools/clojure/src/immer_benchmark.clj b/src/immer/tools/clojure/src/immer_benchmark.clj
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000..f3d6f73e6c18e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/immer/tools/clojure/src/immer_benchmark.clj
@@ -0,0 +1,131 @@
+(ns immer-benchmark
+  (:require [criterium.core :as c]
+            [clojure.core.rrb-vector :as fv]))
+
+(defn h0 [& args]
+  (apply println "\n####" args))
+
+(defn h1 [& args]
+  (apply println "\n====" args))
+
+(defn h2 [& args]
+  (apply println "\n----" args))
+
+(defn run-benchmarks [N S]
+  (h0 "Running benchmarks:  N =" N " S =" S)
+
+  (def c-steps 10)
+
+  (defn vector-push-f [v]
+    (loop [v v
+           i 0]
+      (if (< i N)
+        (recur (fv/catvec (fv/vector i) v)
+               (inc i))
+        v)))
+
+  (defn vector-push [v]
+    (loop [v v
+           i 0]
+      (if (< i N)
+        (recur (conj v i)
+               (inc i))
+        v)))
+
+  (defn vector-push! [v]
+    (loop [v (transient v)
+           i 0]
+      (if (< i N)
+        (recur (conj! v i)
+               (inc i))
+        (persistent! v))))
+
+  (defn vector-concat [v vc]
+    (loop [v v
+           i 0]
+      (if (< i c-steps)
+        (recur (fv/catvec v vc)
+               (inc i))
+        v)))
+
+  (defn vector-update [v]
+    (loop [v v
+           i 0]
+      (if (< i N)
+        (recur (assoc v i (+ i 1))
+               (inc i))
+        v)))
+
+  (defn vector-update-random [v]
+    (loop [v v
+           i 0]
+      (if (< i N)
+        (recur (assoc v (rand-int N) i)
+               (inc i))
+        v)))
+
+  (defn vector-update! [v]
+    (loop [v (transient v)
+           i 0]
+      (if (< i N)
+        (recur (assoc! v i (+ i 1))
+               (inc i))
+        (persistent! v))))
+
+  (defn vector-update-random! [v]
+    (loop [v (transient v)
+           i 0]
+      (if (< i N)
+        (recur (assoc! v (rand-int N) i)
+               (inc i))
+        (persistent! v))))
+
+  (defn vector-iter [v]
+    (reduce + 0 v))
+
+  (defn the-benchmarks [empty-v]
+    (def full-v (into empty-v (range N)))
+    (h2 "iter")
+    (c/bench (vector-iter full-v) :samples S)
+    (if (> N 100000)
+      (h2 "skipping updates 'cuz N > 100000 (would run out of mem)")
+      (do
+        (h2 "update!")
+        (c/bench (vector-update! full-v) :samples S)
+        (h2 "update-random!")
+        (c/bench (vector-update-random! full-v) :samples S)
+        (h2 "push!")
+        (c/bench (vector-push! empty-v) :samples S)
+        (h2 "update")
+        (c/bench (vector-update full-v) :samples S)
+        (h2 "update-random")
+        (c/bench (vector-update-random full-v) :samples S)
+        (h2 "push")
+        (c/bench (vector-push empty-v) :samples S))))
+
+  (defn the-rrb-benchmarks [empty-v]
+    (if (> N 1000)
+      (h2 "skipping relaxed test 'cuz N > 1000 (rrb-vector bug)")
+      (do
+        (def full-v (vector-push-f empty-v))
+        (h2 "iter/f")
+        (c/bench (vector-iter full-v) :samples S)
+        (h2 "update/f")
+        (c/bench (vector-update full-v) :samples S)
+        (h2 "update-random/f")
+        (c/bench (vector-update-random full-v) :samples S)))
+    (def short-v (into empty-v (range (/ N c-steps))))
+    (h2 "concat")
+    (c/bench (vector-concat empty-v short-v)) :samples S)
+
+  (h1 "vector")
+  (the-benchmarks (vector))
+
+  (h1 "rrb-vector")
+  (the-benchmarks (fv/vector))
+  (the-rrb-benchmarks (fv/vector)))
+
+(defn -main []
+  (run-benchmarks 1000 100)
+  (run-benchmarks 100000 20)
+  (run-benchmarks 10000000 3))
diff --git a/src/immer/tools/docker/icfp17/Dockerfile b/src/immer/tools/docker/icfp17/Dockerfile
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000..5e6d1292e592b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/immer/tools/docker/icfp17/Dockerfile
@@ -0,0 +1,77 @@
+FROM debian:stretch
+
+MAINTAINER arximboldi
+
+## install immer
+
+RUN apt-get update && \
+    apt-get install -y git
+RUN git clone https://github.com/arximboldi/immer.git
+
+## prepare test dependencies
+
+RUN apt-get update && \
+    apt-get install -y \
+            autoconf \
+            automake \
+            cmake \
+            g++ \
+            libboost-dev \
+            libtool \
+            make \
+            pkg-config \
+            --
+
+RUN mkdir /immer/build
+WORKDIR /immer/build
+RUN cmake .. -DCMAKE_BUILD_TYPE=Release -DCHECK_BENCHMARKS=1
+RUN make deps
+RUN make tests examples benchmarks
+
+## prepare clojure dependencies
+
+RUN apt-get update && \
+    apt-get install -y default-jdk curl
+
+RUN curl https://raw.githubusercontent.com/technomancy/leiningen/stable/bin/lein \
+         > /usr/local/bin/lein && \
+    chmod +x /usr/local/bin/lein
+
+WORKDIR /immer/tools/clojure
+ENV LEIN_ROOT ok
+RUN lein deps
+RUN lein compile
+
+## prepare scala dependencies
+
+RUN apt-get update && \
+    apt-get install -y gnupg2 apt-transport-https
+RUN echo "deb https://dl.bintray.com/sbt/debian /" \
+         > /etc/apt/sources.list.d/sbt.list && \
+    apt-key adv --keyserver hkp://keyserver.ubuntu.com:80 \
+                --recv 2EE0EA64E40A89B84B2DF73499E82A75642AC823 && \
+    apt-get update && \
+    apt-get install -y sbt
+
+WORKDIR /immer/tools/scala
+RUN sbt compile
+
+## prepare python dependencies
+
+RUN apt-get update && \
+    apt-get install -y python-pip
+
+RUN pip install \
+        pytest-benchmark \
+        pyrsistent
+
+RUN pip install /immer
+
+## add some editors
+
+RUN apt-get update && \
+    apt-get install -y emacs vim nano
+
+## go to a useful working dir
+
+WORKDIR /immer
diff --git a/src/immer/tools/include/catch.hpp b/src/immer/tools/include/catch.hpp
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000..7e706f947af4d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/immer/tools/include/catch.hpp
@@ -0,0 +1,17959 @@
+/*
+ *  Catch v2.13.7
+ *  Generated: 2021-07-28 20:29:27.753164
+ *  ----------------------------------------------------------
+ *  This file has been merged from multiple headers. Please don't edit it directly
+ *  Copyright (c) 2021 Two Blue Cubes Ltd. All rights reserved.
+ *
+ *  Distributed under the Boost Software License, Version 1.0. (See accompanying
+ *  file LICENSE_1_0.txt or copy at http://www.boost.org/LICENSE_1_0.txt)
+ */
+#ifndef TWOBLUECUBES_SINGLE_INCLUDE_CATCH_HPP_INCLUDED
+#define TWOBLUECUBES_SINGLE_INCLUDE_CATCH_HPP_INCLUDED
+// start catch.hpp
+
+
+#define CATCH_VERSION_MAJOR 2
+#define CATCH_VERSION_MINOR 13
+#define CATCH_VERSION_PATCH 7
+
+#ifdef __clang__
+#    pragma clang system_header
+#elif defined __GNUC__
+#    pragma GCC system_header
+#endif
+
+// start catch_suppress_warnings.h
+
+#ifdef __clang__
+#   ifdef __ICC // icpc defines the __clang__ macro
+#       pragma warning(push)
+#       pragma warning(disable: 161 1682)
+#   else // __ICC
+#       pragma clang diagnostic push
+#       pragma clang diagnostic ignored "-Wpadded"
+#       pragma clang diagnostic ignored "-Wswitch-enum"
+#       pragma clang diagnostic ignored "-Wcovered-switch-default"
+#    endif
+#elif defined __GNUC__
+     // Because REQUIREs trigger GCC's -Wparentheses, and because still
+     // supported version of g++ have only buggy support for _Pragmas,
+     // Wparentheses have to be suppressed globally.
+#    pragma GCC diagnostic ignored "-Wparentheses" // See #674 for details
+
+#    pragma GCC diagnostic push
+#    pragma GCC diagnostic ignored "-Wunused-variable"
+#    pragma GCC diagnostic ignored "-Wpadded"
+#endif
+// end catch_suppress_warnings.h
+#if defined(CATCH_CONFIG_MAIN) || defined(CATCH_CONFIG_RUNNER)
+#  define CATCH_IMPL
+#  define CATCH_CONFIG_ALL_PARTS
+#endif
+
+// In the impl file, we want to have access to all parts of the headers
+// Can also be used to sanely support PCHs
+#if defined(CATCH_CONFIG_ALL_PARTS)
+#  define CATCH_CONFIG_EXTERNAL_INTERFACES
+#  if defined(CATCH_CONFIG_DISABLE_MATCHERS)
+#    undef CATCH_CONFIG_DISABLE_MATCHERS
+#  endif
+#  if !defined(CATCH_CONFIG_ENABLE_CHRONO_STRINGMAKER)
+#    define CATCH_CONFIG_ENABLE_CHRONO_STRINGMAKER
+#  endif
+#endif
+
+#if !defined(CATCH_CONFIG_IMPL_ONLY)
+// start catch_platform.h
+
+// See e.g.:
+// https://opensource.apple.com/source/CarbonHeaders/CarbonHeaders-18.1/TargetConditionals.h.auto.html
+#ifdef __APPLE__
+#  include <TargetConditionals.h>
+#  if (defined(TARGET_OS_OSX) && TARGET_OS_OSX == 1) || \
+      (defined(TARGET_OS_MAC) && TARGET_OS_MAC == 1)
+#    define CATCH_PLATFORM_MAC
+#  elif (defined(TARGET_OS_IPHONE) && TARGET_OS_IPHONE == 1)
+#    define CATCH_PLATFORM_IPHONE
+#  endif
+
+#elif defined(linux) || defined(__linux) || defined(__linux__)
+#  define CATCH_PLATFORM_LINUX
+
+#elif defined(WIN32) || defined(__WIN32__) || defined(_WIN32) || defined(_MSC_VER) || defined(__MINGW32__)
+#  define CATCH_PLATFORM_WINDOWS
+#endif
+
+// end catch_platform.h
+
+#ifdef CATCH_IMPL
+#  ifndef CLARA_CONFIG_MAIN
+#    define CLARA_CONFIG_MAIN_NOT_DEFINED
+#    define CLARA_CONFIG_MAIN
+#  endif
+#endif
+
+// start catch_user_interfaces.h
+
+namespace Catch {
+    unsigned int rngSeed();
+}
+
+// end catch_user_interfaces.h
+// start catch_tag_alias_autoregistrar.h
+
+// start catch_common.h
+
+// start catch_compiler_capabilities.h
+
+// Detect a number of compiler features - by compiler
+// The following features are defined:
+//
+// CATCH_CONFIG_COUNTER : is the __COUNTER__ macro supported?
+// CATCH_CONFIG_WINDOWS_SEH : is Windows SEH supported?
+// CATCH_CONFIG_POSIX_SIGNALS : are POSIX signals supported?
+// CATCH_CONFIG_DISABLE_EXCEPTIONS : Are exceptions enabled?
+// ****************
+// Note to maintainers: if new toggles are added please document them
+// in configuration.md, too
+// ****************
+
+// In general each macro has a _NO_<feature name> form
+// (e.g. CATCH_CONFIG_NO_POSIX_SIGNALS) which disables the feature.
+// Many features, at point of detection, define an _INTERNAL_ macro, so they
+// can be combined, en-mass, with the _NO_ forms later.
+
+#ifdef __cplusplus
+
+#  if (__cplusplus >= 201402L) || (defined(_MSVC_LANG) && _MSVC_LANG >= 201402L)
+#    define CATCH_CPP14_OR_GREATER
+#  endif
+
+#  if (__cplusplus >= 201703L) || (defined(_MSVC_LANG) && _MSVC_LANG >= 201703L)
+#    define CATCH_CPP17_OR_GREATER
+#  endif
+
+#endif
+
+// Only GCC compiler should be used in this block, so other compilers trying to
+// mask themselves as GCC should be ignored.
+#if defined(__GNUC__) && !defined(__clang__) && !defined(__ICC) && !defined(__CUDACC__) && !defined(__LCC__)
+#    define CATCH_INTERNAL_START_WARNINGS_SUPPRESSION _Pragma( "GCC diagnostic push" )
+#    define CATCH_INTERNAL_STOP_WARNINGS_SUPPRESSION  _Pragma( "GCC diagnostic pop" )
+
+#    define CATCH_INTERNAL_IGNORE_BUT_WARN(...) (void)__builtin_constant_p(__VA_ARGS__)
+
+#endif
+
+#if defined(__clang__)
+
+#    define CATCH_INTERNAL_START_WARNINGS_SUPPRESSION _Pragma( "clang diagnostic push" )
+#    define CATCH_INTERNAL_STOP_WARNINGS_SUPPRESSION  _Pragma( "clang diagnostic pop" )
+
+// As of this writing, IBM XL's implementation of __builtin_constant_p has a bug
+// which results in calls to destructors being emitted for each temporary,
+// without a matching initialization. In practice, this can result in something
+// like `std::string::~string` being called on an uninitialized value.
+//
+// For example, this code will likely segfault under IBM XL:
+// ```
+// REQUIRE(std::string("12") + "34" == "1234")
+// ```
+//
+// Therefore, `CATCH_INTERNAL_IGNORE_BUT_WARN` is not implemented.
+#  if !defined(__ibmxl__) && !defined(__CUDACC__)
+#    define CATCH_INTERNAL_IGNORE_BUT_WARN(...) (void)__builtin_constant_p(__VA_ARGS__) /* NOLINT(cppcoreguidelines-pro-type-vararg, hicpp-vararg) */
+#  endif
+
+#    define CATCH_INTERNAL_SUPPRESS_GLOBALS_WARNINGS \
+         _Pragma( "clang diagnostic ignored \"-Wexit-time-destructors\"" ) \
+         _Pragma( "clang diagnostic ignored \"-Wglobal-constructors\"")
+
+#    define CATCH_INTERNAL_SUPPRESS_PARENTHESES_WARNINGS \
+         _Pragma( "clang diagnostic ignored \"-Wparentheses\"" )
+
+#    define CATCH_INTERNAL_SUPPRESS_UNUSED_WARNINGS \
+         _Pragma( "clang diagnostic ignored \"-Wunused-variable\"" )
+
+#    define CATCH_INTERNAL_SUPPRESS_ZERO_VARIADIC_WARNINGS \
+         _Pragma( "clang diagnostic ignored \"-Wgnu-zero-variadic-macro-arguments\"" )
+
+#    define CATCH_INTERNAL_SUPPRESS_UNUSED_TEMPLATE_WARNINGS \
+         _Pragma( "clang diagnostic ignored \"-Wunused-template\"" )
+
+#endif // __clang__
+
+////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
+// Assume that non-Windows platforms support posix signals by default
+#if !defined(CATCH_PLATFORM_WINDOWS)
+    #define CATCH_INTERNAL_CONFIG_POSIX_SIGNALS
+#endif
+
+////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
+// We know some environments not to support full POSIX signals
+#if defined(__CYGWIN__) || defined(__QNX__) || defined(__EMSCRIPTEN__) || defined(__DJGPP__)
+    #define CATCH_INTERNAL_CONFIG_NO_POSIX_SIGNALS
+#endif
+
+#ifdef __OS400__
+#       define CATCH_INTERNAL_CONFIG_NO_POSIX_SIGNALS
+#       define CATCH_CONFIG_COLOUR_NONE
+#endif
+
+////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
+// Android somehow still does not support std::to_string
+#if defined(__ANDROID__)
+#    define CATCH_INTERNAL_CONFIG_NO_CPP11_TO_STRING
+#    define CATCH_INTERNAL_CONFIG_ANDROID_LOGWRITE
+#endif
+
+////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
+// Not all Windows environments support SEH properly
+#if defined(__MINGW32__)
+#    define CATCH_INTERNAL_CONFIG_NO_WINDOWS_SEH
+#endif
+
+////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
+// PS4
+#if defined(__ORBIS__)
+#    define CATCH_INTERNAL_CONFIG_NO_NEW_CAPTURE
+#endif
+
+////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
+// Cygwin
+#ifdef __CYGWIN__
+
+// Required for some versions of Cygwin to declare gettimeofday
+// see: http://stackoverflow.com/questions/36901803/gettimeofday-not-declared-in-this-scope-cygwin
+#   define _BSD_SOURCE
+// some versions of cygwin (most) do not support std::to_string. Use the libstd check.
+// https://gcc.gnu.org/onlinedocs/gcc-4.8.2/libstdc++/api/a01053_source.html line 2812-2813
+# if !((__cplusplus >= 201103L) && defined(_GLIBCXX_USE_C99) \
+           && !defined(_GLIBCXX_HAVE_BROKEN_VSWPRINTF))
+
+#    define CATCH_INTERNAL_CONFIG_NO_CPP11_TO_STRING
+
+# endif
+#endif // __CYGWIN__
+
+////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
+// Visual C++
+#if defined(_MSC_VER)
+
+#  define CATCH_INTERNAL_START_WARNINGS_SUPPRESSION __pragma( warning(push) )
+#  define CATCH_INTERNAL_STOP_WARNINGS_SUPPRESSION  __pragma( warning(pop) )
+
+// Universal Windows platform does not support SEH
+// Or console colours (or console at all...)
+#  if defined(WINAPI_FAMILY) && (WINAPI_FAMILY == WINAPI_FAMILY_APP)
+#    define CATCH_CONFIG_COLOUR_NONE
+#  else
+#    define CATCH_INTERNAL_CONFIG_WINDOWS_SEH
+#  endif
+
+// MSVC traditional preprocessor needs some workaround for __VA_ARGS__
+// _MSVC_TRADITIONAL == 0 means new conformant preprocessor
+// _MSVC_TRADITIONAL == 1 means old traditional non-conformant preprocessor
+#  if !defined(__clang__) // Handle Clang masquerading for msvc
+#    if !defined(_MSVC_TRADITIONAL) || (defined(_MSVC_TRADITIONAL) && _MSVC_TRADITIONAL)
+#      define CATCH_INTERNAL_CONFIG_TRADITIONAL_MSVC_PREPROCESSOR
+#    endif // MSVC_TRADITIONAL
+#  endif // __clang__
+
+#endif // _MSC_VER
+
+#if defined(_REENTRANT) || defined(_MSC_VER)
+// Enable async processing, as -pthread is specified or no additional linking is required
+# define CATCH_INTERNAL_CONFIG_USE_ASYNC
+#endif // _MSC_VER
+
+////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
+// Check if we are compiled with -fno-exceptions or equivalent
+#if defined(__EXCEPTIONS) || defined(__cpp_exceptions) || defined(_CPPUNWIND)
+#  define CATCH_INTERNAL_CONFIG_EXCEPTIONS_ENABLED
+#endif
+
+////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
+// DJGPP
+#ifdef __DJGPP__
+#  define CATCH_INTERNAL_CONFIG_NO_WCHAR
+#endif // __DJGPP__
+
+////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
+// Embarcadero C++Build
+#if defined(__BORLANDC__)
+    #define CATCH_INTERNAL_CONFIG_POLYFILL_ISNAN
+#endif
+
+////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
+
+// Use of __COUNTER__ is suppressed during code analysis in
+// CLion/AppCode 2017.2.x and former, because __COUNTER__ is not properly
+// handled by it.
+// Otherwise all supported compilers support COUNTER macro,
+// but user still might want to turn it off
+#if ( !defined(__JETBRAINS_IDE__) || __JETBRAINS_IDE__ >= 20170300L )
+    #define CATCH_INTERNAL_CONFIG_COUNTER
+#endif
+
+////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
+
+// RTX is a special version of Windows that is real time.
+// This means that it is detected as Windows, but does not provide
+// the same set of capabilities as real Windows does.
+#if defined(UNDER_RTSS) || defined(RTX64_BUILD)
+    #define CATCH_INTERNAL_CONFIG_NO_WINDOWS_SEH
+    #define CATCH_INTERNAL_CONFIG_NO_ASYNC
+    #define CATCH_CONFIG_COLOUR_NONE
+#endif
+
+#if !defined(_GLIBCXX_USE_C99_MATH_TR1)
+#define CATCH_INTERNAL_CONFIG_GLOBAL_NEXTAFTER
+#endif
+
+// Various stdlib support checks that require __has_include
+#if defined(__has_include)
+  // Check if string_view is available and usable
+  #if __has_include(<string_view>) && defined(CATCH_CPP17_OR_GREATER)
+  #    define CATCH_INTERNAL_CONFIG_CPP17_STRING_VIEW
+  #endif
+
+  // Check if optional is available and usable
+  #  if __has_include(<optional>) && defined(CATCH_CPP17_OR_GREATER)
+  #    define CATCH_INTERNAL_CONFIG_CPP17_OPTIONAL
+  #  endif // __has_include(<optional>) && defined(CATCH_CPP17_OR_GREATER)
+
+  // Check if byte is available and usable
+  #  if __has_include(<cstddef>) && defined(CATCH_CPP17_OR_GREATER)
+  #    include <cstddef>
+  #    if defined(__cpp_lib_byte) && (__cpp_lib_byte > 0)
+  #      define CATCH_INTERNAL_CONFIG_CPP17_BYTE
+  #    endif
+  #  endif // __has_include(<cstddef>) && defined(CATCH_CPP17_OR_GREATER)
+
+  // Check if variant is available and usable
+  #  if __has_include(<variant>) && defined(CATCH_CPP17_OR_GREATER)
+  #    if defined(__clang__) && (__clang_major__ < 8)
+         // work around clang bug with libstdc++ https://bugs.llvm.org/show_bug.cgi?id=31852
+         // fix should be in clang 8, workaround in libstdc++ 8.2
+  #      include <ciso646>
+  #      if defined(__GLIBCXX__) && defined(_GLIBCXX_RELEASE) && (_GLIBCXX_RELEASE < 9)
+  #        define CATCH_CONFIG_NO_CPP17_VARIANT
+  #      else
+  #        define CATCH_INTERNAL_CONFIG_CPP17_VARIANT
+  #      endif // defined(__GLIBCXX__) && defined(_GLIBCXX_RELEASE) && (_GLIBCXX_RELEASE < 9)
+  #    else
+  #      define CATCH_INTERNAL_CONFIG_CPP17_VARIANT
+  #    endif // defined(__clang__) && (__clang_major__ < 8)
+  #  endif // __has_include(<variant>) && defined(CATCH_CPP17_OR_GREATER)
+#endif // defined(__has_include)
+
+#if defined(CATCH_INTERNAL_CONFIG_COUNTER) && !defined(CATCH_CONFIG_NO_COUNTER) && !defined(CATCH_CONFIG_COUNTER)
+#   define CATCH_CONFIG_COUNTER
+#endif
+#if defined(CATCH_INTERNAL_CONFIG_WINDOWS_SEH) && !defined(CATCH_CONFIG_NO_WINDOWS_SEH) && !defined(CATCH_CONFIG_WINDOWS_SEH) && !defined(CATCH_INTERNAL_CONFIG_NO_WINDOWS_SEH)
+#   define CATCH_CONFIG_WINDOWS_SEH
+#endif
+// This is set by default, because we assume that unix compilers are posix-signal-compatible by default.
+#if defined(CATCH_INTERNAL_CONFIG_POSIX_SIGNALS) && !defined(CATCH_INTERNAL_CONFIG_NO_POSIX_SIGNALS) && !defined(CATCH_CONFIG_NO_POSIX_SIGNALS) && !defined(CATCH_CONFIG_POSIX_SIGNALS)
+#   define CATCH_CONFIG_POSIX_SIGNALS
+#endif
+// This is set by default, because we assume that compilers with no wchar_t support are just rare exceptions.
+#if !defined(CATCH_INTERNAL_CONFIG_NO_WCHAR) && !defined(CATCH_CONFIG_NO_WCHAR) && !defined(CATCH_CONFIG_WCHAR)
+#   define CATCH_CONFIG_WCHAR
+#endif
+
+#if !defined(CATCH_INTERNAL_CONFIG_NO_CPP11_TO_STRING) && !defined(CATCH_CONFIG_NO_CPP11_TO_STRING) && !defined(CATCH_CONFIG_CPP11_TO_STRING)
+#    define CATCH_CONFIG_CPP11_TO_STRING
+#endif
+
+#if defined(CATCH_INTERNAL_CONFIG_CPP17_OPTIONAL) && !defined(CATCH_CONFIG_NO_CPP17_OPTIONAL) && !defined(CATCH_CONFIG_CPP17_OPTIONAL)
+#  define CATCH_CONFIG_CPP17_OPTIONAL
+#endif
+
+#if defined(CATCH_INTERNAL_CONFIG_CPP17_STRING_VIEW) && !defined(CATCH_CONFIG_NO_CPP17_STRING_VIEW) && !defined(CATCH_CONFIG_CPP17_STRING_VIEW)
+#  define CATCH_CONFIG_CPP17_STRING_VIEW
+#endif
+
+#if defined(CATCH_INTERNAL_CONFIG_CPP17_VARIANT) && !defined(CATCH_CONFIG_NO_CPP17_VARIANT) && !defined(CATCH_CONFIG_CPP17_VARIANT)
+#  define CATCH_CONFIG_CPP17_VARIANT
+#endif
+
+#if defined(CATCH_INTERNAL_CONFIG_CPP17_BYTE) && !defined(CATCH_CONFIG_NO_CPP17_BYTE) && !defined(CATCH_CONFIG_CPP17_BYTE)
+#  define CATCH_CONFIG_CPP17_BYTE
+#endif
+
+#if defined(CATCH_CONFIG_EXPERIMENTAL_REDIRECT)
+#  define CATCH_INTERNAL_CONFIG_NEW_CAPTURE
+#endif
+
+#if defined(CATCH_INTERNAL_CONFIG_NEW_CAPTURE) && !defined(CATCH_INTERNAL_CONFIG_NO_NEW_CAPTURE) && !defined(CATCH_CONFIG_NO_NEW_CAPTURE) && !defined(CATCH_CONFIG_NEW_CAPTURE)
+#  define CATCH_CONFIG_NEW_CAPTURE
+#endif
+
+#if !defined(CATCH_INTERNAL_CONFIG_EXCEPTIONS_ENABLED) && !defined(CATCH_CONFIG_DISABLE_EXCEPTIONS)
+#  define CATCH_CONFIG_DISABLE_EXCEPTIONS
+#endif
+
+#if defined(CATCH_INTERNAL_CONFIG_POLYFILL_ISNAN) && !defined(CATCH_CONFIG_NO_POLYFILL_ISNAN) && !defined(CATCH_CONFIG_POLYFILL_ISNAN)
+#  define CATCH_CONFIG_POLYFILL_ISNAN
+#endif
+
+#if defined(CATCH_INTERNAL_CONFIG_USE_ASYNC)  && !defined(CATCH_INTERNAL_CONFIG_NO_ASYNC) && !defined(CATCH_CONFIG_NO_USE_ASYNC) && !defined(CATCH_CONFIG_USE_ASYNC)
+#  define CATCH_CONFIG_USE_ASYNC
+#endif
+
+#if defined(CATCH_INTERNAL_CONFIG_ANDROID_LOGWRITE) && !defined(CATCH_CONFIG_NO_ANDROID_LOGWRITE) && !defined(CATCH_CONFIG_ANDROID_LOGWRITE)
+#  define CATCH_CONFIG_ANDROID_LOGWRITE
+#endif
+
+#if defined(CATCH_INTERNAL_CONFIG_GLOBAL_NEXTAFTER) && !defined(CATCH_CONFIG_NO_GLOBAL_NEXTAFTER) && !defined(CATCH_CONFIG_GLOBAL_NEXTAFTER)
+#  define CATCH_CONFIG_GLOBAL_NEXTAFTER
+#endif
+
+// Even if we do not think the compiler has that warning, we still have
+// to provide a macro that can be used by the code.
+#if !defined(CATCH_INTERNAL_START_WARNINGS_SUPPRESSION)
+#   define CATCH_INTERNAL_START_WARNINGS_SUPPRESSION
+#endif
+#if !defined(CATCH_INTERNAL_STOP_WARNINGS_SUPPRESSION)
+#   define CATCH_INTERNAL_STOP_WARNINGS_SUPPRESSION
+#endif
+#if !defined(CATCH_INTERNAL_SUPPRESS_PARENTHESES_WARNINGS)
+#   define CATCH_INTERNAL_SUPPRESS_PARENTHESES_WARNINGS
+#endif
+#if !defined(CATCH_INTERNAL_SUPPRESS_GLOBALS_WARNINGS)
+#   define CATCH_INTERNAL_SUPPRESS_GLOBALS_WARNINGS
+#endif
+#if !defined(CATCH_INTERNAL_SUPPRESS_UNUSED_WARNINGS)
+#   define CATCH_INTERNAL_SUPPRESS_UNUSED_WARNINGS
+#endif
+#if !defined(CATCH_INTERNAL_SUPPRESS_ZERO_VARIADIC_WARNINGS)
+#   define CATCH_INTERNAL_SUPPRESS_ZERO_VARIADIC_WARNINGS
+#endif
+
+// The goal of this macro is to avoid evaluation of the arguments, but
+// still have the compiler warn on problems inside...
+#if !defined(CATCH_INTERNAL_IGNORE_BUT_WARN)
+#   define CATCH_INTERNAL_IGNORE_BUT_WARN(...)
+#endif
+
+#if defined(__APPLE__) && defined(__apple_build_version__) && (__clang_major__ < 10)
+#   undef CATCH_INTERNAL_SUPPRESS_UNUSED_TEMPLATE_WARNINGS
+#elif defined(__clang__) && (__clang_major__ < 5)
+#   undef CATCH_INTERNAL_SUPPRESS_UNUSED_TEMPLATE_WARNINGS
+#endif
+
+#if !defined(CATCH_INTERNAL_SUPPRESS_UNUSED_TEMPLATE_WARNINGS)
+#   define CATCH_INTERNAL_SUPPRESS_UNUSED_TEMPLATE_WARNINGS
+#endif
+
+#if defined(CATCH_CONFIG_DISABLE_EXCEPTIONS)
+#define CATCH_TRY if ((true))
+#define CATCH_CATCH_ALL if ((false))
+#define CATCH_CATCH_ANON(type) if ((false))
+#else
+#define CATCH_TRY try
+#define CATCH_CATCH_ALL catch (...)
+#define CATCH_CATCH_ANON(type) catch (type)
+#endif
+
+#if defined(CATCH_INTERNAL_CONFIG_TRADITIONAL_MSVC_PREPROCESSOR) && !defined(CATCH_CONFIG_NO_TRADITIONAL_MSVC_PREPROCESSOR) && !defined(CATCH_CONFIG_TRADITIONAL_MSVC_PREPROCESSOR)
+#define CATCH_CONFIG_TRADITIONAL_MSVC_PREPROCESSOR
+#endif
+
+// end catch_compiler_capabilities.h
+#define INTERNAL_CATCH_UNIQUE_NAME_LINE2( name, line ) name##line
+#define INTERNAL_CATCH_UNIQUE_NAME_LINE( name, line ) INTERNAL_CATCH_UNIQUE_NAME_LINE2( name, line )
+#ifdef CATCH_CONFIG_COUNTER
+#  define INTERNAL_CATCH_UNIQUE_NAME( name ) INTERNAL_CATCH_UNIQUE_NAME_LINE( name, __COUNTER__ )
+#else
+#  define INTERNAL_CATCH_UNIQUE_NAME( name ) INTERNAL_CATCH_UNIQUE_NAME_LINE( name, __LINE__ )
+#endif
+
+#include <iosfwd>
+#include <string>
+#include <cstdint>
+
+// We need a dummy global operator<< so we can bring it into Catch namespace later
+struct Catch_global_namespace_dummy {};
+std::ostream& operator<<(std::ostream&, Catch_global_namespace_dummy);
+
+namespace Catch {
+
+    struct CaseSensitive { enum Choice {
+        Yes,
+        No
+    }; };
+
+    class NonCopyable {
+        NonCopyable( NonCopyable const& )              = delete;
+        NonCopyable( NonCopyable && )                  = delete;
+        NonCopyable& operator = ( NonCopyable const& ) = delete;
+        NonCopyable& operator = ( NonCopyable && )     = delete;
+
+    protected:
+        NonCopyable();
+        virtual ~NonCopyable();
+    };
+
+    struct SourceLineInfo {
+
+        SourceLineInfo() = delete;
+        SourceLineInfo( char const* _file, std::size_t _line ) noexcept
+        :   file( _file ),
+            line( _line )
+        {}
+
+        SourceLineInfo( SourceLineInfo const& other )            = default;
+        SourceLineInfo& operator = ( SourceLineInfo const& )     = default;
+        SourceLineInfo( SourceLineInfo&& )              noexcept = default;
+        SourceLineInfo& operator = ( SourceLineInfo&& ) noexcept = default;
+
+        bool empty() const noexcept { return file[0] == '\0'; }
+        bool operator == ( SourceLineInfo const& other ) const noexcept;
+        bool operator < ( SourceLineInfo const& other ) const noexcept;
+
+        char const* file;
+        std::size_t line;
+    };
+
+    std::ostream& operator << ( std::ostream& os, SourceLineInfo const& info );
+
+    // Bring in operator<< from global namespace into Catch namespace
+    // This is necessary because the overload of operator<< above makes
+    // lookup stop at namespace Catch
+    using ::operator<<;
+
+    // Use this in variadic streaming macros to allow
+    //    >> +StreamEndStop
+    // as well as
+    //    >> stuff +StreamEndStop
+    struct StreamEndStop {
+        std::string operator+() const;
+    };
+    template<typename T>
+    T const& operator + ( T const& value, StreamEndStop ) {
+        return value;
+    }
+}
+
+#define CATCH_INTERNAL_LINEINFO \
+    ::Catch::SourceLineInfo( __FILE__, static_cast<std::size_t>( __LINE__ ) )
+
+// end catch_common.h
+namespace Catch {
+
+    struct RegistrarForTagAliases {
+        RegistrarForTagAliases( char const* alias, char const* tag, SourceLineInfo const& lineInfo );
+    };
+
+} // end namespace Catch
+
+#define CATCH_REGISTER_TAG_ALIAS( alias, spec ) \
+    CATCH_INTERNAL_START_WARNINGS_SUPPRESSION \
+    CATCH_INTERNAL_SUPPRESS_GLOBALS_WARNINGS \
+    namespace{ Catch::RegistrarForTagAliases INTERNAL_CATCH_UNIQUE_NAME( AutoRegisterTagAlias )( alias, spec, CATCH_INTERNAL_LINEINFO ); } \
+    CATCH_INTERNAL_STOP_WARNINGS_SUPPRESSION
+
+// end catch_tag_alias_autoregistrar.h
+// start catch_test_registry.h
+
+// start catch_interfaces_testcase.h
+
+#include <vector>
+
+namespace Catch {
+
+    class TestSpec;
+
+    struct ITestInvoker {
+        virtual void invoke () const = 0;
+        virtual ~ITestInvoker();
+    };
+
+    class TestCase;
+    struct IConfig;
+
+    struct ITestCaseRegistry {
+        virtual ~ITestCaseRegistry();
+        virtual std::vector<TestCase> const& getAllTests() const = 0;
+        virtual std::vector<TestCase> const& getAllTestsSorted( IConfig const& config ) const = 0;
+    };
+
+    bool isThrowSafe( TestCase const& testCase, IConfig const& config );
+    bool matchTest( TestCase const& testCase, TestSpec const& testSpec, IConfig const& config );
+    std::vector<TestCase> filterTests( std::vector<TestCase> const& testCases, TestSpec const& testSpec, IConfig const& config );
+    std::vector<TestCase> const& getAllTestCasesSorted( IConfig const& config );
+
+}
+
+// end catch_interfaces_testcase.h
+// start catch_stringref.h
+
+#include <cstddef>
+#include <string>
+#include <iosfwd>
+#include <cassert>
+
+namespace Catch {
+
+    /// A non-owning string class (similar to the forthcoming std::string_view)
+    /// Note that, because a StringRef may be a substring of another string,
+    /// it may not be null terminated.
+    class StringRef {
+    public:
+        using size_type = std::size_t;
+        using const_iterator = const char*;
+
+    private:
+        static constexpr char const* const s_empty = "";
+
+        char const* m_start = s_empty;
+        size_type m_size = 0;
+
+    public: // construction
+        constexpr StringRef() noexcept = default;
+
+        StringRef( char const* rawChars ) noexcept;
+
+        constexpr StringRef( char const* rawChars, size_type size ) noexcept
+        :   m_start( rawChars ),
+            m_size( size )
+        {}
+
+        StringRef( std::string const& stdString ) noexcept
+        :   m_start( stdString.c_str() ),
+            m_size( stdString.size() )
+        {}
+
+        explicit operator std::string() const {
+            return std::string(m_start, m_size);
+        }
+
+    public: // operators
+        auto operator == ( StringRef const& other ) const noexcept -> bool;
+        auto operator != (StringRef const& other) const noexcept -> bool {
+            return !(*this == other);
+        }
+
+        auto operator[] ( size_type index ) const noexcept -> char {
+            assert(index < m_size);
+            return m_start[index];
+        }
+
+    public: // named queries
+        constexpr auto empty() const noexcept -> bool {
+            return m_size == 0;
+        }
+        constexpr auto size() const noexcept -> size_type {
+            return m_size;
+        }
+
+        // Returns the current start pointer. If the StringRef is not
+        // null-terminated, throws std::domain_exception
+        auto c_str() const -> char const*;
+
+    public: // substrings and searches
+        // Returns a substring of [start, start + length).
+        // If start + length > size(), then the substring is [start, size()).
+        // If start > size(), then the substring is empty.
+        auto substr( size_type start, size_type length ) const noexcept -> StringRef;
+
+        // Returns the current start pointer. May not be null-terminated.
+        auto data() const noexcept -> char const*;
+
+        constexpr auto isNullTerminated() const noexcept -> bool {
+            return m_start[m_size] == '\0';
+        }
+
+    public: // iterators
+        constexpr const_iterator begin() const { return m_start; }
+        constexpr const_iterator end() const { return m_start + m_size; }
+    };
+
+    auto operator += ( std::string& lhs, StringRef const& sr ) -> std::string&;
+    auto operator << ( std::ostream& os, StringRef const& sr ) -> std::ostream&;
+
+    constexpr auto operator "" _sr( char const* rawChars, std::size_t size ) noexcept -> StringRef {
+        return StringRef( rawChars, size );
+    }
+} // namespace Catch
+
+constexpr auto operator "" _catch_sr( char const* rawChars, std::size_t size ) noexcept -> Catch::StringRef {
+    return Catch::StringRef( rawChars, size );
+}
+
+// end catch_stringref.h
+// start catch_preprocessor.hpp
+
+
+#define CATCH_RECURSION_LEVEL0(...) __VA_ARGS__
+#define CATCH_RECURSION_LEVEL1(...) CATCH_RECURSION_LEVEL0(CATCH_RECURSION_LEVEL0(CATCH_RECURSION_LEVEL0(__VA_ARGS__)))
+#define CATCH_RECURSION_LEVEL2(...) CATCH_RECURSION_LEVEL1(CATCH_RECURSION_LEVEL1(CATCH_RECURSION_LEVEL1(__VA_ARGS__)))
+#define CATCH_RECURSION_LEVEL3(...) CATCH_RECURSION_LEVEL2(CATCH_RECURSION_LEVEL2(CATCH_RECURSION_LEVEL2(__VA_ARGS__)))
+#define CATCH_RECURSION_LEVEL4(...) CATCH_RECURSION_LEVEL3(CATCH_RECURSION_LEVEL3(CATCH_RECURSION_LEVEL3(__VA_ARGS__)))
+#define CATCH_RECURSION_LEVEL5(...) CATCH_RECURSION_LEVEL4(CATCH_RECURSION_LEVEL4(CATCH_RECURSION_LEVEL4(__VA_ARGS__)))
+
+#ifdef CATCH_CONFIG_TRADITIONAL_MSVC_PREPROCESSOR
+#define INTERNAL_CATCH_EXPAND_VARGS(...) __VA_ARGS__
+// MSVC needs more evaluations
+#define CATCH_RECURSION_LEVEL6(...) CATCH_RECURSION_LEVEL5(CATCH_RECURSION_LEVEL5(CATCH_RECURSION_LEVEL5(__VA_ARGS__)))
+#define CATCH_RECURSE(...)  CATCH_RECURSION_LEVEL6(CATCH_RECURSION_LEVEL6(__VA_ARGS__))
+#else
+#define CATCH_RECURSE(...)  CATCH_RECURSION_LEVEL5(__VA_ARGS__)
+#endif
+
+#define CATCH_REC_END(...)
+#define CATCH_REC_OUT
+
+#define CATCH_EMPTY()
+#define CATCH_DEFER(id) id CATCH_EMPTY()
+
+#define CATCH_REC_GET_END2() 0, CATCH_REC_END
+#define CATCH_REC_GET_END1(...) CATCH_REC_GET_END2
+#define CATCH_REC_GET_END(...) CATCH_REC_GET_END1
+#define CATCH_REC_NEXT0(test, next, ...) next CATCH_REC_OUT
+#define CATCH_REC_NEXT1(test, next) CATCH_DEFER ( CATCH_REC_NEXT0 ) ( test, next, 0)
+#define CATCH_REC_NEXT(test, next)  CATCH_REC_NEXT1(CATCH_REC_GET_END test, next)
+
+#define CATCH_REC_LIST0(f, x, peek, ...) , f(x) CATCH_DEFER ( CATCH_REC_NEXT(peek, CATCH_REC_LIST1) ) ( f, peek, __VA_ARGS__ )
+#define CATCH_REC_LIST1(f, x, peek, ...) , f(x) CATCH_DEFER ( CATCH_REC_NEXT(peek, CATCH_REC_LIST0) ) ( f, peek, __VA_ARGS__ )
+#define CATCH_REC_LIST2(f, x, peek, ...)   f(x) CATCH_DEFER ( CATCH_REC_NEXT(peek, CATCH_REC_LIST1) ) ( f, peek, __VA_ARGS__ )
+
+#define CATCH_REC_LIST0_UD(f, userdata, x, peek, ...) , f(userdata, x) CATCH_DEFER ( CATCH_REC_NEXT(peek, CATCH_REC_LIST1_UD) ) ( f, userdata, peek, __VA_ARGS__ )
+#define CATCH_REC_LIST1_UD(f, userdata, x, peek, ...) , f(userdata, x) CATCH_DEFER ( CATCH_REC_NEXT(peek, CATCH_REC_LIST0_UD) ) ( f, userdata, peek, __VA_ARGS__ )
+#define CATCH_REC_LIST2_UD(f, userdata, x, peek, ...)   f(userdata, x) CATCH_DEFER ( CATCH_REC_NEXT(peek, CATCH_REC_LIST1_UD) ) ( f, userdata, peek, __VA_ARGS__ )
+
+// Applies the function macro `f` to each of the remaining parameters, inserts commas between the results,
+// and passes userdata as the first parameter to each invocation,
+// e.g. CATCH_REC_LIST_UD(f, x, a, b, c) evaluates to f(x, a), f(x, b), f(x, c)
+#define CATCH_REC_LIST_UD(f, userdata, ...) CATCH_RECURSE(CATCH_REC_LIST2_UD(f, userdata, __VA_ARGS__, ()()(), ()()(), ()()(), 0))
+
+#define CATCH_REC_LIST(f, ...) CATCH_RECURSE(CATCH_REC_LIST2(f, __VA_ARGS__, ()()(), ()()(), ()()(), 0))
+
+#define INTERNAL_CATCH_EXPAND1(param) INTERNAL_CATCH_EXPAND2(param)
+#define INTERNAL_CATCH_EXPAND2(...) INTERNAL_CATCH_NO## __VA_ARGS__
+#define INTERNAL_CATCH_DEF(...) INTERNAL_CATCH_DEF __VA_ARGS__
+#define INTERNAL_CATCH_NOINTERNAL_CATCH_DEF
+#define INTERNAL_CATCH_STRINGIZE(...) INTERNAL_CATCH_STRINGIZE2(__VA_ARGS__)
+#ifndef CATCH_CONFIG_TRADITIONAL_MSVC_PREPROCESSOR
+#define INTERNAL_CATCH_STRINGIZE2(...) #__VA_ARGS__
+#define INTERNAL_CATCH_STRINGIZE_WITHOUT_PARENS(param) INTERNAL_CATCH_STRINGIZE(INTERNAL_CATCH_REMOVE_PARENS(param))
+#else
+// MSVC is adding extra space and needs another indirection to expand INTERNAL_CATCH_NOINTERNAL_CATCH_DEF
+#define INTERNAL_CATCH_STRINGIZE2(...) INTERNAL_CATCH_STRINGIZE3(__VA_ARGS__)
+#define INTERNAL_CATCH_STRINGIZE3(...) #__VA_ARGS__
+#define INTERNAL_CATCH_STRINGIZE_WITHOUT_PARENS(param) (INTERNAL_CATCH_STRINGIZE(INTERNAL_CATCH_REMOVE_PARENS(param)) + 1)
+#endif
+
+#define INTERNAL_CATCH_MAKE_NAMESPACE2(...) ns_##__VA_ARGS__
+#define INTERNAL_CATCH_MAKE_NAMESPACE(name) INTERNAL_CATCH_MAKE_NAMESPACE2(name)
+
+#define INTERNAL_CATCH_REMOVE_PARENS(...) INTERNAL_CATCH_EXPAND1(INTERNAL_CATCH_DEF __VA_ARGS__)
+
+#ifndef CATCH_CONFIG_TRADITIONAL_MSVC_PREPROCESSOR
+#define INTERNAL_CATCH_MAKE_TYPE_LIST2(...) decltype(get_wrapper<INTERNAL_CATCH_REMOVE_PARENS_GEN(__VA_ARGS__)>())
+#define INTERNAL_CATCH_MAKE_TYPE_LIST(...) INTERNAL_CATCH_MAKE_TYPE_LIST2(INTERNAL_CATCH_REMOVE_PARENS(__VA_ARGS__))
+#else
+#define INTERNAL_CATCH_MAKE_TYPE_LIST2(...) INTERNAL_CATCH_EXPAND_VARGS(decltype(get_wrapper<INTERNAL_CATCH_REMOVE_PARENS_GEN(__VA_ARGS__)>()))
+#define INTERNAL_CATCH_MAKE_TYPE_LIST(...) INTERNAL_CATCH_EXPAND_VARGS(INTERNAL_CATCH_MAKE_TYPE_LIST2(INTERNAL_CATCH_REMOVE_PARENS(__VA_ARGS__)))
+#endif
+
+#define INTERNAL_CATCH_MAKE_TYPE_LISTS_FROM_TYPES(...)\
+    CATCH_REC_LIST(INTERNAL_CATCH_MAKE_TYPE_LIST,__VA_ARGS__)
+
+#define INTERNAL_CATCH_REMOVE_PARENS_1_ARG(_0) INTERNAL_CATCH_REMOVE_PARENS(_0)
+#define INTERNAL_CATCH_REMOVE_PARENS_2_ARG(_0, _1) INTERNAL_CATCH_REMOVE_PARENS(_0), INTERNAL_CATCH_REMOVE_PARENS_1_ARG(_1)
+#define INTERNAL_CATCH_REMOVE_PARENS_3_ARG(_0, _1, _2) INTERNAL_CATCH_REMOVE_PARENS(_0), INTERNAL_CATCH_REMOVE_PARENS_2_ARG(_1, _2)
+#define INTERNAL_CATCH_REMOVE_PARENS_4_ARG(_0, _1, _2, _3) INTERNAL_CATCH_REMOVE_PARENS(_0), INTERNAL_CATCH_REMOVE_PARENS_3_ARG(_1, _2, _3)
+#define INTERNAL_CATCH_REMOVE_PARENS_5_ARG(_0, _1, _2, _3, _4) INTERNAL_CATCH_REMOVE_PARENS(_0), INTERNAL_CATCH_REMOVE_PARENS_4_ARG(_1, _2, _3, _4)
+#define INTERNAL_CATCH_REMOVE_PARENS_6_ARG(_0, _1, _2, _3, _4, _5) INTERNAL_CATCH_REMOVE_PARENS(_0), INTERNAL_CATCH_REMOVE_PARENS_5_ARG(_1, _2, _3, _4, _5)
+#define INTERNAL_CATCH_REMOVE_PARENS_7_ARG(_0, _1, _2, _3, _4, _5, _6) INTERNAL_CATCH_REMOVE_PARENS(_0), INTERNAL_CATCH_REMOVE_PARENS_6_ARG(_1, _2, _3, _4, _5, _6)
+#define INTERNAL_CATCH_REMOVE_PARENS_8_ARG(_0, _1, _2, _3, _4, _5, _6, _7) INTERNAL_CATCH_REMOVE_PARENS(_0), INTERNAL_CATCH_REMOVE_PARENS_7_ARG(_1, _2, _3, _4, _5, _6, _7)
+#define INTERNAL_CATCH_REMOVE_PARENS_9_ARG(_0, _1, _2, _3, _4, _5, _6, _7, _8) INTERNAL_CATCH_REMOVE_PARENS(_0), INTERNAL_CATCH_REMOVE_PARENS_8_ARG(_1, _2, _3, _4, _5, _6, _7, _8)
+#define INTERNAL_CATCH_REMOVE_PARENS_10_ARG(_0, _1, _2, _3, _4, _5, _6, _7, _8, _9) INTERNAL_CATCH_REMOVE_PARENS(_0), INTERNAL_CATCH_REMOVE_PARENS_9_ARG(_1, _2, _3, _4, _5, _6, _7, _8, _9)
+#define INTERNAL_CATCH_REMOVE_PARENS_11_ARG(_0, _1, _2, _3, _4, _5, _6, _7, _8, _9, _10) INTERNAL_CATCH_REMOVE_PARENS(_0), INTERNAL_CATCH_REMOVE_PARENS_10_ARG(_1, _2, _3, _4, _5, _6, _7, _8, _9, _10)
+
+#define INTERNAL_CATCH_VA_NARGS_IMPL(_0, _1, _2, _3, _4, _5, _6, _7, _8, _9, _10, N, ...) N
+
+#define INTERNAL_CATCH_TYPE_GEN\
+    template<typename...> struct TypeList {};\
+    template<typename...Ts>\
+    constexpr auto get_wrapper() noexcept -> TypeList<Ts...> { return {}; }\
+    template<template<typename...> class...> struct TemplateTypeList{};\
+    template<template<typename...> class...Cs>\
+    constexpr auto get_wrapper() noexcept -> TemplateTypeList<Cs...> { return {}; }\
+    template<typename...>\
+    struct append;\
+    template<typename...>\
+    struct rewrap;\
+    template<template<typename...> class, typename...>\
+    struct create;\
+    template<template<typename...> class, typename>\
+    struct convert;\
+    \
+    template<typename T> \
+    struct append<T> { using type = T; };\
+    template< template<typename...> class L1, typename...E1, template<typename...> class L2, typename...E2, typename...Rest>\
+    struct append<L1<E1...>, L2<E2...>, Rest...> { using type = typename append<L1<E1...,E2...>, Rest...>::type; };\
+    template< template<typename...> class L1, typename...E1, typename...Rest>\
+    struct append<L1<E1...>, TypeList<mpl_::na>, Rest...> { using type = L1<E1...>; };\
+    \
+    template< template<typename...> class Container, template<typename...> class List, typename...elems>\
+    struct rewrap<TemplateTypeList<Container>, List<elems...>> { using type = TypeList<Container<elems...>>; };\
+    template< template<typename...> class Container, template<typename...> class List, class...Elems, typename...Elements>\
+    struct rewrap<TemplateTypeList<Container>, List<Elems...>, Elements...> { using type = typename append<TypeList<Container<Elems...>>, typename rewrap<TemplateTypeList<Container>, Elements...>::type>::type; };\
+    \
+    template<template <typename...> class Final, template< typename...> class...Containers, typename...Types>\
+    struct create<Final, TemplateTypeList<Containers...>, TypeList<Types...>> { using type = typename append<Final<>, typename rewrap<TemplateTypeList<Containers>, Types...>::type...>::type; };\
+    template<template <typename...> class Final, template <typename...> class List, typename...Ts>\
+    struct convert<Final, List<Ts...>> { using type = typename append<Final<>,TypeList<Ts>...>::type; };
+
+#define INTERNAL_CATCH_NTTP_1(signature, ...)\
+    template<INTERNAL_CATCH_REMOVE_PARENS(signature)> struct Nttp{};\
+    template<INTERNAL_CATCH_REMOVE_PARENS(signature)>\
+    constexpr auto get_wrapper() noexcept -> Nttp<__VA_ARGS__> { return {}; } \
+    template<template<INTERNAL_CATCH_REMOVE_PARENS(signature)> class...> struct NttpTemplateTypeList{};\
+    template<template<INTERNAL_CATCH_REMOVE_PARENS(signature)> class...Cs>\
+    constexpr auto get_wrapper() noexcept -> NttpTemplateTypeList<Cs...> { return {}; } \
+    \
+    template< template<INTERNAL_CATCH_REMOVE_PARENS(signature)> class Container, template<INTERNAL_CATCH_REMOVE_PARENS(signature)> class List, INTERNAL_CATCH_REMOVE_PARENS(signature)>\
+    struct rewrap<NttpTemplateTypeList<Container>, List<__VA_ARGS__>> { using type = TypeList<Container<__VA_ARGS__>>; };\
+    template< template<INTERNAL_CATCH_REMOVE_PARENS(signature)> class Container, template<INTERNAL_CATCH_REMOVE_PARENS(signature)> class List, INTERNAL_CATCH_REMOVE_PARENS(signature), typename...Elements>\
+    struct rewrap<NttpTemplateTypeList<Container>, List<__VA_ARGS__>, Elements...> { using type = typename append<TypeList<Container<__VA_ARGS__>>, typename rewrap<NttpTemplateTypeList<Container>, Elements...>::type>::type; };\
+    template<template <typename...> class Final, template<INTERNAL_CATCH_REMOVE_PARENS(signature)> class...Containers, typename...Types>\
+    struct create<Final, NttpTemplateTypeList<Containers...>, TypeList<Types...>> { using type = typename append<Final<>, typename rewrap<NttpTemplateTypeList<Containers>, Types...>::type...>::type; };
+
+#define INTERNAL_CATCH_DECLARE_SIG_TEST0(TestName)
+#define INTERNAL_CATCH_DECLARE_SIG_TEST1(TestName, signature)\
+    template<INTERNAL_CATCH_REMOVE_PARENS(signature)>\
+    static void TestName()
+#define INTERNAL_CATCH_DECLARE_SIG_TEST_X(TestName, signature, ...)\
+    template<INTERNAL_CATCH_REMOVE_PARENS(signature)>\
+    static void TestName()
+
+#define INTERNAL_CATCH_DEFINE_SIG_TEST0(TestName)
+#define INTERNAL_CATCH_DEFINE_SIG_TEST1(TestName, signature)\
+    template<INTERNAL_CATCH_REMOVE_PARENS(signature)>\
+    static void TestName()
+#define INTERNAL_CATCH_DEFINE_SIG_TEST_X(TestName, signature,...)\
+    template<INTERNAL_CATCH_REMOVE_PARENS(signature)>\
+    static void TestName()
+
+#define INTERNAL_CATCH_NTTP_REGISTER0(TestFunc, signature)\
+    template<typename Type>\
+    void reg_test(TypeList<Type>, Catch::NameAndTags nameAndTags)\
+    {\
+        Catch::AutoReg( Catch::makeTestInvoker(&TestFunc<Type>), CATCH_INTERNAL_LINEINFO, Catch::StringRef(), nameAndTags);\
+    }
+
+#define INTERNAL_CATCH_NTTP_REGISTER(TestFunc, signature, ...)\
+    template<INTERNAL_CATCH_REMOVE_PARENS(signature)>\
+    void reg_test(Nttp<__VA_ARGS__>, Catch::NameAndTags nameAndTags)\
+    {\
+        Catch::AutoReg( Catch::makeTestInvoker(&TestFunc<__VA_ARGS__>), CATCH_INTERNAL_LINEINFO, Catch::StringRef(), nameAndTags);\
+    }
+
+#define INTERNAL_CATCH_NTTP_REGISTER_METHOD0(TestName, signature, ...)\
+    template<typename Type>\
+    void reg_test(TypeList<Type>, Catch::StringRef className, Catch::NameAndTags nameAndTags)\
+    {\
+        Catch::AutoReg( Catch::makeTestInvoker(&TestName<Type>::test), CATCH_INTERNAL_LINEINFO, className, nameAndTags);\
+    }
+
+#define INTERNAL_CATCH_NTTP_REGISTER_METHOD(TestName, signature, ...)\
+    template<INTERNAL_CATCH_REMOVE_PARENS(signature)>\
+    void reg_test(Nttp<__VA_ARGS__>, Catch::StringRef className, Catch::NameAndTags nameAndTags)\
+    {\
+        Catch::AutoReg( Catch::makeTestInvoker(&TestName<__VA_ARGS__>::test), CATCH_INTERNAL_LINEINFO, className, nameAndTags);\
+    }
+
+#define INTERNAL_CATCH_DECLARE_SIG_TEST_METHOD0(TestName, ClassName)
+#define INTERNAL_CATCH_DECLARE_SIG_TEST_METHOD1(TestName, ClassName, signature)\
+    template<typename TestType> \
+    struct TestName : INTERNAL_CATCH_REMOVE_PARENS(ClassName)<TestType> { \
+        void test();\
+    }
+
+#define INTERNAL_CATCH_DECLARE_SIG_TEST_METHOD_X(TestName, ClassName, signature, ...)\
+    template<INTERNAL_CATCH_REMOVE_PARENS(signature)> \
+    struct TestName : INTERNAL_CATCH_REMOVE_PARENS(ClassName)<__VA_ARGS__> { \
+        void test();\
+    }
+
+#define INTERNAL_CATCH_DEFINE_SIG_TEST_METHOD0(TestName)
+#define INTERNAL_CATCH_DEFINE_SIG_TEST_METHOD1(TestName, signature)\
+    template<typename TestType> \
+    void INTERNAL_CATCH_MAKE_NAMESPACE(TestName)::TestName<TestType>::test()
+#define INTERNAL_CATCH_DEFINE_SIG_TEST_METHOD_X(TestName, signature, ...)\
+    template<INTERNAL_CATCH_REMOVE_PARENS(signature)> \
+    void INTERNAL_CATCH_MAKE_NAMESPACE(TestName)::TestName<__VA_ARGS__>::test()
+
+#ifndef CATCH_CONFIG_TRADITIONAL_MSVC_PREPROCESSOR
+#define INTERNAL_CATCH_NTTP_0
+#define INTERNAL_CATCH_NTTP_GEN(...) INTERNAL_CATCH_VA_NARGS_IMPL(__VA_ARGS__, INTERNAL_CATCH_NTTP_1(__VA_ARGS__), INTERNAL_CATCH_NTTP_1(__VA_ARGS__), INTERNAL_CATCH_NTTP_1(__VA_ARGS__), INTERNAL_CATCH_NTTP_1(__VA_ARGS__), INTERNAL_CATCH_NTTP_1(__VA_ARGS__), INTERNAL_CATCH_NTTP_1( __VA_ARGS__), INTERNAL_CATCH_NTTP_1( __VA_ARGS__), INTERNAL_CATCH_NTTP_1( __VA_ARGS__), INTERNAL_CATCH_NTTP_1( __VA_ARGS__),INTERNAL_CATCH_NTTP_1( __VA_ARGS__), INTERNAL_CATCH_NTTP_0)
+#define INTERNAL_CATCH_DEFINE_SIG_TEST_METHOD(TestName, ...) INTERNAL_CATCH_VA_NARGS_IMPL( "dummy", __VA_ARGS__, INTERNAL_CATCH_DEFINE_SIG_TEST_METHOD_X,INTERNAL_CATCH_DEFINE_SIG_TEST_METHOD_X, INTERNAL_CATCH_DEFINE_SIG_TEST_METHOD_X, INTERNAL_CATCH_DEFINE_SIG_TEST_METHOD_X, INTERNAL_CATCH_DEFINE_SIG_TEST_METHOD_X, INTERNAL_CATCH_DEFINE_SIG_TEST_METHOD_X, INTERNAL_CATCH_DEFINE_SIG_TEST_METHOD_X,INTERNAL_CATCH_DEFINE_SIG_TEST_METHOD_X,INTERNAL_CATCH_DEFINE_SIG_TEST_METHOD_X, INTERNAL_CATCH_DEFINE_SIG_TEST_METHOD1, INTERNAL_CATCH_DEFINE_SIG_TEST_METHOD0)(TestName, __VA_ARGS__)
+#define INTERNAL_CATCH_DECLARE_SIG_TEST_METHOD(TestName, ClassName, ...) INTERNAL_CATCH_VA_NARGS_IMPL( "dummy", __VA_ARGS__, INTERNAL_CATCH_DECLARE_SIG_TEST_METHOD_X,INTERNAL_CATCH_DECLARE_SIG_TEST_METHOD_X, INTERNAL_CATCH_DECLARE_SIG_TEST_METHOD_X, INTERNAL_CATCH_DECLARE_SIG_TEST_METHOD_X, INTERNAL_CATCH_DECLARE_SIG_TEST_METHOD_X, INTERNAL_CATCH_DECLARE_SIG_TEST_METHOD_X, INTERNAL_CATCH_DECLARE_SIG_TEST_METHOD_X,INTERNAL_CATCH_DECLARE_SIG_TEST_METHOD_X,INTERNAL_CATCH_DECLARE_SIG_TEST_METHOD_X, INTERNAL_CATCH_DECLARE_SIG_TEST_METHOD1, INTERNAL_CATCH_DECLARE_SIG_TEST_METHOD0)(TestName, ClassName, __VA_ARGS__)
+#define INTERNAL_CATCH_NTTP_REG_METHOD_GEN(TestName, ...) INTERNAL_CATCH_VA_NARGS_IMPL( "dummy", __VA_ARGS__, INTERNAL_CATCH_NTTP_REGISTER_METHOD, INTERNAL_CATCH_NTTP_REGISTER_METHOD, INTERNAL_CATCH_NTTP_REGISTER_METHOD, INTERNAL_CATCH_NTTP_REGISTER_METHOD, INTERNAL_CATCH_NTTP_REGISTER_METHOD, INTERNAL_CATCH_NTTP_REGISTER_METHOD, INTERNAL_CATCH_NTTP_REGISTER_METHOD, INTERNAL_CATCH_NTTP_REGISTER_METHOD, INTERNAL_CATCH_NTTP_REGISTER_METHOD, INTERNAL_CATCH_NTTP_REGISTER_METHOD0, INTERNAL_CATCH_NTTP_REGISTER_METHOD0)(TestName, __VA_ARGS__)
+#define INTERNAL_CATCH_NTTP_REG_GEN(TestFunc, ...) INTERNAL_CATCH_VA_NARGS_IMPL( "dummy", __VA_ARGS__, INTERNAL_CATCH_NTTP_REGISTER, INTERNAL_CATCH_NTTP_REGISTER, INTERNAL_CATCH_NTTP_REGISTER, INTERNAL_CATCH_NTTP_REGISTER, INTERNAL_CATCH_NTTP_REGISTER, INTERNAL_CATCH_NTTP_REGISTER, INTERNAL_CATCH_NTTP_REGISTER, INTERNAL_CATCH_NTTP_REGISTER, INTERNAL_CATCH_NTTP_REGISTER, INTERNAL_CATCH_NTTP_REGISTER0, INTERNAL_CATCH_NTTP_REGISTER0)(TestFunc, __VA_ARGS__)
+#define INTERNAL_CATCH_DEFINE_SIG_TEST(TestName, ...) INTERNAL_CATCH_VA_NARGS_IMPL( "dummy", __VA_ARGS__, INTERNAL_CATCH_DEFINE_SIG_TEST_X, INTERNAL_CATCH_DEFINE_SIG_TEST_X, INTERNAL_CATCH_DEFINE_SIG_TEST_X, INTERNAL_CATCH_DEFINE_SIG_TEST_X, INTERNAL_CATCH_DEFINE_SIG_TEST_X, INTERNAL_CATCH_DEFINE_SIG_TEST_X, INTERNAL_CATCH_DEFINE_SIG_TEST_X, INTERNAL_CATCH_DEFINE_SIG_TEST_X,INTERNAL_CATCH_DEFINE_SIG_TEST_X,INTERNAL_CATCH_DEFINE_SIG_TEST1, INTERNAL_CATCH_DEFINE_SIG_TEST0)(TestName, __VA_ARGS__)
+#define INTERNAL_CATCH_DECLARE_SIG_TEST(TestName, ...) INTERNAL_CATCH_VA_NARGS_IMPL( "dummy", __VA_ARGS__, INTERNAL_CATCH_DECLARE_SIG_TEST_X,INTERNAL_CATCH_DECLARE_SIG_TEST_X, INTERNAL_CATCH_DECLARE_SIG_TEST_X, INTERNAL_CATCH_DECLARE_SIG_TEST_X, INTERNAL_CATCH_DECLARE_SIG_TEST_X, INTERNAL_CATCH_DECLARE_SIG_TEST_X, INTERNAL_CATCH_DEFINE_SIG_TEST_X,INTERNAL_CATCH_DECLARE_SIG_TEST_X,INTERNAL_CATCH_DECLARE_SIG_TEST_X, INTERNAL_CATCH_DECLARE_SIG_TEST1, INTERNAL_CATCH_DECLARE_SIG_TEST0)(TestName, __VA_ARGS__)
+#define INTERNAL_CATCH_REMOVE_PARENS_GEN(...) INTERNAL_CATCH_VA_NARGS_IMPL(__VA_ARGS__, INTERNAL_CATCH_REMOVE_PARENS_11_ARG,INTERNAL_CATCH_REMOVE_PARENS_10_ARG,INTERNAL_CATCH_REMOVE_PARENS_9_ARG,INTERNAL_CATCH_REMOVE_PARENS_8_ARG,INTERNAL_CATCH_REMOVE_PARENS_7_ARG,INTERNAL_CATCH_REMOVE_PARENS_6_ARG,INTERNAL_CATCH_REMOVE_PARENS_5_ARG,INTERNAL_CATCH_REMOVE_PARENS_4_ARG,INTERNAL_CATCH_REMOVE_PARENS_3_ARG,INTERNAL_CATCH_REMOVE_PARENS_2_ARG,INTERNAL_CATCH_REMOVE_PARENS_1_ARG)(__VA_ARGS__)
+#else
+#define INTERNAL_CATCH_NTTP_0(signature)
+#define INTERNAL_CATCH_NTTP_GEN(...) INTERNAL_CATCH_EXPAND_VARGS(INTERNAL_CATCH_VA_NARGS_IMPL(__VA_ARGS__, INTERNAL_CATCH_NTTP_1, INTERNAL_CATCH_NTTP_1, INTERNAL_CATCH_NTTP_1, INTERNAL_CATCH_NTTP_1, INTERNAL_CATCH_NTTP_1, INTERNAL_CATCH_NTTP_1, INTERNAL_CATCH_NTTP_1, INTERNAL_CATCH_NTTP_1, INTERNAL_CATCH_NTTP_1,INTERNAL_CATCH_NTTP_1, INTERNAL_CATCH_NTTP_0)( __VA_ARGS__))
+#define INTERNAL_CATCH_DEFINE_SIG_TEST_METHOD(TestName, ...) INTERNAL_CATCH_EXPAND_VARGS(INTERNAL_CATCH_VA_NARGS_IMPL( "dummy", __VA_ARGS__, INTERNAL_CATCH_DEFINE_SIG_TEST_METHOD_X,INTERNAL_CATCH_DEFINE_SIG_TEST_METHOD_X, INTERNAL_CATCH_DEFINE_SIG_TEST_METHOD_X, INTERNAL_CATCH_DEFINE_SIG_TEST_METHOD_X, INTERNAL_CATCH_DEFINE_SIG_TEST_METHOD_X, INTERNAL_CATCH_DEFINE_SIG_TEST_METHOD_X, INTERNAL_CATCH_DEFINE_SIG_TEST_METHOD_X,INTERNAL_CATCH_DEFINE_SIG_TEST_METHOD_X,INTERNAL_CATCH_DEFINE_SIG_TEST_METHOD_X, INTERNAL_CATCH_DEFINE_SIG_TEST_METHOD1, INTERNAL_CATCH_DEFINE_SIG_TEST_METHOD0)(TestName, __VA_ARGS__))
+#define INTERNAL_CATCH_DECLARE_SIG_TEST_METHOD(TestName, ClassName, ...) INTERNAL_CATCH_EXPAND_VARGS(INTERNAL_CATCH_VA_NARGS_IMPL( "dummy", __VA_ARGS__, INTERNAL_CATCH_DECLARE_SIG_TEST_METHOD_X,INTERNAL_CATCH_DECLARE_SIG_TEST_METHOD_X, INTERNAL_CATCH_DECLARE_SIG_TEST_METHOD_X, INTERNAL_CATCH_DECLARE_SIG_TEST_METHOD_X, INTERNAL_CATCH_DECLARE_SIG_TEST_METHOD_X, INTERNAL_CATCH_DECLARE_SIG_TEST_METHOD_X, INTERNAL_CATCH_DECLARE_SIG_TEST_METHOD_X,INTERNAL_CATCH_DECLARE_SIG_TEST_METHOD_X,INTERNAL_CATCH_DECLARE_SIG_TEST_METHOD_X, INTERNAL_CATCH_DECLARE_SIG_TEST_METHOD1, INTERNAL_CATCH_DECLARE_SIG_TEST_METHOD0)(TestName, ClassName, __VA_ARGS__))
+#define INTERNAL_CATCH_NTTP_REG_METHOD_GEN(TestName, ...) INTERNAL_CATCH_EXPAND_VARGS(INTERNAL_CATCH_VA_NARGS_IMPL( "dummy", __VA_ARGS__, INTERNAL_CATCH_NTTP_REGISTER_METHOD, INTERNAL_CATCH_NTTP_REGISTER_METHOD, INTERNAL_CATCH_NTTP_REGISTER_METHOD, INTERNAL_CATCH_NTTP_REGISTER_METHOD, INTERNAL_CATCH_NTTP_REGISTER_METHOD, INTERNAL_CATCH_NTTP_REGISTER_METHOD, INTERNAL_CATCH_NTTP_REGISTER_METHOD, INTERNAL_CATCH_NTTP_REGISTER_METHOD, INTERNAL_CATCH_NTTP_REGISTER_METHOD, INTERNAL_CATCH_NTTP_REGISTER_METHOD0, INTERNAL_CATCH_NTTP_REGISTER_METHOD0)(TestName, __VA_ARGS__))
+#define INTERNAL_CATCH_NTTP_REG_GEN(TestFunc, ...) INTERNAL_CATCH_EXPAND_VARGS(INTERNAL_CATCH_VA_NARGS_IMPL( "dummy", __VA_ARGS__, INTERNAL_CATCH_NTTP_REGISTER, INTERNAL_CATCH_NTTP_REGISTER, INTERNAL_CATCH_NTTP_REGISTER, INTERNAL_CATCH_NTTP_REGISTER, INTERNAL_CATCH_NTTP_REGISTER, INTERNAL_CATCH_NTTP_REGISTER, INTERNAL_CATCH_NTTP_REGISTER, INTERNAL_CATCH_NTTP_REGISTER, INTERNAL_CATCH_NTTP_REGISTER, INTERNAL_CATCH_NTTP_REGISTER0, INTERNAL_CATCH_NTTP_REGISTER0)(TestFunc, __VA_ARGS__))
+#define INTERNAL_CATCH_DEFINE_SIG_TEST(TestName, ...) INTERNAL_CATCH_EXPAND_VARGS(INTERNAL_CATCH_VA_NARGS_IMPL( "dummy", __VA_ARGS__, INTERNAL_CATCH_DEFINE_SIG_TEST_X, INTERNAL_CATCH_DEFINE_SIG_TEST_X, INTERNAL_CATCH_DEFINE_SIG_TEST_X, INTERNAL_CATCH_DEFINE_SIG_TEST_X, INTERNAL_CATCH_DEFINE_SIG_TEST_X, INTERNAL_CATCH_DEFINE_SIG_TEST_X, INTERNAL_CATCH_DEFINE_SIG_TEST_X, INTERNAL_CATCH_DEFINE_SIG_TEST_X,INTERNAL_CATCH_DEFINE_SIG_TEST_X,INTERNAL_CATCH_DEFINE_SIG_TEST1, INTERNAL_CATCH_DEFINE_SIG_TEST0)(TestName, __VA_ARGS__))
+#define INTERNAL_CATCH_DECLARE_SIG_TEST(TestName, ...) INTERNAL_CATCH_EXPAND_VARGS(INTERNAL_CATCH_VA_NARGS_IMPL( "dummy", __VA_ARGS__, INTERNAL_CATCH_DECLARE_SIG_TEST_X,INTERNAL_CATCH_DECLARE_SIG_TEST_X, INTERNAL_CATCH_DECLARE_SIG_TEST_X, INTERNAL_CATCH_DECLARE_SIG_TEST_X, INTERNAL_CATCH_DECLARE_SIG_TEST_X, INTERNAL_CATCH_DECLARE_SIG_TEST_X, INTERNAL_CATCH_DEFINE_SIG_TEST_X,INTERNAL_CATCH_DECLARE_SIG_TEST_X,INTERNAL_CATCH_DECLARE_SIG_TEST_X, INTERNAL_CATCH_DECLARE_SIG_TEST1, INTERNAL_CATCH_DECLARE_SIG_TEST0)(TestName, __VA_ARGS__))
+#define INTERNAL_CATCH_REMOVE_PARENS_GEN(...) INTERNAL_CATCH_EXPAND_VARGS(INTERNAL_CATCH_VA_NARGS_IMPL(__VA_ARGS__, INTERNAL_CATCH_REMOVE_PARENS_11_ARG,INTERNAL_CATCH_REMOVE_PARENS_10_ARG,INTERNAL_CATCH_REMOVE_PARENS_9_ARG,INTERNAL_CATCH_REMOVE_PARENS_8_ARG,INTERNAL_CATCH_REMOVE_PARENS_7_ARG,INTERNAL_CATCH_REMOVE_PARENS_6_ARG,INTERNAL_CATCH_REMOVE_PARENS_5_ARG,INTERNAL_CATCH_REMOVE_PARENS_4_ARG,INTERNAL_CATCH_REMOVE_PARENS_3_ARG,INTERNAL_CATCH_REMOVE_PARENS_2_ARG,INTERNAL_CATCH_REMOVE_PARENS_1_ARG)(__VA_ARGS__))
+#endif
+
+// end catch_preprocessor.hpp
+// start catch_meta.hpp
+
+
+#include <type_traits>
+
+namespace Catch {
+    template<typename T>
+    struct always_false : std::false_type {};
+
+    template <typename> struct true_given : std::true_type {};
+    struct is_callable_tester {
+        template <typename Fun, typename... Args>
+        true_given<decltype(std::declval<Fun>()(std::declval<Args>()...))> static test(int);
+        template <typename...>
+        std::false_type static test(...);
+    };
+
+    template <typename T>
+    struct is_callable;
+
+    template <typename Fun, typename... Args>
+    struct is_callable<Fun(Args...)> : decltype(is_callable_tester::test<Fun, Args...>(0)) {};
+
+#if defined(__cpp_lib_is_invocable) && __cpp_lib_is_invocable >= 201703
+    // std::result_of is deprecated in C++17 and removed in C++20. Hence, it is
+    // replaced with std::invoke_result here.
+    template <typename Func, typename... U>
+    using FunctionReturnType = std::remove_reference_t<std::remove_cv_t<std::invoke_result_t<Func, U...>>>;
+#else
+    // Keep ::type here because we still support C++11
+    template <typename Func, typename... U>
+    using FunctionReturnType = typename std::remove_reference<typename std::remove_cv<typename std::result_of<Func(U...)>::type>::type>::type;
+#endif
+
+} // namespace Catch
+
+namespace mpl_{
+    struct na;
+}
+
+// end catch_meta.hpp
+namespace Catch {
+
+template<typename C>
+class TestInvokerAsMethod : public ITestInvoker {
+    void (C::*m_testAsMethod)();
+public:
+    TestInvokerAsMethod( void (C::*testAsMethod)() ) noexcept : m_testAsMethod( testAsMethod ) {}
+
+    void invoke() const override {
+        C obj;
+        (obj.*m_testAsMethod)();
+    }
+};
+
+auto makeTestInvoker( void(*testAsFunction)() ) noexcept -> ITestInvoker*;
+
+template<typename C>
+auto makeTestInvoker( void (C::*testAsMethod)() ) noexcept -> ITestInvoker* {
+    return new(std::nothrow) TestInvokerAsMethod<C>( testAsMethod );
+}
+
+struct NameAndTags {
+    NameAndTags( StringRef const& name_ = StringRef(), StringRef const& tags_ = StringRef() ) noexcept;
+    StringRef name;
+    StringRef tags;
+};
+
+struct AutoReg : NonCopyable {
+    AutoReg( ITestInvoker* invoker, SourceLineInfo const& lineInfo, StringRef const& classOrMethod, NameAndTags const& nameAndTags ) noexcept;
+    ~AutoReg();
+};
+
+} // end namespace Catch
+
+#if defined(CATCH_CONFIG_DISABLE)
+    #define INTERNAL_CATCH_TESTCASE_NO_REGISTRATION( TestName, ... ) \
+        static void TestName()
+    #define INTERNAL_CATCH_TESTCASE_METHOD_NO_REGISTRATION( TestName, ClassName, ... ) \
+        namespace{                        \
+            struct TestName : INTERNAL_CATCH_REMOVE_PARENS(ClassName) { \
+                void test();              \
+            };                            \
+        }                                 \
+        void TestName::test()
+    #define INTERNAL_CATCH_TEMPLATE_TEST_CASE_NO_REGISTRATION_2( TestName, TestFunc, Name, Tags, Signature, ... )  \
+        INTERNAL_CATCH_DEFINE_SIG_TEST(TestFunc, INTERNAL_CATCH_REMOVE_PARENS(Signature))
+    #define INTERNAL_CATCH_TEMPLATE_TEST_CASE_METHOD_NO_REGISTRATION_2( TestNameClass, TestName, ClassName, Name, Tags, Signature, ... )    \
+        namespace{                                                                                  \
+            namespace INTERNAL_CATCH_MAKE_NAMESPACE(TestName) {                                      \
+            INTERNAL_CATCH_DECLARE_SIG_TEST_METHOD(TestName, ClassName, INTERNAL_CATCH_REMOVE_PARENS(Signature));\
+        }                                                                                           \
+        }                                                                                           \
+        INTERNAL_CATCH_DEFINE_SIG_TEST_METHOD(TestName, INTERNAL_CATCH_REMOVE_PARENS(Signature))
+
+    #ifndef CATCH_CONFIG_TRADITIONAL_MSVC_PREPROCESSOR
+        #define INTERNAL_CATCH_TEMPLATE_TEST_CASE_NO_REGISTRATION(Name, Tags, ...) \
+            INTERNAL_CATCH_TEMPLATE_TEST_CASE_NO_REGISTRATION_2( INTERNAL_CATCH_UNIQUE_NAME( ____C_A_T_C_H____T_E_M_P_L_A_T_E____T_E_S_T____ ), INTERNAL_CATCH_UNIQUE_NAME( ____C_A_T_C_H____T_E_M_P_L_A_T_E____T_E_S_T____F_U_N_C____ ), Name, Tags, typename TestType, __VA_ARGS__ )
+    #else
+        #define INTERNAL_CATCH_TEMPLATE_TEST_CASE_NO_REGISTRATION(Name, Tags, ...) \
+            INTERNAL_CATCH_EXPAND_VARGS( INTERNAL_CATCH_TEMPLATE_TEST_CASE_NO_REGISTRATION_2( INTERNAL_CATCH_UNIQUE_NAME( ____C_A_T_C_H____T_E_M_P_L_A_T_E____T_E_S_T____ ), INTERNAL_CATCH_UNIQUE_NAME( ____C_A_T_C_H____T_E_M_P_L_A_T_E____T_E_S_T____F_U_N_C____ ), Name, Tags, typename TestType, __VA_ARGS__ ) )
+    #endif
+
+    #ifndef CATCH_CONFIG_TRADITIONAL_MSVC_PREPROCESSOR
+        #define INTERNAL_CATCH_TEMPLATE_TEST_CASE_SIG_NO_REGISTRATION(Name, Tags, Signature, ...) \
+            INTERNAL_CATCH_TEMPLATE_TEST_CASE_NO_REGISTRATION_2( INTERNAL_CATCH_UNIQUE_NAME( ____C_A_T_C_H____T_E_M_P_L_A_T_E____T_E_S_T____ ), INTERNAL_CATCH_UNIQUE_NAME( ____C_A_T_C_H____T_E_M_P_L_A_T_E____T_E_S_T____F_U_N_C____ ), Name, Tags, Signature, __VA_ARGS__ )
+    #else
+        #define INTERNAL_CATCH_TEMPLATE_TEST_CASE_SIG_NO_REGISTRATION(Name, Tags, Signature, ...) \
+            INTERNAL_CATCH_EXPAND_VARGS( INTERNAL_CATCH_TEMPLATE_TEST_CASE_NO_REGISTRATION_2( INTERNAL_CATCH_UNIQUE_NAME( ____C_A_T_C_H____T_E_M_P_L_A_T_E____T_E_S_T____ ), INTERNAL_CATCH_UNIQUE_NAME( ____C_A_T_C_H____T_E_M_P_L_A_T_E____T_E_S_T____F_U_N_C____ ), Name, Tags, Signature, __VA_ARGS__ ) )
+    #endif
+
+    #ifndef CATCH_CONFIG_TRADITIONAL_MSVC_PREPROCESSOR
+        #define INTERNAL_CATCH_TEMPLATE_TEST_CASE_METHOD_NO_REGISTRATION( ClassName, Name, Tags,... ) \
+            INTERNAL_CATCH_TEMPLATE_TEST_CASE_METHOD_NO_REGISTRATION_2( INTERNAL_CATCH_UNIQUE_NAME( ____C_A_T_C_H____T_E_M_P_L_A_T_E____T_E_S_T____C_L_A_S_S____ ), INTERNAL_CATCH_UNIQUE_NAME( ____C_A_T_C_H____T_E_M_P_L_A_T_E____T_E_S_T____ ) , ClassName, Name, Tags, typename T, __VA_ARGS__ )
+    #else
+        #define INTERNAL_CATCH_TEMPLATE_TEST_CASE_METHOD_NO_REGISTRATION( ClassName, Name, Tags,... ) \
+            INTERNAL_CATCH_EXPAND_VARGS( INTERNAL_CATCH_TEMPLATE_TEST_CASE_METHOD_NO_REGISTRATION_2( INTERNAL_CATCH_UNIQUE_NAME( ____C_A_T_C_H____T_E_M_P_L_A_T_E____T_E_S_T____C_L_A_S_S____ ), INTERNAL_CATCH_UNIQUE_NAME( ____C_A_T_C_H____T_E_M_P_L_A_T_E____T_E_S_T____ ) , ClassName, Name, Tags, typename T, __VA_ARGS__ ) )
+    #endif
+
+    #ifndef CATCH_CONFIG_TRADITIONAL_MSVC_PREPROCESSOR
+        #define INTERNAL_CATCH_TEMPLATE_TEST_CASE_METHOD_SIG_NO_REGISTRATION( ClassName, Name, Tags, Signature, ... ) \
+            INTERNAL_CATCH_TEMPLATE_TEST_CASE_METHOD_NO_REGISTRATION_2( INTERNAL_CATCH_UNIQUE_NAME( ____C_A_T_C_H____T_E_M_P_L_A_T_E____T_E_S_T____C_L_A_S_S____ ), INTERNAL_CATCH_UNIQUE_NAME( ____C_A_T_C_H____T_E_M_P_L_A_T_E____T_E_S_T____ ) , ClassName, Name, Tags, Signature, __VA_ARGS__ )
+    #else
+        #define INTERNAL_CATCH_TEMPLATE_TEST_CASE_METHOD_SIG_NO_REGISTRATION( ClassName, Name, Tags, Signature, ... ) \
+            INTERNAL_CATCH_EXPAND_VARGS( INTERNAL_CATCH_TEMPLATE_TEST_CASE_METHOD_NO_REGISTRATION_2( INTERNAL_CATCH_UNIQUE_NAME( ____C_A_T_C_H____T_E_M_P_L_A_T_E____T_E_S_T____C_L_A_S_S____ ), INTERNAL_CATCH_UNIQUE_NAME( ____C_A_T_C_H____T_E_M_P_L_A_T_E____T_E_S_T____ ) , ClassName, Name, Tags, Signature, __VA_ARGS__ ) )
+    #endif
+#endif
+
+    ///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
+    #define INTERNAL_CATCH_TESTCASE2( TestName, ... ) \
+        static void TestName(); \
+        CATCH_INTERNAL_START_WARNINGS_SUPPRESSION \
+        CATCH_INTERNAL_SUPPRESS_GLOBALS_WARNINGS \
+        namespace{ Catch::AutoReg INTERNAL_CATCH_UNIQUE_NAME( autoRegistrar )( Catch::makeTestInvoker( &TestName ), CATCH_INTERNAL_LINEINFO, Catch::StringRef(), Catch::NameAndTags{ __VA_ARGS__ } ); } /* NOLINT */ \
+        CATCH_INTERNAL_STOP_WARNINGS_SUPPRESSION \
+        static void TestName()
+    #define INTERNAL_CATCH_TESTCASE( ... ) \
+        INTERNAL_CATCH_TESTCASE2( INTERNAL_CATCH_UNIQUE_NAME( ____C_A_T_C_H____T_E_S_T____ ), __VA_ARGS__ )
+
+    ///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
+    #define INTERNAL_CATCH_METHOD_AS_TEST_CASE( QualifiedMethod, ... ) \
+        CATCH_INTERNAL_START_WARNINGS_SUPPRESSION \
+        CATCH_INTERNAL_SUPPRESS_GLOBALS_WARNINGS \
+        namespace{ Catch::AutoReg INTERNAL_CATCH_UNIQUE_NAME( autoRegistrar )( Catch::makeTestInvoker( &QualifiedMethod ), CATCH_INTERNAL_LINEINFO, "&" #QualifiedMethod, Catch::NameAndTags{ __VA_ARGS__ } ); } /* NOLINT */ \
+        CATCH_INTERNAL_STOP_WARNINGS_SUPPRESSION
+
+    ///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
+    #define INTERNAL_CATCH_TEST_CASE_METHOD2( TestName, ClassName, ... )\
+        CATCH_INTERNAL_START_WARNINGS_SUPPRESSION \
+        CATCH_INTERNAL_SUPPRESS_GLOBALS_WARNINGS \
+        namespace{ \
+            struct TestName : INTERNAL_CATCH_REMOVE_PARENS(ClassName) { \
+                void test(); \
+            }; \
+            Catch::AutoReg INTERNAL_CATCH_UNIQUE_NAME( autoRegistrar ) ( Catch::makeTestInvoker( &TestName::test ), CATCH_INTERNAL_LINEINFO, #ClassName, Catch::NameAndTags{ __VA_ARGS__ } ); /* NOLINT */ \
+        } \
+        CATCH_INTERNAL_STOP_WARNINGS_SUPPRESSION \
+        void TestName::test()
+    #define INTERNAL_CATCH_TEST_CASE_METHOD( ClassName, ... ) \
+        INTERNAL_CATCH_TEST_CASE_METHOD2( INTERNAL_CATCH_UNIQUE_NAME( ____C_A_T_C_H____T_E_S_T____ ), ClassName, __VA_ARGS__ )
+
+    ///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
+    #define INTERNAL_CATCH_REGISTER_TESTCASE( Function, ... ) \
+        CATCH_INTERNAL_START_WARNINGS_SUPPRESSION \
+        CATCH_INTERNAL_SUPPRESS_GLOBALS_WARNINGS \
+        Catch::AutoReg INTERNAL_CATCH_UNIQUE_NAME( autoRegistrar )( Catch::makeTestInvoker( Function ), CATCH_INTERNAL_LINEINFO, Catch::StringRef(), Catch::NameAndTags{ __VA_ARGS__ } ); /* NOLINT */ \
+        CATCH_INTERNAL_STOP_WARNINGS_SUPPRESSION
+
+    ///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
+    #define INTERNAL_CATCH_TEMPLATE_TEST_CASE_2(TestName, TestFunc, Name, Tags, Signature, ... )\
+        CATCH_INTERNAL_START_WARNINGS_SUPPRESSION \
+        CATCH_INTERNAL_SUPPRESS_GLOBALS_WARNINGS \
+        CATCH_INTERNAL_SUPPRESS_ZERO_VARIADIC_WARNINGS \
+        CATCH_INTERNAL_SUPPRESS_UNUSED_TEMPLATE_WARNINGS \
+        INTERNAL_CATCH_DECLARE_SIG_TEST(TestFunc, INTERNAL_CATCH_REMOVE_PARENS(Signature));\
+        namespace {\
+        namespace INTERNAL_CATCH_MAKE_NAMESPACE(TestName){\
+            INTERNAL_CATCH_TYPE_GEN\
+            INTERNAL_CATCH_NTTP_GEN(INTERNAL_CATCH_REMOVE_PARENS(Signature))\
+            INTERNAL_CATCH_NTTP_REG_GEN(TestFunc,INTERNAL_CATCH_REMOVE_PARENS(Signature))\
+            template<typename...Types> \
+            struct TestName{\
+                TestName(){\
+                    int index = 0;                                    \
+                    constexpr char const* tmpl_types[] = {CATCH_REC_LIST(INTERNAL_CATCH_STRINGIZE_WITHOUT_PARENS, __VA_ARGS__)};\
+                    using expander = int[];\
+                    (void)expander{(reg_test(Types{}, Catch::NameAndTags{ Name " - " + std::string(tmpl_types[index]), Tags } ), index++)... };/* NOLINT */ \
+                }\
+            };\
+            static int INTERNAL_CATCH_UNIQUE_NAME( globalRegistrar ) = [](){\
+            TestName<INTERNAL_CATCH_MAKE_TYPE_LISTS_FROM_TYPES(__VA_ARGS__)>();\
+            return 0;\
+        }();\
+        }\
+        }\
+        CATCH_INTERNAL_STOP_WARNINGS_SUPPRESSION \
+        INTERNAL_CATCH_DEFINE_SIG_TEST(TestFunc,INTERNAL_CATCH_REMOVE_PARENS(Signature))
+
+#ifndef CATCH_CONFIG_TRADITIONAL_MSVC_PREPROCESSOR
+    #define INTERNAL_CATCH_TEMPLATE_TEST_CASE(Name, Tags, ...) \
+        INTERNAL_CATCH_TEMPLATE_TEST_CASE_2( INTERNAL_CATCH_UNIQUE_NAME( ____C_A_T_C_H____T_E_M_P_L_A_T_E____T_E_S_T____ ), INTERNAL_CATCH_UNIQUE_NAME( ____C_A_T_C_H____T_E_M_P_L_A_T_E____T_E_S_T____F_U_N_C____ ), Name, Tags, typename TestType, __VA_ARGS__ )
+#else
+    #define INTERNAL_CATCH_TEMPLATE_TEST_CASE(Name, Tags, ...) \
+        INTERNAL_CATCH_EXPAND_VARGS( INTERNAL_CATCH_TEMPLATE_TEST_CASE_2( INTERNAL_CATCH_UNIQUE_NAME( ____C_A_T_C_H____T_E_M_P_L_A_T_E____T_E_S_T____ ), INTERNAL_CATCH_UNIQUE_NAME( ____C_A_T_C_H____T_E_M_P_L_A_T_E____T_E_S_T____F_U_N_C____ ), Name, Tags, typename TestType, __VA_ARGS__ ) )
+#endif
+
+#ifndef CATCH_CONFIG_TRADITIONAL_MSVC_PREPROCESSOR
+    #define INTERNAL_CATCH_TEMPLATE_TEST_CASE_SIG(Name, Tags, Signature, ...) \
+        INTERNAL_CATCH_TEMPLATE_TEST_CASE_2( INTERNAL_CATCH_UNIQUE_NAME( ____C_A_T_C_H____T_E_M_P_L_A_T_E____T_E_S_T____ ), INTERNAL_CATCH_UNIQUE_NAME( ____C_A_T_C_H____T_E_M_P_L_A_T_E____T_E_S_T____F_U_N_C____ ), Name, Tags, Signature, __VA_ARGS__ )
+#else
+    #define INTERNAL_CATCH_TEMPLATE_TEST_CASE_SIG(Name, Tags, Signature, ...) \
+        INTERNAL_CATCH_EXPAND_VARGS( INTERNAL_CATCH_TEMPLATE_TEST_CASE_2( INTERNAL_CATCH_UNIQUE_NAME( ____C_A_T_C_H____T_E_M_P_L_A_T_E____T_E_S_T____ ), INTERNAL_CATCH_UNIQUE_NAME( ____C_A_T_C_H____T_E_M_P_L_A_T_E____T_E_S_T____F_U_N_C____ ), Name, Tags, Signature, __VA_ARGS__ ) )
+#endif
+
+    #define INTERNAL_CATCH_TEMPLATE_PRODUCT_TEST_CASE2(TestName, TestFuncName, Name, Tags, Signature, TmplTypes, TypesList) \
+        CATCH_INTERNAL_START_WARNINGS_SUPPRESSION                      \
+        CATCH_INTERNAL_SUPPRESS_GLOBALS_WARNINGS                      \
+        CATCH_INTERNAL_SUPPRESS_ZERO_VARIADIC_WARNINGS                \
+        CATCH_INTERNAL_SUPPRESS_UNUSED_TEMPLATE_WARNINGS              \
+        template<typename TestType> static void TestFuncName();       \
+        namespace {\
+        namespace INTERNAL_CATCH_MAKE_NAMESPACE(TestName) {                                     \
+            INTERNAL_CATCH_TYPE_GEN                                                  \
+            INTERNAL_CATCH_NTTP_GEN(INTERNAL_CATCH_REMOVE_PARENS(Signature))         \
+            template<typename... Types>                               \
+            struct TestName {                                         \
+                void reg_tests() {                                          \
+                    int index = 0;                                    \
+                    using expander = int[];                           \
+                    constexpr char const* tmpl_types[] = {CATCH_REC_LIST(INTERNAL_CATCH_STRINGIZE_WITHOUT_PARENS, INTERNAL_CATCH_REMOVE_PARENS(TmplTypes))};\
+                    constexpr char const* types_list[] = {CATCH_REC_LIST(INTERNAL_CATCH_STRINGIZE_WITHOUT_PARENS, INTERNAL_CATCH_REMOVE_PARENS(TypesList))};\
+                    constexpr auto num_types = sizeof(types_list) / sizeof(types_list[0]);\
+                    (void)expander{(Catch::AutoReg( Catch::makeTestInvoker( &TestFuncName<Types> ), CATCH_INTERNAL_LINEINFO, Catch::StringRef(), Catch::NameAndTags{ Name " - " + std::string(tmpl_types[index / num_types]) + "<" + std::string(types_list[index % num_types]) + ">", Tags } ), index++)... };/* NOLINT */\
+                }                                                     \
+            };                                                        \
+            static int INTERNAL_CATCH_UNIQUE_NAME( globalRegistrar ) = [](){ \
+                using TestInit = typename create<TestName, decltype(get_wrapper<INTERNAL_CATCH_REMOVE_PARENS(TmplTypes)>()), TypeList<INTERNAL_CATCH_MAKE_TYPE_LISTS_FROM_TYPES(INTERNAL_CATCH_REMOVE_PARENS(TypesList))>>::type; \
+                TestInit t;                                           \
+                t.reg_tests();                                        \
+                return 0;                                             \
+            }();                                                      \
+        }                                                             \
+        }                                                             \
+        CATCH_INTERNAL_STOP_WARNINGS_SUPPRESSION                       \
+        template<typename TestType>                                   \
+        static void TestFuncName()
+
+#ifndef CATCH_CONFIG_TRADITIONAL_MSVC_PREPROCESSOR
+    #define INTERNAL_CATCH_TEMPLATE_PRODUCT_TEST_CASE(Name, Tags, ...)\
+        INTERNAL_CATCH_TEMPLATE_PRODUCT_TEST_CASE2(INTERNAL_CATCH_UNIQUE_NAME( ____C_A_T_C_H____T_E_M_P_L_A_T_E____T_E_S_T____ ), INTERNAL_CATCH_UNIQUE_NAME( ____C_A_T_C_H____T_E_M_P_L_A_T_E____T_E_S_T____F_U_N_C____ ), Name, Tags, typename T,__VA_ARGS__)
+#else
+    #define INTERNAL_CATCH_TEMPLATE_PRODUCT_TEST_CASE(Name, Tags, ...)\
+        INTERNAL_CATCH_EXPAND_VARGS( INTERNAL_CATCH_TEMPLATE_PRODUCT_TEST_CASE2( INTERNAL_CATCH_UNIQUE_NAME( ____C_A_T_C_H____T_E_M_P_L_A_T_E____T_E_S_T____ ), INTERNAL_CATCH_UNIQUE_NAME( ____C_A_T_C_H____T_E_M_P_L_A_T_E____T_E_S_T____F_U_N_C____ ), Name, Tags, typename T, __VA_ARGS__ ) )
+#endif
+
+#ifndef CATCH_CONFIG_TRADITIONAL_MSVC_PREPROCESSOR
+    #define INTERNAL_CATCH_TEMPLATE_PRODUCT_TEST_CASE_SIG(Name, Tags, Signature, ...)\
+        INTERNAL_CATCH_TEMPLATE_PRODUCT_TEST_CASE2(INTERNAL_CATCH_UNIQUE_NAME( ____C_A_T_C_H____T_E_M_P_L_A_T_E____T_E_S_T____ ), INTERNAL_CATCH_UNIQUE_NAME( ____C_A_T_C_H____T_E_M_P_L_A_T_E____T_E_S_T____F_U_N_C____ ), Name, Tags, Signature, __VA_ARGS__)
+#else
+    #define INTERNAL_CATCH_TEMPLATE_PRODUCT_TEST_CASE_SIG(Name, Tags, Signature, ...)\
+        INTERNAL_CATCH_EXPAND_VARGS( INTERNAL_CATCH_TEMPLATE_PRODUCT_TEST_CASE2( INTERNAL_CATCH_UNIQUE_NAME( ____C_A_T_C_H____T_E_M_P_L_A_T_E____T_E_S_T____ ), INTERNAL_CATCH_UNIQUE_NAME( ____C_A_T_C_H____T_E_M_P_L_A_T_E____T_E_S_T____F_U_N_C____ ), Name, Tags, Signature, __VA_ARGS__ ) )
+#endif
+
+    #define INTERNAL_CATCH_TEMPLATE_LIST_TEST_CASE_2(TestName, TestFunc, Name, Tags, TmplList)\
+        CATCH_INTERNAL_START_WARNINGS_SUPPRESSION \
+        CATCH_INTERNAL_SUPPRESS_GLOBALS_WARNINGS \
+        CATCH_INTERNAL_SUPPRESS_UNUSED_TEMPLATE_WARNINGS \
+        template<typename TestType> static void TestFunc();       \
+        namespace {\
+        namespace INTERNAL_CATCH_MAKE_NAMESPACE(TestName){\
+        INTERNAL_CATCH_TYPE_GEN\
+        template<typename... Types>                               \
+        struct TestName {                                         \
+            void reg_tests() {                                          \
+                int index = 0;                                    \
+                using expander = int[];                           \
+                (void)expander{(Catch::AutoReg( Catch::makeTestInvoker( &TestFunc<Types> ), CATCH_INTERNAL_LINEINFO, Catch::StringRef(), Catch::NameAndTags{ Name " - " + std::string(INTERNAL_CATCH_STRINGIZE(TmplList)) + " - " + std::to_string(index), Tags } ), index++)... };/* NOLINT */\
+            }                                                     \
+        };\
+        static int INTERNAL_CATCH_UNIQUE_NAME( globalRegistrar ) = [](){ \
+                using TestInit = typename convert<TestName, TmplList>::type; \
+                TestInit t;                                           \
+                t.reg_tests();                                        \
+                return 0;                                             \
+            }();                                                      \
+        }}\
+        CATCH_INTERNAL_STOP_WARNINGS_SUPPRESSION                       \
+        template<typename TestType>                                   \
+        static void TestFunc()
+
+    #define INTERNAL_CATCH_TEMPLATE_LIST_TEST_CASE(Name, Tags, TmplList) \
+        INTERNAL_CATCH_TEMPLATE_LIST_TEST_CASE_2( INTERNAL_CATCH_UNIQUE_NAME( ____C_A_T_C_H____T_E_M_P_L_A_T_E____T_E_S_T____ ), INTERNAL_CATCH_UNIQUE_NAME( ____C_A_T_C_H____T_E_M_P_L_A_T_E____T_E_S_T____F_U_N_C____ ), Name, Tags, TmplList )
+
+    #define INTERNAL_CATCH_TEMPLATE_TEST_CASE_METHOD_2( TestNameClass, TestName, ClassName, Name, Tags, Signature, ... ) \
+        CATCH_INTERNAL_START_WARNINGS_SUPPRESSION \
+        CATCH_INTERNAL_SUPPRESS_GLOBALS_WARNINGS \
+        CATCH_INTERNAL_SUPPRESS_ZERO_VARIADIC_WARNINGS \
+        CATCH_INTERNAL_SUPPRESS_UNUSED_TEMPLATE_WARNINGS \
+        namespace {\
+        namespace INTERNAL_CATCH_MAKE_NAMESPACE(TestName){ \
+            INTERNAL_CATCH_TYPE_GEN\
+            INTERNAL_CATCH_NTTP_GEN(INTERNAL_CATCH_REMOVE_PARENS(Signature))\
+            INTERNAL_CATCH_DECLARE_SIG_TEST_METHOD(TestName, ClassName, INTERNAL_CATCH_REMOVE_PARENS(Signature));\
+            INTERNAL_CATCH_NTTP_REG_METHOD_GEN(TestName, INTERNAL_CATCH_REMOVE_PARENS(Signature))\
+            template<typename...Types> \
+            struct TestNameClass{\
+                TestNameClass(){\
+                    int index = 0;                                    \
+                    constexpr char const* tmpl_types[] = {CATCH_REC_LIST(INTERNAL_CATCH_STRINGIZE_WITHOUT_PARENS, __VA_ARGS__)};\
+                    using expander = int[];\
+                    (void)expander{(reg_test(Types{}, #ClassName, Catch::NameAndTags{ Name " - " + std::string(tmpl_types[index]), Tags } ), index++)... };/* NOLINT */ \
+                }\
+            };\
+            static int INTERNAL_CATCH_UNIQUE_NAME( globalRegistrar ) = [](){\
+                TestNameClass<INTERNAL_CATCH_MAKE_TYPE_LISTS_FROM_TYPES(__VA_ARGS__)>();\
+                return 0;\
+        }();\
+        }\
+        }\
+        CATCH_INTERNAL_STOP_WARNINGS_SUPPRESSION \
+        INTERNAL_CATCH_DEFINE_SIG_TEST_METHOD(TestName, INTERNAL_CATCH_REMOVE_PARENS(Signature))
+
+#ifndef CATCH_CONFIG_TRADITIONAL_MSVC_PREPROCESSOR
+    #define INTERNAL_CATCH_TEMPLATE_TEST_CASE_METHOD( ClassName, Name, Tags,... ) \
+        INTERNAL_CATCH_TEMPLATE_TEST_CASE_METHOD_2( INTERNAL_CATCH_UNIQUE_NAME( ____C_A_T_C_H____T_E_M_P_L_A_T_E____T_E_S_T____C_L_A_S_S____ ), INTERNAL_CATCH_UNIQUE_NAME( ____C_A_T_C_H____T_E_M_P_L_A_T_E____T_E_S_T____ ) , ClassName, Name, Tags, typename T, __VA_ARGS__ )
+#else
+    #define INTERNAL_CATCH_TEMPLATE_TEST_CASE_METHOD( ClassName, Name, Tags,... ) \
+        INTERNAL_CATCH_EXPAND_VARGS( INTERNAL_CATCH_TEMPLATE_TEST_CASE_METHOD_2( INTERNAL_CATCH_UNIQUE_NAME( ____C_A_T_C_H____T_E_M_P_L_A_T_E____T_E_S_T____C_L_A_S_S____ ), INTERNAL_CATCH_UNIQUE_NAME( ____C_A_T_C_H____T_E_M_P_L_A_T_E____T_E_S_T____ ) , ClassName, Name, Tags, typename T, __VA_ARGS__ ) )
+#endif
+
+#ifndef CATCH_CONFIG_TRADITIONAL_MSVC_PREPROCESSOR
+    #define INTERNAL_CATCH_TEMPLATE_TEST_CASE_METHOD_SIG( ClassName, Name, Tags, Signature, ... ) \
+        INTERNAL_CATCH_TEMPLATE_TEST_CASE_METHOD_2( INTERNAL_CATCH_UNIQUE_NAME( ____C_A_T_C_H____T_E_M_P_L_A_T_E____T_E_S_T____C_L_A_S_S____ ), INTERNAL_CATCH_UNIQUE_NAME( ____C_A_T_C_H____T_E_M_P_L_A_T_E____T_E_S_T____ ) , ClassName, Name, Tags, Signature, __VA_ARGS__ )
+#else
+    #define INTERNAL_CATCH_TEMPLATE_TEST_CASE_METHOD_SIG( ClassName, Name, Tags, Signature, ... ) \
+        INTERNAL_CATCH_EXPAND_VARGS( INTERNAL_CATCH_TEMPLATE_TEST_CASE_METHOD_2( INTERNAL_CATCH_UNIQUE_NAME( ____C_A_T_C_H____T_E_M_P_L_A_T_E____T_E_S_T____C_L_A_S_S____ ), INTERNAL_CATCH_UNIQUE_NAME( ____C_A_T_C_H____T_E_M_P_L_A_T_E____T_E_S_T____ ) , ClassName, Name, Tags, Signature, __VA_ARGS__ ) )
+#endif
+
+    #define INTERNAL_CATCH_TEMPLATE_PRODUCT_TEST_CASE_METHOD_2(TestNameClass, TestName, ClassName, Name, Tags, Signature, TmplTypes, TypesList)\
+        CATCH_INTERNAL_START_WARNINGS_SUPPRESSION \
+        CATCH_INTERNAL_SUPPRESS_GLOBALS_WARNINGS \
+        CATCH_INTERNAL_SUPPRESS_ZERO_VARIADIC_WARNINGS \
+        CATCH_INTERNAL_SUPPRESS_UNUSED_TEMPLATE_WARNINGS \
+        template<typename TestType> \
+            struct TestName : INTERNAL_CATCH_REMOVE_PARENS(ClassName <TestType>) { \
+                void test();\
+            };\
+        namespace {\
+        namespace INTERNAL_CATCH_MAKE_NAMESPACE(TestNameClass) {\
+            INTERNAL_CATCH_TYPE_GEN                  \
+            INTERNAL_CATCH_NTTP_GEN(INTERNAL_CATCH_REMOVE_PARENS(Signature))\
+            template<typename...Types>\
+            struct TestNameClass{\
+                void reg_tests(){\
+                    int index = 0;\
+                    using expander = int[];\
+                    constexpr char const* tmpl_types[] = {CATCH_REC_LIST(INTERNAL_CATCH_STRINGIZE_WITHOUT_PARENS, INTERNAL_CATCH_REMOVE_PARENS(TmplTypes))};\
+                    constexpr char const* types_list[] = {CATCH_REC_LIST(INTERNAL_CATCH_STRINGIZE_WITHOUT_PARENS, INTERNAL_CATCH_REMOVE_PARENS(TypesList))};\
+                    constexpr auto num_types = sizeof(types_list) / sizeof(types_list[0]);\
+                    (void)expander{(Catch::AutoReg( Catch::makeTestInvoker( &TestName<Types>::test ), CATCH_INTERNAL_LINEINFO, #ClassName, Catch::NameAndTags{ Name " - " + std::string(tmpl_types[index / num_types]) + "<" + std::string(types_list[index % num_types]) + ">", Tags } ), index++)... };/* NOLINT */ \
+                }\
+            };\
+            static int INTERNAL_CATCH_UNIQUE_NAME( globalRegistrar ) = [](){\
+                using TestInit = typename create<TestNameClass, decltype(get_wrapper<INTERNAL_CATCH_REMOVE_PARENS(TmplTypes)>()), TypeList<INTERNAL_CATCH_MAKE_TYPE_LISTS_FROM_TYPES(INTERNAL_CATCH_REMOVE_PARENS(TypesList))>>::type;\
+                TestInit t;\
+                t.reg_tests();\
+                return 0;\
+            }(); \
+        }\
+        }\
+        CATCH_INTERNAL_STOP_WARNINGS_SUPPRESSION \
+        template<typename TestType> \
+        void TestName<TestType>::test()
+
+#ifndef CATCH_CONFIG_TRADITIONAL_MSVC_PREPROCESSOR
+    #define INTERNAL_CATCH_TEMPLATE_PRODUCT_TEST_CASE_METHOD( ClassName, Name, Tags, ... )\
+        INTERNAL_CATCH_TEMPLATE_PRODUCT_TEST_CASE_METHOD_2( INTERNAL_CATCH_UNIQUE_NAME( ____C_A_T_C_H____T_E_M_P_L_A_T_E____T_E_S_T____ ), INTERNAL_CATCH_UNIQUE_NAME( ____C_A_T_C_H____T_E_M_P_L_A_T_E____T_E_S_T____F_U_N_C____ ), ClassName, Name, Tags, typename T, __VA_ARGS__ )
+#else
+    #define INTERNAL_CATCH_TEMPLATE_PRODUCT_TEST_CASE_METHOD( ClassName, Name, Tags, ... )\
+        INTERNAL_CATCH_EXPAND_VARGS( INTERNAL_CATCH_TEMPLATE_PRODUCT_TEST_CASE_METHOD_2( INTERNAL_CATCH_UNIQUE_NAME( ____C_A_T_C_H____T_E_M_P_L_A_T_E____T_E_S_T____ ), INTERNAL_CATCH_UNIQUE_NAME( ____C_A_T_C_H____T_E_M_P_L_A_T_E____T_E_S_T____F_U_N_C____ ), ClassName, Name, Tags, typename T,__VA_ARGS__ ) )
+#endif
+
+#ifndef CATCH_CONFIG_TRADITIONAL_MSVC_PREPROCESSOR
+    #define INTERNAL_CATCH_TEMPLATE_PRODUCT_TEST_CASE_METHOD_SIG( ClassName, Name, Tags, Signature, ... )\
+        INTERNAL_CATCH_TEMPLATE_PRODUCT_TEST_CASE_METHOD_2( INTERNAL_CATCH_UNIQUE_NAME( ____C_A_T_C_H____T_E_M_P_L_A_T_E____T_E_S_T____ ), INTERNAL_CATCH_UNIQUE_NAME( ____C_A_T_C_H____T_E_M_P_L_A_T_E____T_E_S_T____F_U_N_C____ ), ClassName, Name, Tags, Signature, __VA_ARGS__ )
+#else
+    #define INTERNAL_CATCH_TEMPLATE_PRODUCT_TEST_CASE_METHOD_SIG( ClassName, Name, Tags, Signature, ... )\
+        INTERNAL_CATCH_EXPAND_VARGS( INTERNAL_CATCH_TEMPLATE_PRODUCT_TEST_CASE_METHOD_2( INTERNAL_CATCH_UNIQUE_NAME( ____C_A_T_C_H____T_E_M_P_L_A_T_E____T_E_S_T____ ), INTERNAL_CATCH_UNIQUE_NAME( ____C_A_T_C_H____T_E_M_P_L_A_T_E____T_E_S_T____F_U_N_C____ ), ClassName, Name, Tags, Signature,__VA_ARGS__ ) )
+#endif
+
+    #define INTERNAL_CATCH_TEMPLATE_LIST_TEST_CASE_METHOD_2( TestNameClass, TestName, ClassName, Name, Tags, TmplList) \
+        CATCH_INTERNAL_START_WARNINGS_SUPPRESSION \
+        CATCH_INTERNAL_SUPPRESS_GLOBALS_WARNINGS \
+        CATCH_INTERNAL_SUPPRESS_UNUSED_TEMPLATE_WARNINGS \
+        template<typename TestType> \
+        struct TestName : INTERNAL_CATCH_REMOVE_PARENS(ClassName <TestType>) { \
+            void test();\
+        };\
+        namespace {\
+        namespace INTERNAL_CATCH_MAKE_NAMESPACE(TestName){ \
+            INTERNAL_CATCH_TYPE_GEN\
+            template<typename...Types>\
+            struct TestNameClass{\
+                void reg_tests(){\
+                    int index = 0;\
+                    using expander = int[];\
+                    (void)expander{(Catch::AutoReg( Catch::makeTestInvoker( &TestName<Types>::test ), CATCH_INTERNAL_LINEINFO, #ClassName, Catch::NameAndTags{ Name " - " + std::string(INTERNAL_CATCH_STRINGIZE(TmplList)) + " - " + std::to_string(index), Tags } ), index++)... };/* NOLINT */ \
+                }\
+            };\
+            static int INTERNAL_CATCH_UNIQUE_NAME( globalRegistrar ) = [](){\
+                using TestInit = typename convert<TestNameClass, TmplList>::type;\
+                TestInit t;\
+                t.reg_tests();\
+                return 0;\
+            }(); \
+        }}\
+        CATCH_INTERNAL_STOP_WARNINGS_SUPPRESSION \
+        template<typename TestType> \
+        void TestName<TestType>::test()
+
+#define INTERNAL_CATCH_TEMPLATE_LIST_TEST_CASE_METHOD(ClassName, Name, Tags, TmplList) \
+        INTERNAL_CATCH_TEMPLATE_LIST_TEST_CASE_METHOD_2( INTERNAL_CATCH_UNIQUE_NAME( ____C_A_T_C_H____T_E_M_P_L_A_T_E____T_E_S_T____ ), INTERNAL_CATCH_UNIQUE_NAME( ____C_A_T_C_H____T_E_M_P_L_A_T_E____T_E_S_T____F_U_N_C____ ), ClassName, Name, Tags, TmplList )
+
+// end catch_test_registry.h
+// start catch_capture.hpp
+
+// start catch_assertionhandler.h
+
+// start catch_assertioninfo.h
+
+// start catch_result_type.h
+
+namespace Catch {
+
+    // ResultWas::OfType enum
+    struct ResultWas { enum OfType {
+        Unknown = -1,
+        Ok = 0,
+        Info = 1,
+        Warning = 2,
+
+        FailureBit = 0x10,
+
+        ExpressionFailed = FailureBit | 1,
+        ExplicitFailure = FailureBit | 2,
+
+        Exception = 0x100 | FailureBit,
+
+        ThrewException = Exception | 1,
+        DidntThrowException = Exception | 2,
+
+        FatalErrorCondition = 0x200 | FailureBit
+
+    }; };
+
+    bool isOk( ResultWas::OfType resultType );
+    bool isJustInfo( int flags );
+
+    // ResultDisposition::Flags enum
+    struct ResultDisposition { enum Flags {
+        Normal = 0x01,
+
+        ContinueOnFailure = 0x02,   // Failures fail test, but execution continues
+        FalseTest = 0x04,           // Prefix expression with !
+        SuppressFail = 0x08         // Failures are reported but do not fail the test
+    }; };
+
+    ResultDisposition::Flags operator | ( ResultDisposition::Flags lhs, ResultDisposition::Flags rhs );
+
+    bool shouldContinueOnFailure( int flags );
+    inline bool isFalseTest( int flags ) { return ( flags & ResultDisposition::FalseTest ) != 0; }
+    bool shouldSuppressFailure( int flags );
+
+} // end namespace Catch
+
+// end catch_result_type.h
+namespace Catch {
+
+    struct AssertionInfo
+    {
+        StringRef macroName;
+        SourceLineInfo lineInfo;
+        StringRef capturedExpression;
+        ResultDisposition::Flags resultDisposition;
+
+        // We want to delete this constructor but a compiler bug in 4.8 means
+        // the struct is then treated as non-aggregate
+        //AssertionInfo() = delete;
+    };
+
+} // end namespace Catch
+
+// end catch_assertioninfo.h
+// start catch_decomposer.h
+
+// start catch_tostring.h
+
+#include <vector>
+#include <cstddef>
+#include <type_traits>
+#include <string>
+// start catch_stream.h
+
+#include <iosfwd>
+#include <cstddef>
+#include <ostream>
+
+namespace Catch {
+
+    std::ostream& cout();
+    std::ostream& cerr();
+    std::ostream& clog();
+
+    class StringRef;
+
+    struct IStream {
+        virtual ~IStream();
+        virtual std::ostream& stream() const = 0;
+    };
+
+    auto makeStream( StringRef const &filename ) -> IStream const*;
+
+    class ReusableStringStream : NonCopyable {
+        std::size_t m_index;
+        std::ostream* m_oss;
+    public:
+        ReusableStringStream();
+        ~ReusableStringStream();
+
+        auto str() const -> std::string;
+
+        template<typename T>
+        auto operator << ( T const& value ) -> ReusableStringStream& {
+            *m_oss << value;
+            return *this;
+        }
+        auto get() -> std::ostream& { return *m_oss; }
+    };
+}
+
+// end catch_stream.h
+// start catch_interfaces_enum_values_registry.h
+
+#include <vector>
+
+namespace Catch {
+
+    namespace Detail {
+        struct EnumInfo {
+            StringRef m_name;
+            std::vector<std::pair<int, StringRef>> m_values;
+
+            ~EnumInfo();
+
+            StringRef lookup( int value ) const;
+        };
+    } // namespace Detail
+
+    struct IMutableEnumValuesRegistry {
+        virtual ~IMutableEnumValuesRegistry();
+
+        virtual Detail::EnumInfo const& registerEnum( StringRef enumName, StringRef allEnums, std::vector<int> const& values ) = 0;
+
+        template<typename E>
+        Detail::EnumInfo const& registerEnum( StringRef enumName, StringRef allEnums, std::initializer_list<E> values ) {
+            static_assert(sizeof(int) >= sizeof(E), "Cannot serialize enum to int");
+            std::vector<int> intValues;
+            intValues.reserve( values.size() );
+            for( auto enumValue : values )
+                intValues.push_back( static_cast<int>( enumValue ) );
+            return registerEnum( enumName, allEnums, intValues );
+        }
+    };
+
+} // Catch
+
+// end catch_interfaces_enum_values_registry.h
+
+#ifdef CATCH_CONFIG_CPP17_STRING_VIEW
+#include <string_view>
+#endif
+
+#ifdef __OBJC__
+// start catch_objc_arc.hpp
+
+#import <Foundation/Foundation.h>
+
+#ifdef __has_feature
+#define CATCH_ARC_ENABLED __has_feature(objc_arc)
+#else
+#define CATCH_ARC_ENABLED 0
+#endif
+
+void arcSafeRelease( NSObject* obj );
+id performOptionalSelector( id obj, SEL sel );
+
+#if !CATCH_ARC_ENABLED
+inline void arcSafeRelease( NSObject* obj ) {
+    [obj release];
+}
+inline id performOptionalSelector( id obj, SEL sel ) {
+    if( [obj respondsToSelector: sel] )
+        return [obj performSelector: sel];
+    return nil;
+}
+#define CATCH_UNSAFE_UNRETAINED
+#define CATCH_ARC_STRONG
+#else
+inline void arcSafeRelease( NSObject* ){}
+inline id performOptionalSelector( id obj, SEL sel ) {
+#ifdef __clang__
+#pragma clang diagnostic push
+#pragma clang diagnostic ignored "-Warc-performSelector-leaks"
+#endif
+    if( [obj respondsToSelector: sel] )
+        return [obj performSelector: sel];
+#ifdef __clang__
+#pragma clang diagnostic pop
+#endif
+    return nil;
+}
+#define CATCH_UNSAFE_UNRETAINED __unsafe_unretained
+#define CATCH_ARC_STRONG __strong
+#endif
+
+// end catch_objc_arc.hpp
+#endif
+
+#ifdef _MSC_VER
+#pragma warning(push)
+#pragma warning(disable:4180) // We attempt to stream a function (address) by const&, which MSVC complains about but is harmless
+#endif
+
+namespace Catch {
+    namespace Detail {
+
+        extern const std::string unprintableString;
+
+        std::string rawMemoryToString( const void *object, std::size_t size );
+
+        template<typename T>
+        std::string rawMemoryToString( const T& object ) {
+          return rawMemoryToString( &object, sizeof(object) );
+        }
+
+        template<typename T>
+        class IsStreamInsertable {
+            template<typename Stream, typename U>
+            static auto test(int)
+                -> decltype(std::declval<Stream&>() << std::declval<U>(), std::true_type());
+
+            template<typename, typename>
+            static auto test(...)->std::false_type;
+
+        public:
+            static const bool value = decltype(test<std::ostream, const T&>(0))::value;
+        };
+
+        template<typename E>
+        std::string convertUnknownEnumToString( E e );
+
+        template<typename T>
+        typename std::enable_if<
+            !std::is_enum<T>::value && !std::is_base_of<std::exception, T>::value,
+        std::string>::type convertUnstreamable( T const& ) {
+            return Detail::unprintableString;
+        }
+        template<typename T>
+        typename std::enable_if<
+            !std::is_enum<T>::value && std::is_base_of<std::exception, T>::value,
+         std::string>::type convertUnstreamable(T const& ex) {
+            return ex.what();
+        }
+
+        template<typename T>
+        typename std::enable_if<
+            std::is_enum<T>::value
+        , std::string>::type convertUnstreamable( T const& value ) {
+            return convertUnknownEnumToString( value );
+        }
+
+#if defined(_MANAGED)
+        //! Convert a CLR string to a utf8 std::string
+        template<typename T>
+        std::string clrReferenceToString( T^ ref ) {
+            if (ref == nullptr)
+                return std::string("null");
+            auto bytes = System::Text::Encoding::UTF8->GetBytes(ref->ToString());
+            cli::pin_ptr<System::Byte> p = &bytes[0];
+            return std::string(reinterpret_cast<char const *>(p), bytes->Length);
+        }
+#endif
+
+    } // namespace Detail
+
+    // If we decide for C++14, change these to enable_if_ts
+    template <typename T, typename = void>
+    struct StringMaker {
+        template <typename Fake = T>
+        static
+        typename std::enable_if<::Catch::Detail::IsStreamInsertable<Fake>::value, std::string>::type
+            convert(const Fake& value) {
+                ReusableStringStream rss;
+                // NB: call using the function-like syntax to avoid ambiguity with
+                // user-defined templated operator<< under clang.
+                rss.operator<<(value);
+                return rss.str();
+        }
+
+        template <typename Fake = T>
+        static
+        typename std::enable_if<!::Catch::Detail::IsStreamInsertable<Fake>::value, std::string>::type
+            convert( const Fake& value ) {
+#if !defined(CATCH_CONFIG_FALLBACK_STRINGIFIER)
+            return Detail::convertUnstreamable(value);
+#else
+            return CATCH_CONFIG_FALLBACK_STRINGIFIER(value);
+#endif
+        }
+    };
+
+    namespace Detail {
+
+        // This function dispatches all stringification requests inside of Catch.
+        // Should be preferably called fully qualified, like ::Catch::Detail::stringify
+        template <typename T>
+        std::string stringify(const T& e) {
+            return ::Catch::StringMaker<typename std::remove_cv<typename std::remove_reference<T>::type>::type>::convert(e);
+        }
+
+        template<typename E>
+        std::string convertUnknownEnumToString( E e ) {
+            return ::Catch::Detail::stringify(static_cast<typename std::underlying_type<E>::type>(e));
+        }
+
+#if defined(_MANAGED)
+        template <typename T>
+        std::string stringify( T^ e ) {
+            return ::Catch::StringMaker<T^>::convert(e);
+        }
+#endif
+
+    } // namespace Detail
+
+    // Some predefined specializations
+
+    template<>
+    struct StringMaker<std::string> {
+        static std::string convert(const std::string& str);
+    };
+
+#ifdef CATCH_CONFIG_CPP17_STRING_VIEW
+    template<>
+    struct StringMaker<std::string_view> {
+        static std::string convert(std::string_view str);
+    };
+#endif
+
+    template<>
+    struct StringMaker<char const *> {
+        static std::string convert(char const * str);
+    };
+    template<>
+    struct StringMaker<char *> {
+        static std::string convert(char * str);
+    };
+
+#ifdef CATCH_CONFIG_WCHAR
+    template<>
+    struct StringMaker<std::wstring> {
+        static std::string convert(const std::wstring& wstr);
+    };
+
+# ifdef CATCH_CONFIG_CPP17_STRING_VIEW
+    template<>
+    struct StringMaker<std::wstring_view> {
+        static std::string convert(std::wstring_view str);
+    };
+# endif
+
+    template<>
+    struct StringMaker<wchar_t const *> {
+        static std::string convert(wchar_t const * str);
+    };
+    template<>
+    struct StringMaker<wchar_t *> {
+        static std::string convert(wchar_t * str);
+    };
+#endif
+
+    // TBD: Should we use `strnlen` to ensure that we don't go out of the buffer,
+    //      while keeping string semantics?
+    template<int SZ>
+    struct StringMaker<char[SZ]> {
+        static std::string convert(char const* str) {
+            return ::Catch::Detail::stringify(std::string{ str });
+        }
+    };
+    template<int SZ>
+    struct StringMaker<signed char[SZ]> {
+        static std::string convert(signed char const* str) {
+            return ::Catch::Detail::stringify(std::string{ reinterpret_cast<char const *>(str) });
+        }
+    };
+    template<int SZ>
+    struct StringMaker<unsigned char[SZ]> {
+        static std::string convert(unsigned char const* str) {
+            return ::Catch::Detail::stringify(std::string{ reinterpret_cast<char const *>(str) });
+        }
+    };
+
+#if defined(CATCH_CONFIG_CPP17_BYTE)
+    template<>
+    struct StringMaker<std::byte> {
+        static std::string convert(std::byte value);
+    };
+#endif // defined(CATCH_CONFIG_CPP17_BYTE)
+    template<>
+    struct StringMaker<int> {
+        static std::string convert(int value);
+    };
+    template<>
+    struct StringMaker<long> {
+        static std::string convert(long value);
+    };
+    template<>
+    struct StringMaker<long long> {
+        static std::string convert(long long value);
+    };
+    template<>
+    struct StringMaker<unsigned int> {
+        static std::string convert(unsigned int value);
+    };
+    template<>
+    struct StringMaker<unsigned long> {
+        static std::string convert(unsigned long value);
+    };
+    template<>
+    struct StringMaker<unsigned long long> {
+        static std::string convert(unsigned long long value);
+    };
+
+    template<>
+    struct StringMaker<bool> {
+        static std::string convert(bool b);
+    };
+
+    template<>
+    struct StringMaker<char> {
+        static std::string convert(char c);
+    };
+    template<>
+    struct StringMaker<signed char> {
+        static std::string convert(signed char c);
+    };
+    template<>
+    struct StringMaker<unsigned char> {
+        static std::string convert(unsigned char c);
+    };
+
+    template<>
+    struct StringMaker<std::nullptr_t> {
+        static std::string convert(std::nullptr_t);
+    };
+
+    template<>
+    struct StringMaker<float> {
+        static std::string convert(float value);
+        static int precision;
+    };
+
+    template<>
+    struct StringMaker<double> {
+        static std::string convert(double value);
+        static int precision;
+    };
+
+    template <typename T>
+    struct StringMaker<T*> {
+        template <typename U>
+        static std::string convert(U* p) {
+            if (p) {
+                return ::Catch::Detail::rawMemoryToString(p);
+            } else {
+                return "nullptr";
+            }
+        }
+    };
+
+    template <typename R, typename C>
+    struct StringMaker<R C::*> {
+        static std::string convert(R C::* p) {
+            if (p) {
+                return ::Catch::Detail::rawMemoryToString(p);
+            } else {
+                return "nullptr";
+            }
+        }
+    };
+
+#if defined(_MANAGED)
+    template <typename T>
+    struct StringMaker<T^> {
+        static std::string convert( T^ ref ) {
+            return ::Catch::Detail::clrReferenceToString(ref);
+        }
+    };
+#endif
+
+    namespace Detail {
+        template<typename InputIterator, typename Sentinel = InputIterator>
+        std::string rangeToString(InputIterator first, Sentinel last) {
+            ReusableStringStream rss;
+            rss << "{ ";
+            if (first != last) {
+                rss << ::Catch::Detail::stringify(*first);
+                for (++first; first != last; ++first)
+                    rss << ", " << ::Catch::Detail::stringify(*first);
+            }
+            rss << " }";
+            return rss.str();
+        }
+    }
+
+#ifdef __OBJC__
+    template<>
+    struct StringMaker<NSString*> {
+        static std::string convert(NSString * nsstring) {
+            if (!nsstring)
+                return "nil";
+            return std::string("@") + [nsstring UTF8String];
+        }
+    };
+    template<>
+    struct StringMaker<NSObject*> {
+        static std::string convert(NSObject* nsObject) {
+            return ::Catch::Detail::stringify([nsObject description]);
+        }
+
+    };
+    namespace Detail {
+        inline std::string stringify( NSString* nsstring ) {
+            return StringMaker<NSString*>::convert( nsstring );
+        }
+
+    } // namespace Detail
+#endif // __OBJC__
+
+} // namespace Catch
+
+//////////////////////////////////////////////////////
+// Separate std-lib types stringification, so it can be selectively enabled
+// This means that we do not bring in
+
+#if defined(CATCH_CONFIG_ENABLE_ALL_STRINGMAKERS)
+#  define CATCH_CONFIG_ENABLE_PAIR_STRINGMAKER
+#  define CATCH_CONFIG_ENABLE_TUPLE_STRINGMAKER
+#  define CATCH_CONFIG_ENABLE_VARIANT_STRINGMAKER
+#  define CATCH_CONFIG_ENABLE_CHRONO_STRINGMAKER
+#  define CATCH_CONFIG_ENABLE_OPTIONAL_STRINGMAKER
+#endif
+
+// Separate std::pair specialization
+#if defined(CATCH_CONFIG_ENABLE_PAIR_STRINGMAKER)
+#include <utility>
+namespace Catch {
+    template<typename T1, typename T2>
+    struct StringMaker<std::pair<T1, T2> > {
+        static std::string convert(const std::pair<T1, T2>& pair) {
+            ReusableStringStream rss;
+            rss << "{ "
+                << ::Catch::Detail::stringify(pair.first)
+                << ", "
+                << ::Catch::Detail::stringify(pair.second)
+                << " }";
+            return rss.str();
+        }
+    };
+}
+#endif // CATCH_CONFIG_ENABLE_PAIR_STRINGMAKER
+
+#if defined(CATCH_CONFIG_ENABLE_OPTIONAL_STRINGMAKER) && defined(CATCH_CONFIG_CPP17_OPTIONAL)
+#include <optional>
+namespace Catch {
+    template<typename T>
+    struct StringMaker<std::optional<T> > {
+        static std::string convert(const std::optional<T>& optional) {
+            ReusableStringStream rss;
+            if (optional.has_value()) {
+                rss << ::Catch::Detail::stringify(*optional);
+            } else {
+                rss << "{ }";
+            }
+            return rss.str();
+        }
+    };
+}
+#endif // CATCH_CONFIG_ENABLE_OPTIONAL_STRINGMAKER
+
+// Separate std::tuple specialization
+#if defined(CATCH_CONFIG_ENABLE_TUPLE_STRINGMAKER)
+#include <tuple>
+namespace Catch {
+    namespace Detail {
+        template<
+            typename Tuple,
+            std::size_t N = 0,
+            bool = (N < std::tuple_size<Tuple>::value)
+            >
+            struct TupleElementPrinter {
+            static void print(const Tuple& tuple, std::ostream& os) {
+                os << (N ? ", " : " ")
+                    << ::Catch::Detail::stringify(std::get<N>(tuple));
+                TupleElementPrinter<Tuple, N + 1>::print(tuple, os);
+            }
+        };
+
+        template<
+            typename Tuple,
+            std::size_t N
+        >
+            struct TupleElementPrinter<Tuple, N, false> {
+            static void print(const Tuple&, std::ostream&) {}
+        };
+
+    }
+
+    template<typename ...Types>
+    struct StringMaker<std::tuple<Types...>> {
+        static std::string convert(const std::tuple<Types...>& tuple) {
+            ReusableStringStream rss;
+            rss << '{';
+            Detail::TupleElementPrinter<std::tuple<Types...>>::print(tuple, rss.get());
+            rss << " }";
+            return rss.str();
+        }
+    };
+}
+#endif // CATCH_CONFIG_ENABLE_TUPLE_STRINGMAKER
+
+#if defined(CATCH_CONFIG_ENABLE_VARIANT_STRINGMAKER) && defined(CATCH_CONFIG_CPP17_VARIANT)
+#include <variant>
+namespace Catch {
+    template<>
+    struct StringMaker<std::monostate> {
+        static std::string convert(const std::monostate&) {
+            return "{ }";
+        }
+    };
+
+    template<typename... Elements>
+    struct StringMaker<std::variant<Elements...>> {
+        static std::string convert(const std::variant<Elements...>& variant) {
+            if (variant.valueless_by_exception()) {
+                return "{valueless variant}";
+            } else {
+                return std::visit(
+                    [](const auto& value) {
+                        return ::Catch::Detail::stringify(value);
+                    },
+                    variant
+                );
+            }
+        }
+    };
+}
+#endif // CATCH_CONFIG_ENABLE_VARIANT_STRINGMAKER
+
+namespace Catch {
+    // Import begin/ end from std here
+    using std::begin;
+    using std::end;
+
+    namespace detail {
+        template <typename...>
+        struct void_type {
+            using type = void;
+        };
+
+        template <typename T, typename = void>
+        struct is_range_impl : std::false_type {
+        };
+
+        template <typename T>
+        struct is_range_impl<T, typename void_type<decltype(begin(std::declval<T>()))>::type> : std::true_type {
+        };
+    } // namespace detail
+
+    template <typename T>
+    struct is_range : detail::is_range_impl<T> {
+    };
+
+#if defined(_MANAGED) // Managed types are never ranges
+    template <typename T>
+    struct is_range<T^> {
+        static const bool value = false;
+    };
+#endif
+
+    template<typename Range>
+    std::string rangeToString( Range const& range ) {
+        return ::Catch::Detail::rangeToString( begin( range ), end( range ) );
+    }
+
+    // Handle vector<bool> specially
+    template<typename Allocator>
+    std::string rangeToString( std::vector<bool, Allocator> const& v ) {
+        ReusableStringStream rss;
+        rss << "{ ";
+        bool first = true;
+        for( bool b : v ) {
+            if( first )
+                first = false;
+            else
+                rss << ", ";
+            rss << ::Catch::Detail::stringify( b );
+        }
+        rss << " }";
+        return rss.str();
+    }
+
+    template<typename R>
+    struct StringMaker<R, typename std::enable_if<is_range<R>::value && !::Catch::Detail::IsStreamInsertable<R>::value>::type> {
+        static std::string convert( R const& range ) {
+            return rangeToString( range );
+        }
+    };
+
+    template <typename T, int SZ>
+    struct StringMaker<T[SZ]> {
+        static std::string convert(T const(&arr)[SZ]) {
+            return rangeToString(arr);
+        }
+    };
+
+} // namespace Catch
+
+// Separate std::chrono::duration specialization
+#if defined(CATCH_CONFIG_ENABLE_CHRONO_STRINGMAKER)
+#include <ctime>
+#include <ratio>
+#include <chrono>
+
+namespace Catch {
+
+template <class Ratio>
+struct ratio_string {
+    static std::string symbol();
+};
+
+template <class Ratio>
+std::string ratio_string<Ratio>::symbol() {
+    Catch::ReusableStringStream rss;
+    rss << '[' << Ratio::num << '/'
+        << Ratio::den << ']';
+    return rss.str();
+}
+template <>
+struct ratio_string<std::atto> {
+    static std::string symbol();
+};
+template <>
+struct ratio_string<std::femto> {
+    static std::string symbol();
+};
+template <>
+struct ratio_string<std::pico> {
+    static std::string symbol();
+};
+template <>
+struct ratio_string<std::nano> {
+    static std::string symbol();
+};
+template <>
+struct ratio_string<std::micro> {
+    static std::string symbol();
+};
+template <>
+struct ratio_string<std::milli> {
+    static std::string symbol();
+};
+
+    ////////////
+    // std::chrono::duration specializations
+    template<typename Value, typename Ratio>
+    struct StringMaker<std::chrono::duration<Value, Ratio>> {
+        static std::string convert(std::chrono::duration<Value, Ratio> const& duration) {
+            ReusableStringStream rss;
+            rss << duration.count() << ' ' << ratio_string<Ratio>::symbol() << 's';
+            return rss.str();
+        }
+    };
+    template<typename Value>
+    struct StringMaker<std::chrono::duration<Value, std::ratio<1>>> {
+        static std::string convert(std::chrono::duration<Value, std::ratio<1>> const& duration) {
+            ReusableStringStream rss;
+            rss << duration.count() << " s";
+            return rss.str();
+        }
+    };
+    template<typename Value>
+    struct StringMaker<std::chrono::duration<Value, std::ratio<60>>> {
+        static std::string convert(std::chrono::duration<Value, std::ratio<60>> const& duration) {
+            ReusableStringStream rss;
+            rss << duration.count() << " m";
+            return rss.str();
+        }
+    };
+    template<typename Value>
+    struct StringMaker<std::chrono::duration<Value, std::ratio<3600>>> {
+        static std::string convert(std::chrono::duration<Value, std::ratio<3600>> const& duration) {
+            ReusableStringStream rss;
+            rss << duration.count() << " h";
+            return rss.str();
+        }
+    };
+
+    ////////////
+    // std::chrono::time_point specialization
+    // Generic time_point cannot be specialized, only std::chrono::time_point<system_clock>
+    template<typename Clock, typename Duration>
+    struct StringMaker<std::chrono::time_point<Clock, Duration>> {
+        static std::string convert(std::chrono::time_point<Clock, Duration> const& time_point) {
+            return ::Catch::Detail::stringify(time_point.time_since_epoch()) + " since epoch";
+        }
+    };
+    // std::chrono::time_point<system_clock> specialization
+    template<typename Duration>
+    struct StringMaker<std::chrono::time_point<std::chrono::system_clock, Duration>> {
+        static std::string convert(std::chrono::time_point<std::chrono::system_clock, Duration> const& time_point) {
+            auto converted = std::chrono::system_clock::to_time_t(time_point);
+
+#ifdef _MSC_VER
+            std::tm timeInfo = {};
+            gmtime_s(&timeInfo, &converted);
+#else
+            std::tm* timeInfo = std::gmtime(&converted);
+#endif
+
+            auto const timeStampSize = sizeof("2017-01-16T17:06:45Z");
+            char timeStamp[timeStampSize];
+            const char * const fmt = "%Y-%m-%dT%H:%M:%SZ";
+
+#ifdef _MSC_VER
+            std::strftime(timeStamp, timeStampSize, fmt, &timeInfo);
+#else
+            std::strftime(timeStamp, timeStampSize, fmt, timeInfo);
+#endif
+            return std::string(timeStamp);
+        }
+    };
+}
+#endif // CATCH_CONFIG_ENABLE_CHRONO_STRINGMAKER
+
+#define INTERNAL_CATCH_REGISTER_ENUM( enumName, ... ) \
+namespace Catch { \
+    template<> struct StringMaker<enumName> { \
+        static std::string convert( enumName value ) { \
+            static const auto& enumInfo = ::Catch::getMutableRegistryHub().getMutableEnumValuesRegistry().registerEnum( #enumName, #__VA_ARGS__, { __VA_ARGS__ } ); \
+            return static_cast<std::string>(enumInfo.lookup( static_cast<int>( value ) )); \
+        } \
+    }; \
+}
+
+#define CATCH_REGISTER_ENUM( enumName, ... ) INTERNAL_CATCH_REGISTER_ENUM( enumName, __VA_ARGS__ )
+
+#ifdef _MSC_VER
+#pragma warning(pop)
+#endif
+
+// end catch_tostring.h
+#include <iosfwd>
+
+#ifdef _MSC_VER
+#pragma warning(push)
+#pragma warning(disable:4389) // '==' : signed/unsigned mismatch
+#pragma warning(disable:4018) // more "signed/unsigned mismatch"
+#pragma warning(disable:4312) // Converting int to T* using reinterpret_cast (issue on x64 platform)
+#pragma warning(disable:4180) // qualifier applied to function type has no meaning
+#pragma warning(disable:4800) // Forcing result to true or false
+#endif
+
+namespace Catch {
+
+    struct ITransientExpression {
+        auto isBinaryExpression() const -> bool { return m_isBinaryExpression; }
+        auto getResult() const -> bool { return m_result; }
+        virtual void streamReconstructedExpression( std::ostream &os ) const = 0;
+
+        ITransientExpression( bool isBinaryExpression, bool result )
+        :   m_isBinaryExpression( isBinaryExpression ),
+            m_result( result )
+        {}
+
+        // We don't actually need a virtual destructor, but many static analysers
+        // complain if it's not here :-(
+        virtual ~ITransientExpression();
+
+        bool m_isBinaryExpression;
+        bool m_result;
+
+    };
+
+    void formatReconstructedExpression( std::ostream &os, std::string const& lhs, StringRef op, std::string const& rhs );
+
+    template<typename LhsT, typename RhsT>
+    class BinaryExpr  : public ITransientExpression {
+        LhsT m_lhs;
+        StringRef m_op;
+        RhsT m_rhs;
+
+        void streamReconstructedExpression( std::ostream &os ) const override {
+            formatReconstructedExpression
+                    ( os, Catch::Detail::stringify( m_lhs ), m_op, Catch::Detail::stringify( m_rhs ) );
+        }
+
+    public:
+        BinaryExpr( bool comparisonResult, LhsT lhs, StringRef op, RhsT rhs )
+        :   ITransientExpression{ true, comparisonResult },
+            m_lhs( lhs ),
+            m_op( op ),
+            m_rhs( rhs )
+        {}
+
+        template<typename T>
+        auto operator && ( T ) const -> BinaryExpr<LhsT, RhsT const&> const {
+            static_assert(always_false<T>::value,
+            "chained comparisons are not supported inside assertions, "
+            "wrap the expression inside parentheses, or decompose it");
+        }
+
+        template<typename T>
+        auto operator || ( T ) const -> BinaryExpr<LhsT, RhsT const&> const {
+            static_assert(always_false<T>::value,
+            "chained comparisons are not supported inside assertions, "
+            "wrap the expression inside parentheses, or decompose it");
+        }
+
+        template<typename T>
+        auto operator == ( T ) const -> BinaryExpr<LhsT, RhsT const&> const {
+            static_assert(always_false<T>::value,
+            "chained comparisons are not supported inside assertions, "
+            "wrap the expression inside parentheses, or decompose it");
+        }
+
+        template<typename T>
+        auto operator != ( T ) const -> BinaryExpr<LhsT, RhsT const&> const {
+            static_assert(always_false<T>::value,
+            "chained comparisons are not supported inside assertions, "
+            "wrap the expression inside parentheses, or decompose it");
+        }
+
+        template<typename T>
+        auto operator > ( T ) const -> BinaryExpr<LhsT, RhsT const&> const {
+            static_assert(always_false<T>::value,
+            "chained comparisons are not supported inside assertions, "
+            "wrap the expression inside parentheses, or decompose it");
+        }
+
+        template<typename T>
+        auto operator < ( T ) const -> BinaryExpr<LhsT, RhsT const&> const {
+            static_assert(always_false<T>::value,
+            "chained comparisons are not supported inside assertions, "
+            "wrap the expression inside parentheses, or decompose it");
+        }
+
+        template<typename T>
+        auto operator >= ( T ) const -> BinaryExpr<LhsT, RhsT const&> const {
+            static_assert(always_false<T>::value,
+            "chained comparisons are not supported inside assertions, "
+            "wrap the expression inside parentheses, or decompose it");
+        }
+
+        template<typename T>
+        auto operator <= ( T ) const -> BinaryExpr<LhsT, RhsT const&> const {
+            static_assert(always_false<T>::value,
+            "chained comparisons are not supported inside assertions, "
+            "wrap the expression inside parentheses, or decompose it");
+        }
+    };
+
+    template<typename LhsT>
+    class UnaryExpr : public ITransientExpression {
+        LhsT m_lhs;
+
+        void streamReconstructedExpression( std::ostream &os ) const override {
+            os << Catch::Detail::stringify( m_lhs );
+        }
+
+    public:
+        explicit UnaryExpr( LhsT lhs )
+        :   ITransientExpression{ false, static_cast<bool>(lhs) },
+            m_lhs( lhs )
+        {}
+    };
+
+    // Specialised comparison functions to handle equality comparisons between ints and pointers (NULL deduces as an int)
+    template<typename LhsT, typename RhsT>
+    auto compareEqual( LhsT const& lhs, RhsT const& rhs ) -> bool { return static_cast<bool>(lhs == rhs); }
+    template<typename T>
+    auto compareEqual( T* const& lhs, int rhs ) -> bool { return lhs == reinterpret_cast<void const*>( rhs ); }
+    template<typename T>
+    auto compareEqual( T* const& lhs, long rhs ) -> bool { return lhs == reinterpret_cast<void const*>( rhs ); }
+    template<typename T>
+    auto compareEqual( int lhs, T* const& rhs ) -> bool { return reinterpret_cast<void const*>( lhs ) == rhs; }
+    template<typename T>
+    auto compareEqual( long lhs, T* const& rhs ) -> bool { return reinterpret_cast<void const*>( lhs ) == rhs; }
+
+    template<typename LhsT, typename RhsT>
+    auto compareNotEqual( LhsT const& lhs, RhsT&& rhs ) -> bool { return static_cast<bool>(lhs != rhs); }
+    template<typename T>
+    auto compareNotEqual( T* const& lhs, int rhs ) -> bool { return lhs != reinterpret_cast<void const*>( rhs ); }
+    template<typename T>
+    auto compareNotEqual( T* const& lhs, long rhs ) -> bool { return lhs != reinterpret_cast<void const*>( rhs ); }
+    template<typename T>
+    auto compareNotEqual( int lhs, T* const& rhs ) -> bool { return reinterpret_cast<void const*>( lhs ) != rhs; }
+    template<typename T>
+    auto compareNotEqual( long lhs, T* const& rhs ) -> bool { return reinterpret_cast<void const*>( lhs ) != rhs; }
+
+    template<typename LhsT>
+    class ExprLhs {
+        LhsT m_lhs;
+    public:
+        explicit ExprLhs( LhsT lhs ) : m_lhs( lhs ) {}
+
+        template<typename RhsT>
+        auto operator == ( RhsT const& rhs ) -> BinaryExpr<LhsT, RhsT const&> const {
+            return { compareEqual( m_lhs, rhs ), m_lhs, "==", rhs };
+        }
+        auto operator == ( bool rhs ) -> BinaryExpr<LhsT, bool> const {
+            return { m_lhs == rhs, m_lhs, "==", rhs };
+        }
+
+        template<typename RhsT>
+        auto operator != ( RhsT const& rhs ) -> BinaryExpr<LhsT, RhsT const&> const {
+            return { compareNotEqual( m_lhs, rhs ), m_lhs, "!=", rhs };
+        }
+        auto operator != ( bool rhs ) -> BinaryExpr<LhsT, bool> const {
+            return { m_lhs != rhs, m_lhs, "!=", rhs };
+        }
+
+        template<typename RhsT>
+        auto operator > ( RhsT const& rhs ) -> BinaryExpr<LhsT, RhsT const&> const {
+            return { static_cast<bool>(m_lhs > rhs), m_lhs, ">", rhs };
+        }
+        template<typename RhsT>
+        auto operator < ( RhsT const& rhs ) -> BinaryExpr<LhsT, RhsT const&> const {
+            return { static_cast<bool>(m_lhs < rhs), m_lhs, "<", rhs };
+        }
+        template<typename RhsT>
+        auto operator >= ( RhsT const& rhs ) -> BinaryExpr<LhsT, RhsT const&> const {
+            return { static_cast<bool>(m_lhs >= rhs), m_lhs, ">=", rhs };
+        }
+        template<typename RhsT>
+        auto operator <= ( RhsT const& rhs ) -> BinaryExpr<LhsT, RhsT const&> const {
+            return { static_cast<bool>(m_lhs <= rhs), m_lhs, "<=", rhs };
+        }
+        template <typename RhsT>
+        auto operator | (RhsT const& rhs) -> BinaryExpr<LhsT, RhsT const&> const {
+            return { static_cast<bool>(m_lhs | rhs), m_lhs, "|", rhs };
+        }
+        template <typename RhsT>
+        auto operator & (RhsT const& rhs) -> BinaryExpr<LhsT, RhsT const&> const {
+            return { static_cast<bool>(m_lhs & rhs), m_lhs, "&", rhs };
+        }
+        template <typename RhsT>
+        auto operator ^ (RhsT const& rhs) -> BinaryExpr<LhsT, RhsT const&> const {
+            return { static_cast<bool>(m_lhs ^ rhs), m_lhs, "^", rhs };
+        }
+
+        template<typename RhsT>
+        auto operator && ( RhsT const& ) -> BinaryExpr<LhsT, RhsT const&> const {
+            static_assert(always_false<RhsT>::value,
+            "operator&& is not supported inside assertions, "
+            "wrap the expression inside parentheses, or decompose it");
+        }
+
+        template<typename RhsT>
+        auto operator || ( RhsT const& ) -> BinaryExpr<LhsT, RhsT const&> const {
+            static_assert(always_false<RhsT>::value,
+            "operator|| is not supported inside assertions, "
+            "wrap the expression inside parentheses, or decompose it");
+        }
+
+        auto makeUnaryExpr() const -> UnaryExpr<LhsT> {
+            return UnaryExpr<LhsT>{ m_lhs };
+        }
+    };
+
+    void handleExpression( ITransientExpression const& expr );
+
+    template<typename T>
+    void handleExpression( ExprLhs<T> const& expr ) {
+        handleExpression( expr.makeUnaryExpr() );
+    }
+
+    struct Decomposer {
+        template<typename T>
+        auto operator <= ( T const& lhs ) -> ExprLhs<T const&> {
+            return ExprLhs<T const&>{ lhs };
+        }
+
+        auto operator <=( bool value ) -> ExprLhs<bool> {
+            return ExprLhs<bool>{ value };
+        }
+    };
+
+} // end namespace Catch
+
+#ifdef _MSC_VER
+#pragma warning(pop)
+#endif
+
+// end catch_decomposer.h
+// start catch_interfaces_capture.h
+
+#include <string>
+#include <chrono>
+
+namespace Catch {
+
+    class AssertionResult;
+    struct AssertionInfo;
+    struct SectionInfo;
+    struct SectionEndInfo;
+    struct MessageInfo;
+    struct MessageBuilder;
+    struct Counts;
+    struct AssertionReaction;
+    struct SourceLineInfo;
+
+    struct ITransientExpression;
+    struct IGeneratorTracker;
+
+#if defined(CATCH_CONFIG_ENABLE_BENCHMARKING)
+    struct BenchmarkInfo;
+    template <typename Duration = std::chrono::duration<double, std::nano>>
+    struct BenchmarkStats;
+#endif // CATCH_CONFIG_ENABLE_BENCHMARKING
+
+    struct IResultCapture {
+
+        virtual ~IResultCapture();
+
+        virtual bool sectionStarted(    SectionInfo const& sectionInfo,
+                                        Counts& assertions ) = 0;
+        virtual void sectionEnded( SectionEndInfo const& endInfo ) = 0;
+        virtual void sectionEndedEarly( SectionEndInfo const& endInfo ) = 0;
+
+        virtual auto acquireGeneratorTracker( StringRef generatorName, SourceLineInfo const& lineInfo ) -> IGeneratorTracker& = 0;
+
+#if defined(CATCH_CONFIG_ENABLE_BENCHMARKING)
+        virtual void benchmarkPreparing( std::string const& name ) = 0;
+        virtual void benchmarkStarting( BenchmarkInfo const& info ) = 0;
+        virtual void benchmarkEnded( BenchmarkStats<> const& stats ) = 0;
+        virtual void benchmarkFailed( std::string const& error ) = 0;
+#endif // CATCH_CONFIG_ENABLE_BENCHMARKING
+
+        virtual void pushScopedMessage( MessageInfo const& message ) = 0;
+        virtual void popScopedMessage( MessageInfo const& message ) = 0;
+
+        virtual void emplaceUnscopedMessage( MessageBuilder const& builder ) = 0;
+
+        virtual void handleFatalErrorCondition( StringRef message ) = 0;
+
+        virtual void handleExpr
+                (   AssertionInfo const& info,
+                    ITransientExpression const& expr,
+                    AssertionReaction& reaction ) = 0;
+        virtual void handleMessage
+                (   AssertionInfo const& info,
+                    ResultWas::OfType resultType,
+                    StringRef const& message,
+                    AssertionReaction& reaction ) = 0;
+        virtual void handleUnexpectedExceptionNotThrown
+                (   AssertionInfo const& info,
+                    AssertionReaction& reaction ) = 0;
+        virtual void handleUnexpectedInflightException
+                (   AssertionInfo const& info,
+                    std::string const& message,
+                    AssertionReaction& reaction ) = 0;
+        virtual void handleIncomplete
+                (   AssertionInfo const& info ) = 0;
+        virtual void handleNonExpr
+                (   AssertionInfo const &info,
+                    ResultWas::OfType resultType,
+                    AssertionReaction &reaction ) = 0;
+
+        virtual bool lastAssertionPassed() = 0;
+        virtual void assertionPassed() = 0;
+
+        // Deprecated, do not use:
+        virtual std::string getCurrentTestName() const = 0;
+        virtual const AssertionResult* getLastResult() const = 0;
+        virtual void exceptionEarlyReported() = 0;
+    };
+
+    IResultCapture& getResultCapture();
+}
+
+// end catch_interfaces_capture.h
+namespace Catch {
+
+    struct TestFailureException{};
+    struct AssertionResultData;
+    struct IResultCapture;
+    class RunContext;
+
+    class LazyExpression {
+        friend class AssertionHandler;
+        friend struct AssertionStats;
+        friend class RunContext;
+
+        ITransientExpression const* m_transientExpression = nullptr;
+        bool m_isNegated;
+    public:
+        LazyExpression( bool isNegated );
+        LazyExpression( LazyExpression const& other );
+        LazyExpression& operator = ( LazyExpression const& ) = delete;
+
+        explicit operator bool() const;
+
+        friend auto operator << ( std::ostream& os, LazyExpression const& lazyExpr ) -> std::ostream&;
+    };
+
+    struct AssertionReaction {
+        bool shouldDebugBreak = false;
+        bool shouldThrow = false;
+    };
+
+    class AssertionHandler {
+        AssertionInfo m_assertionInfo;
+        AssertionReaction m_reaction;
+        bool m_completed = false;
+        IResultCapture& m_resultCapture;
+
+    public:
+        AssertionHandler
+            (   StringRef const& macroName,
+                SourceLineInfo const& lineInfo,
+                StringRef capturedExpression,
+                ResultDisposition::Flags resultDisposition );
+        ~AssertionHandler() {
+            if ( !m_completed ) {
+                m_resultCapture.handleIncomplete( m_assertionInfo );
+            }
+        }
+
+        template<typename T>
+        void handleExpr( ExprLhs<T> const& expr ) {
+            handleExpr( expr.makeUnaryExpr() );
+        }
+        void handleExpr( ITransientExpression const& expr );
+
+        void handleMessage(ResultWas::OfType resultType, StringRef const& message);
+
+        void handleExceptionThrownAsExpected();
+        void handleUnexpectedExceptionNotThrown();
+        void handleExceptionNotThrownAsExpected();
+        void handleThrowingCallSkipped();
+        void handleUnexpectedInflightException();
+
+        void complete();
+        void setCompleted();
+
+        // query
+        auto allowThrows() const -> bool;
+    };
+
+    void handleExceptionMatchExpr( AssertionHandler& handler, std::string const& str, StringRef const& matcherString );
+
+} // namespace Catch
+
+// end catch_assertionhandler.h
+// start catch_message.h
+
+#include <string>
+#include <vector>
+
+namespace Catch {
+
+    struct MessageInfo {
+        MessageInfo(    StringRef const& _macroName,
+                        SourceLineInfo const& _lineInfo,
+                        ResultWas::OfType _type );
+
+        StringRef macroName;
+        std::string message;
+        SourceLineInfo lineInfo;
+        ResultWas::OfType type;
+        unsigned int sequence;
+
+        bool operator == ( MessageInfo const& other ) const;
+        bool operator < ( MessageInfo const& other ) const;
+    private:
+        static unsigned int globalCount;
+    };
+
+    struct MessageStream {
+
+        template<typename T>
+        MessageStream& operator << ( T const& value ) {
+            m_stream << value;
+            return *this;
+        }
+
+        ReusableStringStream m_stream;
+    };
+
+    struct MessageBuilder : MessageStream {
+        MessageBuilder( StringRef const& macroName,
+                        SourceLineInfo const& lineInfo,
+                        ResultWas::OfType type );
+
+        template<typename T>
+        MessageBuilder& operator << ( T const& value ) {
+            m_stream << value;
+            return *this;
+        }
+
+        MessageInfo m_info;
+    };
+
+    class ScopedMessage {
+    public:
+        explicit ScopedMessage( MessageBuilder const& builder );
+        ScopedMessage( ScopedMessage& duplicate ) = delete;
+        ScopedMessage( ScopedMessage&& old );
+        ~ScopedMessage();
+
+        MessageInfo m_info;
+        bool m_moved;
+    };
+
+    class Capturer {
+        std::vector<MessageInfo> m_messages;
+        IResultCapture& m_resultCapture = getResultCapture();
+        size_t m_captured = 0;
+    public:
+        Capturer( StringRef macroName, SourceLineInfo const& lineInfo, ResultWas::OfType resultType, StringRef names );
+        ~Capturer();
+
+        void captureValue( size_t index, std::string const& value );
+
+        template<typename T>
+        void captureValues( size_t index, T const& value ) {
+            captureValue( index, Catch::Detail::stringify( value ) );
+        }
+
+        template<typename T, typename... Ts>
+        void captureValues( size_t index, T const& value, Ts const&... values ) {
+            captureValue( index, Catch::Detail::stringify(value) );
+            captureValues( index+1, values... );
+        }
+    };
+
+} // end namespace Catch
+
+// end catch_message.h
+#if !defined(CATCH_CONFIG_DISABLE)
+
+#if !defined(CATCH_CONFIG_DISABLE_STRINGIFICATION)
+  #define CATCH_INTERNAL_STRINGIFY(...) #__VA_ARGS__
+#else
+  #define CATCH_INTERNAL_STRINGIFY(...) "Disabled by CATCH_CONFIG_DISABLE_STRINGIFICATION"
+#endif
+
+#if defined(CATCH_CONFIG_FAST_COMPILE) || defined(CATCH_CONFIG_DISABLE_EXCEPTIONS)
+
+///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
+// Another way to speed-up compilation is to omit local try-catch for REQUIRE*
+// macros.
+#define INTERNAL_CATCH_TRY
+#define INTERNAL_CATCH_CATCH( capturer )
+
+#else // CATCH_CONFIG_FAST_COMPILE
+
+#define INTERNAL_CATCH_TRY try
+#define INTERNAL_CATCH_CATCH( handler ) catch(...) { handler.handleUnexpectedInflightException(); }
+
+#endif
+
+#define INTERNAL_CATCH_REACT( handler ) handler.complete();
+
+///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
+#define INTERNAL_CATCH_TEST( macroName, resultDisposition, ... ) \
+    do { \
+        CATCH_INTERNAL_IGNORE_BUT_WARN(__VA_ARGS__); \
+        Catch::AssertionHandler catchAssertionHandler( macroName##_catch_sr, CATCH_INTERNAL_LINEINFO, CATCH_INTERNAL_STRINGIFY(__VA_ARGS__), resultDisposition ); \
+        INTERNAL_CATCH_TRY { \
+            CATCH_INTERNAL_START_WARNINGS_SUPPRESSION \
+            CATCH_INTERNAL_SUPPRESS_PARENTHESES_WARNINGS \
+            catchAssertionHandler.handleExpr( Catch::Decomposer() <= __VA_ARGS__ ); \
+            CATCH_INTERNAL_STOP_WARNINGS_SUPPRESSION \
+        } INTERNAL_CATCH_CATCH( catchAssertionHandler ) \
+        INTERNAL_CATCH_REACT( catchAssertionHandler ) \
+    } while( (void)0, (false) && static_cast<bool>( !!(__VA_ARGS__) ) )
+
+///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
+#define INTERNAL_CATCH_IF( macroName, resultDisposition, ... ) \
+    INTERNAL_CATCH_TEST( macroName, resultDisposition, __VA_ARGS__ ); \
+    if( Catch::getResultCapture().lastAssertionPassed() )
+
+///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
+#define INTERNAL_CATCH_ELSE( macroName, resultDisposition, ... ) \
+    INTERNAL_CATCH_TEST( macroName, resultDisposition, __VA_ARGS__ ); \
+    if( !Catch::getResultCapture().lastAssertionPassed() )
+
+///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
+#define INTERNAL_CATCH_NO_THROW( macroName, resultDisposition, ... ) \
+    do { \
+        Catch::AssertionHandler catchAssertionHandler( macroName##_catch_sr, CATCH_INTERNAL_LINEINFO, CATCH_INTERNAL_STRINGIFY(__VA_ARGS__), resultDisposition ); \
+        try { \
+            static_cast<void>(__VA_ARGS__); \
+            catchAssertionHandler.handleExceptionNotThrownAsExpected(); \
+        } \
+        catch( ... ) { \
+            catchAssertionHandler.handleUnexpectedInflightException(); \
+        } \
+        INTERNAL_CATCH_REACT( catchAssertionHandler ) \
+    } while( false )
+
+///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
+#define INTERNAL_CATCH_THROWS( macroName, resultDisposition, ... ) \
+    do { \
+        Catch::AssertionHandler catchAssertionHandler( macroName##_catch_sr, CATCH_INTERNAL_LINEINFO, CATCH_INTERNAL_STRINGIFY(__VA_ARGS__), resultDisposition); \
+        if( catchAssertionHandler.allowThrows() ) \
+            try { \
+                static_cast<void>(__VA_ARGS__); \
+                catchAssertionHandler.handleUnexpectedExceptionNotThrown(); \
+            } \
+            catch( ... ) { \
+                catchAssertionHandler.handleExceptionThrownAsExpected(); \
+            } \
+        else \
+            catchAssertionHandler.handleThrowingCallSkipped(); \
+        INTERNAL_CATCH_REACT( catchAssertionHandler ) \
+    } while( false )
+
+///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
+#define INTERNAL_CATCH_THROWS_AS( macroName, exceptionType, resultDisposition, expr ) \
+    do { \
+        Catch::AssertionHandler catchAssertionHandler( macroName##_catch_sr, CATCH_INTERNAL_LINEINFO, CATCH_INTERNAL_STRINGIFY(expr) ", " CATCH_INTERNAL_STRINGIFY(exceptionType), resultDisposition ); \
+        if( catchAssertionHandler.allowThrows() ) \
+            try { \
+                static_cast<void>(expr); \
+                catchAssertionHandler.handleUnexpectedExceptionNotThrown(); \
+            } \
+            catch( exceptionType const& ) { \
+                catchAssertionHandler.handleExceptionThrownAsExpected(); \
+            } \
+            catch( ... ) { \
+                catchAssertionHandler.handleUnexpectedInflightException(); \
+            } \
+        else \
+            catchAssertionHandler.handleThrowingCallSkipped(); \
+        INTERNAL_CATCH_REACT( catchAssertionHandler ) \
+    } while( false )
+
+///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
+#define INTERNAL_CATCH_MSG( macroName, messageType, resultDisposition, ... ) \
+    do { \
+        Catch::AssertionHandler catchAssertionHandler( macroName##_catch_sr, CATCH_INTERNAL_LINEINFO, Catch::StringRef(), resultDisposition ); \
+        catchAssertionHandler.handleMessage( messageType, ( Catch::MessageStream() << __VA_ARGS__ + ::Catch::StreamEndStop() ).m_stream.str() ); \
+        INTERNAL_CATCH_REACT( catchAssertionHandler ) \
+    } while( false )
+
+///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
+#define INTERNAL_CATCH_CAPTURE( varName, macroName, ... ) \
+    auto varName = Catch::Capturer( macroName, CATCH_INTERNAL_LINEINFO, Catch::ResultWas::Info, #__VA_ARGS__ ); \
+    varName.captureValues( 0, __VA_ARGS__ )
+
+///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
+#define INTERNAL_CATCH_INFO( macroName, log ) \
+    Catch::ScopedMessage INTERNAL_CATCH_UNIQUE_NAME( scopedMessage )( Catch::MessageBuilder( macroName##_catch_sr, CATCH_INTERNAL_LINEINFO, Catch::ResultWas::Info ) << log );
+
+///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
+#define INTERNAL_CATCH_UNSCOPED_INFO( macroName, log ) \
+    Catch::getResultCapture().emplaceUnscopedMessage( Catch::MessageBuilder( macroName##_catch_sr, CATCH_INTERNAL_LINEINFO, Catch::ResultWas::Info ) << log )
+
+///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
+// Although this is matcher-based, it can be used with just a string
+#define INTERNAL_CATCH_THROWS_STR_MATCHES( macroName, resultDisposition, matcher, ... ) \
+    do { \
+        Catch::AssertionHandler catchAssertionHandler( macroName##_catch_sr, CATCH_INTERNAL_LINEINFO, CATCH_INTERNAL_STRINGIFY(__VA_ARGS__) ", " CATCH_INTERNAL_STRINGIFY(matcher), resultDisposition ); \
+        if( catchAssertionHandler.allowThrows() ) \
+            try { \
+                static_cast<void>(__VA_ARGS__); \
+                catchAssertionHandler.handleUnexpectedExceptionNotThrown(); \
+            } \
+            catch( ... ) { \
+                Catch::handleExceptionMatchExpr( catchAssertionHandler, matcher, #matcher##_catch_sr ); \
+            } \
+        else \
+            catchAssertionHandler.handleThrowingCallSkipped(); \
+        INTERNAL_CATCH_REACT( catchAssertionHandler ) \
+    } while( false )
+
+#endif // CATCH_CONFIG_DISABLE
+
+// end catch_capture.hpp
+// start catch_section.h
+
+// start catch_section_info.h
+
+// start catch_totals.h
+
+#include <cstddef>
+
+namespace Catch {
+
+    struct Counts {
+        Counts operator - ( Counts const& other ) const;
+        Counts& operator += ( Counts const& other );
+
+        std::size_t total() const;
+        bool allPassed() const;
+        bool allOk() const;
+
+        std::size_t passed = 0;
+        std::size_t failed = 0;
+        std::size_t failedButOk = 0;
+    };
+
+    struct Totals {
+
+        Totals operator - ( Totals const& other ) const;
+        Totals& operator += ( Totals const& other );
+
+        Totals delta( Totals const& prevTotals ) const;
+
+        int error = 0;
+        Counts assertions;
+        Counts testCases;
+    };
+}
+
+// end catch_totals.h
+#include <string>
+
+namespace Catch {
+
+    struct SectionInfo {
+        SectionInfo
+            (   SourceLineInfo const& _lineInfo,
+                std::string const& _name );
+
+        // Deprecated
+        SectionInfo
+            (   SourceLineInfo const& _lineInfo,
+                std::string const& _name,
+                std::string const& ) : SectionInfo( _lineInfo, _name ) {}
+
+        std::string name;
+        std::string description; // !Deprecated: this will always be empty
+        SourceLineInfo lineInfo;
+    };
+
+    struct SectionEndInfo {
+        SectionInfo sectionInfo;
+        Counts prevAssertions;
+        double durationInSeconds;
+    };
+
+} // end namespace Catch
+
+// end catch_section_info.h
+// start catch_timer.h
+
+#include <cstdint>
+
+namespace Catch {
+
+    auto getCurrentNanosecondsSinceEpoch() -> uint64_t;
+    auto getEstimatedClockResolution() -> uint64_t;
+
+    class Timer {
+        uint64_t m_nanoseconds = 0;
+    public:
+        void start();
+        auto getElapsedNanoseconds() const -> uint64_t;
+        auto getElapsedMicroseconds() const -> uint64_t;
+        auto getElapsedMilliseconds() const -> unsigned int;
+        auto getElapsedSeconds() const -> double;
+    };
+
+} // namespace Catch
+
+// end catch_timer.h
+#include <string>
+
+namespace Catch {
+
+    class Section : NonCopyable {
+    public:
+        Section( SectionInfo const& info );
+        ~Section();
+
+        // This indicates whether the section should be executed or not
+        explicit operator bool() const;
+
+    private:
+        SectionInfo m_info;
+
+        std::string m_name;
+        Counts m_assertions;
+        bool m_sectionIncluded;
+        Timer m_timer;
+    };
+
+} // end namespace Catch
+
+#define INTERNAL_CATCH_SECTION( ... ) \
+    CATCH_INTERNAL_START_WARNINGS_SUPPRESSION \
+    CATCH_INTERNAL_SUPPRESS_UNUSED_WARNINGS \
+    if( Catch::Section const& INTERNAL_CATCH_UNIQUE_NAME( catch_internal_Section ) = Catch::SectionInfo( CATCH_INTERNAL_LINEINFO, __VA_ARGS__ ) ) \
+    CATCH_INTERNAL_STOP_WARNINGS_SUPPRESSION
+
+#define INTERNAL_CATCH_DYNAMIC_SECTION( ... ) \
+    CATCH_INTERNAL_START_WARNINGS_SUPPRESSION \
+    CATCH_INTERNAL_SUPPRESS_UNUSED_WARNINGS \
+    if( Catch::Section const& INTERNAL_CATCH_UNIQUE_NAME( catch_internal_Section ) = Catch::SectionInfo( CATCH_INTERNAL_LINEINFO, (Catch::ReusableStringStream() << __VA_ARGS__).str() ) ) \
+    CATCH_INTERNAL_STOP_WARNINGS_SUPPRESSION
+
+// end catch_section.h
+// start catch_interfaces_exception.h
+
+// start catch_interfaces_registry_hub.h
+
+#include <string>
+#include <memory>
+
+namespace Catch {
+
+    class TestCase;
+    struct ITestCaseRegistry;
+    struct IExceptionTranslatorRegistry;
+    struct IExceptionTranslator;
+    struct IReporterRegistry;
+    struct IReporterFactory;
+    struct ITagAliasRegistry;
+    struct IMutableEnumValuesRegistry;
+
+    class StartupExceptionRegistry;
+
+    using IReporterFactoryPtr = std::shared_ptr<IReporterFactory>;
+
+    struct IRegistryHub {
+        virtual ~IRegistryHub();
+
+        virtual IReporterRegistry const& getReporterRegistry() const = 0;
+        virtual ITestCaseRegistry const& getTestCaseRegistry() const = 0;
+        virtual ITagAliasRegistry const& getTagAliasRegistry() const = 0;
+        virtual IExceptionTranslatorRegistry const& getExceptionTranslatorRegistry() const = 0;
+
+        virtual StartupExceptionRegistry const& getStartupExceptionRegistry() const = 0;
+    };
+
+    struct IMutableRegistryHub {
+        virtual ~IMutableRegistryHub();
+        virtual void registerReporter( std::string const& name, IReporterFactoryPtr const& factory ) = 0;
+        virtual void registerListener( IReporterFactoryPtr const& factory ) = 0;
+        virtual void registerTest( TestCase const& testInfo ) = 0;
+        virtual void registerTranslator( const IExceptionTranslator* translator ) = 0;
+        virtual void registerTagAlias( std::string const& alias, std::string const& tag, SourceLineInfo const& lineInfo ) = 0;
+        virtual void registerStartupException() noexcept = 0;
+        virtual IMutableEnumValuesRegistry& getMutableEnumValuesRegistry() = 0;
+    };
+
+    IRegistryHub const& getRegistryHub();
+    IMutableRegistryHub& getMutableRegistryHub();
+    void cleanUp();
+    std::string translateActiveException();
+
+}
+
+// end catch_interfaces_registry_hub.h
+#if defined(CATCH_CONFIG_DISABLE)
+    #define INTERNAL_CATCH_TRANSLATE_EXCEPTION_NO_REG( translatorName, signature) \
+        static std::string translatorName( signature )
+#endif
+
+#include <exception>
+#include <string>
+#include <vector>
+
+namespace Catch {
+    using exceptionTranslateFunction = std::string(*)();
+
+    struct IExceptionTranslator;
+    using ExceptionTranslators = std::vector<std::unique_ptr<IExceptionTranslator const>>;
+
+    struct IExceptionTranslator {
+        virtual ~IExceptionTranslator();
+        virtual std::string translate( ExceptionTranslators::const_iterator it, ExceptionTranslators::const_iterator itEnd ) const = 0;
+    };
+
+    struct IExceptionTranslatorRegistry {
+        virtual ~IExceptionTranslatorRegistry();
+
+        virtual std::string translateActiveException() const = 0;
+    };
+
+    class ExceptionTranslatorRegistrar {
+        template<typename T>
+        class ExceptionTranslator : public IExceptionTranslator {
+        public:
+
+            ExceptionTranslator( std::string(*translateFunction)( T& ) )
+            : m_translateFunction( translateFunction )
+            {}
+
+            std::string translate( ExceptionTranslators::const_iterator it, ExceptionTranslators::const_iterator itEnd ) const override {
+#if defined(CATCH_CONFIG_DISABLE_EXCEPTIONS)
+                return "";
+#else
+                try {
+                    if( it == itEnd )
+                        std::rethrow_exception(std::current_exception());
+                    else
+                        return (*it)->translate( it+1, itEnd );
+                }
+                catch( T& ex ) {
+                    return m_translateFunction( ex );
+                }
+#endif
+            }
+
+        protected:
+            std::string(*m_translateFunction)( T& );
+        };
+
+    public:
+        template<typename T>
+        ExceptionTranslatorRegistrar( std::string(*translateFunction)( T& ) ) {
+            getMutableRegistryHub().registerTranslator
+                ( new ExceptionTranslator<T>( translateFunction ) );
+        }
+    };
+}
+
+///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
+#define INTERNAL_CATCH_TRANSLATE_EXCEPTION2( translatorName, signature ) \
+    static std::string translatorName( signature ); \
+    CATCH_INTERNAL_START_WARNINGS_SUPPRESSION \
+    CATCH_INTERNAL_SUPPRESS_GLOBALS_WARNINGS \
+    namespace{ Catch::ExceptionTranslatorRegistrar INTERNAL_CATCH_UNIQUE_NAME( catch_internal_ExceptionRegistrar )( &translatorName ); } \
+    CATCH_INTERNAL_STOP_WARNINGS_SUPPRESSION \
+    static std::string translatorName( signature )
+
+#define INTERNAL_CATCH_TRANSLATE_EXCEPTION( signature ) INTERNAL_CATCH_TRANSLATE_EXCEPTION2( INTERNAL_CATCH_UNIQUE_NAME( catch_internal_ExceptionTranslator ), signature )
+
+// end catch_interfaces_exception.h
+// start catch_approx.h
+
+#include <type_traits>
+
+namespace Catch {
+namespace Detail {
+
+    class Approx {
+    private:
+        bool equalityComparisonImpl(double other) const;
+        // Validates the new margin (margin >= 0)
+        // out-of-line to avoid including stdexcept in the header
+        void setMargin(double margin);
+        // Validates the new epsilon (0 < epsilon < 1)
+        // out-of-line to avoid including stdexcept in the header
+        void setEpsilon(double epsilon);
+
+    public:
+        explicit Approx ( double value );
+
+        static Approx custom();
+
+        Approx operator-() const;
+
+        template <typename T, typename = typename std::enable_if<std::is_constructible<double, T>::value>::type>
+        Approx operator()( T const& value ) {
+            Approx approx( static_cast<double>(value) );
+            approx.m_epsilon = m_epsilon;
+            approx.m_margin = m_margin;
+            approx.m_scale = m_scale;
+            return approx;
+        }
+
+        template <typename T, typename = typename std::enable_if<std::is_constructible<double, T>::value>::type>
+        explicit Approx( T const& value ): Approx(static_cast<double>(value))
+        {}
+
+        template <typename T, typename = typename std::enable_if<std::is_constructible<double, T>::value>::type>
+        friend bool operator == ( const T& lhs, Approx const& rhs ) {
+            auto lhs_v = static_cast<double>(lhs);
+            return rhs.equalityComparisonImpl(lhs_v);
+        }
+
+        template <typename T, typename = typename std::enable_if<std::is_constructible<double, T>::value>::type>
+        friend bool operator == ( Approx const& lhs, const T& rhs ) {
+            return operator==( rhs, lhs );
+        }
+
+        template <typename T, typename = typename std::enable_if<std::is_constructible<double, T>::value>::type>
+        friend bool operator != ( T const& lhs, Approx const& rhs ) {
+            return !operator==( lhs, rhs );
+        }
+
+        template <typename T, typename = typename std::enable_if<std::is_constructible<double, T>::value>::type>
+        friend bool operator != ( Approx const& lhs, T const& rhs ) {
+            return !operator==( rhs, lhs );
+        }
+
+        template <typename T, typename = typename std::enable_if<std::is_constructible<double, T>::value>::type>
+        friend bool operator <= ( T const& lhs, Approx const& rhs ) {
+            return static_cast<double>(lhs) < rhs.m_value || lhs == rhs;
+        }
+
+        template <typename T, typename = typename std::enable_if<std::is_constructible<double, T>::value>::type>
+        friend bool operator <= ( Approx const& lhs, T const& rhs ) {
+            return lhs.m_value < static_cast<double>(rhs) || lhs == rhs;
+        }
+
+        template <typename T, typename = typename std::enable_if<std::is_constructible<double, T>::value>::type>
+        friend bool operator >= ( T const& lhs, Approx const& rhs ) {
+            return static_cast<double>(lhs) > rhs.m_value || lhs == rhs;
+        }
+
+        template <typename T, typename = typename std::enable_if<std::is_constructible<double, T>::value>::type>
+        friend bool operator >= ( Approx const& lhs, T const& rhs ) {
+            return lhs.m_value > static_cast<double>(rhs) || lhs == rhs;
+        }
+
+        template <typename T, typename = typename std::enable_if<std::is_constructible<double, T>::value>::type>
+        Approx& epsilon( T const& newEpsilon ) {
+            double epsilonAsDouble = static_cast<double>(newEpsilon);
+            setEpsilon(epsilonAsDouble);
+            return *this;
+        }
+
+        template <typename T, typename = typename std::enable_if<std::is_constructible<double, T>::value>::type>
+        Approx& margin( T const& newMargin ) {
+            double marginAsDouble = static_cast<double>(newMargin);
+            setMargin(marginAsDouble);
+            return *this;
+        }
+
+        template <typename T, typename = typename std::enable_if<std::is_constructible<double, T>::value>::type>
+        Approx& scale( T const& newScale ) {
+            m_scale = static_cast<double>(newScale);
+            return *this;
+        }
+
+        std::string toString() const;
+
+    private:
+        double m_epsilon;
+        double m_margin;
+        double m_scale;
+        double m_value;
+    };
+} // end namespace Detail
+
+namespace literals {
+    Detail::Approx operator "" _a(long double val);
+    Detail::Approx operator "" _a(unsigned long long val);
+} // end namespace literals
+
+template<>
+struct StringMaker<Catch::Detail::Approx> {
+    static std::string convert(Catch::Detail::Approx const& value);
+};
+
+} // end namespace Catch
+
+// end catch_approx.h
+// start catch_string_manip.h
+
+#include <string>
+#include <iosfwd>
+#include <vector>
+
+namespace Catch {
+
+    bool startsWith( std::string const& s, std::string const& prefix );
+    bool startsWith( std::string const& s, char prefix );
+    bool endsWith( std::string const& s, std::string const& suffix );
+    bool endsWith( std::string const& s, char suffix );
+    bool contains( std::string const& s, std::string const& infix );
+    void toLowerInPlace( std::string& s );
+    std::string toLower( std::string const& s );
+    //! Returns a new string without whitespace at the start/end
+    std::string trim( std::string const& str );
+    //! Returns a substring of the original ref without whitespace. Beware lifetimes!
+    StringRef trim(StringRef ref);
+
+    // !!! Be aware, returns refs into original string - make sure original string outlives them
+    std::vector<StringRef> splitStringRef( StringRef str, char delimiter );
+    bool replaceInPlace( std::string& str, std::string const& replaceThis, std::string const& withThis );
+
+    struct pluralise {
+        pluralise( std::size_t count, std::string const& label );
+
+        friend std::ostream& operator << ( std::ostream& os, pluralise const& pluraliser );
+
+        std::size_t m_count;
+        std::string m_label;
+    };
+}
+
+// end catch_string_manip.h
+#ifndef CATCH_CONFIG_DISABLE_MATCHERS
+// start catch_capture_matchers.h
+
+// start catch_matchers.h
+
+#include <string>
+#include <vector>
+
+namespace Catch {
+namespace Matchers {
+    namespace Impl {
+
+        template<typename ArgT> struct MatchAllOf;
+        template<typename ArgT> struct MatchAnyOf;
+        template<typename ArgT> struct MatchNotOf;
+
+        class MatcherUntypedBase {
+        public:
+            MatcherUntypedBase() = default;
+            MatcherUntypedBase ( MatcherUntypedBase const& ) = default;
+            MatcherUntypedBase& operator = ( MatcherUntypedBase const& ) = delete;
+            std::string toString() const;
+
+        protected:
+            virtual ~MatcherUntypedBase();
+            virtual std::string describe() const = 0;
+            mutable std::string m_cachedToString;
+        };
+
+#ifdef __clang__
+#    pragma clang diagnostic push
+#    pragma clang diagnostic ignored "-Wnon-virtual-dtor"
+#endif
+
+        template<typename ObjectT>
+        struct MatcherMethod {
+            virtual bool match( ObjectT const& arg ) const = 0;
+        };
+
+#if defined(__OBJC__)
+        // Hack to fix Catch GH issue #1661. Could use id for generic Object support.
+        // use of const for Object pointers is very uncommon and under ARC it causes some kind of signature mismatch that breaks compilation
+        template<>
+        struct MatcherMethod<NSString*> {
+            virtual bool match( NSString* arg ) const = 0;
+        };
+#endif
+
+#ifdef __clang__
+#    pragma clang diagnostic pop
+#endif
+
+        template<typename T>
+        struct MatcherBase : MatcherUntypedBase, MatcherMethod<T> {
+
+            MatchAllOf<T> operator && ( MatcherBase const& other ) const;
+            MatchAnyOf<T> operator || ( MatcherBase const& other ) const;
+            MatchNotOf<T> operator ! () const;
+        };
+
+        template<typename ArgT>
+        struct MatchAllOf : MatcherBase<ArgT> {
+            bool match( ArgT const& arg ) const override {
+                for( auto matcher : m_matchers ) {
+                    if (!matcher->match(arg))
+                        return false;
+                }
+                return true;
+            }
+            std::string describe() const override {
+                std::string description;
+                description.reserve( 4 + m_matchers.size()*32 );
+                description += "( ";
+                bool first = true;
+                for( auto matcher : m_matchers ) {
+                    if( first )
+                        first = false;
+                    else
+                        description += " and ";
+                    description += matcher->toString();
+                }
+                description += " )";
+                return description;
+            }
+
+            MatchAllOf<ArgT> operator && ( MatcherBase<ArgT> const& other ) {
+                auto copy(*this);
+                copy.m_matchers.push_back( &other );
+                return copy;
+            }
+
+            std::vector<MatcherBase<ArgT> const*> m_matchers;
+        };
+        template<typename ArgT>
+        struct MatchAnyOf : MatcherBase<ArgT> {
+
+            bool match( ArgT const& arg ) const override {
+                for( auto matcher : m_matchers ) {
+                    if (matcher->match(arg))
+                        return true;
+                }
+                return false;
+            }
+            std::string describe() const override {
+                std::string description;
+                description.reserve( 4 + m_matchers.size()*32 );
+                description += "( ";
+                bool first = true;
+                for( auto matcher : m_matchers ) {
+                    if( first )
+                        first = false;
+                    else
+                        description += " or ";
+                    description += matcher->toString();
+                }
+                description += " )";
+                return description;
+            }
+
+            MatchAnyOf<ArgT> operator || ( MatcherBase<ArgT> const& other ) {
+                auto copy(*this);
+                copy.m_matchers.push_back( &other );
+                return copy;
+            }
+
+            std::vector<MatcherBase<ArgT> const*> m_matchers;
+        };
+
+        template<typename ArgT>
+        struct MatchNotOf : MatcherBase<ArgT> {
+
+            MatchNotOf( MatcherBase<ArgT> const& underlyingMatcher ) : m_underlyingMatcher( underlyingMatcher ) {}
+
+            bool match( ArgT const& arg ) const override {
+                return !m_underlyingMatcher.match( arg );
+            }
+
+            std::string describe() const override {
+                return "not " + m_underlyingMatcher.toString();
+            }
+            MatcherBase<ArgT> const& m_underlyingMatcher;
+        };
+
+        template<typename T>
+        MatchAllOf<T> MatcherBase<T>::operator && ( MatcherBase const& other ) const {
+            return MatchAllOf<T>() && *this && other;
+        }
+        template<typename T>
+        MatchAnyOf<T> MatcherBase<T>::operator || ( MatcherBase const& other ) const {
+            return MatchAnyOf<T>() || *this || other;
+        }
+        template<typename T>
+        MatchNotOf<T> MatcherBase<T>::operator ! () const {
+            return MatchNotOf<T>( *this );
+        }
+
+    } // namespace Impl
+
+} // namespace Matchers
+
+using namespace Matchers;
+using Matchers::Impl::MatcherBase;
+
+} // namespace Catch
+
+// end catch_matchers.h
+// start catch_matchers_exception.hpp
+
+namespace Catch {
+namespace Matchers {
+namespace Exception {
+
+class ExceptionMessageMatcher : public MatcherBase<std::exception> {
+    std::string m_message;
+public:
+
+    ExceptionMessageMatcher(std::string const& message):
+        m_message(message)
+    {}
+
+    bool match(std::exception const& ex) const override;
+
+    std::string describe() const override;
+};
+
+} // namespace Exception
+
+Exception::ExceptionMessageMatcher Message(std::string const& message);
+
+} // namespace Matchers
+} // namespace Catch
+
+// end catch_matchers_exception.hpp
+// start catch_matchers_floating.h
+
+namespace Catch {
+namespace Matchers {
+
+    namespace Floating {
+
+        enum class FloatingPointKind : uint8_t;
+
+        struct WithinAbsMatcher : MatcherBase<double> {
+            WithinAbsMatcher(double target, double margin);
+            bool match(double const& matchee) const override;
+            std::string describe() const override;
+        private:
+            double m_target;
+            double m_margin;
+        };
+
+        struct WithinUlpsMatcher : MatcherBase<double> {
+            WithinUlpsMatcher(double target, uint64_t ulps, FloatingPointKind baseType);
+            bool match(double const& matchee) const override;
+            std::string describe() const override;
+        private:
+            double m_target;
+            uint64_t m_ulps;
+            FloatingPointKind m_type;
+        };
+
+        // Given IEEE-754 format for floats and doubles, we can assume
+        // that float -> double promotion is lossless. Given this, we can
+        // assume that if we do the standard relative comparison of
+        // |lhs - rhs| <= epsilon * max(fabs(lhs), fabs(rhs)), then we get
+        // the same result if we do this for floats, as if we do this for
+        // doubles that were promoted from floats.
+        struct WithinRelMatcher : MatcherBase<double> {
+            WithinRelMatcher(double target, double epsilon);
+            bool match(double const& matchee) const override;
+            std::string describe() const override;
+        private:
+            double m_target;
+            double m_epsilon;
+        };
+
+    } // namespace Floating
+
+    // The following functions create the actual matcher objects.
+    // This allows the types to be inferred
+    Floating::WithinUlpsMatcher WithinULP(double target, uint64_t maxUlpDiff);
+    Floating::WithinUlpsMatcher WithinULP(float target, uint64_t maxUlpDiff);
+    Floating::WithinAbsMatcher WithinAbs(double target, double margin);
+    Floating::WithinRelMatcher WithinRel(double target, double eps);
+    // defaults epsilon to 100*numeric_limits<double>::epsilon()
+    Floating::WithinRelMatcher WithinRel(double target);
+    Floating::WithinRelMatcher WithinRel(float target, float eps);
+    // defaults epsilon to 100*numeric_limits<float>::epsilon()
+    Floating::WithinRelMatcher WithinRel(float target);
+
+} // namespace Matchers
+} // namespace Catch
+
+// end catch_matchers_floating.h
+// start catch_matchers_generic.hpp
+
+#include <functional>
+#include <string>
+
+namespace Catch {
+namespace Matchers {
+namespace Generic {
+
+namespace Detail {
+    std::string finalizeDescription(const std::string& desc);
+}
+
+template <typename T>
+class PredicateMatcher : public MatcherBase<T> {
+    std::function<bool(T const&)> m_predicate;
+    std::string m_description;
+public:
+
+    PredicateMatcher(std::function<bool(T const&)> const& elem, std::string const& descr)
+        :m_predicate(std::move(elem)),
+        m_description(Detail::finalizeDescription(descr))
+    {}
+
+    bool match( T const& item ) const override {
+        return m_predicate(item);
+    }
+
+    std::string describe() const override {
+        return m_description;
+    }
+};
+
+} // namespace Generic
+
+    // The following functions create the actual matcher objects.
+    // The user has to explicitly specify type to the function, because
+    // inferring std::function<bool(T const&)> is hard (but possible) and
+    // requires a lot of TMP.
+    template<typename T>
+    Generic::PredicateMatcher<T> Predicate(std::function<bool(T const&)> const& predicate, std::string const& description = "") {
+        return Generic::PredicateMatcher<T>(predicate, description);
+    }
+
+} // namespace Matchers
+} // namespace Catch
+
+// end catch_matchers_generic.hpp
+// start catch_matchers_string.h
+
+#include <string>
+
+namespace Catch {
+namespace Matchers {
+
+    namespace StdString {
+
+        struct CasedString
+        {
+            CasedString( std::string const& str, CaseSensitive::Choice caseSensitivity );
+            std::string adjustString( std::string const& str ) const;
+            std::string caseSensitivitySuffix() const;
+
+            CaseSensitive::Choice m_caseSensitivity;
+            std::string m_str;
+        };
+
+        struct StringMatcherBase : MatcherBase<std::string> {
+            StringMatcherBase( std::string const& operation, CasedString const& comparator );
+            std::string describe() const override;
+
+            CasedString m_comparator;
+            std::string m_operation;
+        };
+
+        struct EqualsMatcher : StringMatcherBase {
+            EqualsMatcher( CasedString const& comparator );
+            bool match( std::string const& source ) const override;
+        };
+        struct ContainsMatcher : StringMatcherBase {
+            ContainsMatcher( CasedString const& comparator );
+            bool match( std::string const& source ) const override;
+        };
+        struct StartsWithMatcher : StringMatcherBase {
+            StartsWithMatcher( CasedString const& comparator );
+            bool match( std::string const& source ) const override;
+        };
+        struct EndsWithMatcher : StringMatcherBase {
+            EndsWithMatcher( CasedString const& comparator );
+            bool match( std::string const& source ) const override;
+        };
+
+        struct RegexMatcher : MatcherBase<std::string> {
+            RegexMatcher( std::string regex, CaseSensitive::Choice caseSensitivity );
+            bool match( std::string const& matchee ) const override;
+            std::string describe() const override;
+
+        private:
+            std::string m_regex;
+            CaseSensitive::Choice m_caseSensitivity;
+        };
+
+    } // namespace StdString
+
+    // The following functions create the actual matcher objects.
+    // This allows the types to be inferred
+
+    StdString::EqualsMatcher Equals( std::string const& str, CaseSensitive::Choice caseSensitivity = CaseSensitive::Yes );
+    StdString::ContainsMatcher Contains( std::string const& str, CaseSensitive::Choice caseSensitivity = CaseSensitive::Yes );
+    StdString::EndsWithMatcher EndsWith( std::string const& str, CaseSensitive::Choice caseSensitivity = CaseSensitive::Yes );
+    StdString::StartsWithMatcher StartsWith( std::string const& str, CaseSensitive::Choice caseSensitivity = CaseSensitive::Yes );
+    StdString::RegexMatcher Matches( std::string const& regex, CaseSensitive::Choice caseSensitivity = CaseSensitive::Yes );
+
+} // namespace Matchers
+} // namespace Catch
+
+// end catch_matchers_string.h
+// start catch_matchers_vector.h
+
+#include <algorithm>
+
+namespace Catch {
+namespace Matchers {
+
+    namespace Vector {
+        template<typename T, typename Alloc>
+        struct ContainsElementMatcher : MatcherBase<std::vector<T, Alloc>> {
+
+            ContainsElementMatcher(T const &comparator) : m_comparator( comparator) {}
+
+            bool match(std::vector<T, Alloc> const &v) const override {
+                for (auto const& el : v) {
+                    if (el == m_comparator) {
+                        return true;
+                    }
+                }
+                return false;
+            }
+
+            std::string describe() const override {
+                return "Contains: " + ::Catch::Detail::stringify( m_comparator );
+            }
+
+            T const& m_comparator;
+        };
+
+        template<typename T, typename AllocComp, typename AllocMatch>
+        struct ContainsMatcher : MatcherBase<std::vector<T, AllocMatch>> {
+
+            ContainsMatcher(std::vector<T, AllocComp> const &comparator) : m_comparator( comparator ) {}
+
+            bool match(std::vector<T, AllocMatch> const &v) const override {
+                // !TBD: see note in EqualsMatcher
+                if (m_comparator.size() > v.size())
+                    return false;
+                for (auto const& comparator : m_comparator) {
+                    auto present = false;
+                    for (const auto& el : v) {
+                        if (el == comparator) {
+                            present = true;
+                            break;
+                        }
+                    }
+                    if (!present) {
+                        return false;
+                    }
+                }
+                return true;
+            }
+            std::string describe() const override {
+                return "Contains: " + ::Catch::Detail::stringify( m_comparator );
+            }
+
+            std::vector<T, AllocComp> const& m_comparator;
+        };
+
+        template<typename T, typename AllocComp, typename AllocMatch>
+        struct EqualsMatcher : MatcherBase<std::vector<T, AllocMatch>> {
+
+            EqualsMatcher(std::vector<T, AllocComp> const &comparator) : m_comparator( comparator ) {}
+
+            bool match(std::vector<T, AllocMatch> const &v) const override {
+                // !TBD: This currently works if all elements can be compared using !=
+                // - a more general approach would be via a compare template that defaults
+                // to using !=. but could be specialised for, e.g. std::vector<T, Alloc> etc
+                // - then just call that directly
+                if (m_comparator.size() != v.size())
+                    return false;
+                for (std::size_t i = 0; i < v.size(); ++i)
+                    if (m_comparator[i] != v[i])
+                        return false;
+                return true;
+            }
+            std::string describe() const override {
+                return "Equals: " + ::Catch::Detail::stringify( m_comparator );
+            }
+            std::vector<T, AllocComp> const& m_comparator;
+        };
+
+        template<typename T, typename AllocComp, typename AllocMatch>
+        struct ApproxMatcher : MatcherBase<std::vector<T, AllocMatch>> {
+
+            ApproxMatcher(std::vector<T, AllocComp> const& comparator) : m_comparator( comparator ) {}
+
+            bool match(std::vector<T, AllocMatch> const &v) const override {
+                if (m_comparator.size() != v.size())
+                    return false;
+                for (std::size_t i = 0; i < v.size(); ++i)
+                    if (m_comparator[i] != approx(v[i]))
+                        return false;
+                return true;
+            }
+            std::string describe() const override {
+                return "is approx: " + ::Catch::Detail::stringify( m_comparator );
+            }
+            template <typename = typename std::enable_if<std::is_constructible<double, T>::value>::type>
+            ApproxMatcher& epsilon( T const& newEpsilon ) {
+                approx.epsilon(newEpsilon);
+                return *this;
+            }
+            template <typename = typename std::enable_if<std::is_constructible<double, T>::value>::type>
+            ApproxMatcher& margin( T const& newMargin ) {
+                approx.margin(newMargin);
+                return *this;
+            }
+            template <typename = typename std::enable_if<std::is_constructible<double, T>::value>::type>
+            ApproxMatcher& scale( T const& newScale ) {
+                approx.scale(newScale);
+                return *this;
+            }
+
+            std::vector<T, AllocComp> const& m_comparator;
+            mutable Catch::Detail::Approx approx = Catch::Detail::Approx::custom();
+        };
+
+        template<typename T, typename AllocComp, typename AllocMatch>
+        struct UnorderedEqualsMatcher : MatcherBase<std::vector<T, AllocMatch>> {
+            UnorderedEqualsMatcher(std::vector<T, AllocComp> const& target) : m_target(target) {}
+            bool match(std::vector<T, AllocMatch> const& vec) const override {
+                if (m_target.size() != vec.size()) {
+                    return false;
+                }
+                return std::is_permutation(m_target.begin(), m_target.end(), vec.begin());
+            }
+
+            std::string describe() const override {
+                return "UnorderedEquals: " + ::Catch::Detail::stringify(m_target);
+            }
+        private:
+            std::vector<T, AllocComp> const& m_target;
+        };
+
+    } // namespace Vector
+
+    // The following functions create the actual matcher objects.
+    // This allows the types to be inferred
+
+    template<typename T, typename AllocComp = std::allocator<T>, typename AllocMatch = AllocComp>
+    Vector::ContainsMatcher<T, AllocComp, AllocMatch> Contains( std::vector<T, AllocComp> const& comparator ) {
+        return Vector::ContainsMatcher<T, AllocComp, AllocMatch>( comparator );
+    }
+
+    template<typename T, typename Alloc = std::allocator<T>>
+    Vector::ContainsElementMatcher<T, Alloc> VectorContains( T const& comparator ) {
+        return Vector::ContainsElementMatcher<T, Alloc>( comparator );
+    }
+
+    template<typename T, typename AllocComp = std::allocator<T>, typename AllocMatch = AllocComp>
+    Vector::EqualsMatcher<T, AllocComp, AllocMatch> Equals( std::vector<T, AllocComp> const& comparator ) {
+        return Vector::EqualsMatcher<T, AllocComp, AllocMatch>( comparator );
+    }
+
+    template<typename T, typename AllocComp = std::allocator<T>, typename AllocMatch = AllocComp>
+    Vector::ApproxMatcher<T, AllocComp, AllocMatch> Approx( std::vector<T, AllocComp> const& comparator ) {
+        return Vector::ApproxMatcher<T, AllocComp, AllocMatch>( comparator );
+    }
+
+    template<typename T, typename AllocComp = std::allocator<T>, typename AllocMatch = AllocComp>
+    Vector::UnorderedEqualsMatcher<T, AllocComp, AllocMatch> UnorderedEquals(std::vector<T, AllocComp> const& target) {
+        return Vector::UnorderedEqualsMatcher<T, AllocComp, AllocMatch>( target );
+    }
+
+} // namespace Matchers
+} // namespace Catch
+
+// end catch_matchers_vector.h
+namespace Catch {
+
+    template<typename ArgT, typename MatcherT>
+    class MatchExpr : public ITransientExpression {
+        ArgT const& m_arg;
+        MatcherT m_matcher;
+        StringRef m_matcherString;
+    public:
+        MatchExpr( ArgT const& arg, MatcherT const& matcher, StringRef const& matcherString )
+        :   ITransientExpression{ true, matcher.match( arg ) },
+            m_arg( arg ),
+            m_matcher( matcher ),
+            m_matcherString( matcherString )
+        {}
+
+        void streamReconstructedExpression( std::ostream &os ) const override {
+            auto matcherAsString = m_matcher.toString();
+            os << Catch::Detail::stringify( m_arg ) << ' ';
+            if( matcherAsString == Detail::unprintableString )
+                os << m_matcherString;
+            else
+                os << matcherAsString;
+        }
+    };
+
+    using StringMatcher = Matchers::Impl::MatcherBase<std::string>;
+
+    void handleExceptionMatchExpr( AssertionHandler& handler, StringMatcher const& matcher, StringRef const& matcherString  );
+
+    template<typename ArgT, typename MatcherT>
+    auto makeMatchExpr( ArgT const& arg, MatcherT const& matcher, StringRef const& matcherString  ) -> MatchExpr<ArgT, MatcherT> {
+        return MatchExpr<ArgT, MatcherT>( arg, matcher, matcherString );
+    }
+
+} // namespace Catch
+
+///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
+#define INTERNAL_CHECK_THAT( macroName, matcher, resultDisposition, arg ) \
+    do { \
+        Catch::AssertionHandler catchAssertionHandler( macroName##_catch_sr, CATCH_INTERNAL_LINEINFO, CATCH_INTERNAL_STRINGIFY(arg) ", " CATCH_INTERNAL_STRINGIFY(matcher), resultDisposition ); \
+        INTERNAL_CATCH_TRY { \
+            catchAssertionHandler.handleExpr( Catch::makeMatchExpr( arg, matcher, #matcher##_catch_sr ) ); \
+        } INTERNAL_CATCH_CATCH( catchAssertionHandler ) \
+        INTERNAL_CATCH_REACT( catchAssertionHandler ) \
+    } while( false )
+
+///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
+#define INTERNAL_CATCH_THROWS_MATCHES( macroName, exceptionType, resultDisposition, matcher, ... ) \
+    do { \
+        Catch::AssertionHandler catchAssertionHandler( macroName##_catch_sr, CATCH_INTERNAL_LINEINFO, CATCH_INTERNAL_STRINGIFY(__VA_ARGS__) ", " CATCH_INTERNAL_STRINGIFY(exceptionType) ", " CATCH_INTERNAL_STRINGIFY(matcher), resultDisposition ); \
+        if( catchAssertionHandler.allowThrows() ) \
+            try { \
+                static_cast<void>(__VA_ARGS__ ); \
+                catchAssertionHandler.handleUnexpectedExceptionNotThrown(); \
+            } \
+            catch( exceptionType const& ex ) { \
+                catchAssertionHandler.handleExpr( Catch::makeMatchExpr( ex, matcher, #matcher##_catch_sr ) ); \
+            } \
+            catch( ... ) { \
+                catchAssertionHandler.handleUnexpectedInflightException(); \
+            } \
+        else \
+            catchAssertionHandler.handleThrowingCallSkipped(); \
+        INTERNAL_CATCH_REACT( catchAssertionHandler ) \
+    } while( false )
+
+// end catch_capture_matchers.h
+#endif
+// start catch_generators.hpp
+
+// start catch_interfaces_generatortracker.h
+
+
+#include <memory>
+
+namespace Catch {
+
+    namespace Generators {
+        class GeneratorUntypedBase {
+        public:
+            GeneratorUntypedBase() = default;
+            virtual ~GeneratorUntypedBase();
+            // Attempts to move the generator to the next element
+             //
+             // Returns true iff the move succeeded (and a valid element
+             // can be retrieved).
+            virtual bool next() = 0;
+        };
+        using GeneratorBasePtr = std::unique_ptr<GeneratorUntypedBase>;
+
+    } // namespace Generators
+
+    struct IGeneratorTracker {
+        virtual ~IGeneratorTracker();
+        virtual auto hasGenerator() const -> bool = 0;
+        virtual auto getGenerator() const -> Generators::GeneratorBasePtr const& = 0;
+        virtual void setGenerator( Generators::GeneratorBasePtr&& generator ) = 0;
+    };
+
+} // namespace Catch
+
+// end catch_interfaces_generatortracker.h
+// start catch_enforce.h
+
+#include <exception>
+
+namespace Catch {
+#if !defined(CATCH_CONFIG_DISABLE_EXCEPTIONS)
+    template <typename Ex>
+    [[noreturn]]
+    void throw_exception(Ex const& e) {
+        throw e;
+    }
+#else // ^^ Exceptions are enabled //  Exceptions are disabled vv
+    [[noreturn]]
+    void throw_exception(std::exception const& e);
+#endif
+
+    [[noreturn]]
+    void throw_logic_error(std::string const& msg);
+    [[noreturn]]
+    void throw_domain_error(std::string const& msg);
+    [[noreturn]]
+    void throw_runtime_error(std::string const& msg);
+
+} // namespace Catch;
+
+#define CATCH_MAKE_MSG(...) \
+    (Catch::ReusableStringStream() << __VA_ARGS__).str()
+
+#define CATCH_INTERNAL_ERROR(...) \
+    Catch::throw_logic_error(CATCH_MAKE_MSG( CATCH_INTERNAL_LINEINFO << ": Internal Catch2 error: " << __VA_ARGS__))
+
+#define CATCH_ERROR(...) \
+    Catch::throw_domain_error(CATCH_MAKE_MSG( __VA_ARGS__ ))
+
+#define CATCH_RUNTIME_ERROR(...) \
+    Catch::throw_runtime_error(CATCH_MAKE_MSG( __VA_ARGS__ ))
+
+#define CATCH_ENFORCE( condition, ... ) \
+    do{ if( !(condition) ) CATCH_ERROR( __VA_ARGS__ ); } while(false)
+
+// end catch_enforce.h
+#include <memory>
+#include <vector>
+#include <cassert>
+
+#include <utility>
+#include <exception>
+
+namespace Catch {
+
+class GeneratorException : public std::exception {
+    const char* const m_msg = "";
+
+public:
+    GeneratorException(const char* msg):
+        m_msg(msg)
+    {}
+
+    const char* what() const noexcept override final;
+};
+
+namespace Generators {
+
+    // !TBD move this into its own location?
+    namespace pf{
+        template<typename T, typename... Args>
+        std::unique_ptr<T> make_unique( Args&&... args ) {
+            return std::unique_ptr<T>(new T(std::forward<Args>(args)...));
+        }
+    }
+
+    template<typename T>
+    struct IGenerator : GeneratorUntypedBase {
+        virtual ~IGenerator() = default;
+
+        // Returns the current element of the generator
+        //
+        // \Precondition The generator is either freshly constructed,
+        // or the last call to `next()` returned true
+        virtual T const& get() const = 0;
+        using type = T;
+    };
+
+    template<typename T>
+    class SingleValueGenerator final : public IGenerator<T> {
+        T m_value;
+    public:
+        SingleValueGenerator(T&& value) : m_value(std::move(value)) {}
+
+        T const& get() const override {
+            return m_value;
+        }
+        bool next() override {
+            return false;
+        }
+    };
+
+    template<typename T>
+    class FixedValuesGenerator final : public IGenerator<T> {
+        static_assert(!std::is_same<T, bool>::value,
+            "FixedValuesGenerator does not support bools because of std::vector<bool>"
+            "specialization, use SingleValue Generator instead.");
+        std::vector<T> m_values;
+        size_t m_idx = 0;
+    public:
+        FixedValuesGenerator( std::initializer_list<T> values ) : m_values( values ) {}
+
+        T const& get() const override {
+            return m_values[m_idx];
+        }
+        bool next() override {
+            ++m_idx;
+            return m_idx < m_values.size();
+        }
+    };
+
+    template <typename T>
+    class GeneratorWrapper final {
+        std::unique_ptr<IGenerator<T>> m_generator;
+    public:
+        GeneratorWrapper(std::unique_ptr<IGenerator<T>> generator):
+            m_generator(std::move(generator))
+        {}
+        T const& get() const {
+            return m_generator->get();
+        }
+        bool next() {
+            return m_generator->next();
+        }
+    };
+
+    template <typename T>
+    GeneratorWrapper<T> value(T&& value) {
+        return GeneratorWrapper<T>(pf::make_unique<SingleValueGenerator<T>>(std::forward<T>(value)));
+    }
+    template <typename T>
+    GeneratorWrapper<T> values(std::initializer_list<T> values) {
+        return GeneratorWrapper<T>(pf::make_unique<FixedValuesGenerator<T>>(values));
+    }
+
+    template<typename T>
+    class Generators : public IGenerator<T> {
+        std::vector<GeneratorWrapper<T>> m_generators;
+        size_t m_current = 0;
+
+        void populate(GeneratorWrapper<T>&& generator) {
+            m_generators.emplace_back(std::move(generator));
+        }
+        void populate(T&& val) {
+            m_generators.emplace_back(value(std::forward<T>(val)));
+        }
+        template<typename U>
+        void populate(U&& val) {
+            populate(T(std::forward<U>(val)));
+        }
+        template<typename U, typename... Gs>
+        void populate(U&& valueOrGenerator, Gs &&... moreGenerators) {
+            populate(std::forward<U>(valueOrGenerator));
+            populate(std::forward<Gs>(moreGenerators)...);
+        }
+
+    public:
+        template <typename... Gs>
+        Generators(Gs &&... moreGenerators) {
+            m_generators.reserve(sizeof...(Gs));
+            populate(std::forward<Gs>(moreGenerators)...);
+        }
+
+        T const& get() const override {
+            return m_generators[m_current].get();
+        }
+
+        bool next() override {
+            if (m_current >= m_generators.size()) {
+                return false;
+            }
+            const bool current_status = m_generators[m_current].next();
+            if (!current_status) {
+                ++m_current;
+            }
+            return m_current < m_generators.size();
+        }
+    };
+
+    template<typename... Ts>
+    GeneratorWrapper<std::tuple<Ts...>> table( std::initializer_list<std::tuple<typename std::decay<Ts>::type...>> tuples ) {
+        return values<std::tuple<Ts...>>( tuples );
+    }
+
+    // Tag type to signal that a generator sequence should convert arguments to a specific type
+    template <typename T>
+    struct as {};
+
+    template<typename T, typename... Gs>
+    auto makeGenerators( GeneratorWrapper<T>&& generator, Gs &&... moreGenerators ) -> Generators<T> {
+        return Generators<T>(std::move(generator), std::forward<Gs>(moreGenerators)...);
+    }
+    template<typename T>
+    auto makeGenerators( GeneratorWrapper<T>&& generator ) -> Generators<T> {
+        return Generators<T>(std::move(generator));
+    }
+    template<typename T, typename... Gs>
+    auto makeGenerators( T&& val, Gs &&... moreGenerators ) -> Generators<T> {
+        return makeGenerators( value( std::forward<T>( val ) ), std::forward<Gs>( moreGenerators )... );
+    }
+    template<typename T, typename U, typename... Gs>
+    auto makeGenerators( as<T>, U&& val, Gs &&... moreGenerators ) -> Generators<T> {
+        return makeGenerators( value( T( std::forward<U>( val ) ) ), std::forward<Gs>( moreGenerators )... );
+    }
+
+    auto acquireGeneratorTracker( StringRef generatorName, SourceLineInfo const& lineInfo ) -> IGeneratorTracker&;
+
+    template<typename L>
+    // Note: The type after -> is weird, because VS2015 cannot parse
+    //       the expression used in the typedef inside, when it is in
+    //       return type. Yeah.
+    auto generate( StringRef generatorName, SourceLineInfo const& lineInfo, L const& generatorExpression ) -> decltype(std::declval<decltype(generatorExpression())>().get()) {
+        using UnderlyingType = typename decltype(generatorExpression())::type;
+
+        IGeneratorTracker& tracker = acquireGeneratorTracker( generatorName, lineInfo );
+        if (!tracker.hasGenerator()) {
+            tracker.setGenerator(pf::make_unique<Generators<UnderlyingType>>(generatorExpression()));
+        }
+
+        auto const& generator = static_cast<IGenerator<UnderlyingType> const&>( *tracker.getGenerator() );
+        return generator.get();
+    }
+
+} // namespace Generators
+} // namespace Catch
+
+#define GENERATE( ... ) \
+    Catch::Generators::generate( INTERNAL_CATCH_STRINGIZE(INTERNAL_CATCH_UNIQUE_NAME(generator)), \
+                                 CATCH_INTERNAL_LINEINFO, \
+                                 [ ]{ using namespace Catch::Generators; return makeGenerators( __VA_ARGS__ ); } ) //NOLINT(google-build-using-namespace)
+#define GENERATE_COPY( ... ) \
+    Catch::Generators::generate( INTERNAL_CATCH_STRINGIZE(INTERNAL_CATCH_UNIQUE_NAME(generator)), \
+                                 CATCH_INTERNAL_LINEINFO, \
+                                 [=]{ using namespace Catch::Generators; return makeGenerators( __VA_ARGS__ ); } ) //NOLINT(google-build-using-namespace)
+#define GENERATE_REF( ... ) \
+    Catch::Generators::generate( INTERNAL_CATCH_STRINGIZE(INTERNAL_CATCH_UNIQUE_NAME(generator)), \
+                                 CATCH_INTERNAL_LINEINFO, \
+                                 [&]{ using namespace Catch::Generators; return makeGenerators( __VA_ARGS__ ); } ) //NOLINT(google-build-using-namespace)
+
+// end catch_generators.hpp
+// start catch_generators_generic.hpp
+
+namespace Catch {
+namespace Generators {
+
+    template <typename T>
+    class TakeGenerator : public IGenerator<T> {
+        GeneratorWrapper<T> m_generator;
+        size_t m_returned = 0;
+        size_t m_target;
+    public:
+        TakeGenerator(size_t target, GeneratorWrapper<T>&& generator):
+            m_generator(std::move(generator)),
+            m_target(target)
+        {
+            assert(target != 0 && "Empty generators are not allowed");
+        }
+        T const& get() const override {
+            return m_generator.get();
+        }
+        bool next() override {
+            ++m_returned;
+            if (m_returned >= m_target) {
+                return false;
+            }
+
+            const auto success = m_generator.next();
+            // If the underlying generator does not contain enough values
+            // then we cut short as well
+            if (!success) {
+                m_returned = m_target;
+            }
+            return success;
+        }
+    };
+
+    template <typename T>
+    GeneratorWrapper<T> take(size_t target, GeneratorWrapper<T>&& generator) {
+        return GeneratorWrapper<T>(pf::make_unique<TakeGenerator<T>>(target, std::move(generator)));
+    }
+
+    template <typename T, typename Predicate>
+    class FilterGenerator : public IGenerator<T> {
+        GeneratorWrapper<T> m_generator;
+        Predicate m_predicate;
+    public:
+        template <typename P = Predicate>
+        FilterGenerator(P&& pred, GeneratorWrapper<T>&& generator):
+            m_generator(std::move(generator)),
+            m_predicate(std::forward<P>(pred))
+        {
+            if (!m_predicate(m_generator.get())) {
+                // It might happen that there are no values that pass the
+                // filter. In that case we throw an exception.
+                auto has_initial_value = next();
+                if (!has_initial_value) {
+                    Catch::throw_exception(GeneratorException("No valid value found in filtered generator"));
+                }
+            }
+        }
+
+        T const& get() const override {
+            return m_generator.get();
+        }
+
+        bool next() override {
+            bool success = m_generator.next();
+            if (!success) {
+                return false;
+            }
+            while (!m_predicate(m_generator.get()) && (success = m_generator.next()) == true);
+            return success;
+        }
+    };
+
+    template <typename T, typename Predicate>
+    GeneratorWrapper<T> filter(Predicate&& pred, GeneratorWrapper<T>&& generator) {
+        return GeneratorWrapper<T>(std::unique_ptr<IGenerator<T>>(pf::make_unique<FilterGenerator<T, Predicate>>(std::forward<Predicate>(pred), std::move(generator))));
+    }
+
+    template <typename T>
+    class RepeatGenerator : public IGenerator<T> {
+        static_assert(!std::is_same<T, bool>::value,
+            "RepeatGenerator currently does not support bools"
+            "because of std::vector<bool> specialization");
+        GeneratorWrapper<T> m_generator;
+        mutable std::vector<T> m_returned;
+        size_t m_target_repeats;
+        size_t m_current_repeat = 0;
+        size_t m_repeat_index = 0;
+    public:
+        RepeatGenerator(size_t repeats, GeneratorWrapper<T>&& generator):
+            m_generator(std::move(generator)),
+            m_target_repeats(repeats)
+        {
+            assert(m_target_repeats > 0 && "Repeat generator must repeat at least once");
+        }
+
+        T const& get() const override {
+            if (m_current_repeat == 0) {
+                m_returned.push_back(m_generator.get());
+                return m_returned.back();
+            }
+            return m_returned[m_repeat_index];
+        }
+
+        bool next() override {
+            // There are 2 basic cases:
+            // 1) We are still reading the generator
+            // 2) We are reading our own cache
+
+            // In the first case, we need to poke the underlying generator.
+            // If it happily moves, we are left in that state, otherwise it is time to start reading from our cache
+            if (m_current_repeat == 0) {
+                const auto success = m_generator.next();
+                if (!success) {
+                    ++m_current_repeat;
+                }
+                return m_current_repeat < m_target_repeats;
+            }
+
+            // In the second case, we need to move indices forward and check that we haven't run up against the end
+            ++m_repeat_index;
+            if (m_repeat_index == m_returned.size()) {
+                m_repeat_index = 0;
+                ++m_current_repeat;
+            }
+            return m_current_repeat < m_target_repeats;
+        }
+    };
+
+    template <typename T>
+    GeneratorWrapper<T> repeat(size_t repeats, GeneratorWrapper<T>&& generator) {
+        return GeneratorWrapper<T>(pf::make_unique<RepeatGenerator<T>>(repeats, std::move(generator)));
+    }
+
+    template <typename T, typename U, typename Func>
+    class MapGenerator : public IGenerator<T> {
+        // TBD: provide static assert for mapping function, for friendly error message
+        GeneratorWrapper<U> m_generator;
+        Func m_function;
+        // To avoid returning dangling reference, we have to save the values
+        T m_cache;
+    public:
+        template <typename F2 = Func>
+        MapGenerator(F2&& function, GeneratorWrapper<U>&& generator) :
+            m_generator(std::move(generator)),
+            m_function(std::forward<F2>(function)),
+            m_cache(m_function(m_generator.get()))
+        {}
+
+        T const& get() const override {
+            return m_cache;
+        }
+        bool next() override {
+            const auto success = m_generator.next();
+            if (success) {
+                m_cache = m_function(m_generator.get());
+            }
+            return success;
+        }
+    };
+
+    template <typename Func, typename U, typename T = FunctionReturnType<Func, U>>
+    GeneratorWrapper<T> map(Func&& function, GeneratorWrapper<U>&& generator) {
+        return GeneratorWrapper<T>(
+            pf::make_unique<MapGenerator<T, U, Func>>(std::forward<Func>(function), std::move(generator))
+        );
+    }
+
+    template <typename T, typename U, typename Func>
+    GeneratorWrapper<T> map(Func&& function, GeneratorWrapper<U>&& generator) {
+        return GeneratorWrapper<T>(
+            pf::make_unique<MapGenerator<T, U, Func>>(std::forward<Func>(function), std::move(generator))
+        );
+    }
+
+    template <typename T>
+    class ChunkGenerator final : public IGenerator<std::vector<T>> {
+        std::vector<T> m_chunk;
+        size_t m_chunk_size;
+        GeneratorWrapper<T> m_generator;
+        bool m_used_up = false;
+    public:
+        ChunkGenerator(size_t size, GeneratorWrapper<T> generator) :
+            m_chunk_size(size), m_generator(std::move(generator))
+        {
+            m_chunk.reserve(m_chunk_size);
+            if (m_chunk_size != 0) {
+                m_chunk.push_back(m_generator.get());
+                for (size_t i = 1; i < m_chunk_size; ++i) {
+                    if (!m_generator.next()) {
+                        Catch::throw_exception(GeneratorException("Not enough values to initialize the first chunk"));
+                    }
+                    m_chunk.push_back(m_generator.get());
+                }
+            }
+        }
+        std::vector<T> const& get() const override {
+            return m_chunk;
+        }
+        bool next() override {
+            m_chunk.clear();
+            for (size_t idx = 0; idx < m_chunk_size; ++idx) {
+                if (!m_generator.next()) {
+                    return false;
+                }
+                m_chunk.push_back(m_generator.get());
+            }
+            return true;
+        }
+    };
+
+    template <typename T>
+    GeneratorWrapper<std::vector<T>> chunk(size_t size, GeneratorWrapper<T>&& generator) {
+        return GeneratorWrapper<std::vector<T>>(
+            pf::make_unique<ChunkGenerator<T>>(size, std::move(generator))
+        );
+    }
+
+} // namespace Generators
+} // namespace Catch
+
+// end catch_generators_generic.hpp
+// start catch_generators_specific.hpp
+
+// start catch_context.h
+
+#include <memory>
+
+namespace Catch {
+
+    struct IResultCapture;
+    struct IRunner;
+    struct IConfig;
+    struct IMutableContext;
+
+    using IConfigPtr = std::shared_ptr<IConfig const>;
+
+    struct IContext
+    {
+        virtual ~IContext();
+
+        virtual IResultCapture* getResultCapture() = 0;
+        virtual IRunner* getRunner() = 0;
+        virtual IConfigPtr const& getConfig() const = 0;
+    };
+
+    struct IMutableContext : IContext
+    {
+        virtual ~IMutableContext();
+        virtual void setResultCapture( IResultCapture* resultCapture ) = 0;
+        virtual void setRunner( IRunner* runner ) = 0;
+        virtual void setConfig( IConfigPtr const& config ) = 0;
+
+    private:
+        static IMutableContext *currentContext;
+        friend IMutableContext& getCurrentMutableContext();
+        friend void cleanUpContext();
+        static void createContext();
+    };
+
+    inline IMutableContext& getCurrentMutableContext()
+    {
+        if( !IMutableContext::currentContext )
+            IMutableContext::createContext();
+        // NOLINTNEXTLINE(clang-analyzer-core.uninitialized.UndefReturn)
+        return *IMutableContext::currentContext;
+    }
+
+    inline IContext& getCurrentContext()
+    {
+        return getCurrentMutableContext();
+    }
+
+    void cleanUpContext();
+
+    class SimplePcg32;
+    SimplePcg32& rng();
+}
+
+// end catch_context.h
+// start catch_interfaces_config.h
+
+// start catch_option.hpp
+
+namespace Catch {
+
+    // An optional type
+    template<typename T>
+    class Option {
+    public:
+        Option() : nullableValue( nullptr ) {}
+        Option( T const& _value )
+        : nullableValue( new( storage ) T( _value ) )
+        {}
+        Option( Option const& _other )
+        : nullableValue( _other ? new( storage ) T( *_other ) : nullptr )
+        {}
+
+        ~Option() {
+            reset();
+        }
+
+        Option& operator= ( Option const& _other ) {
+            if( &_other != this ) {
+                reset();
+                if( _other )
+                    nullableValue = new( storage ) T( *_other );
+            }
+            return *this;
+        }
+        Option& operator = ( T const& _value ) {
+            reset();
+            nullableValue = new( storage ) T( _value );
+            return *this;
+        }
+
+        void reset() {
+            if( nullableValue )
+                nullableValue->~T();
+            nullableValue = nullptr;
+        }
+
+        T& operator*() { return *nullableValue; }
+        T const& operator*() const { return *nullableValue; }
+        T* operator->() { return nullableValue; }
+        const T* operator->() const { return nullableValue; }
+
+        T valueOr( T const& defaultValue ) const {
+            return nullableValue ? *nullableValue : defaultValue;
+        }
+
+        bool some() const { return nullableValue != nullptr; }
+        bool none() const { return nullableValue == nullptr; }
+
+        bool operator !() const { return nullableValue == nullptr; }
+        explicit operator bool() const {
+            return some();
+        }
+
+    private:
+        T *nullableValue;
+        alignas(alignof(T)) char storage[sizeof(T)];
+    };
+
+} // end namespace Catch
+
+// end catch_option.hpp
+#include <chrono>
+#include <iosfwd>
+#include <string>
+#include <vector>
+#include <memory>
+
+namespace Catch {
+
+    enum class Verbosity {
+        Quiet = 0,
+        Normal,
+        High
+    };
+
+    struct WarnAbout { enum What {
+        Nothing = 0x00,
+        NoAssertions = 0x01,
+        NoTests = 0x02
+    }; };
+
+    struct ShowDurations { enum OrNot {
+        DefaultForReporter,
+        Always,
+        Never
+    }; };
+    struct RunTests { enum InWhatOrder {
+        InDeclarationOrder,
+        InLexicographicalOrder,
+        InRandomOrder
+    }; };
+    struct UseColour { enum YesOrNo {
+        Auto,
+        Yes,
+        No
+    }; };
+    struct WaitForKeypress { enum When {
+        Never,
+        BeforeStart = 1,
+        BeforeExit = 2,
+        BeforeStartAndExit = BeforeStart | BeforeExit
+    }; };
+
+    class TestSpec;
+
+    struct IConfig : NonCopyable {
+
+        virtual ~IConfig();
+
+        virtual bool allowThrows() const = 0;
+        virtual std::ostream& stream() const = 0;
+        virtual std::string name() const = 0;
+        virtual bool includeSuccessfulResults() const = 0;
+        virtual bool shouldDebugBreak() const = 0;
+        virtual bool warnAboutMissingAssertions() const = 0;
+        virtual bool warnAboutNoTests() const = 0;
+        virtual int abortAfter() const = 0;
+        virtual bool showInvisibles() const = 0;
+        virtual ShowDurations::OrNot showDurations() const = 0;
+        virtual double minDuration() const = 0;
+        virtual TestSpec const& testSpec() const = 0;
+        virtual bool hasTestFilters() const = 0;
+        virtual std::vector<std::string> const& getTestsOrTags() const = 0;
+        virtual RunTests::InWhatOrder runOrder() const = 0;
+        virtual unsigned int rngSeed() const = 0;
+        virtual UseColour::YesOrNo useColour() const = 0;
+        virtual std::vector<std::string> const& getSectionsToRun() const = 0;
+        virtual Verbosity verbosity() const = 0;
+
+        virtual bool benchmarkNoAnalysis() const = 0;
+        virtual int benchmarkSamples() const = 0;
+        virtual double benchmarkConfidenceInterval() const = 0;
+        virtual unsigned int benchmarkResamples() const = 0;
+        virtual std::chrono::milliseconds benchmarkWarmupTime() const = 0;
+    };
+
+    using IConfigPtr = std::shared_ptr<IConfig const>;
+}
+
+// end catch_interfaces_config.h
+// start catch_random_number_generator.h
+
+#include <cstdint>
+
+namespace Catch {
+
+    // This is a simple implementation of C++11 Uniform Random Number
+    // Generator. It does not provide all operators, because Catch2
+    // does not use it, but it should behave as expected inside stdlib's
+    // distributions.
+    // The implementation is based on the PCG family (http://pcg-random.org)
+    class SimplePcg32 {
+        using state_type = std::uint64_t;
+    public:
+        using result_type = std::uint32_t;
+        static constexpr result_type (min)() {
+            return 0;
+        }
+        static constexpr result_type (max)() {
+            return static_cast<result_type>(-1);
+        }
+
+        // Provide some default initial state for the default constructor
+        SimplePcg32():SimplePcg32(0xed743cc4U) {}
+
+        explicit SimplePcg32(result_type seed_);
+
+        void seed(result_type seed_);
+        void discard(uint64_t skip);
+
+        result_type operator()();
+
+    private:
+        friend bool operator==(SimplePcg32 const& lhs, SimplePcg32 const& rhs);
+        friend bool operator!=(SimplePcg32 const& lhs, SimplePcg32 const& rhs);
+
+        // In theory we also need operator<< and operator>>
+        // In practice we do not use them, so we will skip them for now
+
+        std::uint64_t m_state;
+        // This part of the state determines which "stream" of the numbers
+        // is chosen -- we take it as a constant for Catch2, so we only
+        // need to deal with seeding the main state.
+        // Picked by reading 8 bytes from `/dev/random` :-)
+        static const std::uint64_t s_inc = (0x13ed0cc53f939476ULL << 1ULL) | 1ULL;
+    };
+
+} // end namespace Catch
+
+// end catch_random_number_generator.h
+#include <random>
+
+namespace Catch {
+namespace Generators {
+
+template <typename Float>
+class RandomFloatingGenerator final : public IGenerator<Float> {
+    Catch::SimplePcg32& m_rng;
+    std::uniform_real_distribution<Float> m_dist;
+    Float m_current_number;
+public:
+
+    RandomFloatingGenerator(Float a, Float b):
+        m_rng(rng()),
+        m_dist(a, b) {
+        static_cast<void>(next());
+    }
+
+    Float const& get() const override {
+        return m_current_number;
+    }
+    bool next() override {
+        m_current_number = m_dist(m_rng);
+        return true;
+    }
+};
+
+template <typename Integer>
+class RandomIntegerGenerator final : public IGenerator<Integer> {
+    Catch::SimplePcg32& m_rng;
+    std::uniform_int_distribution<Integer> m_dist;
+    Integer m_current_number;
+public:
+
+    RandomIntegerGenerator(Integer a, Integer b):
+        m_rng(rng()),
+        m_dist(a, b) {
+        static_cast<void>(next());
+    }
+
+    Integer const& get() const override {
+        return m_current_number;
+    }
+    bool next() override {
+        m_current_number = m_dist(m_rng);
+        return true;
+    }
+};
+
+// TODO: Ideally this would be also constrained against the various char types,
+//       but I don't expect users to run into that in practice.
+template <typename T>
+typename std::enable_if<std::is_integral<T>::value && !std::is_same<T, bool>::value,
+GeneratorWrapper<T>>::type
+random(T a, T b) {
+    return GeneratorWrapper<T>(
+        pf::make_unique<RandomIntegerGenerator<T>>(a, b)
+    );
+}
+
+template <typename T>
+typename std::enable_if<std::is_floating_point<T>::value,
+GeneratorWrapper<T>>::type
+random(T a, T b) {
+    return GeneratorWrapper<T>(
+        pf::make_unique<RandomFloatingGenerator<T>>(a, b)
+    );
+}
+
+template <typename T>
+class RangeGenerator final : public IGenerator<T> {
+    T m_current;
+    T m_end;
+    T m_step;
+    bool m_positive;
+
+public:
+    RangeGenerator(T const& start, T const& end, T const& step):
+        m_current(start),
+        m_end(end),
+        m_step(step),
+        m_positive(m_step > T(0))
+    {
+        assert(m_current != m_end && "Range start and end cannot be equal");
+        assert(m_step != T(0) && "Step size cannot be zero");
+        assert(((m_positive && m_current <= m_end) || (!m_positive && m_current >= m_end)) && "Step moves away from end");
+    }
+
+    RangeGenerator(T const& start, T const& end):
+        RangeGenerator(start, end, (start < end) ? T(1) : T(-1))
+    {}
+
+    T const& get() const override {
+        return m_current;
+    }
+
+    bool next() override {
+        m_current += m_step;
+        return (m_positive) ? (m_current < m_end) : (m_current > m_end);
+    }
+};
+
+template <typename T>
+GeneratorWrapper<T> range(T const& start, T const& end, T const& step) {
+    static_assert(std::is_arithmetic<T>::value && !std::is_same<T, bool>::value, "Type must be numeric");
+    return GeneratorWrapper<T>(pf::make_unique<RangeGenerator<T>>(start, end, step));
+}
+
+template <typename T>
+GeneratorWrapper<T> range(T const& start, T const& end) {
+    static_assert(std::is_integral<T>::value && !std::is_same<T, bool>::value, "Type must be an integer");
+    return GeneratorWrapper<T>(pf::make_unique<RangeGenerator<T>>(start, end));
+}
+
+template <typename T>
+class IteratorGenerator final : public IGenerator<T> {
+    static_assert(!std::is_same<T, bool>::value,
+        "IteratorGenerator currently does not support bools"
+        "because of std::vector<bool> specialization");
+
+    std::vector<T> m_elems;
+    size_t m_current = 0;
+public:
+    template <typename InputIterator, typename InputSentinel>
+    IteratorGenerator(InputIterator first, InputSentinel last):m_elems(first, last) {
+        if (m_elems.empty()) {
+            Catch::throw_exception(GeneratorException("IteratorGenerator received no valid values"));
+        }
+    }
+
+    T const& get() const override {
+        return m_elems[m_current];
+    }
+
+    bool next() override {
+        ++m_current;
+        return m_current != m_elems.size();
+    }
+};
+
+template <typename InputIterator,
+          typename InputSentinel,
+          typename ResultType = typename std::iterator_traits<InputIterator>::value_type>
+GeneratorWrapper<ResultType> from_range(InputIterator from, InputSentinel to) {
+    return GeneratorWrapper<ResultType>(pf::make_unique<IteratorGenerator<ResultType>>(from, to));
+}
+
+template <typename Container,
+          typename ResultType = typename Container::value_type>
+GeneratorWrapper<ResultType> from_range(Container const& cnt) {
+    return GeneratorWrapper<ResultType>(pf::make_unique<IteratorGenerator<ResultType>>(cnt.begin(), cnt.end()));
+}
+
+} // namespace Generators
+} // namespace Catch
+
+// end catch_generators_specific.hpp
+
+// These files are included here so the single_include script doesn't put them
+// in the conditionally compiled sections
+// start catch_test_case_info.h
+
+#include <string>
+#include <vector>
+#include <memory>
+
+#ifdef __clang__
+#pragma clang diagnostic push
+#pragma clang diagnostic ignored "-Wpadded"
+#endif
+
+namespace Catch {
+
+    struct ITestInvoker;
+
+    struct TestCaseInfo {
+        enum SpecialProperties{
+            None = 0,
+            IsHidden = 1 << 1,
+            ShouldFail = 1 << 2,
+            MayFail = 1 << 3,
+            Throws = 1 << 4,
+            NonPortable = 1 << 5,
+            Benchmark = 1 << 6
+        };
+
+        TestCaseInfo(   std::string const& _name,
+                        std::string const& _className,
+                        std::string const& _description,
+                        std::vector<std::string> const& _tags,
+                        SourceLineInfo const& _lineInfo );
+
+        friend void setTags( TestCaseInfo& testCaseInfo, std::vector<std::string> tags );
+
+        bool isHidden() const;
+        bool throws() const;
+        bool okToFail() const;
+        bool expectedToFail() const;
+
+        std::string tagsAsString() const;
+
+        std::string name;
+        std::string className;
+        std::string description;
+        std::vector<std::string> tags;
+        std::vector<std::string> lcaseTags;
+        SourceLineInfo lineInfo;
+        SpecialProperties properties;
+    };
+
+    class TestCase : public TestCaseInfo {
+    public:
+
+        TestCase( ITestInvoker* testCase, TestCaseInfo&& info );
+
+        TestCase withName( std::string const& _newName ) const;
+
+        void invoke() const;
+
+        TestCaseInfo const& getTestCaseInfo() const;
+
+        bool operator == ( TestCase const& other ) const;
+        bool operator < ( TestCase const& other ) const;
+
+    private:
+        std::shared_ptr<ITestInvoker> test;
+    };
+
+    TestCase makeTestCase(  ITestInvoker* testCase,
+                            std::string const& className,
+                            NameAndTags const& nameAndTags,
+                            SourceLineInfo const& lineInfo );
+}
+
+#ifdef __clang__
+#pragma clang diagnostic pop
+#endif
+
+// end catch_test_case_info.h
+// start catch_interfaces_runner.h
+
+namespace Catch {
+
+    struct IRunner {
+        virtual ~IRunner();
+        virtual bool aborting() const = 0;
+    };
+}
+
+// end catch_interfaces_runner.h
+
+#ifdef __OBJC__
+// start catch_objc.hpp
+
+#import <objc/runtime.h>
+
+#include <string>
+
+// NB. Any general catch headers included here must be included
+// in catch.hpp first to make sure they are included by the single
+// header for non obj-usage
+
+///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
+// This protocol is really only here for (self) documenting purposes, since
+// all its methods are optional.
+@protocol OcFixture
+
+@optional
+
+-(void) setUp;
+-(void) tearDown;
+
+@end
+
+namespace Catch {
+
+    class OcMethod : public ITestInvoker {
+
+    public:
+        OcMethod( Class cls, SEL sel ) : m_cls( cls ), m_sel( sel ) {}
+
+        virtual void invoke() const {
+            id obj = [[m_cls alloc] init];
+
+            performOptionalSelector( obj, @selector(setUp)  );
+            performOptionalSelector( obj, m_sel );
+            performOptionalSelector( obj, @selector(tearDown)  );
+
+            arcSafeRelease( obj );
+        }
+    private:
+        virtual ~OcMethod() {}
+
+        Class m_cls;
+        SEL m_sel;
+    };
+
+    namespace Detail{
+
+        inline std::string getAnnotation(   Class cls,
+                                            std::string const& annotationName,
+                                            std::string const& testCaseName ) {
+            NSString* selStr = [[NSString alloc] initWithFormat:@"Catch_%s_%s", annotationName.c_str(), testCaseName.c_str()];
+            SEL sel = NSSelectorFromString( selStr );
+            arcSafeRelease( selStr );
+            id value = performOptionalSelector( cls, sel );
+            if( value )
+                return [(NSString*)value UTF8String];
+            return "";
+        }
+    }
+
+    inline std::size_t registerTestMethods() {
+        std::size_t noTestMethods = 0;
+        int noClasses = objc_getClassList( nullptr, 0 );
+
+        Class* classes = (CATCH_UNSAFE_UNRETAINED Class *)malloc( sizeof(Class) * noClasses);
+        objc_getClassList( classes, noClasses );
+
+        for( int c = 0; c < noClasses; c++ ) {
+            Class cls = classes[c];
+            {
+                u_int count;
+                Method* methods = class_copyMethodList( cls, &count );
+                for( u_int m = 0; m < count ; m++ ) {
+                    SEL selector = method_getName(methods[m]);
+                    std::string methodName = sel_getName(selector);
+                    if( startsWith( methodName, "Catch_TestCase_" ) ) {
+                        std::string testCaseName = methodName.substr( 15 );
+                        std::string name = Detail::getAnnotation( cls, "Name", testCaseName );
+                        std::string desc = Detail::getAnnotation( cls, "Description", testCaseName );
+                        const char* className = class_getName( cls );
+
+                        getMutableRegistryHub().registerTest( makeTestCase( new OcMethod( cls, selector ), className, NameAndTags( name.c_str(), desc.c_str() ), SourceLineInfo("",0) ) );
+                        noTestMethods++;
+                    }
+                }
+                free(methods);
+            }
+        }
+        return noTestMethods;
+    }
+
+#if !defined(CATCH_CONFIG_DISABLE_MATCHERS)
+
+    namespace Matchers {
+        namespace Impl {
+        namespace NSStringMatchers {
+
+            struct StringHolder : MatcherBase<NSString*>{
+                StringHolder( NSString* substr ) : m_substr( [substr copy] ){}
+                StringHolder( StringHolder const& other ) : m_substr( [other.m_substr copy] ){}
+                StringHolder() {
+                    arcSafeRelease( m_substr );
+                }
+
+                bool match( NSString* str ) const override {
+                    return false;
+                }
+
+                NSString* CATCH_ARC_STRONG m_substr;
+            };
+
+            struct Equals : StringHolder {
+                Equals( NSString* substr ) : StringHolder( substr ){}
+
+                bool match( NSString* str ) const override {
+                    return  (str != nil || m_substr == nil ) &&
+                            [str isEqualToString:m_substr];
+                }
+
+                std::string describe() const override {
+                    return "equals string: " + Catch::Detail::stringify( m_substr );
+                }
+            };
+
+            struct Contains : StringHolder {
+                Contains( NSString* substr ) : StringHolder( substr ){}
+
+                bool match( NSString* str ) const override {
+                    return  (str != nil || m_substr == nil ) &&
+                            [str rangeOfString:m_substr].location != NSNotFound;
+                }
+
+                std::string describe() const override {
+                    return "contains string: " + Catch::Detail::stringify( m_substr );
+                }
+            };
+
+            struct StartsWith : StringHolder {
+                StartsWith( NSString* substr ) : StringHolder( substr ){}
+
+                bool match( NSString* str ) const override {
+                    return  (str != nil || m_substr == nil ) &&
+                            [str rangeOfString:m_substr].location == 0;
+                }
+
+                std::string describe() const override {
+                    return "starts with: " + Catch::Detail::stringify( m_substr );
+                }
+            };
+            struct EndsWith : StringHolder {
+                EndsWith( NSString* substr ) : StringHolder( substr ){}
+
+                bool match( NSString* str ) const override {
+                    return  (str != nil || m_substr == nil ) &&
+                            [str rangeOfString:m_substr].location == [str length] - [m_substr length];
+                }
+
+                std::string describe() const override {
+                    return "ends with: " + Catch::Detail::stringify( m_substr );
+                }
+            };
+
+        } // namespace NSStringMatchers
+        } // namespace Impl
+
+        inline Impl::NSStringMatchers::Equals
+            Equals( NSString* substr ){ return Impl::NSStringMatchers::Equals( substr ); }
+
+        inline Impl::NSStringMatchers::Contains
+            Contains( NSString* substr ){ return Impl::NSStringMatchers::Contains( substr ); }
+
+        inline Impl::NSStringMatchers::StartsWith
+            StartsWith( NSString* substr ){ return Impl::NSStringMatchers::StartsWith( substr ); }
+
+        inline Impl::NSStringMatchers::EndsWith
+            EndsWith( NSString* substr ){ return Impl::NSStringMatchers::EndsWith( substr ); }
+
+    } // namespace Matchers
+
+    using namespace Matchers;
+
+#endif // CATCH_CONFIG_DISABLE_MATCHERS
+
+} // namespace Catch
+
+///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
+#define OC_MAKE_UNIQUE_NAME( root, uniqueSuffix ) root##uniqueSuffix
+#define OC_TEST_CASE2( name, desc, uniqueSuffix ) \
++(NSString*) OC_MAKE_UNIQUE_NAME( Catch_Name_test_, uniqueSuffix ) \
+{ \
+return @ name; \
+} \
++(NSString*) OC_MAKE_UNIQUE_NAME( Catch_Description_test_, uniqueSuffix ) \
+{ \
+return @ desc; \
+} \
+-(void) OC_MAKE_UNIQUE_NAME( Catch_TestCase_test_, uniqueSuffix )
+
+#define OC_TEST_CASE( name, desc ) OC_TEST_CASE2( name, desc, __LINE__ )
+
+// end catch_objc.hpp
+#endif
+
+// Benchmarking needs the externally-facing parts of reporters to work
+#if defined(CATCH_CONFIG_EXTERNAL_INTERFACES) || defined(CATCH_CONFIG_ENABLE_BENCHMARKING)
+// start catch_external_interfaces.h
+
+// start catch_reporter_bases.hpp
+
+// start catch_interfaces_reporter.h
+
+// start catch_config.hpp
+
+// start catch_test_spec_parser.h
+
+#ifdef __clang__
+#pragma clang diagnostic push
+#pragma clang diagnostic ignored "-Wpadded"
+#endif
+
+// start catch_test_spec.h
+
+#ifdef __clang__
+#pragma clang diagnostic push
+#pragma clang diagnostic ignored "-Wpadded"
+#endif
+
+// start catch_wildcard_pattern.h
+
+namespace Catch
+{
+    class WildcardPattern {
+        enum WildcardPosition {
+            NoWildcard = 0,
+            WildcardAtStart = 1,
+            WildcardAtEnd = 2,
+            WildcardAtBothEnds = WildcardAtStart | WildcardAtEnd
+        };
+
+    public:
+
+        WildcardPattern( std::string const& pattern, CaseSensitive::Choice caseSensitivity );
+        virtual ~WildcardPattern() = default;
+        virtual bool matches( std::string const& str ) const;
+
+    private:
+        std::string normaliseString( std::string const& str ) const;
+        CaseSensitive::Choice m_caseSensitivity;
+        WildcardPosition m_wildcard = NoWildcard;
+        std::string m_pattern;
+    };
+}
+
+// end catch_wildcard_pattern.h
+#include <string>
+#include <vector>
+#include <memory>
+
+namespace Catch {
+
+    struct IConfig;
+
+    class TestSpec {
+        class Pattern {
+        public:
+            explicit Pattern( std::string const& name );
+            virtual ~Pattern();
+            virtual bool matches( TestCaseInfo const& testCase ) const = 0;
+            std::string const& name() const;
+        private:
+            std::string const m_name;
+        };
+        using PatternPtr = std::shared_ptr<Pattern>;
+
+        class NamePattern : public Pattern {
+        public:
+            explicit NamePattern( std::string const& name, std::string const& filterString );
+            bool matches( TestCaseInfo const& testCase ) const override;
+        private:
+            WildcardPattern m_wildcardPattern;
+        };
+
+        class TagPattern : public Pattern {
+        public:
+            explicit TagPattern( std::string const& tag, std::string const& filterString );
+            bool matches( TestCaseInfo const& testCase ) const override;
+        private:
+            std::string m_tag;
+        };
+
+        class ExcludedPattern : public Pattern {
+        public:
+            explicit ExcludedPattern( PatternPtr const& underlyingPattern );
+            bool matches( TestCaseInfo const& testCase ) const override;
+        private:
+            PatternPtr m_underlyingPattern;
+        };
+
+        struct Filter {
+            std::vector<PatternPtr> m_patterns;
+
+            bool matches( TestCaseInfo const& testCase ) const;
+            std::string name() const;
+        };
+
+    public:
+        struct FilterMatch {
+            std::string name;
+            std::vector<TestCase const*> tests;
+        };
+        using Matches = std::vector<FilterMatch>;
+        using vectorStrings = std::vector<std::string>;
+
+        bool hasFilters() const;
+        bool matches( TestCaseInfo const& testCase ) const;
+        Matches matchesByFilter( std::vector<TestCase> const& testCases, IConfig const& config ) const;
+        const vectorStrings & getInvalidArgs() const;
+
+    private:
+        std::vector<Filter> m_filters;
+        std::vector<std::string> m_invalidArgs;
+        friend class TestSpecParser;
+    };
+}
+
+#ifdef __clang__
+#pragma clang diagnostic pop
+#endif
+
+// end catch_test_spec.h
+// start catch_interfaces_tag_alias_registry.h
+
+#include <string>
+
+namespace Catch {
+
+    struct TagAlias;
+
+    struct ITagAliasRegistry {
+        virtual ~ITagAliasRegistry();
+        // Nullptr if not present
+        virtual TagAlias const* find( std::string const& alias ) const = 0;
+        virtual std::string expandAliases( std::string const& unexpandedTestSpec ) const = 0;
+
+        static ITagAliasRegistry const& get();
+    };
+
+} // end namespace Catch
+
+// end catch_interfaces_tag_alias_registry.h
+namespace Catch {
+
+    class TestSpecParser {
+        enum Mode{ None, Name, QuotedName, Tag, EscapedName };
+        Mode m_mode = None;
+        Mode lastMode = None;
+        bool m_exclusion = false;
+        std::size_t m_pos = 0;
+        std::size_t m_realPatternPos = 0;
+        std::string m_arg;
+        std::string m_substring;
+        std::string m_patternName;
+        std::vector<std::size_t> m_escapeChars;
+        TestSpec::Filter m_currentFilter;
+        TestSpec m_testSpec;
+        ITagAliasRegistry const* m_tagAliases = nullptr;
+
+    public:
+        TestSpecParser( ITagAliasRegistry const& tagAliases );
+
+        TestSpecParser& parse( std::string const& arg );
+        TestSpec testSpec();
+
+    private:
+        bool visitChar( char c );
+        void startNewMode( Mode mode );
+        bool processNoneChar( char c );
+        void processNameChar( char c );
+        bool processOtherChar( char c );
+        void endMode();
+        void escape();
+        bool isControlChar( char c ) const;
+        void saveLastMode();
+        void revertBackToLastMode();
+        void addFilter();
+        bool separate();
+
+        // Handles common preprocessing of the pattern for name/tag patterns
+        std::string preprocessPattern();
+        // Adds the current pattern as a test name
+        void addNamePattern();
+        // Adds the current pattern as a tag
+        void addTagPattern();
+
+        inline void addCharToPattern(char c) {
+            m_substring += c;
+            m_patternName += c;
+            m_realPatternPos++;
+        }
+
+    };
+    TestSpec parseTestSpec( std::string const& arg );
+
+} // namespace Catch
+
+#ifdef __clang__
+#pragma clang diagnostic pop
+#endif
+
+// end catch_test_spec_parser.h
+// Libstdc++ doesn't like incomplete classes for unique_ptr
+
+#include <memory>
+#include <vector>
+#include <string>
+
+#ifndef CATCH_CONFIG_CONSOLE_WIDTH
+#define CATCH_CONFIG_CONSOLE_WIDTH 80
+#endif
+
+namespace Catch {
+
+    struct IStream;
+
+    struct ConfigData {
+        bool listTests = false;
+        bool listTags = false;
+        bool listReporters = false;
+        bool listTestNamesOnly = false;
+
+        bool showSuccessfulTests = false;
+        bool shouldDebugBreak = false;
+        bool noThrow = false;
+        bool showHelp = false;
+        bool showInvisibles = false;
+        bool filenamesAsTags = false;
+        bool libIdentify = false;
+
+        int abortAfter = -1;
+        unsigned int rngSeed = 0;
+
+        bool benchmarkNoAnalysis = false;
+        unsigned int benchmarkSamples = 100;
+        double benchmarkConfidenceInterval = 0.95;
+        unsigned int benchmarkResamples = 100000;
+        std::chrono::milliseconds::rep benchmarkWarmupTime = 100;
+
+        Verbosity verbosity = Verbosity::Normal;
+        WarnAbout::What warnings = WarnAbout::Nothing;
+        ShowDurations::OrNot showDurations = ShowDurations::DefaultForReporter;
+        double minDuration = -1;
+        RunTests::InWhatOrder runOrder = RunTests::InDeclarationOrder;
+        UseColour::YesOrNo useColour = UseColour::Auto;
+        WaitForKeypress::When waitForKeypress = WaitForKeypress::Never;
+
+        std::string outputFilename;
+        std::string name;
+        std::string processName;
+#ifndef CATCH_CONFIG_DEFAULT_REPORTER
+#define CATCH_CONFIG_DEFAULT_REPORTER "console"
+#endif
+        std::string reporterName = CATCH_CONFIG_DEFAULT_REPORTER;
+#undef CATCH_CONFIG_DEFAULT_REPORTER
+
+        std::vector<std::string> testsOrTags;
+        std::vector<std::string> sectionsToRun;
+    };
+
+    class Config : public IConfig {
+    public:
+
+        Config() = default;
+        Config( ConfigData const& data );
+        virtual ~Config() = default;
+
+        std::string const& getFilename() const;
+
+        bool listTests() const;
+        bool listTestNamesOnly() const;
+        bool listTags() const;
+        bool listReporters() const;
+
+        std::string getProcessName() const;
+        std::string const& getReporterName() const;
+
+        std::vector<std::string> const& getTestsOrTags() const override;
+        std::vector<std::string> const& getSectionsToRun() const override;
+
+        TestSpec const& testSpec() const override;
+        bool hasTestFilters() const override;
+
+        bool showHelp() const;
+
+        // IConfig interface
+        bool allowThrows() const override;
+        std::ostream& stream() const override;
+        std::string name() const override;
+        bool includeSuccessfulResults() const override;
+        bool warnAboutMissingAssertions() const override;
+        bool warnAboutNoTests() const override;
+        ShowDurations::OrNot showDurations() const override;
+        double minDuration() const override;
+        RunTests::InWhatOrder runOrder() const override;
+        unsigned int rngSeed() const override;
+        UseColour::YesOrNo useColour() const override;
+        bool shouldDebugBreak() const override;
+        int abortAfter() const override;
+        bool showInvisibles() const override;
+        Verbosity verbosity() const override;
+        bool benchmarkNoAnalysis() const override;
+        int benchmarkSamples() const override;
+        double benchmarkConfidenceInterval() const override;
+        unsigned int benchmarkResamples() const override;
+        std::chrono::milliseconds benchmarkWarmupTime() const override;
+
+    private:
+
+        IStream const* openStream();
+        ConfigData m_data;
+
+        std::unique_ptr<IStream const> m_stream;
+        TestSpec m_testSpec;
+        bool m_hasTestFilters = false;
+    };
+
+} // end namespace Catch
+
+// end catch_config.hpp
+// start catch_assertionresult.h
+
+#include <string>
+
+namespace Catch {
+
+    struct AssertionResultData
+    {
+        AssertionResultData() = delete;
+
+        AssertionResultData( ResultWas::OfType _resultType, LazyExpression const& _lazyExpression );
+
+        std::string message;
+        mutable std::string reconstructedExpression;
+        LazyExpression lazyExpression;
+        ResultWas::OfType resultType;
+
+        std::string reconstructExpression() const;
+    };
+
+    class AssertionResult {
+    public:
+        AssertionResult() = delete;
+        AssertionResult( AssertionInfo const& info, AssertionResultData const& data );
+
+        bool isOk() const;
+        bool succeeded() const;
+        ResultWas::OfType getResultType() const;
+        bool hasExpression() const;
+        bool hasMessage() const;
+        std::string getExpression() const;
+        std::string getExpressionInMacro() const;
+        bool hasExpandedExpression() const;
+        std::string getExpandedExpression() const;
+        std::string getMessage() const;
+        SourceLineInfo getSourceInfo() const;
+        StringRef getTestMacroName() const;
+
+    //protected:
+        AssertionInfo m_info;
+        AssertionResultData m_resultData;
+    };
+
+} // end namespace Catch
+
+// end catch_assertionresult.h
+#if defined(CATCH_CONFIG_ENABLE_BENCHMARKING)
+// start catch_estimate.hpp
+
+ // Statistics estimates
+
+
+namespace Catch {
+    namespace Benchmark {
+        template <typename Duration>
+        struct Estimate {
+            Duration point;
+            Duration lower_bound;
+            Duration upper_bound;
+            double confidence_interval;
+
+            template <typename Duration2>
+            operator Estimate<Duration2>() const {
+                return { point, lower_bound, upper_bound, confidence_interval };
+            }
+        };
+    } // namespace Benchmark
+} // namespace Catch
+
+// end catch_estimate.hpp
+// start catch_outlier_classification.hpp
+
+// Outlier information
+
+namespace Catch {
+    namespace Benchmark {
+        struct OutlierClassification {
+            int samples_seen = 0;
+            int low_severe = 0;     // more than 3 times IQR below Q1
+            int low_mild = 0;       // 1.5 to 3 times IQR below Q1
+            int high_mild = 0;      // 1.5 to 3 times IQR above Q3
+            int high_severe = 0;    // more than 3 times IQR above Q3
+
+            int total() const {
+                return low_severe + low_mild + high_mild + high_severe;
+            }
+        };
+    } // namespace Benchmark
+} // namespace Catch
+
+// end catch_outlier_classification.hpp
+
+#include <iterator>
+#endif // CATCH_CONFIG_ENABLE_BENCHMARKING
+
+#include <string>
+#include <iosfwd>
+#include <map>
+#include <set>
+#include <memory>
+#include <algorithm>
+
+namespace Catch {
+
+    struct ReporterConfig {
+        explicit ReporterConfig( IConfigPtr const& _fullConfig );
+
+        ReporterConfig( IConfigPtr const& _fullConfig, std::ostream& _stream );
+
+        std::ostream& stream() const;
+        IConfigPtr fullConfig() const;
+
+    private:
+        std::ostream* m_stream;
+        IConfigPtr m_fullConfig;
+    };
+
+    struct ReporterPreferences {
+        bool shouldRedirectStdOut = false;
+        bool shouldReportAllAssertions = false;
+    };
+
+    template<typename T>
+    struct LazyStat : Option<T> {
+        LazyStat& operator=( T const& _value ) {
+            Option<T>::operator=( _value );
+            used = false;
+            return *this;
+        }
+        void reset() {
+            Option<T>::reset();
+            used = false;
+        }
+        bool used = false;
+    };
+
+    struct TestRunInfo {
+        TestRunInfo( std::string const& _name );
+        std::string name;
+    };
+    struct GroupInfo {
+        GroupInfo(  std::string const& _name,
+                    std::size_t _groupIndex,
+                    std::size_t _groupsCount );
+
+        std::string name;
+        std::size_t groupIndex;
+        std::size_t groupsCounts;
+    };
+
+    struct AssertionStats {
+        AssertionStats( AssertionResult const& _assertionResult,
+                        std::vector<MessageInfo> const& _infoMessages,
+                        Totals const& _totals );
+
+        AssertionStats( AssertionStats const& )              = default;
+        AssertionStats( AssertionStats && )                  = default;
+        AssertionStats& operator = ( AssertionStats const& ) = delete;
+        AssertionStats& operator = ( AssertionStats && )     = delete;
+        virtual ~AssertionStats();
+
+        AssertionResult assertionResult;
+        std::vector<MessageInfo> infoMessages;
+        Totals totals;
+    };
+
+    struct SectionStats {
+        SectionStats(   SectionInfo const& _sectionInfo,
+                        Counts const& _assertions,
+                        double _durationInSeconds,
+                        bool _missingAssertions );
+        SectionStats( SectionStats const& )              = default;
+        SectionStats( SectionStats && )                  = default;
+        SectionStats& operator = ( SectionStats const& ) = default;
+        SectionStats& operator = ( SectionStats && )     = default;
+        virtual ~SectionStats();
+
+        SectionInfo sectionInfo;
+        Counts assertions;
+        double durationInSeconds;
+        bool missingAssertions;
+    };
+
+    struct TestCaseStats {
+        TestCaseStats(  TestCaseInfo const& _testInfo,
+                        Totals const& _totals,
+                        std::string const& _stdOut,
+                        std::string const& _stdErr,
+                        bool _aborting );
+
+        TestCaseStats( TestCaseStats const& )              = default;
+        TestCaseStats( TestCaseStats && )                  = default;
+        TestCaseStats& operator = ( TestCaseStats const& ) = default;
+        TestCaseStats& operator = ( TestCaseStats && )     = default;
+        virtual ~TestCaseStats();
+
+        TestCaseInfo testInfo;
+        Totals totals;
+        std::string stdOut;
+        std::string stdErr;
+        bool aborting;
+    };
+
+    struct TestGroupStats {
+        TestGroupStats( GroupInfo const& _groupInfo,
+                        Totals const& _totals,
+                        bool _aborting );
+        TestGroupStats( GroupInfo const& _groupInfo );
+
+        TestGroupStats( TestGroupStats const& )              = default;
+        TestGroupStats( TestGroupStats && )                  = default;
+        TestGroupStats& operator = ( TestGroupStats const& ) = default;
+        TestGroupStats& operator = ( TestGroupStats && )     = default;
+        virtual ~TestGroupStats();
+
+        GroupInfo groupInfo;
+        Totals totals;
+        bool aborting;
+    };
+
+    struct TestRunStats {
+        TestRunStats(   TestRunInfo const& _runInfo,
+                        Totals const& _totals,
+                        bool _aborting );
+
+        TestRunStats( TestRunStats const& )              = default;
+        TestRunStats( TestRunStats && )                  = default;
+        TestRunStats& operator = ( TestRunStats const& ) = default;
+        TestRunStats& operator = ( TestRunStats && )     = default;
+        virtual ~TestRunStats();
+
+        TestRunInfo runInfo;
+        Totals totals;
+        bool aborting;
+    };
+
+#if defined(CATCH_CONFIG_ENABLE_BENCHMARKING)
+    struct BenchmarkInfo {
+        std::string name;
+        double estimatedDuration;
+        int iterations;
+        int samples;
+        unsigned int resamples;
+        double clockResolution;
+        double clockCost;
+    };
+
+    template <class Duration>
+    struct BenchmarkStats {
+        BenchmarkInfo info;
+
+        std::vector<Duration> samples;
+        Benchmark::Estimate<Duration> mean;
+        Benchmark::Estimate<Duration> standardDeviation;
+        Benchmark::OutlierClassification outliers;
+        double outlierVariance;
+
+        template <typename Duration2>
+        operator BenchmarkStats<Duration2>() const {
+            std::vector<Duration2> samples2;
+            samples2.reserve(samples.size());
+            std::transform(samples.begin(), samples.end(), std::back_inserter(samples2), [](Duration d) { return Duration2(d); });
+            return {
+                info,
+                std::move(samples2),
+                mean,
+                standardDeviation,
+                outliers,
+                outlierVariance,
+            };
+        }
+    };
+#endif // CATCH_CONFIG_ENABLE_BENCHMARKING
+
+    struct IStreamingReporter {
+        virtual ~IStreamingReporter() = default;
+
+        // Implementing class must also provide the following static methods:
+        // static std::string getDescription();
+        // static std::set<Verbosity> getSupportedVerbosities()
+
+        virtual ReporterPreferences getPreferences() const = 0;
+
+        virtual void noMatchingTestCases( std::string const& spec ) = 0;
+
+        virtual void reportInvalidArguments(std::string const&) {}
+
+        virtual void testRunStarting( TestRunInfo const& testRunInfo ) = 0;
+        virtual void testGroupStarting( GroupInfo const& groupInfo ) = 0;
+
+        virtual void testCaseStarting( TestCaseInfo const& testInfo ) = 0;
+        virtual void sectionStarting( SectionInfo const& sectionInfo ) = 0;
+
+#if defined(CATCH_CONFIG_ENABLE_BENCHMARKING)
+        virtual void benchmarkPreparing( std::string const& ) {}
+        virtual void benchmarkStarting( BenchmarkInfo const& ) {}
+        virtual void benchmarkEnded( BenchmarkStats<> const& ) {}
+        virtual void benchmarkFailed( std::string const& ) {}
+#endif // CATCH_CONFIG_ENABLE_BENCHMARKING
+
+        virtual void assertionStarting( AssertionInfo const& assertionInfo ) = 0;
+
+        // The return value indicates if the messages buffer should be cleared:
+        virtual bool assertionEnded( AssertionStats const& assertionStats ) = 0;
+
+        virtual void sectionEnded( SectionStats const& sectionStats ) = 0;
+        virtual void testCaseEnded( TestCaseStats const& testCaseStats ) = 0;
+        virtual void testGroupEnded( TestGroupStats const& testGroupStats ) = 0;
+        virtual void testRunEnded( TestRunStats const& testRunStats ) = 0;
+
+        virtual void skipTest( TestCaseInfo const& testInfo ) = 0;
+
+        // Default empty implementation provided
+        virtual void fatalErrorEncountered( StringRef name );
+
+        virtual bool isMulti() const;
+    };
+    using IStreamingReporterPtr = std::unique_ptr<IStreamingReporter>;
+
+    struct IReporterFactory {
+        virtual ~IReporterFactory();
+        virtual IStreamingReporterPtr create( ReporterConfig const& config ) const = 0;
+        virtual std::string getDescription() const = 0;
+    };
+    using IReporterFactoryPtr = std::shared_ptr<IReporterFactory>;
+
+    struct IReporterRegistry {
+        using FactoryMap = std::map<std::string, IReporterFactoryPtr>;
+        using Listeners = std::vector<IReporterFactoryPtr>;
+
+        virtual ~IReporterRegistry();
+        virtual IStreamingReporterPtr create( std::string const& name, IConfigPtr const& config ) const = 0;
+        virtual FactoryMap const& getFactories() const = 0;
+        virtual Listeners const& getListeners() const = 0;
+    };
+
+} // end namespace Catch
+
+// end catch_interfaces_reporter.h
+#include <algorithm>
+#include <cstring>
+#include <cfloat>
+#include <cstdio>
+#include <cassert>
+#include <memory>
+#include <ostream>
+
+namespace Catch {
+    void prepareExpandedExpression(AssertionResult& result);
+
+    // Returns double formatted as %.3f (format expected on output)
+    std::string getFormattedDuration( double duration );
+
+    //! Should the reporter show
+    bool shouldShowDuration( IConfig const& config, double duration );
+
+    std::string serializeFilters( std::vector<std::string> const& container );
+
+    template<typename DerivedT>
+    struct StreamingReporterBase : IStreamingReporter {
+
+        StreamingReporterBase( ReporterConfig const& _config )
+        :   m_config( _config.fullConfig() ),
+            stream( _config.stream() )
+        {
+            m_reporterPrefs.shouldRedirectStdOut = false;
+            if( !DerivedT::getSupportedVerbosities().count( m_config->verbosity() ) )
+                CATCH_ERROR( "Verbosity level not supported by this reporter" );
+        }
+
+        ReporterPreferences getPreferences() const override {
+            return m_reporterPrefs;
+        }
+
+        static std::set<Verbosity> getSupportedVerbosities() {
+            return { Verbosity::Normal };
+        }
+
+        ~StreamingReporterBase() override = default;
+
+        void noMatchingTestCases(std::string const&) override {}
+
+        void reportInvalidArguments(std::string const&) override {}
+
+        void testRunStarting(TestRunInfo const& _testRunInfo) override {
+            currentTestRunInfo = _testRunInfo;
+        }
+
+        void testGroupStarting(GroupInfo const& _groupInfo) override {
+            currentGroupInfo = _groupInfo;
+        }
+
+        void testCaseStarting(TestCaseInfo const& _testInfo) override  {
+            currentTestCaseInfo = _testInfo;
+        }
+        void sectionStarting(SectionInfo const& _sectionInfo) override {
+            m_sectionStack.push_back(_sectionInfo);
+        }
+
+        void sectionEnded(SectionStats const& /* _sectionStats */) override {
+            m_sectionStack.pop_back();
+        }
+        void testCaseEnded(TestCaseStats const& /* _testCaseStats */) override {
+            currentTestCaseInfo.reset();
+        }
+        void testGroupEnded(TestGroupStats const& /* _testGroupStats */) override {
+            currentGroupInfo.reset();
+        }
+        void testRunEnded(TestRunStats const& /* _testRunStats */) override {
+            currentTestCaseInfo.reset();
+            currentGroupInfo.reset();
+            currentTestRunInfo.reset();
+        }
+
+        void skipTest(TestCaseInfo const&) override {
+            // Don't do anything with this by default.
+            // It can optionally be overridden in the derived class.
+        }
+
+        IConfigPtr m_config;
+        std::ostream& stream;
+
+        LazyStat<TestRunInfo> currentTestRunInfo;
+        LazyStat<GroupInfo> currentGroupInfo;
+        LazyStat<TestCaseInfo> currentTestCaseInfo;
+
+        std::vector<SectionInfo> m_sectionStack;
+        ReporterPreferences m_reporterPrefs;
+    };
+
+    template<typename DerivedT>
+    struct CumulativeReporterBase : IStreamingReporter {
+        template<typename T, typename ChildNodeT>
+        struct Node {
+            explicit Node( T const& _value ) : value( _value ) {}
+            virtual ~Node() {}
+
+            using ChildNodes = std::vector<std::shared_ptr<ChildNodeT>>;
+            T value;
+            ChildNodes children;
+        };
+        struct SectionNode {
+            explicit SectionNode(SectionStats const& _stats) : stats(_stats) {}
+            virtual ~SectionNode() = default;
+
+            bool operator == (SectionNode const& other) const {
+                return stats.sectionInfo.lineInfo == other.stats.sectionInfo.lineInfo;
+            }
+            bool operator == (std::shared_ptr<SectionNode> const& other) const {
+                return operator==(*other);
+            }
+
+            SectionStats stats;
+            using ChildSections = std::vector<std::shared_ptr<SectionNode>>;
+            using Assertions = std::vector<AssertionStats>;
+            ChildSections childSections;
+            Assertions assertions;
+            std::string stdOut;
+            std::string stdErr;
+        };
+
+        struct BySectionInfo {
+            BySectionInfo( SectionInfo const& other ) : m_other( other ) {}
+            BySectionInfo( BySectionInfo const& other ) : m_other( other.m_other ) {}
+            bool operator() (std::shared_ptr<SectionNode> const& node) const {
+                return ((node->stats.sectionInfo.name == m_other.name) &&
+                        (node->stats.sectionInfo.lineInfo == m_other.lineInfo));
+            }
+            void operator=(BySectionInfo const&) = delete;
+
+        private:
+            SectionInfo const& m_other;
+        };
+
+        using TestCaseNode = Node<TestCaseStats, SectionNode>;
+        using TestGroupNode = Node<TestGroupStats, TestCaseNode>;
+        using TestRunNode = Node<TestRunStats, TestGroupNode>;
+
+        CumulativeReporterBase( ReporterConfig const& _config )
+        :   m_config( _config.fullConfig() ),
+            stream( _config.stream() )
+        {
+            m_reporterPrefs.shouldRedirectStdOut = false;
+            if( !DerivedT::getSupportedVerbosities().count( m_config->verbosity() ) )
+                CATCH_ERROR( "Verbosity level not supported by this reporter" );
+        }
+        ~CumulativeReporterBase() override = default;
+
+        ReporterPreferences getPreferences() const override {
+            return m_reporterPrefs;
+        }
+
+        static std::set<Verbosity> getSupportedVerbosities() {
+            return { Verbosity::Normal };
+        }
+
+        void testRunStarting( TestRunInfo const& ) override {}
+        void testGroupStarting( GroupInfo const& ) override {}
+
+        void testCaseStarting( TestCaseInfo const& ) override {}
+
+        void sectionStarting( SectionInfo const& sectionInfo ) override {
+            SectionStats incompleteStats( sectionInfo, Counts(), 0, false );
+            std::shared_ptr<SectionNode> node;
+            if( m_sectionStack.empty() ) {
+                if( !m_rootSection )
+                    m_rootSection = std::make_shared<SectionNode>( incompleteStats );
+                node = m_rootSection;
+            }
+            else {
+                SectionNode& parentNode = *m_sectionStack.back();
+                auto it =
+                    std::find_if(   parentNode.childSections.begin(),
+                                    parentNode.childSections.end(),
+                                    BySectionInfo( sectionInfo ) );
+                if( it == parentNode.childSections.end() ) {
+                    node = std::make_shared<SectionNode>( incompleteStats );
+                    parentNode.childSections.push_back( node );
+                }
+                else
+                    node = *it;
+            }
+            m_sectionStack.push_back( node );
+            m_deepestSection = std::move(node);
+        }
+
+        void assertionStarting(AssertionInfo const&) override {}
+
+        bool assertionEnded(AssertionStats const& assertionStats) override {
+            assert(!m_sectionStack.empty());
+            // AssertionResult holds a pointer to a temporary DecomposedExpression,
+            // which getExpandedExpression() calls to build the expression string.
+            // Our section stack copy of the assertionResult will likely outlive the
+            // temporary, so it must be expanded or discarded now to avoid calling
+            // a destroyed object later.
+            prepareExpandedExpression(const_cast<AssertionResult&>( assertionStats.assertionResult ) );
+            SectionNode& sectionNode = *m_sectionStack.back();
+            sectionNode.assertions.push_back(assertionStats);
+            return true;
+        }
+        void sectionEnded(SectionStats const& sectionStats) override {
+            assert(!m_sectionStack.empty());
+            SectionNode& node = *m_sectionStack.back();
+            node.stats = sectionStats;
+            m_sectionStack.pop_back();
+        }
+        void testCaseEnded(TestCaseStats const& testCaseStats) override {
+            auto node = std::make_shared<TestCaseNode>(testCaseStats);
+            assert(m_sectionStack.size() == 0);
+            node->children.push_back(m_rootSection);
+            m_testCases.push_back(node);
+            m_rootSection.reset();
+
+            assert(m_deepestSection);
+            m_deepestSection->stdOut = testCaseStats.stdOut;
+            m_deepestSection->stdErr = testCaseStats.stdErr;
+        }
+        void testGroupEnded(TestGroupStats const& testGroupStats) override {
+            auto node = std::make_shared<TestGroupNode>(testGroupStats);
+            node->children.swap(m_testCases);
+            m_testGroups.push_back(node);
+        }
+        void testRunEnded(TestRunStats const& testRunStats) override {
+            auto node = std::make_shared<TestRunNode>(testRunStats);
+            node->children.swap(m_testGroups);
+            m_testRuns.push_back(node);
+            testRunEndedCumulative();
+        }
+        virtual void testRunEndedCumulative() = 0;
+
+        void skipTest(TestCaseInfo const&) override {}
+
+        IConfigPtr m_config;
+        std::ostream& stream;
+        std::vector<AssertionStats> m_assertions;
+        std::vector<std::vector<std::shared_ptr<SectionNode>>> m_sections;
+        std::vector<std::shared_ptr<TestCaseNode>> m_testCases;
+        std::vector<std::shared_ptr<TestGroupNode>> m_testGroups;
+
+        std::vector<std::shared_ptr<TestRunNode>> m_testRuns;
+
+        std::shared_ptr<SectionNode> m_rootSection;
+        std::shared_ptr<SectionNode> m_deepestSection;
+        std::vector<std::shared_ptr<SectionNode>> m_sectionStack;
+        ReporterPreferences m_reporterPrefs;
+    };
+
+    template<char C>
+    char const* getLineOfChars() {
+        static char line[CATCH_CONFIG_CONSOLE_WIDTH] = {0};
+        if( !*line ) {
+            std::memset( line, C, CATCH_CONFIG_CONSOLE_WIDTH-1 );
+            line[CATCH_CONFIG_CONSOLE_WIDTH-1] = 0;
+        }
+        return line;
+    }
+
+    struct TestEventListenerBase : StreamingReporterBase<TestEventListenerBase> {
+        TestEventListenerBase( ReporterConfig const& _config );
+
+        static std::set<Verbosity> getSupportedVerbosities();
+
+        void assertionStarting(AssertionInfo const&) override;
+        bool assertionEnded(AssertionStats const&) override;
+    };
+
+} // end namespace Catch
+
+// end catch_reporter_bases.hpp
+// start catch_console_colour.h
+
+namespace Catch {
+
+    struct Colour {
+        enum Code {
+            None = 0,
+
+            White,
+            Red,
+            Green,
+            Blue,
+            Cyan,
+            Yellow,
+            Grey,
+
+            Bright = 0x10,
+
+            BrightRed = Bright | Red,
+            BrightGreen = Bright | Green,
+            LightGrey = Bright | Grey,
+            BrightWhite = Bright | White,
+            BrightYellow = Bright | Yellow,
+
+            // By intention
+            FileName = LightGrey,
+            Warning = BrightYellow,
+            ResultError = BrightRed,
+            ResultSuccess = BrightGreen,
+            ResultExpectedFailure = Warning,
+
+            Error = BrightRed,
+            Success = Green,
+
+            OriginalExpression = Cyan,
+            ReconstructedExpression = BrightYellow,
+
+            SecondaryText = LightGrey,
+            Headers = White
+        };
+
+        // Use constructed object for RAII guard
+        Colour( Code _colourCode );
+        Colour( Colour&& other ) noexcept;
+        Colour& operator=( Colour&& other ) noexcept;
+        ~Colour();
+
+        // Use static method for one-shot changes
+        static void use( Code _colourCode );
+
+    private:
+        bool m_moved = false;
+    };
+
+    std::ostream& operator << ( std::ostream& os, Colour const& );
+
+} // end namespace Catch
+
+// end catch_console_colour.h
+// start catch_reporter_registrars.hpp
+
+
+namespace Catch {
+
+    template<typename T>
+    class ReporterRegistrar {
+
+        class ReporterFactory : public IReporterFactory {
+
+            IStreamingReporterPtr create( ReporterConfig const& config ) const override {
+                return std::unique_ptr<T>( new T( config ) );
+            }
+
+            std::string getDescription() const override {
+                return T::getDescription();
+            }
+        };
+
+    public:
+
+        explicit ReporterRegistrar( std::string const& name ) {
+            getMutableRegistryHub().registerReporter( name, std::make_shared<ReporterFactory>() );
+        }
+    };
+
+    template<typename T>
+    class ListenerRegistrar {
+
+        class ListenerFactory : public IReporterFactory {
+
+            IStreamingReporterPtr create( ReporterConfig const& config ) const override {
+                return std::unique_ptr<T>( new T( config ) );
+            }
+            std::string getDescription() const override {
+                return std::string();
+            }
+        };
+
+    public:
+
+        ListenerRegistrar() {
+            getMutableRegistryHub().registerListener( std::make_shared<ListenerFactory>() );
+        }
+    };
+}
+
+#if !defined(CATCH_CONFIG_DISABLE)
+
+#define CATCH_REGISTER_REPORTER( name, reporterType ) \
+    CATCH_INTERNAL_START_WARNINGS_SUPPRESSION         \
+    CATCH_INTERNAL_SUPPRESS_GLOBALS_WARNINGS          \
+    namespace{ Catch::ReporterRegistrar<reporterType> catch_internal_RegistrarFor##reporterType( name ); } \
+    CATCH_INTERNAL_STOP_WARNINGS_SUPPRESSION
+
+#define CATCH_REGISTER_LISTENER( listenerType ) \
+    CATCH_INTERNAL_START_WARNINGS_SUPPRESSION   \
+    CATCH_INTERNAL_SUPPRESS_GLOBALS_WARNINGS    \
+    namespace{ Catch::ListenerRegistrar<listenerType> catch_internal_RegistrarFor##listenerType; } \
+    CATCH_INTERNAL_STOP_WARNINGS_SUPPRESSION
+#else // CATCH_CONFIG_DISABLE
+
+#define CATCH_REGISTER_REPORTER(name, reporterType)
+#define CATCH_REGISTER_LISTENER(listenerType)
+
+#endif // CATCH_CONFIG_DISABLE
+
+// end catch_reporter_registrars.hpp
+// Allow users to base their work off existing reporters
+// start catch_reporter_compact.h
+
+namespace Catch {
+
+    struct CompactReporter : StreamingReporterBase<CompactReporter> {
+
+        using StreamingReporterBase::StreamingReporterBase;
+
+        ~CompactReporter() override;
+
+        static std::string getDescription();
+
+        void noMatchingTestCases(std::string const& spec) override;
+
+        void assertionStarting(AssertionInfo const&) override;
+
+        bool assertionEnded(AssertionStats const& _assertionStats) override;
+
+        void sectionEnded(SectionStats const& _sectionStats) override;
+
+        void testRunEnded(TestRunStats const& _testRunStats) override;
+
+    };
+
+} // end namespace Catch
+
+// end catch_reporter_compact.h
+// start catch_reporter_console.h
+
+#if defined(_MSC_VER)
+#pragma warning(push)
+#pragma warning(disable:4061) // Not all labels are EXPLICITLY handled in switch
+                              // Note that 4062 (not all labels are handled
+                              // and default is missing) is enabled
+#endif
+
+namespace Catch {
+    // Fwd decls
+    struct SummaryColumn;
+    class TablePrinter;
+
+    struct ConsoleReporter : StreamingReporterBase<ConsoleReporter> {
+        std::unique_ptr<TablePrinter> m_tablePrinter;
+
+        ConsoleReporter(ReporterConfig const& config);
+        ~ConsoleReporter() override;
+        static std::string getDescription();
+
+        void noMatchingTestCases(std::string const& spec) override;
+
+        void reportInvalidArguments(std::string const&arg) override;
+
+        void assertionStarting(AssertionInfo const&) override;
+
+        bool assertionEnded(AssertionStats const& _assertionStats) override;
+
+        void sectionStarting(SectionInfo const& _sectionInfo) override;
+        void sectionEnded(SectionStats const& _sectionStats) override;
+
+#if defined(CATCH_CONFIG_ENABLE_BENCHMARKING)
+        void benchmarkPreparing(std::string const& name) override;
+        void benchmarkStarting(BenchmarkInfo const& info) override;
+        void benchmarkEnded(BenchmarkStats<> const& stats) override;
+        void benchmarkFailed(std::string const& error) override;
+#endif // CATCH_CONFIG_ENABLE_BENCHMARKING
+
+        void testCaseEnded(TestCaseStats const& _testCaseStats) override;
+        void testGroupEnded(TestGroupStats const& _testGroupStats) override;
+        void testRunEnded(TestRunStats const& _testRunStats) override;
+        void testRunStarting(TestRunInfo const& _testRunInfo) override;
+    private:
+
+        void lazyPrint();
+
+        void lazyPrintWithoutClosingBenchmarkTable();
+        void lazyPrintRunInfo();
+        void lazyPrintGroupInfo();
+        void printTestCaseAndSectionHeader();
+
+        void printClosedHeader(std::string const& _name);
+        void printOpenHeader(std::string const& _name);
+
+        // if string has a : in first line will set indent to follow it on
+        // subsequent lines
+        void printHeaderString(std::string const& _string, std::size_t indent = 0);
+
+        void printTotals(Totals const& totals);
+        void printSummaryRow(std::string const& label, std::vector<SummaryColumn> const& cols, std::size_t row);
+
+        void printTotalsDivider(Totals const& totals);
+        void printSummaryDivider();
+        void printTestFilters();
+
+    private:
+        bool m_headerPrinted = false;
+    };
+
+} // end namespace Catch
+
+#if defined(_MSC_VER)
+#pragma warning(pop)
+#endif
+
+// end catch_reporter_console.h
+// start catch_reporter_junit.h
+
+// start catch_xmlwriter.h
+
+#include <vector>
+
+namespace Catch {
+    enum class XmlFormatting {
+        None = 0x00,
+        Indent = 0x01,
+        Newline = 0x02,
+    };
+
+    XmlFormatting operator | (XmlFormatting lhs, XmlFormatting rhs);
+    XmlFormatting operator & (XmlFormatting lhs, XmlFormatting rhs);
+
+    class XmlEncode {
+    public:
+        enum ForWhat { ForTextNodes, ForAttributes };
+
+        XmlEncode( std::string const& str, ForWhat forWhat = ForTextNodes );
+
+        void encodeTo( std::ostream& os ) const;
+
+        friend std::ostream& operator << ( std::ostream& os, XmlEncode const& xmlEncode );
+
+    private:
+        std::string m_str;
+        ForWhat m_forWhat;
+    };
+
+    class XmlWriter {
+    public:
+
+        class ScopedElement {
+        public:
+            ScopedElement( XmlWriter* writer, XmlFormatting fmt );
+
+            ScopedElement( ScopedElement&& other ) noexcept;
+            ScopedElement& operator=( ScopedElement&& other ) noexcept;
+
+            ~ScopedElement();
+
+            ScopedElement& writeText( std::string const& text, XmlFormatting fmt = XmlFormatting::Newline | XmlFormatting::Indent );
+
+            template<typename T>
+            ScopedElement& writeAttribute( std::string const& name, T const& attribute ) {
+                m_writer->writeAttribute( name, attribute );
+                return *this;
+            }
+
+        private:
+            mutable XmlWriter* m_writer = nullptr;
+            XmlFormatting m_fmt;
+        };
+
+        XmlWriter( std::ostream& os = Catch::cout() );
+        ~XmlWriter();
+
+        XmlWriter( XmlWriter const& ) = delete;
+        XmlWriter& operator=( XmlWriter const& ) = delete;
+
+        XmlWriter& startElement( std::string const& name, XmlFormatting fmt = XmlFormatting::Newline | XmlFormatting::Indent);
+
+        ScopedElement scopedElement( std::string const& name, XmlFormatting fmt = XmlFormatting::Newline | XmlFormatting::Indent);
+
+        XmlWriter& endElement(XmlFormatting fmt = XmlFormatting::Newline | XmlFormatting::Indent);
+
+        XmlWriter& writeAttribute( std::string const& name, std::string const& attribute );
+
+        XmlWriter& writeAttribute( std::string const& name, bool attribute );
+
+        template<typename T>
+        XmlWriter& writeAttribute( std::string const& name, T const& attribute ) {
+            ReusableStringStream rss;
+            rss << attribute;
+            return writeAttribute( name, rss.str() );
+        }
+
+        XmlWriter& writeText( std::string const& text, XmlFormatting fmt = XmlFormatting::Newline | XmlFormatting::Indent);
+
+        XmlWriter& writeComment(std::string const& text, XmlFormatting fmt = XmlFormatting::Newline | XmlFormatting::Indent);
+
+        void writeStylesheetRef( std::string const& url );
+
+        XmlWriter& writeBlankLine();
+
+        void ensureTagClosed();
+
+    private:
+
+        void applyFormatting(XmlFormatting fmt);
+
+        void writeDeclaration();
+
+        void newlineIfNecessary();
+
+        bool m_tagIsOpen = false;
+        bool m_needsNewline = false;
+        std::vector<std::string> m_tags;
+        std::string m_indent;
+        std::ostream& m_os;
+    };
+
+}
+
+// end catch_xmlwriter.h
+namespace Catch {
+
+    class JunitReporter : public CumulativeReporterBase<JunitReporter> {
+    public:
+        JunitReporter(ReporterConfig const& _config);
+
+        ~JunitReporter() override;
+
+        static std::string getDescription();
+
+        void noMatchingTestCases(std::string const& /*spec*/) override;
+
+        void testRunStarting(TestRunInfo const& runInfo) override;
+
+        void testGroupStarting(GroupInfo const& groupInfo) override;
+
+        void testCaseStarting(TestCaseInfo const& testCaseInfo) override;
+        bool assertionEnded(AssertionStats const& assertionStats) override;
+
+        void testCaseEnded(TestCaseStats const& testCaseStats) override;
+
+        void testGroupEnded(TestGroupStats const& testGroupStats) override;
+
+        void testRunEndedCumulative() override;
+
+        void writeGroup(TestGroupNode const& groupNode, double suiteTime);
+
+        void writeTestCase(TestCaseNode const& testCaseNode);
+
+        void writeSection( std::string const& className,
+                           std::string const& rootName,
+                           SectionNode const& sectionNode,
+                           bool testOkToFail );
+
+        void writeAssertions(SectionNode const& sectionNode);
+        void writeAssertion(AssertionStats const& stats);
+
+        XmlWriter xml;
+        Timer suiteTimer;
+        std::string stdOutForSuite;
+        std::string stdErrForSuite;
+        unsigned int unexpectedExceptions = 0;
+        bool m_okToFail = false;
+    };
+
+} // end namespace Catch
+
+// end catch_reporter_junit.h
+// start catch_reporter_xml.h
+
+namespace Catch {
+    class XmlReporter : public StreamingReporterBase<XmlReporter> {
+    public:
+        XmlReporter(ReporterConfig const& _config);
+
+        ~XmlReporter() override;
+
+        static std::string getDescription();
+
+        virtual std::string getStylesheetRef() const;
+
+        void writeSourceInfo(SourceLineInfo const& sourceInfo);
+
+    public: // StreamingReporterBase
+
+        void noMatchingTestCases(std::string const& s) override;
+
+        void testRunStarting(TestRunInfo const& testInfo) override;
+
+        void testGroupStarting(GroupInfo const& groupInfo) override;
+
+        void testCaseStarting(TestCaseInfo const& testInfo) override;
+
+        void sectionStarting(SectionInfo const& sectionInfo) override;
+
+        void assertionStarting(AssertionInfo const&) override;
+
+        bool assertionEnded(AssertionStats const& assertionStats) override;
+
+        void sectionEnded(SectionStats const& sectionStats) override;
+
+        void testCaseEnded(TestCaseStats const& testCaseStats) override;
+
+        void testGroupEnded(TestGroupStats const& testGroupStats) override;
+
+        void testRunEnded(TestRunStats const& testRunStats) override;
+
+#if defined(CATCH_CONFIG_ENABLE_BENCHMARKING)
+        void benchmarkPreparing(std::string const& name) override;
+        void benchmarkStarting(BenchmarkInfo const&) override;
+        void benchmarkEnded(BenchmarkStats<> const&) override;
+        void benchmarkFailed(std::string const&) override;
+#endif // CATCH_CONFIG_ENABLE_BENCHMARKING
+
+    private:
+        Timer m_testCaseTimer;
+        XmlWriter m_xml;
+        int m_sectionDepth = 0;
+    };
+
+} // end namespace Catch
+
+// end catch_reporter_xml.h
+
+// end catch_external_interfaces.h
+#endif
+
+#if defined(CATCH_CONFIG_ENABLE_BENCHMARKING)
+// start catch_benchmarking_all.hpp
+
+// A proxy header that includes all of the benchmarking headers to allow
+// concise include of the benchmarking features. You should prefer the
+// individual includes in standard use.
+
+// start catch_benchmark.hpp
+
+ // Benchmark
+
+// start catch_chronometer.hpp
+
+// User-facing chronometer
+
+
+// start catch_clock.hpp
+
+// Clocks
+
+
+#include <chrono>
+#include <ratio>
+
+namespace Catch {
+    namespace Benchmark {
+        template <typename Clock>
+        using ClockDuration = typename Clock::duration;
+        template <typename Clock>
+        using FloatDuration = std::chrono::duration<double, typename Clock::period>;
+
+        template <typename Clock>
+        using TimePoint = typename Clock::time_point;
+
+        using default_clock = std::chrono::steady_clock;
+
+        template <typename Clock>
+        struct now {
+            TimePoint<Clock> operator()() const {
+                return Clock::now();
+            }
+        };
+
+        using fp_seconds = std::chrono::duration<double, std::ratio<1>>;
+    } // namespace Benchmark
+} // namespace Catch
+
+// end catch_clock.hpp
+// start catch_optimizer.hpp
+
+ // Hinting the optimizer
+
+
+#if defined(_MSC_VER)
+#   include <atomic> // atomic_thread_fence
+#endif
+
+namespace Catch {
+    namespace Benchmark {
+#if defined(__GNUC__) || defined(__clang__)
+        template <typename T>
+        inline void keep_memory(T* p) {
+            asm volatile("" : : "g"(p) : "memory");
+        }
+        inline void keep_memory() {
+            asm volatile("" : : : "memory");
+        }
+
+        namespace Detail {
+            inline void optimizer_barrier() { keep_memory(); }
+        } // namespace Detail
+#elif defined(_MSC_VER)
+
+#pragma optimize("", off)
+        template <typename T>
+        inline void keep_memory(T* p) {
+            // thanks @milleniumbug
+            *reinterpret_cast<char volatile*>(p) = *reinterpret_cast<char const volatile*>(p);
+        }
+        // TODO equivalent keep_memory()
+#pragma optimize("", on)
+
+        namespace Detail {
+            inline void optimizer_barrier() {
+                std::atomic_thread_fence(std::memory_order_seq_cst);
+            }
+        } // namespace Detail
+
+#endif
+
+        template <typename T>
+        inline void deoptimize_value(T&& x) {
+            keep_memory(&x);
+        }
+
+        template <typename Fn, typename... Args>
+        inline auto invoke_deoptimized(Fn&& fn, Args&&... args) -> typename std::enable_if<!std::is_same<void, decltype(fn(args...))>::value>::type {
+            deoptimize_value(std::forward<Fn>(fn) (std::forward<Args...>(args...)));
+        }
+
+        template <typename Fn, typename... Args>
+        inline auto invoke_deoptimized(Fn&& fn, Args&&... args) -> typename std::enable_if<std::is_same<void, decltype(fn(args...))>::value>::type {
+            std::forward<Fn>(fn) (std::forward<Args...>(args...));
+        }
+    } // namespace Benchmark
+} // namespace Catch
+
+// end catch_optimizer.hpp
+// start catch_complete_invoke.hpp
+
+// Invoke with a special case for void
+
+
+#include <type_traits>
+#include <utility>
+
+namespace Catch {
+    namespace Benchmark {
+        namespace Detail {
+            template <typename T>
+            struct CompleteType { using type = T; };
+            template <>
+            struct CompleteType<void> { struct type {}; };
+
+            template <typename T>
+            using CompleteType_t = typename CompleteType<T>::type;
+
+            template <typename Result>
+            struct CompleteInvoker {
+                template <typename Fun, typename... Args>
+                static Result invoke(Fun&& fun, Args&&... args) {
+                    return std::forward<Fun>(fun)(std::forward<Args>(args)...);
+                }
+            };
+            template <>
+            struct CompleteInvoker<void> {
+                template <typename Fun, typename... Args>
+                static CompleteType_t<void> invoke(Fun&& fun, Args&&... args) {
+                    std::forward<Fun>(fun)(std::forward<Args>(args)...);
+                    return {};
+                }
+            };
+
+            // invoke and not return void :(
+            template <typename Fun, typename... Args>
+            CompleteType_t<FunctionReturnType<Fun, Args...>> complete_invoke(Fun&& fun, Args&&... args) {
+                return CompleteInvoker<FunctionReturnType<Fun, Args...>>::invoke(std::forward<Fun>(fun), std::forward<Args>(args)...);
+            }
+
+            const std::string benchmarkErrorMsg = "a benchmark failed to run successfully";
+        } // namespace Detail
+
+        template <typename Fun>
+        Detail::CompleteType_t<FunctionReturnType<Fun>> user_code(Fun&& fun) {
+            CATCH_TRY{
+                return Detail::complete_invoke(std::forward<Fun>(fun));
+            } CATCH_CATCH_ALL{
+                getResultCapture().benchmarkFailed(translateActiveException());
+                CATCH_RUNTIME_ERROR(Detail::benchmarkErrorMsg);
+            }
+        }
+    } // namespace Benchmark
+} // namespace Catch
+
+// end catch_complete_invoke.hpp
+namespace Catch {
+    namespace Benchmark {
+        namespace Detail {
+            struct ChronometerConcept {
+                virtual void start() = 0;
+                virtual void finish() = 0;
+                virtual ~ChronometerConcept() = default;
+            };
+            template <typename Clock>
+            struct ChronometerModel final : public ChronometerConcept {
+                void start() override { started = Clock::now(); }
+                void finish() override { finished = Clock::now(); }
+
+                ClockDuration<Clock> elapsed() const { return finished - started; }
+
+                TimePoint<Clock> started;
+                TimePoint<Clock> finished;
+            };
+        } // namespace Detail
+
+        struct Chronometer {
+        public:
+            template <typename Fun>
+            void measure(Fun&& fun) { measure(std::forward<Fun>(fun), is_callable<Fun(int)>()); }
+
+            int runs() const { return k; }
+
+            Chronometer(Detail::ChronometerConcept& meter, int k)
+                : impl(&meter)
+                , k(k) {}
+
+        private:
+            template <typename Fun>
+            void measure(Fun&& fun, std::false_type) {
+                measure([&fun](int) { return fun(); }, std::true_type());
+            }
+
+            template <typename Fun>
+            void measure(Fun&& fun, std::true_type) {
+                Detail::optimizer_barrier();
+                impl->start();
+                for (int i = 0; i < k; ++i) invoke_deoptimized(fun, i);
+                impl->finish();
+                Detail::optimizer_barrier();
+            }
+
+            Detail::ChronometerConcept* impl;
+            int k;
+        };
+    } // namespace Benchmark
+} // namespace Catch
+
+// end catch_chronometer.hpp
+// start catch_environment.hpp
+
+// Environment information
+
+
+namespace Catch {
+    namespace Benchmark {
+        template <typename Duration>
+        struct EnvironmentEstimate {
+            Duration mean;
+            OutlierClassification outliers;
+
+            template <typename Duration2>
+            operator EnvironmentEstimate<Duration2>() const {
+                return { mean, outliers };
+            }
+        };
+        template <typename Clock>
+        struct Environment {
+            using clock_type = Clock;
+            EnvironmentEstimate<FloatDuration<Clock>> clock_resolution;
+            EnvironmentEstimate<FloatDuration<Clock>> clock_cost;
+        };
+    } // namespace Benchmark
+} // namespace Catch
+
+// end catch_environment.hpp
+// start catch_execution_plan.hpp
+
+ // Execution plan
+
+
+// start catch_benchmark_function.hpp
+
+ // Dumb std::function implementation for consistent call overhead
+
+
+#include <cassert>
+#include <type_traits>
+#include <utility>
+#include <memory>
+
+namespace Catch {
+    namespace Benchmark {
+        namespace Detail {
+            template <typename T>
+            using Decay = typename std::decay<T>::type;
+            template <typename T, typename U>
+            struct is_related
+                : std::is_same<Decay<T>, Decay<U>> {};
+
+            /// We need to reinvent std::function because every piece of code that might add overhead
+            /// in a measurement context needs to have consistent performance characteristics so that we
+            /// can account for it in the measurement.
+            /// Implementations of std::function with optimizations that aren't always applicable, like
+            /// small buffer optimizations, are not uncommon.
+            /// This is effectively an implementation of std::function without any such optimizations;
+            /// it may be slow, but it is consistently slow.
+            struct BenchmarkFunction {
+            private:
+                struct callable {
+                    virtual void call(Chronometer meter) const = 0;
+                    virtual callable* clone() const = 0;
+                    virtual ~callable() = default;
+                };
+                template <typename Fun>
+                struct model : public callable {
+                    model(Fun&& fun) : fun(std::move(fun)) {}
+                    model(Fun const& fun) : fun(fun) {}
+
+                    model<Fun>* clone() const override { return new model<Fun>(*this); }
+
+                    void call(Chronometer meter) const override {
+                        call(meter, is_callable<Fun(Chronometer)>());
+                    }
+                    void call(Chronometer meter, std::true_type) const {
+                        fun(meter);
+                    }
+                    void call(Chronometer meter, std::false_type) const {
+                        meter.measure(fun);
+                    }
+
+                    Fun fun;
+                };
+
+                struct do_nothing { void operator()() const {} };
+
+                template <typename T>
+                BenchmarkFunction(model<T>* c) : f(c) {}
+
+            public:
+                BenchmarkFunction()
+                    : f(new model<do_nothing>{ {} }) {}
+
+                template <typename Fun,
+                    typename std::enable_if<!is_related<Fun, BenchmarkFunction>::value, int>::type = 0>
+                    BenchmarkFunction(Fun&& fun)
+                    : f(new model<typename std::decay<Fun>::type>(std::forward<Fun>(fun))) {}
+
+                BenchmarkFunction(BenchmarkFunction&& that)
+                    : f(std::move(that.f)) {}
+
+                BenchmarkFunction(BenchmarkFunction const& that)
+                    : f(that.f->clone()) {}
+
+                BenchmarkFunction& operator=(BenchmarkFunction&& that) {
+                    f = std::move(that.f);
+                    return *this;
+                }
+
+                BenchmarkFunction& operator=(BenchmarkFunction const& that) {
+                    f.reset(that.f->clone());
+                    return *this;
+                }
+
+                void operator()(Chronometer meter) const { f->call(meter); }
+
+            private:
+                std::unique_ptr<callable> f;
+            };
+        } // namespace Detail
+    } // namespace Benchmark
+} // namespace Catch
+
+// end catch_benchmark_function.hpp
+// start catch_repeat.hpp
+
+// repeat algorithm
+
+
+#include <type_traits>
+#include <utility>
+
+namespace Catch {
+    namespace Benchmark {
+        namespace Detail {
+            template <typename Fun>
+            struct repeater {
+                void operator()(int k) const {
+                    for (int i = 0; i < k; ++i) {
+                        fun();
+                    }
+                }
+                Fun fun;
+            };
+            template <typename Fun>
+            repeater<typename std::decay<Fun>::type> repeat(Fun&& fun) {
+                return { std::forward<Fun>(fun) };
+            }
+        } // namespace Detail
+    } // namespace Benchmark
+} // namespace Catch
+
+// end catch_repeat.hpp
+// start catch_run_for_at_least.hpp
+
+// Run a function for a minimum amount of time
+
+
+// start catch_measure.hpp
+
+// Measure
+
+
+// start catch_timing.hpp
+
+// Timing
+
+
+#include <tuple>
+#include <type_traits>
+
+namespace Catch {
+    namespace Benchmark {
+        template <typename Duration, typename Result>
+        struct Timing {
+            Duration elapsed;
+            Result result;
+            int iterations;
+        };
+        template <typename Clock, typename Func, typename... Args>
+        using TimingOf = Timing<ClockDuration<Clock>, Detail::CompleteType_t<FunctionReturnType<Func, Args...>>>;
+    } // namespace Benchmark
+} // namespace Catch
+
+// end catch_timing.hpp
+#include <utility>
+
+namespace Catch {
+    namespace Benchmark {
+        namespace Detail {
+            template <typename Clock, typename Fun, typename... Args>
+            TimingOf<Clock, Fun, Args...> measure(Fun&& fun, Args&&... args) {
+                auto start = Clock::now();
+                auto&& r = Detail::complete_invoke(fun, std::forward<Args>(args)...);
+                auto end = Clock::now();
+                auto delta = end - start;
+                return { delta, std::forward<decltype(r)>(r), 1 };
+            }
+        } // namespace Detail
+    } // namespace Benchmark
+} // namespace Catch
+
+// end catch_measure.hpp
+#include <utility>
+#include <type_traits>
+
+namespace Catch {
+    namespace Benchmark {
+        namespace Detail {
+            template <typename Clock, typename Fun>
+            TimingOf<Clock, Fun, int> measure_one(Fun&& fun, int iters, std::false_type) {
+                return Detail::measure<Clock>(fun, iters);
+            }
+            template <typename Clock, typename Fun>
+            TimingOf<Clock, Fun, Chronometer> measure_one(Fun&& fun, int iters, std::true_type) {
+                Detail::ChronometerModel<Clock> meter;
+                auto&& result = Detail::complete_invoke(fun, Chronometer(meter, iters));
+
+                return { meter.elapsed(), std::move(result), iters };
+            }
+
+            template <typename Clock, typename Fun>
+            using run_for_at_least_argument_t = typename std::conditional<is_callable<Fun(Chronometer)>::value, Chronometer, int>::type;
+
+            struct optimized_away_error : std::exception {
+                const char* what() const noexcept override {
+                    return "could not measure benchmark, maybe it was optimized away";
+                }
+            };
+
+            template <typename Clock, typename Fun>
+            TimingOf<Clock, Fun, run_for_at_least_argument_t<Clock, Fun>> run_for_at_least(ClockDuration<Clock> how_long, int seed, Fun&& fun) {
+                auto iters = seed;
+                while (iters < (1 << 30)) {
+                    auto&& Timing = measure_one<Clock>(fun, iters, is_callable<Fun(Chronometer)>());
+
+                    if (Timing.elapsed >= how_long) {
+                        return { Timing.elapsed, std::move(Timing.result), iters };
+                    }
+                    iters *= 2;
+                }
+                Catch::throw_exception(optimized_away_error{});
+            }
+        } // namespace Detail
+    } // namespace Benchmark
+} // namespace Catch
+
+// end catch_run_for_at_least.hpp
+#include <algorithm>
+#include <iterator>
+
+namespace Catch {
+    namespace Benchmark {
+        template <typename Duration>
+        struct ExecutionPlan {
+            int iterations_per_sample;
+            Duration estimated_duration;
+            Detail::BenchmarkFunction benchmark;
+            Duration warmup_time;
+            int warmup_iterations;
+
+            template <typename Duration2>
+            operator ExecutionPlan<Duration2>() const {
+                return { iterations_per_sample, estimated_duration, benchmark, warmup_time, warmup_iterations };
+            }
+
+            template <typename Clock>
+            std::vector<FloatDuration<Clock>> run(const IConfig &cfg, Environment<FloatDuration<Clock>> env) const {
+                // warmup a bit
+                Detail::run_for_at_least<Clock>(std::chrono::duration_cast<ClockDuration<Clock>>(warmup_time), warmup_iterations, Detail::repeat(now<Clock>{}));
+
+                std::vector<FloatDuration<Clock>> times;
+                times.reserve(cfg.benchmarkSamples());
+                std::generate_n(std::back_inserter(times), cfg.benchmarkSamples(), [this, env] {
+                    Detail::ChronometerModel<Clock> model;
+                    this->benchmark(Chronometer(model, iterations_per_sample));
+                    auto sample_time = model.elapsed() - env.clock_cost.mean;
+                    if (sample_time < FloatDuration<Clock>::zero()) sample_time = FloatDuration<Clock>::zero();
+                    return sample_time / iterations_per_sample;
+                });
+                return times;
+            }
+        };
+    } // namespace Benchmark
+} // namespace Catch
+
+// end catch_execution_plan.hpp
+// start catch_estimate_clock.hpp
+
+ // Environment measurement
+
+
+// start catch_stats.hpp
+
+// Statistical analysis tools
+
+
+#include <algorithm>
+#include <functional>
+#include <vector>
+#include <iterator>
+#include <numeric>
+#include <tuple>
+#include <cmath>
+#include <utility>
+#include <cstddef>
+#include <random>
+
+namespace Catch {
+    namespace Benchmark {
+        namespace Detail {
+            using sample = std::vector<double>;
+
+            double weighted_average_quantile(int k, int q, std::vector<double>::iterator first, std::vector<double>::iterator last);
+
+            template <typename Iterator>
+            OutlierClassification classify_outliers(Iterator first, Iterator last) {
+                std::vector<double> copy(first, last);
+
+                auto q1 = weighted_average_quantile(1, 4, copy.begin(), copy.end());
+                auto q3 = weighted_average_quantile(3, 4, copy.begin(), copy.end());
+                auto iqr = q3 - q1;
+                auto los = q1 - (iqr * 3.);
+                auto lom = q1 - (iqr * 1.5);
+                auto him = q3 + (iqr * 1.5);
+                auto his = q3 + (iqr * 3.);
+
+                OutlierClassification o;
+                for (; first != last; ++first) {
+                    auto&& t = *first;
+                    if (t < los) ++o.low_severe;
+                    else if (t < lom) ++o.low_mild;
+                    else if (t > his) ++o.high_severe;
+                    else if (t > him) ++o.high_mild;
+                    ++o.samples_seen;
+                }
+                return o;
+            }
+
+            template <typename Iterator>
+            double mean(Iterator first, Iterator last) {
+                auto count = last - first;
+                double sum = std::accumulate(first, last, 0.);
+                return sum / count;
+            }
+
+            template <typename URng, typename Iterator, typename Estimator>
+            sample resample(URng& rng, int resamples, Iterator first, Iterator last, Estimator& estimator) {
+                auto n = last - first;
+                std::uniform_int_distribution<decltype(n)> dist(0, n - 1);
+
+                sample out;
+                out.reserve(resamples);
+                std::generate_n(std::back_inserter(out), resamples, [n, first, &estimator, &dist, &rng] {
+                    std::vector<double> resampled;
+                    resampled.reserve(n);
+                    std::generate_n(std::back_inserter(resampled), n, [first, &dist, &rng] { return first[dist(rng)]; });
+                    return estimator(resampled.begin(), resampled.end());
+                });
+                std::sort(out.begin(), out.end());
+                return out;
+            }
+
+            template <typename Estimator, typename Iterator>
+            sample jackknife(Estimator&& estimator, Iterator first, Iterator last) {
+                auto n = last - first;
+                auto second = std::next(first);
+                sample results;
+                results.reserve(n);
+
+                for (auto it = first; it != last; ++it) {
+                    std::iter_swap(it, first);
+                    results.push_back(estimator(second, last));
+                }
+
+                return results;
+            }
+
+            inline double normal_cdf(double x) {
+                return std::erfc(-x / std::sqrt(2.0)) / 2.0;
+            }
+
+            double erfc_inv(double x);
+
+            double normal_quantile(double p);
+
+            template <typename Iterator, typename Estimator>
+            Estimate<double> bootstrap(double confidence_level, Iterator first, Iterator last, sample const& resample, Estimator&& estimator) {
+                auto n_samples = last - first;
+
+                double point = estimator(first, last);
+                // Degenerate case with a single sample
+                if (n_samples == 1) return { point, point, point, confidence_level };
+
+                sample jack = jackknife(estimator, first, last);
+                double jack_mean = mean(jack.begin(), jack.end());
+                double sum_squares, sum_cubes;
+                std::tie(sum_squares, sum_cubes) = std::accumulate(jack.begin(), jack.end(), std::make_pair(0., 0.), [jack_mean](std::pair<double, double> sqcb, double x) -> std::pair<double, double> {
+                    auto d = jack_mean - x;
+                    auto d2 = d * d;
+                    auto d3 = d2 * d;
+                    return { sqcb.first + d2, sqcb.second + d3 };
+                });
+
+                double accel = sum_cubes / (6 * std::pow(sum_squares, 1.5));
+                int n = static_cast<int>(resample.size());
+                double prob_n = std::count_if(resample.begin(), resample.end(), [point](double x) { return x < point; }) / (double)n;
+                // degenerate case with uniform samples
+                if (prob_n == 0) return { point, point, point, confidence_level };
+
+                double bias = normal_quantile(prob_n);
+                double z1 = normal_quantile((1. - confidence_level) / 2.);
+
+                auto cumn = [n](double x) -> int {
+                    return std::lround(normal_cdf(x) * n); };
+                auto a = [bias, accel](double b) { return bias + b / (1. - accel * b); };
+                double b1 = bias + z1;
+                double b2 = bias - z1;
+                double a1 = a(b1);
+                double a2 = a(b2);
+                auto lo = (std::max)(cumn(a1), 0);
+                auto hi = (std::min)(cumn(a2), n - 1);
+
+                return { point, resample[lo], resample[hi], confidence_level };
+            }
+
+            double outlier_variance(Estimate<double> mean, Estimate<double> stddev, int n);
+
+            struct bootstrap_analysis {
+                Estimate<double> mean;
+                Estimate<double> standard_deviation;
+                double outlier_variance;
+            };
+
+            bootstrap_analysis analyse_samples(double confidence_level, int n_resamples, std::vector<double>::iterator first, std::vector<double>::iterator last);
+        } // namespace Detail
+    } // namespace Benchmark
+} // namespace Catch
+
+// end catch_stats.hpp
+#include <algorithm>
+#include <iterator>
+#include <tuple>
+#include <vector>
+#include <cmath>
+
+namespace Catch {
+    namespace Benchmark {
+        namespace Detail {
+            template <typename Clock>
+            std::vector<double> resolution(int k) {
+                std::vector<TimePoint<Clock>> times;
+                times.reserve(k + 1);
+                std::generate_n(std::back_inserter(times), k + 1, now<Clock>{});
+
+                std::vector<double> deltas;
+                deltas.reserve(k);
+                std::transform(std::next(times.begin()), times.end(), times.begin(),
+                    std::back_inserter(deltas),
+                    [](TimePoint<Clock> a, TimePoint<Clock> b) { return static_cast<double>((a - b).count()); });
+
+                return deltas;
+            }
+
+            const auto warmup_iterations = 10000;
+            const auto warmup_time = std::chrono::milliseconds(100);
+            const auto minimum_ticks = 1000;
+            const auto warmup_seed = 10000;
+            const auto clock_resolution_estimation_time = std::chrono::milliseconds(500);
+            const auto clock_cost_estimation_time_limit = std::chrono::seconds(1);
+            const auto clock_cost_estimation_tick_limit = 100000;
+            const auto clock_cost_estimation_time = std::chrono::milliseconds(10);
+            const auto clock_cost_estimation_iterations = 10000;
+
+            template <typename Clock>
+            int warmup() {
+                return run_for_at_least<Clock>(std::chrono::duration_cast<ClockDuration<Clock>>(warmup_time), warmup_seed, &resolution<Clock>)
+                    .iterations;
+            }
+            template <typename Clock>
+            EnvironmentEstimate<FloatDuration<Clock>> estimate_clock_resolution(int iterations) {
+                auto r = run_for_at_least<Clock>(std::chrono::duration_cast<ClockDuration<Clock>>(clock_resolution_estimation_time), iterations, &resolution<Clock>)
+                    .result;
+                return {
+                    FloatDuration<Clock>(mean(r.begin(), r.end())),
+                    classify_outliers(r.begin(), r.end()),
+                };
+            }
+            template <typename Clock>
+            EnvironmentEstimate<FloatDuration<Clock>> estimate_clock_cost(FloatDuration<Clock> resolution) {
+                auto time_limit = (std::min)(
+                    resolution * clock_cost_estimation_tick_limit,
+                    FloatDuration<Clock>(clock_cost_estimation_time_limit));
+                auto time_clock = [](int k) {
+                    return Detail::measure<Clock>([k] {
+                        for (int i = 0; i < k; ++i) {
+                            volatile auto ignored = Clock::now();
+                            (void)ignored;
+                        }
+                    }).elapsed;
+                };
+                time_clock(1);
+                int iters = clock_cost_estimation_iterations;
+                auto&& r = run_for_at_least<Clock>(std::chrono::duration_cast<ClockDuration<Clock>>(clock_cost_estimation_time), iters, time_clock);
+                std::vector<double> times;
+                int nsamples = static_cast<int>(std::ceil(time_limit / r.elapsed));
+                times.reserve(nsamples);
+                std::generate_n(std::back_inserter(times), nsamples, [time_clock, &r] {
+                    return static_cast<double>((time_clock(r.iterations) / r.iterations).count());
+                });
+                return {
+                    FloatDuration<Clock>(mean(times.begin(), times.end())),
+                    classify_outliers(times.begin(), times.end()),
+                };
+            }
+
+            template <typename Clock>
+            Environment<FloatDuration<Clock>> measure_environment() {
+                static Environment<FloatDuration<Clock>>* env = nullptr;
+                if (env) {
+                    return *env;
+                }
+
+                auto iters = Detail::warmup<Clock>();
+                auto resolution = Detail::estimate_clock_resolution<Clock>(iters);
+                auto cost = Detail::estimate_clock_cost<Clock>(resolution.mean);
+
+                env = new Environment<FloatDuration<Clock>>{ resolution, cost };
+                return *env;
+            }
+        } // namespace Detail
+    } // namespace Benchmark
+} // namespace Catch
+
+// end catch_estimate_clock.hpp
+// start catch_analyse.hpp
+
+ // Run and analyse one benchmark
+
+
+// start catch_sample_analysis.hpp
+
+// Benchmark results
+
+
+#include <algorithm>
+#include <vector>
+#include <string>
+#include <iterator>
+
+namespace Catch {
+    namespace Benchmark {
+        template <typename Duration>
+        struct SampleAnalysis {
+            std::vector<Duration> samples;
+            Estimate<Duration> mean;
+            Estimate<Duration> standard_deviation;
+            OutlierClassification outliers;
+            double outlier_variance;
+
+            template <typename Duration2>
+            operator SampleAnalysis<Duration2>() const {
+                std::vector<Duration2> samples2;
+                samples2.reserve(samples.size());
+                std::transform(samples.begin(), samples.end(), std::back_inserter(samples2), [](Duration d) { return Duration2(d); });
+                return {
+                    std::move(samples2),
+                    mean,
+                    standard_deviation,
+                    outliers,
+                    outlier_variance,
+                };
+            }
+        };
+    } // namespace Benchmark
+} // namespace Catch
+
+// end catch_sample_analysis.hpp
+#include <algorithm>
+#include <iterator>
+#include <vector>
+
+namespace Catch {
+    namespace Benchmark {
+        namespace Detail {
+            template <typename Duration, typename Iterator>
+            SampleAnalysis<Duration> analyse(const IConfig &cfg, Environment<Duration>, Iterator first, Iterator last) {
+                if (!cfg.benchmarkNoAnalysis()) {
+                    std::vector<double> samples;
+                    samples.reserve(last - first);
+                    std::transform(first, last, std::back_inserter(samples), [](Duration d) { return d.count(); });
+
+                    auto analysis = Catch::Benchmark::Detail::analyse_samples(cfg.benchmarkConfidenceInterval(), cfg.benchmarkResamples(), samples.begin(), samples.end());
+                    auto outliers = Catch::Benchmark::Detail::classify_outliers(samples.begin(), samples.end());
+
+                    auto wrap_estimate = [](Estimate<double> e) {
+                        return Estimate<Duration> {
+                            Duration(e.point),
+                                Duration(e.lower_bound),
+                                Duration(e.upper_bound),
+                                e.confidence_interval,
+                        };
+                    };
+                    std::vector<Duration> samples2;
+                    samples2.reserve(samples.size());
+                    std::transform(samples.begin(), samples.end(), std::back_inserter(samples2), [](double d) { return Duration(d); });
+                    return {
+                        std::move(samples2),
+                        wrap_estimate(analysis.mean),
+                        wrap_estimate(analysis.standard_deviation),
+                        outliers,
+                        analysis.outlier_variance,
+                    };
+                } else {
+                    std::vector<Duration> samples;
+                    samples.reserve(last - first);
+
+                    Duration mean = Duration(0);
+                    int i = 0;
+                    for (auto it = first; it < last; ++it, ++i) {
+                        samples.push_back(Duration(*it));
+                        mean += Duration(*it);
+                    }
+                    mean /= i;
+
+                    return {
+                        std::move(samples),
+                        Estimate<Duration>{mean, mean, mean, 0.0},
+                        Estimate<Duration>{Duration(0), Duration(0), Duration(0), 0.0},
+                        OutlierClassification{},
+                        0.0
+                    };
+                }
+            }
+        } // namespace Detail
+    } // namespace Benchmark
+} // namespace Catch
+
+// end catch_analyse.hpp
+#include <algorithm>
+#include <functional>
+#include <string>
+#include <vector>
+#include <cmath>
+
+namespace Catch {
+    namespace Benchmark {
+        struct Benchmark {
+            Benchmark(std::string &&name)
+                : name(std::move(name)) {}
+
+            template <class FUN>
+            Benchmark(std::string &&name, FUN &&func)
+                : fun(std::move(func)), name(std::move(name)) {}
+
+            template <typename Clock>
+            ExecutionPlan<FloatDuration<Clock>> prepare(const IConfig &cfg, Environment<FloatDuration<Clock>> env) const {
+                auto min_time = env.clock_resolution.mean * Detail::minimum_ticks;
+                auto run_time = std::max(min_time, std::chrono::duration_cast<decltype(min_time)>(cfg.benchmarkWarmupTime()));
+                auto&& test = Detail::run_for_at_least<Clock>(std::chrono::duration_cast<ClockDuration<Clock>>(run_time), 1, fun);
+                int new_iters = static_cast<int>(std::ceil(min_time * test.iterations / test.elapsed));
+                return { new_iters, test.elapsed / test.iterations * new_iters * cfg.benchmarkSamples(), fun, std::chrono::duration_cast<FloatDuration<Clock>>(cfg.benchmarkWarmupTime()), Detail::warmup_iterations };
+            }
+
+            template <typename Clock = default_clock>
+            void run() {
+                IConfigPtr cfg = getCurrentContext().getConfig();
+
+                auto env = Detail::measure_environment<Clock>();
+
+                getResultCapture().benchmarkPreparing(name);
+                CATCH_TRY{
+                    auto plan = user_code([&] {
+                        return prepare<Clock>(*cfg, env);
+                    });
+
+                    BenchmarkInfo info {
+                        name,
+                        plan.estimated_duration.count(),
+                        plan.iterations_per_sample,
+                        cfg->benchmarkSamples(),
+                        cfg->benchmarkResamples(),
+                        env.clock_resolution.mean.count(),
+                        env.clock_cost.mean.count()
+                    };
+
+                    getResultCapture().benchmarkStarting(info);
+
+                    auto samples = user_code([&] {
+                        return plan.template run<Clock>(*cfg, env);
+                    });
+
+                    auto analysis = Detail::analyse(*cfg, env, samples.begin(), samples.end());
+                    BenchmarkStats<FloatDuration<Clock>> stats{ info, analysis.samples, analysis.mean, analysis.standard_deviation, analysis.outliers, analysis.outlier_variance };
+                    getResultCapture().benchmarkEnded(stats);
+
+                } CATCH_CATCH_ALL{
+                    if (translateActiveException() != Detail::benchmarkErrorMsg) // benchmark errors have been reported, otherwise rethrow.
+                        std::rethrow_exception(std::current_exception());
+                }
+            }
+
+            // sets lambda to be used in fun *and* executes benchmark!
+            template <typename Fun,
+                typename std::enable_if<!Detail::is_related<Fun, Benchmark>::value, int>::type = 0>
+                Benchmark & operator=(Fun func) {
+                fun = Detail::BenchmarkFunction(func);
+                run();
+                return *this;
+            }
+
+            explicit operator bool() {
+                return true;
+            }
+
+        private:
+            Detail::BenchmarkFunction fun;
+            std::string name;
+        };
+    }
+} // namespace Catch
+
+#define INTERNAL_CATCH_GET_1_ARG(arg1, arg2, ...) arg1
+#define INTERNAL_CATCH_GET_2_ARG(arg1, arg2, ...) arg2
+
+#define INTERNAL_CATCH_BENCHMARK(BenchmarkName, name, benchmarkIndex)\
+    if( Catch::Benchmark::Benchmark BenchmarkName{name} ) \
+        BenchmarkName = [&](int benchmarkIndex)
+
+#define INTERNAL_CATCH_BENCHMARK_ADVANCED(BenchmarkName, name)\
+    if( Catch::Benchmark::Benchmark BenchmarkName{name} ) \
+        BenchmarkName = [&]
+
+// end catch_benchmark.hpp
+// start catch_constructor.hpp
+
+// Constructor and destructor helpers
+
+
+#include <type_traits>
+
+namespace Catch {
+    namespace Benchmark {
+        namespace Detail {
+            template <typename T, bool Destruct>
+            struct ObjectStorage
+            {
+                using TStorage = typename std::aligned_storage<sizeof(T), std::alignment_of<T>::value>::type;
+
+                ObjectStorage() : data() {}
+
+                ObjectStorage(const ObjectStorage& other)
+                {
+                    new(&data) T(other.stored_object());
+                }
+
+                ObjectStorage(ObjectStorage&& other)
+                {
+                    new(&data) T(std::move(other.stored_object()));
+                }
+
+                ~ObjectStorage() { destruct_on_exit<T>(); }
+
+                template <typename... Args>
+                void construct(Args&&... args)
+                {
+                    new (&data) T(std::forward<Args>(args)...);
+                }
+
+                template <bool AllowManualDestruction = !Destruct>
+                typename std::enable_if<AllowManualDestruction>::type destruct()
+                {
+                    stored_object().~T();
+                }
+
+            private:
+                // If this is a constructor benchmark, destruct the underlying object
+                template <typename U>
+                void destruct_on_exit(typename std::enable_if<Destruct, U>::type* = 0) { destruct<true>(); }
+                // Otherwise, don't
+                template <typename U>
+                void destruct_on_exit(typename std::enable_if<!Destruct, U>::type* = 0) { }
+
+                T& stored_object() {
+                    return *static_cast<T*>(static_cast<void*>(&data));
+                }
+
+                T const& stored_object() const {
+                    return *static_cast<T*>(static_cast<void*>(&data));
+                }
+
+                TStorage data;
+            };
+        }
+
+        template <typename T>
+        using storage_for = Detail::ObjectStorage<T, true>;
+
+        template <typename T>
+        using destructable_object = Detail::ObjectStorage<T, false>;
+    }
+}
+
+// end catch_constructor.hpp
+// end catch_benchmarking_all.hpp
+#endif
+
+#endif // ! CATCH_CONFIG_IMPL_ONLY
+
+#ifdef CATCH_IMPL
+// start catch_impl.hpp
+
+#ifdef __clang__
+#pragma clang diagnostic push
+#pragma clang diagnostic ignored "-Wweak-vtables"
+#endif
+
+// Keep these here for external reporters
+// start catch_test_case_tracker.h
+
+#include <string>
+#include <vector>
+#include <memory>
+
+namespace Catch {
+namespace TestCaseTracking {
+
+    struct NameAndLocation {
+        std::string name;
+        SourceLineInfo location;
+
+        NameAndLocation( std::string const& _name, SourceLineInfo const& _location );
+        friend bool operator==(NameAndLocation const& lhs, NameAndLocation const& rhs) {
+            return lhs.name == rhs.name
+                && lhs.location == rhs.location;
+        }
+    };
+
+    class ITracker;
+
+    using ITrackerPtr = std::shared_ptr<ITracker>;
+
+    class  ITracker {
+        NameAndLocation m_nameAndLocation;
+
+    public:
+        ITracker(NameAndLocation const& nameAndLoc) :
+            m_nameAndLocation(nameAndLoc)
+        {}
+
+        // static queries
+        NameAndLocation const& nameAndLocation() const {
+            return m_nameAndLocation;
+        }
+
+        virtual ~ITracker();
+
+        // dynamic queries
+        virtual bool isComplete() const = 0; // Successfully completed or failed
+        virtual bool isSuccessfullyCompleted() const = 0;
+        virtual bool isOpen() const = 0; // Started but not complete
+        virtual bool hasChildren() const = 0;
+        virtual bool hasStarted() const = 0;
+
+        virtual ITracker& parent() = 0;
+
+        // actions
+        virtual void close() = 0; // Successfully complete
+        virtual void fail() = 0;
+        virtual void markAsNeedingAnotherRun() = 0;
+
+        virtual void addChild( ITrackerPtr const& child ) = 0;
+        virtual ITrackerPtr findChild( NameAndLocation const& nameAndLocation ) = 0;
+        virtual void openChild() = 0;
+
+        // Debug/ checking
+        virtual bool isSectionTracker() const = 0;
+        virtual bool isGeneratorTracker() const = 0;
+    };
+
+    class TrackerContext {
+
+        enum RunState {
+            NotStarted,
+            Executing,
+            CompletedCycle
+        };
+
+        ITrackerPtr m_rootTracker;
+        ITracker* m_currentTracker = nullptr;
+        RunState m_runState = NotStarted;
+
+    public:
+
+        ITracker& startRun();
+        void endRun();
+
+        void startCycle();
+        void completeCycle();
+
+        bool completedCycle() const;
+        ITracker& currentTracker();
+        void setCurrentTracker( ITracker* tracker );
+    };
+
+    class TrackerBase : public ITracker {
+    protected:
+        enum CycleState {
+            NotStarted,
+            Executing,
+            ExecutingChildren,
+            NeedsAnotherRun,
+            CompletedSuccessfully,
+            Failed
+        };
+
+        using Children = std::vector<ITrackerPtr>;
+        TrackerContext& m_ctx;
+        ITracker* m_parent;
+        Children m_children;
+        CycleState m_runState = NotStarted;
+
+    public:
+        TrackerBase( NameAndLocation const& nameAndLocation, TrackerContext& ctx, ITracker* parent );
+
+        bool isComplete() const override;
+        bool isSuccessfullyCompleted() const override;
+        bool isOpen() const override;
+        bool hasChildren() const override;
+        bool hasStarted() const override {
+            return m_runState != NotStarted;
+        }
+
+        void addChild( ITrackerPtr const& child ) override;
+
+        ITrackerPtr findChild( NameAndLocation const& nameAndLocation ) override;
+        ITracker& parent() override;
+
+        void openChild() override;
+
+        bool isSectionTracker() const override;
+        bool isGeneratorTracker() const override;
+
+        void open();
+
+        void close() override;
+        void fail() override;
+        void markAsNeedingAnotherRun() override;
+
+    private:
+        void moveToParent();
+        void moveToThis();
+    };
+
+    class SectionTracker : public TrackerBase {
+        std::vector<std::string> m_filters;
+        std::string m_trimmed_name;
+    public:
+        SectionTracker( NameAndLocation const& nameAndLocation, TrackerContext& ctx, ITracker* parent );
+
+        bool isSectionTracker() const override;
+
+        bool isComplete() const override;
+
+        static SectionTracker& acquire( TrackerContext& ctx, NameAndLocation const& nameAndLocation );
+
+        void tryOpen();
+
+        void addInitialFilters( std::vector<std::string> const& filters );
+        void addNextFilters( std::vector<std::string> const& filters );
+        //! Returns filters active in this tracker
+        std::vector<std::string> const& getFilters() const;
+        //! Returns whitespace-trimmed name of the tracked section
+        std::string const& trimmedName() const;
+    };
+
+} // namespace TestCaseTracking
+
+using TestCaseTracking::ITracker;
+using TestCaseTracking::TrackerContext;
+using TestCaseTracking::SectionTracker;
+
+} // namespace Catch
+
+// end catch_test_case_tracker.h
+
+// start catch_leak_detector.h
+
+namespace Catch {
+
+    struct LeakDetector {
+        LeakDetector();
+        ~LeakDetector();
+    };
+
+}
+// end catch_leak_detector.h
+// Cpp files will be included in the single-header file here
+// start catch_stats.cpp
+
+// Statistical analysis tools
+
+#if defined(CATCH_CONFIG_ENABLE_BENCHMARKING)
+
+#include <cassert>
+#include <random>
+
+#if defined(CATCH_CONFIG_USE_ASYNC)
+#include <future>
+#endif
+
+namespace {
+    double erf_inv(double x) {
+        // Code accompanying the article "Approximating the erfinv function" in GPU Computing Gems, Volume 2
+        double w, p;
+
+        w = -log((1.0 - x) * (1.0 + x));
+
+        if (w < 6.250000) {
+            w = w - 3.125000;
+            p = -3.6444120640178196996e-21;
+            p = -1.685059138182016589e-19 + p * w;
+            p = 1.2858480715256400167e-18 + p * w;
+            p = 1.115787767802518096e-17 + p * w;
+            p = -1.333171662854620906e-16 + p * w;
+            p = 2.0972767875968561637e-17 + p * w;
+            p = 6.6376381343583238325e-15 + p * w;
+            p = -4.0545662729752068639e-14 + p * w;
+            p = -8.1519341976054721522e-14 + p * w;
+            p = 2.6335093153082322977e-12 + p * w;
+            p = -1.2975133253453532498e-11 + p * w;
+            p = -5.4154120542946279317e-11 + p * w;
+            p = 1.051212273321532285e-09 + p * w;
+            p = -4.1126339803469836976e-09 + p * w;
+            p = -2.9070369957882005086e-08 + p * w;
+            p = 4.2347877827932403518e-07 + p * w;
+            p = -1.3654692000834678645e-06 + p * w;
+            p = -1.3882523362786468719e-05 + p * w;
+            p = 0.0001867342080340571352 + p * w;
+            p = -0.00074070253416626697512 + p * w;
+            p = -0.0060336708714301490533 + p * w;
+            p = 0.24015818242558961693 + p * w;
+            p = 1.6536545626831027356 + p * w;
+        } else if (w < 16.000000) {
+            w = sqrt(w) - 3.250000;
+            p = 2.2137376921775787049e-09;
+            p = 9.0756561938885390979e-08 + p * w;
+            p = -2.7517406297064545428e-07 + p * w;
+            p = 1.8239629214389227755e-08 + p * w;
+            p = 1.5027403968909827627e-06 + p * w;
+            p = -4.013867526981545969e-06 + p * w;
+            p = 2.9234449089955446044e-06 + p * w;
+            p = 1.2475304481671778723e-05 + p * w;
+            p = -4.7318229009055733981e-05 + p * w;
+            p = 6.8284851459573175448e-05 + p * w;
+            p = 2.4031110387097893999e-05 + p * w;
+            p = -0.0003550375203628474796 + p * w;
+            p = 0.00095328937973738049703 + p * w;
+            p = -0.0016882755560235047313 + p * w;
+            p = 0.0024914420961078508066 + p * w;
+            p = -0.0037512085075692412107 + p * w;
+            p = 0.005370914553590063617 + p * w;
+            p = 1.0052589676941592334 + p * w;
+            p = 3.0838856104922207635 + p * w;
+        } else {
+            w = sqrt(w) - 5.000000;
+            p = -2.7109920616438573243e-11;
+            p = -2.5556418169965252055e-10 + p * w;
+            p = 1.5076572693500548083e-09 + p * w;
+            p = -3.7894654401267369937e-09 + p * w;
+            p = 7.6157012080783393804e-09 + p * w;
+            p = -1.4960026627149240478e-08 + p * w;
+            p = 2.9147953450901080826e-08 + p * w;
+            p = -6.7711997758452339498e-08 + p * w;
+            p = 2.2900482228026654717e-07 + p * w;
+            p = -9.9298272942317002539e-07 + p * w;
+            p = 4.5260625972231537039e-06 + p * w;
+            p = -1.9681778105531670567e-05 + p * w;
+            p = 7.5995277030017761139e-05 + p * w;
+            p = -0.00021503011930044477347 + p * w;
+            p = -0.00013871931833623122026 + p * w;
+            p = 1.0103004648645343977 + p * w;
+            p = 4.8499064014085844221 + p * w;
+        }
+        return p * x;
+    }
+
+    double standard_deviation(std::vector<double>::iterator first, std::vector<double>::iterator last) {
+        auto m = Catch::Benchmark::Detail::mean(first, last);
+        double variance = std::accumulate(first, last, 0., [m](double a, double b) {
+            double diff = b - m;
+            return a + diff * diff;
+            }) / (last - first);
+            return std::sqrt(variance);
+    }
+
+}
+
+namespace Catch {
+    namespace Benchmark {
+        namespace Detail {
+
+            double weighted_average_quantile(int k, int q, std::vector<double>::iterator first, std::vector<double>::iterator last) {
+                auto count = last - first;
+                double idx = (count - 1) * k / static_cast<double>(q);
+                int j = static_cast<int>(idx);
+                double g = idx - j;
+                std::nth_element(first, first + j, last);
+                auto xj = first[j];
+                if (g == 0) return xj;
+
+                auto xj1 = *std::min_element(first + (j + 1), last);
+                return xj + g * (xj1 - xj);
+            }
+
+            double erfc_inv(double x) {
+                return erf_inv(1.0 - x);
+            }
+
+            double normal_quantile(double p) {
+                static const double ROOT_TWO = std::sqrt(2.0);
+
+                double result = 0.0;
+                assert(p >= 0 && p <= 1);
+                if (p < 0 || p > 1) {
+                    return result;
+                }
+
+                result = -erfc_inv(2.0 * p);
+                // result *= normal distribution standard deviation (1.0) * sqrt(2)
+                result *= /*sd * */ ROOT_TWO;
+                // result += normal disttribution mean (0)
+                return result;
+            }
+
+            double outlier_variance(Estimate<double> mean, Estimate<double> stddev, int n) {
+                double sb = stddev.point;
+                double mn = mean.point / n;
+                double mg_min = mn / 2.;
+                double sg = (std::min)(mg_min / 4., sb / std::sqrt(n));
+                double sg2 = sg * sg;
+                double sb2 = sb * sb;
+
+                auto c_max = [n, mn, sb2, sg2](double x) -> double {
+                    double k = mn - x;
+                    double d = k * k;
+                    double nd = n * d;
+                    double k0 = -n * nd;
+                    double k1 = sb2 - n * sg2 + nd;
+                    double det = k1 * k1 - 4 * sg2 * k0;
+                    return (int)(-2. * k0 / (k1 + std::sqrt(det)));
+                };
+
+                auto var_out = [n, sb2, sg2](double c) {
+                    double nc = n - c;
+                    return (nc / n) * (sb2 - nc * sg2);
+                };
+
+                return (std::min)(var_out(1), var_out((std::min)(c_max(0.), c_max(mg_min)))) / sb2;
+            }
+
+            bootstrap_analysis analyse_samples(double confidence_level, int n_resamples, std::vector<double>::iterator first, std::vector<double>::iterator last) {
+                CATCH_INTERNAL_START_WARNINGS_SUPPRESSION
+                CATCH_INTERNAL_SUPPRESS_GLOBALS_WARNINGS
+                static std::random_device entropy;
+                CATCH_INTERNAL_STOP_WARNINGS_SUPPRESSION
+
+                auto n = static_cast<int>(last - first); // seriously, one can't use integral types without hell in C++
+
+                auto mean = &Detail::mean<std::vector<double>::iterator>;
+                auto stddev = &standard_deviation;
+
+#if defined(CATCH_CONFIG_USE_ASYNC)
+                auto Estimate = [=](double(*f)(std::vector<double>::iterator, std::vector<double>::iterator)) {
+                    auto seed = entropy();
+                    return std::async(std::launch::async, [=] {
+                        std::mt19937 rng(seed);
+                        auto resampled = resample(rng, n_resamples, first, last, f);
+                        return bootstrap(confidence_level, first, last, resampled, f);
+                    });
+                };
+
+                auto mean_future = Estimate(mean);
+                auto stddev_future = Estimate(stddev);
+
+                auto mean_estimate = mean_future.get();
+                auto stddev_estimate = stddev_future.get();
+#else
+                auto Estimate = [=](double(*f)(std::vector<double>::iterator, std::vector<double>::iterator)) {
+                    auto seed = entropy();
+                    std::mt19937 rng(seed);
+                    auto resampled = resample(rng, n_resamples, first, last, f);
+                    return bootstrap(confidence_level, first, last, resampled, f);
+                };
+
+                auto mean_estimate = Estimate(mean);
+                auto stddev_estimate = Estimate(stddev);
+#endif // CATCH_USE_ASYNC
+
+                double outlier_variance = Detail::outlier_variance(mean_estimate, stddev_estimate, n);
+
+                return { mean_estimate, stddev_estimate, outlier_variance };
+            }
+        } // namespace Detail
+    } // namespace Benchmark
+} // namespace Catch
+
+#endif // CATCH_CONFIG_ENABLE_BENCHMARKING
+// end catch_stats.cpp
+// start catch_approx.cpp
+
+#include <cmath>
+#include <limits>
+
+namespace {
+
+// Performs equivalent check of std::fabs(lhs - rhs) <= margin
+// But without the subtraction to allow for INFINITY in comparison
+bool marginComparison(double lhs, double rhs, double margin) {
+    return (lhs + margin >= rhs) && (rhs + margin >= lhs);
+}
+
+}
+
+namespace Catch {
+namespace Detail {
+
+    Approx::Approx ( double value )
+    :   m_epsilon( std::numeric_limits<float>::epsilon()*100 ),
+        m_margin( 0.0 ),
+        m_scale( 0.0 ),
+        m_value( value )
+    {}
+
+    Approx Approx::custom() {
+        return Approx( 0 );
+    }
+
+    Approx Approx::operator-() const {
+        auto temp(*this);
+        temp.m_value = -temp.m_value;
+        return temp;
+    }
+
+    std::string Approx::toString() const {
+        ReusableStringStream rss;
+        rss << "Approx( " << ::Catch::Detail::stringify( m_value ) << " )";
+        return rss.str();
+    }
+
+    bool Approx::equalityComparisonImpl(const double other) const {
+        // First try with fixed margin, then compute margin based on epsilon, scale and Approx's value
+        // Thanks to Richard Harris for his help refining the scaled margin value
+        return marginComparison(m_value, other, m_margin)
+            || marginComparison(m_value, other, m_epsilon * (m_scale + std::fabs(std::isinf(m_value)? 0 : m_value)));
+    }
+
+    void Approx::setMargin(double newMargin) {
+        CATCH_ENFORCE(newMargin >= 0,
+            "Invalid Approx::margin: " << newMargin << '.'
+            << " Approx::Margin has to be non-negative.");
+        m_margin = newMargin;
+    }
+
+    void Approx::setEpsilon(double newEpsilon) {
+        CATCH_ENFORCE(newEpsilon >= 0 && newEpsilon <= 1.0,
+            "Invalid Approx::epsilon: " << newEpsilon << '.'
+            << " Approx::epsilon has to be in [0, 1]");
+        m_epsilon = newEpsilon;
+    }
+
+} // end namespace Detail
+
+namespace literals {
+    Detail::Approx operator "" _a(long double val) {
+        return Detail::Approx(val);
+    }
+    Detail::Approx operator "" _a(unsigned long long val) {
+        return Detail::Approx(val);
+    }
+} // end namespace literals
+
+std::string StringMaker<Catch::Detail::Approx>::convert(Catch::Detail::Approx const& value) {
+    return value.toString();
+}
+
+} // end namespace Catch
+// end catch_approx.cpp
+// start catch_assertionhandler.cpp
+
+// start catch_debugger.h
+
+namespace Catch {
+    bool isDebuggerActive();
+}
+
+#ifdef CATCH_PLATFORM_MAC
+
+    #if defined(__i386__) || defined(__x86_64__)
+        #define CATCH_TRAP() __asm__("int $3\n" : : ) /* NOLINT */
+    #elif defined(__aarch64__)
+        #define CATCH_TRAP()  __asm__(".inst 0xd4200000")
+    #endif
+
+#elif defined(CATCH_PLATFORM_IPHONE)
+
+    // use inline assembler
+    #if defined(__i386__) || defined(__x86_64__)
+        #define CATCH_TRAP()  __asm__("int $3")
+    #elif defined(__aarch64__)
+        #define CATCH_TRAP()  __asm__(".inst 0xd4200000")
+    #elif defined(__arm__) && !defined(__thumb__)
+        #define CATCH_TRAP()  __asm__(".inst 0xe7f001f0")
+    #elif defined(__arm__) &&  defined(__thumb__)
+        #define CATCH_TRAP()  __asm__(".inst 0xde01")
+    #endif
+
+#elif defined(CATCH_PLATFORM_LINUX)
+    // If we can use inline assembler, do it because this allows us to break
+    // directly at the location of the failing check instead of breaking inside
+    // raise() called from it, i.e. one stack frame below.
+    #if defined(__GNUC__) && (defined(__i386) || defined(__x86_64))
+        #define CATCH_TRAP() asm volatile ("int $3") /* NOLINT */
+    #else // Fall back to the generic way.
+        #include <signal.h>
+
+        #define CATCH_TRAP() raise(SIGTRAP)
+    #endif
+#elif defined(_MSC_VER)
+    #define CATCH_TRAP() __debugbreak()
+#elif defined(__MINGW32__)
+    extern "C" __declspec(dllimport) void __stdcall DebugBreak();
+    #define CATCH_TRAP() DebugBreak()
+#endif
+
+#ifndef CATCH_BREAK_INTO_DEBUGGER
+    #ifdef CATCH_TRAP
+        #define CATCH_BREAK_INTO_DEBUGGER() []{ if( Catch::isDebuggerActive() ) { CATCH_TRAP(); } }()
+    #else
+        #define CATCH_BREAK_INTO_DEBUGGER() []{}()
+    #endif
+#endif
+
+// end catch_debugger.h
+// start catch_run_context.h
+
+// start catch_fatal_condition.h
+
+#include <cassert>
+
+namespace Catch {
+
+    // Wrapper for platform-specific fatal error (signals/SEH) handlers
+    //
+    // Tries to be cooperative with other handlers, and not step over
+    // other handlers. This means that unknown structured exceptions
+    // are passed on, previous signal handlers are called, and so on.
+    //
+    // Can only be instantiated once, and assumes that once a signal
+    // is caught, the binary will end up terminating. Thus, there
+    class FatalConditionHandler {
+        bool m_started = false;
+
+        // Install/disengage implementation for specific platform.
+        // Should be if-defed to work on current platform, can assume
+        // engage-disengage 1:1 pairing.
+        void engage_platform();
+        void disengage_platform();
+    public:
+        // Should also have platform-specific implementations as needed
+        FatalConditionHandler();
+        ~FatalConditionHandler();
+
+        void engage() {
+            assert(!m_started && "Handler cannot be installed twice.");
+            m_started = true;
+            engage_platform();
+        }
+
+        void disengage() {
+            assert(m_started && "Handler cannot be uninstalled without being installed first");
+            m_started = false;
+            disengage_platform();
+        }
+    };
+
+    //! Simple RAII guard for (dis)engaging the FatalConditionHandler
+    class FatalConditionHandlerGuard {
+        FatalConditionHandler* m_handler;
+    public:
+        FatalConditionHandlerGuard(FatalConditionHandler* handler):
+            m_handler(handler) {
+            m_handler->engage();
+        }
+        ~FatalConditionHandlerGuard() {
+            m_handler->disengage();
+        }
+    };
+
+} // end namespace Catch
+
+// end catch_fatal_condition.h
+#include <string>
+
+namespace Catch {
+
+    struct IMutableContext;
+
+    ///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
+
+    class RunContext : public IResultCapture, public IRunner {
+
+    public:
+        RunContext( RunContext const& ) = delete;
+        RunContext& operator =( RunContext const& ) = delete;
+
+        explicit RunContext( IConfigPtr const& _config, IStreamingReporterPtr&& reporter );
+
+        ~RunContext() override;
+
+        void testGroupStarting( std::string const& testSpec, std::size_t groupIndex, std::size_t groupsCount );
+        void testGroupEnded( std::string const& testSpec, Totals const& totals, std::size_t groupIndex, std::size_t groupsCount );
+
+        Totals runTest(TestCase const& testCase);
+
+        IConfigPtr config() const;
+        IStreamingReporter& reporter() const;
+
+    public: // IResultCapture
+
+        // Assertion handlers
+        void handleExpr
+                (   AssertionInfo const& info,
+                    ITransientExpression const& expr,
+                    AssertionReaction& reaction ) override;
+        void handleMessage
+                (   AssertionInfo const& info,
+                    ResultWas::OfType resultType,
+                    StringRef const& message,
+                    AssertionReaction& reaction ) override;
+        void handleUnexpectedExceptionNotThrown
+                (   AssertionInfo const& info,
+                    AssertionReaction& reaction ) override;
+        void handleUnexpectedInflightException
+                (   AssertionInfo const& info,
+                    std::string const& message,
+                    AssertionReaction& reaction ) override;
+        void handleIncomplete
+                (   AssertionInfo const& info ) override;
+        void handleNonExpr
+                (   AssertionInfo const &info,
+                    ResultWas::OfType resultType,
+                    AssertionReaction &reaction ) override;
+
+        bool sectionStarted( SectionInfo const& sectionInfo, Counts& assertions ) override;
+
+        void sectionEnded( SectionEndInfo const& endInfo ) override;
+        void sectionEndedEarly( SectionEndInfo const& endInfo ) override;
+
+        auto acquireGeneratorTracker( StringRef generatorName, SourceLineInfo const& lineInfo ) -> IGeneratorTracker& override;
+
+#if defined(CATCH_CONFIG_ENABLE_BENCHMARKING)
+        void benchmarkPreparing( std::string const& name ) override;
+        void benchmarkStarting( BenchmarkInfo const& info ) override;
+        void benchmarkEnded( BenchmarkStats<> const& stats ) override;
+        void benchmarkFailed( std::string const& error ) override;
+#endif // CATCH_CONFIG_ENABLE_BENCHMARKING
+
+        void pushScopedMessage( MessageInfo const& message ) override;
+        void popScopedMessage( MessageInfo const& message ) override;
+
+        void emplaceUnscopedMessage( MessageBuilder const& builder ) override;
+
+        std::string getCurrentTestName() const override;
+
+        const AssertionResult* getLastResult() const override;
+
+        void exceptionEarlyReported() override;
+
+        void handleFatalErrorCondition( StringRef message ) override;
+
+        bool lastAssertionPassed() override;
+
+        void assertionPassed() override;
+
+    public:
+        // !TBD We need to do this another way!
+        bool aborting() const final;
+
+    private:
+
+        void runCurrentTest( std::string& redirectedCout, std::string& redirectedCerr );
+        void invokeActiveTestCase();
+
+        void resetAssertionInfo();
+        bool testForMissingAssertions( Counts& assertions );
+
+        void assertionEnded( AssertionResult const& result );
+        void reportExpr
+                (   AssertionInfo const &info,
+                    ResultWas::OfType resultType,
+                    ITransientExpression const *expr,
+                    bool negated );
+
+        void populateReaction( AssertionReaction& reaction );
+
+    private:
+
+        void handleUnfinishedSections();
+
+        TestRunInfo m_runInfo;
+        IMutableContext& m_context;
+        TestCase const* m_activeTestCase = nullptr;
+        ITracker* m_testCaseTracker = nullptr;
+        Option<AssertionResult> m_lastResult;
+
+        IConfigPtr m_config;
+        Totals m_totals;
+        IStreamingReporterPtr m_reporter;
+        std::vector<MessageInfo> m_messages;
+        std::vector<ScopedMessage> m_messageScopes; /* Keeps owners of so-called unscoped messages. */
+        AssertionInfo m_lastAssertionInfo;
+        std::vector<SectionEndInfo> m_unfinishedSections;
+        std::vector<ITracker*> m_activeSections;
+        TrackerContext m_trackerContext;
+        FatalConditionHandler m_fatalConditionhandler;
+        bool m_lastAssertionPassed = false;
+        bool m_shouldReportUnexpected = true;
+        bool m_includeSuccessfulResults;
+    };
+
+    void seedRng(IConfig const& config);
+    unsigned int rngSeed();
+} // end namespace Catch
+
+// end catch_run_context.h
+namespace Catch {
+
+    namespace {
+        auto operator <<( std::ostream& os, ITransientExpression const& expr ) -> std::ostream& {
+            expr.streamReconstructedExpression( os );
+            return os;
+        }
+    }
+
+    LazyExpression::LazyExpression( bool isNegated )
+    :   m_isNegated( isNegated )
+    {}
+
+    LazyExpression::LazyExpression( LazyExpression const& other ) : m_isNegated( other.m_isNegated ) {}
+
+    LazyExpression::operator bool() const {
+        return m_transientExpression != nullptr;
+    }
+
+    auto operator << ( std::ostream& os, LazyExpression const& lazyExpr ) -> std::ostream& {
+        if( lazyExpr.m_isNegated )
+            os << "!";
+
+        if( lazyExpr ) {
+            if( lazyExpr.m_isNegated && lazyExpr.m_transientExpression->isBinaryExpression() )
+                os << "(" << *lazyExpr.m_transientExpression << ")";
+            else
+                os << *lazyExpr.m_transientExpression;
+        }
+        else {
+            os << "{** error - unchecked empty expression requested **}";
+        }
+        return os;
+    }
+
+    AssertionHandler::AssertionHandler
+        (   StringRef const& macroName,
+            SourceLineInfo const& lineInfo,
+            StringRef capturedExpression,
+            ResultDisposition::Flags resultDisposition )
+    :   m_assertionInfo{ macroName, lineInfo, capturedExpression, resultDisposition },
+        m_resultCapture( getResultCapture() )
+    {}
+
+    void AssertionHandler::handleExpr( ITransientExpression const& expr ) {
+        m_resultCapture.handleExpr( m_assertionInfo, expr, m_reaction );
+    }
+    void AssertionHandler::handleMessage(ResultWas::OfType resultType, StringRef const& message) {
+        m_resultCapture.handleMessage( m_assertionInfo, resultType, message, m_reaction );
+    }
+
+    auto AssertionHandler::allowThrows() const -> bool {
+        return getCurrentContext().getConfig()->allowThrows();
+    }
+
+    void AssertionHandler::complete() {
+        setCompleted();
+        if( m_reaction.shouldDebugBreak ) {
+
+            // If you find your debugger stopping you here then go one level up on the
+            // call-stack for the code that caused it (typically a failed assertion)
+
+            // (To go back to the test and change execution, jump over the throw, next)
+            CATCH_BREAK_INTO_DEBUGGER();
+        }
+        if (m_reaction.shouldThrow) {
+#if !defined(CATCH_CONFIG_DISABLE_EXCEPTIONS)
+            throw Catch::TestFailureException();
+#else
+            CATCH_ERROR( "Test failure requires aborting test!" );
+#endif
+        }
+    }
+    void AssertionHandler::setCompleted() {
+        m_completed = true;
+    }
+
+    void AssertionHandler::handleUnexpectedInflightException() {
+        m_resultCapture.handleUnexpectedInflightException( m_assertionInfo, Catch::translateActiveException(), m_reaction );
+    }
+
+    void AssertionHandler::handleExceptionThrownAsExpected() {
+        m_resultCapture.handleNonExpr(m_assertionInfo, ResultWas::Ok, m_reaction);
+    }
+    void AssertionHandler::handleExceptionNotThrownAsExpected() {
+        m_resultCapture.handleNonExpr(m_assertionInfo, ResultWas::Ok, m_reaction);
+    }
+
+    void AssertionHandler::handleUnexpectedExceptionNotThrown() {
+        m_resultCapture.handleUnexpectedExceptionNotThrown( m_assertionInfo, m_reaction );
+    }
+
+    void AssertionHandler::handleThrowingCallSkipped() {
+        m_resultCapture.handleNonExpr(m_assertionInfo, ResultWas::Ok, m_reaction);
+    }
+
+    // This is the overload that takes a string and infers the Equals matcher from it
+    // The more general overload, that takes any string matcher, is in catch_capture_matchers.cpp
+    void handleExceptionMatchExpr( AssertionHandler& handler, std::string const& str, StringRef const& matcherString  ) {
+        handleExceptionMatchExpr( handler, Matchers::Equals( str ), matcherString );
+    }
+
+} // namespace Catch
+// end catch_assertionhandler.cpp
+// start catch_assertionresult.cpp
+
+namespace Catch {
+    AssertionResultData::AssertionResultData(ResultWas::OfType _resultType, LazyExpression const & _lazyExpression):
+        lazyExpression(_lazyExpression),
+        resultType(_resultType) {}
+
+    std::string AssertionResultData::reconstructExpression() const {
+
+        if( reconstructedExpression.empty() ) {
+            if( lazyExpression ) {
+                ReusableStringStream rss;
+                rss << lazyExpression;
+                reconstructedExpression = rss.str();
+            }
+        }
+        return reconstructedExpression;
+    }
+
+    AssertionResult::AssertionResult( AssertionInfo const& info, AssertionResultData const& data )
+    :   m_info( info ),
+        m_resultData( data )
+    {}
+
+    // Result was a success
+    bool AssertionResult::succeeded() const {
+        return Catch::isOk( m_resultData.resultType );
+    }
+
+    // Result was a success, or failure is suppressed
+    bool AssertionResult::isOk() const {
+        return Catch::isOk( m_resultData.resultType ) || shouldSuppressFailure( m_info.resultDisposition );
+    }
+
+    ResultWas::OfType AssertionResult::getResultType() const {
+        return m_resultData.resultType;
+    }
+
+    bool AssertionResult::hasExpression() const {
+        return !m_info.capturedExpression.empty();
+    }
+
+    bool AssertionResult::hasMessage() const {
+        return !m_resultData.message.empty();
+    }
+
+    std::string AssertionResult::getExpression() const {
+        // Possibly overallocating by 3 characters should be basically free
+        std::string expr; expr.reserve(m_info.capturedExpression.size() + 3);
+        if (isFalseTest(m_info.resultDisposition)) {
+            expr += "!(";
+        }
+        expr += m_info.capturedExpression;
+        if (isFalseTest(m_info.resultDisposition)) {
+            expr += ')';
+        }
+        return expr;
+    }
+
+    std::string AssertionResult::getExpressionInMacro() const {
+        std::string expr;
+        if( m_info.macroName.empty() )
+            expr = static_cast<std::string>(m_info.capturedExpression);
+        else {
+            expr.reserve( m_info.macroName.size() + m_info.capturedExpression.size() + 4 );
+            expr += m_info.macroName;
+            expr += "( ";
+            expr += m_info.capturedExpression;
+            expr += " )";
+        }
+        return expr;
+    }
+
+    bool AssertionResult::hasExpandedExpression() const {
+        return hasExpression() && getExpandedExpression() != getExpression();
+    }
+
+    std::string AssertionResult::getExpandedExpression() const {
+        std::string expr = m_resultData.reconstructExpression();
+        return expr.empty()
+                ? getExpression()
+                : expr;
+    }
+
+    std::string AssertionResult::getMessage() const {
+        return m_resultData.message;
+    }
+    SourceLineInfo AssertionResult::getSourceInfo() const {
+        return m_info.lineInfo;
+    }
+
+    StringRef AssertionResult::getTestMacroName() const {
+        return m_info.macroName;
+    }
+
+} // end namespace Catch
+// end catch_assertionresult.cpp
+// start catch_capture_matchers.cpp
+
+namespace Catch {
+
+    using StringMatcher = Matchers::Impl::MatcherBase<std::string>;
+
+    // This is the general overload that takes a any string matcher
+    // There is another overload, in catch_assertionhandler.h/.cpp, that only takes a string and infers
+    // the Equals matcher (so the header does not mention matchers)
+    void handleExceptionMatchExpr( AssertionHandler& handler, StringMatcher const& matcher, StringRef const& matcherString  ) {
+        std::string exceptionMessage = Catch::translateActiveException();
+        MatchExpr<std::string, StringMatcher const&> expr( exceptionMessage, matcher, matcherString );
+        handler.handleExpr( expr );
+    }
+
+} // namespace Catch
+// end catch_capture_matchers.cpp
+// start catch_commandline.cpp
+
+// start catch_commandline.h
+
+// start catch_clara.h
+
+// Use Catch's value for console width (store Clara's off to the side, if present)
+#ifdef CLARA_CONFIG_CONSOLE_WIDTH
+#define CATCH_TEMP_CLARA_CONFIG_CONSOLE_WIDTH CATCH_CLARA_TEXTFLOW_CONFIG_CONSOLE_WIDTH
+#undef CATCH_CLARA_TEXTFLOW_CONFIG_CONSOLE_WIDTH
+#endif
+#define CATCH_CLARA_TEXTFLOW_CONFIG_CONSOLE_WIDTH CATCH_CONFIG_CONSOLE_WIDTH-1
+
+#ifdef __clang__
+#pragma clang diagnostic push
+#pragma clang diagnostic ignored "-Wweak-vtables"
+#pragma clang diagnostic ignored "-Wexit-time-destructors"
+#pragma clang diagnostic ignored "-Wshadow"
+#endif
+
+// start clara.hpp
+// Copyright 2017 Two Blue Cubes Ltd. All rights reserved.
+//
+// Distributed under the Boost Software License, Version 1.0. (See accompanying
+// file LICENSE_1_0.txt or copy at http://www.boost.org/LICENSE_1_0.txt)
+//
+// See https://github.com/philsquared/Clara for more details
+
+// Clara v1.1.5
+
+
+#ifndef CATCH_CLARA_CONFIG_CONSOLE_WIDTH
+#define CATCH_CLARA_CONFIG_CONSOLE_WIDTH 80
+#endif
+
+#ifndef CATCH_CLARA_TEXTFLOW_CONFIG_CONSOLE_WIDTH
+#define CATCH_CLARA_TEXTFLOW_CONFIG_CONSOLE_WIDTH CATCH_CLARA_CONFIG_CONSOLE_WIDTH
+#endif
+
+#ifndef CLARA_CONFIG_OPTIONAL_TYPE
+#ifdef __has_include
+#if __has_include(<optional>) && __cplusplus >= 201703L
+#include <optional>
+#define CLARA_CONFIG_OPTIONAL_TYPE std::optional
+#endif
+#endif
+#endif
+
+// ----------- #included from clara_textflow.hpp -----------
+
+// TextFlowCpp
+//
+// A single-header library for wrapping and laying out basic text, by Phil Nash
+//
+// Distributed under the Boost Software License, Version 1.0. (See accompanying
+// file LICENSE.txt or copy at http://www.boost.org/LICENSE_1_0.txt)
+//
+// This project is hosted at https://github.com/philsquared/textflowcpp
+
+
+#include <cassert>
+#include <ostream>
+#include <sstream>
+#include <vector>
+
+#ifndef CATCH_CLARA_TEXTFLOW_CONFIG_CONSOLE_WIDTH
+#define CATCH_CLARA_TEXTFLOW_CONFIG_CONSOLE_WIDTH 80
+#endif
+
+namespace Catch {
+namespace clara {
+namespace TextFlow {
+
+inline auto isWhitespace(char c) -> bool {
+	static std::string chars = " \t\n\r";
+	return chars.find(c) != std::string::npos;
+}
+inline auto isBreakableBefore(char c) -> bool {
+	static std::string chars = "[({<|";
+	return chars.find(c) != std::string::npos;
+}
+inline auto isBreakableAfter(char c) -> bool {
+	static std::string chars = "])}>.,:;*+-=&/\\";
+	return chars.find(c) != std::string::npos;
+}
+
+class Columns;
+
+class Column {
+	std::vector<std::string> m_strings;
+	size_t m_width = CATCH_CLARA_TEXTFLOW_CONFIG_CONSOLE_WIDTH;
+	size_t m_indent = 0;
+	size_t m_initialIndent = std::string::npos;
+
+public:
+	class iterator {
+		friend Column;
+
+		Column const& m_column;
+		size_t m_stringIndex = 0;
+		size_t m_pos = 0;
+
+		size_t m_len = 0;
+		size_t m_end = 0;
+		bool m_suffix = false;
+
+		iterator(Column const& column, size_t stringIndex)
+			: m_column(column),
+			m_stringIndex(stringIndex) {}
+
+		auto line() const -> std::string const& { return m_column.m_strings[m_stringIndex]; }
+
+		auto isBoundary(size_t at) const -> bool {
+			assert(at > 0);
+			assert(at <= line().size());
+
+			return at == line().size() ||
+				(isWhitespace(line()[at]) && !isWhitespace(line()[at - 1])) ||
+				isBreakableBefore(line()[at]) ||
+				isBreakableAfter(line()[at - 1]);
+		}
+
+		void calcLength() {
+			assert(m_stringIndex < m_column.m_strings.size());
+
+			m_suffix = false;
+			auto width = m_column.m_width - indent();
+			m_end = m_pos;
+			if (line()[m_pos] == '\n') {
+				++m_end;
+			}
+			while (m_end < line().size() && line()[m_end] != '\n')
+				++m_end;
+
+			if (m_end < m_pos + width) {
+				m_len = m_end - m_pos;
+			} else {
+				size_t len = width;
+				while (len > 0 && !isBoundary(m_pos + len))
+					--len;
+				while (len > 0 && isWhitespace(line()[m_pos + len - 1]))
+					--len;
+
+				if (len > 0) {
+					m_len = len;
+				} else {
+					m_suffix = true;
+					m_len = width - 1;
+				}
+			}
+		}
+
+		auto indent() const -> size_t {
+			auto initial = m_pos == 0 && m_stringIndex == 0 ? m_column.m_initialIndent : std::string::npos;
+			return initial == std::string::npos ? m_column.m_indent : initial;
+		}
+
+		auto addIndentAndSuffix(std::string const &plain) const -> std::string {
+			return std::string(indent(), ' ') + (m_suffix ? plain + "-" : plain);
+		}
+
+	public:
+		using difference_type = std::ptrdiff_t;
+		using value_type = std::string;
+		using pointer = value_type * ;
+		using reference = value_type & ;
+		using iterator_category = std::forward_iterator_tag;
+
+		explicit iterator(Column const& column) : m_column(column) {
+			assert(m_column.m_width > m_column.m_indent);
+			assert(m_column.m_initialIndent == std::string::npos || m_column.m_width > m_column.m_initialIndent);
+			calcLength();
+			if (m_len == 0)
+				m_stringIndex++; // Empty string
+		}
+
+		auto operator *() const -> std::string {
+			assert(m_stringIndex < m_column.m_strings.size());
+			assert(m_pos <= m_end);
+			return addIndentAndSuffix(line().substr(m_pos, m_len));
+		}
+
+		auto operator ++() -> iterator& {
+			m_pos += m_len;
+			if (m_pos < line().size() && line()[m_pos] == '\n')
+				m_pos += 1;
+			else
+				while (m_pos < line().size() && isWhitespace(line()[m_pos]))
+					++m_pos;
+
+			if (m_pos == line().size()) {
+				m_pos = 0;
+				++m_stringIndex;
+			}
+			if (m_stringIndex < m_column.m_strings.size())
+				calcLength();
+			return *this;
+		}
+		auto operator ++(int) -> iterator {
+			iterator prev(*this);
+			operator++();
+			return prev;
+		}
+
+		auto operator ==(iterator const& other) const -> bool {
+			return
+				m_pos == other.m_pos &&
+				m_stringIndex == other.m_stringIndex &&
+				&m_column == &other.m_column;
+		}
+		auto operator !=(iterator const& other) const -> bool {
+			return !operator==(other);
+		}
+	};
+	using const_iterator = iterator;
+
+	explicit Column(std::string const& text) { m_strings.push_back(text); }
+
+	auto width(size_t newWidth) -> Column& {
+		assert(newWidth > 0);
+		m_width = newWidth;
+		return *this;
+	}
+	auto indent(size_t newIndent) -> Column& {
+		m_indent = newIndent;
+		return *this;
+	}
+	auto initialIndent(size_t newIndent) -> Column& {
+		m_initialIndent = newIndent;
+		return *this;
+	}
+
+	auto width() const -> size_t { return m_width; }
+	auto begin() const -> iterator { return iterator(*this); }
+	auto end() const -> iterator { return { *this, m_strings.size() }; }
+
+	inline friend std::ostream& operator << (std::ostream& os, Column const& col) {
+		bool first = true;
+		for (auto line : col) {
+			if (first)
+				first = false;
+			else
+				os << "\n";
+			os << line;
+		}
+		return os;
+	}
+
+	auto operator + (Column const& other)->Columns;
+
+	auto toString() const -> std::string {
+		std::ostringstream oss;
+		oss << *this;
+		return oss.str();
+	}
+};
+
+class Spacer : public Column {
+
+public:
+	explicit Spacer(size_t spaceWidth) : Column("") {
+		width(spaceWidth);
+	}
+};
+
+class Columns {
+	std::vector<Column> m_columns;
+
+public:
+
+	class iterator {
+		friend Columns;
+		struct EndTag {};
+
+		std::vector<Column> const& m_columns;
+		std::vector<Column::iterator> m_iterators;
+		size_t m_activeIterators;
+
+		iterator(Columns const& columns, EndTag)
+			: m_columns(columns.m_columns),
+			m_activeIterators(0) {
+			m_iterators.reserve(m_columns.size());
+
+			for (auto const& col : m_columns)
+				m_iterators.push_back(col.end());
+		}
+
+	public:
+		using difference_type = std::ptrdiff_t;
+		using value_type = std::string;
+		using pointer = value_type * ;
+		using reference = value_type & ;
+		using iterator_category = std::forward_iterator_tag;
+
+		explicit iterator(Columns const& columns)
+			: m_columns(columns.m_columns),
+			m_activeIterators(m_columns.size()) {
+			m_iterators.reserve(m_columns.size());
+
+			for (auto const& col : m_columns)
+				m_iterators.push_back(col.begin());
+		}
+
+		auto operator ==(iterator const& other) const -> bool {
+			return m_iterators == other.m_iterators;
+		}
+		auto operator !=(iterator const& other) const -> bool {
+			return m_iterators != other.m_iterators;
+		}
+		auto operator *() const -> std::string {
+			std::string row, padding;
+
+			for (size_t i = 0; i < m_columns.size(); ++i) {
+				auto width = m_columns[i].width();
+				if (m_iterators[i] != m_columns[i].end()) {
+					std::string col = *m_iterators[i];
+					row += padding + col;
+					if (col.size() < width)
+						padding = std::string(width - col.size(), ' ');
+					else
+						padding = "";
+				} else {
+					padding += std::string(width, ' ');
+				}
+			}
+			return row;
+		}
+		auto operator ++() -> iterator& {
+			for (size_t i = 0; i < m_columns.size(); ++i) {
+				if (m_iterators[i] != m_columns[i].end())
+					++m_iterators[i];
+			}
+			return *this;
+		}
+		auto operator ++(int) -> iterator {
+			iterator prev(*this);
+			operator++();
+			return prev;
+		}
+	};
+	using const_iterator = iterator;
+
+	auto begin() const -> iterator { return iterator(*this); }
+	auto end() const -> iterator { return { *this, iterator::EndTag() }; }
+
+	auto operator += (Column const& col) -> Columns& {
+		m_columns.push_back(col);
+		return *this;
+	}
+	auto operator + (Column const& col) -> Columns {
+		Columns combined = *this;
+		combined += col;
+		return combined;
+	}
+
+	inline friend std::ostream& operator << (std::ostream& os, Columns const& cols) {
+
+		bool first = true;
+		for (auto line : cols) {
+			if (first)
+				first = false;
+			else
+				os << "\n";
+			os << line;
+		}
+		return os;
+	}
+
+	auto toString() const -> std::string {
+		std::ostringstream oss;
+		oss << *this;
+		return oss.str();
+	}
+};
+
+inline auto Column::operator + (Column const& other) -> Columns {
+	Columns cols;
+	cols += *this;
+	cols += other;
+	return cols;
+}
+}
+
+}
+}
+
+// ----------- end of #include from clara_textflow.hpp -----------
+// ........... back in clara.hpp
+
+#include <cctype>
+#include <string>
+#include <memory>
+#include <set>
+#include <algorithm>
+
+#if !defined(CATCH_PLATFORM_WINDOWS) && ( defined(WIN32) || defined(__WIN32__) || defined(_WIN32) || defined(_MSC_VER) )
+#define CATCH_PLATFORM_WINDOWS
+#endif
+
+namespace Catch { namespace clara {
+namespace detail {
+
+    // Traits for extracting arg and return type of lambdas (for single argument lambdas)
+    template<typename L>
+    struct UnaryLambdaTraits : UnaryLambdaTraits<decltype( &L::operator() )> {};
+
+    template<typename ClassT, typename ReturnT, typename... Args>
+    struct UnaryLambdaTraits<ReturnT( ClassT::* )( Args... ) const> {
+        static const bool isValid = false;
+    };
+
+    template<typename ClassT, typename ReturnT, typename ArgT>
+    struct UnaryLambdaTraits<ReturnT( ClassT::* )( ArgT ) const> {
+        static const bool isValid = true;
+        using ArgType = typename std::remove_const<typename std::remove_reference<ArgT>::type>::type;
+        using ReturnType = ReturnT;
+    };
+
+    class TokenStream;
+
+    // Transport for raw args (copied from main args, or supplied via init list for testing)
+    class Args {
+        friend TokenStream;
+        std::string m_exeName;
+        std::vector<std::string> m_args;
+
+    public:
+        Args( int argc, char const* const* argv )
+            : m_exeName(argv[0]),
+              m_args(argv + 1, argv + argc) {}
+
+        Args( std::initializer_list<std::string> args )
+        :   m_exeName( *args.begin() ),
+            m_args( args.begin()+1, args.end() )
+        {}
+
+        auto exeName() const -> std::string {
+            return m_exeName;
+        }
+    };
+
+    // Wraps a token coming from a token stream. These may not directly correspond to strings as a single string
+    // may encode an option + its argument if the : or = form is used
+    enum class TokenType {
+        Option, Argument
+    };
+    struct Token {
+        TokenType type;
+        std::string token;
+    };
+
+    inline auto isOptPrefix( char c ) -> bool {
+        return c == '-'
+#ifdef CATCH_PLATFORM_WINDOWS
+            || c == '/'
+#endif
+        ;
+    }
+
+    // Abstracts iterators into args as a stream of tokens, with option arguments uniformly handled
+    class TokenStream {
+        using Iterator = std::vector<std::string>::const_iterator;
+        Iterator it;
+        Iterator itEnd;
+        std::vector<Token> m_tokenBuffer;
+
+        void loadBuffer() {
+            m_tokenBuffer.resize( 0 );
+
+            // Skip any empty strings
+            while( it != itEnd && it->empty() )
+                ++it;
+
+            if( it != itEnd ) {
+                auto const &next = *it;
+                if( isOptPrefix( next[0] ) ) {
+                    auto delimiterPos = next.find_first_of( " :=" );
+                    if( delimiterPos != std::string::npos ) {
+                        m_tokenBuffer.push_back( { TokenType::Option, next.substr( 0, delimiterPos ) } );
+                        m_tokenBuffer.push_back( { TokenType::Argument, next.substr( delimiterPos + 1 ) } );
+                    } else {
+                        if( next[1] != '-' && next.size() > 2 ) {
+                            std::string opt = "- ";
+                            for( size_t i = 1; i < next.size(); ++i ) {
+                                opt[1] = next[i];
+                                m_tokenBuffer.push_back( { TokenType::Option, opt } );
+                            }
+                        } else {
+                            m_tokenBuffer.push_back( { TokenType::Option, next } );
+                        }
+                    }
+                } else {
+                    m_tokenBuffer.push_back( { TokenType::Argument, next } );
+                }
+            }
+        }
+
+    public:
+        explicit TokenStream( Args const &args ) : TokenStream( args.m_args.begin(), args.m_args.end() ) {}
+
+        TokenStream( Iterator it, Iterator itEnd ) : it( it ), itEnd( itEnd ) {
+            loadBuffer();
+        }
+
+        explicit operator bool() const {
+            return !m_tokenBuffer.empty() || it != itEnd;
+        }
+
+        auto count() const -> size_t { return m_tokenBuffer.size() + (itEnd - it); }
+
+        auto operator*() const -> Token {
+            assert( !m_tokenBuffer.empty() );
+            return m_tokenBuffer.front();
+        }
+
+        auto operator->() const -> Token const * {
+            assert( !m_tokenBuffer.empty() );
+            return &m_tokenBuffer.front();
+        }
+
+        auto operator++() -> TokenStream & {
+            if( m_tokenBuffer.size() >= 2 ) {
+                m_tokenBuffer.erase( m_tokenBuffer.begin() );
+            } else {
+                if( it != itEnd )
+                    ++it;
+                loadBuffer();
+            }
+            return *this;
+        }
+    };
+
+    class ResultBase {
+    public:
+        enum Type {
+            Ok, LogicError, RuntimeError
+        };
+
+    protected:
+        ResultBase( Type type ) : m_type( type ) {}
+        virtual ~ResultBase() = default;
+
+        virtual void enforceOk() const = 0;
+
+        Type m_type;
+    };
+
+    template<typename T>
+    class ResultValueBase : public ResultBase {
+    public:
+        auto value() const -> T const & {
+            enforceOk();
+            return m_value;
+        }
+
+    protected:
+        ResultValueBase( Type type ) : ResultBase( type ) {}
+
+        ResultValueBase( ResultValueBase const &other ) : ResultBase( other ) {
+            if( m_type == ResultBase::Ok )
+                new( &m_value ) T( other.m_value );
+        }
+
+        ResultValueBase( Type, T const &value ) : ResultBase( Ok ) {
+            new( &m_value ) T( value );
+        }
+
+        auto operator=( ResultValueBase const &other ) -> ResultValueBase & {
+            if( m_type == ResultBase::Ok )
+                m_value.~T();
+            ResultBase::operator=(other);
+            if( m_type == ResultBase::Ok )
+                new( &m_value ) T( other.m_value );
+            return *this;
+        }
+
+        ~ResultValueBase() override {
+            if( m_type == Ok )
+                m_value.~T();
+        }
+
+        union {
+            T m_value;
+        };
+    };
+
+    template<>
+    class ResultValueBase<void> : public ResultBase {
+    protected:
+        using ResultBase::ResultBase;
+    };
+
+    template<typename T = void>
+    class BasicResult : public ResultValueBase<T> {
+    public:
+        template<typename U>
+        explicit BasicResult( BasicResult<U> const &other )
+        :   ResultValueBase<T>( other.type() ),
+            m_errorMessage( other.errorMessage() )
+        {
+            assert( type() != ResultBase::Ok );
+        }
+
+        template<typename U>
+        static auto ok( U const &value ) -> BasicResult { return { ResultBase::Ok, value }; }
+        static auto ok() -> BasicResult { return { ResultBase::Ok }; }
+        static auto logicError( std::string const &message ) -> BasicResult { return { ResultBase::LogicError, message }; }
+        static auto runtimeError( std::string const &message ) -> BasicResult { return { ResultBase::RuntimeError, message }; }
+
+        explicit operator bool() const { return m_type == ResultBase::Ok; }
+        auto type() const -> ResultBase::Type { return m_type; }
+        auto errorMessage() const -> std::string { return m_errorMessage; }
+
+    protected:
+        void enforceOk() const override {
+
+            // Errors shouldn't reach this point, but if they do
+            // the actual error message will be in m_errorMessage
+            assert( m_type != ResultBase::LogicError );
+            assert( m_type != ResultBase::RuntimeError );
+            if( m_type != ResultBase::Ok )
+                std::abort();
+        }
+
+        std::string m_errorMessage; // Only populated if resultType is an error
+
+        BasicResult( ResultBase::Type type, std::string const &message )
+        :   ResultValueBase<T>(type),
+            m_errorMessage(message)
+        {
+            assert( m_type != ResultBase::Ok );
+        }
+
+        using ResultValueBase<T>::ResultValueBase;
+        using ResultBase::m_type;
+    };
+
+    enum class ParseResultType {
+        Matched, NoMatch, ShortCircuitAll, ShortCircuitSame
+    };
+
+    class ParseState {
+    public:
+
+        ParseState( ParseResultType type, TokenStream const &remainingTokens )
+        : m_type(type),
+          m_remainingTokens( remainingTokens )
+        {}
+
+        auto type() const -> ParseResultType { return m_type; }
+        auto remainingTokens() const -> TokenStream { return m_remainingTokens; }
+
+    private:
+        ParseResultType m_type;
+        TokenStream m_remainingTokens;
+    };
+
+    using Result = BasicResult<void>;
+    using ParserResult = BasicResult<ParseResultType>;
+    using InternalParseResult = BasicResult<ParseState>;
+
+    struct HelpColumns {
+        std::string left;
+        std::string right;
+    };
+
+    template<typename T>
+    inline auto convertInto( std::string const &source, T& target ) -> ParserResult {
+        std::stringstream ss;
+        ss << source;
+        ss >> target;
+        if( ss.fail() )
+            return ParserResult::runtimeError( "Unable to convert '" + source + "' to destination type" );
+        else
+            return ParserResult::ok( ParseResultType::Matched );
+    }
+    inline auto convertInto( std::string const &source, std::string& target ) -> ParserResult {
+        target = source;
+        return ParserResult::ok( ParseResultType::Matched );
+    }
+    inline auto convertInto( std::string const &source, bool &target ) -> ParserResult {
+        std::string srcLC = source;
+        std::transform( srcLC.begin(), srcLC.end(), srcLC.begin(), []( unsigned char c ) { return static_cast<char>( std::tolower(c) ); } );
+        if (srcLC == "y" || srcLC == "1" || srcLC == "true" || srcLC == "yes" || srcLC == "on")
+            target = true;
+        else if (srcLC == "n" || srcLC == "0" || srcLC == "false" || srcLC == "no" || srcLC == "off")
+            target = false;
+        else
+            return ParserResult::runtimeError( "Expected a boolean value but did not recognise: '" + source + "'" );
+        return ParserResult::ok( ParseResultType::Matched );
+    }
+#ifdef CLARA_CONFIG_OPTIONAL_TYPE
+    template<typename T>
+    inline auto convertInto( std::string const &source, CLARA_CONFIG_OPTIONAL_TYPE<T>& target ) -> ParserResult {
+        T temp;
+        auto result = convertInto( source, temp );
+        if( result )
+            target = std::move(temp);
+        return result;
+    }
+#endif // CLARA_CONFIG_OPTIONAL_TYPE
+
+    struct NonCopyable {
+        NonCopyable() = default;
+        NonCopyable( NonCopyable const & ) = delete;
+        NonCopyable( NonCopyable && ) = delete;
+        NonCopyable &operator=( NonCopyable const & ) = delete;
+        NonCopyable &operator=( NonCopyable && ) = delete;
+    };
+
+    struct BoundRef : NonCopyable {
+        virtual ~BoundRef() = default;
+        virtual auto isContainer() const -> bool { return false; }
+        virtual auto isFlag() const -> bool { return false; }
+    };
+    struct BoundValueRefBase : BoundRef {
+        virtual auto setValue( std::string const &arg ) -> ParserResult = 0;
+    };
+    struct BoundFlagRefBase : BoundRef {
+        virtual auto setFlag( bool flag ) -> ParserResult = 0;
+        virtual auto isFlag() const -> bool { return true; }
+    };
+
+    template<typename T>
+    struct BoundValueRef : BoundValueRefBase {
+        T &m_ref;
+
+        explicit BoundValueRef( T &ref ) : m_ref( ref ) {}
+
+        auto setValue( std::string const &arg ) -> ParserResult override {
+            return convertInto( arg, m_ref );
+        }
+    };
+
+    template<typename T>
+    struct BoundValueRef<std::vector<T>> : BoundValueRefBase {
+        std::vector<T> &m_ref;
+
+        explicit BoundValueRef( std::vector<T> &ref ) : m_ref( ref ) {}
+
+        auto isContainer() const -> bool override { return true; }
+
+        auto setValue( std::string const &arg ) -> ParserResult override {
+            T temp;
+            auto result = convertInto( arg, temp );
+            if( result )
+                m_ref.push_back( temp );
+            return result;
+        }
+    };
+
+    struct BoundFlagRef : BoundFlagRefBase {
+        bool &m_ref;
+
+        explicit BoundFlagRef( bool &ref ) : m_ref( ref ) {}
+
+        auto setFlag( bool flag ) -> ParserResult override {
+            m_ref = flag;
+            return ParserResult::ok( ParseResultType::Matched );
+        }
+    };
+
+    template<typename ReturnType>
+    struct LambdaInvoker {
+        static_assert( std::is_same<ReturnType, ParserResult>::value, "Lambda must return void or clara::ParserResult" );
+
+        template<typename L, typename ArgType>
+        static auto invoke( L const &lambda, ArgType const &arg ) -> ParserResult {
+            return lambda( arg );
+        }
+    };
+
+    template<>
+    struct LambdaInvoker<void> {
+        template<typename L, typename ArgType>
+        static auto invoke( L const &lambda, ArgType const &arg ) -> ParserResult {
+            lambda( arg );
+            return ParserResult::ok( ParseResultType::Matched );
+        }
+    };
+
+    template<typename ArgType, typename L>
+    inline auto invokeLambda( L const &lambda, std::string const &arg ) -> ParserResult {
+        ArgType temp{};
+        auto result = convertInto( arg, temp );
+        return !result
+           ? result
+           : LambdaInvoker<typename UnaryLambdaTraits<L>::ReturnType>::invoke( lambda, temp );
+    }
+
+    template<typename L>
+    struct BoundLambda : BoundValueRefBase {
+        L m_lambda;
+
+        static_assert( UnaryLambdaTraits<L>::isValid, "Supplied lambda must take exactly one argument" );
+        explicit BoundLambda( L const &lambda ) : m_lambda( lambda ) {}
+
+        auto setValue( std::string const &arg ) -> ParserResult override {
+            return invokeLambda<typename UnaryLambdaTraits<L>::ArgType>( m_lambda, arg );
+        }
+    };
+
+    template<typename L>
+    struct BoundFlagLambda : BoundFlagRefBase {
+        L m_lambda;
+
+        static_assert( UnaryLambdaTraits<L>::isValid, "Supplied lambda must take exactly one argument" );
+        static_assert( std::is_same<typename UnaryLambdaTraits<L>::ArgType, bool>::value, "flags must be boolean" );
+
+        explicit BoundFlagLambda( L const &lambda ) : m_lambda( lambda ) {}
+
+        auto setFlag( bool flag ) -> ParserResult override {
+            return LambdaInvoker<typename UnaryLambdaTraits<L>::ReturnType>::invoke( m_lambda, flag );
+        }
+    };
+
+    enum class Optionality { Optional, Required };
+
+    struct Parser;
+
+    class ParserBase {
+    public:
+        virtual ~ParserBase() = default;
+        virtual auto validate() const -> Result { return Result::ok(); }
+        virtual auto parse( std::string const& exeName, TokenStream const &tokens) const -> InternalParseResult  = 0;
+        virtual auto cardinality() const -> size_t { return 1; }
+
+        auto parse( Args const &args ) const -> InternalParseResult {
+            return parse( args.exeName(), TokenStream( args ) );
+        }
+    };
+
+    template<typename DerivedT>
+    class ComposableParserImpl : public ParserBase {
+    public:
+        template<typename T>
+        auto operator|( T const &other ) const -> Parser;
+
+		template<typename T>
+        auto operator+( T const &other ) const -> Parser;
+    };
+
+    // Common code and state for Args and Opts
+    template<typename DerivedT>
+    class ParserRefImpl : public ComposableParserImpl<DerivedT> {
+    protected:
+        Optionality m_optionality = Optionality::Optional;
+        std::shared_ptr<BoundRef> m_ref;
+        std::string m_hint;
+        std::string m_description;
+
+        explicit ParserRefImpl( std::shared_ptr<BoundRef> const &ref ) : m_ref( ref ) {}
+
+    public:
+        template<typename T>
+        ParserRefImpl( T &ref, std::string const &hint )
+        :   m_ref( std::make_shared<BoundValueRef<T>>( ref ) ),
+            m_hint( hint )
+        {}
+
+        template<typename LambdaT>
+        ParserRefImpl( LambdaT const &ref, std::string const &hint )
+        :   m_ref( std::make_shared<BoundLambda<LambdaT>>( ref ) ),
+            m_hint(hint)
+        {}
+
+        auto operator()( std::string const &description ) -> DerivedT & {
+            m_description = description;
+            return static_cast<DerivedT &>( *this );
+        }
+
+        auto optional() -> DerivedT & {
+            m_optionality = Optionality::Optional;
+            return static_cast<DerivedT &>( *this );
+        };
+
+        auto required() -> DerivedT & {
+            m_optionality = Optionality::Required;
+            return static_cast<DerivedT &>( *this );
+        };
+
+        auto isOptional() const -> bool {
+            return m_optionality == Optionality::Optional;
+        }
+
+        auto cardinality() const -> size_t override {
+            if( m_ref->isContainer() )
+                return 0;
+            else
+                return 1;
+        }
+
+        auto hint() const -> std::string { return m_hint; }
+    };
+
+    class ExeName : public ComposableParserImpl<ExeName> {
+        std::shared_ptr<std::string> m_name;
+        std::shared_ptr<BoundValueRefBase> m_ref;
+
+        template<typename LambdaT>
+        static auto makeRef(LambdaT const &lambda) -> std::shared_ptr<BoundValueRefBase> {
+            return std::make_shared<BoundLambda<LambdaT>>( lambda) ;
+        }
+
+    public:
+        ExeName() : m_name( std::make_shared<std::string>( "<executable>" ) ) {}
+
+        explicit ExeName( std::string &ref ) : ExeName() {
+            m_ref = std::make_shared<BoundValueRef<std::string>>( ref );
+        }
+
+        template<typename LambdaT>
+        explicit ExeName( LambdaT const& lambda ) : ExeName() {
+            m_ref = std::make_shared<BoundLambda<LambdaT>>( lambda );
+        }
+
+        // The exe name is not parsed out of the normal tokens, but is handled specially
+        auto parse( std::string const&, TokenStream const &tokens ) const -> InternalParseResult override {
+            return InternalParseResult::ok( ParseState( ParseResultType::NoMatch, tokens ) );
+        }
+
+        auto name() const -> std::string { return *m_name; }
+        auto set( std::string const& newName ) -> ParserResult {
+
+            auto lastSlash = newName.find_last_of( "\\/" );
+            auto filename = ( lastSlash == std::string::npos )
+                    ? newName
+                    : newName.substr( lastSlash+1 );
+
+            *m_name = filename;
+            if( m_ref )
+                return m_ref->setValue( filename );
+            else
+                return ParserResult::ok( ParseResultType::Matched );
+        }
+    };
+
+    class Arg : public ParserRefImpl<Arg> {
+    public:
+        using ParserRefImpl::ParserRefImpl;
+
+        auto parse( std::string const &, TokenStream const &tokens ) const -> InternalParseResult override {
+            auto validationResult = validate();
+            if( !validationResult )
+                return InternalParseResult( validationResult );
+
+            auto remainingTokens = tokens;
+            auto const &token = *remainingTokens;
+            if( token.type != TokenType::Argument )
+                return InternalParseResult::ok( ParseState( ParseResultType::NoMatch, remainingTokens ) );
+
+            assert( !m_ref->isFlag() );
+            auto valueRef = static_cast<detail::BoundValueRefBase*>( m_ref.get() );
+
+            auto result = valueRef->setValue( remainingTokens->token );
+            if( !result )
+                return InternalParseResult( result );
+            else
+                return InternalParseResult::ok( ParseState( ParseResultType::Matched, ++remainingTokens ) );
+        }
+    };
+
+    inline auto normaliseOpt( std::string const &optName ) -> std::string {
+#ifdef CATCH_PLATFORM_WINDOWS
+        if( optName[0] == '/' )
+            return "-" + optName.substr( 1 );
+        else
+#endif
+            return optName;
+    }
+
+    class Opt : public ParserRefImpl<Opt> {
+    protected:
+        std::vector<std::string> m_optNames;
+
+    public:
+        template<typename LambdaT>
+        explicit Opt( LambdaT const &ref ) : ParserRefImpl( std::make_shared<BoundFlagLambda<LambdaT>>( ref ) ) {}
+
+        explicit Opt( bool &ref ) : ParserRefImpl( std::make_shared<BoundFlagRef>( ref ) ) {}
+
+        template<typename LambdaT>
+        Opt( LambdaT const &ref, std::string const &hint ) : ParserRefImpl( ref, hint ) {}
+
+        template<typename T>
+        Opt( T &ref, std::string const &hint ) : ParserRefImpl( ref, hint ) {}
+
+        auto operator[]( std::string const &optName ) -> Opt & {
+            m_optNames.push_back( optName );
+            return *this;
+        }
+
+        auto getHelpColumns() const -> std::vector<HelpColumns> {
+            std::ostringstream oss;
+            bool first = true;
+            for( auto const &opt : m_optNames ) {
+                if (first)
+                    first = false;
+                else
+                    oss << ", ";
+                oss << opt;
+            }
+            if( !m_hint.empty() )
+                oss << " <" << m_hint << ">";
+            return { { oss.str(), m_description } };
+        }
+
+        auto isMatch( std::string const &optToken ) const -> bool {
+            auto normalisedToken = normaliseOpt( optToken );
+            for( auto const &name : m_optNames ) {
+                if( normaliseOpt( name ) == normalisedToken )
+                    return true;
+            }
+            return false;
+        }
+
+        using ParserBase::parse;
+
+        auto parse( std::string const&, TokenStream const &tokens ) const -> InternalParseResult override {
+            auto validationResult = validate();
+            if( !validationResult )
+                return InternalParseResult( validationResult );
+
+            auto remainingTokens = tokens;
+            if( remainingTokens && remainingTokens->type == TokenType::Option ) {
+                auto const &token = *remainingTokens;
+                if( isMatch(token.token ) ) {
+                    if( m_ref->isFlag() ) {
+                        auto flagRef = static_cast<detail::BoundFlagRefBase*>( m_ref.get() );
+                        auto result = flagRef->setFlag( true );
+                        if( !result )
+                            return InternalParseResult( result );
+                        if( result.value() == ParseResultType::ShortCircuitAll )
+                            return InternalParseResult::ok( ParseState( result.value(), remainingTokens ) );
+                    } else {
+                        auto valueRef = static_cast<detail::BoundValueRefBase*>( m_ref.get() );
+                        ++remainingTokens;
+                        if( !remainingTokens )
+                            return InternalParseResult::runtimeError( "Expected argument following " + token.token );
+                        auto const &argToken = *remainingTokens;
+                        if( argToken.type != TokenType::Argument )
+                            return InternalParseResult::runtimeError( "Expected argument following " + token.token );
+                        auto result = valueRef->setValue( argToken.token );
+                        if( !result )
+                            return InternalParseResult( result );
+                        if( result.value() == ParseResultType::ShortCircuitAll )
+                            return InternalParseResult::ok( ParseState( result.value(), remainingTokens ) );
+                    }
+                    return InternalParseResult::ok( ParseState( ParseResultType::Matched, ++remainingTokens ) );
+                }
+            }
+            return InternalParseResult::ok( ParseState( ParseResultType::NoMatch, remainingTokens ) );
+        }
+
+        auto validate() const -> Result override {
+            if( m_optNames.empty() )
+                return Result::logicError( "No options supplied to Opt" );
+            for( auto const &name : m_optNames ) {
+                if( name.empty() )
+                    return Result::logicError( "Option name cannot be empty" );
+#ifdef CATCH_PLATFORM_WINDOWS
+                if( name[0] != '-' && name[0] != '/' )
+                    return Result::logicError( "Option name must begin with '-' or '/'" );
+#else
+                if( name[0] != '-' )
+                    return Result::logicError( "Option name must begin with '-'" );
+#endif
+            }
+            return ParserRefImpl::validate();
+        }
+    };
+
+    struct Help : Opt {
+        Help( bool &showHelpFlag )
+        :   Opt([&]( bool flag ) {
+                showHelpFlag = flag;
+                return ParserResult::ok( ParseResultType::ShortCircuitAll );
+            })
+        {
+            static_cast<Opt &>( *this )
+                    ("display usage information")
+                    ["-?"]["-h"]["--help"]
+                    .optional();
+        }
+    };
+
+    struct Parser : ParserBase {
+
+        mutable ExeName m_exeName;
+        std::vector<Opt> m_options;
+        std::vector<Arg> m_args;
+
+        auto operator|=( ExeName const &exeName ) -> Parser & {
+            m_exeName = exeName;
+            return *this;
+        }
+
+        auto operator|=( Arg const &arg ) -> Parser & {
+            m_args.push_back(arg);
+            return *this;
+        }
+
+        auto operator|=( Opt const &opt ) -> Parser & {
+            m_options.push_back(opt);
+            return *this;
+        }
+
+        auto operator|=( Parser const &other ) -> Parser & {
+            m_options.insert(m_options.end(), other.m_options.begin(), other.m_options.end());
+            m_args.insert(m_args.end(), other.m_args.begin(), other.m_args.end());
+            return *this;
+        }
+
+        template<typename T>
+        auto operator|( T const &other ) const -> Parser {
+            return Parser( *this ) |= other;
+        }
+
+        // Forward deprecated interface with '+' instead of '|'
+        template<typename T>
+        auto operator+=( T const &other ) -> Parser & { return operator|=( other ); }
+        template<typename T>
+        auto operator+( T const &other ) const -> Parser { return operator|( other ); }
+
+        auto getHelpColumns() const -> std::vector<HelpColumns> {
+            std::vector<HelpColumns> cols;
+            for (auto const &o : m_options) {
+                auto childCols = o.getHelpColumns();
+                cols.insert( cols.end(), childCols.begin(), childCols.end() );
+            }
+            return cols;
+        }
+
+        void writeToStream( std::ostream &os ) const {
+            if (!m_exeName.name().empty()) {
+                os << "usage:\n" << "  " << m_exeName.name() << " ";
+                bool required = true, first = true;
+                for( auto const &arg : m_args ) {
+                    if (first)
+                        first = false;
+                    else
+                        os << " ";
+                    if( arg.isOptional() && required ) {
+                        os << "[";
+                        required = false;
+                    }
+                    os << "<" << arg.hint() << ">";
+                    if( arg.cardinality() == 0 )
+                        os << " ... ";
+                }
+                if( !required )
+                    os << "]";
+                if( !m_options.empty() )
+                    os << " options";
+                os << "\n\nwhere options are:" << std::endl;
+            }
+
+            auto rows = getHelpColumns();
+            size_t consoleWidth = CATCH_CLARA_CONFIG_CONSOLE_WIDTH;
+            size_t optWidth = 0;
+            for( auto const &cols : rows )
+                optWidth = (std::max)(optWidth, cols.left.size() + 2);
+
+            optWidth = (std::min)(optWidth, consoleWidth/2);
+
+            for( auto const &cols : rows ) {
+                auto row =
+                        TextFlow::Column( cols.left ).width( optWidth ).indent( 2 ) +
+                        TextFlow::Spacer(4) +
+                        TextFlow::Column( cols.right ).width( consoleWidth - 7 - optWidth );
+                os << row << std::endl;
+            }
+        }
+
+        friend auto operator<<( std::ostream &os, Parser const &parser ) -> std::ostream& {
+            parser.writeToStream( os );
+            return os;
+        }
+
+        auto validate() const -> Result override {
+            for( auto const &opt : m_options ) {
+                auto result = opt.validate();
+                if( !result )
+                    return result;
+            }
+            for( auto const &arg : m_args ) {
+                auto result = arg.validate();
+                if( !result )
+                    return result;
+            }
+            return Result::ok();
+        }
+
+        using ParserBase::parse;
+
+        auto parse( std::string const& exeName, TokenStream const &tokens ) const -> InternalParseResult override {
+
+            struct ParserInfo {
+                ParserBase const* parser = nullptr;
+                size_t count = 0;
+            };
+            const size_t totalParsers = m_options.size() + m_args.size();
+            assert( totalParsers < 512 );
+            // ParserInfo parseInfos[totalParsers]; // <-- this is what we really want to do
+            ParserInfo parseInfos[512];
+
+            {
+                size_t i = 0;
+                for (auto const &opt : m_options) parseInfos[i++].parser = &opt;
+                for (auto const &arg : m_args) parseInfos[i++].parser = &arg;
+            }
+
+            m_exeName.set( exeName );
+
+            auto result = InternalParseResult::ok( ParseState( ParseResultType::NoMatch, tokens ) );
+            while( result.value().remainingTokens() ) {
+                bool tokenParsed = false;
+
+                for( size_t i = 0; i < totalParsers; ++i ) {
+                    auto&  parseInfo = parseInfos[i];
+                    if( parseInfo.parser->cardinality() == 0 || parseInfo.count < parseInfo.parser->cardinality() ) {
+                        result = parseInfo.parser->parse(exeName, result.value().remainingTokens());
+                        if (!result)
+                            return result;
+                        if (result.value().type() != ParseResultType::NoMatch) {
+                            tokenParsed = true;
+                            ++parseInfo.count;
+                            break;
+                        }
+                    }
+                }
+
+                if( result.value().type() == ParseResultType::ShortCircuitAll )
+                    return result;
+                if( !tokenParsed )
+                    return InternalParseResult::runtimeError( "Unrecognised token: " + result.value().remainingTokens()->token );
+            }
+            // !TBD Check missing required options
+            return result;
+        }
+    };
+
+    template<typename DerivedT>
+    template<typename T>
+    auto ComposableParserImpl<DerivedT>::operator|( T const &other ) const -> Parser {
+        return Parser() | static_cast<DerivedT const &>( *this ) | other;
+    }
+} // namespace detail
+
+// A Combined parser
+using detail::Parser;
+
+// A parser for options
+using detail::Opt;
+
+// A parser for arguments
+using detail::Arg;
+
+// Wrapper for argc, argv from main()
+using detail::Args;
+
+// Specifies the name of the executable
+using detail::ExeName;
+
+// Convenience wrapper for option parser that specifies the help option
+using detail::Help;
+
+// enum of result types from a parse
+using detail::ParseResultType;
+
+// Result type for parser operation
+using detail::ParserResult;
+
+}} // namespace Catch::clara
+
+// end clara.hpp
+#ifdef __clang__
+#pragma clang diagnostic pop
+#endif
+
+// Restore Clara's value for console width, if present
+#ifdef CATCH_TEMP_CLARA_CONFIG_CONSOLE_WIDTH
+#define CATCH_CLARA_TEXTFLOW_CONFIG_CONSOLE_WIDTH CATCH_TEMP_CLARA_CONFIG_CONSOLE_WIDTH
+#undef CATCH_TEMP_CLARA_CONFIG_CONSOLE_WIDTH
+#endif
+
+// end catch_clara.h
+namespace Catch {
+
+    clara::Parser makeCommandLineParser( ConfigData& config );
+
+} // end namespace Catch
+
+// end catch_commandline.h
+#include <fstream>
+#include <ctime>
+
+namespace Catch {
+
+    clara::Parser makeCommandLineParser( ConfigData& config ) {
+
+        using namespace clara;
+
+        auto const setWarning = [&]( std::string const& warning ) {
+                auto warningSet = [&]() {
+                    if( warning == "NoAssertions" )
+                        return WarnAbout::NoAssertions;
+
+                    if ( warning == "NoTests" )
+                        return WarnAbout::NoTests;
+
+                    return WarnAbout::Nothing;
+                }();
+
+                if (warningSet == WarnAbout::Nothing)
+                    return ParserResult::runtimeError( "Unrecognised warning: '" + warning + "'" );
+                config.warnings = static_cast<WarnAbout::What>( config.warnings | warningSet );
+                return ParserResult::ok( ParseResultType::Matched );
+            };
+        auto const loadTestNamesFromFile = [&]( std::string const& filename ) {
+                std::ifstream f( filename.c_str() );
+                if( !f.is_open() )
+                    return ParserResult::runtimeError( "Unable to load input file: '" + filename + "'" );
+
+                std::string line;
+                while( std::getline( f, line ) ) {
+                    line = trim(line);
+                    if( !line.empty() && !startsWith( line, '#' ) ) {
+                        if( !startsWith( line, '"' ) )
+                            line = '"' + line + '"';
+                        config.testsOrTags.push_back( line );
+                        config.testsOrTags.emplace_back( "," );
+                    }
+                }
+                //Remove comma in the end
+                if(!config.testsOrTags.empty())
+                    config.testsOrTags.erase( config.testsOrTags.end()-1 );
+
+                return ParserResult::ok( ParseResultType::Matched );
+            };
+        auto const setTestOrder = [&]( std::string const& order ) {
+                if( startsWith( "declared", order ) )
+                    config.runOrder = RunTests::InDeclarationOrder;
+                else if( startsWith( "lexical", order ) )
+                    config.runOrder = RunTests::InLexicographicalOrder;
+                else if( startsWith( "random", order ) )
+                    config.runOrder = RunTests::InRandomOrder;
+                else
+                    return clara::ParserResult::runtimeError( "Unrecognised ordering: '" + order + "'" );
+                return ParserResult::ok( ParseResultType::Matched );
+            };
+        auto const setRngSeed = [&]( std::string const& seed ) {
+                if( seed != "time" )
+                    return clara::detail::convertInto( seed, config.rngSeed );
+                config.rngSeed = static_cast<unsigned int>( std::time(nullptr) );
+                return ParserResult::ok( ParseResultType::Matched );
+            };
+        auto const setColourUsage = [&]( std::string const& useColour ) {
+                    auto mode = toLower( useColour );
+
+                    if( mode == "yes" )
+                        config.useColour = UseColour::Yes;
+                    else if( mode == "no" )
+                        config.useColour = UseColour::No;
+                    else if( mode == "auto" )
+                        config.useColour = UseColour::Auto;
+                    else
+                        return ParserResult::runtimeError( "colour mode must be one of: auto, yes or no. '" + useColour + "' not recognised" );
+                return ParserResult::ok( ParseResultType::Matched );
+            };
+        auto const setWaitForKeypress = [&]( std::string const& keypress ) {
+                auto keypressLc = toLower( keypress );
+                if (keypressLc == "never")
+                    config.waitForKeypress = WaitForKeypress::Never;
+                else if( keypressLc == "start" )
+                    config.waitForKeypress = WaitForKeypress::BeforeStart;
+                else if( keypressLc == "exit" )
+                    config.waitForKeypress = WaitForKeypress::BeforeExit;
+                else if( keypressLc == "both" )
+                    config.waitForKeypress = WaitForKeypress::BeforeStartAndExit;
+                else
+                    return ParserResult::runtimeError( "keypress argument must be one of: never, start, exit or both. '" + keypress + "' not recognised" );
+            return ParserResult::ok( ParseResultType::Matched );
+            };
+        auto const setVerbosity = [&]( std::string const& verbosity ) {
+            auto lcVerbosity = toLower( verbosity );
+            if( lcVerbosity == "quiet" )
+                config.verbosity = Verbosity::Quiet;
+            else if( lcVerbosity == "normal" )
+                config.verbosity = Verbosity::Normal;
+            else if( lcVerbosity == "high" )
+                config.verbosity = Verbosity::High;
+            else
+                return ParserResult::runtimeError( "Unrecognised verbosity, '" + verbosity + "'" );
+            return ParserResult::ok( ParseResultType::Matched );
+        };
+        auto const setReporter = [&]( std::string const& reporter ) {
+            IReporterRegistry::FactoryMap const& factories = getRegistryHub().getReporterRegistry().getFactories();
+
+            auto lcReporter = toLower( reporter );
+            auto result = factories.find( lcReporter );
+
+            if( factories.end() != result )
+                config.reporterName = lcReporter;
+            else
+                return ParserResult::runtimeError( "Unrecognized reporter, '" + reporter + "'. Check available with --list-reporters" );
+            return ParserResult::ok( ParseResultType::Matched );
+        };
+
+        auto cli
+            = ExeName( config.processName )
+            | Help( config.showHelp )
+            | Opt( config.listTests )
+                ["-l"]["--list-tests"]
+                ( "list all/matching test cases" )
+            | Opt( config.listTags )
+                ["-t"]["--list-tags"]
+                ( "list all/matching tags" )
+            | Opt( config.showSuccessfulTests )
+                ["-s"]["--success"]
+                ( "include successful tests in output" )
+            | Opt( config.shouldDebugBreak )
+                ["-b"]["--break"]
+                ( "break into debugger on failure" )
+            | Opt( config.noThrow )
+                ["-e"]["--nothrow"]
+                ( "skip exception tests" )
+            | Opt( config.showInvisibles )
+                ["-i"]["--invisibles"]
+                ( "show invisibles (tabs, newlines)" )
+            | Opt( config.outputFilename, "filename" )
+                ["-o"]["--out"]
+                ( "output filename" )
+            | Opt( setReporter, "name" )
+                ["-r"]["--reporter"]
+                ( "reporter to use (defaults to console)" )
+            | Opt( config.name, "name" )
+                ["-n"]["--name"]
+                ( "suite name" )
+            | Opt( [&]( bool ){ config.abortAfter = 1; } )
+                ["-a"]["--abort"]
+                ( "abort at first failure" )
+            | Opt( [&]( int x ){ config.abortAfter = x; }, "no. failures" )
+                ["-x"]["--abortx"]
+                ( "abort after x failures" )
+            | Opt( setWarning, "warning name" )
+                ["-w"]["--warn"]
+                ( "enable warnings" )
+            | Opt( [&]( bool flag ) { config.showDurations = flag ? ShowDurations::Always : ShowDurations::Never; }, "yes|no" )
+                ["-d"]["--durations"]
+                ( "show test durations" )
+            | Opt( config.minDuration, "seconds" )
+                ["-D"]["--min-duration"]
+                ( "show test durations for tests taking at least the given number of seconds" )
+            | Opt( loadTestNamesFromFile, "filename" )
+                ["-f"]["--input-file"]
+                ( "load test names to run from a file" )
+            | Opt( config.filenamesAsTags )
+                ["-#"]["--filenames-as-tags"]
+                ( "adds a tag for the filename" )
+            | Opt( config.sectionsToRun, "section name" )
+                ["-c"]["--section"]
+                ( "specify section to run" )
+            | Opt( setVerbosity, "quiet|normal|high" )
+                ["-v"]["--verbosity"]
+                ( "set output verbosity" )
+            | Opt( config.listTestNamesOnly )
+                ["--list-test-names-only"]
+                ( "list all/matching test cases names only" )
+            | Opt( config.listReporters )
+                ["--list-reporters"]
+                ( "list all reporters" )
+            | Opt( setTestOrder, "decl|lex|rand" )
+                ["--order"]
+                ( "test case order (defaults to decl)" )
+            | Opt( setRngSeed, "'time'|number" )
+                ["--rng-seed"]
+                ( "set a specific seed for random numbers" )
+            | Opt( setColourUsage, "yes|no" )
+                ["--use-colour"]
+                ( "should output be colourised" )
+            | Opt( config.libIdentify )
+                ["--libidentify"]
+                ( "report name and version according to libidentify standard" )
+            | Opt( setWaitForKeypress, "never|start|exit|both" )
+                ["--wait-for-keypress"]
+                ( "waits for a keypress before exiting" )
+            | Opt( config.benchmarkSamples, "samples" )
+                ["--benchmark-samples"]
+                ( "number of samples to collect (default: 100)" )
+            | Opt( config.benchmarkResamples, "resamples" )
+                ["--benchmark-resamples"]
+                ( "number of resamples for the bootstrap (default: 100000)" )
+            | Opt( config.benchmarkConfidenceInterval, "confidence interval" )
+                ["--benchmark-confidence-interval"]
+                ( "confidence interval for the bootstrap (between 0 and 1, default: 0.95)" )
+            | Opt( config.benchmarkNoAnalysis )
+                ["--benchmark-no-analysis"]
+                ( "perform only measurements; do not perform any analysis" )
+            | Opt( config.benchmarkWarmupTime, "benchmarkWarmupTime" )
+                ["--benchmark-warmup-time"]
+                ( "amount of time in milliseconds spent on warming up each test (default: 100)" )
+            | Arg( config.testsOrTags, "test name|pattern|tags" )
+                ( "which test or tests to use" );
+
+        return cli;
+    }
+
+} // end namespace Catch
+// end catch_commandline.cpp
+// start catch_common.cpp
+
+#include <cstring>
+#include <ostream>
+
+namespace Catch {
+
+    bool SourceLineInfo::operator == ( SourceLineInfo const& other ) const noexcept {
+        return line == other.line && (file == other.file || std::strcmp(file, other.file) == 0);
+    }
+    bool SourceLineInfo::operator < ( SourceLineInfo const& other ) const noexcept {
+        // We can assume that the same file will usually have the same pointer.
+        // Thus, if the pointers are the same, there is no point in calling the strcmp
+        return line < other.line || ( line == other.line && file != other.file && (std::strcmp(file, other.file) < 0));
+    }
+
+    std::ostream& operator << ( std::ostream& os, SourceLineInfo const& info ) {
+#ifndef __GNUG__
+        os << info.file << '(' << info.line << ')';
+#else
+        os << info.file << ':' << info.line;
+#endif
+        return os;
+    }
+
+    std::string StreamEndStop::operator+() const {
+        return std::string();
+    }
+
+    NonCopyable::NonCopyable() = default;
+    NonCopyable::~NonCopyable() = default;
+
+}
+// end catch_common.cpp
+// start catch_config.cpp
+
+namespace Catch {
+
+    Config::Config( ConfigData const& data )
+    :   m_data( data ),
+        m_stream( openStream() )
+    {
+        // We need to trim filter specs to avoid trouble with superfluous
+        // whitespace (esp. important for bdd macros, as those are manually
+        // aligned with whitespace).
+
+        for (auto& elem : m_data.testsOrTags) {
+            elem = trim(elem);
+        }
+        for (auto& elem : m_data.sectionsToRun) {
+            elem = trim(elem);
+        }
+
+        TestSpecParser parser(ITagAliasRegistry::get());
+        if (!m_data.testsOrTags.empty()) {
+            m_hasTestFilters = true;
+            for (auto const& testOrTags : m_data.testsOrTags) {
+                parser.parse(testOrTags);
+            }
+        }
+        m_testSpec = parser.testSpec();
+    }
+
+    std::string const& Config::getFilename() const {
+        return m_data.outputFilename ;
+    }
+
+    bool Config::listTests() const          { return m_data.listTests; }
+    bool Config::listTestNamesOnly() const  { return m_data.listTestNamesOnly; }
+    bool Config::listTags() const           { return m_data.listTags; }
+    bool Config::listReporters() const      { return m_data.listReporters; }
+
+    std::string Config::getProcessName() const { return m_data.processName; }
+    std::string const& Config::getReporterName() const { return m_data.reporterName; }
+
+    std::vector<std::string> const& Config::getTestsOrTags() const { return m_data.testsOrTags; }
+    std::vector<std::string> const& Config::getSectionsToRun() const { return m_data.sectionsToRun; }
+
+    TestSpec const& Config::testSpec() const { return m_testSpec; }
+    bool Config::hasTestFilters() const { return m_hasTestFilters; }
+
+    bool Config::showHelp() const { return m_data.showHelp; }
+
+    // IConfig interface
+    bool Config::allowThrows() const                   { return !m_data.noThrow; }
+    std::ostream& Config::stream() const               { return m_stream->stream(); }
+    std::string Config::name() const                   { return m_data.name.empty() ? m_data.processName : m_data.name; }
+    bool Config::includeSuccessfulResults() const      { return m_data.showSuccessfulTests; }
+    bool Config::warnAboutMissingAssertions() const    { return !!(m_data.warnings & WarnAbout::NoAssertions); }
+    bool Config::warnAboutNoTests() const              { return !!(m_data.warnings & WarnAbout::NoTests); }
+    ShowDurations::OrNot Config::showDurations() const { return m_data.showDurations; }
+    double Config::minDuration() const                 { return m_data.minDuration; }
+    RunTests::InWhatOrder Config::runOrder() const     { return m_data.runOrder; }
+    unsigned int Config::rngSeed() const               { return m_data.rngSeed; }
+    UseColour::YesOrNo Config::useColour() const       { return m_data.useColour; }
+    bool Config::shouldDebugBreak() const              { return m_data.shouldDebugBreak; }
+    int Config::abortAfter() const                     { return m_data.abortAfter; }
+    bool Config::showInvisibles() const                { return m_data.showInvisibles; }
+    Verbosity Config::verbosity() const                { return m_data.verbosity; }
+
+    bool Config::benchmarkNoAnalysis() const                      { return m_data.benchmarkNoAnalysis; }
+    int Config::benchmarkSamples() const                          { return m_data.benchmarkSamples; }
+    double Config::benchmarkConfidenceInterval() const            { return m_data.benchmarkConfidenceInterval; }
+    unsigned int Config::benchmarkResamples() const               { return m_data.benchmarkResamples; }
+    std::chrono::milliseconds Config::benchmarkWarmupTime() const { return std::chrono::milliseconds(m_data.benchmarkWarmupTime); }
+
+    IStream const* Config::openStream() {
+        return Catch::makeStream(m_data.outputFilename);
+    }
+
+} // end namespace Catch
+// end catch_config.cpp
+// start catch_console_colour.cpp
+
+#if defined(__clang__)
+#    pragma clang diagnostic push
+#    pragma clang diagnostic ignored "-Wexit-time-destructors"
+#endif
+
+// start catch_errno_guard.h
+
+namespace Catch {
+
+    class ErrnoGuard {
+    public:
+        ErrnoGuard();
+        ~ErrnoGuard();
+    private:
+        int m_oldErrno;
+    };
+
+}
+
+// end catch_errno_guard.h
+// start catch_windows_h_proxy.h
+
+
+#if defined(CATCH_PLATFORM_WINDOWS)
+
+#if !defined(NOMINMAX) && !defined(CATCH_CONFIG_NO_NOMINMAX)
+#  define CATCH_DEFINED_NOMINMAX
+#  define NOMINMAX
+#endif
+#if !defined(WIN32_LEAN_AND_MEAN) && !defined(CATCH_CONFIG_NO_WIN32_LEAN_AND_MEAN)
+#  define CATCH_DEFINED_WIN32_LEAN_AND_MEAN
+#  define WIN32_LEAN_AND_MEAN
+#endif
+
+#ifdef __AFXDLL
+#include <AfxWin.h>
+#else
+#include <windows.h>
+#endif
+
+#ifdef CATCH_DEFINED_NOMINMAX
+#  undef NOMINMAX
+#endif
+#ifdef CATCH_DEFINED_WIN32_LEAN_AND_MEAN
+#  undef WIN32_LEAN_AND_MEAN
+#endif
+
+#endif // defined(CATCH_PLATFORM_WINDOWS)
+
+// end catch_windows_h_proxy.h
+#include <sstream>
+
+namespace Catch {
+    namespace {
+
+        struct IColourImpl {
+            virtual ~IColourImpl() = default;
+            virtual void use( Colour::Code _colourCode ) = 0;
+        };
+
+        struct NoColourImpl : IColourImpl {
+            void use( Colour::Code ) override {}
+
+            static IColourImpl* instance() {
+                static NoColourImpl s_instance;
+                return &s_instance;
+            }
+        };
+
+    } // anon namespace
+} // namespace Catch
+
+#if !defined( CATCH_CONFIG_COLOUR_NONE ) && !defined( CATCH_CONFIG_COLOUR_WINDOWS ) && !defined( CATCH_CONFIG_COLOUR_ANSI )
+#   ifdef CATCH_PLATFORM_WINDOWS
+#       define CATCH_CONFIG_COLOUR_WINDOWS
+#   else
+#       define CATCH_CONFIG_COLOUR_ANSI
+#   endif
+#endif
+
+#if defined ( CATCH_CONFIG_COLOUR_WINDOWS ) /////////////////////////////////////////
+
+namespace Catch {
+namespace {
+
+    class Win32ColourImpl : public IColourImpl {
+    public:
+        Win32ColourImpl() : stdoutHandle( GetStdHandle(STD_OUTPUT_HANDLE) )
+        {
+            CONSOLE_SCREEN_BUFFER_INFO csbiInfo;
+            GetConsoleScreenBufferInfo( stdoutHandle, &csbiInfo );
+            originalForegroundAttributes = csbiInfo.wAttributes & ~( BACKGROUND_GREEN | BACKGROUND_RED | BACKGROUND_BLUE | BACKGROUND_INTENSITY );
+            originalBackgroundAttributes = csbiInfo.wAttributes & ~( FOREGROUND_GREEN | FOREGROUND_RED | FOREGROUND_BLUE | FOREGROUND_INTENSITY );
+        }
+
+        void use( Colour::Code _colourCode ) override {
+            switch( _colourCode ) {
+                case Colour::None:      return setTextAttribute( originalForegroundAttributes );
+                case Colour::White:     return setTextAttribute( FOREGROUND_GREEN | FOREGROUND_RED | FOREGROUND_BLUE );
+                case Colour::Red:       return setTextAttribute( FOREGROUND_RED );
+                case Colour::Green:     return setTextAttribute( FOREGROUND_GREEN );
+                case Colour::Blue:      return setTextAttribute( FOREGROUND_BLUE );
+                case Colour::Cyan:      return setTextAttribute( FOREGROUND_BLUE | FOREGROUND_GREEN );
+                case Colour::Yellow:    return setTextAttribute( FOREGROUND_RED | FOREGROUND_GREEN );
+                case Colour::Grey:      return setTextAttribute( 0 );
+
+                case Colour::LightGrey:     return setTextAttribute( FOREGROUND_INTENSITY );
+                case Colour::BrightRed:     return setTextAttribute( FOREGROUND_INTENSITY | FOREGROUND_RED );
+                case Colour::BrightGreen:   return setTextAttribute( FOREGROUND_INTENSITY | FOREGROUND_GREEN );
+                case Colour::BrightWhite:   return setTextAttribute( FOREGROUND_INTENSITY | FOREGROUND_GREEN | FOREGROUND_RED | FOREGROUND_BLUE );
+                case Colour::BrightYellow:  return setTextAttribute( FOREGROUND_INTENSITY | FOREGROUND_RED | FOREGROUND_GREEN );
+
+                case Colour::Bright: CATCH_INTERNAL_ERROR( "not a colour" );
+
+                default:
+                    CATCH_ERROR( "Unknown colour requested" );
+            }
+        }
+
+    private:
+        void setTextAttribute( WORD _textAttribute ) {
+            SetConsoleTextAttribute( stdoutHandle, _textAttribute | originalBackgroundAttributes );
+        }
+        HANDLE stdoutHandle;
+        WORD originalForegroundAttributes;
+        WORD originalBackgroundAttributes;
+    };
+
+    IColourImpl* platformColourInstance() {
+        static Win32ColourImpl s_instance;
+
+        IConfigPtr config = getCurrentContext().getConfig();
+        UseColour::YesOrNo colourMode = config
+            ? config->useColour()
+            : UseColour::Auto;
+        if( colourMode == UseColour::Auto )
+            colourMode = UseColour::Yes;
+        return colourMode == UseColour::Yes
+            ? &s_instance
+            : NoColourImpl::instance();
+    }
+
+} // end anon namespace
+} // end namespace Catch
+
+#elif defined( CATCH_CONFIG_COLOUR_ANSI ) //////////////////////////////////////
+
+#include <unistd.h>
+
+namespace Catch {
+namespace {
+
+    // use POSIX/ ANSI console terminal codes
+    // Thanks to Adam Strzelecki for original contribution
+    // (http://github.com/nanoant)
+    // https://github.com/philsquared/Catch/pull/131
+    class PosixColourImpl : public IColourImpl {
+    public:
+        void use( Colour::Code _colourCode ) override {
+            switch( _colourCode ) {
+                case Colour::None:
+                case Colour::White:     return setColour( "[0m" );
+                case Colour::Red:       return setColour( "[0;31m" );
+                case Colour::Green:     return setColour( "[0;32m" );
+                case Colour::Blue:      return setColour( "[0;34m" );
+                case Colour::Cyan:      return setColour( "[0;36m" );
+                case Colour::Yellow:    return setColour( "[0;33m" );
+                case Colour::Grey:      return setColour( "[1;30m" );
+
+                case Colour::LightGrey:     return setColour( "[0;37m" );
+                case Colour::BrightRed:     return setColour( "[1;31m" );
+                case Colour::BrightGreen:   return setColour( "[1;32m" );
+                case Colour::BrightWhite:   return setColour( "[1;37m" );
+                case Colour::BrightYellow:  return setColour( "[1;33m" );
+
+                case Colour::Bright: CATCH_INTERNAL_ERROR( "not a colour" );
+                default: CATCH_INTERNAL_ERROR( "Unknown colour requested" );
+            }
+        }
+        static IColourImpl* instance() {
+            static PosixColourImpl s_instance;
+            return &s_instance;
+        }
+
+    private:
+        void setColour( const char* _escapeCode ) {
+            getCurrentContext().getConfig()->stream()
+                << '\033' << _escapeCode;
+        }
+    };
+
+    bool useColourOnPlatform() {
+        return
+#if defined(CATCH_PLATFORM_MAC) || defined(CATCH_PLATFORM_IPHONE)
+            !isDebuggerActive() &&
+#endif
+#if !(defined(__DJGPP__) && defined(__STRICT_ANSI__))
+            isatty(STDOUT_FILENO)
+#else
+            false
+#endif
+            ;
+    }
+    IColourImpl* platformColourInstance() {
+        ErrnoGuard guard;
+        IConfigPtr config = getCurrentContext().getConfig();
+        UseColour::YesOrNo colourMode = config
+            ? config->useColour()
+            : UseColour::Auto;
+        if( colourMode == UseColour::Auto )
+            colourMode = useColourOnPlatform()
+                ? UseColour::Yes
+                : UseColour::No;
+        return colourMode == UseColour::Yes
+            ? PosixColourImpl::instance()
+            : NoColourImpl::instance();
+    }
+
+} // end anon namespace
+} // end namespace Catch
+
+#else  // not Windows or ANSI ///////////////////////////////////////////////
+
+namespace Catch {
+
+    static IColourImpl* platformColourInstance() { return NoColourImpl::instance(); }
+
+} // end namespace Catch
+
+#endif // Windows/ ANSI/ None
+
+namespace Catch {
+
+    Colour::Colour( Code _colourCode ) { use( _colourCode ); }
+    Colour::Colour( Colour&& other ) noexcept {
+        m_moved = other.m_moved;
+        other.m_moved = true;
+    }
+    Colour& Colour::operator=( Colour&& other ) noexcept {
+        m_moved = other.m_moved;
+        other.m_moved  = true;
+        return *this;
+    }
+
+    Colour::~Colour(){ if( !m_moved ) use( None ); }
+
+    void Colour::use( Code _colourCode ) {
+        static IColourImpl* impl = platformColourInstance();
+        // Strictly speaking, this cannot possibly happen.
+        // However, under some conditions it does happen (see #1626),
+        // and this change is small enough that we can let practicality
+        // triumph over purity in this case.
+        if (impl != nullptr) {
+            impl->use( _colourCode );
+        }
+    }
+
+    std::ostream& operator << ( std::ostream& os, Colour const& ) {
+        return os;
+    }
+
+} // end namespace Catch
+
+#if defined(__clang__)
+#    pragma clang diagnostic pop
+#endif
+
+// end catch_console_colour.cpp
+// start catch_context.cpp
+
+namespace Catch {
+
+    class Context : public IMutableContext, NonCopyable {
+
+    public: // IContext
+        IResultCapture* getResultCapture() override {
+            return m_resultCapture;
+        }
+        IRunner* getRunner() override {
+            return m_runner;
+        }
+
+        IConfigPtr const& getConfig() const override {
+            return m_config;
+        }
+
+        ~Context() override;
+
+    public: // IMutableContext
+        void setResultCapture( IResultCapture* resultCapture ) override {
+            m_resultCapture = resultCapture;
+        }
+        void setRunner( IRunner* runner ) override {
+            m_runner = runner;
+        }
+        void setConfig( IConfigPtr const& config ) override {
+            m_config = config;
+        }
+
+        friend IMutableContext& getCurrentMutableContext();
+
+    private:
+        IConfigPtr m_config;
+        IRunner* m_runner = nullptr;
+        IResultCapture* m_resultCapture = nullptr;
+    };
+
+    IMutableContext *IMutableContext::currentContext = nullptr;
+
+    void IMutableContext::createContext()
+    {
+        currentContext = new Context();
+    }
+
+    void cleanUpContext() {
+        delete IMutableContext::currentContext;
+        IMutableContext::currentContext = nullptr;
+    }
+    IContext::~IContext() = default;
+    IMutableContext::~IMutableContext() = default;
+    Context::~Context() = default;
+
+    SimplePcg32& rng() {
+        static SimplePcg32 s_rng;
+        return s_rng;
+    }
+
+}
+// end catch_context.cpp
+// start catch_debug_console.cpp
+
+// start catch_debug_console.h
+
+#include <string>
+
+namespace Catch {
+    void writeToDebugConsole( std::string const& text );
+}
+
+// end catch_debug_console.h
+#if defined(CATCH_CONFIG_ANDROID_LOGWRITE)
+#include <android/log.h>
+
+    namespace Catch {
+        void writeToDebugConsole( std::string const& text ) {
+            __android_log_write( ANDROID_LOG_DEBUG, "Catch", text.c_str() );
+        }
+    }
+
+#elif defined(CATCH_PLATFORM_WINDOWS)
+
+    namespace Catch {
+        void writeToDebugConsole( std::string const& text ) {
+            ::OutputDebugStringA( text.c_str() );
+        }
+    }
+
+#else
+
+    namespace Catch {
+        void writeToDebugConsole( std::string const& text ) {
+            // !TBD: Need a version for Mac/ XCode and other IDEs
+            Catch::cout() << text;
+        }
+    }
+
+#endif // Platform
+// end catch_debug_console.cpp
+// start catch_debugger.cpp
+
+#if defined(CATCH_PLATFORM_MAC) || defined(CATCH_PLATFORM_IPHONE)
+
+#  include <cassert>
+#  include <sys/types.h>
+#  include <unistd.h>
+#  include <cstddef>
+#  include <ostream>
+
+#ifdef __apple_build_version__
+    // These headers will only compile with AppleClang (XCode)
+    // For other compilers (Clang, GCC, ... ) we need to exclude them
+#  include <sys/sysctl.h>
+#endif
+
+    namespace Catch {
+        #ifdef __apple_build_version__
+        // The following function is taken directly from the following technical note:
+        // https://developer.apple.com/library/archive/qa/qa1361/_index.html
+
+        // Returns true if the current process is being debugged (either
+        // running under the debugger or has a debugger attached post facto).
+        bool isDebuggerActive(){
+            int                 mib[4];
+            struct kinfo_proc   info;
+            std::size_t         size;
+
+            // Initialize the flags so that, if sysctl fails for some bizarre
+            // reason, we get a predictable result.
+
+            info.kp_proc.p_flag = 0;
+
+            // Initialize mib, which tells sysctl the info we want, in this case
+            // we're looking for information about a specific process ID.
+
+            mib[0] = CTL_KERN;
+            mib[1] = KERN_PROC;
+            mib[2] = KERN_PROC_PID;
+            mib[3] = getpid();
+
+            // Call sysctl.
+
+            size = sizeof(info);
+            if( sysctl(mib, sizeof(mib) / sizeof(*mib), &info, &size, nullptr, 0) != 0 ) {
+                Catch::cerr() << "\n** Call to sysctl failed - unable to determine if debugger is active **\n" << std::endl;
+                return false;
+            }
+
+            // We're being debugged if the P_TRACED flag is set.
+
+            return ( (info.kp_proc.p_flag & P_TRACED) != 0 );
+        }
+        #else
+        bool isDebuggerActive() {
+            // We need to find another way to determine this for non-appleclang compilers on macOS
+            return false;
+        }
+        #endif
+    } // namespace Catch
+
+#elif defined(CATCH_PLATFORM_LINUX)
+    #include <fstream>
+    #include <string>
+
+    namespace Catch{
+        // The standard POSIX way of detecting a debugger is to attempt to
+        // ptrace() the process, but this needs to be done from a child and not
+        // this process itself to still allow attaching to this process later
+        // if wanted, so is rather heavy. Under Linux we have the PID of the
+        // "debugger" (which doesn't need to be gdb, of course, it could also
+        // be strace, for example) in /proc/$PID/status, so just get it from
+        // there instead.
+        bool isDebuggerActive(){
+            // Libstdc++ has a bug, where std::ifstream sets errno to 0
+            // This way our users can properly assert over errno values
+            ErrnoGuard guard;
+            std::ifstream in("/proc/self/status");
+            for( std::string line; std::getline(in, line); ) {
+                static const int PREFIX_LEN = 11;
+                if( line.compare(0, PREFIX_LEN, "TracerPid:\t") == 0 ) {
+                    // We're traced if the PID is not 0 and no other PID starts
+                    // with 0 digit, so it's enough to check for just a single
+                    // character.
+                    return line.length() > PREFIX_LEN && line[PREFIX_LEN] != '0';
+                }
+            }
+
+            return false;
+        }
+    } // namespace Catch
+#elif defined(_MSC_VER)
+    extern "C" __declspec(dllimport) int __stdcall IsDebuggerPresent();
+    namespace Catch {
+        bool isDebuggerActive() {
+            return IsDebuggerPresent() != 0;
+        }
+    }
+#elif defined(__MINGW32__)
+    extern "C" __declspec(dllimport) int __stdcall IsDebuggerPresent();
+    namespace Catch {
+        bool isDebuggerActive() {
+            return IsDebuggerPresent() != 0;
+        }
+    }
+#else
+    namespace Catch {
+       bool isDebuggerActive() { return false; }
+    }
+#endif // Platform
+// end catch_debugger.cpp
+// start catch_decomposer.cpp
+
+namespace Catch {
+
+    ITransientExpression::~ITransientExpression() = default;
+
+    void formatReconstructedExpression( std::ostream &os, std::string const& lhs, StringRef op, std::string const& rhs ) {
+        if( lhs.size() + rhs.size() < 40 &&
+                lhs.find('\n') == std::string::npos &&
+                rhs.find('\n') == std::string::npos )
+            os << lhs << " " << op << " " << rhs;
+        else
+            os << lhs << "\n" << op << "\n" << rhs;
+    }
+}
+// end catch_decomposer.cpp
+// start catch_enforce.cpp
+
+#include <stdexcept>
+
+namespace Catch {
+#if defined(CATCH_CONFIG_DISABLE_EXCEPTIONS) && !defined(CATCH_CONFIG_DISABLE_EXCEPTIONS_CUSTOM_HANDLER)
+    [[noreturn]]
+    void throw_exception(std::exception const& e) {
+        Catch::cerr() << "Catch will terminate because it needed to throw an exception.\n"
+                      << "The message was: " << e.what() << '\n';
+        std::terminate();
+    }
+#endif
+
+    [[noreturn]]
+    void throw_logic_error(std::string const& msg) {
+        throw_exception(std::logic_error(msg));
+    }
+
+    [[noreturn]]
+    void throw_domain_error(std::string const& msg) {
+        throw_exception(std::domain_error(msg));
+    }
+
+    [[noreturn]]
+    void throw_runtime_error(std::string const& msg) {
+        throw_exception(std::runtime_error(msg));
+    }
+
+} // namespace Catch;
+// end catch_enforce.cpp
+// start catch_enum_values_registry.cpp
+// start catch_enum_values_registry.h
+
+#include <vector>
+#include <memory>
+
+namespace Catch {
+
+    namespace Detail {
+
+        std::unique_ptr<EnumInfo> makeEnumInfo( StringRef enumName, StringRef allValueNames, std::vector<int> const& values );
+
+        class EnumValuesRegistry : public IMutableEnumValuesRegistry {
+
+            std::vector<std::unique_ptr<EnumInfo>> m_enumInfos;
+
+            EnumInfo const& registerEnum( StringRef enumName, StringRef allEnums, std::vector<int> const& values) override;
+        };
+
+        std::vector<StringRef> parseEnums( StringRef enums );
+
+    } // Detail
+
+} // Catch
+
+// end catch_enum_values_registry.h
+
+#include <map>
+#include <cassert>
+
+namespace Catch {
+
+    IMutableEnumValuesRegistry::~IMutableEnumValuesRegistry() {}
+
+    namespace Detail {
+
+        namespace {
+            // Extracts the actual name part of an enum instance
+            // In other words, it returns the Blue part of Bikeshed::Colour::Blue
+            StringRef extractInstanceName(StringRef enumInstance) {
+                // Find last occurrence of ":"
+                size_t name_start = enumInstance.size();
+                while (name_start > 0 && enumInstance[name_start - 1] != ':') {
+                    --name_start;
+                }
+                return enumInstance.substr(name_start, enumInstance.size() - name_start);
+            }
+        }
+
+        std::vector<StringRef> parseEnums( StringRef enums ) {
+            auto enumValues = splitStringRef( enums, ',' );
+            std::vector<StringRef> parsed;
+            parsed.reserve( enumValues.size() );
+            for( auto const& enumValue : enumValues ) {
+                parsed.push_back(trim(extractInstanceName(enumValue)));
+            }
+            return parsed;
+        }
+
+        EnumInfo::~EnumInfo() {}
+
+        StringRef EnumInfo::lookup( int value ) const {
+            for( auto const& valueToName : m_values ) {
+                if( valueToName.first == value )
+                    return valueToName.second;
+            }
+            return "{** unexpected enum value **}"_sr;
+        }
+
+        std::unique_ptr<EnumInfo> makeEnumInfo( StringRef enumName, StringRef allValueNames, std::vector<int> const& values ) {
+            std::unique_ptr<EnumInfo> enumInfo( new EnumInfo );
+            enumInfo->m_name = enumName;
+            enumInfo->m_values.reserve( values.size() );
+
+            const auto valueNames = Catch::Detail::parseEnums( allValueNames );
+            assert( valueNames.size() == values.size() );
+            std::size_t i = 0;
+            for( auto value : values )
+                enumInfo->m_values.emplace_back(value, valueNames[i++]);
+
+            return enumInfo;
+        }
+
+        EnumInfo const& EnumValuesRegistry::registerEnum( StringRef enumName, StringRef allValueNames, std::vector<int> const& values ) {
+            m_enumInfos.push_back(makeEnumInfo(enumName, allValueNames, values));
+            return *m_enumInfos.back();
+        }
+
+    } // Detail
+} // Catch
+
+// end catch_enum_values_registry.cpp
+// start catch_errno_guard.cpp
+
+#include <cerrno>
+
+namespace Catch {
+        ErrnoGuard::ErrnoGuard():m_oldErrno(errno){}
+        ErrnoGuard::~ErrnoGuard() { errno = m_oldErrno; }
+}
+// end catch_errno_guard.cpp
+// start catch_exception_translator_registry.cpp
+
+// start catch_exception_translator_registry.h
+
+#include <vector>
+#include <string>
+#include <memory>
+
+namespace Catch {
+
+    class ExceptionTranslatorRegistry : public IExceptionTranslatorRegistry {
+    public:
+        ~ExceptionTranslatorRegistry();
+        virtual void registerTranslator( const IExceptionTranslator* translator );
+        std::string translateActiveException() const override;
+        std::string tryTranslators() const;
+
+    private:
+        std::vector<std::unique_ptr<IExceptionTranslator const>> m_translators;
+    };
+}
+
+// end catch_exception_translator_registry.h
+#ifdef __OBJC__
+#import "Foundation/Foundation.h"
+#endif
+
+namespace Catch {
+
+    ExceptionTranslatorRegistry::~ExceptionTranslatorRegistry() {
+    }
+
+    void ExceptionTranslatorRegistry::registerTranslator( const IExceptionTranslator* translator ) {
+        m_translators.push_back( std::unique_ptr<const IExceptionTranslator>( translator ) );
+    }
+
+#if !defined(CATCH_CONFIG_DISABLE_EXCEPTIONS)
+    std::string ExceptionTranslatorRegistry::translateActiveException() const {
+        try {
+#ifdef __OBJC__
+            // In Objective-C try objective-c exceptions first
+            @try {
+                return tryTranslators();
+            }
+            @catch (NSException *exception) {
+                return Catch::Detail::stringify( [exception description] );
+            }
+#else
+            // Compiling a mixed mode project with MSVC means that CLR
+            // exceptions will be caught in (...) as well. However, these
+            // do not fill-in std::current_exception and thus lead to crash
+            // when attempting rethrow.
+            // /EHa switch also causes structured exceptions to be caught
+            // here, but they fill-in current_exception properly, so
+            // at worst the output should be a little weird, instead of
+            // causing a crash.
+            if (std::current_exception() == nullptr) {
+                return "Non C++ exception. Possibly a CLR exception.";
+            }
+            return tryTranslators();
+#endif
+        }
+        catch( TestFailureException& ) {
+            std::rethrow_exception(std::current_exception());
+        }
+        catch( std::exception& ex ) {
+            return ex.what();
+        }
+        catch( std::string& msg ) {
+            return msg;
+        }
+        catch( const char* msg ) {
+            return msg;
+        }
+        catch(...) {
+            return "Unknown exception";
+        }
+    }
+
+    std::string ExceptionTranslatorRegistry::tryTranslators() const {
+        if (m_translators.empty()) {
+            std::rethrow_exception(std::current_exception());
+        } else {
+            return m_translators[0]->translate(m_translators.begin() + 1, m_translators.end());
+        }
+    }
+
+#else // ^^ Exceptions are enabled // Exceptions are disabled vv
+    std::string ExceptionTranslatorRegistry::translateActiveException() const {
+        CATCH_INTERNAL_ERROR("Attempted to translate active exception under CATCH_CONFIG_DISABLE_EXCEPTIONS!");
+    }
+
+    std::string ExceptionTranslatorRegistry::tryTranslators() const {
+        CATCH_INTERNAL_ERROR("Attempted to use exception translators under CATCH_CONFIG_DISABLE_EXCEPTIONS!");
+    }
+#endif
+
+}
+// end catch_exception_translator_registry.cpp
+// start catch_fatal_condition.cpp
+
+#include <algorithm>
+
+#if !defined( CATCH_CONFIG_WINDOWS_SEH ) && !defined( CATCH_CONFIG_POSIX_SIGNALS )
+
+namespace Catch {
+
+    // If neither SEH nor signal handling is required, the handler impls
+    // do not have to do anything, and can be empty.
+    void FatalConditionHandler::engage_platform() {}
+    void FatalConditionHandler::disengage_platform() {}
+    FatalConditionHandler::FatalConditionHandler() = default;
+    FatalConditionHandler::~FatalConditionHandler() = default;
+
+} // end namespace Catch
+
+#endif // !CATCH_CONFIG_WINDOWS_SEH && !CATCH_CONFIG_POSIX_SIGNALS
+
+#if defined( CATCH_CONFIG_WINDOWS_SEH ) && defined( CATCH_CONFIG_POSIX_SIGNALS )
+#error "Inconsistent configuration: Windows' SEH handling and POSIX signals cannot be enabled at the same time"
+#endif // CATCH_CONFIG_WINDOWS_SEH && CATCH_CONFIG_POSIX_SIGNALS
+
+#if defined( CATCH_CONFIG_WINDOWS_SEH ) || defined( CATCH_CONFIG_POSIX_SIGNALS )
+
+namespace {
+    //! Signals fatal error message to the run context
+    void reportFatal( char const * const message ) {
+        Catch::getCurrentContext().getResultCapture()->handleFatalErrorCondition( message );
+    }
+
+    //! Minimal size Catch2 needs for its own fatal error handling.
+    //! Picked anecdotally, so it might not be sufficient on all
+    //! platforms, and for all configurations.
+    constexpr std::size_t minStackSizeForErrors = 32 * 1024;
+} // end unnamed namespace
+
+#endif // CATCH_CONFIG_WINDOWS_SEH || CATCH_CONFIG_POSIX_SIGNALS
+
+#if defined( CATCH_CONFIG_WINDOWS_SEH )
+
+namespace Catch {
+
+    struct SignalDefs { DWORD id; const char* name; };
+
+    // There is no 1-1 mapping between signals and windows exceptions.
+    // Windows can easily distinguish between SO and SigSegV,
+    // but SigInt, SigTerm, etc are handled differently.
+    static SignalDefs signalDefs[] = {
+        { static_cast<DWORD>(EXCEPTION_ILLEGAL_INSTRUCTION),  "SIGILL - Illegal instruction signal" },
+        { static_cast<DWORD>(EXCEPTION_STACK_OVERFLOW), "SIGSEGV - Stack overflow" },
+        { static_cast<DWORD>(EXCEPTION_ACCESS_VIOLATION), "SIGSEGV - Segmentation violation signal" },
+        { static_cast<DWORD>(EXCEPTION_INT_DIVIDE_BY_ZERO), "Divide by zero error" },
+    };
+
+    static LONG CALLBACK handleVectoredException(PEXCEPTION_POINTERS ExceptionInfo) {
+        for (auto const& def : signalDefs) {
+            if (ExceptionInfo->ExceptionRecord->ExceptionCode == def.id) {
+                reportFatal(def.name);
+            }
+        }
+        // If its not an exception we care about, pass it along.
+        // This stops us from eating debugger breaks etc.
+        return EXCEPTION_CONTINUE_SEARCH;
+    }
+
+    // Since we do not support multiple instantiations, we put these
+    // into global variables and rely on cleaning them up in outlined
+    // constructors/destructors
+    static PVOID exceptionHandlerHandle = nullptr;
+
+    // For MSVC, we reserve part of the stack memory for handling
+    // memory overflow structured exception.
+    FatalConditionHandler::FatalConditionHandler() {
+        ULONG guaranteeSize = static_cast<ULONG>(minStackSizeForErrors);
+        if (!SetThreadStackGuarantee(&guaranteeSize)) {
+            // We do not want to fully error out, because needing
+            // the stack reserve should be rare enough anyway.
+            Catch::cerr()
+                << "Failed to reserve piece of stack."
+                << " Stack overflows will not be reported successfully.";
+        }
+    }
+
+    // We do not attempt to unset the stack guarantee, because
+    // Windows does not support lowering the stack size guarantee.
+    FatalConditionHandler::~FatalConditionHandler() = default;
+
+    void FatalConditionHandler::engage_platform() {
+        // Register as first handler in current chain
+        exceptionHandlerHandle = AddVectoredExceptionHandler(1, handleVectoredException);
+        if (!exceptionHandlerHandle) {
+            CATCH_RUNTIME_ERROR("Could not register vectored exception handler");
+        }
+    }
+
+    void FatalConditionHandler::disengage_platform() {
+        if (!RemoveVectoredExceptionHandler(exceptionHandlerHandle)) {
+            CATCH_RUNTIME_ERROR("Could not unregister vectored exception handler");
+        }
+        exceptionHandlerHandle = nullptr;
+    }
+
+} // end namespace Catch
+
+#endif // CATCH_CONFIG_WINDOWS_SEH
+
+#if defined( CATCH_CONFIG_POSIX_SIGNALS )
+
+#include <signal.h>
+
+namespace Catch {
+
+    struct SignalDefs {
+        int id;
+        const char* name;
+    };
+
+    static SignalDefs signalDefs[] = {
+        { SIGINT,  "SIGINT - Terminal interrupt signal" },
+        { SIGILL,  "SIGILL - Illegal instruction signal" },
+        { SIGFPE,  "SIGFPE - Floating point error signal" },
+        { SIGSEGV, "SIGSEGV - Segmentation violation signal" },
+        { SIGTERM, "SIGTERM - Termination request signal" },
+        { SIGABRT, "SIGABRT - Abort (abnormal termination) signal" }
+    };
+
+// Older GCCs trigger -Wmissing-field-initializers for T foo = {}
+// which is zero initialization, but not explicit. We want to avoid
+// that.
+#if defined(__GNUC__)
+#    pragma GCC diagnostic push
+#    pragma GCC diagnostic ignored "-Wmissing-field-initializers"
+#endif
+
+    static char* altStackMem = nullptr;
+    static std::size_t altStackSize = 0;
+    static stack_t oldSigStack{};
+    static struct sigaction oldSigActions[sizeof(signalDefs) / sizeof(SignalDefs)]{};
+
+    static void restorePreviousSignalHandlers() {
+        // We set signal handlers back to the previous ones. Hopefully
+        // nobody overwrote them in the meantime, and doesn't expect
+        // their signal handlers to live past ours given that they
+        // installed them after ours..
+        for (std::size_t i = 0; i < sizeof(signalDefs) / sizeof(SignalDefs); ++i) {
+            sigaction(signalDefs[i].id, &oldSigActions[i], nullptr);
+        }
+        // Return the old stack
+        sigaltstack(&oldSigStack, nullptr);
+    }
+
+    static void handleSignal( int sig ) {
+        char const * name = "<unknown signal>";
+        for (auto const& def : signalDefs) {
+            if (sig == def.id) {
+                name = def.name;
+                break;
+            }
+        }
+        // We need to restore previous signal handlers and let them do
+        // their thing, so that the users can have the debugger break
+        // when a signal is raised, and so on.
+        restorePreviousSignalHandlers();
+        reportFatal( name );
+        raise( sig );
+    }
+
+    FatalConditionHandler::FatalConditionHandler() {
+        assert(!altStackMem && "Cannot initialize POSIX signal handler when one already exists");
+        if (altStackSize == 0) {
+            altStackSize = std::max(static_cast<size_t>(SIGSTKSZ), minStackSizeForErrors);
+        }
+        altStackMem = new char[altStackSize]();
+    }
+
+    FatalConditionHandler::~FatalConditionHandler() {
+        delete[] altStackMem;
+        // We signal that another instance can be constructed by zeroing
+        // out the pointer.
+        altStackMem = nullptr;
+    }
+
+    void FatalConditionHandler::engage_platform() {
+        stack_t sigStack;
+        sigStack.ss_sp = altStackMem;
+        sigStack.ss_size = altStackSize;
+        sigStack.ss_flags = 0;
+        sigaltstack(&sigStack, &oldSigStack);
+        struct sigaction sa = { };
+
+        sa.sa_handler = handleSignal;
+        sa.sa_flags = SA_ONSTACK;
+        for (std::size_t i = 0; i < sizeof(signalDefs)/sizeof(SignalDefs); ++i) {
+            sigaction(signalDefs[i].id, &sa, &oldSigActions[i]);
+        }
+    }
+
+#if defined(__GNUC__)
+#    pragma GCC diagnostic pop
+#endif
+
+    void FatalConditionHandler::disengage_platform() {
+        restorePreviousSignalHandlers();
+    }
+
+} // end namespace Catch
+
+#endif // CATCH_CONFIG_POSIX_SIGNALS
+// end catch_fatal_condition.cpp
+// start catch_generators.cpp
+
+#include <limits>
+#include <set>
+
+namespace Catch {
+
+IGeneratorTracker::~IGeneratorTracker() {}
+
+const char* GeneratorException::what() const noexcept {
+    return m_msg;
+}
+
+namespace Generators {
+
+    GeneratorUntypedBase::~GeneratorUntypedBase() {}
+
+    auto acquireGeneratorTracker( StringRef generatorName, SourceLineInfo const& lineInfo ) -> IGeneratorTracker& {
+        return getResultCapture().acquireGeneratorTracker( generatorName, lineInfo );
+    }
+
+} // namespace Generators
+} // namespace Catch
+// end catch_generators.cpp
+// start catch_interfaces_capture.cpp
+
+namespace Catch {
+    IResultCapture::~IResultCapture() = default;
+}
+// end catch_interfaces_capture.cpp
+// start catch_interfaces_config.cpp
+
+namespace Catch {
+    IConfig::~IConfig() = default;
+}
+// end catch_interfaces_config.cpp
+// start catch_interfaces_exception.cpp
+
+namespace Catch {
+    IExceptionTranslator::~IExceptionTranslator() = default;
+    IExceptionTranslatorRegistry::~IExceptionTranslatorRegistry() = default;
+}
+// end catch_interfaces_exception.cpp
+// start catch_interfaces_registry_hub.cpp
+
+namespace Catch {
+    IRegistryHub::~IRegistryHub() = default;
+    IMutableRegistryHub::~IMutableRegistryHub() = default;
+}
+// end catch_interfaces_registry_hub.cpp
+// start catch_interfaces_reporter.cpp
+
+// start catch_reporter_listening.h
+
+namespace Catch {
+
+    class ListeningReporter : public IStreamingReporter {
+        using Reporters = std::vector<IStreamingReporterPtr>;
+        Reporters m_listeners;
+        IStreamingReporterPtr m_reporter = nullptr;
+        ReporterPreferences m_preferences;
+
+    public:
+        ListeningReporter();
+
+        void addListener( IStreamingReporterPtr&& listener );
+        void addReporter( IStreamingReporterPtr&& reporter );
+
+    public: // IStreamingReporter
+
+        ReporterPreferences getPreferences() const override;
+
+        void noMatchingTestCases( std::string const& spec ) override;
+
+        void reportInvalidArguments(std::string const&arg) override;
+
+        static std::set<Verbosity> getSupportedVerbosities();
+
+#if defined(CATCH_CONFIG_ENABLE_BENCHMARKING)
+        void benchmarkPreparing(std::string const& name) override;
+        void benchmarkStarting( BenchmarkInfo const& benchmarkInfo ) override;
+        void benchmarkEnded( BenchmarkStats<> const& benchmarkStats ) override;
+        void benchmarkFailed(std::string const&) override;
+#endif // CATCH_CONFIG_ENABLE_BENCHMARKING
+
+        void testRunStarting( TestRunInfo const& testRunInfo ) override;
+        void testGroupStarting( GroupInfo const& groupInfo ) override;
+        void testCaseStarting( TestCaseInfo const& testInfo ) override;
+        void sectionStarting( SectionInfo const& sectionInfo ) override;
+        void assertionStarting( AssertionInfo const& assertionInfo ) override;
+
+        // The return value indicates if the messages buffer should be cleared:
+        bool assertionEnded( AssertionStats const& assertionStats ) override;
+        void sectionEnded( SectionStats const& sectionStats ) override;
+        void testCaseEnded( TestCaseStats const& testCaseStats ) override;
+        void testGroupEnded( TestGroupStats const& testGroupStats ) override;
+        void testRunEnded( TestRunStats const& testRunStats ) override;
+
+        void skipTest( TestCaseInfo const& testInfo ) override;
+        bool isMulti() const override;
+
+    };
+
+} // end namespace Catch
+
+// end catch_reporter_listening.h
+namespace Catch {
+
+    ReporterConfig::ReporterConfig( IConfigPtr const& _fullConfig )
+    :   m_stream( &_fullConfig->stream() ), m_fullConfig( _fullConfig ) {}
+
+    ReporterConfig::ReporterConfig( IConfigPtr const& _fullConfig, std::ostream& _stream )
+    :   m_stream( &_stream ), m_fullConfig( _fullConfig ) {}
+
+    std::ostream& ReporterConfig::stream() const { return *m_stream; }
+    IConfigPtr ReporterConfig::fullConfig() const { return m_fullConfig; }
+
+    TestRunInfo::TestRunInfo( std::string const& _name ) : name( _name ) {}
+
+    GroupInfo::GroupInfo(  std::string const& _name,
+                           std::size_t _groupIndex,
+                           std::size_t _groupsCount )
+    :   name( _name ),
+        groupIndex( _groupIndex ),
+        groupsCounts( _groupsCount )
+    {}
+
+     AssertionStats::AssertionStats( AssertionResult const& _assertionResult,
+                                     std::vector<MessageInfo> const& _infoMessages,
+                                     Totals const& _totals )
+    :   assertionResult( _assertionResult ),
+        infoMessages( _infoMessages ),
+        totals( _totals )
+    {
+        assertionResult.m_resultData.lazyExpression.m_transientExpression = _assertionResult.m_resultData.lazyExpression.m_transientExpression;
+
+        if( assertionResult.hasMessage() ) {
+            // Copy message into messages list.
+            // !TBD This should have been done earlier, somewhere
+            MessageBuilder builder( assertionResult.getTestMacroName(), assertionResult.getSourceInfo(), assertionResult.getResultType() );
+            builder << assertionResult.getMessage();
+            builder.m_info.message = builder.m_stream.str();
+
+            infoMessages.push_back( builder.m_info );
+        }
+    }
+
+     AssertionStats::~AssertionStats() = default;
+
+    SectionStats::SectionStats(  SectionInfo const& _sectionInfo,
+                                 Counts const& _assertions,
+                                 double _durationInSeconds,
+                                 bool _missingAssertions )
+    :   sectionInfo( _sectionInfo ),
+        assertions( _assertions ),
+        durationInSeconds( _durationInSeconds ),
+        missingAssertions( _missingAssertions )
+    {}
+
+    SectionStats::~SectionStats() = default;
+
+    TestCaseStats::TestCaseStats(  TestCaseInfo const& _testInfo,
+                                   Totals const& _totals,
+                                   std::string const& _stdOut,
+                                   std::string const& _stdErr,
+                                   bool _aborting )
+    : testInfo( _testInfo ),
+        totals( _totals ),
+        stdOut( _stdOut ),
+        stdErr( _stdErr ),
+        aborting( _aborting )
+    {}
+
+    TestCaseStats::~TestCaseStats() = default;
+
+    TestGroupStats::TestGroupStats( GroupInfo const& _groupInfo,
+                                    Totals const& _totals,
+                                    bool _aborting )
+    :   groupInfo( _groupInfo ),
+        totals( _totals ),
+        aborting( _aborting )
+    {}
+
+    TestGroupStats::TestGroupStats( GroupInfo const& _groupInfo )
+    :   groupInfo( _groupInfo ),
+        aborting( false )
+    {}
+
+    TestGroupStats::~TestGroupStats() = default;
+
+    TestRunStats::TestRunStats(   TestRunInfo const& _runInfo,
+                    Totals const& _totals,
+                    bool _aborting )
+    :   runInfo( _runInfo ),
+        totals( _totals ),
+        aborting( _aborting )
+    {}
+
+    TestRunStats::~TestRunStats() = default;
+
+    void IStreamingReporter::fatalErrorEncountered( StringRef ) {}
+    bool IStreamingReporter::isMulti() const { return false; }
+
+    IReporterFactory::~IReporterFactory() = default;
+    IReporterRegistry::~IReporterRegistry() = default;
+
+} // end namespace Catch
+// end catch_interfaces_reporter.cpp
+// start catch_interfaces_runner.cpp
+
+namespace Catch {
+    IRunner::~IRunner() = default;
+}
+// end catch_interfaces_runner.cpp
+// start catch_interfaces_testcase.cpp
+
+namespace Catch {
+    ITestInvoker::~ITestInvoker() = default;
+    ITestCaseRegistry::~ITestCaseRegistry() = default;
+}
+// end catch_interfaces_testcase.cpp
+// start catch_leak_detector.cpp
+
+#ifdef CATCH_CONFIG_WINDOWS_CRTDBG
+#include <crtdbg.h>
+
+namespace Catch {
+
+    LeakDetector::LeakDetector() {
+        int flag = _CrtSetDbgFlag(_CRTDBG_REPORT_FLAG);
+        flag |= _CRTDBG_LEAK_CHECK_DF;
+        flag |= _CRTDBG_ALLOC_MEM_DF;
+        _CrtSetDbgFlag(flag);
+        _CrtSetReportMode(_CRT_WARN, _CRTDBG_MODE_FILE | _CRTDBG_MODE_DEBUG);
+        _CrtSetReportFile(_CRT_WARN, _CRTDBG_FILE_STDERR);
+        // Change this to leaking allocation's number to break there
+        _CrtSetBreakAlloc(-1);
+    }
+}
+
+#else
+
+    Catch::LeakDetector::LeakDetector() {}
+
+#endif
+
+Catch::LeakDetector::~LeakDetector() {
+    Catch::cleanUp();
+}
+// end catch_leak_detector.cpp
+// start catch_list.cpp
+
+// start catch_list.h
+
+#include <set>
+
+namespace Catch {
+
+    std::size_t listTests( Config const& config );
+
+    std::size_t listTestsNamesOnly( Config const& config );
+
+    struct TagInfo {
+        void add( std::string const& spelling );
+        std::string all() const;
+
+        std::set<std::string> spellings;
+        std::size_t count = 0;
+    };
+
+    std::size_t listTags( Config const& config );
+
+    std::size_t listReporters();
+
+    Option<std::size_t> list( std::shared_ptr<Config> const& config );
+
+} // end namespace Catch
+
+// end catch_list.h
+// start catch_text.h
+
+namespace Catch {
+    using namespace clara::TextFlow;
+}
+
+// end catch_text.h
+#include <limits>
+#include <algorithm>
+#include <iomanip>
+
+namespace Catch {
+
+    std::size_t listTests( Config const& config ) {
+        TestSpec const& testSpec = config.testSpec();
+        if( config.hasTestFilters() )
+            Catch::cout() << "Matching test cases:\n";
+        else {
+            Catch::cout() << "All available test cases:\n";
+        }
+
+        auto matchedTestCases = filterTests( getAllTestCasesSorted( config ), testSpec, config );
+        for( auto const& testCaseInfo : matchedTestCases ) {
+            Colour::Code colour = testCaseInfo.isHidden()
+                ? Colour::SecondaryText
+                : Colour::None;
+            Colour colourGuard( colour );
+
+            Catch::cout() << Column( testCaseInfo.name ).initialIndent( 2 ).indent( 4 ) << "\n";
+            if( config.verbosity() >= Verbosity::High ) {
+                Catch::cout() << Column( Catch::Detail::stringify( testCaseInfo.lineInfo ) ).indent(4) << std::endl;
+                std::string description = testCaseInfo.description;
+                if( description.empty() )
+                    description = "(NO DESCRIPTION)";
+                Catch::cout() << Column( description ).indent(4) << std::endl;
+            }
+            if( !testCaseInfo.tags.empty() )
+                Catch::cout() << Column( testCaseInfo.tagsAsString() ).indent( 6 ) << "\n";
+        }
+
+        if( !config.hasTestFilters() )
+            Catch::cout() << pluralise( matchedTestCases.size(), "test case" ) << '\n' << std::endl;
+        else
+            Catch::cout() << pluralise( matchedTestCases.size(), "matching test case" ) << '\n' << std::endl;
+        return matchedTestCases.size();
+    }
+
+    std::size_t listTestsNamesOnly( Config const& config ) {
+        TestSpec const& testSpec = config.testSpec();
+        std::size_t matchedTests = 0;
+        std::vector<TestCase> matchedTestCases = filterTests( getAllTestCasesSorted( config ), testSpec, config );
+        for( auto const& testCaseInfo : matchedTestCases ) {
+            matchedTests++;
+            if( startsWith( testCaseInfo.name, '#' ) )
+               Catch::cout() << '"' << testCaseInfo.name << '"';
+            else
+               Catch::cout() << testCaseInfo.name;
+            if ( config.verbosity() >= Verbosity::High )
+                Catch::cout() << "\t@" << testCaseInfo.lineInfo;
+            Catch::cout() << std::endl;
+        }
+        return matchedTests;
+    }
+
+    void TagInfo::add( std::string const& spelling ) {
+        ++count;
+        spellings.insert( spelling );
+    }
+
+    std::string TagInfo::all() const {
+        size_t size = 0;
+        for (auto const& spelling : spellings) {
+            // Add 2 for the brackes
+            size += spelling.size() + 2;
+        }
+
+        std::string out; out.reserve(size);
+        for (auto const& spelling : spellings) {
+            out += '[';
+            out += spelling;
+            out += ']';
+        }
+        return out;
+    }
+
+    std::size_t listTags( Config const& config ) {
+        TestSpec const& testSpec = config.testSpec();
+        if( config.hasTestFilters() )
+            Catch::cout() << "Tags for matching test cases:\n";
+        else {
+            Catch::cout() << "All available tags:\n";
+        }
+
+        std::map<std::string, TagInfo> tagCounts;
+
+        std::vector<TestCase> matchedTestCases = filterTests( getAllTestCasesSorted( config ), testSpec, config );
+        for( auto const& testCase : matchedTestCases ) {
+            for( auto const& tagName : testCase.getTestCaseInfo().tags ) {
+                std::string lcaseTagName = toLower( tagName );
+                auto countIt = tagCounts.find( lcaseTagName );
+                if( countIt == tagCounts.end() )
+                    countIt = tagCounts.insert( std::make_pair( lcaseTagName, TagInfo() ) ).first;
+                countIt->second.add( tagName );
+            }
+        }
+
+        for( auto const& tagCount : tagCounts ) {
+            ReusableStringStream rss;
+            rss << "  " << std::setw(2) << tagCount.second.count << "  ";
+            auto str = rss.str();
+            auto wrapper = Column( tagCount.second.all() )
+                                                    .initialIndent( 0 )
+                                                    .indent( str.size() )
+                                                    .width( CATCH_CONFIG_CONSOLE_WIDTH-10 );
+            Catch::cout() << str << wrapper << '\n';
+        }
+        Catch::cout() << pluralise( tagCounts.size(), "tag" ) << '\n' << std::endl;
+        return tagCounts.size();
+    }
+
+    std::size_t listReporters() {
+        Catch::cout() << "Available reporters:\n";
+        IReporterRegistry::FactoryMap const& factories = getRegistryHub().getReporterRegistry().getFactories();
+        std::size_t maxNameLen = 0;
+        for( auto const& factoryKvp : factories )
+            maxNameLen = (std::max)( maxNameLen, factoryKvp.first.size() );
+
+        for( auto const& factoryKvp : factories ) {
+            Catch::cout()
+                    << Column( factoryKvp.first + ":" )
+                            .indent(2)
+                            .width( 5+maxNameLen )
+                    +  Column( factoryKvp.second->getDescription() )
+                            .initialIndent(0)
+                            .indent(2)
+                            .width( CATCH_CONFIG_CONSOLE_WIDTH - maxNameLen-8 )
+                    << "\n";
+        }
+        Catch::cout() << std::endl;
+        return factories.size();
+    }
+
+    Option<std::size_t> list( std::shared_ptr<Config> const& config ) {
+        Option<std::size_t> listedCount;
+        getCurrentMutableContext().setConfig( config );
+        if( config->listTests() )
+            listedCount = listedCount.valueOr(0) + listTests( *config );
+        if( config->listTestNamesOnly() )
+            listedCount = listedCount.valueOr(0) + listTestsNamesOnly( *config );
+        if( config->listTags() )
+            listedCount = listedCount.valueOr(0) + listTags( *config );
+        if( config->listReporters() )
+            listedCount = listedCount.valueOr(0) + listReporters();
+        return listedCount;
+    }
+
+} // end namespace Catch
+// end catch_list.cpp
+// start catch_matchers.cpp
+
+namespace Catch {
+namespace Matchers {
+    namespace Impl {
+
+        std::string MatcherUntypedBase::toString() const {
+            if( m_cachedToString.empty() )
+                m_cachedToString = describe();
+            return m_cachedToString;
+        }
+
+        MatcherUntypedBase::~MatcherUntypedBase() = default;
+
+    } // namespace Impl
+} // namespace Matchers
+
+using namespace Matchers;
+using Matchers::Impl::MatcherBase;
+
+} // namespace Catch
+// end catch_matchers.cpp
+// start catch_matchers_exception.cpp
+
+namespace Catch {
+namespace Matchers {
+namespace Exception {
+
+bool ExceptionMessageMatcher::match(std::exception const& ex) const {
+    return ex.what() == m_message;
+}
+
+std::string ExceptionMessageMatcher::describe() const {
+    return "exception message matches \"" + m_message + "\"";
+}
+
+}
+Exception::ExceptionMessageMatcher Message(std::string const& message) {
+    return Exception::ExceptionMessageMatcher(message);
+}
+
+// namespace Exception
+} // namespace Matchers
+} // namespace Catch
+// end catch_matchers_exception.cpp
+// start catch_matchers_floating.cpp
+
+// start catch_polyfills.hpp
+
+namespace Catch {
+    bool isnan(float f);
+    bool isnan(double d);
+}
+
+// end catch_polyfills.hpp
+// start catch_to_string.hpp
+
+#include <string>
+
+namespace Catch {
+    template <typename T>
+    std::string to_string(T const& t) {
+#if defined(CATCH_CONFIG_CPP11_TO_STRING)
+        return std::to_string(t);
+#else
+        ReusableStringStream rss;
+        rss << t;
+        return rss.str();
+#endif
+    }
+} // end namespace Catch
+
+// end catch_to_string.hpp
+#include <algorithm>
+#include <cmath>
+#include <cstdlib>
+#include <cstdint>
+#include <cstring>
+#include <sstream>
+#include <type_traits>
+#include <iomanip>
+#include <limits>
+
+namespace Catch {
+namespace {
+
+    int32_t convert(float f) {
+        static_assert(sizeof(float) == sizeof(int32_t), "Important ULP matcher assumption violated");
+        int32_t i;
+        std::memcpy(&i, &f, sizeof(f));
+        return i;
+    }
+
+    int64_t convert(double d) {
+        static_assert(sizeof(double) == sizeof(int64_t), "Important ULP matcher assumption violated");
+        int64_t i;
+        std::memcpy(&i, &d, sizeof(d));
+        return i;
+    }
+
+    template <typename FP>
+    bool almostEqualUlps(FP lhs, FP rhs, uint64_t maxUlpDiff) {
+        // Comparison with NaN should always be false.
+        // This way we can rule it out before getting into the ugly details
+        if (Catch::isnan(lhs) || Catch::isnan(rhs)) {
+            return false;
+        }
+
+        auto lc = convert(lhs);
+        auto rc = convert(rhs);
+
+        if ((lc < 0) != (rc < 0)) {
+            // Potentially we can have +0 and -0
+            return lhs == rhs;
+        }
+
+        // static cast as a workaround for IBM XLC
+        auto ulpDiff = std::abs(static_cast<FP>(lc - rc));
+        return static_cast<uint64_t>(ulpDiff) <= maxUlpDiff;
+    }
+
+#if defined(CATCH_CONFIG_GLOBAL_NEXTAFTER)
+
+    float nextafter(float x, float y) {
+        return ::nextafterf(x, y);
+    }
+
+    double nextafter(double x, double y) {
+        return ::nextafter(x, y);
+    }
+
+#endif // ^^^ CATCH_CONFIG_GLOBAL_NEXTAFTER ^^^
+
+template <typename FP>
+FP step(FP start, FP direction, uint64_t steps) {
+    for (uint64_t i = 0; i < steps; ++i) {
+#if defined(CATCH_CONFIG_GLOBAL_NEXTAFTER)
+        start = Catch::nextafter(start, direction);
+#else
+        start = std::nextafter(start, direction);
+#endif
+    }
+    return start;
+}
+
+// Performs equivalent check of std::fabs(lhs - rhs) <= margin
+// But without the subtraction to allow for INFINITY in comparison
+bool marginComparison(double lhs, double rhs, double margin) {
+    return (lhs + margin >= rhs) && (rhs + margin >= lhs);
+}
+
+template <typename FloatingPoint>
+void write(std::ostream& out, FloatingPoint num) {
+    out << std::scientific
+        << std::setprecision(std::numeric_limits<FloatingPoint>::max_digits10 - 1)
+        << num;
+}
+
+} // end anonymous namespace
+
+namespace Matchers {
+namespace Floating {
+
+    enum class FloatingPointKind : uint8_t {
+        Float,
+        Double
+    };
+
+    WithinAbsMatcher::WithinAbsMatcher(double target, double margin)
+        :m_target{ target }, m_margin{ margin } {
+        CATCH_ENFORCE(margin >= 0, "Invalid margin: " << margin << '.'
+            << " Margin has to be non-negative.");
+    }
+
+    // Performs equivalent check of std::fabs(lhs - rhs) <= margin
+    // But without the subtraction to allow for INFINITY in comparison
+    bool WithinAbsMatcher::match(double const& matchee) const {
+        return (matchee + m_margin >= m_target) && (m_target + m_margin >= matchee);
+    }
+
+    std::string WithinAbsMatcher::describe() const {
+        return "is within " + ::Catch::Detail::stringify(m_margin) + " of " + ::Catch::Detail::stringify(m_target);
+    }
+
+    WithinUlpsMatcher::WithinUlpsMatcher(double target, uint64_t ulps, FloatingPointKind baseType)
+        :m_target{ target }, m_ulps{ ulps }, m_type{ baseType } {
+        CATCH_ENFORCE(m_type == FloatingPointKind::Double
+                   || m_ulps < (std::numeric_limits<uint32_t>::max)(),
+            "Provided ULP is impossibly large for a float comparison.");
+    }
+
+#if defined(__clang__)
+#pragma clang diagnostic push
+// Clang <3.5 reports on the default branch in the switch below
+#pragma clang diagnostic ignored "-Wunreachable-code"
+#endif
+
+    bool WithinUlpsMatcher::match(double const& matchee) const {
+        switch (m_type) {
+        case FloatingPointKind::Float:
+            return almostEqualUlps<float>(static_cast<float>(matchee), static_cast<float>(m_target), m_ulps);
+        case FloatingPointKind::Double:
+            return almostEqualUlps<double>(matchee, m_target, m_ulps);
+        default:
+            CATCH_INTERNAL_ERROR( "Unknown FloatingPointKind value" );
+        }
+    }
+
+#if defined(__clang__)
+#pragma clang diagnostic pop
+#endif
+
+    std::string WithinUlpsMatcher::describe() const {
+        std::stringstream ret;
+
+        ret << "is within " << m_ulps << " ULPs of ";
+
+        if (m_type == FloatingPointKind::Float) {
+            write(ret, static_cast<float>(m_target));
+            ret << 'f';
+        } else {
+            write(ret, m_target);
+        }
+
+        ret << " ([";
+        if (m_type == FloatingPointKind::Double) {
+            write(ret, step(m_target, static_cast<double>(-INFINITY), m_ulps));
+            ret << ", ";
+            write(ret, step(m_target, static_cast<double>( INFINITY), m_ulps));
+        } else {
+            // We have to cast INFINITY to float because of MinGW, see #1782
+            write(ret, step(static_cast<float>(m_target), static_cast<float>(-INFINITY), m_ulps));
+            ret << ", ";
+            write(ret, step(static_cast<float>(m_target), static_cast<float>( INFINITY), m_ulps));
+        }
+        ret << "])";
+
+        return ret.str();
+    }
+
+    WithinRelMatcher::WithinRelMatcher(double target, double epsilon):
+        m_target(target),
+        m_epsilon(epsilon){
+        CATCH_ENFORCE(m_epsilon >= 0., "Relative comparison with epsilon <  0 does not make sense.");
+        CATCH_ENFORCE(m_epsilon  < 1., "Relative comparison with epsilon >= 1 does not make sense.");
+    }
+
+    bool WithinRelMatcher::match(double const& matchee) const {
+        const auto relMargin = m_epsilon * (std::max)(std::fabs(matchee), std::fabs(m_target));
+        return marginComparison(matchee, m_target,
+                                std::isinf(relMargin)? 0 : relMargin);
+    }
+
+    std::string WithinRelMatcher::describe() const {
+        Catch::ReusableStringStream sstr;
+        sstr << "and " << m_target << " are within " << m_epsilon * 100. << "% of each other";
+        return sstr.str();
+    }
+
+}// namespace Floating
+
+Floating::WithinUlpsMatcher WithinULP(double target, uint64_t maxUlpDiff) {
+    return Floating::WithinUlpsMatcher(target, maxUlpDiff, Floating::FloatingPointKind::Double);
+}
+
+Floating::WithinUlpsMatcher WithinULP(float target, uint64_t maxUlpDiff) {
+    return Floating::WithinUlpsMatcher(target, maxUlpDiff, Floating::FloatingPointKind::Float);
+}
+
+Floating::WithinAbsMatcher WithinAbs(double target, double margin) {
+    return Floating::WithinAbsMatcher(target, margin);
+}
+
+Floating::WithinRelMatcher WithinRel(double target, double eps) {
+    return Floating::WithinRelMatcher(target, eps);
+}
+
+Floating::WithinRelMatcher WithinRel(double target) {
+    return Floating::WithinRelMatcher(target, std::numeric_limits<double>::epsilon() * 100);
+}
+
+Floating::WithinRelMatcher WithinRel(float target, float eps) {
+    return Floating::WithinRelMatcher(target, eps);
+}
+
+Floating::WithinRelMatcher WithinRel(float target) {
+    return Floating::WithinRelMatcher(target, std::numeric_limits<float>::epsilon() * 100);
+}
+
+} // namespace Matchers
+} // namespace Catch
+// end catch_matchers_floating.cpp
+// start catch_matchers_generic.cpp
+
+std::string Catch::Matchers::Generic::Detail::finalizeDescription(const std::string& desc) {
+    if (desc.empty()) {
+        return "matches undescribed predicate";
+    } else {
+        return "matches predicate: \"" + desc + '"';
+    }
+}
+// end catch_matchers_generic.cpp
+// start catch_matchers_string.cpp
+
+#include <regex>
+
+namespace Catch {
+namespace Matchers {
+
+    namespace StdString {
+
+        CasedString::CasedString( std::string const& str, CaseSensitive::Choice caseSensitivity )
+        :   m_caseSensitivity( caseSensitivity ),
+            m_str( adjustString( str ) )
+        {}
+        std::string CasedString::adjustString( std::string const& str ) const {
+            return m_caseSensitivity == CaseSensitive::No
+                   ? toLower( str )
+                   : str;
+        }
+        std::string CasedString::caseSensitivitySuffix() const {
+            return m_caseSensitivity == CaseSensitive::No
+                   ? " (case insensitive)"
+                   : std::string();
+        }
+
+        StringMatcherBase::StringMatcherBase( std::string const& operation, CasedString const& comparator )
+        : m_comparator( comparator ),
+          m_operation( operation ) {
+        }
+
+        std::string StringMatcherBase::describe() const {
+            std::string description;
+            description.reserve(5 + m_operation.size() + m_comparator.m_str.size() +
+                                        m_comparator.caseSensitivitySuffix().size());
+            description += m_operation;
+            description += ": \"";
+            description += m_comparator.m_str;
+            description += "\"";
+            description += m_comparator.caseSensitivitySuffix();
+            return description;
+        }
+
+        EqualsMatcher::EqualsMatcher( CasedString const& comparator ) : StringMatcherBase( "equals", comparator ) {}
+
+        bool EqualsMatcher::match( std::string const& source ) const {
+            return m_comparator.adjustString( source ) == m_comparator.m_str;
+        }
+
+        ContainsMatcher::ContainsMatcher( CasedString const& comparator ) : StringMatcherBase( "contains", comparator ) {}
+
+        bool ContainsMatcher::match( std::string const& source ) const {
+            return contains( m_comparator.adjustString( source ), m_comparator.m_str );
+        }
+
+        StartsWithMatcher::StartsWithMatcher( CasedString const& comparator ) : StringMatcherBase( "starts with", comparator ) {}
+
+        bool StartsWithMatcher::match( std::string const& source ) const {
+            return startsWith( m_comparator.adjustString( source ), m_comparator.m_str );
+        }
+
+        EndsWithMatcher::EndsWithMatcher( CasedString const& comparator ) : StringMatcherBase( "ends with", comparator ) {}
+
+        bool EndsWithMatcher::match( std::string const& source ) const {
+            return endsWith( m_comparator.adjustString( source ), m_comparator.m_str );
+        }
+
+        RegexMatcher::RegexMatcher(std::string regex, CaseSensitive::Choice caseSensitivity): m_regex(std::move(regex)), m_caseSensitivity(caseSensitivity) {}
+
+        bool RegexMatcher::match(std::string const& matchee) const {
+            auto flags = std::regex::ECMAScript; // ECMAScript is the default syntax option anyway
+            if (m_caseSensitivity == CaseSensitive::Choice::No) {
+                flags |= std::regex::icase;
+            }
+            auto reg = std::regex(m_regex, flags);
+            return std::regex_match(matchee, reg);
+        }
+
+        std::string RegexMatcher::describe() const {
+            return "matches " + ::Catch::Detail::stringify(m_regex) + ((m_caseSensitivity == CaseSensitive::Choice::Yes)? " case sensitively" : " case insensitively");
+        }
+
+    } // namespace StdString
+
+    StdString::EqualsMatcher Equals( std::string const& str, CaseSensitive::Choice caseSensitivity ) {
+        return StdString::EqualsMatcher( StdString::CasedString( str, caseSensitivity) );
+    }
+    StdString::ContainsMatcher Contains( std::string const& str, CaseSensitive::Choice caseSensitivity ) {
+        return StdString::ContainsMatcher( StdString::CasedString( str, caseSensitivity) );
+    }
+    StdString::EndsWithMatcher EndsWith( std::string const& str, CaseSensitive::Choice caseSensitivity ) {
+        return StdString::EndsWithMatcher( StdString::CasedString( str, caseSensitivity) );
+    }
+    StdString::StartsWithMatcher StartsWith( std::string const& str, CaseSensitive::Choice caseSensitivity ) {
+        return StdString::StartsWithMatcher( StdString::CasedString( str, caseSensitivity) );
+    }
+
+    StdString::RegexMatcher Matches(std::string const& regex, CaseSensitive::Choice caseSensitivity) {
+        return StdString::RegexMatcher(regex, caseSensitivity);
+    }
+
+} // namespace Matchers
+} // namespace Catch
+// end catch_matchers_string.cpp
+// start catch_message.cpp
+
+// start catch_uncaught_exceptions.h
+
+namespace Catch {
+    bool uncaught_exceptions();
+} // end namespace Catch
+
+// end catch_uncaught_exceptions.h
+#include <cassert>
+#include <stack>
+
+namespace Catch {
+
+    MessageInfo::MessageInfo(   StringRef const& _macroName,
+                                SourceLineInfo const& _lineInfo,
+                                ResultWas::OfType _type )
+    :   macroName( _macroName ),
+        lineInfo( _lineInfo ),
+        type( _type ),
+        sequence( ++globalCount )
+    {}
+
+    bool MessageInfo::operator==( MessageInfo const& other ) const {
+        return sequence == other.sequence;
+    }
+
+    bool MessageInfo::operator<( MessageInfo const& other ) const {
+        return sequence < other.sequence;
+    }
+
+    // This may need protecting if threading support is added
+    unsigned int MessageInfo::globalCount = 0;
+
+    ////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
+
+    Catch::MessageBuilder::MessageBuilder( StringRef const& macroName,
+                                           SourceLineInfo const& lineInfo,
+                                           ResultWas::OfType type )
+        :m_info(macroName, lineInfo, type) {}
+
+    ////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
+
+    ScopedMessage::ScopedMessage( MessageBuilder const& builder )
+    : m_info( builder.m_info ), m_moved()
+    {
+        m_info.message = builder.m_stream.str();
+        getResultCapture().pushScopedMessage( m_info );
+    }
+
+    ScopedMessage::ScopedMessage( ScopedMessage&& old )
+    : m_info( old.m_info ), m_moved()
+    {
+        old.m_moved = true;
+    }
+
+    ScopedMessage::~ScopedMessage() {
+        if ( !uncaught_exceptions() && !m_moved ){
+            getResultCapture().popScopedMessage(m_info);
+        }
+    }
+
+    Capturer::Capturer( StringRef macroName, SourceLineInfo const& lineInfo, ResultWas::OfType resultType, StringRef names ) {
+        auto trimmed = [&] (size_t start, size_t end) {
+            while (names[start] == ',' || isspace(static_cast<unsigned char>(names[start]))) {
+                ++start;
+            }
+            while (names[end] == ',' || isspace(static_cast<unsigned char>(names[end]))) {
+                --end;
+            }
+            return names.substr(start, end - start + 1);
+        };
+        auto skipq = [&] (size_t start, char quote) {
+            for (auto i = start + 1; i < names.size() ; ++i) {
+                if (names[i] == quote)
+                    return i;
+                if (names[i] == '\\')
+                    ++i;
+            }
+            CATCH_INTERNAL_ERROR("CAPTURE parsing encountered unmatched quote");
+        };
+
+        size_t start = 0;
+        std::stack<char> openings;
+        for (size_t pos = 0; pos < names.size(); ++pos) {
+            char c = names[pos];
+            switch (c) {
+            case '[':
+            case '{':
+            case '(':
+            // It is basically impossible to disambiguate between
+            // comparison and start of template args in this context
+//            case '<':
+                openings.push(c);
+                break;
+            case ']':
+            case '}':
+            case ')':
+//           case '>':
+                openings.pop();
+                break;
+            case '"':
+            case '\'':
+                pos = skipq(pos, c);
+                break;
+            case ',':
+                if (start != pos && openings.empty()) {
+                    m_messages.emplace_back(macroName, lineInfo, resultType);
+                    m_messages.back().message = static_cast<std::string>(trimmed(start, pos));
+                    m_messages.back().message += " := ";
+                    start = pos;
+                }
+            }
+        }
+        assert(openings.empty() && "Mismatched openings");
+        m_messages.emplace_back(macroName, lineInfo, resultType);
+        m_messages.back().message = static_cast<std::string>(trimmed(start, names.size() - 1));
+        m_messages.back().message += " := ";
+    }
+    Capturer::~Capturer() {
+        if ( !uncaught_exceptions() ){
+            assert( m_captured == m_messages.size() );
+            for( size_t i = 0; i < m_captured; ++i  )
+                m_resultCapture.popScopedMessage( m_messages[i] );
+        }
+    }
+
+    void Capturer::captureValue( size_t index, std::string const& value ) {
+        assert( index < m_messages.size() );
+        m_messages[index].message += value;
+        m_resultCapture.pushScopedMessage( m_messages[index] );
+        m_captured++;
+    }
+
+} // end namespace Catch
+// end catch_message.cpp
+// start catch_output_redirect.cpp
+
+// start catch_output_redirect.h
+#ifndef TWOBLUECUBES_CATCH_OUTPUT_REDIRECT_H
+#define TWOBLUECUBES_CATCH_OUTPUT_REDIRECT_H
+
+#include <cstdio>
+#include <iosfwd>
+#include <string>
+
+namespace Catch {
+
+    class RedirectedStream {
+        std::ostream& m_originalStream;
+        std::ostream& m_redirectionStream;
+        std::streambuf* m_prevBuf;
+
+    public:
+        RedirectedStream( std::ostream& originalStream, std::ostream& redirectionStream );
+        ~RedirectedStream();
+    };
+
+    class RedirectedStdOut {
+        ReusableStringStream m_rss;
+        RedirectedStream m_cout;
+    public:
+        RedirectedStdOut();
+        auto str() const -> std::string;
+    };
+
+    // StdErr has two constituent streams in C++, std::cerr and std::clog
+    // This means that we need to redirect 2 streams into 1 to keep proper
+    // order of writes
+    class RedirectedStdErr {
+        ReusableStringStream m_rss;
+        RedirectedStream m_cerr;
+        RedirectedStream m_clog;
+    public:
+        RedirectedStdErr();
+        auto str() const -> std::string;
+    };
+
+    class RedirectedStreams {
+    public:
+        RedirectedStreams(RedirectedStreams const&) = delete;
+        RedirectedStreams& operator=(RedirectedStreams const&) = delete;
+        RedirectedStreams(RedirectedStreams&&) = delete;
+        RedirectedStreams& operator=(RedirectedStreams&&) = delete;
+
+        RedirectedStreams(std::string& redirectedCout, std::string& redirectedCerr);
+        ~RedirectedStreams();
+    private:
+        std::string& m_redirectedCout;
+        std::string& m_redirectedCerr;
+        RedirectedStdOut m_redirectedStdOut;
+        RedirectedStdErr m_redirectedStdErr;
+    };
+
+#if defined(CATCH_CONFIG_NEW_CAPTURE)
+
+    // Windows's implementation of std::tmpfile is terrible (it tries
+    // to create a file inside system folder, thus requiring elevated
+    // privileges for the binary), so we have to use tmpnam(_s) and
+    // create the file ourselves there.
+    class TempFile {
+    public:
+        TempFile(TempFile const&) = delete;
+        TempFile& operator=(TempFile const&) = delete;
+        TempFile(TempFile&&) = delete;
+        TempFile& operator=(TempFile&&) = delete;
+
+        TempFile();
+        ~TempFile();
+
+        std::FILE* getFile();
+        std::string getContents();
+
+    private:
+        std::FILE* m_file = nullptr;
+    #if defined(_MSC_VER)
+        char m_buffer[L_tmpnam] = { 0 };
+    #endif
+    };
+
+    class OutputRedirect {
+    public:
+        OutputRedirect(OutputRedirect const&) = delete;
+        OutputRedirect& operator=(OutputRedirect const&) = delete;
+        OutputRedirect(OutputRedirect&&) = delete;
+        OutputRedirect& operator=(OutputRedirect&&) = delete;
+
+        OutputRedirect(std::string& stdout_dest, std::string& stderr_dest);
+        ~OutputRedirect();
+
+    private:
+        int m_originalStdout = -1;
+        int m_originalStderr = -1;
+        TempFile m_stdoutFile;
+        TempFile m_stderrFile;
+        std::string& m_stdoutDest;
+        std::string& m_stderrDest;
+    };
+
+#endif
+
+} // end namespace Catch
+
+#endif // TWOBLUECUBES_CATCH_OUTPUT_REDIRECT_H
+// end catch_output_redirect.h
+#include <cstdio>
+#include <cstring>
+#include <fstream>
+#include <sstream>
+#include <stdexcept>
+
+#if defined(CATCH_CONFIG_NEW_CAPTURE)
+    #if defined(_MSC_VER)
+    #include <io.h>      //_dup and _dup2
+    #define dup _dup
+    #define dup2 _dup2
+    #define fileno _fileno
+    #else
+    #include <unistd.h>  // dup and dup2
+    #endif
+#endif
+
+namespace Catch {
+
+    RedirectedStream::RedirectedStream( std::ostream& originalStream, std::ostream& redirectionStream )
+    :   m_originalStream( originalStream ),
+        m_redirectionStream( redirectionStream ),
+        m_prevBuf( m_originalStream.rdbuf() )
+    {
+        m_originalStream.rdbuf( m_redirectionStream.rdbuf() );
+    }
+
+    RedirectedStream::~RedirectedStream() {
+        m_originalStream.rdbuf( m_prevBuf );
+    }
+
+    RedirectedStdOut::RedirectedStdOut() : m_cout( Catch::cout(), m_rss.get() ) {}
+    auto RedirectedStdOut::str() const -> std::string { return m_rss.str(); }
+
+    RedirectedStdErr::RedirectedStdErr()
+    :   m_cerr( Catch::cerr(), m_rss.get() ),
+        m_clog( Catch::clog(), m_rss.get() )
+    {}
+    auto RedirectedStdErr::str() const -> std::string { return m_rss.str(); }
+
+    RedirectedStreams::RedirectedStreams(std::string& redirectedCout, std::string& redirectedCerr)
+    :   m_redirectedCout(redirectedCout),
+        m_redirectedCerr(redirectedCerr)
+    {}
+
+    RedirectedStreams::~RedirectedStreams() {
+        m_redirectedCout += m_redirectedStdOut.str();
+        m_redirectedCerr += m_redirectedStdErr.str();
+    }
+
+#if defined(CATCH_CONFIG_NEW_CAPTURE)
+
+#if defined(_MSC_VER)
+    TempFile::TempFile() {
+        if (tmpnam_s(m_buffer)) {
+            CATCH_RUNTIME_ERROR("Could not get a temp filename");
+        }
+        if (fopen_s(&m_file, m_buffer, "w+")) {
+            char buffer[100];
+            if (strerror_s(buffer, errno)) {
+                CATCH_RUNTIME_ERROR("Could not translate errno to a string");
+            }
+            CATCH_RUNTIME_ERROR("Could not open the temp file: '" << m_buffer << "' because: " << buffer);
+        }
+    }
+#else
+    TempFile::TempFile() {
+        m_file = std::tmpfile();
+        if (!m_file) {
+            CATCH_RUNTIME_ERROR("Could not create a temp file.");
+        }
+    }
+
+#endif
+
+    TempFile::~TempFile() {
+         // TBD: What to do about errors here?
+         std::fclose(m_file);
+         // We manually create the file on Windows only, on Linux
+         // it will be autodeleted
+#if defined(_MSC_VER)
+         std::remove(m_buffer);
+#endif
+    }
+
+    FILE* TempFile::getFile() {
+        return m_file;
+    }
+
+    std::string TempFile::getContents() {
+        std::stringstream sstr;
+        char buffer[100] = {};
+        std::rewind(m_file);
+        while (std::fgets(buffer, sizeof(buffer), m_file)) {
+            sstr << buffer;
+        }
+        return sstr.str();
+    }
+
+    OutputRedirect::OutputRedirect(std::string& stdout_dest, std::string& stderr_dest) :
+        m_originalStdout(dup(1)),
+        m_originalStderr(dup(2)),
+        m_stdoutDest(stdout_dest),
+        m_stderrDest(stderr_dest) {
+        dup2(fileno(m_stdoutFile.getFile()), 1);
+        dup2(fileno(m_stderrFile.getFile()), 2);
+    }
+
+    OutputRedirect::~OutputRedirect() {
+        Catch::cout() << std::flush;
+        fflush(stdout);
+        // Since we support overriding these streams, we flush cerr
+        // even though std::cerr is unbuffered
+        Catch::cerr() << std::flush;
+        Catch::clog() << std::flush;
+        fflush(stderr);
+
+        dup2(m_originalStdout, 1);
+        dup2(m_originalStderr, 2);
+
+        m_stdoutDest += m_stdoutFile.getContents();
+        m_stderrDest += m_stderrFile.getContents();
+    }
+
+#endif // CATCH_CONFIG_NEW_CAPTURE
+
+} // namespace Catch
+
+#if defined(CATCH_CONFIG_NEW_CAPTURE)
+    #if defined(_MSC_VER)
+    #undef dup
+    #undef dup2
+    #undef fileno
+    #endif
+#endif
+// end catch_output_redirect.cpp
+// start catch_polyfills.cpp
+
+#include <cmath>
+
+namespace Catch {
+
+#if !defined(CATCH_CONFIG_POLYFILL_ISNAN)
+    bool isnan(float f) {
+        return std::isnan(f);
+    }
+    bool isnan(double d) {
+        return std::isnan(d);
+    }
+#else
+    // For now we only use this for embarcadero
+    bool isnan(float f) {
+        return std::_isnan(f);
+    }
+    bool isnan(double d) {
+        return std::_isnan(d);
+    }
+#endif
+
+} // end namespace Catch
+// end catch_polyfills.cpp
+// start catch_random_number_generator.cpp
+
+namespace Catch {
+
+namespace {
+
+#if defined(_MSC_VER)
+#pragma warning(push)
+#pragma warning(disable:4146) // we negate uint32 during the rotate
+#endif
+        // Safe rotr implementation thanks to John Regehr
+        uint32_t rotate_right(uint32_t val, uint32_t count) {
+            const uint32_t mask = 31;
+            count &= mask;
+            return (val >> count) | (val << (-count & mask));
+        }
+
+#if defined(_MSC_VER)
+#pragma warning(pop)
+#endif
+
+}
+
+    SimplePcg32::SimplePcg32(result_type seed_) {
+        seed(seed_);
+    }
+
+    void SimplePcg32::seed(result_type seed_) {
+        m_state = 0;
+        (*this)();
+        m_state += seed_;
+        (*this)();
+    }
+
+    void SimplePcg32::discard(uint64_t skip) {
+        // We could implement this to run in O(log n) steps, but this
+        // should suffice for our use case.
+        for (uint64_t s = 0; s < skip; ++s) {
+            static_cast<void>((*this)());
+        }
+    }
+
+    SimplePcg32::result_type SimplePcg32::operator()() {
+        // prepare the output value
+        const uint32_t xorshifted = static_cast<uint32_t>(((m_state >> 18u) ^ m_state) >> 27u);
+        const auto output = rotate_right(xorshifted, m_state >> 59u);
+
+        // advance state
+        m_state = m_state * 6364136223846793005ULL + s_inc;
+
+        return output;
+    }
+
+    bool operator==(SimplePcg32 const& lhs, SimplePcg32 const& rhs) {
+        return lhs.m_state == rhs.m_state;
+    }
+
+    bool operator!=(SimplePcg32 const& lhs, SimplePcg32 const& rhs) {
+        return lhs.m_state != rhs.m_state;
+    }
+}
+// end catch_random_number_generator.cpp
+// start catch_registry_hub.cpp
+
+// start catch_test_case_registry_impl.h
+
+#include <vector>
+#include <set>
+#include <algorithm>
+#include <ios>
+
+namespace Catch {
+
+    class TestCase;
+    struct IConfig;
+
+    std::vector<TestCase> sortTests( IConfig const& config, std::vector<TestCase> const& unsortedTestCases );
+
+    bool isThrowSafe( TestCase const& testCase, IConfig const& config );
+    bool matchTest( TestCase const& testCase, TestSpec const& testSpec, IConfig const& config );
+
+    void enforceNoDuplicateTestCases( std::vector<TestCase> const& functions );
+
+    std::vector<TestCase> filterTests( std::vector<TestCase> const& testCases, TestSpec const& testSpec, IConfig const& config );
+    std::vector<TestCase> const& getAllTestCasesSorted( IConfig const& config );
+
+    class TestRegistry : public ITestCaseRegistry {
+    public:
+        virtual ~TestRegistry() = default;
+
+        virtual void registerTest( TestCase const& testCase );
+
+        std::vector<TestCase> const& getAllTests() const override;
+        std::vector<TestCase> const& getAllTestsSorted( IConfig const& config ) const override;
+
+    private:
+        std::vector<TestCase> m_functions;
+        mutable RunTests::InWhatOrder m_currentSortOrder = RunTests::InDeclarationOrder;
+        mutable std::vector<TestCase> m_sortedFunctions;
+        std::size_t m_unnamedCount = 0;
+        std::ios_base::Init m_ostreamInit; // Forces cout/ cerr to be initialised
+    };
+
+    ///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
+
+    class TestInvokerAsFunction : public ITestInvoker {
+        void(*m_testAsFunction)();
+    public:
+        TestInvokerAsFunction( void(*testAsFunction)() ) noexcept;
+
+        void invoke() const override;
+    };
+
+    std::string extractClassName( StringRef const& classOrQualifiedMethodName );
+
+    ///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
+
+} // end namespace Catch
+
+// end catch_test_case_registry_impl.h
+// start catch_reporter_registry.h
+
+#include <map>
+
+namespace Catch {
+
+    class ReporterRegistry : public IReporterRegistry {
+
+    public:
+
+        ~ReporterRegistry() override;
+
+        IStreamingReporterPtr create( std::string const& name, IConfigPtr const& config ) const override;
+
+        void registerReporter( std::string const& name, IReporterFactoryPtr const& factory );
+        void registerListener( IReporterFactoryPtr const& factory );
+
+        FactoryMap const& getFactories() const override;
+        Listeners const& getListeners() const override;
+
+    private:
+        FactoryMap m_factories;
+        Listeners m_listeners;
+    };
+}
+
+// end catch_reporter_registry.h
+// start catch_tag_alias_registry.h
+
+// start catch_tag_alias.h
+
+#include <string>
+
+namespace Catch {
+
+    struct TagAlias {
+        TagAlias(std::string const& _tag, SourceLineInfo _lineInfo);
+
+        std::string tag;
+        SourceLineInfo lineInfo;
+    };
+
+} // end namespace Catch
+
+// end catch_tag_alias.h
+#include <map>
+
+namespace Catch {
+
+    class TagAliasRegistry : public ITagAliasRegistry {
+    public:
+        ~TagAliasRegistry() override;
+        TagAlias const* find( std::string const& alias ) const override;
+        std::string expandAliases( std::string const& unexpandedTestSpec ) const override;
+        void add( std::string const& alias, std::string const& tag, SourceLineInfo const& lineInfo );
+
+    private:
+        std::map<std::string, TagAlias> m_registry;
+    };
+
+} // end namespace Catch
+
+// end catch_tag_alias_registry.h
+// start catch_startup_exception_registry.h
+
+#include <vector>
+#include <exception>
+
+namespace Catch {
+
+    class StartupExceptionRegistry {
+#if !defined(CATCH_CONFIG_DISABLE_EXCEPTIONS)
+    public:
+        void add(std::exception_ptr const& exception) noexcept;
+        std::vector<std::exception_ptr> const& getExceptions() const noexcept;
+    private:
+        std::vector<std::exception_ptr> m_exceptions;
+#endif
+    };
+
+} // end namespace Catch
+
+// end catch_startup_exception_registry.h
+// start catch_singletons.hpp
+
+namespace Catch {
+
+    struct ISingleton {
+        virtual ~ISingleton();
+    };
+
+    void addSingleton( ISingleton* singleton );
+    void cleanupSingletons();
+
+    template<typename SingletonImplT, typename InterfaceT = SingletonImplT, typename MutableInterfaceT = InterfaceT>
+    class Singleton : SingletonImplT, public ISingleton {
+
+        static auto getInternal() -> Singleton* {
+            static Singleton* s_instance = nullptr;
+            if( !s_instance ) {
+                s_instance = new Singleton;
+                addSingleton( s_instance );
+            }
+            return s_instance;
+        }
+
+    public:
+        static auto get() -> InterfaceT const& {
+            return *getInternal();
+        }
+        static auto getMutable() -> MutableInterfaceT& {
+            return *getInternal();
+        }
+    };
+
+} // namespace Catch
+
+// end catch_singletons.hpp
+namespace Catch {
+
+    namespace {
+
+        class RegistryHub : public IRegistryHub, public IMutableRegistryHub,
+                            private NonCopyable {
+
+        public: // IRegistryHub
+            RegistryHub() = default;
+            IReporterRegistry const& getReporterRegistry() const override {
+                return m_reporterRegistry;
+            }
+            ITestCaseRegistry const& getTestCaseRegistry() const override {
+                return m_testCaseRegistry;
+            }
+            IExceptionTranslatorRegistry const& getExceptionTranslatorRegistry() const override {
+                return m_exceptionTranslatorRegistry;
+            }
+            ITagAliasRegistry const& getTagAliasRegistry() const override {
+                return m_tagAliasRegistry;
+            }
+            StartupExceptionRegistry const& getStartupExceptionRegistry() const override {
+                return m_exceptionRegistry;
+            }
+
+        public: // IMutableRegistryHub
+            void registerReporter( std::string const& name, IReporterFactoryPtr const& factory ) override {
+                m_reporterRegistry.registerReporter( name, factory );
+            }
+            void registerListener( IReporterFactoryPtr const& factory ) override {
+                m_reporterRegistry.registerListener( factory );
+            }
+            void registerTest( TestCase const& testInfo ) override {
+                m_testCaseRegistry.registerTest( testInfo );
+            }
+            void registerTranslator( const IExceptionTranslator* translator ) override {
+                m_exceptionTranslatorRegistry.registerTranslator( translator );
+            }
+            void registerTagAlias( std::string const& alias, std::string const& tag, SourceLineInfo const& lineInfo ) override {
+                m_tagAliasRegistry.add( alias, tag, lineInfo );
+            }
+            void registerStartupException() noexcept override {
+#if !defined(CATCH_CONFIG_DISABLE_EXCEPTIONS)
+                m_exceptionRegistry.add(std::current_exception());
+#else
+                CATCH_INTERNAL_ERROR("Attempted to register active exception under CATCH_CONFIG_DISABLE_EXCEPTIONS!");
+#endif
+            }
+            IMutableEnumValuesRegistry& getMutableEnumValuesRegistry() override {
+                return m_enumValuesRegistry;
+            }
+
+        private:
+            TestRegistry m_testCaseRegistry;
+            ReporterRegistry m_reporterRegistry;
+            ExceptionTranslatorRegistry m_exceptionTranslatorRegistry;
+            TagAliasRegistry m_tagAliasRegistry;
+            StartupExceptionRegistry m_exceptionRegistry;
+            Detail::EnumValuesRegistry m_enumValuesRegistry;
+        };
+    }
+
+    using RegistryHubSingleton = Singleton<RegistryHub, IRegistryHub, IMutableRegistryHub>;
+
+    IRegistryHub const& getRegistryHub() {
+        return RegistryHubSingleton::get();
+    }
+    IMutableRegistryHub& getMutableRegistryHub() {
+        return RegistryHubSingleton::getMutable();
+    }
+    void cleanUp() {
+        cleanupSingletons();
+        cleanUpContext();
+    }
+    std::string translateActiveException() {
+        return getRegistryHub().getExceptionTranslatorRegistry().translateActiveException();
+    }
+
+} // end namespace Catch
+// end catch_registry_hub.cpp
+// start catch_reporter_registry.cpp
+
+namespace Catch {
+
+    ReporterRegistry::~ReporterRegistry() = default;
+
+    IStreamingReporterPtr ReporterRegistry::create( std::string const& name, IConfigPtr const& config ) const {
+        auto it =  m_factories.find( name );
+        if( it == m_factories.end() )
+            return nullptr;
+        return it->second->create( ReporterConfig( config ) );
+    }
+
+    void ReporterRegistry::registerReporter( std::string const& name, IReporterFactoryPtr const& factory ) {
+        m_factories.emplace(name, factory);
+    }
+    void ReporterRegistry::registerListener( IReporterFactoryPtr const& factory ) {
+        m_listeners.push_back( factory );
+    }
+
+    IReporterRegistry::FactoryMap const& ReporterRegistry::getFactories() const {
+        return m_factories;
+    }
+    IReporterRegistry::Listeners const& ReporterRegistry::getListeners() const {
+        return m_listeners;
+    }
+
+}
+// end catch_reporter_registry.cpp
+// start catch_result_type.cpp
+
+namespace Catch {
+
+    bool isOk( ResultWas::OfType resultType ) {
+        return ( resultType & ResultWas::FailureBit ) == 0;
+    }
+    bool isJustInfo( int flags ) {
+        return flags == ResultWas::Info;
+    }
+
+    ResultDisposition::Flags operator | ( ResultDisposition::Flags lhs, ResultDisposition::Flags rhs ) {
+        return static_cast<ResultDisposition::Flags>( static_cast<int>( lhs ) | static_cast<int>( rhs ) );
+    }
+
+    bool shouldContinueOnFailure( int flags )    { return ( flags & ResultDisposition::ContinueOnFailure ) != 0; }
+    bool shouldSuppressFailure( int flags )      { return ( flags & ResultDisposition::SuppressFail ) != 0; }
+
+} // end namespace Catch
+// end catch_result_type.cpp
+// start catch_run_context.cpp
+
+#include <cassert>
+#include <algorithm>
+#include <sstream>
+
+namespace Catch {
+
+    namespace Generators {
+        struct GeneratorTracker : TestCaseTracking::TrackerBase, IGeneratorTracker {
+            GeneratorBasePtr m_generator;
+
+            GeneratorTracker( TestCaseTracking::NameAndLocation const& nameAndLocation, TrackerContext& ctx, ITracker* parent )
+            :   TrackerBase( nameAndLocation, ctx, parent )
+            {}
+            ~GeneratorTracker();
+
+            static GeneratorTracker& acquire( TrackerContext& ctx, TestCaseTracking::NameAndLocation const& nameAndLocation ) {
+                std::shared_ptr<GeneratorTracker> tracker;
+
+                ITracker& currentTracker = ctx.currentTracker();
+                // Under specific circumstances, the generator we want
+                // to acquire is also the current tracker. If this is
+                // the case, we have to avoid looking through current
+                // tracker's children, and instead return the current
+                // tracker.
+                // A case where this check is important is e.g.
+                //     for (int i = 0; i < 5; ++i) {
+                //         int n = GENERATE(1, 2);
+                //     }
+                //
+                // without it, the code above creates 5 nested generators.
+                if (currentTracker.nameAndLocation() == nameAndLocation) {
+                    auto thisTracker = currentTracker.parent().findChild(nameAndLocation);
+                    assert(thisTracker);
+                    assert(thisTracker->isGeneratorTracker());
+                    tracker = std::static_pointer_cast<GeneratorTracker>(thisTracker);
+                } else if ( TestCaseTracking::ITrackerPtr childTracker = currentTracker.findChild( nameAndLocation ) ) {
+                    assert( childTracker );
+                    assert( childTracker->isGeneratorTracker() );
+                    tracker = std::static_pointer_cast<GeneratorTracker>( childTracker );
+                } else {
+                    tracker = std::make_shared<GeneratorTracker>( nameAndLocation, ctx, &currentTracker );
+                    currentTracker.addChild( tracker );
+                }
+
+                if( !tracker->isComplete() ) {
+                    tracker->open();
+                }
+
+                return *tracker;
+            }
+
+            // TrackerBase interface
+            bool isGeneratorTracker() const override { return true; }
+            auto hasGenerator() const -> bool override {
+                return !!m_generator;
+            }
+            void close() override {
+                TrackerBase::close();
+                // If a generator has a child (it is followed by a section)
+                // and none of its children have started, then we must wait
+                // until later to start consuming its values.
+                // This catches cases where `GENERATE` is placed between two
+                // `SECTION`s.
+                // **The check for m_children.empty cannot be removed**.
+                // doing so would break `GENERATE` _not_ followed by `SECTION`s.
+                const bool should_wait_for_child = [&]() {
+                    // No children -> nobody to wait for
+                    if ( m_children.empty() ) {
+                        return false;
+                    }
+                    // If at least one child started executing, don't wait
+                    if ( std::find_if(
+                             m_children.begin(),
+                             m_children.end(),
+                             []( TestCaseTracking::ITrackerPtr tracker ) {
+                                 return tracker->hasStarted();
+                             } ) != m_children.end() ) {
+                        return false;
+                    }
+
+                    // No children have started. We need to check if they _can_
+                    // start, and thus we should wait for them, or they cannot
+                    // start (due to filters), and we shouldn't wait for them
+                    auto* parent = m_parent;
+                    // This is safe: there is always at least one section
+                    // tracker in a test case tracking tree
+                    while ( !parent->isSectionTracker() ) {
+                        parent = &( parent->parent() );
+                    }
+                    assert( parent &&
+                            "Missing root (test case) level section" );
+
+                    auto const& parentSection =
+                        static_cast<SectionTracker&>( *parent );
+                    auto const& filters = parentSection.getFilters();
+                    // No filters -> no restrictions on running sections
+                    if ( filters.empty() ) {
+                        return true;
+                    }
+
+                    for ( auto const& child : m_children ) {
+                        if ( child->isSectionTracker() &&
+                             std::find( filters.begin(),
+                                        filters.end(),
+                                        static_cast<SectionTracker&>( *child )
+                                            .trimmedName() ) !=
+                                 filters.end() ) {
+                            return true;
+                        }
+                    }
+                    return false;
+                }();
+
+                // This check is a bit tricky, because m_generator->next()
+                // has a side-effect, where it consumes generator's current
+                // value, but we do not want to invoke the side-effect if
+                // this generator is still waiting for any child to start.
+                if ( should_wait_for_child ||
+                     ( m_runState == CompletedSuccessfully &&
+                       m_generator->next() ) ) {
+                    m_children.clear();
+                    m_runState = Executing;
+                }
+            }
+
+            // IGeneratorTracker interface
+            auto getGenerator() const -> GeneratorBasePtr const& override {
+                return m_generator;
+            }
+            void setGenerator( GeneratorBasePtr&& generator ) override {
+                m_generator = std::move( generator );
+            }
+        };
+        GeneratorTracker::~GeneratorTracker() {}
+    }
+
+    RunContext::RunContext(IConfigPtr const& _config, IStreamingReporterPtr&& reporter)
+    :   m_runInfo(_config->name()),
+        m_context(getCurrentMutableContext()),
+        m_config(_config),
+        m_reporter(std::move(reporter)),
+        m_lastAssertionInfo{ StringRef(), SourceLineInfo("",0), StringRef(), ResultDisposition::Normal },
+        m_includeSuccessfulResults( m_config->includeSuccessfulResults() || m_reporter->getPreferences().shouldReportAllAssertions )
+    {
+        m_context.setRunner(this);
+        m_context.setConfig(m_config);
+        m_context.setResultCapture(this);
+        m_reporter->testRunStarting(m_runInfo);
+    }
+
+    RunContext::~RunContext() {
+        m_reporter->testRunEnded(TestRunStats(m_runInfo, m_totals, aborting()));
+    }
+
+    void RunContext::testGroupStarting(std::string const& testSpec, std::size_t groupIndex, std::size_t groupsCount) {
+        m_reporter->testGroupStarting(GroupInfo(testSpec, groupIndex, groupsCount));
+    }
+
+    void RunContext::testGroupEnded(std::string const& testSpec, Totals const& totals, std::size_t groupIndex, std::size_t groupsCount) {
+        m_reporter->testGroupEnded(TestGroupStats(GroupInfo(testSpec, groupIndex, groupsCount), totals, aborting()));
+    }
+
+    Totals RunContext::runTest(TestCase const& testCase) {
+        Totals prevTotals = m_totals;
+
+        std::string redirectedCout;
+        std::string redirectedCerr;
+
+        auto const& testInfo = testCase.getTestCaseInfo();
+
+        m_reporter->testCaseStarting(testInfo);
+
+        m_activeTestCase = &testCase;
+
+        ITracker& rootTracker = m_trackerContext.startRun();
+        assert(rootTracker.isSectionTracker());
+        static_cast<SectionTracker&>(rootTracker).addInitialFilters(m_config->getSectionsToRun());
+        do {
+            m_trackerContext.startCycle();
+            m_testCaseTracker = &SectionTracker::acquire(m_trackerContext, TestCaseTracking::NameAndLocation(testInfo.name, testInfo.lineInfo));
+            runCurrentTest(redirectedCout, redirectedCerr);
+        } while (!m_testCaseTracker->isSuccessfullyCompleted() && !aborting());
+
+        Totals deltaTotals = m_totals.delta(prevTotals);
+        if (testInfo.expectedToFail() && deltaTotals.testCases.passed > 0) {
+            deltaTotals.assertions.failed++;
+            deltaTotals.testCases.passed--;
+            deltaTotals.testCases.failed++;
+        }
+        m_totals.testCases += deltaTotals.testCases;
+        m_reporter->testCaseEnded(TestCaseStats(testInfo,
+                                  deltaTotals,
+                                  redirectedCout,
+                                  redirectedCerr,
+                                  aborting()));
+
+        m_activeTestCase = nullptr;
+        m_testCaseTracker = nullptr;
+
+        return deltaTotals;
+    }
+
+    IConfigPtr RunContext::config() const {
+        return m_config;
+    }
+
+    IStreamingReporter& RunContext::reporter() const {
+        return *m_reporter;
+    }
+
+    void RunContext::assertionEnded(AssertionResult const & result) {
+        if (result.getResultType() == ResultWas::Ok) {
+            m_totals.assertions.passed++;
+            m_lastAssertionPassed = true;
+        } else if (!result.isOk()) {
+            m_lastAssertionPassed = false;
+            if( m_activeTestCase->getTestCaseInfo().okToFail() )
+                m_totals.assertions.failedButOk++;
+            else
+                m_totals.assertions.failed++;
+        }
+        else {
+            m_lastAssertionPassed = true;
+        }
+
+        // We have no use for the return value (whether messages should be cleared), because messages were made scoped
+        // and should be let to clear themselves out.
+        static_cast<void>(m_reporter->assertionEnded(AssertionStats(result, m_messages, m_totals)));
+
+        if (result.getResultType() != ResultWas::Warning)
+            m_messageScopes.clear();
+
+        // Reset working state
+        resetAssertionInfo();
+        m_lastResult = result;
+    }
+    void RunContext::resetAssertionInfo() {
+        m_lastAssertionInfo.macroName = StringRef();
+        m_lastAssertionInfo.capturedExpression = "{Unknown expression after the reported line}"_sr;
+    }
+
+    bool RunContext::sectionStarted(SectionInfo const & sectionInfo, Counts & assertions) {
+        ITracker& sectionTracker = SectionTracker::acquire(m_trackerContext, TestCaseTracking::NameAndLocation(sectionInfo.name, sectionInfo.lineInfo));
+        if (!sectionTracker.isOpen())
+            return false;
+        m_activeSections.push_back(&sectionTracker);
+
+        m_lastAssertionInfo.lineInfo = sectionInfo.lineInfo;
+
+        m_reporter->sectionStarting(sectionInfo);
+
+        assertions = m_totals.assertions;
+
+        return true;
+    }
+    auto RunContext::acquireGeneratorTracker( StringRef generatorName, SourceLineInfo const& lineInfo ) -> IGeneratorTracker& {
+        using namespace Generators;
+        GeneratorTracker& tracker = GeneratorTracker::acquire(m_trackerContext,
+                                                              TestCaseTracking::NameAndLocation( static_cast<std::string>(generatorName), lineInfo ) );
+        m_lastAssertionInfo.lineInfo = lineInfo;
+        return tracker;
+    }
+
+    bool RunContext::testForMissingAssertions(Counts& assertions) {
+        if (assertions.total() != 0)
+            return false;
+        if (!m_config->warnAboutMissingAssertions())
+            return false;
+        if (m_trackerContext.currentTracker().hasChildren())
+            return false;
+        m_totals.assertions.failed++;
+        assertions.failed++;
+        return true;
+    }
+
+    void RunContext::sectionEnded(SectionEndInfo const & endInfo) {
+        Counts assertions = m_totals.assertions - endInfo.prevAssertions;
+        bool missingAssertions = testForMissingAssertions(assertions);
+
+        if (!m_activeSections.empty()) {
+            m_activeSections.back()->close();
+            m_activeSections.pop_back();
+        }
+
+        m_reporter->sectionEnded(SectionStats(endInfo.sectionInfo, assertions, endInfo.durationInSeconds, missingAssertions));
+        m_messages.clear();
+        m_messageScopes.clear();
+    }
+
+    void RunContext::sectionEndedEarly(SectionEndInfo const & endInfo) {
+        if (m_unfinishedSections.empty())
+            m_activeSections.back()->fail();
+        else
+            m_activeSections.back()->close();
+        m_activeSections.pop_back();
+
+        m_unfinishedSections.push_back(endInfo);
+    }
+
+#if defined(CATCH_CONFIG_ENABLE_BENCHMARKING)
+    void RunContext::benchmarkPreparing(std::string const& name) {
+        m_reporter->benchmarkPreparing(name);
+    }
+    void RunContext::benchmarkStarting( BenchmarkInfo const& info ) {
+        m_reporter->benchmarkStarting( info );
+    }
+    void RunContext::benchmarkEnded( BenchmarkStats<> const& stats ) {
+        m_reporter->benchmarkEnded( stats );
+    }
+    void RunContext::benchmarkFailed(std::string const & error) {
+        m_reporter->benchmarkFailed(error);
+    }
+#endif // CATCH_CONFIG_ENABLE_BENCHMARKING
+
+    void RunContext::pushScopedMessage(MessageInfo const & message) {
+        m_messages.push_back(message);
+    }
+
+    void RunContext::popScopedMessage(MessageInfo const & message) {
+        m_messages.erase(std::remove(m_messages.begin(), m_messages.end(), message), m_messages.end());
+    }
+
+    void RunContext::emplaceUnscopedMessage( MessageBuilder const& builder ) {
+        m_messageScopes.emplace_back( builder );
+    }
+
+    std::string RunContext::getCurrentTestName() const {
+        return m_activeTestCase
+            ? m_activeTestCase->getTestCaseInfo().name
+            : std::string();
+    }
+
+    const AssertionResult * RunContext::getLastResult() const {
+        return &(*m_lastResult);
+    }
+
+    void RunContext::exceptionEarlyReported() {
+        m_shouldReportUnexpected = false;
+    }
+
+    void RunContext::handleFatalErrorCondition( StringRef message ) {
+        // First notify reporter that bad things happened
+        m_reporter->fatalErrorEncountered(message);
+
+        // Don't rebuild the result -- the stringification itself can cause more fatal errors
+        // Instead, fake a result data.
+        AssertionResultData tempResult( ResultWas::FatalErrorCondition, { false } );
+        tempResult.message = static_cast<std::string>(message);
+        AssertionResult result(m_lastAssertionInfo, tempResult);
+
+        assertionEnded(result);
+
+        handleUnfinishedSections();
+
+        // Recreate section for test case (as we will lose the one that was in scope)
+        auto const& testCaseInfo = m_activeTestCase->getTestCaseInfo();
+        SectionInfo testCaseSection(testCaseInfo.lineInfo, testCaseInfo.name);
+
+        Counts assertions;
+        assertions.failed = 1;
+        SectionStats testCaseSectionStats(testCaseSection, assertions, 0, false);
+        m_reporter->sectionEnded(testCaseSectionStats);
+
+        auto const& testInfo = m_activeTestCase->getTestCaseInfo();
+
+        Totals deltaTotals;
+        deltaTotals.testCases.failed = 1;
+        deltaTotals.assertions.failed = 1;
+        m_reporter->testCaseEnded(TestCaseStats(testInfo,
+                                  deltaTotals,
+                                  std::string(),
+                                  std::string(),
+                                  false));
+        m_totals.testCases.failed++;
+        testGroupEnded(std::string(), m_totals, 1, 1);
+        m_reporter->testRunEnded(TestRunStats(m_runInfo, m_totals, false));
+    }
+
+    bool RunContext::lastAssertionPassed() {
+         return m_lastAssertionPassed;
+    }
+
+    void RunContext::assertionPassed() {
+        m_lastAssertionPassed = true;
+        ++m_totals.assertions.passed;
+        resetAssertionInfo();
+        m_messageScopes.clear();
+    }
+
+    bool RunContext::aborting() const {
+        return m_totals.assertions.failed >= static_cast<std::size_t>(m_config->abortAfter());
+    }
+
+    void RunContext::runCurrentTest(std::string & redirectedCout, std::string & redirectedCerr) {
+        auto const& testCaseInfo = m_activeTestCase->getTestCaseInfo();
+        SectionInfo testCaseSection(testCaseInfo.lineInfo, testCaseInfo.name);
+        m_reporter->sectionStarting(testCaseSection);
+        Counts prevAssertions = m_totals.assertions;
+        double duration = 0;
+        m_shouldReportUnexpected = true;
+        m_lastAssertionInfo = { "TEST_CASE"_sr, testCaseInfo.lineInfo, StringRef(), ResultDisposition::Normal };
+
+        seedRng(*m_config);
+
+        Timer timer;
+        CATCH_TRY {
+            if (m_reporter->getPreferences().shouldRedirectStdOut) {
+#if !defined(CATCH_CONFIG_EXPERIMENTAL_REDIRECT)
+                RedirectedStreams redirectedStreams(redirectedCout, redirectedCerr);
+
+                timer.start();
+                invokeActiveTestCase();
+#else
+                OutputRedirect r(redirectedCout, redirectedCerr);
+                timer.start();
+                invokeActiveTestCase();
+#endif
+            } else {
+                timer.start();
+                invokeActiveTestCase();
+            }
+            duration = timer.getElapsedSeconds();
+        } CATCH_CATCH_ANON (TestFailureException&) {
+            // This just means the test was aborted due to failure
+        } CATCH_CATCH_ALL {
+            // Under CATCH_CONFIG_FAST_COMPILE, unexpected exceptions under REQUIRE assertions
+            // are reported without translation at the point of origin.
+            if( m_shouldReportUnexpected ) {
+                AssertionReaction dummyReaction;
+                handleUnexpectedInflightException( m_lastAssertionInfo, translateActiveException(), dummyReaction );
+            }
+        }
+        Counts assertions = m_totals.assertions - prevAssertions;
+        bool missingAssertions = testForMissingAssertions(assertions);
+
+        m_testCaseTracker->close();
+        handleUnfinishedSections();
+        m_messages.clear();
+        m_messageScopes.clear();
+
+        SectionStats testCaseSectionStats(testCaseSection, assertions, duration, missingAssertions);
+        m_reporter->sectionEnded(testCaseSectionStats);
+    }
+
+    void RunContext::invokeActiveTestCase() {
+        FatalConditionHandlerGuard _(&m_fatalConditionhandler);
+        m_activeTestCase->invoke();
+    }
+
+    void RunContext::handleUnfinishedSections() {
+        // If sections ended prematurely due to an exception we stored their
+        // infos here so we can tear them down outside the unwind process.
+        for (auto it = m_unfinishedSections.rbegin(),
+             itEnd = m_unfinishedSections.rend();
+             it != itEnd;
+             ++it)
+            sectionEnded(*it);
+        m_unfinishedSections.clear();
+    }
+
+    void RunContext::handleExpr(
+        AssertionInfo const& info,
+        ITransientExpression const& expr,
+        AssertionReaction& reaction
+    ) {
+        m_reporter->assertionStarting( info );
+
+        bool negated = isFalseTest( info.resultDisposition );
+        bool result = expr.getResult() != negated;
+
+        if( result ) {
+            if (!m_includeSuccessfulResults) {
+                assertionPassed();
+            }
+            else {
+                reportExpr(info, ResultWas::Ok, &expr, negated);
+            }
+        }
+        else {
+            reportExpr(info, ResultWas::ExpressionFailed, &expr, negated );
+            populateReaction( reaction );
+        }
+    }
+    void RunContext::reportExpr(
+            AssertionInfo const &info,
+            ResultWas::OfType resultType,
+            ITransientExpression const *expr,
+            bool negated ) {
+
+        m_lastAssertionInfo = info;
+        AssertionResultData data( resultType, LazyExpression( negated ) );
+
+        AssertionResult assertionResult{ info, data };
+        assertionResult.m_resultData.lazyExpression.m_transientExpression = expr;
+
+        assertionEnded( assertionResult );
+    }
+
+    void RunContext::handleMessage(
+            AssertionInfo const& info,
+            ResultWas::OfType resultType,
+            StringRef const& message,
+            AssertionReaction& reaction
+    ) {
+        m_reporter->assertionStarting( info );
+
+        m_lastAssertionInfo = info;
+
+        AssertionResultData data( resultType, LazyExpression( false ) );
+        data.message = static_cast<std::string>(message);
+        AssertionResult assertionResult{ m_lastAssertionInfo, data };
+        assertionEnded( assertionResult );
+        if( !assertionResult.isOk() )
+            populateReaction( reaction );
+    }
+    void RunContext::handleUnexpectedExceptionNotThrown(
+            AssertionInfo const& info,
+            AssertionReaction& reaction
+    ) {
+        handleNonExpr(info, Catch::ResultWas::DidntThrowException, reaction);
+    }
+
+    void RunContext::handleUnexpectedInflightException(
+            AssertionInfo const& info,
+            std::string const& message,
+            AssertionReaction& reaction
+    ) {
+        m_lastAssertionInfo = info;
+
+        AssertionResultData data( ResultWas::ThrewException, LazyExpression( false ) );
+        data.message = message;
+        AssertionResult assertionResult{ info, data };
+        assertionEnded( assertionResult );
+        populateReaction( reaction );
+    }
+
+    void RunContext::populateReaction( AssertionReaction& reaction ) {
+        reaction.shouldDebugBreak = m_config->shouldDebugBreak();
+        reaction.shouldThrow = aborting() || (m_lastAssertionInfo.resultDisposition & ResultDisposition::Normal);
+    }
+
+    void RunContext::handleIncomplete(
+            AssertionInfo const& info
+    ) {
+        m_lastAssertionInfo = info;
+
+        AssertionResultData data( ResultWas::ThrewException, LazyExpression( false ) );
+        data.message = "Exception translation was disabled by CATCH_CONFIG_FAST_COMPILE";
+        AssertionResult assertionResult{ info, data };
+        assertionEnded( assertionResult );
+    }
+    void RunContext::handleNonExpr(
+            AssertionInfo const &info,
+            ResultWas::OfType resultType,
+            AssertionReaction &reaction
+    ) {
+        m_lastAssertionInfo = info;
+
+        AssertionResultData data( resultType, LazyExpression( false ) );
+        AssertionResult assertionResult{ info, data };
+        assertionEnded( assertionResult );
+
+        if( !assertionResult.isOk() )
+            populateReaction( reaction );
+    }
+
+    IResultCapture& getResultCapture() {
+        if (auto* capture = getCurrentContext().getResultCapture())
+            return *capture;
+        else
+            CATCH_INTERNAL_ERROR("No result capture instance");
+    }
+
+    void seedRng(IConfig const& config) {
+        if (config.rngSeed() != 0) {
+            std::srand(config.rngSeed());
+            rng().seed(config.rngSeed());
+        }
+    }
+
+    unsigned int rngSeed() {
+        return getCurrentContext().getConfig()->rngSeed();
+    }
+
+}
+// end catch_run_context.cpp
+// start catch_section.cpp
+
+namespace Catch {
+
+    Section::Section( SectionInfo const& info )
+    :   m_info( info ),
+        m_sectionIncluded( getResultCapture().sectionStarted( m_info, m_assertions ) )
+    {
+        m_timer.start();
+    }
+
+    Section::~Section() {
+        if( m_sectionIncluded ) {
+            SectionEndInfo endInfo{ m_info, m_assertions, m_timer.getElapsedSeconds() };
+            if( uncaught_exceptions() )
+                getResultCapture().sectionEndedEarly( endInfo );
+            else
+                getResultCapture().sectionEnded( endInfo );
+        }
+    }
+
+    // This indicates whether the section should be executed or not
+    Section::operator bool() const {
+        return m_sectionIncluded;
+    }
+
+} // end namespace Catch
+// end catch_section.cpp
+// start catch_section_info.cpp
+
+namespace Catch {
+
+    SectionInfo::SectionInfo
+        (   SourceLineInfo const& _lineInfo,
+            std::string const& _name )
+    :   name( _name ),
+        lineInfo( _lineInfo )
+    {}
+
+} // end namespace Catch
+// end catch_section_info.cpp
+// start catch_session.cpp
+
+// start catch_session.h
+
+#include <memory>
+
+namespace Catch {
+
+    class Session : NonCopyable {
+    public:
+
+        Session();
+        ~Session() override;
+
+        void showHelp() const;
+        void libIdentify();
+
+        int applyCommandLine( int argc, char const * const * argv );
+    #if defined(CATCH_CONFIG_WCHAR) && defined(_WIN32) && defined(UNICODE)
+        int applyCommandLine( int argc, wchar_t const * const * argv );
+    #endif
+
+        void useConfigData( ConfigData const& configData );
+
+        template<typename CharT>
+        int run(int argc, CharT const * const argv[]) {
+            if (m_startupExceptions)
+                return 1;
+            int returnCode = applyCommandLine(argc, argv);
+            if (returnCode == 0)
+                returnCode = run();
+            return returnCode;
+        }
+
+        int run();
+
+        clara::Parser const& cli() const;
+        void cli( clara::Parser const& newParser );
+        ConfigData& configData();
+        Config& config();
+    private:
+        int runInternal();
+
+        clara::Parser m_cli;
+        ConfigData m_configData;
+        std::shared_ptr<Config> m_config;
+        bool m_startupExceptions = false;
+    };
+
+} // end namespace Catch
+
+// end catch_session.h
+// start catch_version.h
+
+#include <iosfwd>
+
+namespace Catch {
+
+    // Versioning information
+    struct Version {
+        Version( Version const& ) = delete;
+        Version& operator=( Version const& ) = delete;
+        Version(    unsigned int _majorVersion,
+                    unsigned int _minorVersion,
+                    unsigned int _patchNumber,
+                    char const * const _branchName,
+                    unsigned int _buildNumber );
+
+        unsigned int const majorVersion;
+        unsigned int const minorVersion;
+        unsigned int const patchNumber;
+
+        // buildNumber is only used if branchName is not null
+        char const * const branchName;
+        unsigned int const buildNumber;
+
+        friend std::ostream& operator << ( std::ostream& os, Version const& version );
+    };
+
+    Version const& libraryVersion();
+}
+
+// end catch_version.h
+#include <cstdlib>
+#include <iomanip>
+#include <set>
+#include <iterator>
+
+namespace Catch {
+
+    namespace {
+        const int MaxExitCode = 255;
+
+        IStreamingReporterPtr createReporter(std::string const& reporterName, IConfigPtr const& config) {
+            auto reporter = Catch::getRegistryHub().getReporterRegistry().create(reporterName, config);
+            CATCH_ENFORCE(reporter, "No reporter registered with name: '" << reporterName << "'");
+
+            return reporter;
+        }
+
+        IStreamingReporterPtr makeReporter(std::shared_ptr<Config> const& config) {
+            if (Catch::getRegistryHub().getReporterRegistry().getListeners().empty()) {
+                return createReporter(config->getReporterName(), config);
+            }
+
+            // On older platforms, returning std::unique_ptr<ListeningReporter>
+            // when the return type is std::unique_ptr<IStreamingReporter>
+            // doesn't compile without a std::move call. However, this causes
+            // a warning on newer platforms. Thus, we have to work around
+            // it a bit and downcast the pointer manually.
+            auto ret = std::unique_ptr<IStreamingReporter>(new ListeningReporter);
+            auto& multi = static_cast<ListeningReporter&>(*ret);
+            auto const& listeners = Catch::getRegistryHub().getReporterRegistry().getListeners();
+            for (auto const& listener : listeners) {
+                multi.addListener(listener->create(Catch::ReporterConfig(config)));
+            }
+            multi.addReporter(createReporter(config->getReporterName(), config));
+            return ret;
+        }
+
+        class TestGroup {
+        public:
+            explicit TestGroup(std::shared_ptr<Config> const& config)
+            : m_config{config}
+            , m_context{config, makeReporter(config)}
+            {
+                auto const& allTestCases = getAllTestCasesSorted(*m_config);
+                m_matches = m_config->testSpec().matchesByFilter(allTestCases, *m_config);
+                auto const& invalidArgs = m_config->testSpec().getInvalidArgs();
+
+                if (m_matches.empty() && invalidArgs.empty()) {
+                    for (auto const& test : allTestCases)
+                        if (!test.isHidden())
+                            m_tests.emplace(&test);
+                } else {
+                    for (auto const& match : m_matches)
+                        m_tests.insert(match.tests.begin(), match.tests.end());
+                }
+            }
+
+            Totals execute() {
+                auto const& invalidArgs = m_config->testSpec().getInvalidArgs();
+                Totals totals;
+                m_context.testGroupStarting(m_config->name(), 1, 1);
+                for (auto const& testCase : m_tests) {
+                    if (!m_context.aborting())
+                        totals += m_context.runTest(*testCase);
+                    else
+                        m_context.reporter().skipTest(*testCase);
+                }
+
+                for (auto const& match : m_matches) {
+                    if (match.tests.empty()) {
+                        m_context.reporter().noMatchingTestCases(match.name);
+                        totals.error = -1;
+                    }
+                }
+
+                if (!invalidArgs.empty()) {
+                    for (auto const& invalidArg: invalidArgs)
+                         m_context.reporter().reportInvalidArguments(invalidArg);
+                }
+
+                m_context.testGroupEnded(m_config->name(), totals, 1, 1);
+                return totals;
+            }
+
+        private:
+            using Tests = std::set<TestCase const*>;
+
+            std::shared_ptr<Config> m_config;
+            RunContext m_context;
+            Tests m_tests;
+            TestSpec::Matches m_matches;
+        };
+
+        void applyFilenamesAsTags(Catch::IConfig const& config) {
+            auto& tests = const_cast<std::vector<TestCase>&>(getAllTestCasesSorted(config));
+            for (auto& testCase : tests) {
+                auto tags = testCase.tags;
+
+                std::string filename = testCase.lineInfo.file;
+                auto lastSlash = filename.find_last_of("\\/");
+                if (lastSlash != std::string::npos) {
+                    filename.erase(0, lastSlash);
+                    filename[0] = '#';
+                }
+
+                auto lastDot = filename.find_last_of('.');
+                if (lastDot != std::string::npos) {
+                    filename.erase(lastDot);
+                }
+
+                tags.push_back(std::move(filename));
+                setTags(testCase, tags);
+            }
+        }
+
+    } // anon namespace
+
+    Session::Session() {
+        static bool alreadyInstantiated = false;
+        if( alreadyInstantiated ) {
+            CATCH_TRY { CATCH_INTERNAL_ERROR( "Only one instance of Catch::Session can ever be used" ); }
+            CATCH_CATCH_ALL { getMutableRegistryHub().registerStartupException(); }
+        }
+
+        // There cannot be exceptions at startup in no-exception mode.
+#if !defined(CATCH_CONFIG_DISABLE_EXCEPTIONS)
+        const auto& exceptions = getRegistryHub().getStartupExceptionRegistry().getExceptions();
+        if ( !exceptions.empty() ) {
+            config();
+            getCurrentMutableContext().setConfig(m_config);
+
+            m_startupExceptions = true;
+            Colour colourGuard( Colour::Red );
+            Catch::cerr() << "Errors occurred during startup!" << '\n';
+            // iterate over all exceptions and notify user
+            for ( const auto& ex_ptr : exceptions ) {
+                try {
+                    std::rethrow_exception(ex_ptr);
+                } catch ( std::exception const& ex ) {
+                    Catch::cerr() << Column( ex.what() ).indent(2) << '\n';
+                }
+            }
+        }
+#endif
+
+        alreadyInstantiated = true;
+        m_cli = makeCommandLineParser( m_configData );
+    }
+    Session::~Session() {
+        Catch::cleanUp();
+    }
+
+    void Session::showHelp() const {
+        Catch::cout()
+                << "\nCatch v" << libraryVersion() << "\n"
+                << m_cli << std::endl
+                << "For more detailed usage please see the project docs\n" << std::endl;
+    }
+    void Session::libIdentify() {
+        Catch::cout()
+                << std::left << std::setw(16) << "description: " << "A Catch2 test executable\n"
+                << std::left << std::setw(16) << "category: " << "testframework\n"
+                << std::left << std::setw(16) << "framework: " << "Catch Test\n"
+                << std::left << std::setw(16) << "version: " << libraryVersion() << std::endl;
+    }
+
+    int Session::applyCommandLine( int argc, char const * const * argv ) {
+        if( m_startupExceptions )
+            return 1;
+
+        auto result = m_cli.parse( clara::Args( argc, argv ) );
+        if( !result ) {
+            config();
+            getCurrentMutableContext().setConfig(m_config);
+            Catch::cerr()
+                << Colour( Colour::Red )
+                << "\nError(s) in input:\n"
+                << Column( result.errorMessage() ).indent( 2 )
+                << "\n\n";
+            Catch::cerr() << "Run with -? for usage\n" << std::endl;
+            return MaxExitCode;
+        }
+
+        if( m_configData.showHelp )
+            showHelp();
+        if( m_configData.libIdentify )
+            libIdentify();
+        m_config.reset();
+        return 0;
+    }
+
+#if defined(CATCH_CONFIG_WCHAR) && defined(_WIN32) && defined(UNICODE)
+    int Session::applyCommandLine( int argc, wchar_t const * const * argv ) {
+
+        char **utf8Argv = new char *[ argc ];
+
+        for ( int i = 0; i < argc; ++i ) {
+            int bufSize = WideCharToMultiByte( CP_UTF8, 0, argv[i], -1, nullptr, 0, nullptr, nullptr );
+
+            utf8Argv[ i ] = new char[ bufSize ];
+
+            WideCharToMultiByte( CP_UTF8, 0, argv[i], -1, utf8Argv[i], bufSize, nullptr, nullptr );
+        }
+
+        int returnCode = applyCommandLine( argc, utf8Argv );
+
+        for ( int i = 0; i < argc; ++i )
+            delete [] utf8Argv[ i ];
+
+        delete [] utf8Argv;
+
+        return returnCode;
+    }
+#endif
+
+    void Session::useConfigData( ConfigData const& configData ) {
+        m_configData = configData;
+        m_config.reset();
+    }
+
+    int Session::run() {
+        if( ( m_configData.waitForKeypress & WaitForKeypress::BeforeStart ) != 0 ) {
+            Catch::cout() << "...waiting for enter/ return before starting" << std::endl;
+            static_cast<void>(std::getchar());
+        }
+        int exitCode = runInternal();
+        if( ( m_configData.waitForKeypress & WaitForKeypress::BeforeExit ) != 0 ) {
+            Catch::cout() << "...waiting for enter/ return before exiting, with code: " << exitCode << std::endl;
+            static_cast<void>(std::getchar());
+        }
+        return exitCode;
+    }
+
+    clara::Parser const& Session::cli() const {
+        return m_cli;
+    }
+    void Session::cli( clara::Parser const& newParser ) {
+        m_cli = newParser;
+    }
+    ConfigData& Session::configData() {
+        return m_configData;
+    }
+    Config& Session::config() {
+        if( !m_config )
+            m_config = std::make_shared<Config>( m_configData );
+        return *m_config;
+    }
+
+    int Session::runInternal() {
+        if( m_startupExceptions )
+            return 1;
+
+        if (m_configData.showHelp || m_configData.libIdentify) {
+            return 0;
+        }
+
+        CATCH_TRY {
+            config(); // Force config to be constructed
+
+            seedRng( *m_config );
+
+            if( m_configData.filenamesAsTags )
+                applyFilenamesAsTags( *m_config );
+
+            // Handle list request
+            if( Option<std::size_t> listed = list( m_config ) )
+                return static_cast<int>( *listed );
+
+            TestGroup tests { m_config };
+            auto const totals = tests.execute();
+
+            if( m_config->warnAboutNoTests() && totals.error == -1 )
+                return 2;
+
+            // Note that on unices only the lower 8 bits are usually used, clamping
+            // the return value to 255 prevents false negative when some multiple
+            // of 256 tests has failed
+            return (std::min) (MaxExitCode, (std::max) (totals.error, static_cast<int>(totals.assertions.failed)));
+        }
+#if !defined(CATCH_CONFIG_DISABLE_EXCEPTIONS)
+        catch( std::exception& ex ) {
+            Catch::cerr() << ex.what() << std::endl;
+            return MaxExitCode;
+        }
+#endif
+    }
+
+} // end namespace Catch
+// end catch_session.cpp
+// start catch_singletons.cpp
+
+#include <vector>
+
+namespace Catch {
+
+    namespace {
+        static auto getSingletons() -> std::vector<ISingleton*>*& {
+            static std::vector<ISingleton*>* g_singletons = nullptr;
+            if( !g_singletons )
+                g_singletons = new std::vector<ISingleton*>();
+            return g_singletons;
+        }
+    }
+
+    ISingleton::~ISingleton() {}
+
+    void addSingleton(ISingleton* singleton ) {
+        getSingletons()->push_back( singleton );
+    }
+    void cleanupSingletons() {
+        auto& singletons = getSingletons();
+        for( auto singleton : *singletons )
+            delete singleton;
+        delete singletons;
+        singletons = nullptr;
+    }
+
+} // namespace Catch
+// end catch_singletons.cpp
+// start catch_startup_exception_registry.cpp
+
+#if !defined(CATCH_CONFIG_DISABLE_EXCEPTIONS)
+namespace Catch {
+void StartupExceptionRegistry::add( std::exception_ptr const& exception ) noexcept {
+        CATCH_TRY {
+            m_exceptions.push_back(exception);
+        } CATCH_CATCH_ALL {
+            // If we run out of memory during start-up there's really not a lot more we can do about it
+            std::terminate();
+        }
+    }
+
+    std::vector<std::exception_ptr> const& StartupExceptionRegistry::getExceptions() const noexcept {
+        return m_exceptions;
+    }
+
+} // end namespace Catch
+#endif
+// end catch_startup_exception_registry.cpp
+// start catch_stream.cpp
+
+#include <cstdio>
+#include <iostream>
+#include <fstream>
+#include <sstream>
+#include <vector>
+#include <memory>
+
+namespace Catch {
+
+    Catch::IStream::~IStream() = default;
+
+    namespace Detail { namespace {
+        template<typename WriterF, std::size_t bufferSize=256>
+        class StreamBufImpl : public std::streambuf {
+            char data[bufferSize];
+            WriterF m_writer;
+
+        public:
+            StreamBufImpl() {
+                setp( data, data + sizeof(data) );
+            }
+
+            ~StreamBufImpl() noexcept {
+                StreamBufImpl::sync();
+            }
+
+        private:
+            int overflow( int c ) override {
+                sync();
+
+                if( c != EOF ) {
+                    if( pbase() == epptr() )
+                        m_writer( std::string( 1, static_cast<char>( c ) ) );
+                    else
+                        sputc( static_cast<char>( c ) );
+                }
+                return 0;
+            }
+
+            int sync() override {
+                if( pbase() != pptr() ) {
+                    m_writer( std::string( pbase(), static_cast<std::string::size_type>( pptr() - pbase() ) ) );
+                    setp( pbase(), epptr() );
+                }
+                return 0;
+            }
+        };
+
+        ///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
+
+        struct OutputDebugWriter {
+
+            void operator()( std::string const&str ) {
+                writeToDebugConsole( str );
+            }
+        };
+
+        ///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
+
+        class FileStream : public IStream {
+            mutable std::ofstream m_ofs;
+        public:
+            FileStream( StringRef filename ) {
+                m_ofs.open( filename.c_str() );
+                CATCH_ENFORCE( !m_ofs.fail(), "Unable to open file: '" << filename << "'" );
+            }
+            ~FileStream() override = default;
+        public: // IStream
+            std::ostream& stream() const override {
+                return m_ofs;
+            }
+        };
+
+        ///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
+
+        class CoutStream : public IStream {
+            mutable std::ostream m_os;
+        public:
+            // Store the streambuf from cout up-front because
+            // cout may get redirected when running tests
+            CoutStream() : m_os( Catch::cout().rdbuf() ) {}
+            ~CoutStream() override = default;
+
+        public: // IStream
+            std::ostream& stream() const override { return m_os; }
+        };
+
+        ///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
+
+        class DebugOutStream : public IStream {
+            std::unique_ptr<StreamBufImpl<OutputDebugWriter>> m_streamBuf;
+            mutable std::ostream m_os;
+        public:
+            DebugOutStream()
+            :   m_streamBuf( new StreamBufImpl<OutputDebugWriter>() ),
+                m_os( m_streamBuf.get() )
+            {}
+
+            ~DebugOutStream() override = default;
+
+        public: // IStream
+            std::ostream& stream() const override { return m_os; }
+        };
+
+    }} // namespace anon::detail
+
+    ///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
+
+    auto makeStream( StringRef const &filename ) -> IStream const* {
+        if( filename.empty() )
+            return new Detail::CoutStream();
+        else if( filename[0] == '%' ) {
+            if( filename == "%debug" )
+                return new Detail::DebugOutStream();
+            else
+                CATCH_ERROR( "Unrecognised stream: '" << filename << "'" );
+        }
+        else
+            return new Detail::FileStream( filename );
+    }
+
+    // This class encapsulates the idea of a pool of ostringstreams that can be reused.
+    struct StringStreams {
+        std::vector<std::unique_ptr<std::ostringstream>> m_streams;
+        std::vector<std::size_t> m_unused;
+        std::ostringstream m_referenceStream; // Used for copy state/ flags from
+
+        auto add() -> std::size_t {
+            if( m_unused.empty() ) {
+                m_streams.push_back( std::unique_ptr<std::ostringstream>( new std::ostringstream ) );
+                return m_streams.size()-1;
+            }
+            else {
+                auto index = m_unused.back();
+                m_unused.pop_back();
+                return index;
+            }
+        }
+
+        void release( std::size_t index ) {
+            m_streams[index]->copyfmt( m_referenceStream ); // Restore initial flags and other state
+            m_unused.push_back(index);
+        }
+    };
+
+    ReusableStringStream::ReusableStringStream()
+    :   m_index( Singleton<StringStreams>::getMutable().add() ),
+        m_oss( Singleton<StringStreams>::getMutable().m_streams[m_index].get() )
+    {}
+
+    ReusableStringStream::~ReusableStringStream() {
+        static_cast<std::ostringstream*>( m_oss )->str("");
+        m_oss->clear();
+        Singleton<StringStreams>::getMutable().release( m_index );
+    }
+
+    auto ReusableStringStream::str() const -> std::string {
+        return static_cast<std::ostringstream*>( m_oss )->str();
+    }
+
+    ///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
+
+#ifndef CATCH_CONFIG_NOSTDOUT // If you #define this you must implement these functions
+    std::ostream& cout() { return std::cout; }
+    std::ostream& cerr() { return std::cerr; }
+    std::ostream& clog() { return std::clog; }
+#endif
+}
+// end catch_stream.cpp
+// start catch_string_manip.cpp
+
+#include <algorithm>
+#include <ostream>
+#include <cstring>
+#include <cctype>
+#include <vector>
+
+namespace Catch {
+
+    namespace {
+        char toLowerCh(char c) {
+            return static_cast<char>( std::tolower( static_cast<unsigned char>(c) ) );
+        }
+    }
+
+    bool startsWith( std::string const& s, std::string const& prefix ) {
+        return s.size() >= prefix.size() && std::equal(prefix.begin(), prefix.end(), s.begin());
+    }
+    bool startsWith( std::string const& s, char prefix ) {
+        return !s.empty() && s[0] == prefix;
+    }
+    bool endsWith( std::string const& s, std::string const& suffix ) {
+        return s.size() >= suffix.size() && std::equal(suffix.rbegin(), suffix.rend(), s.rbegin());
+    }
+    bool endsWith( std::string const& s, char suffix ) {
+        return !s.empty() && s[s.size()-1] == suffix;
+    }
+    bool contains( std::string const& s, std::string const& infix ) {
+        return s.find( infix ) != std::string::npos;
+    }
+    void toLowerInPlace( std::string& s ) {
+        std::transform( s.begin(), s.end(), s.begin(), toLowerCh );
+    }
+    std::string toLower( std::string const& s ) {
+        std::string lc = s;
+        toLowerInPlace( lc );
+        return lc;
+    }
+    std::string trim( std::string const& str ) {
+        static char const* whitespaceChars = "\n\r\t ";
+        std::string::size_type start = str.find_first_not_of( whitespaceChars );
+        std::string::size_type end = str.find_last_not_of( whitespaceChars );
+
+        return start != std::string::npos ? str.substr( start, 1+end-start ) : std::string();
+    }
+
+    StringRef trim(StringRef ref) {
+        const auto is_ws = [](char c) {
+            return c == ' ' || c == '\t' || c == '\n' || c == '\r';
+        };
+        size_t real_begin = 0;
+        while (real_begin < ref.size() && is_ws(ref[real_begin])) { ++real_begin; }
+        size_t real_end = ref.size();
+        while (real_end > real_begin && is_ws(ref[real_end - 1])) { --real_end; }
+
+        return ref.substr(real_begin, real_end - real_begin);
+    }
+
+    bool replaceInPlace( std::string& str, std::string const& replaceThis, std::string const& withThis ) {
+        bool replaced = false;
+        std::size_t i = str.find( replaceThis );
+        while( i != std::string::npos ) {
+            replaced = true;
+            str = str.substr( 0, i ) + withThis + str.substr( i+replaceThis.size() );
+            if( i < str.size()-withThis.size() )
+                i = str.find( replaceThis, i+withThis.size() );
+            else
+                i = std::string::npos;
+        }
+        return replaced;
+    }
+
+    std::vector<StringRef> splitStringRef( StringRef str, char delimiter ) {
+        std::vector<StringRef> subStrings;
+        std::size_t start = 0;
+        for(std::size_t pos = 0; pos < str.size(); ++pos ) {
+            if( str[pos] == delimiter ) {
+                if( pos - start > 1 )
+                    subStrings.push_back( str.substr( start, pos-start ) );
+                start = pos+1;
+            }
+        }
+        if( start < str.size() )
+            subStrings.push_back( str.substr( start, str.size()-start ) );
+        return subStrings;
+    }
+
+    pluralise::pluralise( std::size_t count, std::string const& label )
+    :   m_count( count ),
+        m_label( label )
+    {}
+
+    std::ostream& operator << ( std::ostream& os, pluralise const& pluraliser ) {
+        os << pluraliser.m_count << ' ' << pluraliser.m_label;
+        if( pluraliser.m_count != 1 )
+            os << 's';
+        return os;
+    }
+
+}
+// end catch_string_manip.cpp
+// start catch_stringref.cpp
+
+#include <algorithm>
+#include <ostream>
+#include <cstring>
+#include <cstdint>
+
+namespace Catch {
+    StringRef::StringRef( char const* rawChars ) noexcept
+    : StringRef( rawChars, static_cast<StringRef::size_type>(std::strlen(rawChars) ) )
+    {}
+
+    auto StringRef::c_str() const -> char const* {
+        CATCH_ENFORCE(isNullTerminated(), "Called StringRef::c_str() on a non-null-terminated instance");
+        return m_start;
+    }
+    auto StringRef::data() const noexcept -> char const* {
+        return m_start;
+    }
+
+    auto StringRef::substr( size_type start, size_type size ) const noexcept -> StringRef {
+        if (start < m_size) {
+            return StringRef(m_start + start, (std::min)(m_size - start, size));
+        } else {
+            return StringRef();
+        }
+    }
+    auto StringRef::operator == ( StringRef const& other ) const noexcept -> bool {
+        return m_size == other.m_size
+            && (std::memcmp( m_start, other.m_start, m_size ) == 0);
+    }
+
+    auto operator << ( std::ostream& os, StringRef const& str ) -> std::ostream& {
+        return os.write(str.data(), str.size());
+    }
+
+    auto operator+=( std::string& lhs, StringRef const& rhs ) -> std::string& {
+        lhs.append(rhs.data(), rhs.size());
+        return lhs;
+    }
+
+} // namespace Catch
+// end catch_stringref.cpp
+// start catch_tag_alias.cpp
+
+namespace Catch {
+    TagAlias::TagAlias(std::string const & _tag, SourceLineInfo _lineInfo): tag(_tag), lineInfo(_lineInfo) {}
+}
+// end catch_tag_alias.cpp
+// start catch_tag_alias_autoregistrar.cpp
+
+namespace Catch {
+
+    RegistrarForTagAliases::RegistrarForTagAliases(char const* alias, char const* tag, SourceLineInfo const& lineInfo) {
+        CATCH_TRY {
+            getMutableRegistryHub().registerTagAlias(alias, tag, lineInfo);
+        } CATCH_CATCH_ALL {
+            // Do not throw when constructing global objects, instead register the exception to be processed later
+            getMutableRegistryHub().registerStartupException();
+        }
+    }
+
+}
+// end catch_tag_alias_autoregistrar.cpp
+// start catch_tag_alias_registry.cpp
+
+#include <sstream>
+
+namespace Catch {
+
+    TagAliasRegistry::~TagAliasRegistry() {}
+
+    TagAlias const* TagAliasRegistry::find( std::string const& alias ) const {
+        auto it = m_registry.find( alias );
+        if( it != m_registry.end() )
+            return &(it->second);
+        else
+            return nullptr;
+    }
+
+    std::string TagAliasRegistry::expandAliases( std::string const& unexpandedTestSpec ) const {
+        std::string expandedTestSpec = unexpandedTestSpec;
+        for( auto const& registryKvp : m_registry ) {
+            std::size_t pos = expandedTestSpec.find( registryKvp.first );
+            if( pos != std::string::npos ) {
+                expandedTestSpec =  expandedTestSpec.substr( 0, pos ) +
+                                    registryKvp.second.tag +
+                                    expandedTestSpec.substr( pos + registryKvp.first.size() );
+            }
+        }
+        return expandedTestSpec;
+    }
+
+    void TagAliasRegistry::add( std::string const& alias, std::string const& tag, SourceLineInfo const& lineInfo ) {
+        CATCH_ENFORCE( startsWith(alias, "[@") && endsWith(alias, ']'),
+                      "error: tag alias, '" << alias << "' is not of the form [@alias name].\n" << lineInfo );
+
+        CATCH_ENFORCE( m_registry.insert(std::make_pair(alias, TagAlias(tag, lineInfo))).second,
+                      "error: tag alias, '" << alias << "' already registered.\n"
+                      << "\tFirst seen at: " << find(alias)->lineInfo << "\n"
+                      << "\tRedefined at: " << lineInfo );
+    }
+
+    ITagAliasRegistry::~ITagAliasRegistry() {}
+
+    ITagAliasRegistry const& ITagAliasRegistry::get() {
+        return getRegistryHub().getTagAliasRegistry();
+    }
+
+} // end namespace Catch
+// end catch_tag_alias_registry.cpp
+// start catch_test_case_info.cpp
+
+#include <cctype>
+#include <exception>
+#include <algorithm>
+#include <sstream>
+
+namespace Catch {
+
+    namespace {
+        TestCaseInfo::SpecialProperties parseSpecialTag( std::string const& tag ) {
+            if( startsWith( tag, '.' ) ||
+                tag == "!hide" )
+                return TestCaseInfo::IsHidden;
+            else if( tag == "!throws" )
+                return TestCaseInfo::Throws;
+            else if( tag == "!shouldfail" )
+                return TestCaseInfo::ShouldFail;
+            else if( tag == "!mayfail" )
+                return TestCaseInfo::MayFail;
+            else if( tag == "!nonportable" )
+                return TestCaseInfo::NonPortable;
+            else if( tag == "!benchmark" )
+                return static_cast<TestCaseInfo::SpecialProperties>( TestCaseInfo::Benchmark | TestCaseInfo::IsHidden );
+            else
+                return TestCaseInfo::None;
+        }
+        bool isReservedTag( std::string const& tag ) {
+            return parseSpecialTag( tag ) == TestCaseInfo::None && tag.size() > 0 && !std::isalnum( static_cast<unsigned char>(tag[0]) );
+        }
+        void enforceNotReservedTag( std::string const& tag, SourceLineInfo const& _lineInfo ) {
+            CATCH_ENFORCE( !isReservedTag(tag),
+                          "Tag name: [" << tag << "] is not allowed.\n"
+                          << "Tag names starting with non alphanumeric characters are reserved\n"
+                          << _lineInfo );
+        }
+    }
+
+    TestCase makeTestCase(  ITestInvoker* _testCase,
+                            std::string const& _className,
+                            NameAndTags const& nameAndTags,
+                            SourceLineInfo const& _lineInfo )
+    {
+        bool isHidden = false;
+
+        // Parse out tags
+        std::vector<std::string> tags;
+        std::string desc, tag;
+        bool inTag = false;
+        for (char c : nameAndTags.tags) {
+            if( !inTag ) {
+                if( c == '[' )
+                    inTag = true;
+                else
+                    desc += c;
+            }
+            else {
+                if( c == ']' ) {
+                    TestCaseInfo::SpecialProperties prop = parseSpecialTag( tag );
+                    if( ( prop & TestCaseInfo::IsHidden ) != 0 )
+                        isHidden = true;
+                    else if( prop == TestCaseInfo::None )
+                        enforceNotReservedTag( tag, _lineInfo );
+
+                    // Merged hide tags like `[.approvals]` should be added as
+                    // `[.][approvals]`. The `[.]` is added at later point, so
+                    // we only strip the prefix
+                    if (startsWith(tag, '.') && tag.size() > 1) {
+                        tag.erase(0, 1);
+                    }
+                    tags.push_back( tag );
+                    tag.clear();
+                    inTag = false;
+                }
+                else
+                    tag += c;
+            }
+        }
+        if( isHidden ) {
+            // Add all "hidden" tags to make them behave identically
+            tags.insert( tags.end(), { ".", "!hide" } );
+        }
+
+        TestCaseInfo info( static_cast<std::string>(nameAndTags.name), _className, desc, tags, _lineInfo );
+        return TestCase( _testCase, std::move(info) );
+    }
+
+    void setTags( TestCaseInfo& testCaseInfo, std::vector<std::string> tags ) {
+        std::sort(begin(tags), end(tags));
+        tags.erase(std::unique(begin(tags), end(tags)), end(tags));
+        testCaseInfo.lcaseTags.clear();
+
+        for( auto const& tag : tags ) {
+            std::string lcaseTag = toLower( tag );
+            testCaseInfo.properties = static_cast<TestCaseInfo::SpecialProperties>( testCaseInfo.properties | parseSpecialTag( lcaseTag ) );
+            testCaseInfo.lcaseTags.push_back( lcaseTag );
+        }
+        testCaseInfo.tags = std::move(tags);
+    }
+
+    TestCaseInfo::TestCaseInfo( std::string const& _name,
+                                std::string const& _className,
+                                std::string const& _description,
+                                std::vector<std::string> const& _tags,
+                                SourceLineInfo const& _lineInfo )
+    :   name( _name ),
+        className( _className ),
+        description( _description ),
+        lineInfo( _lineInfo ),
+        properties( None )
+    {
+        setTags( *this, _tags );
+    }
+
+    bool TestCaseInfo::isHidden() const {
+        return ( properties & IsHidden ) != 0;
+    }
+    bool TestCaseInfo::throws() const {
+        return ( properties & Throws ) != 0;
+    }
+    bool TestCaseInfo::okToFail() const {
+        return ( properties & (ShouldFail | MayFail ) ) != 0;
+    }
+    bool TestCaseInfo::expectedToFail() const {
+        return ( properties & (ShouldFail ) ) != 0;
+    }
+
+    std::string TestCaseInfo::tagsAsString() const {
+        std::string ret;
+        // '[' and ']' per tag
+        std::size_t full_size = 2 * tags.size();
+        for (const auto& tag : tags) {
+            full_size += tag.size();
+        }
+        ret.reserve(full_size);
+        for (const auto& tag : tags) {
+            ret.push_back('[');
+            ret.append(tag);
+            ret.push_back(']');
+        }
+
+        return ret;
+    }
+
+    TestCase::TestCase( ITestInvoker* testCase, TestCaseInfo&& info ) : TestCaseInfo( std::move(info) ), test( testCase ) {}
+
+    TestCase TestCase::withName( std::string const& _newName ) const {
+        TestCase other( *this );
+        other.name = _newName;
+        return other;
+    }
+
+    void TestCase::invoke() const {
+        test->invoke();
+    }
+
+    bool TestCase::operator == ( TestCase const& other ) const {
+        return  test.get() == other.test.get() &&
+                name == other.name &&
+                className == other.className;
+    }
+
+    bool TestCase::operator < ( TestCase const& other ) const {
+        return name < other.name;
+    }
+
+    TestCaseInfo const& TestCase::getTestCaseInfo() const
+    {
+        return *this;
+    }
+
+} // end namespace Catch
+// end catch_test_case_info.cpp
+// start catch_test_case_registry_impl.cpp
+
+#include <algorithm>
+#include <sstream>
+
+namespace Catch {
+
+    namespace {
+        struct TestHasher {
+            using hash_t = uint64_t;
+
+            explicit TestHasher( hash_t hashSuffix ):
+                m_hashSuffix{ hashSuffix } {}
+
+            uint32_t operator()( TestCase const& t ) const {
+                // FNV-1a hash with multiplication fold.
+                const hash_t prime = 1099511628211u;
+                hash_t hash = 14695981039346656037u;
+                for ( const char c : t.name ) {
+                    hash ^= c;
+                    hash *= prime;
+                }
+                hash ^= m_hashSuffix;
+                hash *= prime;
+                const uint32_t low{ static_cast<uint32_t>( hash ) };
+                const uint32_t high{ static_cast<uint32_t>( hash >> 32 ) };
+                return low * high;
+            }
+
+        private:
+            hash_t m_hashSuffix;
+        };
+    } // end unnamed namespace
+
+    std::vector<TestCase> sortTests( IConfig const& config, std::vector<TestCase> const& unsortedTestCases ) {
+        switch( config.runOrder() ) {
+            case RunTests::InDeclarationOrder:
+                // already in declaration order
+                break;
+
+            case RunTests::InLexicographicalOrder: {
+                std::vector<TestCase> sorted = unsortedTestCases;
+                std::sort( sorted.begin(), sorted.end() );
+                return sorted;
+            }
+
+            case RunTests::InRandomOrder: {
+                seedRng( config );
+                TestHasher h{ config.rngSeed() };
+
+                using hashedTest = std::pair<TestHasher::hash_t, TestCase const*>;
+                std::vector<hashedTest> indexed_tests;
+                indexed_tests.reserve( unsortedTestCases.size() );
+
+                for (auto const& testCase : unsortedTestCases) {
+                    indexed_tests.emplace_back(h(testCase), &testCase);
+                }
+
+                std::sort(indexed_tests.begin(), indexed_tests.end(),
+                          [](hashedTest const& lhs, hashedTest const& rhs) {
+                          if (lhs.first == rhs.first) {
+                              return lhs.second->name < rhs.second->name;
+                          }
+                          return lhs.first < rhs.first;
+                });
+
+                std::vector<TestCase> sorted;
+                sorted.reserve( indexed_tests.size() );
+
+                for (auto const& hashed : indexed_tests) {
+                    sorted.emplace_back(*hashed.second);
+                }
+
+                return sorted;
+            }
+        }
+        return unsortedTestCases;
+    }
+
+    bool isThrowSafe( TestCase const& testCase, IConfig const& config ) {
+        return !testCase.throws() || config.allowThrows();
+    }
+
+    bool matchTest( TestCase const& testCase, TestSpec const& testSpec, IConfig const& config ) {
+        return testSpec.matches( testCase ) && isThrowSafe( testCase, config );
+    }
+
+    void enforceNoDuplicateTestCases( std::vector<TestCase> const& functions ) {
+        std::set<TestCase> seenFunctions;
+        for( auto const& function : functions ) {
+            auto prev = seenFunctions.insert( function );
+            CATCH_ENFORCE( prev.second,
+                    "error: TEST_CASE( \"" << function.name << "\" ) already defined.\n"
+                    << "\tFirst seen at " << prev.first->getTestCaseInfo().lineInfo << "\n"
+                    << "\tRedefined at " << function.getTestCaseInfo().lineInfo );
+        }
+    }
+
+    std::vector<TestCase> filterTests( std::vector<TestCase> const& testCases, TestSpec const& testSpec, IConfig const& config ) {
+        std::vector<TestCase> filtered;
+        filtered.reserve( testCases.size() );
+        for (auto const& testCase : testCases) {
+            if ((!testSpec.hasFilters() && !testCase.isHidden()) ||
+                (testSpec.hasFilters() && matchTest(testCase, testSpec, config))) {
+                filtered.push_back(testCase);
+            }
+        }
+        return filtered;
+    }
+    std::vector<TestCase> const& getAllTestCasesSorted( IConfig const& config ) {
+        return getRegistryHub().getTestCaseRegistry().getAllTestsSorted( config );
+    }
+
+    void TestRegistry::registerTest( TestCase const& testCase ) {
+        std::string name = testCase.getTestCaseInfo().name;
+        if( name.empty() ) {
+            ReusableStringStream rss;
+            rss << "Anonymous test case " << ++m_unnamedCount;
+            return registerTest( testCase.withName( rss.str() ) );
+        }
+        m_functions.push_back( testCase );
+    }
+
+    std::vector<TestCase> const& TestRegistry::getAllTests() const {
+        return m_functions;
+    }
+    std::vector<TestCase> const& TestRegistry::getAllTestsSorted( IConfig const& config ) const {
+        if( m_sortedFunctions.empty() )
+            enforceNoDuplicateTestCases( m_functions );
+
+        if(  m_currentSortOrder != config.runOrder() || m_sortedFunctions.empty() ) {
+            m_sortedFunctions = sortTests( config, m_functions );
+            m_currentSortOrder = config.runOrder();
+        }
+        return m_sortedFunctions;
+    }
+
+    ///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
+    TestInvokerAsFunction::TestInvokerAsFunction( void(*testAsFunction)() ) noexcept : m_testAsFunction( testAsFunction ) {}
+
+    void TestInvokerAsFunction::invoke() const {
+        m_testAsFunction();
+    }
+
+    std::string extractClassName( StringRef const& classOrQualifiedMethodName ) {
+        std::string className(classOrQualifiedMethodName);
+        if( startsWith( className, '&' ) )
+        {
+            std::size_t lastColons = className.rfind( "::" );
+            std::size_t penultimateColons = className.rfind( "::", lastColons-1 );
+            if( penultimateColons == std::string::npos )
+                penultimateColons = 1;
+            className = className.substr( penultimateColons, lastColons-penultimateColons );
+        }
+        return className;
+    }
+
+} // end namespace Catch
+// end catch_test_case_registry_impl.cpp
+// start catch_test_case_tracker.cpp
+
+#include <algorithm>
+#include <cassert>
+#include <stdexcept>
+#include <memory>
+#include <sstream>
+
+#if defined(__clang__)
+#    pragma clang diagnostic push
+#    pragma clang diagnostic ignored "-Wexit-time-destructors"
+#endif
+
+namespace Catch {
+namespace TestCaseTracking {
+
+    NameAndLocation::NameAndLocation( std::string const& _name, SourceLineInfo const& _location )
+    :   name( _name ),
+        location( _location )
+    {}
+
+    ITracker::~ITracker() = default;
+
+    ITracker& TrackerContext::startRun() {
+        m_rootTracker = std::make_shared<SectionTracker>( NameAndLocation( "{root}", CATCH_INTERNAL_LINEINFO ), *this, nullptr );
+        m_currentTracker = nullptr;
+        m_runState = Executing;
+        return *m_rootTracker;
+    }
+
+    void TrackerContext::endRun() {
+        m_rootTracker.reset();
+        m_currentTracker = nullptr;
+        m_runState = NotStarted;
+    }
+
+    void TrackerContext::startCycle() {
+        m_currentTracker = m_rootTracker.get();
+        m_runState = Executing;
+    }
+    void TrackerContext::completeCycle() {
+        m_runState = CompletedCycle;
+    }
+
+    bool TrackerContext::completedCycle() const {
+        return m_runState == CompletedCycle;
+    }
+    ITracker& TrackerContext::currentTracker() {
+        return *m_currentTracker;
+    }
+    void TrackerContext::setCurrentTracker( ITracker* tracker ) {
+        m_currentTracker = tracker;
+    }
+
+    TrackerBase::TrackerBase( NameAndLocation const& nameAndLocation, TrackerContext& ctx, ITracker* parent ):
+        ITracker(nameAndLocation),
+        m_ctx( ctx ),
+        m_parent( parent )
+    {}
+
+    bool TrackerBase::isComplete() const {
+        return m_runState == CompletedSuccessfully || m_runState == Failed;
+    }
+    bool TrackerBase::isSuccessfullyCompleted() const {
+        return m_runState == CompletedSuccessfully;
+    }
+    bool TrackerBase::isOpen() const {
+        return m_runState != NotStarted && !isComplete();
+    }
+    bool TrackerBase::hasChildren() const {
+        return !m_children.empty();
+    }
+
+    void TrackerBase::addChild( ITrackerPtr const& child ) {
+        m_children.push_back( child );
+    }
+
+    ITrackerPtr TrackerBase::findChild( NameAndLocation const& nameAndLocation ) {
+        auto it = std::find_if( m_children.begin(), m_children.end(),
+            [&nameAndLocation]( ITrackerPtr const& tracker ){
+                return
+                    tracker->nameAndLocation().location == nameAndLocation.location &&
+                    tracker->nameAndLocation().name == nameAndLocation.name;
+            } );
+        return( it != m_children.end() )
+            ? *it
+            : nullptr;
+    }
+    ITracker& TrackerBase::parent() {
+        assert( m_parent ); // Should always be non-null except for root
+        return *m_parent;
+    }
+
+    void TrackerBase::openChild() {
+        if( m_runState != ExecutingChildren ) {
+            m_runState = ExecutingChildren;
+            if( m_parent )
+                m_parent->openChild();
+        }
+    }
+
+    bool TrackerBase::isSectionTracker() const { return false; }
+    bool TrackerBase::isGeneratorTracker() const { return false; }
+
+    void TrackerBase::open() {
+        m_runState = Executing;
+        moveToThis();
+        if( m_parent )
+            m_parent->openChild();
+    }
+
+    void TrackerBase::close() {
+
+        // Close any still open children (e.g. generators)
+        while( &m_ctx.currentTracker() != this )
+            m_ctx.currentTracker().close();
+
+        switch( m_runState ) {
+            case NeedsAnotherRun:
+                break;
+
+            case Executing:
+                m_runState = CompletedSuccessfully;
+                break;
+            case ExecutingChildren:
+                if( std::all_of(m_children.begin(), m_children.end(), [](ITrackerPtr const& t){ return t->isComplete(); }) )
+                    m_runState = CompletedSuccessfully;
+                break;
+
+            case NotStarted:
+            case CompletedSuccessfully:
+            case Failed:
+                CATCH_INTERNAL_ERROR( "Illogical state: " << m_runState );
+
+            default:
+                CATCH_INTERNAL_ERROR( "Unknown state: " << m_runState );
+        }
+        moveToParent();
+        m_ctx.completeCycle();
+    }
+    void TrackerBase::fail() {
+        m_runState = Failed;
+        if( m_parent )
+            m_parent->markAsNeedingAnotherRun();
+        moveToParent();
+        m_ctx.completeCycle();
+    }
+    void TrackerBase::markAsNeedingAnotherRun() {
+        m_runState = NeedsAnotherRun;
+    }
+
+    void TrackerBase::moveToParent() {
+        assert( m_parent );
+        m_ctx.setCurrentTracker( m_parent );
+    }
+    void TrackerBase::moveToThis() {
+        m_ctx.setCurrentTracker( this );
+    }
+
+    SectionTracker::SectionTracker( NameAndLocation const& nameAndLocation, TrackerContext& ctx, ITracker* parent )
+    :   TrackerBase( nameAndLocation, ctx, parent ),
+        m_trimmed_name(trim(nameAndLocation.name))
+    {
+        if( parent ) {
+            while( !parent->isSectionTracker() )
+                parent = &parent->parent();
+
+            SectionTracker& parentSection = static_cast<SectionTracker&>( *parent );
+            addNextFilters( parentSection.m_filters );
+        }
+    }
+
+    bool SectionTracker::isComplete() const {
+        bool complete = true;
+
+        if (m_filters.empty()
+            || m_filters[0] == ""
+            || std::find(m_filters.begin(), m_filters.end(), m_trimmed_name) != m_filters.end()) {
+            complete = TrackerBase::isComplete();
+        }
+        return complete;
+    }
+
+    bool SectionTracker::isSectionTracker() const { return true; }
+
+    SectionTracker& SectionTracker::acquire( TrackerContext& ctx, NameAndLocation const& nameAndLocation ) {
+        std::shared_ptr<SectionTracker> section;
+
+        ITracker& currentTracker = ctx.currentTracker();
+        if( ITrackerPtr childTracker = currentTracker.findChild( nameAndLocation ) ) {
+            assert( childTracker );
+            assert( childTracker->isSectionTracker() );
+            section = std::static_pointer_cast<SectionTracker>( childTracker );
+        }
+        else {
+            section = std::make_shared<SectionTracker>( nameAndLocation, ctx, &currentTracker );
+            currentTracker.addChild( section );
+        }
+        if( !ctx.completedCycle() )
+            section->tryOpen();
+        return *section;
+    }
+
+    void SectionTracker::tryOpen() {
+        if( !isComplete() )
+            open();
+    }
+
+    void SectionTracker::addInitialFilters( std::vector<std::string> const& filters ) {
+        if( !filters.empty() ) {
+            m_filters.reserve( m_filters.size() + filters.size() + 2 );
+            m_filters.emplace_back(""); // Root - should never be consulted
+            m_filters.emplace_back(""); // Test Case - not a section filter
+            m_filters.insert( m_filters.end(), filters.begin(), filters.end() );
+        }
+    }
+    void SectionTracker::addNextFilters( std::vector<std::string> const& filters ) {
+        if( filters.size() > 1 )
+            m_filters.insert( m_filters.end(), filters.begin()+1, filters.end() );
+    }
+
+    std::vector<std::string> const& SectionTracker::getFilters() const {
+        return m_filters;
+    }
+
+    std::string const& SectionTracker::trimmedName() const {
+        return m_trimmed_name;
+    }
+
+} // namespace TestCaseTracking
+
+using TestCaseTracking::ITracker;
+using TestCaseTracking::TrackerContext;
+using TestCaseTracking::SectionTracker;
+
+} // namespace Catch
+
+#if defined(__clang__)
+#    pragma clang diagnostic pop
+#endif
+// end catch_test_case_tracker.cpp
+// start catch_test_registry.cpp
+
+namespace Catch {
+
+    auto makeTestInvoker( void(*testAsFunction)() ) noexcept -> ITestInvoker* {
+        return new(std::nothrow) TestInvokerAsFunction( testAsFunction );
+    }
+
+    NameAndTags::NameAndTags( StringRef const& name_ , StringRef const& tags_ ) noexcept : name( name_ ), tags( tags_ ) {}
+
+    AutoReg::AutoReg( ITestInvoker* invoker, SourceLineInfo const& lineInfo, StringRef const& classOrMethod, NameAndTags const& nameAndTags ) noexcept {
+        CATCH_TRY {
+            getMutableRegistryHub()
+                    .registerTest(
+                        makeTestCase(
+                            invoker,
+                            extractClassName( classOrMethod ),
+                            nameAndTags,
+                            lineInfo));
+        } CATCH_CATCH_ALL {
+            // Do not throw when constructing global objects, instead register the exception to be processed later
+            getMutableRegistryHub().registerStartupException();
+        }
+    }
+
+    AutoReg::~AutoReg() = default;
+}
+// end catch_test_registry.cpp
+// start catch_test_spec.cpp
+
+#include <algorithm>
+#include <string>
+#include <vector>
+#include <memory>
+
+namespace Catch {
+
+    TestSpec::Pattern::Pattern( std::string const& name )
+    : m_name( name )
+    {}
+
+    TestSpec::Pattern::~Pattern() = default;
+
+    std::string const& TestSpec::Pattern::name() const {
+        return m_name;
+    }
+
+    TestSpec::NamePattern::NamePattern( std::string const& name, std::string const& filterString )
+    : Pattern( filterString )
+    , m_wildcardPattern( toLower( name ), CaseSensitive::No )
+    {}
+
+    bool TestSpec::NamePattern::matches( TestCaseInfo const& testCase ) const {
+        return m_wildcardPattern.matches( testCase.name );
+    }
+
+    TestSpec::TagPattern::TagPattern( std::string const& tag, std::string const& filterString )
+    : Pattern( filterString )
+    , m_tag( toLower( tag ) )
+    {}
+
+    bool TestSpec::TagPattern::matches( TestCaseInfo const& testCase ) const {
+        return std::find(begin(testCase.lcaseTags),
+                         end(testCase.lcaseTags),
+                         m_tag) != end(testCase.lcaseTags);
+    }
+
+    TestSpec::ExcludedPattern::ExcludedPattern( PatternPtr const& underlyingPattern )
+    : Pattern( underlyingPattern->name() )
+    , m_underlyingPattern( underlyingPattern )
+    {}
+
+    bool TestSpec::ExcludedPattern::matches( TestCaseInfo const& testCase ) const {
+        return !m_underlyingPattern->matches( testCase );
+    }
+
+    bool TestSpec::Filter::matches( TestCaseInfo const& testCase ) const {
+        return std::all_of( m_patterns.begin(), m_patterns.end(), [&]( PatternPtr const& p ){ return p->matches( testCase ); } );
+    }
+
+    std::string TestSpec::Filter::name() const {
+        std::string name;
+        for( auto const& p : m_patterns )
+            name += p->name();
+        return name;
+    }
+
+    bool TestSpec::hasFilters() const {
+        return !m_filters.empty();
+    }
+
+    bool TestSpec::matches( TestCaseInfo const& testCase ) const {
+        return std::any_of( m_filters.begin(), m_filters.end(), [&]( Filter const& f ){ return f.matches( testCase ); } );
+    }
+
+    TestSpec::Matches TestSpec::matchesByFilter( std::vector<TestCase> const& testCases, IConfig const& config ) const
+    {
+        Matches matches( m_filters.size() );
+        std::transform( m_filters.begin(), m_filters.end(), matches.begin(), [&]( Filter const& filter ){
+            std::vector<TestCase const*> currentMatches;
+            for( auto const& test : testCases )
+                if( isThrowSafe( test, config ) && filter.matches( test ) )
+                    currentMatches.emplace_back( &test );
+            return FilterMatch{ filter.name(), currentMatches };
+        } );
+        return matches;
+    }
+
+    const TestSpec::vectorStrings& TestSpec::getInvalidArgs() const{
+        return  (m_invalidArgs);
+    }
+
+}
+// end catch_test_spec.cpp
+// start catch_test_spec_parser.cpp
+
+namespace Catch {
+
+    TestSpecParser::TestSpecParser( ITagAliasRegistry const& tagAliases ) : m_tagAliases( &tagAliases ) {}
+
+    TestSpecParser& TestSpecParser::parse( std::string const& arg ) {
+        m_mode = None;
+        m_exclusion = false;
+        m_arg = m_tagAliases->expandAliases( arg );
+        m_escapeChars.clear();
+        m_substring.reserve(m_arg.size());
+        m_patternName.reserve(m_arg.size());
+        m_realPatternPos = 0;
+
+        for( m_pos = 0; m_pos < m_arg.size(); ++m_pos )
+          //if visitChar fails
+           if( !visitChar( m_arg[m_pos] ) ){
+               m_testSpec.m_invalidArgs.push_back(arg);
+               break;
+           }
+        endMode();
+        return *this;
+    }
+    TestSpec TestSpecParser::testSpec() {
+        addFilter();
+        return m_testSpec;
+    }
+    bool TestSpecParser::visitChar( char c ) {
+        if( (m_mode != EscapedName) && (c == '\\') ) {
+            escape();
+            addCharToPattern(c);
+            return true;
+        }else if((m_mode != EscapedName) && (c == ',') )  {
+            return separate();
+        }
+
+        switch( m_mode ) {
+        case None:
+            if( processNoneChar( c ) )
+                return true;
+            break;
+        case Name:
+            processNameChar( c );
+            break;
+        case EscapedName:
+            endMode();
+            addCharToPattern(c);
+            return true;
+        default:
+        case Tag:
+        case QuotedName:
+            if( processOtherChar( c ) )
+                return true;
+            break;
+        }
+
+        m_substring += c;
+        if( !isControlChar( c ) ) {
+            m_patternName += c;
+            m_realPatternPos++;
+        }
+        return true;
+    }
+    // Two of the processing methods return true to signal the caller to return
+    // without adding the given character to the current pattern strings
+    bool TestSpecParser::processNoneChar( char c ) {
+        switch( c ) {
+        case ' ':
+            return true;
+        case '~':
+            m_exclusion = true;
+            return false;
+        case '[':
+            startNewMode( Tag );
+            return false;
+        case '"':
+            startNewMode( QuotedName );
+            return false;
+        default:
+            startNewMode( Name );
+            return false;
+        }
+    }
+    void TestSpecParser::processNameChar( char c ) {
+        if( c == '[' ) {
+            if( m_substring == "exclude:" )
+                m_exclusion = true;
+            else
+                endMode();
+            startNewMode( Tag );
+        }
+    }
+    bool TestSpecParser::processOtherChar( char c ) {
+        if( !isControlChar( c ) )
+            return false;
+        m_substring += c;
+        endMode();
+        return true;
+    }
+    void TestSpecParser::startNewMode( Mode mode ) {
+        m_mode = mode;
+    }
+    void TestSpecParser::endMode() {
+        switch( m_mode ) {
+        case Name:
+        case QuotedName:
+            return addNamePattern();
+        case Tag:
+            return addTagPattern();
+        case EscapedName:
+            revertBackToLastMode();
+            return;
+        case None:
+        default:
+            return startNewMode( None );
+        }
+    }
+    void TestSpecParser::escape() {
+        saveLastMode();
+        m_mode = EscapedName;
+        m_escapeChars.push_back(m_realPatternPos);
+    }
+    bool TestSpecParser::isControlChar( char c ) const {
+        switch( m_mode ) {
+            default:
+                return false;
+            case None:
+                return c == '~';
+            case Name:
+                return c == '[';
+            case EscapedName:
+                return true;
+            case QuotedName:
+                return c == '"';
+            case Tag:
+                return c == '[' || c == ']';
+        }
+    }
+
+    void TestSpecParser::addFilter() {
+        if( !m_currentFilter.m_patterns.empty() ) {
+            m_testSpec.m_filters.push_back( m_currentFilter );
+            m_currentFilter = TestSpec::Filter();
+        }
+    }
+
+    void TestSpecParser::saveLastMode() {
+      lastMode = m_mode;
+    }
+
+    void TestSpecParser::revertBackToLastMode() {
+      m_mode = lastMode;
+    }
+
+    bool TestSpecParser::separate() {
+      if( (m_mode==QuotedName) || (m_mode==Tag) ){
+         //invalid argument, signal failure to previous scope.
+         m_mode = None;
+         m_pos = m_arg.size();
+         m_substring.clear();
+         m_patternName.clear();
+         m_realPatternPos = 0;
+         return false;
+      }
+      endMode();
+      addFilter();
+      return true; //success
+    }
+
+    std::string TestSpecParser::preprocessPattern() {
+        std::string token = m_patternName;
+        for (std::size_t i = 0; i < m_escapeChars.size(); ++i)
+            token = token.substr(0, m_escapeChars[i] - i) + token.substr(m_escapeChars[i] - i + 1);
+        m_escapeChars.clear();
+        if (startsWith(token, "exclude:")) {
+            m_exclusion = true;
+            token = token.substr(8);
+        }
+
+        m_patternName.clear();
+        m_realPatternPos = 0;
+
+        return token;
+    }
+
+    void TestSpecParser::addNamePattern() {
+        auto token = preprocessPattern();
+
+        if (!token.empty()) {
+            TestSpec::PatternPtr pattern = std::make_shared<TestSpec::NamePattern>(token, m_substring);
+            if (m_exclusion)
+                pattern = std::make_shared<TestSpec::ExcludedPattern>(pattern);
+            m_currentFilter.m_patterns.push_back(pattern);
+        }
+        m_substring.clear();
+        m_exclusion = false;
+        m_mode = None;
+    }
+
+    void TestSpecParser::addTagPattern() {
+        auto token = preprocessPattern();
+
+        if (!token.empty()) {
+            // If the tag pattern is the "hide and tag" shorthand (e.g. [.foo])
+            // we have to create a separate hide tag and shorten the real one
+            if (token.size() > 1 && token[0] == '.') {
+                token.erase(token.begin());
+                TestSpec::PatternPtr pattern = std::make_shared<TestSpec::TagPattern>(".", m_substring);
+                if (m_exclusion) {
+                    pattern = std::make_shared<TestSpec::ExcludedPattern>(pattern);
+                }
+                m_currentFilter.m_patterns.push_back(pattern);
+            }
+
+            TestSpec::PatternPtr pattern = std::make_shared<TestSpec::TagPattern>(token, m_substring);
+
+            if (m_exclusion) {
+                pattern = std::make_shared<TestSpec::ExcludedPattern>(pattern);
+            }
+            m_currentFilter.m_patterns.push_back(pattern);
+        }
+        m_substring.clear();
+        m_exclusion = false;
+        m_mode = None;
+    }
+
+    TestSpec parseTestSpec( std::string const& arg ) {
+        return TestSpecParser( ITagAliasRegistry::get() ).parse( arg ).testSpec();
+    }
+
+} // namespace Catch
+// end catch_test_spec_parser.cpp
+// start catch_timer.cpp
+
+#include <chrono>
+
+static const uint64_t nanosecondsInSecond = 1000000000;
+
+namespace Catch {
+
+    auto getCurrentNanosecondsSinceEpoch() -> uint64_t {
+        return std::chrono::duration_cast<std::chrono::nanoseconds>( std::chrono::high_resolution_clock::now().time_since_epoch() ).count();
+    }
+
+    namespace {
+        auto estimateClockResolution() -> uint64_t {
+            uint64_t sum = 0;
+            static const uint64_t iterations = 1000000;
+
+            auto startTime = getCurrentNanosecondsSinceEpoch();
+
+            for( std::size_t i = 0; i < iterations; ++i ) {
+
+                uint64_t ticks;
+                uint64_t baseTicks = getCurrentNanosecondsSinceEpoch();
+                do {
+                    ticks = getCurrentNanosecondsSinceEpoch();
+                } while( ticks == baseTicks );
+
+                auto delta = ticks - baseTicks;
+                sum += delta;
+
+                // If we have been calibrating for over 3 seconds -- the clock
+                // is terrible and we should move on.
+                // TBD: How to signal that the measured resolution is probably wrong?
+                if (ticks > startTime + 3 * nanosecondsInSecond) {
+                    return sum / ( i + 1u );
+                }
+            }
+
+            // We're just taking the mean, here. To do better we could take the std. dev and exclude outliers
+            // - and potentially do more iterations if there's a high variance.
+            return sum/iterations;
+        }
+    }
+    auto getEstimatedClockResolution() -> uint64_t {
+        static auto s_resolution = estimateClockResolution();
+        return s_resolution;
+    }
+
+    void Timer::start() {
+       m_nanoseconds = getCurrentNanosecondsSinceEpoch();
+    }
+    auto Timer::getElapsedNanoseconds() const -> uint64_t {
+        return getCurrentNanosecondsSinceEpoch() - m_nanoseconds;
+    }
+    auto Timer::getElapsedMicroseconds() const -> uint64_t {
+        return getElapsedNanoseconds()/1000;
+    }
+    auto Timer::getElapsedMilliseconds() const -> unsigned int {
+        return static_cast<unsigned int>(getElapsedMicroseconds()/1000);
+    }
+    auto Timer::getElapsedSeconds() const -> double {
+        return getElapsedMicroseconds()/1000000.0;
+    }
+
+} // namespace Catch
+// end catch_timer.cpp
+// start catch_tostring.cpp
+
+#if defined(__clang__)
+#    pragma clang diagnostic push
+#    pragma clang diagnostic ignored "-Wexit-time-destructors"
+#    pragma clang diagnostic ignored "-Wglobal-constructors"
+#endif
+
+// Enable specific decls locally
+#if !defined(CATCH_CONFIG_ENABLE_CHRONO_STRINGMAKER)
+#define CATCH_CONFIG_ENABLE_CHRONO_STRINGMAKER
+#endif
+
+#include <cmath>
+#include <iomanip>
+
+namespace Catch {
+
+namespace Detail {
+
+    const std::string unprintableString = "{?}";
+
+    namespace {
+        const int hexThreshold = 255;
+
+        struct Endianness {
+            enum Arch { Big, Little };
+
+            static Arch which() {
+                int one = 1;
+                // If the lowest byte we read is non-zero, we can assume
+                // that little endian format is used.
+                auto value = *reinterpret_cast<char*>(&one);
+                return value ? Little : Big;
+            }
+        };
+    }
+
+    std::string rawMemoryToString( const void *object, std::size_t size ) {
+        // Reverse order for little endian architectures
+        int i = 0, end = static_cast<int>( size ), inc = 1;
+        if( Endianness::which() == Endianness::Little ) {
+            i = end-1;
+            end = inc = -1;
+        }
+
+        unsigned char const *bytes = static_cast<unsigned char const *>(object);
+        ReusableStringStream rss;
+        rss << "0x" << std::setfill('0') << std::hex;
+        for( ; i != end; i += inc )
+             rss << std::setw(2) << static_cast<unsigned>(bytes[i]);
+       return rss.str();
+    }
+}
+
+template<typename T>
+std::string fpToString( T value, int precision ) {
+    if (Catch::isnan(value)) {
+        return "nan";
+    }
+
+    ReusableStringStream rss;
+    rss << std::setprecision( precision )
+        << std::fixed
+        << value;
+    std::string d = rss.str();
+    std::size_t i = d.find_last_not_of( '0' );
+    if( i != std::string::npos && i != d.size()-1 ) {
+        if( d[i] == '.' )
+            i++;
+        d = d.substr( 0, i+1 );
+    }
+    return d;
+}
+
+//// ======================================================= ////
+//
+//   Out-of-line defs for full specialization of StringMaker
+//
+//// ======================================================= ////
+
+std::string StringMaker<std::string>::convert(const std::string& str) {
+    if (!getCurrentContext().getConfig()->showInvisibles()) {
+        return '"' + str + '"';
+    }
+
+    std::string s("\"");
+    for (char c : str) {
+        switch (c) {
+        case '\n':
+            s.append("\\n");
+            break;
+        case '\t':
+            s.append("\\t");
+            break;
+        default:
+            s.push_back(c);
+            break;
+        }
+    }
+    s.append("\"");
+    return s;
+}
+
+#ifdef CATCH_CONFIG_CPP17_STRING_VIEW
+std::string StringMaker<std::string_view>::convert(std::string_view str) {
+    return ::Catch::Detail::stringify(std::string{ str });
+}
+#endif
+
+std::string StringMaker<char const*>::convert(char const* str) {
+    if (str) {
+        return ::Catch::Detail::stringify(std::string{ str });
+    } else {
+        return{ "{null string}" };
+    }
+}
+std::string StringMaker<char*>::convert(char* str) {
+    if (str) {
+        return ::Catch::Detail::stringify(std::string{ str });
+    } else {
+        return{ "{null string}" };
+    }
+}
+
+#ifdef CATCH_CONFIG_WCHAR
+std::string StringMaker<std::wstring>::convert(const std::wstring& wstr) {
+    std::string s;
+    s.reserve(wstr.size());
+    for (auto c : wstr) {
+        s += (c <= 0xff) ? static_cast<char>(c) : '?';
+    }
+    return ::Catch::Detail::stringify(s);
+}
+
+# ifdef CATCH_CONFIG_CPP17_STRING_VIEW
+std::string StringMaker<std::wstring_view>::convert(std::wstring_view str) {
+    return StringMaker<std::wstring>::convert(std::wstring(str));
+}
+# endif
+
+std::string StringMaker<wchar_t const*>::convert(wchar_t const * str) {
+    if (str) {
+        return ::Catch::Detail::stringify(std::wstring{ str });
+    } else {
+        return{ "{null string}" };
+    }
+}
+std::string StringMaker<wchar_t *>::convert(wchar_t * str) {
+    if (str) {
+        return ::Catch::Detail::stringify(std::wstring{ str });
+    } else {
+        return{ "{null string}" };
+    }
+}
+#endif
+
+#if defined(CATCH_CONFIG_CPP17_BYTE)
+#include <cstddef>
+std::string StringMaker<std::byte>::convert(std::byte value) {
+    return ::Catch::Detail::stringify(std::to_integer<unsigned long long>(value));
+}
+#endif // defined(CATCH_CONFIG_CPP17_BYTE)
+
+std::string StringMaker<int>::convert(int value) {
+    return ::Catch::Detail::stringify(static_cast<long long>(value));
+}
+std::string StringMaker<long>::convert(long value) {
+    return ::Catch::Detail::stringify(static_cast<long long>(value));
+}
+std::string StringMaker<long long>::convert(long long value) {
+    ReusableStringStream rss;
+    rss << value;
+    if (value > Detail::hexThreshold) {
+        rss << " (0x" << std::hex << value << ')';
+    }
+    return rss.str();
+}
+
+std::string StringMaker<unsigned int>::convert(unsigned int value) {
+    return ::Catch::Detail::stringify(static_cast<unsigned long long>(value));
+}
+std::string StringMaker<unsigned long>::convert(unsigned long value) {
+    return ::Catch::Detail::stringify(static_cast<unsigned long long>(value));
+}
+std::string StringMaker<unsigned long long>::convert(unsigned long long value) {
+    ReusableStringStream rss;
+    rss << value;
+    if (value > Detail::hexThreshold) {
+        rss << " (0x" << std::hex << value << ')';
+    }
+    return rss.str();
+}
+
+std::string StringMaker<bool>::convert(bool b) {
+    return b ? "true" : "false";
+}
+
+std::string StringMaker<signed char>::convert(signed char value) {
+    if (value == '\r') {
+        return "'\\r'";
+    } else if (value == '\f') {
+        return "'\\f'";
+    } else if (value == '\n') {
+        return "'\\n'";
+    } else if (value == '\t') {
+        return "'\\t'";
+    } else if ('\0' <= value && value < ' ') {
+        return ::Catch::Detail::stringify(static_cast<unsigned int>(value));
+    } else {
+        char chstr[] = "' '";
+        chstr[1] = value;
+        return chstr;
+    }
+}
+std::string StringMaker<char>::convert(char c) {
+    return ::Catch::Detail::stringify(static_cast<signed char>(c));
+}
+std::string StringMaker<unsigned char>::convert(unsigned char c) {
+    return ::Catch::Detail::stringify(static_cast<char>(c));
+}
+
+std::string StringMaker<std::nullptr_t>::convert(std::nullptr_t) {
+    return "nullptr";
+}
+
+int StringMaker<float>::precision = 5;
+
+std::string StringMaker<float>::convert(float value) {
+    return fpToString(value, precision) + 'f';
+}
+
+int StringMaker<double>::precision = 10;
+
+std::string StringMaker<double>::convert(double value) {
+    return fpToString(value, precision);
+}
+
+std::string ratio_string<std::atto>::symbol() { return "a"; }
+std::string ratio_string<std::femto>::symbol() { return "f"; }
+std::string ratio_string<std::pico>::symbol() { return "p"; }
+std::string ratio_string<std::nano>::symbol() { return "n"; }
+std::string ratio_string<std::micro>::symbol() { return "u"; }
+std::string ratio_string<std::milli>::symbol() { return "m"; }
+
+} // end namespace Catch
+
+#if defined(__clang__)
+#    pragma clang diagnostic pop
+#endif
+
+// end catch_tostring.cpp
+// start catch_totals.cpp
+
+namespace Catch {
+
+    Counts Counts::operator - ( Counts const& other ) const {
+        Counts diff;
+        diff.passed = passed - other.passed;
+        diff.failed = failed - other.failed;
+        diff.failedButOk = failedButOk - other.failedButOk;
+        return diff;
+    }
+
+    Counts& Counts::operator += ( Counts const& other ) {
+        passed += other.passed;
+        failed += other.failed;
+        failedButOk += other.failedButOk;
+        return *this;
+    }
+
+    std::size_t Counts::total() const {
+        return passed + failed + failedButOk;
+    }
+    bool Counts::allPassed() const {
+        return failed == 0 && failedButOk == 0;
+    }
+    bool Counts::allOk() const {
+        return failed == 0;
+    }
+
+    Totals Totals::operator - ( Totals const& other ) const {
+        Totals diff;
+        diff.assertions = assertions - other.assertions;
+        diff.testCases = testCases - other.testCases;
+        return diff;
+    }
+
+    Totals& Totals::operator += ( Totals const& other ) {
+        assertions += other.assertions;
+        testCases += other.testCases;
+        return *this;
+    }
+
+    Totals Totals::delta( Totals const& prevTotals ) const {
+        Totals diff = *this - prevTotals;
+        if( diff.assertions.failed > 0 )
+            ++diff.testCases.failed;
+        else if( diff.assertions.failedButOk > 0 )
+            ++diff.testCases.failedButOk;
+        else
+            ++diff.testCases.passed;
+        return diff;
+    }
+
+}
+// end catch_totals.cpp
+// start catch_uncaught_exceptions.cpp
+
+// start catch_config_uncaught_exceptions.hpp
+
+//              Copyright Catch2 Authors
+// Distributed under the Boost Software License, Version 1.0.
+//   (See accompanying file LICENSE_1_0.txt or copy at
+//        https://www.boost.org/LICENSE_1_0.txt)
+
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: BSL-1.0
+
+#ifndef CATCH_CONFIG_UNCAUGHT_EXCEPTIONS_HPP
+#define CATCH_CONFIG_UNCAUGHT_EXCEPTIONS_HPP
+
+#if defined(_MSC_VER)
+#  if _MSC_VER >= 1900 // Visual Studio 2015 or newer
+#    define CATCH_INTERNAL_CONFIG_CPP17_UNCAUGHT_EXCEPTIONS
+#  endif
+#endif
+
+#include <exception>
+
+#if defined(__cpp_lib_uncaught_exceptions) \
+    && !defined(CATCH_INTERNAL_CONFIG_CPP17_UNCAUGHT_EXCEPTIONS)
+
+#  define CATCH_INTERNAL_CONFIG_CPP17_UNCAUGHT_EXCEPTIONS
+#endif // __cpp_lib_uncaught_exceptions
+
+#if defined(CATCH_INTERNAL_CONFIG_CPP17_UNCAUGHT_EXCEPTIONS) \
+    && !defined(CATCH_CONFIG_NO_CPP17_UNCAUGHT_EXCEPTIONS) \
+    && !defined(CATCH_CONFIG_CPP17_UNCAUGHT_EXCEPTIONS)
+
+#  define CATCH_CONFIG_CPP17_UNCAUGHT_EXCEPTIONS
+#endif
+
+#endif // CATCH_CONFIG_UNCAUGHT_EXCEPTIONS_HPP
+// end catch_config_uncaught_exceptions.hpp
+#include <exception>
+
+namespace Catch {
+    bool uncaught_exceptions() {
+#if defined(CATCH_CONFIG_DISABLE_EXCEPTIONS)
+        return false;
+#elif defined(CATCH_CONFIG_CPP17_UNCAUGHT_EXCEPTIONS)
+        return std::uncaught_exceptions() > 0;
+#else
+        return std::uncaught_exception();
+#endif
+  }
+} // end namespace Catch
+// end catch_uncaught_exceptions.cpp
+// start catch_version.cpp
+
+#include <ostream>
+
+namespace Catch {
+
+    Version::Version
+        (   unsigned int _majorVersion,
+            unsigned int _minorVersion,
+            unsigned int _patchNumber,
+            char const * const _branchName,
+            unsigned int _buildNumber )
+    :   majorVersion( _majorVersion ),
+        minorVersion( _minorVersion ),
+        patchNumber( _patchNumber ),
+        branchName( _branchName ),
+        buildNumber( _buildNumber )
+    {}
+
+    std::ostream& operator << ( std::ostream& os, Version const& version ) {
+        os  << version.majorVersion << '.'
+            << version.minorVersion << '.'
+            << version.patchNumber;
+        // branchName is never null -> 0th char is \0 if it is empty
+        if (version.branchName[0]) {
+            os << '-' << version.branchName
+               << '.' << version.buildNumber;
+        }
+        return os;
+    }
+
+    Version const& libraryVersion() {
+        static Version version( 2, 13, 7, "", 0 );
+        return version;
+    }
+
+}
+// end catch_version.cpp
+// start catch_wildcard_pattern.cpp
+
+namespace Catch {
+
+    WildcardPattern::WildcardPattern( std::string const& pattern,
+                                      CaseSensitive::Choice caseSensitivity )
+    :   m_caseSensitivity( caseSensitivity ),
+        m_pattern( normaliseString( pattern ) )
+    {
+        if( startsWith( m_pattern, '*' ) ) {
+            m_pattern = m_pattern.substr( 1 );
+            m_wildcard = WildcardAtStart;
+        }
+        if( endsWith( m_pattern, '*' ) ) {
+            m_pattern = m_pattern.substr( 0, m_pattern.size()-1 );
+            m_wildcard = static_cast<WildcardPosition>( m_wildcard | WildcardAtEnd );
+        }
+    }
+
+    bool WildcardPattern::matches( std::string const& str ) const {
+        switch( m_wildcard ) {
+            case NoWildcard:
+                return m_pattern == normaliseString( str );
+            case WildcardAtStart:
+                return endsWith( normaliseString( str ), m_pattern );
+            case WildcardAtEnd:
+                return startsWith( normaliseString( str ), m_pattern );
+            case WildcardAtBothEnds:
+                return contains( normaliseString( str ), m_pattern );
+            default:
+                CATCH_INTERNAL_ERROR( "Unknown enum" );
+        }
+    }
+
+    std::string WildcardPattern::normaliseString( std::string const& str ) const {
+        return trim( m_caseSensitivity == CaseSensitive::No ? toLower( str ) : str );
+    }
+}
+// end catch_wildcard_pattern.cpp
+// start catch_xmlwriter.cpp
+
+#include <iomanip>
+#include <type_traits>
+
+namespace Catch {
+
+namespace {
+
+    size_t trailingBytes(unsigned char c) {
+        if ((c & 0xE0) == 0xC0) {
+            return 2;
+        }
+        if ((c & 0xF0) == 0xE0) {
+            return 3;
+        }
+        if ((c & 0xF8) == 0xF0) {
+            return 4;
+        }
+        CATCH_INTERNAL_ERROR("Invalid multibyte utf-8 start byte encountered");
+    }
+
+    uint32_t headerValue(unsigned char c) {
+        if ((c & 0xE0) == 0xC0) {
+            return c & 0x1F;
+        }
+        if ((c & 0xF0) == 0xE0) {
+            return c & 0x0F;
+        }
+        if ((c & 0xF8) == 0xF0) {
+            return c & 0x07;
+        }
+        CATCH_INTERNAL_ERROR("Invalid multibyte utf-8 start byte encountered");
+    }
+
+    void hexEscapeChar(std::ostream& os, unsigned char c) {
+        std::ios_base::fmtflags f(os.flags());
+        os << "\\x"
+            << std::uppercase << std::hex << std::setfill('0') << std::setw(2)
+            << static_cast<int>(c);
+        os.flags(f);
+    }
+
+    bool shouldNewline(XmlFormatting fmt) {
+        return !!(static_cast<std::underlying_type<XmlFormatting>::type>(fmt & XmlFormatting::Newline));
+    }
+
+    bool shouldIndent(XmlFormatting fmt) {
+        return !!(static_cast<std::underlying_type<XmlFormatting>::type>(fmt & XmlFormatting::Indent));
+    }
+
+} // anonymous namespace
+
+    XmlFormatting operator | (XmlFormatting lhs, XmlFormatting rhs) {
+        return static_cast<XmlFormatting>(
+            static_cast<std::underlying_type<XmlFormatting>::type>(lhs) |
+            static_cast<std::underlying_type<XmlFormatting>::type>(rhs)
+        );
+    }
+
+    XmlFormatting operator & (XmlFormatting lhs, XmlFormatting rhs) {
+        return static_cast<XmlFormatting>(
+            static_cast<std::underlying_type<XmlFormatting>::type>(lhs) &
+            static_cast<std::underlying_type<XmlFormatting>::type>(rhs)
+        );
+    }
+
+    XmlEncode::XmlEncode( std::string const& str, ForWhat forWhat )
+    :   m_str( str ),
+        m_forWhat( forWhat )
+    {}
+
+    void XmlEncode::encodeTo( std::ostream& os ) const {
+        // Apostrophe escaping not necessary if we always use " to write attributes
+        // (see: http://www.w3.org/TR/xml/#syntax)
+
+        for( std::size_t idx = 0; idx < m_str.size(); ++ idx ) {
+            unsigned char c = m_str[idx];
+            switch (c) {
+            case '<':   os << "&lt;"; break;
+            case '&':   os << "&amp;"; break;
+
+            case '>':
+                // See: http://www.w3.org/TR/xml/#syntax
+                if (idx > 2 && m_str[idx - 1] == ']' && m_str[idx - 2] == ']')
+                    os << "&gt;";
+                else
+                    os << c;
+                break;
+
+            case '\"':
+                if (m_forWhat == ForAttributes)
+                    os << "&quot;";
+                else
+                    os << c;
+                break;
+
+            default:
+                // Check for control characters and invalid utf-8
+
+                // Escape control characters in standard ascii
+                // see http://stackoverflow.com/questions/404107/why-are-control-characters-illegal-in-xml-1-0
+                if (c < 0x09 || (c > 0x0D && c < 0x20) || c == 0x7F) {
+                    hexEscapeChar(os, c);
+                    break;
+                }
+
+                // Plain ASCII: Write it to stream
+                if (c < 0x7F) {
+                    os << c;
+                    break;
+                }
+
+                // UTF-8 territory
+                // Check if the encoding is valid and if it is not, hex escape bytes.
+                // Important: We do not check the exact decoded values for validity, only the encoding format
+                // First check that this bytes is a valid lead byte:
+                // This means that it is not encoded as 1111 1XXX
+                // Or as 10XX XXXX
+                if (c <  0xC0 ||
+                    c >= 0xF8) {
+                    hexEscapeChar(os, c);
+                    break;
+                }
+
+                auto encBytes = trailingBytes(c);
+                // Are there enough bytes left to avoid accessing out-of-bounds memory?
+                if (idx + encBytes - 1 >= m_str.size()) {
+                    hexEscapeChar(os, c);
+                    break;
+                }
+                // The header is valid, check data
+                // The next encBytes bytes must together be a valid utf-8
+                // This means: bitpattern 10XX XXXX and the extracted value is sane (ish)
+                bool valid = true;
+                uint32_t value = headerValue(c);
+                for (std::size_t n = 1; n < encBytes; ++n) {
+                    unsigned char nc = m_str[idx + n];
+                    valid &= ((nc & 0xC0) == 0x80);
+                    value = (value << 6) | (nc & 0x3F);
+                }
+
+                if (
+                    // Wrong bit pattern of following bytes
+                    (!valid) ||
+                    // Overlong encodings
+                    (value < 0x80) ||
+                    (0x80 <= value && value < 0x800   && encBytes > 2) ||
+                    (0x800 < value && value < 0x10000 && encBytes > 3) ||
+                    // Encoded value out of range
+                    (value >= 0x110000)
+                    ) {
+                    hexEscapeChar(os, c);
+                    break;
+                }
+
+                // If we got here, this is in fact a valid(ish) utf-8 sequence
+                for (std::size_t n = 0; n < encBytes; ++n) {
+                    os << m_str[idx + n];
+                }
+                idx += encBytes - 1;
+                break;
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    std::ostream& operator << ( std::ostream& os, XmlEncode const& xmlEncode ) {
+        xmlEncode.encodeTo( os );
+        return os;
+    }
+
+    XmlWriter::ScopedElement::ScopedElement( XmlWriter* writer, XmlFormatting fmt )
+    :   m_writer( writer ),
+        m_fmt(fmt)
+    {}
+
+    XmlWriter::ScopedElement::ScopedElement( ScopedElement&& other ) noexcept
+    :   m_writer( other.m_writer ),
+        m_fmt(other.m_fmt)
+    {
+        other.m_writer = nullptr;
+        other.m_fmt = XmlFormatting::None;
+    }
+    XmlWriter::ScopedElement& XmlWriter::ScopedElement::operator=( ScopedElement&& other ) noexcept {
+        if ( m_writer ) {
+            m_writer->endElement();
+        }
+        m_writer = other.m_writer;
+        other.m_writer = nullptr;
+        m_fmt = other.m_fmt;
+        other.m_fmt = XmlFormatting::None;
+        return *this;
+    }
+
+    XmlWriter::ScopedElement::~ScopedElement() {
+        if (m_writer) {
+            m_writer->endElement(m_fmt);
+        }
+    }
+
+    XmlWriter::ScopedElement& XmlWriter::ScopedElement::writeText( std::string const& text, XmlFormatting fmt ) {
+        m_writer->writeText( text, fmt );
+        return *this;
+    }
+
+    XmlWriter::XmlWriter( std::ostream& os ) : m_os( os )
+    {
+        writeDeclaration();
+    }
+
+    XmlWriter::~XmlWriter() {
+        while (!m_tags.empty()) {
+            endElement();
+        }
+        newlineIfNecessary();
+    }
+
+    XmlWriter& XmlWriter::startElement( std::string const& name, XmlFormatting fmt ) {
+        ensureTagClosed();
+        newlineIfNecessary();
+        if (shouldIndent(fmt)) {
+            m_os << m_indent;
+            m_indent += "  ";
+        }
+        m_os << '<' << name;
+        m_tags.push_back( name );
+        m_tagIsOpen = true;
+        applyFormatting(fmt);
+        return *this;
+    }
+
+    XmlWriter::ScopedElement XmlWriter::scopedElement( std::string const& name, XmlFormatting fmt ) {
+        ScopedElement scoped( this, fmt );
+        startElement( name, fmt );
+        return scoped;
+    }
+
+    XmlWriter& XmlWriter::endElement(XmlFormatting fmt) {
+        m_indent = m_indent.substr(0, m_indent.size() - 2);
+
+        if( m_tagIsOpen ) {
+            m_os << "/>";
+            m_tagIsOpen = false;
+        } else {
+            newlineIfNecessary();
+            if (shouldIndent(fmt)) {
+                m_os << m_indent;
+            }
+            m_os << "</" << m_tags.back() << ">";
+        }
+        m_os << std::flush;
+        applyFormatting(fmt);
+        m_tags.pop_back();
+        return *this;
+    }
+
+    XmlWriter& XmlWriter::writeAttribute( std::string const& name, std::string const& attribute ) {
+        if( !name.empty() && !attribute.empty() )
+            m_os << ' ' << name << "=\"" << XmlEncode( attribute, XmlEncode::ForAttributes ) << '"';
+        return *this;
+    }
+
+    XmlWriter& XmlWriter::writeAttribute( std::string const& name, bool attribute ) {
+        m_os << ' ' << name << "=\"" << ( attribute ? "true" : "false" ) << '"';
+        return *this;
+    }
+
+    XmlWriter& XmlWriter::writeText( std::string const& text, XmlFormatting fmt) {
+        if( !text.empty() ){
+            bool tagWasOpen = m_tagIsOpen;
+            ensureTagClosed();
+            if (tagWasOpen && shouldIndent(fmt)) {
+                m_os << m_indent;
+            }
+            m_os << XmlEncode( text );
+            applyFormatting(fmt);
+        }
+        return *this;
+    }
+
+    XmlWriter& XmlWriter::writeComment( std::string const& text, XmlFormatting fmt) {
+        ensureTagClosed();
+        if (shouldIndent(fmt)) {
+            m_os << m_indent;
+        }
+        m_os << "<!--" << text << "-->";
+        applyFormatting(fmt);
+        return *this;
+    }
+
+    void XmlWriter::writeStylesheetRef( std::string const& url ) {
+        m_os << "<?xml-stylesheet type=\"text/xsl\" href=\"" << url << "\"?>\n";
+    }
+
+    XmlWriter& XmlWriter::writeBlankLine() {
+        ensureTagClosed();
+        m_os << '\n';
+        return *this;
+    }
+
+    void XmlWriter::ensureTagClosed() {
+        if( m_tagIsOpen ) {
+            m_os << '>' << std::flush;
+            newlineIfNecessary();
+            m_tagIsOpen = false;
+        }
+    }
+
+    void XmlWriter::applyFormatting(XmlFormatting fmt) {
+        m_needsNewline = shouldNewline(fmt);
+    }
+
+    void XmlWriter::writeDeclaration() {
+        m_os << "<?xml version=\"1.0\" encoding=\"UTF-8\"?>\n";
+    }
+
+    void XmlWriter::newlineIfNecessary() {
+        if( m_needsNewline ) {
+            m_os << std::endl;
+            m_needsNewline = false;
+        }
+    }
+}
+// end catch_xmlwriter.cpp
+// start catch_reporter_bases.cpp
+
+#include <cstring>
+#include <cfloat>
+#include <cstdio>
+#include <cassert>
+#include <memory>
+
+namespace Catch {
+    void prepareExpandedExpression(AssertionResult& result) {
+        result.getExpandedExpression();
+    }
+
+    // Because formatting using c++ streams is stateful, drop down to C is required
+    // Alternatively we could use stringstream, but its performance is... not good.
+    std::string getFormattedDuration( double duration ) {
+        // Max exponent + 1 is required to represent the whole part
+        // + 1 for decimal point
+        // + 3 for the 3 decimal places
+        // + 1 for null terminator
+        const std::size_t maxDoubleSize = DBL_MAX_10_EXP + 1 + 1 + 3 + 1;
+        char buffer[maxDoubleSize];
+
+        // Save previous errno, to prevent sprintf from overwriting it
+        ErrnoGuard guard;
+#ifdef _MSC_VER
+        sprintf_s(buffer, "%.3f", duration);
+#else
+        std::sprintf(buffer, "%.3f", duration);
+#endif
+        return std::string(buffer);
+    }
+
+    bool shouldShowDuration( IConfig const& config, double duration ) {
+        if ( config.showDurations() == ShowDurations::Always ) {
+            return true;
+        }
+        if ( config.showDurations() == ShowDurations::Never ) {
+            return false;
+        }
+        const double min = config.minDuration();
+        return min >= 0 && duration >= min;
+    }
+
+    std::string serializeFilters( std::vector<std::string> const& container ) {
+        ReusableStringStream oss;
+        bool first = true;
+        for (auto&& filter : container)
+        {
+            if (!first)
+                oss << ' ';
+            else
+                first = false;
+
+            oss << filter;
+        }
+        return oss.str();
+    }
+
+    TestEventListenerBase::TestEventListenerBase(ReporterConfig const & _config)
+        :StreamingReporterBase(_config) {}
+
+    std::set<Verbosity> TestEventListenerBase::getSupportedVerbosities() {
+        return { Verbosity::Quiet, Verbosity::Normal, Verbosity::High };
+    }
+
+    void TestEventListenerBase::assertionStarting(AssertionInfo const &) {}
+
+    bool TestEventListenerBase::assertionEnded(AssertionStats const &) {
+        return false;
+    }
+
+} // end namespace Catch
+// end catch_reporter_bases.cpp
+// start catch_reporter_compact.cpp
+
+namespace {
+
+#ifdef CATCH_PLATFORM_MAC
+    const char* failedString() { return "FAILED"; }
+    const char* passedString() { return "PASSED"; }
+#else
+    const char* failedString() { return "failed"; }
+    const char* passedString() { return "passed"; }
+#endif
+
+    // Colour::LightGrey
+    Catch::Colour::Code dimColour() { return Catch::Colour::FileName; }
+
+    std::string bothOrAll( std::size_t count ) {
+        return count == 1 ? std::string() :
+               count == 2 ? "both " : "all " ;
+    }
+
+} // anon namespace
+
+namespace Catch {
+namespace {
+// Colour, message variants:
+// - white: No tests ran.
+// -   red: Failed [both/all] N test cases, failed [both/all] M assertions.
+// - white: Passed [both/all] N test cases (no assertions).
+// -   red: Failed N tests cases, failed M assertions.
+// - green: Passed [both/all] N tests cases with M assertions.
+void printTotals(std::ostream& out, const Totals& totals) {
+    if (totals.testCases.total() == 0) {
+        out << "No tests ran.";
+    } else if (totals.testCases.failed == totals.testCases.total()) {
+        Colour colour(Colour::ResultError);
+        const std::string qualify_assertions_failed =
+            totals.assertions.failed == totals.assertions.total() ?
+            bothOrAll(totals.assertions.failed) : std::string();
+        out <<
+            "Failed " << bothOrAll(totals.testCases.failed)
+            << pluralise(totals.testCases.failed, "test case") << ", "
+            "failed " << qualify_assertions_failed <<
+            pluralise(totals.assertions.failed, "assertion") << '.';
+    } else if (totals.assertions.total() == 0) {
+        out <<
+            "Passed " << bothOrAll(totals.testCases.total())
+            << pluralise(totals.testCases.total(), "test case")
+            << " (no assertions).";
+    } else if (totals.assertions.failed) {
+        Colour colour(Colour::ResultError);
+        out <<
+            "Failed " << pluralise(totals.testCases.failed, "test case") << ", "
+            "failed " << pluralise(totals.assertions.failed, "assertion") << '.';
+    } else {
+        Colour colour(Colour::ResultSuccess);
+        out <<
+            "Passed " << bothOrAll(totals.testCases.passed)
+            << pluralise(totals.testCases.passed, "test case") <<
+            " with " << pluralise(totals.assertions.passed, "assertion") << '.';
+    }
+}
+
+// Implementation of CompactReporter formatting
+class AssertionPrinter {
+public:
+    AssertionPrinter& operator= (AssertionPrinter const&) = delete;
+    AssertionPrinter(AssertionPrinter const&) = delete;
+    AssertionPrinter(std::ostream& _stream, AssertionStats const& _stats, bool _printInfoMessages)
+        : stream(_stream)
+        , result(_stats.assertionResult)
+        , messages(_stats.infoMessages)
+        , itMessage(_stats.infoMessages.begin())
+        , printInfoMessages(_printInfoMessages) {}
+
+    void print() {
+        printSourceInfo();
+
+        itMessage = messages.begin();
+
+        switch (result.getResultType()) {
+        case ResultWas::Ok:
+            printResultType(Colour::ResultSuccess, passedString());
+            printOriginalExpression();
+            printReconstructedExpression();
+            if (!result.hasExpression())
+                printRemainingMessages(Colour::None);
+            else
+                printRemainingMessages();
+            break;
+        case ResultWas::ExpressionFailed:
+            if (result.isOk())
+                printResultType(Colour::ResultSuccess, failedString() + std::string(" - but was ok"));
+            else
+                printResultType(Colour::Error, failedString());
+            printOriginalExpression();
+            printReconstructedExpression();
+            printRemainingMessages();
+            break;
+        case ResultWas::ThrewException:
+            printResultType(Colour::Error, failedString());
+            printIssue("unexpected exception with message:");
+            printMessage();
+            printExpressionWas();
+            printRemainingMessages();
+            break;
+        case ResultWas::FatalErrorCondition:
+            printResultType(Colour::Error, failedString());
+            printIssue("fatal error condition with message:");
+            printMessage();
+            printExpressionWas();
+            printRemainingMessages();
+            break;
+        case ResultWas::DidntThrowException:
+            printResultType(Colour::Error, failedString());
+            printIssue("expected exception, got none");
+            printExpressionWas();
+            printRemainingMessages();
+            break;
+        case ResultWas::Info:
+            printResultType(Colour::None, "info");
+            printMessage();
+            printRemainingMessages();
+            break;
+        case ResultWas::Warning:
+            printResultType(Colour::None, "warning");
+            printMessage();
+            printRemainingMessages();
+            break;
+        case ResultWas::ExplicitFailure:
+            printResultType(Colour::Error, failedString());
+            printIssue("explicitly");
+            printRemainingMessages(Colour::None);
+            break;
+            // These cases are here to prevent compiler warnings
+        case ResultWas::Unknown:
+        case ResultWas::FailureBit:
+        case ResultWas::Exception:
+            printResultType(Colour::Error, "** internal error **");
+            break;
+        }
+    }
+
+private:
+    void printSourceInfo() const {
+        Colour colourGuard(Colour::FileName);
+        stream << result.getSourceInfo() << ':';
+    }
+
+    void printResultType(Colour::Code colour, std::string const& passOrFail) const {
+        if (!passOrFail.empty()) {
+            {
+                Colour colourGuard(colour);
+                stream << ' ' << passOrFail;
+            }
+            stream << ':';
+        }
+    }
+
+    void printIssue(std::string const& issue) const {
+        stream << ' ' << issue;
+    }
+
+    void printExpressionWas() {
+        if (result.hasExpression()) {
+            stream << ';';
+            {
+                Colour colour(dimColour());
+                stream << " expression was:";
+            }
+            printOriginalExpression();
+        }
+    }
+
+    void printOriginalExpression() const {
+        if (result.hasExpression()) {
+            stream << ' ' << result.getExpression();
+        }
+    }
+
+    void printReconstructedExpression() const {
+        if (result.hasExpandedExpression()) {
+            {
+                Colour colour(dimColour());
+                stream << " for: ";
+            }
+            stream << result.getExpandedExpression();
+        }
+    }
+
+    void printMessage() {
+        if (itMessage != messages.end()) {
+            stream << " '" << itMessage->message << '\'';
+            ++itMessage;
+        }
+    }
+
+    void printRemainingMessages(Colour::Code colour = dimColour()) {
+        if (itMessage == messages.end())
+            return;
+
+        const auto itEnd = messages.cend();
+        const auto N = static_cast<std::size_t>(std::distance(itMessage, itEnd));
+
+        {
+            Colour colourGuard(colour);
+            stream << " with " << pluralise(N, "message") << ':';
+        }
+
+        while (itMessage != itEnd) {
+            // If this assertion is a warning ignore any INFO messages
+            if (printInfoMessages || itMessage->type != ResultWas::Info) {
+                printMessage();
+                if (itMessage != itEnd) {
+                    Colour colourGuard(dimColour());
+                    stream << " and";
+                }
+                continue;
+            }
+            ++itMessage;
+        }
+    }
+
+private:
+    std::ostream& stream;
+    AssertionResult const& result;
+    std::vector<MessageInfo> messages;
+    std::vector<MessageInfo>::const_iterator itMessage;
+    bool printInfoMessages;
+};
+
+} // anon namespace
+
+        std::string CompactReporter::getDescription() {
+            return "Reports test results on a single line, suitable for IDEs";
+        }
+
+        void CompactReporter::noMatchingTestCases( std::string const& spec ) {
+            stream << "No test cases matched '" << spec << '\'' << std::endl;
+        }
+
+        void CompactReporter::assertionStarting( AssertionInfo const& ) {}
+
+        bool CompactReporter::assertionEnded( AssertionStats const& _assertionStats ) {
+            AssertionResult const& result = _assertionStats.assertionResult;
+
+            bool printInfoMessages = true;
+
+            // Drop out if result was successful and we're not printing those
+            if( !m_config->includeSuccessfulResults() && result.isOk() ) {
+                if( result.getResultType() != ResultWas::Warning )
+                    return false;
+                printInfoMessages = false;
+            }
+
+            AssertionPrinter printer( stream, _assertionStats, printInfoMessages );
+            printer.print();
+
+            stream << std::endl;
+            return true;
+        }
+
+        void CompactReporter::sectionEnded(SectionStats const& _sectionStats) {
+            double dur = _sectionStats.durationInSeconds;
+            if ( shouldShowDuration( *m_config, dur ) ) {
+                stream << getFormattedDuration( dur ) << " s: " << _sectionStats.sectionInfo.name << std::endl;
+            }
+        }
+
+        void CompactReporter::testRunEnded( TestRunStats const& _testRunStats ) {
+            printTotals( stream, _testRunStats.totals );
+            stream << '\n' << std::endl;
+            StreamingReporterBase::testRunEnded( _testRunStats );
+        }
+
+        CompactReporter::~CompactReporter() {}
+
+    CATCH_REGISTER_REPORTER( "compact", CompactReporter )
+
+} // end namespace Catch
+// end catch_reporter_compact.cpp
+// start catch_reporter_console.cpp
+
+#include <cfloat>
+#include <cstdio>
+
+#if defined(_MSC_VER)
+#pragma warning(push)
+#pragma warning(disable:4061) // Not all labels are EXPLICITLY handled in switch
+ // Note that 4062 (not all labels are handled and default is missing) is enabled
+#endif
+
+#if defined(__clang__)
+#  pragma clang diagnostic push
+// For simplicity, benchmarking-only helpers are always enabled
+#  pragma clang diagnostic ignored "-Wunused-function"
+#endif
+
+namespace Catch {
+
+namespace {
+
+// Formatter impl for ConsoleReporter
+class ConsoleAssertionPrinter {
+public:
+    ConsoleAssertionPrinter& operator= (ConsoleAssertionPrinter const&) = delete;
+    ConsoleAssertionPrinter(ConsoleAssertionPrinter const&) = delete;
+    ConsoleAssertionPrinter(std::ostream& _stream, AssertionStats const& _stats, bool _printInfoMessages)
+        : stream(_stream),
+        stats(_stats),
+        result(_stats.assertionResult),
+        colour(Colour::None),
+        message(result.getMessage()),
+        messages(_stats.infoMessages),
+        printInfoMessages(_printInfoMessages) {
+        switch (result.getResultType()) {
+        case ResultWas::Ok:
+            colour = Colour::Success;
+            passOrFail = "PASSED";
+            //if( result.hasMessage() )
+            if (_stats.infoMessages.size() == 1)
+                messageLabel = "with message";
+            if (_stats.infoMessages.size() > 1)
+                messageLabel = "with messages";
+            break;
+        case ResultWas::ExpressionFailed:
+            if (result.isOk()) {
+                colour = Colour::Success;
+                passOrFail = "FAILED - but was ok";
+            } else {
+                colour = Colour::Error;
+                passOrFail = "FAILED";
+            }
+            if (_stats.infoMessages.size() == 1)
+                messageLabel = "with message";
+            if (_stats.infoMessages.size() > 1)
+                messageLabel = "with messages";
+            break;
+        case ResultWas::ThrewException:
+            colour = Colour::Error;
+            passOrFail = "FAILED";
+            messageLabel = "due to unexpected exception with ";
+            if (_stats.infoMessages.size() == 1)
+                messageLabel += "message";
+            if (_stats.infoMessages.size() > 1)
+                messageLabel += "messages";
+            break;
+        case ResultWas::FatalErrorCondition:
+            colour = Colour::Error;
+            passOrFail = "FAILED";
+            messageLabel = "due to a fatal error condition";
+            break;
+        case ResultWas::DidntThrowException:
+            colour = Colour::Error;
+            passOrFail = "FAILED";
+            messageLabel = "because no exception was thrown where one was expected";
+            break;
+        case ResultWas::Info:
+            messageLabel = "info";
+            break;
+        case ResultWas::Warning:
+            messageLabel = "warning";
+            break;
+        case ResultWas::ExplicitFailure:
+            passOrFail = "FAILED";
+            colour = Colour::Error;
+            if (_stats.infoMessages.size() == 1)
+                messageLabel = "explicitly with message";
+            if (_stats.infoMessages.size() > 1)
+                messageLabel = "explicitly with messages";
+            break;
+            // These cases are here to prevent compiler warnings
+        case ResultWas::Unknown:
+        case ResultWas::FailureBit:
+        case ResultWas::Exception:
+            passOrFail = "** internal error **";
+            colour = Colour::Error;
+            break;
+        }
+    }
+
+    void print() const {
+        printSourceInfo();
+        if (stats.totals.assertions.total() > 0) {
+            printResultType();
+            printOriginalExpression();
+            printReconstructedExpression();
+        } else {
+            stream << '\n';
+        }
+        printMessage();
+    }
+
+private:
+    void printResultType() const {
+        if (!passOrFail.empty()) {
+            Colour colourGuard(colour);
+            stream << passOrFail << ":\n";
+        }
+    }
+    void printOriginalExpression() const {
+        if (result.hasExpression()) {
+            Colour colourGuard(Colour::OriginalExpression);
+            stream << "  ";
+            stream << result.getExpressionInMacro();
+            stream << '\n';
+        }
+    }
+    void printReconstructedExpression() const {
+        if (result.hasExpandedExpression()) {
+            stream << "with expansion:\n";
+            Colour colourGuard(Colour::ReconstructedExpression);
+            stream << Column(result.getExpandedExpression()).indent(2) << '\n';
+        }
+    }
+    void printMessage() const {
+        if (!messageLabel.empty())
+            stream << messageLabel << ':' << '\n';
+        for (auto const& msg : messages) {
+            // If this assertion is a warning ignore any INFO messages
+            if (printInfoMessages || msg.type != ResultWas::Info)
+                stream << Column(msg.message).indent(2) << '\n';
+        }
+    }
+    void printSourceInfo() const {
+        Colour colourGuard(Colour::FileName);
+        stream << result.getSourceInfo() << ": ";
+    }
+
+    std::ostream& stream;
+    AssertionStats const& stats;
+    AssertionResult const& result;
+    Colour::Code colour;
+    std::string passOrFail;
+    std::string messageLabel;
+    std::string message;
+    std::vector<MessageInfo> messages;
+    bool printInfoMessages;
+};
+
+std::size_t makeRatio(std::size_t number, std::size_t total) {
+    std::size_t ratio = total > 0 ? CATCH_CONFIG_CONSOLE_WIDTH * number / total : 0;
+    return (ratio == 0 && number > 0) ? 1 : ratio;
+}
+
+std::size_t& findMax(std::size_t& i, std::size_t& j, std::size_t& k) {
+    if (i > j && i > k)
+        return i;
+    else if (j > k)
+        return j;
+    else
+        return k;
+}
+
+struct ColumnInfo {
+    enum Justification { Left, Right };
+    std::string name;
+    int width;
+    Justification justification;
+};
+struct ColumnBreak {};
+struct RowBreak {};
+
+class Duration {
+    enum class Unit {
+        Auto,
+        Nanoseconds,
+        Microseconds,
+        Milliseconds,
+        Seconds,
+        Minutes
+    };
+    static const uint64_t s_nanosecondsInAMicrosecond = 1000;
+    static const uint64_t s_nanosecondsInAMillisecond = 1000 * s_nanosecondsInAMicrosecond;
+    static const uint64_t s_nanosecondsInASecond = 1000 * s_nanosecondsInAMillisecond;
+    static const uint64_t s_nanosecondsInAMinute = 60 * s_nanosecondsInASecond;
+
+    double m_inNanoseconds;
+    Unit m_units;
+
+public:
+    explicit Duration(double inNanoseconds, Unit units = Unit::Auto)
+        : m_inNanoseconds(inNanoseconds),
+        m_units(units) {
+        if (m_units == Unit::Auto) {
+            if (m_inNanoseconds < s_nanosecondsInAMicrosecond)
+                m_units = Unit::Nanoseconds;
+            else if (m_inNanoseconds < s_nanosecondsInAMillisecond)
+                m_units = Unit::Microseconds;
+            else if (m_inNanoseconds < s_nanosecondsInASecond)
+                m_units = Unit::Milliseconds;
+            else if (m_inNanoseconds < s_nanosecondsInAMinute)
+                m_units = Unit::Seconds;
+            else
+                m_units = Unit::Minutes;
+        }
+
+    }
+
+    auto value() const -> double {
+        switch (m_units) {
+        case Unit::Microseconds:
+            return m_inNanoseconds / static_cast<double>(s_nanosecondsInAMicrosecond);
+        case Unit::Milliseconds:
+            return m_inNanoseconds / static_cast<double>(s_nanosecondsInAMillisecond);
+        case Unit::Seconds:
+            return m_inNanoseconds / static_cast<double>(s_nanosecondsInASecond);
+        case Unit::Minutes:
+            return m_inNanoseconds / static_cast<double>(s_nanosecondsInAMinute);
+        default:
+            return m_inNanoseconds;
+        }
+    }
+    auto unitsAsString() const -> std::string {
+        switch (m_units) {
+        case Unit::Nanoseconds:
+            return "ns";
+        case Unit::Microseconds:
+            return "us";
+        case Unit::Milliseconds:
+            return "ms";
+        case Unit::Seconds:
+            return "s";
+        case Unit::Minutes:
+            return "m";
+        default:
+            return "** internal error **";
+        }
+
+    }
+    friend auto operator << (std::ostream& os, Duration const& duration) -> std::ostream& {
+        return os << duration.value() << ' ' << duration.unitsAsString();
+    }
+};
+} // end anon namespace
+
+class TablePrinter {
+    std::ostream& m_os;
+    std::vector<ColumnInfo> m_columnInfos;
+    std::ostringstream m_oss;
+    int m_currentColumn = -1;
+    bool m_isOpen = false;
+
+public:
+    TablePrinter( std::ostream& os, std::vector<ColumnInfo> columnInfos )
+    :   m_os( os ),
+        m_columnInfos( std::move( columnInfos ) ) {}
+
+    auto columnInfos() const -> std::vector<ColumnInfo> const& {
+        return m_columnInfos;
+    }
+
+    void open() {
+        if (!m_isOpen) {
+            m_isOpen = true;
+            *this << RowBreak();
+
+			Columns headerCols;
+			Spacer spacer(2);
+			for (auto const& info : m_columnInfos) {
+				headerCols += Column(info.name).width(static_cast<std::size_t>(info.width - 2));
+				headerCols += spacer;
+			}
+			m_os << headerCols << '\n';
+
+            m_os << Catch::getLineOfChars<'-'>() << '\n';
+        }
+    }
+    void close() {
+        if (m_isOpen) {
+            *this << RowBreak();
+            m_os << std::endl;
+            m_isOpen = false;
+        }
+    }
+
+    template<typename T>
+    friend TablePrinter& operator << (TablePrinter& tp, T const& value) {
+        tp.m_oss << value;
+        return tp;
+    }
+
+    friend TablePrinter& operator << (TablePrinter& tp, ColumnBreak) {
+        auto colStr = tp.m_oss.str();
+        const auto strSize = colStr.size();
+        tp.m_oss.str("");
+        tp.open();
+        if (tp.m_currentColumn == static_cast<int>(tp.m_columnInfos.size() - 1)) {
+            tp.m_currentColumn = -1;
+            tp.m_os << '\n';
+        }
+        tp.m_currentColumn++;
+
+        auto colInfo = tp.m_columnInfos[tp.m_currentColumn];
+        auto padding = (strSize + 1 < static_cast<std::size_t>(colInfo.width))
+            ? std::string(colInfo.width - (strSize + 1), ' ')
+            : std::string();
+        if (colInfo.justification == ColumnInfo::Left)
+            tp.m_os << colStr << padding << ' ';
+        else
+            tp.m_os << padding << colStr << ' ';
+        return tp;
+    }
+
+    friend TablePrinter& operator << (TablePrinter& tp, RowBreak) {
+        if (tp.m_currentColumn > 0) {
+            tp.m_os << '\n';
+            tp.m_currentColumn = -1;
+        }
+        return tp;
+    }
+};
+
+ConsoleReporter::ConsoleReporter(ReporterConfig const& config)
+    : StreamingReporterBase(config),
+    m_tablePrinter(new TablePrinter(config.stream(),
+        [&config]() -> std::vector<ColumnInfo> {
+        if (config.fullConfig()->benchmarkNoAnalysis())
+        {
+            return{
+                { "benchmark name", CATCH_CONFIG_CONSOLE_WIDTH - 43, ColumnInfo::Left },
+                { "     samples", 14, ColumnInfo::Right },
+                { "  iterations", 14, ColumnInfo::Right },
+                { "        mean", 14, ColumnInfo::Right }
+            };
+        }
+        else
+        {
+            return{
+                { "benchmark name", CATCH_CONFIG_CONSOLE_WIDTH - 43, ColumnInfo::Left },
+                { "samples      mean       std dev", 14, ColumnInfo::Right },
+                { "iterations   low mean   low std dev", 14, ColumnInfo::Right },
+                { "estimated    high mean  high std dev", 14, ColumnInfo::Right }
+            };
+        }
+    }())) {}
+ConsoleReporter::~ConsoleReporter() = default;
+
+std::string ConsoleReporter::getDescription() {
+    return "Reports test results as plain lines of text";
+}
+
+void ConsoleReporter::noMatchingTestCases(std::string const& spec) {
+    stream << "No test cases matched '" << spec << '\'' << std::endl;
+}
+
+void ConsoleReporter::reportInvalidArguments(std::string const&arg){
+    stream << "Invalid Filter: " << arg << std::endl;
+}
+
+void ConsoleReporter::assertionStarting(AssertionInfo const&) {}
+
+bool ConsoleReporter::assertionEnded(AssertionStats const& _assertionStats) {
+    AssertionResult const& result = _assertionStats.assertionResult;
+
+    bool includeResults = m_config->includeSuccessfulResults() || !result.isOk();
+
+    // Drop out if result was successful but we're not printing them.
+    if (!includeResults && result.getResultType() != ResultWas::Warning)
+        return false;
+
+    lazyPrint();
+
+    ConsoleAssertionPrinter printer(stream, _assertionStats, includeResults);
+    printer.print();
+    stream << std::endl;
+    return true;
+}
+
+void ConsoleReporter::sectionStarting(SectionInfo const& _sectionInfo) {
+    m_tablePrinter->close();
+    m_headerPrinted = false;
+    StreamingReporterBase::sectionStarting(_sectionInfo);
+}
+void ConsoleReporter::sectionEnded(SectionStats const& _sectionStats) {
+    m_tablePrinter->close();
+    if (_sectionStats.missingAssertions) {
+        lazyPrint();
+        Colour colour(Colour::ResultError);
+        if (m_sectionStack.size() > 1)
+            stream << "\nNo assertions in section";
+        else
+            stream << "\nNo assertions in test case";
+        stream << " '" << _sectionStats.sectionInfo.name << "'\n" << std::endl;
+    }
+    double dur = _sectionStats.durationInSeconds;
+    if (shouldShowDuration(*m_config, dur)) {
+        stream << getFormattedDuration(dur) << " s: " << _sectionStats.sectionInfo.name << std::endl;
+    }
+    if (m_headerPrinted) {
+        m_headerPrinted = false;
+    }
+    StreamingReporterBase::sectionEnded(_sectionStats);
+}
+
+#if defined(CATCH_CONFIG_ENABLE_BENCHMARKING)
+void ConsoleReporter::benchmarkPreparing(std::string const& name) {
+	lazyPrintWithoutClosingBenchmarkTable();
+
+	auto nameCol = Column(name).width(static_cast<std::size_t>(m_tablePrinter->columnInfos()[0].width - 2));
+
+	bool firstLine = true;
+	for (auto line : nameCol) {
+		if (!firstLine)
+			(*m_tablePrinter) << ColumnBreak() << ColumnBreak() << ColumnBreak();
+		else
+			firstLine = false;
+
+		(*m_tablePrinter) << line << ColumnBreak();
+	}
+}
+
+void ConsoleReporter::benchmarkStarting(BenchmarkInfo const& info) {
+    (*m_tablePrinter) << info.samples << ColumnBreak()
+        << info.iterations << ColumnBreak();
+    if (!m_config->benchmarkNoAnalysis())
+        (*m_tablePrinter) << Duration(info.estimatedDuration) << ColumnBreak();
+}
+void ConsoleReporter::benchmarkEnded(BenchmarkStats<> const& stats) {
+    if (m_config->benchmarkNoAnalysis())
+    {
+        (*m_tablePrinter) << Duration(stats.mean.point.count()) << ColumnBreak();
+    }
+    else
+    {
+        (*m_tablePrinter) << ColumnBreak()
+            << Duration(stats.mean.point.count()) << ColumnBreak()
+            << Duration(stats.mean.lower_bound.count()) << ColumnBreak()
+            << Duration(stats.mean.upper_bound.count()) << ColumnBreak() << ColumnBreak()
+            << Duration(stats.standardDeviation.point.count()) << ColumnBreak()
+            << Duration(stats.standardDeviation.lower_bound.count()) << ColumnBreak()
+            << Duration(stats.standardDeviation.upper_bound.count()) << ColumnBreak() << ColumnBreak() << ColumnBreak() << ColumnBreak() << ColumnBreak();
+    }
+}
+
+void ConsoleReporter::benchmarkFailed(std::string const& error) {
+	Colour colour(Colour::Red);
+    (*m_tablePrinter)
+        << "Benchmark failed (" << error << ')'
+        << ColumnBreak() << RowBreak();
+}
+#endif // CATCH_CONFIG_ENABLE_BENCHMARKING
+
+void ConsoleReporter::testCaseEnded(TestCaseStats const& _testCaseStats) {
+    m_tablePrinter->close();
+    StreamingReporterBase::testCaseEnded(_testCaseStats);
+    m_headerPrinted = false;
+}
+void ConsoleReporter::testGroupEnded(TestGroupStats const& _testGroupStats) {
+    if (currentGroupInfo.used) {
+        printSummaryDivider();
+        stream << "Summary for group '" << _testGroupStats.groupInfo.name << "':\n";
+        printTotals(_testGroupStats.totals);
+        stream << '\n' << std::endl;
+    }
+    StreamingReporterBase::testGroupEnded(_testGroupStats);
+}
+void ConsoleReporter::testRunEnded(TestRunStats const& _testRunStats) {
+    printTotalsDivider(_testRunStats.totals);
+    printTotals(_testRunStats.totals);
+    stream << std::endl;
+    StreamingReporterBase::testRunEnded(_testRunStats);
+}
+void ConsoleReporter::testRunStarting(TestRunInfo const& _testInfo) {
+    StreamingReporterBase::testRunStarting(_testInfo);
+    printTestFilters();
+}
+
+void ConsoleReporter::lazyPrint() {
+
+    m_tablePrinter->close();
+    lazyPrintWithoutClosingBenchmarkTable();
+}
+
+void ConsoleReporter::lazyPrintWithoutClosingBenchmarkTable() {
+
+    if (!currentTestRunInfo.used)
+        lazyPrintRunInfo();
+    if (!currentGroupInfo.used)
+        lazyPrintGroupInfo();
+
+    if (!m_headerPrinted) {
+        printTestCaseAndSectionHeader();
+        m_headerPrinted = true;
+    }
+}
+void ConsoleReporter::lazyPrintRunInfo() {
+    stream << '\n' << getLineOfChars<'~'>() << '\n';
+    Colour colour(Colour::SecondaryText);
+    stream << currentTestRunInfo->name
+        << " is a Catch v" << libraryVersion() << " host application.\n"
+        << "Run with -? for options\n\n";
+
+    if (m_config->rngSeed() != 0)
+        stream << "Randomness seeded to: " << m_config->rngSeed() << "\n\n";
+
+    currentTestRunInfo.used = true;
+}
+void ConsoleReporter::lazyPrintGroupInfo() {
+    if (!currentGroupInfo->name.empty() && currentGroupInfo->groupsCounts > 1) {
+        printClosedHeader("Group: " + currentGroupInfo->name);
+        currentGroupInfo.used = true;
+    }
+}
+void ConsoleReporter::printTestCaseAndSectionHeader() {
+    assert(!m_sectionStack.empty());
+    printOpenHeader(currentTestCaseInfo->name);
+
+    if (m_sectionStack.size() > 1) {
+        Colour colourGuard(Colour::Headers);
+
+        auto
+            it = m_sectionStack.begin() + 1, // Skip first section (test case)
+            itEnd = m_sectionStack.end();
+        for (; it != itEnd; ++it)
+            printHeaderString(it->name, 2);
+    }
+
+    SourceLineInfo lineInfo = m_sectionStack.back().lineInfo;
+
+    stream << getLineOfChars<'-'>() << '\n';
+    Colour colourGuard(Colour::FileName);
+    stream << lineInfo << '\n';
+    stream << getLineOfChars<'.'>() << '\n' << std::endl;
+}
+
+void ConsoleReporter::printClosedHeader(std::string const& _name) {
+    printOpenHeader(_name);
+    stream << getLineOfChars<'.'>() << '\n';
+}
+void ConsoleReporter::printOpenHeader(std::string const& _name) {
+    stream << getLineOfChars<'-'>() << '\n';
+    {
+        Colour colourGuard(Colour::Headers);
+        printHeaderString(_name);
+    }
+}
+
+// if string has a : in first line will set indent to follow it on
+// subsequent lines
+void ConsoleReporter::printHeaderString(std::string const& _string, std::size_t indent) {
+    std::size_t i = _string.find(": ");
+    if (i != std::string::npos)
+        i += 2;
+    else
+        i = 0;
+    stream << Column(_string).indent(indent + i).initialIndent(indent) << '\n';
+}
+
+struct SummaryColumn {
+
+    SummaryColumn( std::string _label, Colour::Code _colour )
+    :   label( std::move( _label ) ),
+        colour( _colour ) {}
+    SummaryColumn addRow( std::size_t count ) {
+        ReusableStringStream rss;
+        rss << count;
+        std::string row = rss.str();
+        for (auto& oldRow : rows) {
+            while (oldRow.size() < row.size())
+                oldRow = ' ' + oldRow;
+            while (oldRow.size() > row.size())
+                row = ' ' + row;
+        }
+        rows.push_back(row);
+        return *this;
+    }
+
+    std::string label;
+    Colour::Code colour;
+    std::vector<std::string> rows;
+
+};
+
+void ConsoleReporter::printTotals( Totals const& totals ) {
+    if (totals.testCases.total() == 0) {
+        stream << Colour(Colour::Warning) << "No tests ran\n";
+    } else if (totals.assertions.total() > 0 && totals.testCases.allPassed()) {
+        stream << Colour(Colour::ResultSuccess) << "All tests passed";
+        stream << " ("
+            << pluralise(totals.assertions.passed, "assertion") << " in "
+            << pluralise(totals.testCases.passed, "test case") << ')'
+            << '\n';
+    } else {
+
+        std::vector<SummaryColumn> columns;
+        columns.push_back(SummaryColumn("", Colour::None)
+                          .addRow(totals.testCases.total())
+                          .addRow(totals.assertions.total()));
+        columns.push_back(SummaryColumn("passed", Colour::Success)
+                          .addRow(totals.testCases.passed)
+                          .addRow(totals.assertions.passed));
+        columns.push_back(SummaryColumn("failed", Colour::ResultError)
+                          .addRow(totals.testCases.failed)
+                          .addRow(totals.assertions.failed));
+        columns.push_back(SummaryColumn("failed as expected", Colour::ResultExpectedFailure)
+                          .addRow(totals.testCases.failedButOk)
+                          .addRow(totals.assertions.failedButOk));
+
+        printSummaryRow("test cases", columns, 0);
+        printSummaryRow("assertions", columns, 1);
+    }
+}
+void ConsoleReporter::printSummaryRow(std::string const& label, std::vector<SummaryColumn> const& cols, std::size_t row) {
+    for (auto col : cols) {
+        std::string value = col.rows[row];
+        if (col.label.empty()) {
+            stream << label << ": ";
+            if (value != "0")
+                stream << value;
+            else
+                stream << Colour(Colour::Warning) << "- none -";
+        } else if (value != "0") {
+            stream << Colour(Colour::LightGrey) << " | ";
+            stream << Colour(col.colour)
+                << value << ' ' << col.label;
+        }
+    }
+    stream << '\n';
+}
+
+void ConsoleReporter::printTotalsDivider(Totals const& totals) {
+    if (totals.testCases.total() > 0) {
+        std::size_t failedRatio = makeRatio(totals.testCases.failed, totals.testCases.total());
+        std::size_t failedButOkRatio = makeRatio(totals.testCases.failedButOk, totals.testCases.total());
+        std::size_t passedRatio = makeRatio(totals.testCases.passed, totals.testCases.total());
+        while (failedRatio + failedButOkRatio + passedRatio < CATCH_CONFIG_CONSOLE_WIDTH - 1)
+            findMax(failedRatio, failedButOkRatio, passedRatio)++;
+        while (failedRatio + failedButOkRatio + passedRatio > CATCH_CONFIG_CONSOLE_WIDTH - 1)
+            findMax(failedRatio, failedButOkRatio, passedRatio)--;
+
+        stream << Colour(Colour::Error) << std::string(failedRatio, '=');
+        stream << Colour(Colour::ResultExpectedFailure) << std::string(failedButOkRatio, '=');
+        if (totals.testCases.allPassed())
+            stream << Colour(Colour::ResultSuccess) << std::string(passedRatio, '=');
+        else
+            stream << Colour(Colour::Success) << std::string(passedRatio, '=');
+    } else {
+        stream << Colour(Colour::Warning) << std::string(CATCH_CONFIG_CONSOLE_WIDTH - 1, '=');
+    }
+    stream << '\n';
+}
+void ConsoleReporter::printSummaryDivider() {
+    stream << getLineOfChars<'-'>() << '\n';
+}
+
+void ConsoleReporter::printTestFilters() {
+    if (m_config->testSpec().hasFilters()) {
+        Colour guard(Colour::BrightYellow);
+        stream << "Filters: " << serializeFilters(m_config->getTestsOrTags()) << '\n';
+    }
+}
+
+CATCH_REGISTER_REPORTER("console", ConsoleReporter)
+
+} // end namespace Catch
+
+#if defined(_MSC_VER)
+#pragma warning(pop)
+#endif
+
+#if defined(__clang__)
+#  pragma clang diagnostic pop
+#endif
+// end catch_reporter_console.cpp
+// start catch_reporter_junit.cpp
+
+#include <cassert>
+#include <sstream>
+#include <ctime>
+#include <algorithm>
+#include <iomanip>
+
+namespace Catch {
+
+    namespace {
+        std::string getCurrentTimestamp() {
+            // Beware, this is not reentrant because of backward compatibility issues
+            // Also, UTC only, again because of backward compatibility (%z is C++11)
+            time_t rawtime;
+            std::time(&rawtime);
+            auto const timeStampSize = sizeof("2017-01-16T17:06:45Z");
+
+#ifdef _MSC_VER
+            std::tm timeInfo = {};
+            gmtime_s(&timeInfo, &rawtime);
+#else
+            std::tm* timeInfo;
+            timeInfo = std::gmtime(&rawtime);
+#endif
+
+            char timeStamp[timeStampSize];
+            const char * const fmt = "%Y-%m-%dT%H:%M:%SZ";
+
+#ifdef _MSC_VER
+            std::strftime(timeStamp, timeStampSize, fmt, &timeInfo);
+#else
+            std::strftime(timeStamp, timeStampSize, fmt, timeInfo);
+#endif
+            return std::string(timeStamp, timeStampSize-1);
+        }
+
+        std::string fileNameTag(const std::vector<std::string> &tags) {
+            auto it = std::find_if(begin(tags),
+                                   end(tags),
+                                   [] (std::string const& tag) {return tag.front() == '#'; });
+            if (it != tags.end())
+                return it->substr(1);
+            return std::string();
+        }
+
+        // Formats the duration in seconds to 3 decimal places.
+        // This is done because some genius defined Maven Surefire schema
+        // in a way that only accepts 3 decimal places, and tools like
+        // Jenkins use that schema for validation JUnit reporter output.
+        std::string formatDuration( double seconds ) {
+            ReusableStringStream rss;
+            rss << std::fixed << std::setprecision( 3 ) << seconds;
+            return rss.str();
+        }
+
+    } // anonymous namespace
+
+    JunitReporter::JunitReporter( ReporterConfig const& _config )
+        :   CumulativeReporterBase( _config ),
+            xml( _config.stream() )
+        {
+            m_reporterPrefs.shouldRedirectStdOut = true;
+            m_reporterPrefs.shouldReportAllAssertions = true;
+        }
+
+    JunitReporter::~JunitReporter() {}
+
+    std::string JunitReporter::getDescription() {
+        return "Reports test results in an XML format that looks like Ant's junitreport target";
+    }
+
+    void JunitReporter::noMatchingTestCases( std::string const& /*spec*/ ) {}
+
+    void JunitReporter::testRunStarting( TestRunInfo const& runInfo )  {
+        CumulativeReporterBase::testRunStarting( runInfo );
+        xml.startElement( "testsuites" );
+    }
+
+    void JunitReporter::testGroupStarting( GroupInfo const& groupInfo ) {
+        suiteTimer.start();
+        stdOutForSuite.clear();
+        stdErrForSuite.clear();
+        unexpectedExceptions = 0;
+        CumulativeReporterBase::testGroupStarting( groupInfo );
+    }
+
+    void JunitReporter::testCaseStarting( TestCaseInfo const& testCaseInfo ) {
+        m_okToFail = testCaseInfo.okToFail();
+    }
+
+    bool JunitReporter::assertionEnded( AssertionStats const& assertionStats ) {
+        if( assertionStats.assertionResult.getResultType() == ResultWas::ThrewException && !m_okToFail )
+            unexpectedExceptions++;
+        return CumulativeReporterBase::assertionEnded( assertionStats );
+    }
+
+    void JunitReporter::testCaseEnded( TestCaseStats const& testCaseStats ) {
+        stdOutForSuite += testCaseStats.stdOut;
+        stdErrForSuite += testCaseStats.stdErr;
+        CumulativeReporterBase::testCaseEnded( testCaseStats );
+    }
+
+    void JunitReporter::testGroupEnded( TestGroupStats const& testGroupStats ) {
+        double suiteTime = suiteTimer.getElapsedSeconds();
+        CumulativeReporterBase::testGroupEnded( testGroupStats );
+        writeGroup( *m_testGroups.back(), suiteTime );
+    }
+
+    void JunitReporter::testRunEndedCumulative() {
+        xml.endElement();
+    }
+
+    void JunitReporter::writeGroup( TestGroupNode const& groupNode, double suiteTime ) {
+        XmlWriter::ScopedElement e = xml.scopedElement( "testsuite" );
+
+        TestGroupStats const& stats = groupNode.value;
+        xml.writeAttribute( "name", stats.groupInfo.name );
+        xml.writeAttribute( "errors", unexpectedExceptions );
+        xml.writeAttribute( "failures", stats.totals.assertions.failed-unexpectedExceptions );
+        xml.writeAttribute( "tests", stats.totals.assertions.total() );
+        xml.writeAttribute( "hostname", "tbd" ); // !TBD
+        if( m_config->showDurations() == ShowDurations::Never )
+            xml.writeAttribute( "time", "" );
+        else
+            xml.writeAttribute( "time", formatDuration( suiteTime ) );
+        xml.writeAttribute( "timestamp", getCurrentTimestamp() );
+
+        // Write properties if there are any
+        if (m_config->hasTestFilters() || m_config->rngSeed() != 0) {
+            auto properties = xml.scopedElement("properties");
+            if (m_config->hasTestFilters()) {
+                xml.scopedElement("property")
+                    .writeAttribute("name", "filters")
+                    .writeAttribute("value", serializeFilters(m_config->getTestsOrTags()));
+            }
+            if (m_config->rngSeed() != 0) {
+                xml.scopedElement("property")
+                    .writeAttribute("name", "random-seed")
+                    .writeAttribute("value", m_config->rngSeed());
+            }
+        }
+
+        // Write test cases
+        for( auto const& child : groupNode.children )
+            writeTestCase( *child );
+
+        xml.scopedElement( "system-out" ).writeText( trim( stdOutForSuite ), XmlFormatting::Newline );
+        xml.scopedElement( "system-err" ).writeText( trim( stdErrForSuite ), XmlFormatting::Newline );
+    }
+
+    void JunitReporter::writeTestCase( TestCaseNode const& testCaseNode ) {
+        TestCaseStats const& stats = testCaseNode.value;
+
+        // All test cases have exactly one section - which represents the
+        // test case itself. That section may have 0-n nested sections
+        assert( testCaseNode.children.size() == 1 );
+        SectionNode const& rootSection = *testCaseNode.children.front();
+
+        std::string className = stats.testInfo.className;
+
+        if( className.empty() ) {
+            className = fileNameTag(stats.testInfo.tags);
+            if ( className.empty() )
+                className = "global";
+        }
+
+        if ( !m_config->name().empty() )
+            className = m_config->name() + "." + className;
+
+        writeSection( className, "", rootSection, stats.testInfo.okToFail() );
+    }
+
+    void JunitReporter::writeSection( std::string const& className,
+                                      std::string const& rootName,
+                                      SectionNode const& sectionNode,
+                                      bool testOkToFail) {
+        std::string name = trim( sectionNode.stats.sectionInfo.name );
+        if( !rootName.empty() )
+            name = rootName + '/' + name;
+
+        if( !sectionNode.assertions.empty() ||
+            !sectionNode.stdOut.empty() ||
+            !sectionNode.stdErr.empty() ) {
+            XmlWriter::ScopedElement e = xml.scopedElement( "testcase" );
+            if( className.empty() ) {
+                xml.writeAttribute( "classname", name );
+                xml.writeAttribute( "name", "root" );
+            }
+            else {
+                xml.writeAttribute( "classname", className );
+                xml.writeAttribute( "name", name );
+            }
+            xml.writeAttribute( "time", formatDuration( sectionNode.stats.durationInSeconds ) );
+            // This is not ideal, but it should be enough to mimic gtest's
+            // junit output.
+            // Ideally the JUnit reporter would also handle `skipTest`
+            // events and write those out appropriately.
+            xml.writeAttribute( "status", "run" );
+
+            if (sectionNode.stats.assertions.failedButOk) {
+                xml.scopedElement("skipped")
+                    .writeAttribute("message", "TEST_CASE tagged with !mayfail");
+            }
+
+            writeAssertions( sectionNode );
+
+            if( !sectionNode.stdOut.empty() )
+                xml.scopedElement( "system-out" ).writeText( trim( sectionNode.stdOut ), XmlFormatting::Newline );
+            if( !sectionNode.stdErr.empty() )
+                xml.scopedElement( "system-err" ).writeText( trim( sectionNode.stdErr ), XmlFormatting::Newline );
+        }
+        for( auto const& childNode : sectionNode.childSections )
+            if( className.empty() )
+                writeSection( name, "", *childNode, testOkToFail );
+            else
+                writeSection( className, name, *childNode, testOkToFail );
+    }
+
+    void JunitReporter::writeAssertions( SectionNode const& sectionNode ) {
+        for( auto const& assertion : sectionNode.assertions )
+            writeAssertion( assertion );
+    }
+
+    void JunitReporter::writeAssertion( AssertionStats const& stats ) {
+        AssertionResult const& result = stats.assertionResult;
+        if( !result.isOk() ) {
+            std::string elementName;
+            switch( result.getResultType() ) {
+                case ResultWas::ThrewException:
+                case ResultWas::FatalErrorCondition:
+                    elementName = "error";
+                    break;
+                case ResultWas::ExplicitFailure:
+                case ResultWas::ExpressionFailed:
+                case ResultWas::DidntThrowException:
+                    elementName = "failure";
+                    break;
+
+                // We should never see these here:
+                case ResultWas::Info:
+                case ResultWas::Warning:
+                case ResultWas::Ok:
+                case ResultWas::Unknown:
+                case ResultWas::FailureBit:
+                case ResultWas::Exception:
+                    elementName = "internalError";
+                    break;
+            }
+
+            XmlWriter::ScopedElement e = xml.scopedElement( elementName );
+
+            xml.writeAttribute( "message", result.getExpression() );
+            xml.writeAttribute( "type", result.getTestMacroName() );
+
+            ReusableStringStream rss;
+            if (stats.totals.assertions.total() > 0) {
+                rss << "FAILED" << ":\n";
+                if (result.hasExpression()) {
+                    rss << "  ";
+                    rss << result.getExpressionInMacro();
+                    rss << '\n';
+                }
+                if (result.hasExpandedExpression()) {
+                    rss << "with expansion:\n";
+                    rss << Column(result.getExpandedExpression()).indent(2) << '\n';
+                }
+            } else {
+                rss << '\n';
+            }
+
+            if( !result.getMessage().empty() )
+                rss << result.getMessage() << '\n';
+            for( auto const& msg : stats.infoMessages )
+                if( msg.type == ResultWas::Info )
+                    rss << msg.message << '\n';
+
+            rss << "at " << result.getSourceInfo();
+            xml.writeText( rss.str(), XmlFormatting::Newline );
+        }
+    }
+
+    CATCH_REGISTER_REPORTER( "junit", JunitReporter )
+
+} // end namespace Catch
+// end catch_reporter_junit.cpp
+// start catch_reporter_listening.cpp
+
+#include <cassert>
+
+namespace Catch {
+
+    ListeningReporter::ListeningReporter() {
+        // We will assume that listeners will always want all assertions
+        m_preferences.shouldReportAllAssertions = true;
+    }
+
+    void ListeningReporter::addListener( IStreamingReporterPtr&& listener ) {
+        m_listeners.push_back( std::move( listener ) );
+    }
+
+    void ListeningReporter::addReporter(IStreamingReporterPtr&& reporter) {
+        assert(!m_reporter && "Listening reporter can wrap only 1 real reporter");
+        m_reporter = std::move( reporter );
+        m_preferences.shouldRedirectStdOut = m_reporter->getPreferences().shouldRedirectStdOut;
+    }
+
+    ReporterPreferences ListeningReporter::getPreferences() const {
+        return m_preferences;
+    }
+
+    std::set<Verbosity> ListeningReporter::getSupportedVerbosities() {
+        return std::set<Verbosity>{ };
+    }
+
+    void ListeningReporter::noMatchingTestCases( std::string const& spec ) {
+        for ( auto const& listener : m_listeners ) {
+            listener->noMatchingTestCases( spec );
+        }
+        m_reporter->noMatchingTestCases( spec );
+    }
+
+    void ListeningReporter::reportInvalidArguments(std::string const&arg){
+        for ( auto const& listener : m_listeners ) {
+            listener->reportInvalidArguments( arg );
+        }
+        m_reporter->reportInvalidArguments( arg );
+    }
+
+#if defined(CATCH_CONFIG_ENABLE_BENCHMARKING)
+    void ListeningReporter::benchmarkPreparing( std::string const& name ) {
+		for (auto const& listener : m_listeners) {
+			listener->benchmarkPreparing(name);
+		}
+		m_reporter->benchmarkPreparing(name);
+	}
+    void ListeningReporter::benchmarkStarting( BenchmarkInfo const& benchmarkInfo ) {
+        for ( auto const& listener : m_listeners ) {
+            listener->benchmarkStarting( benchmarkInfo );
+        }
+        m_reporter->benchmarkStarting( benchmarkInfo );
+    }
+    void ListeningReporter::benchmarkEnded( BenchmarkStats<> const& benchmarkStats ) {
+        for ( auto const& listener : m_listeners ) {
+            listener->benchmarkEnded( benchmarkStats );
+        }
+        m_reporter->benchmarkEnded( benchmarkStats );
+    }
+
+	void ListeningReporter::benchmarkFailed( std::string const& error ) {
+		for (auto const& listener : m_listeners) {
+			listener->benchmarkFailed(error);
+		}
+		m_reporter->benchmarkFailed(error);
+	}
+#endif // CATCH_CONFIG_ENABLE_BENCHMARKING
+
+    void ListeningReporter::testRunStarting( TestRunInfo const& testRunInfo ) {
+        for ( auto const& listener : m_listeners ) {
+            listener->testRunStarting( testRunInfo );
+        }
+        m_reporter->testRunStarting( testRunInfo );
+    }
+
+    void ListeningReporter::testGroupStarting( GroupInfo const& groupInfo ) {
+        for ( auto const& listener : m_listeners ) {
+            listener->testGroupStarting( groupInfo );
+        }
+        m_reporter->testGroupStarting( groupInfo );
+    }
+
+    void ListeningReporter::testCaseStarting( TestCaseInfo const& testInfo ) {
+        for ( auto const& listener : m_listeners ) {
+            listener->testCaseStarting( testInfo );
+        }
+        m_reporter->testCaseStarting( testInfo );
+    }
+
+    void ListeningReporter::sectionStarting( SectionInfo const& sectionInfo ) {
+        for ( auto const& listener : m_listeners ) {
+            listener->sectionStarting( sectionInfo );
+        }
+        m_reporter->sectionStarting( sectionInfo );
+    }
+
+    void ListeningReporter::assertionStarting( AssertionInfo const& assertionInfo ) {
+        for ( auto const& listener : m_listeners ) {
+            listener->assertionStarting( assertionInfo );
+        }
+        m_reporter->assertionStarting( assertionInfo );
+    }
+
+    // The return value indicates if the messages buffer should be cleared:
+    bool ListeningReporter::assertionEnded( AssertionStats const& assertionStats ) {
+        for( auto const& listener : m_listeners ) {
+            static_cast<void>( listener->assertionEnded( assertionStats ) );
+        }
+        return m_reporter->assertionEnded( assertionStats );
+    }
+
+    void ListeningReporter::sectionEnded( SectionStats const& sectionStats ) {
+        for ( auto const& listener : m_listeners ) {
+            listener->sectionEnded( sectionStats );
+        }
+        m_reporter->sectionEnded( sectionStats );
+    }
+
+    void ListeningReporter::testCaseEnded( TestCaseStats const& testCaseStats ) {
+        for ( auto const& listener : m_listeners ) {
+            listener->testCaseEnded( testCaseStats );
+        }
+        m_reporter->testCaseEnded( testCaseStats );
+    }
+
+    void ListeningReporter::testGroupEnded( TestGroupStats const& testGroupStats ) {
+        for ( auto const& listener : m_listeners ) {
+            listener->testGroupEnded( testGroupStats );
+        }
+        m_reporter->testGroupEnded( testGroupStats );
+    }
+
+    void ListeningReporter::testRunEnded( TestRunStats const& testRunStats ) {
+        for ( auto const& listener : m_listeners ) {
+            listener->testRunEnded( testRunStats );
+        }
+        m_reporter->testRunEnded( testRunStats );
+    }
+
+    void ListeningReporter::skipTest( TestCaseInfo const& testInfo ) {
+        for ( auto const& listener : m_listeners ) {
+            listener->skipTest( testInfo );
+        }
+        m_reporter->skipTest( testInfo );
+    }
+
+    bool ListeningReporter::isMulti() const {
+        return true;
+    }
+
+} // end namespace Catch
+// end catch_reporter_listening.cpp
+// start catch_reporter_xml.cpp
+
+#if defined(_MSC_VER)
+#pragma warning(push)
+#pragma warning(disable:4061) // Not all labels are EXPLICITLY handled in switch
+                              // Note that 4062 (not all labels are handled
+                              // and default is missing) is enabled
+#endif
+
+namespace Catch {
+    XmlReporter::XmlReporter( ReporterConfig const& _config )
+    :   StreamingReporterBase( _config ),
+        m_xml(_config.stream())
+    {
+        m_reporterPrefs.shouldRedirectStdOut = true;
+        m_reporterPrefs.shouldReportAllAssertions = true;
+    }
+
+    XmlReporter::~XmlReporter() = default;
+
+    std::string XmlReporter::getDescription() {
+        return "Reports test results as an XML document";
+    }
+
+    std::string XmlReporter::getStylesheetRef() const {
+        return std::string();
+    }
+
+    void XmlReporter::writeSourceInfo( SourceLineInfo const& sourceInfo ) {
+        m_xml
+            .writeAttribute( "filename", sourceInfo.file )
+            .writeAttribute( "line", sourceInfo.line );
+    }
+
+    void XmlReporter::noMatchingTestCases( std::string const& s ) {
+        StreamingReporterBase::noMatchingTestCases( s );
+    }
+
+    void XmlReporter::testRunStarting( TestRunInfo const& testInfo ) {
+        StreamingReporterBase::testRunStarting( testInfo );
+        std::string stylesheetRef = getStylesheetRef();
+        if( !stylesheetRef.empty() )
+            m_xml.writeStylesheetRef( stylesheetRef );
+        m_xml.startElement( "Catch" );
+        if( !m_config->name().empty() )
+            m_xml.writeAttribute( "name", m_config->name() );
+        if (m_config->testSpec().hasFilters())
+            m_xml.writeAttribute( "filters", serializeFilters( m_config->getTestsOrTags() ) );
+        if( m_config->rngSeed() != 0 )
+            m_xml.scopedElement( "Randomness" )
+                .writeAttribute( "seed", m_config->rngSeed() );
+    }
+
+    void XmlReporter::testGroupStarting( GroupInfo const& groupInfo ) {
+        StreamingReporterBase::testGroupStarting( groupInfo );
+        m_xml.startElement( "Group" )
+            .writeAttribute( "name", groupInfo.name );
+    }
+
+    void XmlReporter::testCaseStarting( TestCaseInfo const& testInfo ) {
+        StreamingReporterBase::testCaseStarting(testInfo);
+        m_xml.startElement( "TestCase" )
+            .writeAttribute( "name", trim( testInfo.name ) )
+            .writeAttribute( "description", testInfo.description )
+            .writeAttribute( "tags", testInfo.tagsAsString() );
+
+        writeSourceInfo( testInfo.lineInfo );
+
+        if ( m_config->showDurations() == ShowDurations::Always )
+            m_testCaseTimer.start();
+        m_xml.ensureTagClosed();
+    }
+
+    void XmlReporter::sectionStarting( SectionInfo const& sectionInfo ) {
+        StreamingReporterBase::sectionStarting( sectionInfo );
+        if( m_sectionDepth++ > 0 ) {
+            m_xml.startElement( "Section" )
+                .writeAttribute( "name", trim( sectionInfo.name ) );
+            writeSourceInfo( sectionInfo.lineInfo );
+            m_xml.ensureTagClosed();
+        }
+    }
+
+    void XmlReporter::assertionStarting( AssertionInfo const& ) { }
+
+    bool XmlReporter::assertionEnded( AssertionStats const& assertionStats ) {
+
+        AssertionResult const& result = assertionStats.assertionResult;
+
+        bool includeResults = m_config->includeSuccessfulResults() || !result.isOk();
+
+        if( includeResults || result.getResultType() == ResultWas::Warning ) {
+            // Print any info messages in <Info> tags.
+            for( auto const& msg : assertionStats.infoMessages ) {
+                if( msg.type == ResultWas::Info && includeResults ) {
+                    m_xml.scopedElement( "Info" )
+                            .writeText( msg.message );
+                } else if ( msg.type == ResultWas::Warning ) {
+                    m_xml.scopedElement( "Warning" )
+                            .writeText( msg.message );
+                }
+            }
+        }
+
+        // Drop out if result was successful but we're not printing them.
+        if( !includeResults && result.getResultType() != ResultWas::Warning )
+            return true;
+
+        // Print the expression if there is one.
+        if( result.hasExpression() ) {
+            m_xml.startElement( "Expression" )
+                .writeAttribute( "success", result.succeeded() )
+                .writeAttribute( "type", result.getTestMacroName() );
+
+            writeSourceInfo( result.getSourceInfo() );
+
+            m_xml.scopedElement( "Original" )
+                .writeText( result.getExpression() );
+            m_xml.scopedElement( "Expanded" )
+                .writeText( result.getExpandedExpression() );
+        }
+
+        // And... Print a result applicable to each result type.
+        switch( result.getResultType() ) {
+            case ResultWas::ThrewException:
+                m_xml.startElement( "Exception" );
+                writeSourceInfo( result.getSourceInfo() );
+                m_xml.writeText( result.getMessage() );
+                m_xml.endElement();
+                break;
+            case ResultWas::FatalErrorCondition:
+                m_xml.startElement( "FatalErrorCondition" );
+                writeSourceInfo( result.getSourceInfo() );
+                m_xml.writeText( result.getMessage() );
+                m_xml.endElement();
+                break;
+            case ResultWas::Info:
+                m_xml.scopedElement( "Info" )
+                    .writeText( result.getMessage() );
+                break;
+            case ResultWas::Warning:
+                // Warning will already have been written
+                break;
+            case ResultWas::ExplicitFailure:
+                m_xml.startElement( "Failure" );
+                writeSourceInfo( result.getSourceInfo() );
+                m_xml.writeText( result.getMessage() );
+                m_xml.endElement();
+                break;
+            default:
+                break;
+        }
+
+        if( result.hasExpression() )
+            m_xml.endElement();
+
+        return true;
+    }
+
+    void XmlReporter::sectionEnded( SectionStats const& sectionStats ) {
+        StreamingReporterBase::sectionEnded( sectionStats );
+        if( --m_sectionDepth > 0 ) {
+            XmlWriter::ScopedElement e = m_xml.scopedElement( "OverallResults" );
+            e.writeAttribute( "successes", sectionStats.assertions.passed );
+            e.writeAttribute( "failures", sectionStats.assertions.failed );
+            e.writeAttribute( "expectedFailures", sectionStats.assertions.failedButOk );
+
+            if ( m_config->showDurations() == ShowDurations::Always )
+                e.writeAttribute( "durationInSeconds", sectionStats.durationInSeconds );
+
+            m_xml.endElement();
+        }
+    }
+
+    void XmlReporter::testCaseEnded( TestCaseStats const& testCaseStats ) {
+        StreamingReporterBase::testCaseEnded( testCaseStats );
+        XmlWriter::ScopedElement e = m_xml.scopedElement( "OverallResult" );
+        e.writeAttribute( "success", testCaseStats.totals.assertions.allOk() );
+
+        if ( m_config->showDurations() == ShowDurations::Always )
+            e.writeAttribute( "durationInSeconds", m_testCaseTimer.getElapsedSeconds() );
+
+        if( !testCaseStats.stdOut.empty() )
+            m_xml.scopedElement( "StdOut" ).writeText( trim( testCaseStats.stdOut ), XmlFormatting::Newline );
+        if( !testCaseStats.stdErr.empty() )
+            m_xml.scopedElement( "StdErr" ).writeText( trim( testCaseStats.stdErr ), XmlFormatting::Newline );
+
+        m_xml.endElement();
+    }
+
+    void XmlReporter::testGroupEnded( TestGroupStats const& testGroupStats ) {
+        StreamingReporterBase::testGroupEnded( testGroupStats );
+        // TODO: Check testGroupStats.aborting and act accordingly.
+        m_xml.scopedElement( "OverallResults" )
+            .writeAttribute( "successes", testGroupStats.totals.assertions.passed )
+            .writeAttribute( "failures", testGroupStats.totals.assertions.failed )
+            .writeAttribute( "expectedFailures", testGroupStats.totals.assertions.failedButOk );
+        m_xml.scopedElement( "OverallResultsCases")
+            .writeAttribute( "successes", testGroupStats.totals.testCases.passed )
+            .writeAttribute( "failures", testGroupStats.totals.testCases.failed )
+            .writeAttribute( "expectedFailures", testGroupStats.totals.testCases.failedButOk );
+        m_xml.endElement();
+    }
+
+    void XmlReporter::testRunEnded( TestRunStats const& testRunStats ) {
+        StreamingReporterBase::testRunEnded( testRunStats );
+        m_xml.scopedElement( "OverallResults" )
+            .writeAttribute( "successes", testRunStats.totals.assertions.passed )
+            .writeAttribute( "failures", testRunStats.totals.assertions.failed )
+            .writeAttribute( "expectedFailures", testRunStats.totals.assertions.failedButOk );
+        m_xml.scopedElement( "OverallResultsCases")
+            .writeAttribute( "successes", testRunStats.totals.testCases.passed )
+            .writeAttribute( "failures", testRunStats.totals.testCases.failed )
+            .writeAttribute( "expectedFailures", testRunStats.totals.testCases.failedButOk );
+        m_xml.endElement();
+    }
+
+#if defined(CATCH_CONFIG_ENABLE_BENCHMARKING)
+    void XmlReporter::benchmarkPreparing(std::string const& name) {
+        m_xml.startElement("BenchmarkResults")
+            .writeAttribute("name", name);
+    }
+
+    void XmlReporter::benchmarkStarting(BenchmarkInfo const &info) {
+        m_xml.writeAttribute("samples", info.samples)
+            .writeAttribute("resamples", info.resamples)
+            .writeAttribute("iterations", info.iterations)
+            .writeAttribute("clockResolution", info.clockResolution)
+            .writeAttribute("estimatedDuration", info.estimatedDuration)
+            .writeComment("All values in nano seconds");
+    }
+
+    void XmlReporter::benchmarkEnded(BenchmarkStats<> const& benchmarkStats) {
+        m_xml.startElement("mean")
+            .writeAttribute("value", benchmarkStats.mean.point.count())
+            .writeAttribute("lowerBound", benchmarkStats.mean.lower_bound.count())
+            .writeAttribute("upperBound", benchmarkStats.mean.upper_bound.count())
+            .writeAttribute("ci", benchmarkStats.mean.confidence_interval);
+        m_xml.endElement();
+        m_xml.startElement("standardDeviation")
+            .writeAttribute("value", benchmarkStats.standardDeviation.point.count())
+            .writeAttribute("lowerBound", benchmarkStats.standardDeviation.lower_bound.count())
+            .writeAttribute("upperBound", benchmarkStats.standardDeviation.upper_bound.count())
+            .writeAttribute("ci", benchmarkStats.standardDeviation.confidence_interval);
+        m_xml.endElement();
+        m_xml.startElement("outliers")
+            .writeAttribute("variance", benchmarkStats.outlierVariance)
+            .writeAttribute("lowMild", benchmarkStats.outliers.low_mild)
+            .writeAttribute("lowSevere", benchmarkStats.outliers.low_severe)
+            .writeAttribute("highMild", benchmarkStats.outliers.high_mild)
+            .writeAttribute("highSevere", benchmarkStats.outliers.high_severe);
+        m_xml.endElement();
+        m_xml.endElement();
+    }
+
+    void XmlReporter::benchmarkFailed(std::string const &error) {
+        m_xml.scopedElement("failed").
+            writeAttribute("message", error);
+        m_xml.endElement();
+    }
+#endif // CATCH_CONFIG_ENABLE_BENCHMARKING
+
+    CATCH_REGISTER_REPORTER( "xml", XmlReporter )
+
+} // end namespace Catch
+
+#if defined(_MSC_VER)
+#pragma warning(pop)
+#endif
+// end catch_reporter_xml.cpp
+
+namespace Catch {
+    LeakDetector leakDetector;
+}
+
+#ifdef __clang__
+#pragma clang diagnostic pop
+#endif
+
+// end catch_impl.hpp
+#endif
+
+#ifdef CATCH_CONFIG_MAIN
+// start catch_default_main.hpp
+
+#ifndef __OBJC__
+
+#if defined(CATCH_CONFIG_WCHAR) && defined(CATCH_PLATFORM_WINDOWS) && defined(_UNICODE) && !defined(DO_NOT_USE_WMAIN)
+// Standard C/C++ Win32 Unicode wmain entry point
+extern "C" int wmain (int argc, wchar_t * argv[], wchar_t * []) {
+#else
+// Standard C/C++ main entry point
+int main (int argc, char * argv[]) {
+#endif
+
+    return Catch::Session().run( argc, argv );
+}
+
+#else // __OBJC__
+
+// Objective-C entry point
+int main (int argc, char * const argv[]) {
+#if !CATCH_ARC_ENABLED
+    NSAutoreleasePool * pool = [[NSAutoreleasePool alloc] init];
+#endif
+
+    Catch::registerTestMethods();
+    int result = Catch::Session().run( argc, (char**)argv );
+
+#if !CATCH_ARC_ENABLED
+    [pool drain];
+#endif
+
+    return result;
+}
+
+#endif // __OBJC__
+
+// end catch_default_main.hpp
+#endif
+
+#if !defined(CATCH_CONFIG_IMPL_ONLY)
+
+#ifdef CLARA_CONFIG_MAIN_NOT_DEFINED
+#  undef CLARA_CONFIG_MAIN
+#endif
+
+#if !defined(CATCH_CONFIG_DISABLE)
+//////
+// If this config identifier is defined then all CATCH macros are prefixed with CATCH_
+#ifdef CATCH_CONFIG_PREFIX_ALL
+
+#define CATCH_REQUIRE( ... ) INTERNAL_CATCH_TEST( "CATCH_REQUIRE", Catch::ResultDisposition::Normal, __VA_ARGS__ )
+#define CATCH_REQUIRE_FALSE( ... ) INTERNAL_CATCH_TEST( "CATCH_REQUIRE_FALSE", Catch::ResultDisposition::Normal | Catch::ResultDisposition::FalseTest, __VA_ARGS__ )
+
+#define CATCH_REQUIRE_THROWS( ... ) INTERNAL_CATCH_THROWS( "CATCH_REQUIRE_THROWS", Catch::ResultDisposition::Normal, __VA_ARGS__ )
+#define CATCH_REQUIRE_THROWS_AS( expr, exceptionType ) INTERNAL_CATCH_THROWS_AS( "CATCH_REQUIRE_THROWS_AS", exceptionType, Catch::ResultDisposition::Normal, expr )
+#define CATCH_REQUIRE_THROWS_WITH( expr, matcher ) INTERNAL_CATCH_THROWS_STR_MATCHES( "CATCH_REQUIRE_THROWS_WITH", Catch::ResultDisposition::Normal, matcher, expr )
+#if !defined(CATCH_CONFIG_DISABLE_MATCHERS)
+#define CATCH_REQUIRE_THROWS_MATCHES( expr, exceptionType, matcher ) INTERNAL_CATCH_THROWS_MATCHES( "CATCH_REQUIRE_THROWS_MATCHES", exceptionType, Catch::ResultDisposition::Normal, matcher, expr )
+#endif// CATCH_CONFIG_DISABLE_MATCHERS
+#define CATCH_REQUIRE_NOTHROW( ... ) INTERNAL_CATCH_NO_THROW( "CATCH_REQUIRE_NOTHROW", Catch::ResultDisposition::Normal, __VA_ARGS__ )
+
+#define CATCH_CHECK( ... ) INTERNAL_CATCH_TEST( "CATCH_CHECK", Catch::ResultDisposition::ContinueOnFailure, __VA_ARGS__ )
+#define CATCH_CHECK_FALSE( ... ) INTERNAL_CATCH_TEST( "CATCH_CHECK_FALSE", Catch::ResultDisposition::ContinueOnFailure | Catch::ResultDisposition::FalseTest, __VA_ARGS__ )
+#define CATCH_CHECKED_IF( ... ) INTERNAL_CATCH_IF( "CATCH_CHECKED_IF", Catch::ResultDisposition::ContinueOnFailure, __VA_ARGS__ )
+#define CATCH_CHECKED_ELSE( ... ) INTERNAL_CATCH_ELSE( "CATCH_CHECKED_ELSE", Catch::ResultDisposition::ContinueOnFailure, __VA_ARGS__ )
+#define CATCH_CHECK_NOFAIL( ... ) INTERNAL_CATCH_TEST( "CATCH_CHECK_NOFAIL", Catch::ResultDisposition::ContinueOnFailure | Catch::ResultDisposition::SuppressFail, __VA_ARGS__ )
+
+#define CATCH_CHECK_THROWS( ... )  INTERNAL_CATCH_THROWS( "CATCH_CHECK_THROWS", Catch::ResultDisposition::ContinueOnFailure, __VA_ARGS__ )
+#define CATCH_CHECK_THROWS_AS( expr, exceptionType ) INTERNAL_CATCH_THROWS_AS( "CATCH_CHECK_THROWS_AS", exceptionType, Catch::ResultDisposition::ContinueOnFailure, expr )
+#define CATCH_CHECK_THROWS_WITH( expr, matcher ) INTERNAL_CATCH_THROWS_STR_MATCHES( "CATCH_CHECK_THROWS_WITH", Catch::ResultDisposition::ContinueOnFailure, matcher, expr )
+#if !defined(CATCH_CONFIG_DISABLE_MATCHERS)
+#define CATCH_CHECK_THROWS_MATCHES( expr, exceptionType, matcher ) INTERNAL_CATCH_THROWS_MATCHES( "CATCH_CHECK_THROWS_MATCHES", exceptionType, Catch::ResultDisposition::ContinueOnFailure, matcher, expr )
+#endif // CATCH_CONFIG_DISABLE_MATCHERS
+#define CATCH_CHECK_NOTHROW( ... ) INTERNAL_CATCH_NO_THROW( "CATCH_CHECK_NOTHROW", Catch::ResultDisposition::ContinueOnFailure, __VA_ARGS__ )
+
+#if !defined(CATCH_CONFIG_DISABLE_MATCHERS)
+#define CATCH_CHECK_THAT( arg, matcher ) INTERNAL_CHECK_THAT( "CATCH_CHECK_THAT", matcher, Catch::ResultDisposition::ContinueOnFailure, arg )
+
+#define CATCH_REQUIRE_THAT( arg, matcher ) INTERNAL_CHECK_THAT( "CATCH_REQUIRE_THAT", matcher, Catch::ResultDisposition::Normal, arg )
+#endif // CATCH_CONFIG_DISABLE_MATCHERS
+
+#define CATCH_INFO( msg ) INTERNAL_CATCH_INFO( "CATCH_INFO", msg )
+#define CATCH_UNSCOPED_INFO( msg ) INTERNAL_CATCH_UNSCOPED_INFO( "CATCH_UNSCOPED_INFO", msg )
+#define CATCH_WARN( msg ) INTERNAL_CATCH_MSG( "CATCH_WARN", Catch::ResultWas::Warning, Catch::ResultDisposition::ContinueOnFailure, msg )
+#define CATCH_CAPTURE( ... ) INTERNAL_CATCH_CAPTURE( INTERNAL_CATCH_UNIQUE_NAME(capturer), "CATCH_CAPTURE",__VA_ARGS__ )
+
+#define CATCH_TEST_CASE( ... ) INTERNAL_CATCH_TESTCASE( __VA_ARGS__ )
+#define CATCH_TEST_CASE_METHOD( className, ... ) INTERNAL_CATCH_TEST_CASE_METHOD( className, __VA_ARGS__ )
+#define CATCH_METHOD_AS_TEST_CASE( method, ... ) INTERNAL_CATCH_METHOD_AS_TEST_CASE( method, __VA_ARGS__ )
+#define CATCH_REGISTER_TEST_CASE( Function, ... ) INTERNAL_CATCH_REGISTER_TESTCASE( Function, __VA_ARGS__ )
+#define CATCH_SECTION( ... ) INTERNAL_CATCH_SECTION( __VA_ARGS__ )
+#define CATCH_DYNAMIC_SECTION( ... ) INTERNAL_CATCH_DYNAMIC_SECTION( __VA_ARGS__ )
+#define CATCH_FAIL( ... ) INTERNAL_CATCH_MSG( "CATCH_FAIL", Catch::ResultWas::ExplicitFailure, Catch::ResultDisposition::Normal, __VA_ARGS__ )
+#define CATCH_FAIL_CHECK( ... ) INTERNAL_CATCH_MSG( "CATCH_FAIL_CHECK", Catch::ResultWas::ExplicitFailure, Catch::ResultDisposition::ContinueOnFailure, __VA_ARGS__ )
+#define CATCH_SUCCEED( ... ) INTERNAL_CATCH_MSG( "CATCH_SUCCEED", Catch::ResultWas::Ok, Catch::ResultDisposition::ContinueOnFailure, __VA_ARGS__ )
+
+#define CATCH_ANON_TEST_CASE() INTERNAL_CATCH_TESTCASE()
+
+#ifndef CATCH_CONFIG_TRADITIONAL_MSVC_PREPROCESSOR
+#define CATCH_TEMPLATE_TEST_CASE( ... ) INTERNAL_CATCH_TEMPLATE_TEST_CASE( __VA_ARGS__ )
+#define CATCH_TEMPLATE_TEST_CASE_SIG( ... ) INTERNAL_CATCH_TEMPLATE_TEST_CASE_SIG( __VA_ARGS__ )
+#define CATCH_TEMPLATE_TEST_CASE_METHOD( className, ... ) INTERNAL_CATCH_TEMPLATE_TEST_CASE_METHOD( className, __VA_ARGS__ )
+#define CATCH_TEMPLATE_TEST_CASE_METHOD_SIG( className, ... ) INTERNAL_CATCH_TEMPLATE_TEST_CASE_METHOD_SIG( className, __VA_ARGS__ )
+#define CATCH_TEMPLATE_PRODUCT_TEST_CASE( ... ) INTERNAL_CATCH_TEMPLATE_PRODUCT_TEST_CASE( __VA_ARGS__ )
+#define CATCH_TEMPLATE_PRODUCT_TEST_CASE_SIG( ... ) INTERNAL_CATCH_TEMPLATE_PRODUCT_TEST_CASE_SIG( __VA_ARGS__ )
+#define CATCH_TEMPLATE_PRODUCT_TEST_CASE_METHOD( className, ... ) INTERNAL_CATCH_TEMPLATE_PRODUCT_TEST_CASE_METHOD( className, __VA_ARGS__ )
+#define CATCH_TEMPLATE_PRODUCT_TEST_CASE_METHOD_SIG( className, ... ) INTERNAL_CATCH_TEMPLATE_PRODUCT_TEST_CASE_METHOD_SIG( className, __VA_ARGS__ )
+#else
+#define CATCH_TEMPLATE_TEST_CASE( ... ) INTERNAL_CATCH_EXPAND_VARGS( INTERNAL_CATCH_TEMPLATE_TEST_CASE( __VA_ARGS__ ) )
+#define CATCH_TEMPLATE_TEST_CASE_SIG( ... ) INTERNAL_CATCH_EXPAND_VARGS( INTERNAL_CATCH_TEMPLATE_TEST_CASE_SIG( __VA_ARGS__ ) )
+#define CATCH_TEMPLATE_TEST_CASE_METHOD( className, ... ) INTERNAL_CATCH_EXPAND_VARGS( INTERNAL_CATCH_TEMPLATE_TEST_CASE_METHOD( className, __VA_ARGS__ ) )
+#define CATCH_TEMPLATE_TEST_CASE_METHOD_SIG( className, ... ) INTERNAL_CATCH_EXPAND_VARGS( INTERNAL_CATCH_TEMPLATE_TEST_CASE_METHOD_SIG( className, __VA_ARGS__ ) )
+#define CATCH_TEMPLATE_PRODUCT_TEST_CASE( ... ) INTERNAL_CATCH_EXPAND_VARGS( INTERNAL_CATCH_TEMPLATE_PRODUCT_TEST_CASE( __VA_ARGS__ ) )
+#define CATCH_TEMPLATE_PRODUCT_TEST_CASE_SIG( ... ) INTERNAL_CATCH_EXPAND_VARGS( INTERNAL_CATCH_TEMPLATE_PRODUCT_TEST_CASE_SIG( __VA_ARGS__ ) )
+#define CATCH_TEMPLATE_PRODUCT_TEST_CASE_METHOD( className, ... ) INTERNAL_CATCH_EXPAND_VARGS( INTERNAL_CATCH_TEMPLATE_PRODUCT_TEST_CASE_METHOD( className, __VA_ARGS__ ) )
+#define CATCH_TEMPLATE_PRODUCT_TEST_CASE_METHOD_SIG( className, ... ) INTERNAL_CATCH_EXPAND_VARGS( INTERNAL_CATCH_TEMPLATE_PRODUCT_TEST_CASE_METHOD_SIG( className, __VA_ARGS__ ) )
+#endif
+
+#if !defined(CATCH_CONFIG_RUNTIME_STATIC_REQUIRE)
+#define CATCH_STATIC_REQUIRE( ... )       static_assert(   __VA_ARGS__ ,      #__VA_ARGS__ );     CATCH_SUCCEED( #__VA_ARGS__ )
+#define CATCH_STATIC_REQUIRE_FALSE( ... ) static_assert( !(__VA_ARGS__), "!(" #__VA_ARGS__ ")" ); CATCH_SUCCEED( #__VA_ARGS__ )
+#else
+#define CATCH_STATIC_REQUIRE( ... )       CATCH_REQUIRE( __VA_ARGS__ )
+#define CATCH_STATIC_REQUIRE_FALSE( ... ) CATCH_REQUIRE_FALSE( __VA_ARGS__ )
+#endif
+
+// "BDD-style" convenience wrappers
+#define CATCH_SCENARIO( ... ) CATCH_TEST_CASE( "Scenario: " __VA_ARGS__ )
+#define CATCH_SCENARIO_METHOD( className, ... ) INTERNAL_CATCH_TEST_CASE_METHOD( className, "Scenario: " __VA_ARGS__ )
+#define CATCH_GIVEN( desc )     INTERNAL_CATCH_DYNAMIC_SECTION( "    Given: " << desc )
+#define CATCH_AND_GIVEN( desc ) INTERNAL_CATCH_DYNAMIC_SECTION( "And given: " << desc )
+#define CATCH_WHEN( desc )      INTERNAL_CATCH_DYNAMIC_SECTION( "     When: " << desc )
+#define CATCH_AND_WHEN( desc )  INTERNAL_CATCH_DYNAMIC_SECTION( " And when: " << desc )
+#define CATCH_THEN( desc )      INTERNAL_CATCH_DYNAMIC_SECTION( "     Then: " << desc )
+#define CATCH_AND_THEN( desc )  INTERNAL_CATCH_DYNAMIC_SECTION( "      And: " << desc )
+
+#if defined(CATCH_CONFIG_ENABLE_BENCHMARKING)
+#define CATCH_BENCHMARK(...) \
+    INTERNAL_CATCH_BENCHMARK(INTERNAL_CATCH_UNIQUE_NAME(____C_A_T_C_H____B_E_N_C_H____), INTERNAL_CATCH_GET_1_ARG(__VA_ARGS__,,), INTERNAL_CATCH_GET_2_ARG(__VA_ARGS__,,))
+#define CATCH_BENCHMARK_ADVANCED(name) \
+    INTERNAL_CATCH_BENCHMARK_ADVANCED(INTERNAL_CATCH_UNIQUE_NAME(____C_A_T_C_H____B_E_N_C_H____), name)
+#endif // CATCH_CONFIG_ENABLE_BENCHMARKING
+
+// If CATCH_CONFIG_PREFIX_ALL is not defined then the CATCH_ prefix is not required
+#else
+
+#define REQUIRE( ... ) INTERNAL_CATCH_TEST( "REQUIRE", Catch::ResultDisposition::Normal, __VA_ARGS__  )
+#define REQUIRE_FALSE( ... ) INTERNAL_CATCH_TEST( "REQUIRE_FALSE", Catch::ResultDisposition::Normal | Catch::ResultDisposition::FalseTest, __VA_ARGS__ )
+
+#define REQUIRE_THROWS( ... ) INTERNAL_CATCH_THROWS( "REQUIRE_THROWS", Catch::ResultDisposition::Normal, __VA_ARGS__ )
+#define REQUIRE_THROWS_AS( expr, exceptionType ) INTERNAL_CATCH_THROWS_AS( "REQUIRE_THROWS_AS", exceptionType, Catch::ResultDisposition::Normal, expr )
+#define REQUIRE_THROWS_WITH( expr, matcher ) INTERNAL_CATCH_THROWS_STR_MATCHES( "REQUIRE_THROWS_WITH", Catch::ResultDisposition::Normal, matcher, expr )
+#if !defined(CATCH_CONFIG_DISABLE_MATCHERS)
+#define REQUIRE_THROWS_MATCHES( expr, exceptionType, matcher ) INTERNAL_CATCH_THROWS_MATCHES( "REQUIRE_THROWS_MATCHES", exceptionType, Catch::ResultDisposition::Normal, matcher, expr )
+#endif // CATCH_CONFIG_DISABLE_MATCHERS
+#define REQUIRE_NOTHROW( ... ) INTERNAL_CATCH_NO_THROW( "REQUIRE_NOTHROW", Catch::ResultDisposition::Normal, __VA_ARGS__ )
+
+#define CHECK( ... ) INTERNAL_CATCH_TEST( "CHECK", Catch::ResultDisposition::ContinueOnFailure, __VA_ARGS__ )
+#define CHECK_FALSE( ... ) INTERNAL_CATCH_TEST( "CHECK_FALSE", Catch::ResultDisposition::ContinueOnFailure | Catch::ResultDisposition::FalseTest, __VA_ARGS__ )
+#define CHECKED_IF( ... ) INTERNAL_CATCH_IF( "CHECKED_IF", Catch::ResultDisposition::ContinueOnFailure, __VA_ARGS__ )
+#define CHECKED_ELSE( ... ) INTERNAL_CATCH_ELSE( "CHECKED_ELSE", Catch::ResultDisposition::ContinueOnFailure, __VA_ARGS__ )
+#define CHECK_NOFAIL( ... ) INTERNAL_CATCH_TEST( "CHECK_NOFAIL", Catch::ResultDisposition::ContinueOnFailure | Catch::ResultDisposition::SuppressFail, __VA_ARGS__ )
+
+#define CHECK_THROWS( ... )  INTERNAL_CATCH_THROWS( "CHECK_THROWS", Catch::ResultDisposition::ContinueOnFailure, __VA_ARGS__ )
+#define CHECK_THROWS_AS( expr, exceptionType ) INTERNAL_CATCH_THROWS_AS( "CHECK_THROWS_AS", exceptionType, Catch::ResultDisposition::ContinueOnFailure, expr )
+#define CHECK_THROWS_WITH( expr, matcher ) INTERNAL_CATCH_THROWS_STR_MATCHES( "CHECK_THROWS_WITH", Catch::ResultDisposition::ContinueOnFailure, matcher, expr )
+#if !defined(CATCH_CONFIG_DISABLE_MATCHERS)
+#define CHECK_THROWS_MATCHES( expr, exceptionType, matcher ) INTERNAL_CATCH_THROWS_MATCHES( "CHECK_THROWS_MATCHES", exceptionType, Catch::ResultDisposition::ContinueOnFailure, matcher, expr )
+#endif // CATCH_CONFIG_DISABLE_MATCHERS
+#define CHECK_NOTHROW( ... ) INTERNAL_CATCH_NO_THROW( "CHECK_NOTHROW", Catch::ResultDisposition::ContinueOnFailure, __VA_ARGS__ )
+
+#if !defined(CATCH_CONFIG_DISABLE_MATCHERS)
+#define CHECK_THAT( arg, matcher ) INTERNAL_CHECK_THAT( "CHECK_THAT", matcher, Catch::ResultDisposition::ContinueOnFailure, arg )
+
+#define REQUIRE_THAT( arg, matcher ) INTERNAL_CHECK_THAT( "REQUIRE_THAT", matcher, Catch::ResultDisposition::Normal, arg )
+#endif // CATCH_CONFIG_DISABLE_MATCHERS
+
+#define INFO( msg ) INTERNAL_CATCH_INFO( "INFO", msg )
+#define UNSCOPED_INFO( msg ) INTERNAL_CATCH_UNSCOPED_INFO( "UNSCOPED_INFO", msg )
+#define WARN( msg ) INTERNAL_CATCH_MSG( "WARN", Catch::ResultWas::Warning, Catch::ResultDisposition::ContinueOnFailure, msg )
+#define CAPTURE( ... ) INTERNAL_CATCH_CAPTURE( INTERNAL_CATCH_UNIQUE_NAME(capturer), "CAPTURE",__VA_ARGS__ )
+
+#define TEST_CASE( ... ) INTERNAL_CATCH_TESTCASE( __VA_ARGS__ )
+#define TEST_CASE_METHOD( className, ... ) INTERNAL_CATCH_TEST_CASE_METHOD( className, __VA_ARGS__ )
+#define METHOD_AS_TEST_CASE( method, ... ) INTERNAL_CATCH_METHOD_AS_TEST_CASE( method, __VA_ARGS__ )
+#define REGISTER_TEST_CASE( Function, ... ) INTERNAL_CATCH_REGISTER_TESTCASE( Function, __VA_ARGS__ )
+#define SECTION( ... ) INTERNAL_CATCH_SECTION( __VA_ARGS__ )
+#define DYNAMIC_SECTION( ... ) INTERNAL_CATCH_DYNAMIC_SECTION( __VA_ARGS__ )
+#define FAIL( ... ) INTERNAL_CATCH_MSG( "FAIL", Catch::ResultWas::ExplicitFailure, Catch::ResultDisposition::Normal, __VA_ARGS__ )
+#define FAIL_CHECK( ... ) INTERNAL_CATCH_MSG( "FAIL_CHECK", Catch::ResultWas::ExplicitFailure, Catch::ResultDisposition::ContinueOnFailure, __VA_ARGS__ )
+#define SUCCEED( ... ) INTERNAL_CATCH_MSG( "SUCCEED", Catch::ResultWas::Ok, Catch::ResultDisposition::ContinueOnFailure, __VA_ARGS__ )
+#define ANON_TEST_CASE() INTERNAL_CATCH_TESTCASE()
+
+#ifndef CATCH_CONFIG_TRADITIONAL_MSVC_PREPROCESSOR
+#define TEMPLATE_TEST_CASE( ... ) INTERNAL_CATCH_TEMPLATE_TEST_CASE( __VA_ARGS__ )
+#define TEMPLATE_TEST_CASE_SIG( ... ) INTERNAL_CATCH_TEMPLATE_TEST_CASE_SIG( __VA_ARGS__ )
+#define TEMPLATE_TEST_CASE_METHOD( className, ... ) INTERNAL_CATCH_TEMPLATE_TEST_CASE_METHOD( className, __VA_ARGS__ )
+#define TEMPLATE_TEST_CASE_METHOD_SIG( className, ... ) INTERNAL_CATCH_TEMPLATE_TEST_CASE_METHOD_SIG( className, __VA_ARGS__ )
+#define TEMPLATE_PRODUCT_TEST_CASE( ... ) INTERNAL_CATCH_TEMPLATE_PRODUCT_TEST_CASE( __VA_ARGS__ )
+#define TEMPLATE_PRODUCT_TEST_CASE_SIG( ... ) INTERNAL_CATCH_TEMPLATE_PRODUCT_TEST_CASE_SIG( __VA_ARGS__ )
+#define TEMPLATE_PRODUCT_TEST_CASE_METHOD( className, ... ) INTERNAL_CATCH_TEMPLATE_PRODUCT_TEST_CASE_METHOD( className, __VA_ARGS__ )
+#define TEMPLATE_PRODUCT_TEST_CASE_METHOD_SIG( className, ... ) INTERNAL_CATCH_TEMPLATE_PRODUCT_TEST_CASE_METHOD_SIG( className, __VA_ARGS__ )
+#define TEMPLATE_LIST_TEST_CASE( ... ) INTERNAL_CATCH_TEMPLATE_LIST_TEST_CASE(__VA_ARGS__)
+#define TEMPLATE_LIST_TEST_CASE_METHOD( className, ... ) INTERNAL_CATCH_TEMPLATE_LIST_TEST_CASE_METHOD( className, __VA_ARGS__ )
+#else
+#define TEMPLATE_TEST_CASE( ... ) INTERNAL_CATCH_EXPAND_VARGS( INTERNAL_CATCH_TEMPLATE_TEST_CASE( __VA_ARGS__ ) )
+#define TEMPLATE_TEST_CASE_SIG( ... ) INTERNAL_CATCH_EXPAND_VARGS( INTERNAL_CATCH_TEMPLATE_TEST_CASE_SIG( __VA_ARGS__ ) )
+#define TEMPLATE_TEST_CASE_METHOD( className, ... ) INTERNAL_CATCH_EXPAND_VARGS( INTERNAL_CATCH_TEMPLATE_TEST_CASE_METHOD( className, __VA_ARGS__ ) )
+#define TEMPLATE_TEST_CASE_METHOD_SIG( className, ... ) INTERNAL_CATCH_EXPAND_VARGS( INTERNAL_CATCH_TEMPLATE_TEST_CASE_METHOD_SIG( className, __VA_ARGS__ ) )
+#define TEMPLATE_PRODUCT_TEST_CASE( ... ) INTERNAL_CATCH_EXPAND_VARGS( INTERNAL_CATCH_TEMPLATE_PRODUCT_TEST_CASE( __VA_ARGS__ ) )
+#define TEMPLATE_PRODUCT_TEST_CASE_SIG( ... ) INTERNAL_CATCH_EXPAND_VARGS( INTERNAL_CATCH_TEMPLATE_PRODUCT_TEST_CASE_SIG( __VA_ARGS__ ) )
+#define TEMPLATE_PRODUCT_TEST_CASE_METHOD( className, ... ) INTERNAL_CATCH_EXPAND_VARGS( INTERNAL_CATCH_TEMPLATE_PRODUCT_TEST_CASE_METHOD( className, __VA_ARGS__ ) )
+#define TEMPLATE_PRODUCT_TEST_CASE_METHOD_SIG( className, ... ) INTERNAL_CATCH_EXPAND_VARGS( INTERNAL_CATCH_TEMPLATE_PRODUCT_TEST_CASE_METHOD_SIG( className, __VA_ARGS__ ) )
+#define TEMPLATE_LIST_TEST_CASE( ... ) INTERNAL_CATCH_EXPAND_VARGS( INTERNAL_CATCH_TEMPLATE_LIST_TEST_CASE( __VA_ARGS__ ) )
+#define TEMPLATE_LIST_TEST_CASE_METHOD( className, ... ) INTERNAL_CATCH_EXPAND_VARGS( INTERNAL_CATCH_TEMPLATE_LIST_TEST_CASE_METHOD( className, __VA_ARGS__ ) )
+#endif
+
+#if !defined(CATCH_CONFIG_RUNTIME_STATIC_REQUIRE)
+#define STATIC_REQUIRE( ... )       static_assert(   __VA_ARGS__,  #__VA_ARGS__ ); SUCCEED( #__VA_ARGS__ )
+#define STATIC_REQUIRE_FALSE( ... ) static_assert( !(__VA_ARGS__), "!(" #__VA_ARGS__ ")" ); SUCCEED( "!(" #__VA_ARGS__ ")" )
+#else
+#define STATIC_REQUIRE( ... )       REQUIRE( __VA_ARGS__ )
+#define STATIC_REQUIRE_FALSE( ... ) REQUIRE_FALSE( __VA_ARGS__ )
+#endif
+
+#endif
+
+#define CATCH_TRANSLATE_EXCEPTION( signature ) INTERNAL_CATCH_TRANSLATE_EXCEPTION( signature )
+
+// "BDD-style" convenience wrappers
+#define SCENARIO( ... ) TEST_CASE( "Scenario: " __VA_ARGS__ )
+#define SCENARIO_METHOD( className, ... ) INTERNAL_CATCH_TEST_CASE_METHOD( className, "Scenario: " __VA_ARGS__ )
+
+#define GIVEN( desc )     INTERNAL_CATCH_DYNAMIC_SECTION( "    Given: " << desc )
+#define AND_GIVEN( desc ) INTERNAL_CATCH_DYNAMIC_SECTION( "And given: " << desc )
+#define WHEN( desc )      INTERNAL_CATCH_DYNAMIC_SECTION( "     When: " << desc )
+#define AND_WHEN( desc )  INTERNAL_CATCH_DYNAMIC_SECTION( " And when: " << desc )
+#define THEN( desc )      INTERNAL_CATCH_DYNAMIC_SECTION( "     Then: " << desc )
+#define AND_THEN( desc )  INTERNAL_CATCH_DYNAMIC_SECTION( "      And: " << desc )
+
+#if defined(CATCH_CONFIG_ENABLE_BENCHMARKING)
+#define BENCHMARK(...) \
+    INTERNAL_CATCH_BENCHMARK(INTERNAL_CATCH_UNIQUE_NAME(____C_A_T_C_H____B_E_N_C_H____), INTERNAL_CATCH_GET_1_ARG(__VA_ARGS__,,), INTERNAL_CATCH_GET_2_ARG(__VA_ARGS__,,))
+#define BENCHMARK_ADVANCED(name) \
+    INTERNAL_CATCH_BENCHMARK_ADVANCED(INTERNAL_CATCH_UNIQUE_NAME(____C_A_T_C_H____B_E_N_C_H____), name)
+#endif // CATCH_CONFIG_ENABLE_BENCHMARKING
+
+using Catch::Detail::Approx;
+
+#else // CATCH_CONFIG_DISABLE
+
+//////
+// If this config identifier is defined then all CATCH macros are prefixed with CATCH_
+#ifdef CATCH_CONFIG_PREFIX_ALL
+
+#define CATCH_REQUIRE( ... )        (void)(0)
+#define CATCH_REQUIRE_FALSE( ... )  (void)(0)
+
+#define CATCH_REQUIRE_THROWS( ... ) (void)(0)
+#define CATCH_REQUIRE_THROWS_AS( expr, exceptionType ) (void)(0)
+#define CATCH_REQUIRE_THROWS_WITH( expr, matcher )     (void)(0)
+#if !defined(CATCH_CONFIG_DISABLE_MATCHERS)
+#define CATCH_REQUIRE_THROWS_MATCHES( expr, exceptionType, matcher ) (void)(0)
+#endif// CATCH_CONFIG_DISABLE_MATCHERS
+#define CATCH_REQUIRE_NOTHROW( ... ) (void)(0)
+
+#define CATCH_CHECK( ... )         (void)(0)
+#define CATCH_CHECK_FALSE( ... )   (void)(0)
+#define CATCH_CHECKED_IF( ... )    if (__VA_ARGS__)
+#define CATCH_CHECKED_ELSE( ... )  if (!(__VA_ARGS__))
+#define CATCH_CHECK_NOFAIL( ... )  (void)(0)
+
+#define CATCH_CHECK_THROWS( ... )  (void)(0)
+#define CATCH_CHECK_THROWS_AS( expr, exceptionType ) (void)(0)
+#define CATCH_CHECK_THROWS_WITH( expr, matcher )     (void)(0)
+#if !defined(CATCH_CONFIG_DISABLE_MATCHERS)
+#define CATCH_CHECK_THROWS_MATCHES( expr, exceptionType, matcher ) (void)(0)
+#endif // CATCH_CONFIG_DISABLE_MATCHERS
+#define CATCH_CHECK_NOTHROW( ... ) (void)(0)
+
+#if !defined(CATCH_CONFIG_DISABLE_MATCHERS)
+#define CATCH_CHECK_THAT( arg, matcher )   (void)(0)
+
+#define CATCH_REQUIRE_THAT( arg, matcher ) (void)(0)
+#endif // CATCH_CONFIG_DISABLE_MATCHERS
+
+#define CATCH_INFO( msg )          (void)(0)
+#define CATCH_UNSCOPED_INFO( msg ) (void)(0)
+#define CATCH_WARN( msg )          (void)(0)
+#define CATCH_CAPTURE( msg )       (void)(0)
+
+#define CATCH_TEST_CASE( ... ) INTERNAL_CATCH_TESTCASE_NO_REGISTRATION(INTERNAL_CATCH_UNIQUE_NAME( ____C_A_T_C_H____T_E_S_T____ ))
+#define CATCH_TEST_CASE_METHOD( className, ... ) INTERNAL_CATCH_TESTCASE_NO_REGISTRATION(INTERNAL_CATCH_UNIQUE_NAME( ____C_A_T_C_H____T_E_S_T____ ))
+#define CATCH_METHOD_AS_TEST_CASE( method, ... )
+#define CATCH_REGISTER_TEST_CASE( Function, ... ) (void)(0)
+#define CATCH_SECTION( ... )
+#define CATCH_DYNAMIC_SECTION( ... )
+#define CATCH_FAIL( ... ) (void)(0)
+#define CATCH_FAIL_CHECK( ... ) (void)(0)
+#define CATCH_SUCCEED( ... ) (void)(0)
+
+#define CATCH_ANON_TEST_CASE() INTERNAL_CATCH_TESTCASE_NO_REGISTRATION(INTERNAL_CATCH_UNIQUE_NAME( ____C_A_T_C_H____T_E_S_T____ ))
+
+#ifndef CATCH_CONFIG_TRADITIONAL_MSVC_PREPROCESSOR
+#define CATCH_TEMPLATE_TEST_CASE( ... ) INTERNAL_CATCH_TEMPLATE_TEST_CASE_NO_REGISTRATION(__VA_ARGS__)
+#define CATCH_TEMPLATE_TEST_CASE_SIG( ... ) INTERNAL_CATCH_TEMPLATE_TEST_CASE_SIG_NO_REGISTRATION(__VA_ARGS__)
+#define CATCH_TEMPLATE_TEST_CASE_METHOD( className, ... ) INTERNAL_CATCH_TEMPLATE_TEST_CASE_METHOD_NO_REGISTRATION(className, __VA_ARGS__)
+#define CATCH_TEMPLATE_TEST_CASE_METHOD_SIG( className, ... ) INTERNAL_CATCH_TEMPLATE_TEST_CASE_METHOD_SIG_NO_REGISTRATION(className, __VA_ARGS__ )
+#define CATCH_TEMPLATE_PRODUCT_TEST_CASE( ... ) CATCH_TEMPLATE_TEST_CASE( __VA_ARGS__ )
+#define CATCH_TEMPLATE_PRODUCT_TEST_CASE_SIG( ... ) CATCH_TEMPLATE_TEST_CASE( __VA_ARGS__ )
+#define CATCH_TEMPLATE_PRODUCT_TEST_CASE_METHOD( className, ... ) CATCH_TEMPLATE_TEST_CASE_METHOD( className, __VA_ARGS__ )
+#define CATCH_TEMPLATE_PRODUCT_TEST_CASE_METHOD_SIG( className, ... ) CATCH_TEMPLATE_TEST_CASE_METHOD( className, __VA_ARGS__ )
+#else
+#define CATCH_TEMPLATE_TEST_CASE( ... ) INTERNAL_CATCH_EXPAND_VARGS( INTERNAL_CATCH_TEMPLATE_TEST_CASE_NO_REGISTRATION(__VA_ARGS__) )
+#define CATCH_TEMPLATE_TEST_CASE_SIG( ... ) INTERNAL_CATCH_EXPAND_VARGS( INTERNAL_CATCH_TEMPLATE_TEST_CASE_SIG_NO_REGISTRATION(__VA_ARGS__) )
+#define CATCH_TEMPLATE_TEST_CASE_METHOD( className, ... ) INTERNAL_CATCH_EXPAND_VARGS( INTERNAL_CATCH_TEMPLATE_TEST_CASE_METHOD_NO_REGISTRATION(className, __VA_ARGS__ ) )
+#define CATCH_TEMPLATE_TEST_CASE_METHOD_SIG( className, ... ) INTERNAL_CATCH_EXPAND_VARGS( INTERNAL_CATCH_TEMPLATE_TEST_CASE_METHOD_SIG_NO_REGISTRATION(className, __VA_ARGS__ ) )
+#define CATCH_TEMPLATE_PRODUCT_TEST_CASE( ... ) CATCH_TEMPLATE_TEST_CASE( __VA_ARGS__ )
+#define CATCH_TEMPLATE_PRODUCT_TEST_CASE_SIG( ... ) CATCH_TEMPLATE_TEST_CASE( __VA_ARGS__ )
+#define CATCH_TEMPLATE_PRODUCT_TEST_CASE_METHOD( className, ... ) CATCH_TEMPLATE_TEST_CASE_METHOD( className, __VA_ARGS__ )
+#define CATCH_TEMPLATE_PRODUCT_TEST_CASE_METHOD_SIG( className, ... ) CATCH_TEMPLATE_TEST_CASE_METHOD( className, __VA_ARGS__ )
+#endif
+
+// "BDD-style" convenience wrappers
+#define CATCH_SCENARIO( ... ) INTERNAL_CATCH_TESTCASE_NO_REGISTRATION(INTERNAL_CATCH_UNIQUE_NAME( ____C_A_T_C_H____T_E_S_T____ ))
+#define CATCH_SCENARIO_METHOD( className, ... ) INTERNAL_CATCH_TESTCASE_METHOD_NO_REGISTRATION(INTERNAL_CATCH_UNIQUE_NAME( ____C_A_T_C_H____T_E_S_T____ ), className )
+#define CATCH_GIVEN( desc )
+#define CATCH_AND_GIVEN( desc )
+#define CATCH_WHEN( desc )
+#define CATCH_AND_WHEN( desc )
+#define CATCH_THEN( desc )
+#define CATCH_AND_THEN( desc )
+
+#define CATCH_STATIC_REQUIRE( ... )       (void)(0)
+#define CATCH_STATIC_REQUIRE_FALSE( ... ) (void)(0)
+
+// If CATCH_CONFIG_PREFIX_ALL is not defined then the CATCH_ prefix is not required
+#else
+
+#define REQUIRE( ... )       (void)(0)
+#define REQUIRE_FALSE( ... ) (void)(0)
+
+#define REQUIRE_THROWS( ... ) (void)(0)
+#define REQUIRE_THROWS_AS( expr, exceptionType ) (void)(0)
+#define REQUIRE_THROWS_WITH( expr, matcher ) (void)(0)
+#if !defined(CATCH_CONFIG_DISABLE_MATCHERS)
+#define REQUIRE_THROWS_MATCHES( expr, exceptionType, matcher ) (void)(0)
+#endif // CATCH_CONFIG_DISABLE_MATCHERS
+#define REQUIRE_NOTHROW( ... ) (void)(0)
+
+#define CHECK( ... ) (void)(0)
+#define CHECK_FALSE( ... ) (void)(0)
+#define CHECKED_IF( ... ) if (__VA_ARGS__)
+#define CHECKED_ELSE( ... ) if (!(__VA_ARGS__))
+#define CHECK_NOFAIL( ... ) (void)(0)
+
+#define CHECK_THROWS( ... )  (void)(0)
+#define CHECK_THROWS_AS( expr, exceptionType ) (void)(0)
+#define CHECK_THROWS_WITH( expr, matcher ) (void)(0)
+#if !defined(CATCH_CONFIG_DISABLE_MATCHERS)
+#define CHECK_THROWS_MATCHES( expr, exceptionType, matcher ) (void)(0)
+#endif // CATCH_CONFIG_DISABLE_MATCHERS
+#define CHECK_NOTHROW( ... ) (void)(0)
+
+#if !defined(CATCH_CONFIG_DISABLE_MATCHERS)
+#define CHECK_THAT( arg, matcher ) (void)(0)
+
+#define REQUIRE_THAT( arg, matcher ) (void)(0)
+#endif // CATCH_CONFIG_DISABLE_MATCHERS
+
+#define INFO( msg ) (void)(0)
+#define UNSCOPED_INFO( msg ) (void)(0)
+#define WARN( msg ) (void)(0)
+#define CAPTURE( msg ) (void)(0)
+
+#define TEST_CASE( ... )  INTERNAL_CATCH_TESTCASE_NO_REGISTRATION(INTERNAL_CATCH_UNIQUE_NAME( ____C_A_T_C_H____T_E_S_T____ ))
+#define TEST_CASE_METHOD( className, ... ) INTERNAL_CATCH_TESTCASE_NO_REGISTRATION(INTERNAL_CATCH_UNIQUE_NAME( ____C_A_T_C_H____T_E_S_T____ ))
+#define METHOD_AS_TEST_CASE( method, ... )
+#define REGISTER_TEST_CASE( Function, ... ) (void)(0)
+#define SECTION( ... )
+#define DYNAMIC_SECTION( ... )
+#define FAIL( ... ) (void)(0)
+#define FAIL_CHECK( ... ) (void)(0)
+#define SUCCEED( ... ) (void)(0)
+#define ANON_TEST_CASE() INTERNAL_CATCH_TESTCASE_NO_REGISTRATION(INTERNAL_CATCH_UNIQUE_NAME( ____C_A_T_C_H____T_E_S_T____ ))
+
+#ifndef CATCH_CONFIG_TRADITIONAL_MSVC_PREPROCESSOR
+#define TEMPLATE_TEST_CASE( ... ) INTERNAL_CATCH_TEMPLATE_TEST_CASE_NO_REGISTRATION(__VA_ARGS__)
+#define TEMPLATE_TEST_CASE_SIG( ... ) INTERNAL_CATCH_TEMPLATE_TEST_CASE_SIG_NO_REGISTRATION(__VA_ARGS__)
+#define TEMPLATE_TEST_CASE_METHOD( className, ... ) INTERNAL_CATCH_TEMPLATE_TEST_CASE_METHOD_NO_REGISTRATION(className, __VA_ARGS__)
+#define TEMPLATE_TEST_CASE_METHOD_SIG( className, ... ) INTERNAL_CATCH_TEMPLATE_TEST_CASE_METHOD_SIG_NO_REGISTRATION(className, __VA_ARGS__ )
+#define TEMPLATE_PRODUCT_TEST_CASE( ... ) TEMPLATE_TEST_CASE( __VA_ARGS__ )
+#define TEMPLATE_PRODUCT_TEST_CASE_SIG( ... ) TEMPLATE_TEST_CASE( __VA_ARGS__ )
+#define TEMPLATE_PRODUCT_TEST_CASE_METHOD( className, ... ) TEMPLATE_TEST_CASE_METHOD( className, __VA_ARGS__ )
+#define TEMPLATE_PRODUCT_TEST_CASE_METHOD_SIG( className, ... ) TEMPLATE_TEST_CASE_METHOD( className, __VA_ARGS__ )
+#else
+#define TEMPLATE_TEST_CASE( ... ) INTERNAL_CATCH_EXPAND_VARGS( INTERNAL_CATCH_TEMPLATE_TEST_CASE_NO_REGISTRATION(__VA_ARGS__) )
+#define TEMPLATE_TEST_CASE_SIG( ... ) INTERNAL_CATCH_EXPAND_VARGS( INTERNAL_CATCH_TEMPLATE_TEST_CASE_SIG_NO_REGISTRATION(__VA_ARGS__) )
+#define TEMPLATE_TEST_CASE_METHOD( className, ... ) INTERNAL_CATCH_EXPAND_VARGS( INTERNAL_CATCH_TEMPLATE_TEST_CASE_METHOD_NO_REGISTRATION(className, __VA_ARGS__ ) )
+#define TEMPLATE_TEST_CASE_METHOD_SIG( className, ... ) INTERNAL_CATCH_EXPAND_VARGS( INTERNAL_CATCH_TEMPLATE_TEST_CASE_METHOD_SIG_NO_REGISTRATION(className, __VA_ARGS__ ) )
+#define TEMPLATE_PRODUCT_TEST_CASE( ... ) TEMPLATE_TEST_CASE( __VA_ARGS__ )
+#define TEMPLATE_PRODUCT_TEST_CASE_SIG( ... ) TEMPLATE_TEST_CASE( __VA_ARGS__ )
+#define TEMPLATE_PRODUCT_TEST_CASE_METHOD( className, ... ) TEMPLATE_TEST_CASE_METHOD( className, __VA_ARGS__ )
+#define TEMPLATE_PRODUCT_TEST_CASE_METHOD_SIG( className, ... ) TEMPLATE_TEST_CASE_METHOD( className, __VA_ARGS__ )
+#endif
+
+#define STATIC_REQUIRE( ... )       (void)(0)
+#define STATIC_REQUIRE_FALSE( ... ) (void)(0)
+
+#endif
+
+#define CATCH_TRANSLATE_EXCEPTION( signature ) INTERNAL_CATCH_TRANSLATE_EXCEPTION_NO_REG( INTERNAL_CATCH_UNIQUE_NAME( catch_internal_ExceptionTranslator ), signature )
+
+// "BDD-style" convenience wrappers
+#define SCENARIO( ... ) INTERNAL_CATCH_TESTCASE_NO_REGISTRATION(INTERNAL_CATCH_UNIQUE_NAME( ____C_A_T_C_H____T_E_S_T____ ) )
+#define SCENARIO_METHOD( className, ... ) INTERNAL_CATCH_TESTCASE_METHOD_NO_REGISTRATION(INTERNAL_CATCH_UNIQUE_NAME( ____C_A_T_C_H____T_E_S_T____ ), className )
+
+#define GIVEN( desc )
+#define AND_GIVEN( desc )
+#define WHEN( desc )
+#define AND_WHEN( desc )
+#define THEN( desc )
+#define AND_THEN( desc )
+
+using Catch::Detail::Approx;
+
+#endif
+
+#endif // ! CATCH_CONFIG_IMPL_ONLY
+
+// start catch_reenable_warnings.h
+
+
+#ifdef __clang__
+#    ifdef __ICC // icpc defines the __clang__ macro
+#        pragma warning(pop)
+#    else
+#        pragma clang diagnostic pop
+#    endif
+#elif defined __GNUC__
+#    pragma GCC diagnostic pop
+#endif
+
+// end catch_reenable_warnings.h
+// end catch.hpp
+#endif // TWOBLUECUBES_SINGLE_INCLUDE_CATCH_HPP_INCLUDED
+
diff --git a/src/immer/tools/include/doctest.h b/src/immer/tools/include/doctest.h
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000..695c271b59c95
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/immer/tools/include/doctest.h
@@ -0,0 +1,5696 @@
+// ======================================================================
+// == DO NOT MODIFY THIS FILE BY HAND - IT IS AUTO GENERATED BY CMAKE! ==
+// ======================================================================
+//
+// doctest.h - the lightest feature-rich C++ single-header testing framework for unit tests and TDD
+//
+// Copyright (c) 2016-2017 Viktor Kirilov
+//
+// Distributed under the MIT Software License
+// See accompanying file LICENSE.txt or copy at
+// https://opensource.org/licenses/MIT
+//
+// The documentation can be found at the library's page:
+// https://github.com/onqtam/doctest/blob/master/doc/markdown/readme.md
+//
+// =================================================================================================
+// =================================================================================================
+// =================================================================================================
+//
+// The library is heavily influenced by Catch - https://github.com/philsquared/Catch
+// which uses the Boost Software License - Version 1.0
+// see here - https://github.com/philsquared/Catch/blob/master/LICENSE_1_0.txt
+//
+// The concept of subcases (sections in Catch) and expression decomposition are from there.
+// Some parts of the code are taken directly:
+// - stringification - the detection of "ostream& operator<<(ostream&, const T&)" and StringMaker<>
+// - the Approx() helper class for floating point comparison
+// - colors in the console
+// - breaking into a debugger
+// - signal / SEH handling
+// - timer
+//
+// The expression decomposing templates are taken from lest - https://github.com/martinmoene/lest
+// which uses the Boost Software License - Version 1.0
+// see here - https://github.com/martinmoene/lest/blob/master/LICENSE_1_0.txt
+//
+// The type list and the foreach algorithm on it for C++98 are taken from Loki
+// - http://loki-lib.sourceforge.net/
+// - https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loki_%28C%2B%2B%29
+// - https://github.com/snaewe/loki-lib
+// which uses the MIT Software License
+//
+// =================================================================================================
+// =================================================================================================
+// =================================================================================================
+
+// Suppress this globally (without push/pop) - there is no way to silence it in the
+// expression decomposition macros _Pragma() in macros doesn't work for the c++ front-end of g++
+// https://gcc.gnu.org/bugzilla/show_bug.cgi?id=55578
+// https://gcc.gnu.org/bugzilla/show_bug.cgi?id=69543
+// Also the warning is completely worthless nowadays - http://stackoverflow.com/questions/14016993
+#if defined(__GNUC__) && !defined(__clang__)
+#pragma GCC diagnostic ignored "-Waggregate-return"
+#endif
+
+#if defined(__clang__)
+#pragma clang diagnostic push
+#pragma clang diagnostic ignored "-Wunknown-pragmas"
+#pragma clang diagnostic ignored "-Wnon-virtual-dtor"
+#pragma clang diagnostic ignored "-Wweak-vtables"
+#pragma clang diagnostic ignored "-Wpadded"
+#pragma clang diagnostic ignored "-Wdeprecated"
+#pragma clang diagnostic ignored "-Wmissing-prototypes"
+#pragma clang diagnostic ignored "-Wunused-local-typedef"
+#pragma clang diagnostic ignored "-Wzero-as-null-pointer-constant"
+#pragma clang diagnostic ignored "-Wc++11-long-long"
+#endif // __clang__
+
+#if defined(__GNUC__) && !defined(__clang__)
+#if __GNUC__ > 4 || (__GNUC__ == 4 && __GNUC_MINOR__ > 6)
+#pragma GCC diagnostic push
+#endif // > gcc 4.6
+#pragma GCC diagnostic ignored "-Wunknown-pragmas"
+#pragma GCC diagnostic ignored "-Weffc++"
+#pragma GCC diagnostic ignored "-Wstrict-overflow"
+#pragma GCC diagnostic ignored "-Wstrict-aliasing"
+#pragma GCC diagnostic ignored "-Wctor-dtor-privacy"
+#pragma GCC diagnostic ignored "-Wmissing-declarations"
+#pragma GCC diagnostic ignored "-Wnon-virtual-dtor"
+#pragma GCC diagnostic ignored "-Winline"
+#pragma GCC diagnostic ignored "-Wlong-long"
+#if __GNUC__ > 4 || (__GNUC__ == 4 && __GNUC_MINOR__ > 6)
+#pragma GCC diagnostic ignored "-Wzero-as-null-pointer-constant"
+#endif // > gcc 4.6
+#if __GNUC__ > 4 || (__GNUC__ == 4 && __GNUC_MINOR__ > 7)
+#pragma GCC diagnostic ignored "-Wunused-local-typedefs"
+#endif // > gcc 4.7
+#if __GNUC__ > 5 || (__GNUC__ == 5 && __GNUC_MINOR__ > 3)
+#pragma GCC diagnostic ignored "-Wuseless-cast"
+#endif // > gcc 5.3
+#endif // __GNUC__
+
+#ifdef _MSC_VER
+#pragma warning(push)
+#pragma warning(disable : 4996) // The compiler encountered a deprecated declaration
+#pragma warning(disable : 4706) // assignment within conditional expression
+#pragma warning(disable : 4512) // 'class' : assignment operator could not be generated
+#pragma warning(disable : 4127) // conditional expression is constant
+#endif                          // _MSC_VER
+
+#ifndef DOCTEST_LIBRARY_INCLUDED
+#define DOCTEST_LIBRARY_INCLUDED
+
+#define DOCTEST_VERSION_MAJOR 1
+#define DOCTEST_VERSION_MINOR 2
+#define DOCTEST_VERSION_PATCH 1
+#define DOCTEST_VERSION_STR "1.2.1"
+
+#define DOCTEST_VERSION                                                                            \
+    (DOCTEST_VERSION_MAJOR * 10000 + DOCTEST_VERSION_MINOR * 100 + DOCTEST_VERSION_PATCH)
+
+// =================================================================================================
+// == FEATURE DETECTION ============================================================================
+// =================================================================================================
+
+#if __cplusplus >= 201103L
+#ifndef DOCTEST_CONFIG_WITH_DELETED_FUNCTIONS
+#define DOCTEST_CONFIG_WITH_DELETED_FUNCTIONS
+#endif // DOCTEST_CONFIG_WITH_DELETED_FUNCTIONS
+#ifndef DOCTEST_CONFIG_WITH_RVALUE_REFERENCES
+#define DOCTEST_CONFIG_WITH_RVALUE_REFERENCES
+#endif // DOCTEST_CONFIG_WITH_RVALUE_REFERENCES
+#ifndef DOCTEST_CONFIG_WITH_NULLPTR
+#define DOCTEST_CONFIG_WITH_NULLPTR
+#endif // DOCTEST_CONFIG_WITH_NULLPTR
+#ifndef DOCTEST_CONFIG_WITH_LONG_LONG
+#define DOCTEST_CONFIG_WITH_LONG_LONG
+#endif // DOCTEST_CONFIG_WITH_LONG_LONG
+#ifndef DOCTEST_CONFIG_WITH_STATIC_ASSERT
+#define DOCTEST_CONFIG_WITH_STATIC_ASSERT
+#endif // DOCTEST_CONFIG_WITH_STATIC_ASSERT
+#ifndef DOCTEST_CONFIG_WITH_VARIADIC_MACROS
+#define DOCTEST_CONFIG_WITH_VARIADIC_MACROS
+#endif // DOCTEST_CONFIG_WITH_VARIADIC_MACROS
+#endif // __cplusplus >= 201103L
+
+#ifndef __has_feature
+#define __has_feature(x) 0
+#endif // __has_feature
+
+// MSVC C++11 feature support table: https://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/hh567368.aspx
+// GCC C++11 feature support table: https://gcc.gnu.org/projects/cxx-status.html
+// MSVC version table:
+// MSVC++ 15.0 _MSC_VER == 1910 (Visual Studio 2017)
+// MSVC++ 14.0 _MSC_VER == 1900 (Visual Studio 2015)
+// MSVC++ 12.0 _MSC_VER == 1800 (Visual Studio 2013)
+// MSVC++ 11.0 _MSC_VER == 1700 (Visual Studio 2012)
+// MSVC++ 10.0 _MSC_VER == 1600 (Visual Studio 2010)
+// MSVC++ 9.0  _MSC_VER == 1500 (Visual Studio 2008)
+// MSVC++ 8.0  _MSC_VER == 1400 (Visual Studio 2005)
+
+// deleted functions
+
+#ifndef DOCTEST_CONFIG_WITH_DELETED_FUNCTIONS
+#if defined(_MSC_VER) && (_MSC_VER >= 1800)
+#define DOCTEST_CONFIG_WITH_DELETED_FUNCTIONS
+#endif // _MSC_VER
+#if defined(__clang__) && __has_feature(cxx_deleted_functions)
+#define DOCTEST_CONFIG_WITH_DELETED_FUNCTIONS
+#endif // __clang__
+#if defined(__GNUC__) && ((__GNUC__ == 4 && __GNUC_MINOR__ >= 4) || __GNUC__ > 4) &&               \
+        defined(__GXX_EXPERIMENTAL_CXX0X__)
+#define DOCTEST_CONFIG_WITH_DELETED_FUNCTIONS
+#endif // __GNUC__
+#endif // DOCTEST_CONFIG_WITH_DELETED_FUNCTIONS
+
+#if defined(DOCTEST_CONFIG_NO_DELETED_FUNCTIONS) && defined(DOCTEST_CONFIG_WITH_DELETED_FUNCTIONS)
+#undef DOCTEST_CONFIG_WITH_DELETED_FUNCTIONS
+#endif // DOCTEST_CONFIG_NO_DELETED_FUNCTIONS
+
+// rvalue references
+
+#ifndef DOCTEST_CONFIG_WITH_RVALUE_REFERENCES
+#if defined(_MSC_VER) && (_MSC_VER >= 1600)
+#define DOCTEST_CONFIG_WITH_RVALUE_REFERENCES
+#endif // _MSC_VER
+#if defined(__clang__) && __has_feature(cxx_rvalue_references)
+#define DOCTEST_CONFIG_WITH_RVALUE_REFERENCES
+#endif // __clang__
+#if defined(__GNUC__) && ((__GNUC__ == 4 && __GNUC_MINOR__ >= 3) || __GNUC__ > 4) &&               \
+        defined(__GXX_EXPERIMENTAL_CXX0X__)
+#define DOCTEST_CONFIG_WITH_RVALUE_REFERENCES
+#endif // __GNUC__
+#endif // DOCTEST_CONFIG_WITH_RVALUE_REFERENCES
+
+#if defined(DOCTEST_CONFIG_NO_RVALUE_REFERENCES) && defined(DOCTEST_CONFIG_WITH_RVALUE_REFERENCES)
+#undef DOCTEST_CONFIG_WITH_RVALUE_REFERENCES
+#endif // DOCTEST_CONFIG_NO_RVALUE_REFERENCES
+
+// nullptr
+
+#ifndef DOCTEST_CONFIG_WITH_NULLPTR
+#if defined(__clang__) && __has_feature(cxx_nullptr)
+#define DOCTEST_CONFIG_WITH_NULLPTR
+#endif // __clang__
+#if defined(__GNUC__) && ((__GNUC__ == 4 && __GNUC_MINOR__ >= 6) || __GNUC__ > 4) &&               \
+        defined(__GXX_EXPERIMENTAL_CXX0X__)
+#define DOCTEST_CONFIG_WITH_NULLPTR
+#endif                                      // __GNUC__
+#if defined(_MSC_VER) && (_MSC_VER >= 1600) // MSVC 2010
+#define DOCTEST_CONFIG_WITH_NULLPTR
+#endif // _MSC_VER
+#endif // DOCTEST_CONFIG_WITH_NULLPTR
+
+#if defined(DOCTEST_CONFIG_NO_NULLPTR) && defined(DOCTEST_CONFIG_WITH_NULLPTR)
+#undef DOCTEST_CONFIG_WITH_NULLPTR
+#endif // DOCTEST_CONFIG_NO_NULLPTR
+
+// variadic macros
+
+#ifndef DOCTEST_CONFIG_WITH_VARIADIC_MACROS
+#if defined(_MSC_VER) && _MSC_VER > 1400 && !defined(__EDGE__)
+#define DOCTEST_CONFIG_WITH_VARIADIC_MACROS
+#endif // _MSC_VER
+#if defined(__GNUC__) && ((__GNUC__ == 4 && __GNUC_MINOR__ >= 1) || __GNUC__ > 4) &&               \
+        defined(__GXX_EXPERIMENTAL_CXX0X__)
+#define DOCTEST_CONFIG_WITH_VARIADIC_MACROS
+#endif // __GNUC__ and clang
+#endif // DOCTEST_CONFIG_WITH_VARIADIC_MACROS
+
+#if defined(DOCTEST_CONFIG_NO_VARIADIC_MACROS) && defined(DOCTEST_CONFIG_WITH_VARIADIC_MACROS)
+#undef DOCTEST_CONFIG_WITH_VARIADIC_MACROS
+#endif // DOCTEST_CONFIG_NO_VARIADIC_MACROS
+
+// long long
+
+#ifndef DOCTEST_CONFIG_WITH_LONG_LONG
+#if defined(_MSC_VER) && (_MSC_VER >= 1400)
+#define DOCTEST_CONFIG_WITH_LONG_LONG
+#endif // _MSC_VER
+#if(defined(__clang__) ||                                                                          \
+    (defined(__GNUC__) && ((__GNUC__ == 4 && __GNUC_MINOR__ >= 5) || __GNUC__ > 4))) &&            \
+        defined(__GXX_EXPERIMENTAL_CXX0X__)
+#define DOCTEST_CONFIG_WITH_LONG_LONG
+#endif // __GNUC__ and clang
+#endif // DOCTEST_CONFIG_WITH_LONG_LONG
+
+#if defined(DOCTEST_CONFIG_NO_LONG_LONG) && defined(DOCTEST_CONFIG_WITH_LONG_LONG)
+#undef DOCTEST_CONFIG_WITH_LONG_LONG
+#endif // DOCTEST_CONFIG_NO_LONG_LONG
+
+// static_assert
+
+#ifndef DOCTEST_CONFIG_WITH_STATIC_ASSERT
+#if defined(__clang__) && __has_feature(cxx_static_assert)
+#define DOCTEST_CONFIG_WITH_STATIC_ASSERT
+#endif // __clang__
+#if defined(__GNUC__) && ((__GNUC__ == 4 && __GNUC_MINOR__ >= 3) || __GNUC__ > 4) &&               \
+        defined(__GXX_EXPERIMENTAL_CXX0X__)
+#define DOCTEST_CONFIG_WITH_STATIC_ASSERT
+#endif                                      // __GNUC__
+#if defined(_MSC_VER) && (_MSC_VER >= 1600) // MSVC 2010
+#define DOCTEST_CONFIG_WITH_STATIC_ASSERT
+#endif // _MSC_VER
+#endif // DOCTEST_CONFIG_WITH_STATIC_ASSERT
+
+#if defined(DOCTEST_CONFIG_NO_STATIC_ASSERT) && defined(DOCTEST_CONFIG_WITH_STATIC_ASSERT)
+#undef DOCTEST_CONFIG_WITH_STATIC_ASSERT
+#endif // DOCTEST_CONFIG_NO_STATIC_ASSERT
+
+// other stuff...
+
+#if defined(DOCTEST_CONFIG_WITH_RVALUE_REFERENCES) || defined(DOCTEST_CONFIG_WITH_LONG_LONG) ||    \
+        defined(DOCTEST_CONFIG_WITH_DELETED_FUNCTIONS) || defined(DOCTEST_CONFIG_WITH_NULLPTR) ||  \
+        defined(DOCTEST_CONFIG_WITH_VARIADIC_MACROS) || defined(DOCTEST_CONFIG_WITH_STATIC_ASSERT)
+#define DOCTEST_NO_CPP11_COMPAT
+#endif // c++11 stuff
+
+#if defined(__clang__) && defined(DOCTEST_NO_CPP11_COMPAT)
+#pragma clang diagnostic ignored "-Wc++98-compat"
+#pragma clang diagnostic ignored "-Wc++98-compat-pedantic"
+#endif // __clang__ && DOCTEST_NO_CPP11_COMPAT
+
+#if defined(_MSC_VER) && !defined(DOCTEST_CONFIG_WINDOWS_SEH)
+#define DOCTEST_CONFIG_WINDOWS_SEH
+#endif // _MSC_VER
+#if defined(DOCTEST_CONFIG_NO_WINDOWS_SEH) && defined(DOCTEST_CONFIG_WINDOWS_SEH)
+#undef DOCTEST_CONFIG_WINDOWS_SEH
+#endif // DOCTEST_CONFIG_NO_WINDOWS_SEH
+
+#if !defined(_WIN32) && !defined(__QNX__) && !defined(DOCTEST_CONFIG_POSIX_SIGNALS)
+#define DOCTEST_CONFIG_POSIX_SIGNALS
+#endif // _WIN32
+#if defined(DOCTEST_CONFIG_NO_POSIX_SIGNALS) && defined(DOCTEST_CONFIG_POSIX_SIGNALS)
+#undef DOCTEST_CONFIG_POSIX_SIGNALS
+#endif // DOCTEST_CONFIG_NO_POSIX_SIGNALS
+
+#ifndef DOCTEST_CONFIG_NO_EXCEPTIONS
+#if defined(__GNUC__) && !defined(__EXCEPTIONS)
+#define DOCTEST_CONFIG_NO_EXCEPTIONS
+#endif // clang and gcc
+// in MSVC _HAS_EXCEPTIONS is defined in a header instead of as a project define
+// so we can't do the automatic detection for MSVC without including some header
+#endif // DOCTEST_CONFIG_NO_EXCEPTIONS
+
+#ifdef DOCTEST_CONFIG_NO_EXCEPTIONS_BUT_WITH_ALL_ASSERTS
+#ifndef DOCTEST_CONFIG_NO_EXCEPTIONS
+#define DOCTEST_CONFIG_NO_EXCEPTIONS
+#endif // DOCTEST_CONFIG_NO_EXCEPTIONS
+#endif // DOCTEST_CONFIG_NO_EXCEPTIONS_BUT_WITH_ALL_ASSERTS
+
+#if defined(DOCTEST_CONFIG_NO_EXCEPTIONS) && !defined(DOCTEST_CONFIG_NO_TRY_CATCH_IN_ASSERTS)
+#define DOCTEST_CONFIG_NO_TRY_CATCH_IN_ASSERTS
+#endif // DOCTEST_CONFIG_NO_EXCEPTIONS && !DOCTEST_CONFIG_NO_TRY_CATCH_IN_ASSERTS
+
+#if defined(DOCTEST_CONFIG_IMPLEMENT_WITH_MAIN) && !defined(DOCTEST_CONFIG_IMPLEMENT)
+#define DOCTEST_CONFIG_IMPLEMENT
+#endif // DOCTEST_CONFIG_IMPLEMENT_WITH_MAIN
+
+#if defined _WIN32 || defined __CYGWIN__
+#ifdef __GNUC__
+#define DOCTEST_SYMBOL_EXPORT __attribute__((dllexport))
+#define DOCTEST_SYMBOL_IMPORT __attribute__((dllimport))
+#else // __GNUC__
+#define DOCTEST_SYMBOL_EXPORT __declspec(dllexport)
+#define DOCTEST_SYMBOL_IMPORT __declspec(dllimport)
+#endif // __GNUC__
+#else  // _WIN32
+#define DOCTEST_SYMBOL_EXPORT __attribute__((visibility("default")))
+#define DOCTEST_SYMBOL_IMPORT
+#endif // _WIN32
+
+#ifdef DOCTEST_CONFIG_IMPLEMENTATION_IN_DLL
+#ifdef DOCTEST_CONFIG_IMPLEMENT
+#define DOCTEST_INTERFACE DOCTEST_SYMBOL_EXPORT
+#else // DOCTEST_CONFIG_IMPLEMENT
+#define DOCTEST_INTERFACE DOCTEST_SYMBOL_IMPORT
+#endif // DOCTEST_CONFIG_IMPLEMENT
+#else  // DOCTEST_CONFIG_IMPLEMENTATION_IN_DLL
+#define DOCTEST_INTERFACE
+#endif // DOCTEST_CONFIG_IMPLEMENTATION_IN_DLL
+
+#ifdef _MSC_VER
+#define DOCTEST_NOINLINE __declspec(noinline)
+#else // _MSC_VER
+#define DOCTEST_NOINLINE __attribute__((noinline))
+#endif // _MSC_VER
+
+#ifndef DOCTEST_CONFIG_NUM_CAPTURES_ON_STACK
+#define DOCTEST_CONFIG_NUM_CAPTURES_ON_STACK 5
+#endif // DOCTEST_CONFIG_NUM_CAPTURES_ON_STACK
+
+// =================================================================================================
+// == FEATURE DETECTION END ========================================================================
+// =================================================================================================
+
+// internal macros for string concatenation and anonymous variable name generation
+#define DOCTEST_CAT_IMPL(s1, s2) s1##s2
+#define DOCTEST_CAT(s1, s2) DOCTEST_CAT_IMPL(s1, s2)
+#ifdef __COUNTER__ // not standard and may be missing for some compilers
+#define DOCTEST_ANONYMOUS(x) DOCTEST_CAT(x, __COUNTER__)
+#else // __COUNTER__
+#define DOCTEST_ANONYMOUS(x) DOCTEST_CAT(x, __LINE__)
+#endif // __COUNTER__
+
+// macro for making a string out of an identifier
+#ifdef DOCTEST_CONFIG_WITH_VARIADIC_MACROS
+#define DOCTEST_TOSTR_IMPL(...) #__VA_ARGS__
+#define DOCTEST_TOSTR(...) DOCTEST_TOSTR_IMPL(__VA_ARGS__)
+#else // DOCTEST_CONFIG_WITH_VARIADIC_MACROS
+#define DOCTEST_TOSTR_IMPL(x) #x
+#define DOCTEST_TOSTR(x) DOCTEST_TOSTR_IMPL(x)
+#endif // DOCTEST_CONFIG_WITH_VARIADIC_MACROS
+
+// for concatenating literals and making the result a string
+#define DOCTEST_STR_CONCAT_TOSTR(s1, s2) DOCTEST_TOSTR(s1) DOCTEST_TOSTR(s2)
+
+// counts the number of elements in a C string
+#define DOCTEST_COUNTOF(x) (sizeof(x) / sizeof(x[0]))
+
+#ifndef DOCTEST_CONFIG_ASSERTION_PARAMETERS_BY_VALUE
+#define DOCTEST_REF_WRAP(x) x&
+#else // DOCTEST_CONFIG_ASSERTION_PARAMETERS_BY_VALUE
+#define DOCTEST_REF_WRAP(x) x
+#endif // DOCTEST_CONFIG_ASSERTION_PARAMETERS_BY_VALUE
+
+// not using __APPLE__ because... this is how Catch does it
+#if defined(__MAC_OS_X_VERSION_MIN_REQUIRED)
+#define DOCTEST_PLATFORM_MAC
+#elif defined(__IPHONE_OS_VERSION_MIN_REQUIRED)
+#define DOCTEST_PLATFORM_IPHONE
+#elif defined(_WIN32) || defined(_MSC_VER)
+#define DOCTEST_PLATFORM_WINDOWS
+#else
+#define DOCTEST_PLATFORM_LINUX
+#endif
+
+#if defined(__clang__)
+#define DOCTEST_GLOBAL_NO_WARNINGS(var)                                                            \
+    _Pragma("clang diagnostic push")                                                               \
+            _Pragma("clang diagnostic ignored \"-Wglobal-constructors\"") static int var
+#define DOCTEST_GLOBAL_NO_WARNINGS_END() _Pragma("clang diagnostic pop")
+#elif defined(__GNUC__)
+#define DOCTEST_GLOBAL_NO_WARNINGS(var) static int var __attribute__((unused))
+#define DOCTEST_GLOBAL_NO_WARNINGS_END()
+#else // MSVC / other
+#define DOCTEST_GLOBAL_NO_WARNINGS(var) static int var
+#define DOCTEST_GLOBAL_NO_WARNINGS_END()
+#endif // MSVC / other
+
+// should probably take a look at https://github.com/scottt/debugbreak
+#ifdef DOCTEST_PLATFORM_MAC
+#define DOCTEST_BREAK_INTO_DEBUGGER() __asm__("int $3\n" : :)
+#elif defined(_MSC_VER)
+#define DOCTEST_BREAK_INTO_DEBUGGER() __debugbreak()
+#elif defined(__MINGW32__)
+extern "C" __declspec(dllimport) void __stdcall DebugBreak();
+#define DOCTEST_BREAK_INTO_DEBUGGER() ::DebugBreak()
+#else // linux
+#define DOCTEST_BREAK_INTO_DEBUGGER() ((void)0)
+#endif // linux
+
+#ifdef __clang__
+// to detect if libc++ is being used with clang (the _LIBCPP_VERSION identifier)
+#include <ciso646>
+#endif // __clang__
+
+#ifdef _LIBCPP_VERSION
+// not forward declaring ostream for libc++ because I had some problems (inline namespaces vs c++98)
+// so the <iosfwd> header is used - also it is very light and doesn't drag a ton of stuff
+#include <iosfwd>
+#else // _LIBCPP_VERSION
+#ifndef DOCTEST_CONFIG_USE_IOSFWD
+namespace std
+{
+template <class charT>
+struct char_traits;
+template <>
+struct char_traits<char>;
+template <class charT, class traits>
+class basic_ostream;
+typedef basic_ostream<char, char_traits<char> > ostream;
+} // namespace std
+#else // DOCTEST_CONFIG_USE_IOSFWD
+#include <iosfwd>
+#endif // DOCTEST_CONFIG_USE_IOSFWD
+#endif // _LIBCPP_VERSION
+
+// static assert macro - because of the c++98 support requires that the message is an
+// identifier (no spaces and not a C string) - example without quotes: I_am_a_message
+// taken from here: http://stackoverflow.com/a/1980156/3162383
+#ifdef DOCTEST_CONFIG_WITH_STATIC_ASSERT
+#define DOCTEST_STATIC_ASSERT(expression, message) static_assert(expression, #message)
+#else // DOCTEST_CONFIG_WITH_STATIC_ASSERT
+#define DOCTEST_STATIC_ASSERT(expression, message)                                                 \
+    struct DOCTEST_CAT(__static_assertion_at_line_, __LINE__)                                      \
+    {                                                                                              \
+        doctest::detail::static_assert_impl::StaticAssertion<static_cast<bool>((expression))>      \
+                DOCTEST_CAT(DOCTEST_CAT(DOCTEST_CAT(STATIC_ASSERTION_FAILED_AT_LINE_, __LINE__),   \
+                                        _),                                                        \
+                            message);                                                              \
+    };                                                                                             \
+    typedef doctest::detail::static_assert_impl::StaticAssertionTest<static_cast<int>(             \
+            sizeof(DOCTEST_CAT(__static_assertion_at_line_, __LINE__)))>                           \
+            DOCTEST_CAT(__static_assertion_test_at_line_, __LINE__)
+#endif // DOCTEST_CONFIG_WITH_STATIC_ASSERT
+
+#ifdef DOCTEST_CONFIG_WITH_NULLPTR
+#ifdef _LIBCPP_VERSION
+#include <cstddef>
+#else  // _LIBCPP_VERSION
+namespace std
+{ typedef decltype(nullptr) nullptr_t; }
+#endif // _LIBCPP_VERSION
+#endif // DOCTEST_CONFIG_WITH_NULLPTR
+
+#ifndef DOCTEST_CONFIG_DISABLE
+namespace doctest
+{
+namespace detail
+{
+    struct TestSuite
+    {
+        const char* m_test_suite;
+        const char* m_description;
+        bool        m_skip;
+        bool        m_may_fail;
+        bool        m_should_fail;
+        int         m_expected_failures;
+        double      m_timeout;
+
+        TestSuite& operator*(const char* in) {
+            m_test_suite = in;
+            // clear state
+            m_description       = 0;
+            m_skip              = false;
+            m_may_fail          = false;
+            m_should_fail       = false;
+            m_expected_failures = 0;
+            m_timeout           = 0;
+            return *this;
+        }
+
+        template <typename T>
+        TestSuite& operator*(const T& in) {
+            in.fill(*this);
+            return *this;
+        }
+    };
+} // namespace detail
+} // namespace doctest
+
+// in a separate namespace outside of doctest because the DOCTEST_TEST_SUITE macro
+// introduces an anonymous namespace in which getCurrentTestSuite gets overridden
+namespace doctest_detail_test_suite_ns
+{
+DOCTEST_INTERFACE doctest::detail::TestSuite& getCurrentTestSuite();
+} // namespace doctest_detail_test_suite_ns
+
+#endif // DOCTEST_CONFIG_DISABLE
+
+namespace doctest
+{
+// A 24 byte string class (can be as small as 17 for x64 and 13 for x86) that can hold strings with length
+// of up to 23 chars on the stack before going on the heap - the last byte of the buffer is used for:
+// - "is small" bit - the highest bit - if "0" then it is small - otherwise its "1" (128)
+// - if small - capacity left before going on the heap - using the lowest 5 bits
+// - if small - 2 bits are left unused - the second and third highest ones
+// - if small - acts as a null terminator if strlen() is 23 (24 including the null terminator)
+//              and the "is small" bit remains "0" ("as well as the capacity left") so its OK
+// Idea taken from this lecture about the string implementation of facebook/folly - fbstring
+// https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kPR8h4-qZdk
+// TODO:
+// - optimizations - like not deleting memory unnecessarily in operator= and etc.
+// - resize/reserve/clear
+// - substr
+// - replace
+// - back/front
+// - iterator stuff
+// - find & friends
+// - push_back/pop_back
+// - assign/insert/erase
+// - relational operators as free functions - taking const char* as one of the params
+class DOCTEST_INTERFACE String
+{
+    static const unsigned len  = 24;      //!OCLINT avoid private static members
+    static const unsigned last = len - 1; //!OCLINT avoid private static members
+
+    struct view // len should be more than sizeof(view) - because of the final byte for flags
+    {
+        char*    ptr;
+        unsigned size;
+        unsigned capacity;
+    };
+
+    union
+    {
+        char buf[len];
+        view data;
+    };
+
+    void copy(const String& other);
+
+    void setOnHeap() { *reinterpret_cast<unsigned char*>(&buf[last]) = 128; }
+    void setLast(unsigned in = last) { buf[last] = char(in); }
+
+public:
+    String() {
+        buf[0] = '\0';
+        setLast();
+    }
+
+    String(const char* in);
+
+    String(const String& other) { copy(other); }
+
+    ~String() {
+        if(!isOnStack())
+            delete[] data.ptr;
+    }
+
+    // GCC 4.9/5/6 report Wstrict-overflow when optimizations are ON and it got inlined in the vector class somewhere...
+    // see commit 574ef95f0cd379118be5011704664e4b5351f1e0 and build https://travis-ci.org/onqtam/doctest/builds/230671611
+    DOCTEST_NOINLINE String& operator=(const String& other) {
+        if(!isOnStack())
+            delete[] data.ptr;
+
+        copy(other);
+
+        return *this;
+    }
+    String& operator+=(const String& other);
+
+    String operator+(const String& other) const { return String(*this) += other; }
+
+#ifdef DOCTEST_CONFIG_WITH_RVALUE_REFERENCES
+    String(String&& other);
+    String& operator=(String&& other);
+#endif // DOCTEST_CONFIG_WITH_RVALUE_REFERENCES
+
+    bool isOnStack() const { return (buf[last] & 128) == 0; }
+
+    char operator[](unsigned i) const { return const_cast<String*>(this)->operator[](i); } // NOLINT
+    char& operator[](unsigned i) {
+        if(isOnStack())
+            return reinterpret_cast<char*>(buf)[i];
+        return data.ptr[i];
+    }
+
+    const char* c_str() const { return const_cast<String*>(this)->c_str(); } // NOLINT
+    char*       c_str() {
+        if(isOnStack())
+            return reinterpret_cast<char*>(buf);
+        return data.ptr;
+    }
+
+    unsigned size() const {
+        if(isOnStack())
+            return last - (unsigned(buf[last]) & 31); // using "last" would work only if "len" is 32
+        return data.size;
+    }
+
+    unsigned capacity() const {
+        if(isOnStack())
+            return len;
+        return data.capacity;
+    }
+
+    int compare(const char* other, bool no_case = false) const;
+    int compare(const String& other, bool no_case = false) const;
+};
+
+// clang-format off
+inline bool operator==(const String& lhs, const String& rhs) { return lhs.compare(rhs) == 0; }
+inline bool operator!=(const String& lhs, const String& rhs) { return lhs.compare(rhs) != 0; }
+inline bool operator< (const String& lhs, const String& rhs) { return lhs.compare(rhs) < 0; }
+inline bool operator> (const String& lhs, const String& rhs) { return lhs.compare(rhs) > 0; }
+inline bool operator<=(const String& lhs, const String& rhs) { return (lhs != rhs) ? lhs.compare(rhs) < 0 : true; }
+inline bool operator>=(const String& lhs, const String& rhs) { return (lhs != rhs) ? lhs.compare(rhs) > 0 : true; }
+// clang-format on
+
+DOCTEST_INTERFACE std::ostream& operator<<(std::ostream& stream, const String& in);
+
+namespace detail
+{
+#ifndef DOCTEST_CONFIG_WITH_STATIC_ASSERT
+    namespace static_assert_impl
+    {
+        template <bool>
+        struct StaticAssertion;
+
+        template <>
+        struct StaticAssertion<true>
+        {};
+
+        template <int i>
+        struct StaticAssertionTest
+        {};
+    }  // namespace static_assert_impl
+#endif // DOCTEST_CONFIG_WITH_STATIC_ASSERT
+
+    namespace traits
+    {
+        template <typename T>
+        struct remove_const
+        { typedef T type; };
+
+        template <typename T>
+        struct remove_const<const T>
+        { typedef T type; };
+
+        template <typename T>
+        struct remove_volatile
+        { typedef T type; };
+
+        template <typename T>
+        struct remove_volatile<volatile T>
+        { typedef T type; };
+
+        template <typename T>
+        struct remove_cv
+        { typedef typename remove_volatile<typename remove_const<T>::type>::type type; };
+
+        template <typename T>
+        struct is_pointer_helper
+        { static const bool value = false; };
+
+        template <typename T>
+        struct is_pointer_helper<T*>
+        // cppcheck-suppress unusedStructMember
+        { static const bool value = true; };
+
+        template <typename T>
+        struct is_pointer
+        // cppcheck-suppress unusedStructMember
+        { static const bool value = is_pointer_helper<typename remove_cv<T>::type>::value; };
+
+        template <bool CONDITION, typename TYPE = void>
+        struct enable_if
+        {};
+
+        template <typename TYPE>
+        struct enable_if<true, TYPE>
+        { typedef TYPE type; };
+
+        template <typename T>
+        struct remove_reference
+        { typedef T type; };
+
+        template <typename T>
+        struct remove_reference<T&>
+        { typedef T type; };
+
+        template <typename T, typename AT_1 = void>
+        class is_constructible_impl
+        {
+        private:
+            template <typename C_T, typename C_AT_1>
+            static bool test(typename enable_if< //!OCLINT avoid private static members
+                             sizeof(C_T) ==
+                             sizeof(C_T(static_cast<C_AT_1>(
+                                     *static_cast<typename remove_reference<C_AT_1>::type*>(
+                                             0))))>::type*);
+
+            template <typename, typename>
+            static int test(...); //!OCLINT avoid private static members
+
+        public:
+            static const bool value = sizeof(test<T, AT_1>(0)) == sizeof(bool);
+        };
+
+        template <typename T>
+        class is_constructible_impl<T, void>
+        {
+        private:
+            template <typename C_T>
+            static C_T testFun(C_T); //!OCLINT avoid private static members
+
+            template <typename C_T>
+            static bool test(typename enable_if< //!OCLINT avoid private static members
+                             sizeof(C_T) == sizeof(testFun(C_T()))>::type*);
+
+            template <typename>
+            static int test(...); //!OCLINT avoid private static members
+
+        public:
+            static const bool value = sizeof(test<T>(0)) == sizeof(bool);
+        };
+
+// is_constructible<> taken from here: http://stackoverflow.com/a/40443701/3162383
+// for GCC/Clang gives the same results as std::is_constructible<> - see here: https://wandbox.org/permlink/bNWr7Ii2fuz4Vf7A
+// modifications:
+// - reworked to support only 1 argument (mainly because of MSVC...)
+// - removed pointer support
+// MSVC support:
+// - for versions before 2012 read the CAUTION comment below
+// currently intended for use only in the Approx() helper for strong typedefs of double - see issue #62
+#ifndef _MSC_VER
+        template <typename T, typename AT_1 = void>
+        class is_constructible
+        {
+        public:
+            static const bool value = is_pointer<typename remove_reference<T>::type>::value ?
+                                              false :
+                                              is_constructible_impl<T, AT_1>::value;
+        };
+#elif defined(_MSC_VER) && (_MSC_VER >= 1700)
+        template <typename T, typename AT_1>
+        struct is_constructible
+        { static const bool value = __is_constructible(T, AT_1); };
+#elif defined(_MSC_VER)
+        // !!! USE WITH CAUTION !!!
+        // will always return false - unable to implement this for versions of MSVC older than 2012 for now...
+        template <typename T, typename AT_1>
+        struct is_constructible
+        { static const bool value = false; };
+#endif // _MSC_VER
+    }  // namespace traits
+
+    template <typename T>
+    struct deferred_false
+    // cppcheck-suppress unusedStructMember
+    { static const bool value = false; };
+
+    // to silence the warning "-Wzero-as-null-pointer-constant" only for gcc 5 for the Approx template ctor - pragmas don't work for it...
+    inline void* getNull() { return 0; }
+
+    namespace has_insertion_operator_impl
+    {
+        typedef char no;
+        typedef char yes[2];
+
+        struct any_t
+        {
+            template <typename T>
+            // cppcheck-suppress noExplicitConstructor
+            any_t(const DOCTEST_REF_WRAP(T));
+        };
+
+        yes& testStreamable(std::ostream&);
+        no   testStreamable(no);
+
+        no operator<<(const std::ostream&, const any_t&);
+
+        template <typename T>
+        struct has_insertion_operator
+        {
+            static std::ostream& s;
+            static const DOCTEST_REF_WRAP(T) t;
+            static const bool value = sizeof(testStreamable(s << t)) == sizeof(yes);
+        };
+    } // namespace has_insertion_operator_impl
+
+    template <typename T>
+    struct has_insertion_operator : has_insertion_operator_impl::has_insertion_operator<T>
+    {};
+
+    DOCTEST_INTERFACE void my_memcpy(void* dest, const void* src, unsigned num);
+    DOCTEST_INTERFACE unsigned my_strlen(const char* in);
+
+    DOCTEST_INTERFACE std::ostream* createStream();
+    DOCTEST_INTERFACE String getStreamResult(std::ostream*);
+    DOCTEST_INTERFACE void   freeStream(std::ostream*);
+
+    template <bool C>
+    struct StringMakerBase
+    {
+        template <typename T>
+        static String convert(const DOCTEST_REF_WRAP(T)) {
+            return "{?}";
+        }
+    };
+
+    template <>
+    struct StringMakerBase<true>
+    {
+        template <typename T>
+        static String convert(const DOCTEST_REF_WRAP(T) in) {
+            std::ostream* stream = createStream();
+            *stream << in;
+            String result = getStreamResult(stream);
+            freeStream(stream);
+            return result;
+        }
+    };
+
+    DOCTEST_INTERFACE String rawMemoryToString(const void* object, unsigned size);
+
+    template <typename T>
+    String rawMemoryToString(const DOCTEST_REF_WRAP(T) object) {
+        return rawMemoryToString(&object, sizeof(object));
+    }
+
+    class NullType
+    {};
+
+    template <class T, class U>
+    struct Typelist
+    {
+        typedef T Head;
+        typedef U Tail;
+    };
+
+    // type of recursive function
+    template <class TList, class Callable>
+    struct ForEachType;
+
+    // Recursion rule
+    template <class Head, class Tail, class Callable>
+    struct ForEachType<Typelist<Head, Tail>, Callable> : public ForEachType<Tail, Callable>
+    {
+        enum
+        {
+            value = 1 + ForEachType<Tail, Callable>::value
+        };
+
+        explicit ForEachType(Callable& callable)
+                : ForEachType<Tail, Callable>(callable) {
+#if defined(_MSC_VER) && _MSC_VER <= 1900
+            callable.operator()<value, Head>();
+#else  // _MSC_VER
+            callable.template operator()<value, Head>();
+#endif // _MSC_VER
+        }
+    };
+
+    // Recursion end
+    template <class Head, class Callable>
+    struct ForEachType<Typelist<Head, NullType>, Callable>
+    {
+    public:
+        enum
+        {
+            value = 0
+        };
+
+        explicit ForEachType(Callable& callable) {
+#if defined(_MSC_VER) && _MSC_VER <= 1900
+            callable.operator()<value, Head>();
+#else  // _MSC_VER
+            callable.template operator()<value, Head>();
+#endif // _MSC_VER
+        }
+    };
+
+    template <typename T>
+    const char* type_to_string() {
+        return "<>";
+    }
+} // namespace detail
+
+template <typename T1 = detail::NullType, typename T2 = detail::NullType,
+          typename T3 = detail::NullType, typename T4 = detail::NullType,
+          typename T5 = detail::NullType, typename T6 = detail::NullType,
+          typename T7 = detail::NullType, typename T8 = detail::NullType,
+          typename T9 = detail::NullType, typename T10 = detail::NullType,
+          typename T11 = detail::NullType, typename T12 = detail::NullType,
+          typename T13 = detail::NullType, typename T14 = detail::NullType,
+          typename T15 = detail::NullType, typename T16 = detail::NullType,
+          typename T17 = detail::NullType, typename T18 = detail::NullType,
+          typename T19 = detail::NullType, typename T20 = detail::NullType,
+          typename T21 = detail::NullType, typename T22 = detail::NullType,
+          typename T23 = detail::NullType, typename T24 = detail::NullType,
+          typename T25 = detail::NullType, typename T26 = detail::NullType,
+          typename T27 = detail::NullType, typename T28 = detail::NullType,
+          typename T29 = detail::NullType, typename T30 = detail::NullType,
+          typename T31 = detail::NullType, typename T32 = detail::NullType,
+          typename T33 = detail::NullType, typename T34 = detail::NullType,
+          typename T35 = detail::NullType, typename T36 = detail::NullType,
+          typename T37 = detail::NullType, typename T38 = detail::NullType,
+          typename T39 = detail::NullType, typename T40 = detail::NullType,
+          typename T41 = detail::NullType, typename T42 = detail::NullType,
+          typename T43 = detail::NullType, typename T44 = detail::NullType,
+          typename T45 = detail::NullType, typename T46 = detail::NullType,
+          typename T47 = detail::NullType, typename T48 = detail::NullType,
+          typename T49 = detail::NullType, typename T50 = detail::NullType,
+          typename T51 = detail::NullType, typename T52 = detail::NullType,
+          typename T53 = detail::NullType, typename T54 = detail::NullType,
+          typename T55 = detail::NullType, typename T56 = detail::NullType,
+          typename T57 = detail::NullType, typename T58 = detail::NullType,
+          typename T59 = detail::NullType, typename T60 = detail::NullType>
+struct Types
+{
+private:
+    typedef typename Types<T2, T3, T4, T5, T6, T7, T8, T9, T10, T11, T12, T13, T14, T15, T16, T17,
+                           T18, T19, T20, T21, T22, T23, T24, T25, T26, T27, T28, T29, T30, T31,
+                           T32, T33, T34, T35, T36, T37, T38, T39, T40, T41, T42, T43, T44, T45,
+                           T46, T47, T48, T49, T50, T51, T52, T53, T54, T55, T56, T57, T58, T59,
+                           T60>::Result TailResult;
+
+public:
+    typedef detail::Typelist<T1, TailResult> Result;
+};
+
+template <>
+struct Types<>
+{ typedef detail::NullType Result; };
+
+template <typename T>
+struct StringMaker : detail::StringMakerBase<detail::has_insertion_operator<T>::value>
+{};
+
+template <typename T>
+struct StringMaker<T*>
+{
+    template <typename U>
+    static String convert(U* p) {
+        if(p)
+            return detail::rawMemoryToString(p);
+        return "NULL";
+    }
+};
+
+template <typename R, typename C>
+struct StringMaker<R C::*>
+{
+    static String convert(R C::*p) {
+        if(p)
+            return detail::rawMemoryToString(p);
+        return "NULL";
+    }
+};
+
+template <typename T>
+String toString(const DOCTEST_REF_WRAP(T) value) {
+    return StringMaker<T>::convert(value);
+}
+
+#ifdef DOCTEST_CONFIG_TREAT_CHAR_STAR_AS_STRING
+DOCTEST_INTERFACE String toString(char* in);
+DOCTEST_INTERFACE String toString(const char* in);
+#endif // DOCTEST_CONFIG_TREAT_CHAR_STAR_AS_STRING
+DOCTEST_INTERFACE String toString(bool in);
+DOCTEST_INTERFACE String toString(float in);
+DOCTEST_INTERFACE String toString(double in);
+DOCTEST_INTERFACE String toString(double long in);
+
+DOCTEST_INTERFACE String toString(char in);
+DOCTEST_INTERFACE String toString(char signed in);
+DOCTEST_INTERFACE String toString(char unsigned in);
+DOCTEST_INTERFACE String toString(int short in);
+DOCTEST_INTERFACE String toString(int short unsigned in);
+DOCTEST_INTERFACE String toString(int in);
+DOCTEST_INTERFACE String toString(int unsigned in);
+DOCTEST_INTERFACE String toString(int long in);
+DOCTEST_INTERFACE String toString(int long unsigned in);
+
+#ifdef DOCTEST_CONFIG_WITH_LONG_LONG
+DOCTEST_INTERFACE String toString(int long long in);
+DOCTEST_INTERFACE String toString(int long long unsigned in);
+#endif // DOCTEST_CONFIG_WITH_LONG_LONG
+
+#ifdef DOCTEST_CONFIG_WITH_NULLPTR
+DOCTEST_INTERFACE String toString(std::nullptr_t in);
+#endif // DOCTEST_CONFIG_WITH_NULLPTR
+
+class DOCTEST_INTERFACE Approx
+{
+public:
+    explicit Approx(double value);
+
+    Approx operator()(double value) const {
+        Approx approx(value);
+        approx.epsilon(m_epsilon);
+        approx.scale(m_scale);
+        return approx;
+    }
+
+    template <typename T>
+    explicit Approx(const T& value,
+                    typename detail::traits::enable_if<
+                            detail::traits::is_constructible<double, T>::value>::type* =
+                            static_cast<T*>(detail::getNull())) {
+        *this = Approx(static_cast<double>(value));
+    }
+
+    // clang-format off
+    // overloads for double - the first one is necessary as it is in the implementation part of doctest
+    // as for the others - keeping them for potentially faster compile times
+    DOCTEST_INTERFACE friend bool operator==(double lhs, Approx const& rhs);
+    friend bool operator==(Approx const& lhs, double rhs) { return operator==(rhs, lhs); }
+    friend bool operator!=(double lhs, Approx const& rhs) { return !operator==(lhs, rhs); }
+    friend bool operator!=(Approx const& lhs, double rhs) { return !operator==(rhs, lhs); }
+    friend bool operator<=(double lhs, Approx const& rhs) { return lhs < rhs.m_value || lhs == rhs; }
+    friend bool operator<=(Approx const& lhs, double rhs) { return lhs.m_value < rhs || lhs == rhs; }
+    friend bool operator>=(double lhs, Approx const& rhs) { return lhs > rhs.m_value || lhs == rhs; }
+    friend bool operator>=(Approx const& lhs, double rhs) { return lhs.m_value > rhs || lhs == rhs; }
+    friend bool operator< (double lhs, Approx const& rhs) { return lhs < rhs.m_value && lhs != rhs; }
+    friend bool operator< (Approx const& lhs, double rhs) { return lhs.m_value < rhs && lhs != rhs; }
+    friend bool operator> (double lhs, Approx const& rhs) { return lhs > rhs.m_value && lhs != rhs; }
+    friend bool operator> (Approx const& lhs, double rhs) { return lhs.m_value > rhs && lhs != rhs; }
+
+#define DOCTEST_APPROX_PREFIX \
+    template <typename T> friend typename detail::traits::enable_if<detail::traits::is_constructible<double, T>::value, bool>::type
+
+    DOCTEST_APPROX_PREFIX operator==(const T& lhs, const Approx& rhs) { return operator==(double(lhs), rhs); }
+    DOCTEST_APPROX_PREFIX operator==(const Approx& lhs, const T& rhs) { return operator==(rhs, lhs); }
+    DOCTEST_APPROX_PREFIX operator!=(const T& lhs, const Approx& rhs) { return !operator==(lhs, rhs); }
+    DOCTEST_APPROX_PREFIX operator!=(const Approx& lhs, const T& rhs) { return !operator==(rhs, lhs); }
+    DOCTEST_APPROX_PREFIX operator<=(const T& lhs, const Approx& rhs) { return double(lhs) < rhs.m_value || lhs == rhs; }
+    DOCTEST_APPROX_PREFIX operator<=(const Approx& lhs, const T& rhs) { return lhs.m_value < double(rhs) || lhs == rhs; }
+    DOCTEST_APPROX_PREFIX operator>=(const T& lhs, const Approx& rhs) { return double(lhs) > rhs.m_value || lhs == rhs; }
+    DOCTEST_APPROX_PREFIX operator>=(const Approx& lhs, const T& rhs) { return lhs.m_value > double(rhs) || lhs == rhs; }
+    DOCTEST_APPROX_PREFIX operator< (const T& lhs, const Approx& rhs) { return double(lhs) < rhs.m_value && lhs != rhs; }
+    DOCTEST_APPROX_PREFIX operator< (const Approx& lhs, const T& rhs) { return lhs.m_value < double(rhs) && lhs != rhs; }
+    DOCTEST_APPROX_PREFIX operator> (const T& lhs, const Approx& rhs) { return double(lhs) > rhs.m_value && lhs != rhs; }
+    DOCTEST_APPROX_PREFIX operator> (const Approx& lhs, const T& rhs) { return lhs.m_value > double(rhs) && lhs != rhs; }
+#undef DOCTEST_APPROX_PREFIX
+    // clang-format on
+
+    Approx& epsilon(double newEpsilon) {
+        m_epsilon = (newEpsilon);
+        return *this;
+    }
+
+    template <typename T>
+    typename detail::traits::enable_if<detail::traits::is_constructible<double, T>::value,
+                                       Approx&>::type
+    epsilon(const T& newEpsilon) {
+        m_epsilon = static_cast<double>(newEpsilon);
+        return *this;
+    }
+
+    Approx& scale(double newScale) {
+        m_scale = (newScale);
+        return *this;
+    }
+
+    template <typename T>
+    typename detail::traits::enable_if<detail::traits::is_constructible<double, T>::value,
+                                       Approx&>::type
+    scale(const T& newScale) {
+        m_scale = static_cast<double>(newScale);
+        return *this;
+    }
+
+    String toString() const;
+
+private:
+    double m_epsilon;
+    double m_scale;
+    double m_value;
+};
+
+template <>
+inline String toString<Approx>(const DOCTEST_REF_WRAP(Approx) value) {
+    return value.toString();
+}
+
+#if !defined(DOCTEST_CONFIG_DISABLE)
+
+namespace detail
+{
+    // the function type this library works with
+    typedef void (*funcType)();
+
+    namespace assertType
+    {
+        enum Enum
+        {
+            // macro traits
+
+            is_warn    = 1,
+            is_check   = 2,
+            is_require = 4,
+
+            is_throws    = 8,
+            is_throws_as = 16,
+            is_nothrow   = 32,
+
+            is_fast  = 64, // not checked anywhere - used just to distinguish the types
+            is_false = 128,
+            is_unary = 256,
+
+            is_eq = 512,
+            is_ne = 1024,
+
+            is_lt = 2048,
+            is_gt = 4096,
+
+            is_ge = 8192,
+            is_le = 16384,
+
+            // macro types
+
+            DT_WARN    = is_warn,
+            DT_CHECK   = is_check,
+            DT_REQUIRE = is_require,
+
+            DT_WARN_FALSE    = is_false | is_warn,
+            DT_CHECK_FALSE   = is_false | is_check,
+            DT_REQUIRE_FALSE = is_false | is_require,
+
+            DT_WARN_THROWS    = is_throws | is_warn,
+            DT_CHECK_THROWS   = is_throws | is_check,
+            DT_REQUIRE_THROWS = is_throws | is_require,
+
+            DT_WARN_THROWS_AS    = is_throws_as | is_warn,
+            DT_CHECK_THROWS_AS   = is_throws_as | is_check,
+            DT_REQUIRE_THROWS_AS = is_throws_as | is_require,
+
+            DT_WARN_NOTHROW    = is_nothrow | is_warn,
+            DT_CHECK_NOTHROW   = is_nothrow | is_check,
+            DT_REQUIRE_NOTHROW = is_nothrow | is_require,
+
+            DT_WARN_EQ    = is_eq | is_warn,
+            DT_CHECK_EQ   = is_eq | is_check,
+            DT_REQUIRE_EQ = is_eq | is_require,
+
+            DT_WARN_NE    = is_ne | is_warn,
+            DT_CHECK_NE   = is_ne | is_check,
+            DT_REQUIRE_NE = is_ne | is_require,
+
+            DT_WARN_GT    = is_gt | is_warn,
+            DT_CHECK_GT   = is_gt | is_check,
+            DT_REQUIRE_GT = is_gt | is_require,
+
+            DT_WARN_LT    = is_lt | is_warn,
+            DT_CHECK_LT   = is_lt | is_check,
+            DT_REQUIRE_LT = is_lt | is_require,
+
+            DT_WARN_GE    = is_ge | is_warn,
+            DT_CHECK_GE   = is_ge | is_check,
+            DT_REQUIRE_GE = is_ge | is_require,
+
+            DT_WARN_LE    = is_le | is_warn,
+            DT_CHECK_LE   = is_le | is_check,
+            DT_REQUIRE_LE = is_le | is_require,
+
+            DT_WARN_UNARY    = is_unary | is_warn,
+            DT_CHECK_UNARY   = is_unary | is_check,
+            DT_REQUIRE_UNARY = is_unary | is_require,
+
+            DT_WARN_UNARY_FALSE    = is_false | is_unary | is_warn,
+            DT_CHECK_UNARY_FALSE   = is_false | is_unary | is_check,
+            DT_REQUIRE_UNARY_FALSE = is_false | is_unary | is_require,
+
+            DT_FAST_WARN_EQ    = is_fast | is_eq | is_warn,
+            DT_FAST_CHECK_EQ   = is_fast | is_eq | is_check,
+            DT_FAST_REQUIRE_EQ = is_fast | is_eq | is_require,
+
+            DT_FAST_WARN_NE    = is_fast | is_ne | is_warn,
+            DT_FAST_CHECK_NE   = is_fast | is_ne | is_check,
+            DT_FAST_REQUIRE_NE = is_fast | is_ne | is_require,
+
+            DT_FAST_WARN_GT    = is_fast | is_gt | is_warn,
+            DT_FAST_CHECK_GT   = is_fast | is_gt | is_check,
+            DT_FAST_REQUIRE_GT = is_fast | is_gt | is_require,
+
+            DT_FAST_WARN_LT    = is_fast | is_lt | is_warn,
+            DT_FAST_CHECK_LT   = is_fast | is_lt | is_check,
+            DT_FAST_REQUIRE_LT = is_fast | is_lt | is_require,
+
+            DT_FAST_WARN_GE    = is_fast | is_ge | is_warn,
+            DT_FAST_CHECK_GE   = is_fast | is_ge | is_check,
+            DT_FAST_REQUIRE_GE = is_fast | is_ge | is_require,
+
+            DT_FAST_WARN_LE    = is_fast | is_le | is_warn,
+            DT_FAST_CHECK_LE   = is_fast | is_le | is_check,
+            DT_FAST_REQUIRE_LE = is_fast | is_le | is_require,
+
+            DT_FAST_WARN_UNARY    = is_fast | is_unary | is_warn,
+            DT_FAST_CHECK_UNARY   = is_fast | is_unary | is_check,
+            DT_FAST_REQUIRE_UNARY = is_fast | is_unary | is_require,
+
+            DT_FAST_WARN_UNARY_FALSE    = is_fast | is_false | is_unary | is_warn,
+            DT_FAST_CHECK_UNARY_FALSE   = is_fast | is_false | is_unary | is_check,
+            DT_FAST_REQUIRE_UNARY_FALSE = is_fast | is_false | is_unary | is_require
+        };
+    } // namespace assertType
+
+    DOCTEST_INTERFACE const char* getAssertString(assertType::Enum val);
+
+    // clang-format off
+    template<class T>               struct decay_array       { typedef T type; };
+    template<class T, unsigned N>   struct decay_array<T[N]> { typedef T* type; };
+    template<class T>               struct decay_array<T[]>  { typedef T* type; };
+
+    template<class T>   struct not_char_pointer              { enum { value = 1 }; };
+    template<>          struct not_char_pointer<char*>       { enum { value = 0 }; };
+    template<>          struct not_char_pointer<const char*> { enum { value = 0 }; };
+
+    template<class T> struct can_use_op : not_char_pointer<typename decay_array<T>::type> {};
+    // clang-format on
+
+    struct TestFailureException
+    {};
+
+    DOCTEST_INTERFACE bool checkIfShouldThrow(assertType::Enum assert_type);
+    DOCTEST_INTERFACE void fastAssertThrowIfFlagSet(int flags);
+    DOCTEST_INTERFACE void throwException();
+
+    struct TestAccessibleContextState
+    {
+        bool no_throw; // to skip exceptions-related assertion macros
+        bool success;  // include successful assertions in output
+    };
+
+    struct ContextState;
+
+    DOCTEST_INTERFACE TestAccessibleContextState* getTestsContextState();
+
+    struct DOCTEST_INTERFACE SubcaseSignature
+    {
+        const char* m_name;
+        const char* m_file;
+        int         m_line;
+
+        SubcaseSignature(const char* name, const char* file, int line)
+                : m_name(name)
+                , m_file(file)
+                , m_line(line) {}
+
+        bool operator<(const SubcaseSignature& other) const;
+    };
+
+    // cppcheck-suppress copyCtorAndEqOperator
+    struct DOCTEST_INTERFACE Subcase
+    {
+        SubcaseSignature m_signature;
+        bool             m_entered;
+
+        Subcase(const char* name, const char* file, int line);
+        Subcase(const Subcase& other);
+        ~Subcase();
+
+        operator bool() const { return m_entered; }
+    };
+
+    template <typename L, typename R>
+    String stringifyBinaryExpr(const DOCTEST_REF_WRAP(L) lhs, const char* op,
+                               const DOCTEST_REF_WRAP(R) rhs) {
+        return toString(lhs) + op + toString(rhs);
+    }
+
+    struct DOCTEST_INTERFACE Result
+    {
+        bool   m_passed;
+        String m_decomposition;
+
+        ~Result();
+
+        DOCTEST_NOINLINE Result(bool passed = false, const String& decomposition = String())
+                : m_passed(passed)
+                , m_decomposition(decomposition) {}
+
+        DOCTEST_NOINLINE Result(const Result& other)
+                : m_passed(other.m_passed)
+                , m_decomposition(other.m_decomposition) {}
+
+        Result& operator=(const Result& other);
+
+        operator bool() { return !m_passed; }
+
+        // clang-format off
+        // forbidding some expressions based on this table: http://en.cppreference.com/w/cpp/language/operator_precedence
+        template <typename R> Result& operator&  (const R&) { DOCTEST_STATIC_ASSERT(deferred_false<R>::value, Expression_Too_Complex_Please_Rewrite_As_Binary_Comparison); return *this; }
+        template <typename R> Result& operator^  (const R&) { DOCTEST_STATIC_ASSERT(deferred_false<R>::value, Expression_Too_Complex_Please_Rewrite_As_Binary_Comparison); return *this; }
+        template <typename R> Result& operator|  (const R&) { DOCTEST_STATIC_ASSERT(deferred_false<R>::value, Expression_Too_Complex_Please_Rewrite_As_Binary_Comparison); return *this; }
+        template <typename R> Result& operator&& (const R&) { DOCTEST_STATIC_ASSERT(deferred_false<R>::value, Expression_Too_Complex_Please_Rewrite_As_Binary_Comparison); return *this; }
+        template <typename R> Result& operator|| (const R&) { DOCTEST_STATIC_ASSERT(deferred_false<R>::value, Expression_Too_Complex_Please_Rewrite_As_Binary_Comparison); return *this; }
+        template <typename R> Result& operator== (const R&) { DOCTEST_STATIC_ASSERT(deferred_false<R>::value, Expression_Too_Complex_Please_Rewrite_As_Binary_Comparison); return *this; }
+        template <typename R> Result& operator!= (const R&) { DOCTEST_STATIC_ASSERT(deferred_false<R>::value, Expression_Too_Complex_Please_Rewrite_As_Binary_Comparison); return *this; }
+        template <typename R> Result& operator<  (const R&) { DOCTEST_STATIC_ASSERT(deferred_false<R>::value, Expression_Too_Complex_Please_Rewrite_As_Binary_Comparison); return *this; }
+        template <typename R> Result& operator>  (const R&) { DOCTEST_STATIC_ASSERT(deferred_false<R>::value, Expression_Too_Complex_Please_Rewrite_As_Binary_Comparison); return *this; }
+        template <typename R> Result& operator<= (const R&) { DOCTEST_STATIC_ASSERT(deferred_false<R>::value, Expression_Too_Complex_Please_Rewrite_As_Binary_Comparison); return *this; }
+        template <typename R> Result& operator>= (const R&) { DOCTEST_STATIC_ASSERT(deferred_false<R>::value, Expression_Too_Complex_Please_Rewrite_As_Binary_Comparison); return *this; }
+        template <typename R> Result& operator=  (const R&) { DOCTEST_STATIC_ASSERT(deferred_false<R>::value, Expression_Too_Complex_Please_Rewrite_As_Binary_Comparison); return *this; }
+        template <typename R> Result& operator+= (const R&) { DOCTEST_STATIC_ASSERT(deferred_false<R>::value, Expression_Too_Complex_Please_Rewrite_As_Binary_Comparison); return *this; }
+        template <typename R> Result& operator-= (const R&) { DOCTEST_STATIC_ASSERT(deferred_false<R>::value, Expression_Too_Complex_Please_Rewrite_As_Binary_Comparison); return *this; }
+        template <typename R> Result& operator*= (const R&) { DOCTEST_STATIC_ASSERT(deferred_false<R>::value, Expression_Too_Complex_Please_Rewrite_As_Binary_Comparison); return *this; }
+        template <typename R> Result& operator/= (const R&) { DOCTEST_STATIC_ASSERT(deferred_false<R>::value, Expression_Too_Complex_Please_Rewrite_As_Binary_Comparison); return *this; }
+        template <typename R> Result& operator%= (const R&) { DOCTEST_STATIC_ASSERT(deferred_false<R>::value, Expression_Too_Complex_Please_Rewrite_As_Binary_Comparison); return *this; }
+        template <typename R> Result& operator<<=(const R&) { DOCTEST_STATIC_ASSERT(deferred_false<R>::value, Expression_Too_Complex_Please_Rewrite_As_Binary_Comparison); return *this; }
+        template <typename R> Result& operator>>=(const R&) { DOCTEST_STATIC_ASSERT(deferred_false<R>::value, Expression_Too_Complex_Please_Rewrite_As_Binary_Comparison); return *this; }
+        template <typename R> Result& operator&= (const R&) { DOCTEST_STATIC_ASSERT(deferred_false<R>::value, Expression_Too_Complex_Please_Rewrite_As_Binary_Comparison); return *this; }
+        template <typename R> Result& operator^= (const R&) { DOCTEST_STATIC_ASSERT(deferred_false<R>::value, Expression_Too_Complex_Please_Rewrite_As_Binary_Comparison); return *this; }
+        template <typename R> Result& operator|= (const R&) { DOCTEST_STATIC_ASSERT(deferred_false<R>::value, Expression_Too_Complex_Please_Rewrite_As_Binary_Comparison); return *this; }
+        // clang-format on
+    };
+
+#ifndef DOCTEST_CONFIG_NO_COMPARISON_WARNING_SUPPRESSION
+
+#if defined(__clang__)
+#pragma clang diagnostic push
+#pragma clang diagnostic ignored "-Wsign-conversion"
+#pragma clang diagnostic ignored "-Wsign-compare"
+//#pragma clang diagnostic ignored "-Wdouble-promotion"
+//#pragma clang diagnostic ignored "-Wconversion"
+//#pragma clang diagnostic ignored "-Wfloat-equal"
+#endif // __clang__
+
+#if defined(__GNUC__) && !defined(__clang__)
+#if __GNUC__ > 4 || (__GNUC__ == 4 && __GNUC_MINOR__ > 6)
+#pragma GCC diagnostic push
+#endif // > gcc 4.6
+#pragma GCC diagnostic ignored "-Wsign-conversion"
+#pragma GCC diagnostic ignored "-Wsign-compare"
+#if __GNUC__ > 4 || (__GNUC__ == 4 && __GNUC_MINOR__ > 5)
+//#pragma GCC diagnostic ignored "-Wdouble-promotion"
+#endif // > gcc 4.5
+//#pragma GCC diagnostic ignored "-Wconversion"
+//#pragma GCC diagnostic ignored "-Wfloat-equal"
+#endif // __GNUC__
+
+#ifdef _MSC_VER
+#pragma warning(push)
+// http://stackoverflow.com/questions/39479163 what's the difference between C4018 and C4389
+#pragma warning(disable : 4389) // 'operator' : signed/unsigned mismatch
+#pragma warning(disable : 4018) // 'expression' : signed/unsigned mismatch
+//#pragma warning(disable : 4805) // 'operation' : unsafe mix of type 'type' and type 'type' in operation
+#endif // _MSC_VER
+
+#endif // DOCTEST_CONFIG_NO_COMPARISON_WARNING_SUPPRESSION
+
+// clang-format off
+#ifndef DOCTEST_CONFIG_TREAT_CHAR_STAR_AS_STRING
+#define DOCTEST_COMPARISON_RETURN_TYPE bool
+#else // DOCTEST_CONFIG_TREAT_CHAR_STAR_AS_STRING
+#define DOCTEST_COMPARISON_RETURN_TYPE typename traits::enable_if<can_use_op<L>::value || can_use_op<R>::value, bool>::type
+    inline bool eq(const char* lhs, const char* rhs) { return String(lhs) == String(rhs); }
+    inline bool ne(const char* lhs, const char* rhs) { return String(lhs) != String(rhs); }
+    inline bool lt(const char* lhs, const char* rhs) { return String(lhs) <  String(rhs); }
+    inline bool gt(const char* lhs, const char* rhs) { return String(lhs) >  String(rhs); }
+    inline bool le(const char* lhs, const char* rhs) { return String(lhs) <= String(rhs); }
+    inline bool ge(const char* lhs, const char* rhs) { return String(lhs) >= String(rhs); }
+#endif // DOCTEST_CONFIG_TREAT_CHAR_STAR_AS_STRING
+
+    template <typename L, typename R> DOCTEST_COMPARISON_RETURN_TYPE eq(const DOCTEST_REF_WRAP(L) lhs, const DOCTEST_REF_WRAP(R) rhs) { return lhs == rhs; }
+    template <typename L, typename R> DOCTEST_COMPARISON_RETURN_TYPE ne(const DOCTEST_REF_WRAP(L) lhs, const DOCTEST_REF_WRAP(R) rhs) { return lhs != rhs; }
+    template <typename L, typename R> DOCTEST_COMPARISON_RETURN_TYPE lt(const DOCTEST_REF_WRAP(L) lhs, const DOCTEST_REF_WRAP(R) rhs) { return lhs <  rhs; }
+    template <typename L, typename R> DOCTEST_COMPARISON_RETURN_TYPE gt(const DOCTEST_REF_WRAP(L) lhs, const DOCTEST_REF_WRAP(R) rhs) { return lhs >  rhs; }
+    template <typename L, typename R> DOCTEST_COMPARISON_RETURN_TYPE le(const DOCTEST_REF_WRAP(L) lhs, const DOCTEST_REF_WRAP(R) rhs) { return lhs <= rhs; }
+    template <typename L, typename R> DOCTEST_COMPARISON_RETURN_TYPE ge(const DOCTEST_REF_WRAP(L) lhs, const DOCTEST_REF_WRAP(R) rhs) { return lhs >= rhs; }
+// clang-format on
+
+#ifndef DOCTEST_CONFIG_TREAT_CHAR_STAR_AS_STRING
+#define DOCTEST_CMP_EQ(l, r) l == r
+#define DOCTEST_CMP_NE(l, r) l != r
+#define DOCTEST_CMP_GT(l, r) l > r
+#define DOCTEST_CMP_LT(l, r) l < r
+#define DOCTEST_CMP_GE(l, r) l >= r
+#define DOCTEST_CMP_LE(l, r) l <= r
+#else // DOCTEST_CONFIG_TREAT_CHAR_STAR_AS_STRING
+#define DOCTEST_CMP_EQ(l, r) eq(l, r)
+#define DOCTEST_CMP_NE(l, r) ne(l, r)
+#define DOCTEST_CMP_GT(l, r) gt(l, r)
+#define DOCTEST_CMP_LT(l, r) lt(l, r)
+#define DOCTEST_CMP_GE(l, r) ge(l, r)
+#define DOCTEST_CMP_LE(l, r) le(l, r)
+#endif // DOCTEST_CONFIG_TREAT_CHAR_STAR_AS_STRING
+
+#define DOCTEST_DO_BINARY_EXPRESSION_COMPARISON(op, op_str, op_macro)                              \
+    template <typename R>                                                                          \
+    DOCTEST_NOINLINE Result operator op(const DOCTEST_REF_WRAP(R) rhs) {                           \
+        bool res = op_macro(lhs, rhs);                                                             \
+        if(m_assert_type & assertType::is_false)                                                   \
+            res = !res;                                                                            \
+        if(!res || doctest::detail::getTestsContextState()->success)                               \
+            return Result(res, stringifyBinaryExpr(lhs, op_str, rhs));                             \
+        return Result(res);                                                                        \
+    }
+
+#define DOCTEST_FORBIT_EXPRESSION(op)                                                              \
+    template <typename R>                                                                          \
+    Expression_lhs& operator op(const R&) {                                                        \
+        DOCTEST_STATIC_ASSERT(deferred_false<R>::value,                                            \
+                              Expression_Too_Complex_Please_Rewrite_As_Binary_Comparison);         \
+        return *this;                                                                              \
+    }
+
+    template <typename L>
+    // cppcheck-suppress copyCtorAndEqOperator
+    struct Expression_lhs
+    {
+        L                lhs;
+        assertType::Enum m_assert_type;
+
+        explicit Expression_lhs(L in, assertType::Enum assert_type)
+                : lhs(in)
+                , m_assert_type(assert_type) {}
+
+        Expression_lhs(const Expression_lhs& other)
+                : lhs(other.lhs) {}
+
+        DOCTEST_NOINLINE operator Result() {
+            bool res = !!lhs;
+            if(m_assert_type & assertType::is_false) //!OCLINT bitwise operator in conditional
+                res = !res;
+
+            if(!res || getTestsContextState()->success)
+                return Result(res, toString(lhs));
+            return Result(res);
+        }
+
+        // clang-format off
+        DOCTEST_DO_BINARY_EXPRESSION_COMPARISON(==, " == ", DOCTEST_CMP_EQ) //!OCLINT bitwise operator in conditional
+        DOCTEST_DO_BINARY_EXPRESSION_COMPARISON(!=, " != ", DOCTEST_CMP_NE) //!OCLINT bitwise operator in conditional
+        DOCTEST_DO_BINARY_EXPRESSION_COMPARISON(>, " >  ", DOCTEST_CMP_GT) //!OCLINT bitwise operator in conditional
+        DOCTEST_DO_BINARY_EXPRESSION_COMPARISON(<, " <  ", DOCTEST_CMP_LT) //!OCLINT bitwise operator in conditional
+        DOCTEST_DO_BINARY_EXPRESSION_COMPARISON(>=, " >= ", DOCTEST_CMP_GE) //!OCLINT bitwise operator in conditional
+        DOCTEST_DO_BINARY_EXPRESSION_COMPARISON(<=, " <= ", DOCTEST_CMP_LE) //!OCLINT bitwise operator in conditional
+        // clang-format on
+
+        // forbidding some expressions based on this table: http://en.cppreference.com/w/cpp/language/operator_precedence
+        DOCTEST_FORBIT_EXPRESSION(&)
+        DOCTEST_FORBIT_EXPRESSION (^)
+        DOCTEST_FORBIT_EXPRESSION(|)
+        DOCTEST_FORBIT_EXPRESSION(&&)
+        DOCTEST_FORBIT_EXPRESSION(||)
+        DOCTEST_FORBIT_EXPRESSION(=)
+        DOCTEST_FORBIT_EXPRESSION(+=)
+        DOCTEST_FORBIT_EXPRESSION(-=)
+        DOCTEST_FORBIT_EXPRESSION(*=)
+        DOCTEST_FORBIT_EXPRESSION(/=)
+        DOCTEST_FORBIT_EXPRESSION(%=)
+        DOCTEST_FORBIT_EXPRESSION(<<=)
+        DOCTEST_FORBIT_EXPRESSION(>>=)
+        DOCTEST_FORBIT_EXPRESSION(&=)
+        DOCTEST_FORBIT_EXPRESSION(^=)
+        DOCTEST_FORBIT_EXPRESSION(|=)
+        // these 2 are unfortunate because they should be allowed - they have higher precedence over the comparisons, but the
+        // ExpressionDecomposer class uses the left shift operator to capture the left operand of the binary expression...
+        DOCTEST_FORBIT_EXPRESSION(<<)
+        DOCTEST_FORBIT_EXPRESSION(>>)
+    };
+
+#ifndef DOCTEST_CONFIG_NO_COMPARISON_WARNING_SUPPRESSION
+
+#if defined(__clang__)
+#pragma clang diagnostic pop
+#endif // __clang__
+
+#if defined(__GNUC__) && !defined(__clang__)
+#if __GNUC__ > 4 || (__GNUC__ == 4 && __GNUC_MINOR__ > 6)
+#pragma GCC diagnostic pop
+#endif // > gcc 4.6
+#endif // __GNUC__
+
+#ifdef _MSC_VER
+#pragma warning(pop)
+#endif // _MSC_VER
+
+#endif // DOCTEST_CONFIG_NO_COMPARISON_WARNING_SUPPRESSION
+
+    struct ExpressionDecomposer
+    {
+        assertType::Enum m_assert_type;
+
+        ExpressionDecomposer(assertType::Enum assert_type)
+                : m_assert_type(assert_type) {}
+
+        // The right operator for capturing expressions is "<=" instead of "<<" (based on the operator precedence table)
+        // but then there will be warnings from GCC about "-Wparentheses" and since "_Pragma()" is problematic this will stay for now...
+        // https://github.com/philsquared/Catch/issues/870
+        // https://github.com/philsquared/Catch/issues/565
+        template <typename L>
+        Expression_lhs<const DOCTEST_REF_WRAP(L)> operator<<(const DOCTEST_REF_WRAP(L) operand) {
+            return Expression_lhs<const DOCTEST_REF_WRAP(L)>(operand, m_assert_type);
+        }
+    };
+
+    struct DOCTEST_INTERFACE TestCase
+    {
+        // not used for determining uniqueness
+        funcType m_test;    // a function pointer to the test case
+        String m_full_name; // contains the name (only for templated test cases!) + the template type
+        const char* m_name;       // name of the test case
+        const char* m_type;       // for templated test cases - gets appended to the real name
+        const char* m_test_suite; // the test suite in which the test was added
+        const char* m_description;
+        bool        m_skip;
+        bool        m_may_fail;
+        bool        m_should_fail;
+        int         m_expected_failures;
+        double      m_timeout;
+
+        // fields by which uniqueness of test cases shall be determined
+        const char* m_file; // the file in which the test was registered
+        unsigned    m_line; // the line where the test was registered
+        int m_template_id; // an ID used to distinguish between the different versions of a templated test case
+
+        TestCase(funcType test, const char* file, unsigned line, const TestSuite& test_suite,
+                 const char* type = "", int template_id = -1);
+
+        // for gcc 4.7
+        DOCTEST_NOINLINE ~TestCase() {}
+
+        TestCase& operator*(const char* in);
+
+        template <typename T>
+        TestCase& operator*(const T& in) {
+            in.fill(*this);
+            return *this;
+        }
+
+        TestCase(const TestCase& other) { *this = other; }
+
+        TestCase& operator=(const TestCase& other);
+
+        bool operator<(const TestCase& other) const;
+    };
+
+    // forward declarations of functions used by the macros
+    DOCTEST_INTERFACE int regTest(const TestCase& tc);
+    DOCTEST_INTERFACE int setTestSuite(const TestSuite& ts);
+
+    DOCTEST_INTERFACE void addFailedAssert(assertType::Enum assert_type);
+
+    DOCTEST_INTERFACE void logTestStart(const TestCase& tc);
+    DOCTEST_INTERFACE void logTestEnd();
+
+    DOCTEST_INTERFACE void logTestException(const String& what, bool crash = false);
+
+    DOCTEST_INTERFACE void logAssert(bool passed, const char* decomposition, bool threw,
+                                     const String& exception, const char* expr,
+                                     assertType::Enum assert_type, const char* file, int line);
+
+    DOCTEST_INTERFACE void logAssertThrows(bool threw, const char* expr,
+                                           assertType::Enum assert_type, const char* file,
+                                           int line);
+
+    DOCTEST_INTERFACE void logAssertThrowsAs(bool threw, bool threw_as, const char* as,
+                                             const String& exception, const char* expr,
+                                             assertType::Enum assert_type, const char* file,
+                                             int line);
+
+    DOCTEST_INTERFACE void logAssertNothrow(bool threw, const String& exception, const char* expr,
+                                            assertType::Enum assert_type, const char* file,
+                                            int line);
+
+    DOCTEST_INTERFACE bool isDebuggerActive();
+    DOCTEST_INTERFACE void writeToDebugConsole(const String&);
+
+    namespace binaryAssertComparison
+    {
+        enum Enum
+        {
+            eq = 0,
+            ne,
+            gt,
+            lt,
+            ge,
+            le
+        };
+    } // namespace binaryAssertComparison
+
+    // clang-format off
+    template <int, class L, class R> struct RelationalComparator     { bool operator()(const DOCTEST_REF_WRAP(L),     const DOCTEST_REF_WRAP(R)    ) const { return false;        } };
+    template <class L, class R> struct RelationalComparator<0, L, R> { bool operator()(const DOCTEST_REF_WRAP(L) lhs, const DOCTEST_REF_WRAP(R) rhs) const { return eq(lhs, rhs); } };
+    template <class L, class R> struct RelationalComparator<1, L, R> { bool operator()(const DOCTEST_REF_WRAP(L) lhs, const DOCTEST_REF_WRAP(R) rhs) const { return ne(lhs, rhs); } };
+    template <class L, class R> struct RelationalComparator<2, L, R> { bool operator()(const DOCTEST_REF_WRAP(L) lhs, const DOCTEST_REF_WRAP(R) rhs) const { return gt(lhs, rhs); } };
+    template <class L, class R> struct RelationalComparator<3, L, R> { bool operator()(const DOCTEST_REF_WRAP(L) lhs, const DOCTEST_REF_WRAP(R) rhs) const { return lt(lhs, rhs); } };
+    template <class L, class R> struct RelationalComparator<4, L, R> { bool operator()(const DOCTEST_REF_WRAP(L) lhs, const DOCTEST_REF_WRAP(R) rhs) const { return ge(lhs, rhs); } };
+    template <class L, class R> struct RelationalComparator<5, L, R> { bool operator()(const DOCTEST_REF_WRAP(L) lhs, const DOCTEST_REF_WRAP(R) rhs) const { return le(lhs, rhs); } };
+    // clang-format on
+
+    struct DOCTEST_INTERFACE ResultBuilder
+    {
+        assertType::Enum m_assert_type;
+        const char*      m_file;
+        int              m_line;
+        const char*      m_expr;
+        const char*      m_exception_type;
+
+        Result m_result;
+        bool   m_threw;
+        bool   m_threw_as;
+        bool   m_failed;
+        String m_exception;
+
+        ResultBuilder(assertType::Enum assert_type, const char* file, int line, const char* expr,
+                      const char* exception_type = "");
+
+        ~ResultBuilder();
+
+        void setResult(const Result& res) { m_result = res; }
+
+        template <int         comparison, typename L, typename R>
+        DOCTEST_NOINLINE void binary_assert(const DOCTEST_REF_WRAP(L) lhs,
+                                            const DOCTEST_REF_WRAP(R) rhs) {
+            m_result.m_passed = RelationalComparator<comparison, L, R>()(lhs, rhs);
+            if(!m_result.m_passed || getTestsContextState()->success)
+                m_result.m_decomposition = stringifyBinaryExpr(lhs, ", ", rhs);
+        }
+
+        template <typename L>
+        DOCTEST_NOINLINE void unary_assert(const DOCTEST_REF_WRAP(L) val) {
+            m_result.m_passed = !!val;
+
+            if(m_assert_type & assertType::is_false) //!OCLINT bitwise operator in conditional
+                m_result.m_passed = !m_result.m_passed;
+
+            if(!m_result.m_passed || getTestsContextState()->success)
+                m_result.m_decomposition = toString(val);
+        }
+
+        void unexpectedExceptionOccurred();
+
+        bool log();
+        void react() const;
+    };
+
+    namespace assertAction
+    {
+        enum Enum
+        {
+            nothing     = 0,
+            dbgbreak    = 1,
+            shouldthrow = 2
+        };
+    } // namespace assertAction
+
+    template <int        comparison, typename L, typename R>
+    DOCTEST_NOINLINE int fast_binary_assert(assertType::Enum assert_type, const char* file,
+                                            int line, const char* expr,
+                                            const DOCTEST_REF_WRAP(L) lhs,
+                                            const DOCTEST_REF_WRAP(R) rhs) {
+        ResultBuilder rb(assert_type, file, line, expr);
+
+        rb.m_result.m_passed = RelationalComparator<comparison, L, R>()(lhs, rhs);
+
+        if(!rb.m_result.m_passed || getTestsContextState()->success)
+            rb.m_result.m_decomposition = stringifyBinaryExpr(lhs, ", ", rhs);
+
+        int res = 0;
+
+        if(rb.log())
+            res |= assertAction::dbgbreak;
+
+        if(rb.m_failed && checkIfShouldThrow(assert_type))
+            res |= assertAction::shouldthrow;
+
+#ifdef DOCTEST_CONFIG_SUPER_FAST_ASSERTS
+        // #########################################################################################
+        // IF THE DEBUGGER BREAKS HERE - GO 1 LEVEL UP IN THE CALLSTACK TO SEE THE FAILING ASSERTION
+        // THIS IS THE EFFECT OF HAVING 'DOCTEST_CONFIG_SUPER_FAST_ASSERTS' DEFINED
+        // #########################################################################################
+        if(res & assertAction::dbgbreak)
+            DOCTEST_BREAK_INTO_DEBUGGER();
+        fastAssertThrowIfFlagSet(res);
+#endif // DOCTEST_CONFIG_SUPER_FAST_ASSERTS
+
+        return res;
+    }
+
+    template <typename L>
+    DOCTEST_NOINLINE int fast_unary_assert(assertType::Enum assert_type, const char* file, int line,
+                                           const char* val_str, const DOCTEST_REF_WRAP(L) val) {
+        ResultBuilder rb(assert_type, file, line, val_str);
+
+        rb.m_result.m_passed = !!val;
+
+        if(assert_type & assertType::is_false) //!OCLINT bitwise operator in conditional
+            rb.m_result.m_passed = !rb.m_result.m_passed;
+
+        if(!rb.m_result.m_passed || getTestsContextState()->success)
+            rb.m_result.m_decomposition = toString(val);
+
+        int res = 0;
+
+        if(rb.log())
+            res |= assertAction::dbgbreak;
+
+        if(rb.m_failed && checkIfShouldThrow(assert_type))
+            res |= assertAction::shouldthrow;
+
+#ifdef DOCTEST_CONFIG_SUPER_FAST_ASSERTS
+        // #########################################################################################
+        // IF THE DEBUGGER BREAKS HERE - GO 1 LEVEL UP IN THE CALLSTACK TO SEE THE FAILING ASSERTION
+        // THIS IS THE EFFECT OF HAVING 'DOCTEST_CONFIG_SUPER_FAST_ASSERTS' DEFINED
+        // #########################################################################################
+        if(res & assertAction::dbgbreak)
+            DOCTEST_BREAK_INTO_DEBUGGER();
+        fastAssertThrowIfFlagSet(res);
+#endif // DOCTEST_CONFIG_SUPER_FAST_ASSERTS
+
+        return res;
+    }
+
+    struct DOCTEST_INTERFACE IExceptionTranslator //!OCLINT destructor of virtual class
+    {
+        virtual ~IExceptionTranslator();
+        virtual bool translate(String&) const = 0;
+    };
+
+    template <typename T>
+    class ExceptionTranslator : public IExceptionTranslator //!OCLINT destructor of virtual class
+    {
+    public:
+        explicit ExceptionTranslator(String (*translateFunction)(T))
+                : m_translateFunction(translateFunction) {}
+
+        bool translate(String& res) const {
+#ifndef DOCTEST_CONFIG_NO_EXCEPTIONS
+            try {
+                throw;
+                // cppcheck-suppress catchExceptionByValue
+            } catch(T ex) {                    // NOLINT
+                res = m_translateFunction(ex); //!OCLINT parameter reassignment
+                return true;
+            } catch(...) {} //!OCLINT -  empty catch statement
+#endif                      // DOCTEST_CONFIG_NO_EXCEPTIONS
+            ((void)res);    // to silence -Wunused-parameter
+            return false;
+        }
+
+    protected:
+        String (*m_translateFunction)(T);
+    };
+
+    DOCTEST_INTERFACE void registerExceptionTranslatorImpl(
+            const IExceptionTranslator* translateFunction);
+
+    // FIX FOR VISUAL STUDIO VERSIONS PRIOR TO 2015 - they failed to compile the call to operator<< with
+    // std::ostream passed as a reference noting that there is a use of an undefined type (which there isn't)
+    DOCTEST_INTERFACE void writeStringToStream(std::ostream* stream, const String& str);
+
+    template <bool C>
+    struct StringStreamBase
+    {
+        template <typename T>
+        static void convert(std::ostream* stream, const T& in) {
+            writeStringToStream(stream, toString(in));
+        }
+
+        // always treat char* as a string in this context - no matter
+        // if DOCTEST_CONFIG_TREAT_CHAR_STAR_AS_STRING is defined
+        static void convert(std::ostream* stream, const char* in) {
+            writeStringToStream(stream, String(in));
+        }
+    };
+
+    template <>
+    struct StringStreamBase<true>
+    {
+        template <typename T>
+        static void convert(std::ostream* stream, const T& in) {
+            *stream << in;
+        }
+    };
+
+    template <typename T>
+    struct StringStream : StringStreamBase<has_insertion_operator<T>::value>
+    {};
+
+    template <typename T>
+    void toStream(std::ostream* stream, const T& value) {
+        StringStream<T>::convert(stream, value);
+    }
+
+#ifdef DOCTEST_CONFIG_TREAT_CHAR_STAR_AS_STRING
+    DOCTEST_INTERFACE void toStream(std::ostream* stream, char* in);
+    DOCTEST_INTERFACE void toStream(std::ostream* stream, const char* in);
+#endif // DOCTEST_CONFIG_TREAT_CHAR_STAR_AS_STRING
+    DOCTEST_INTERFACE void toStream(std::ostream* stream, bool in);
+    DOCTEST_INTERFACE void toStream(std::ostream* stream, float in);
+    DOCTEST_INTERFACE void toStream(std::ostream* stream, double in);
+    DOCTEST_INTERFACE void toStream(std::ostream* stream, double long in);
+
+    DOCTEST_INTERFACE void toStream(std::ostream* stream, char in);
+    DOCTEST_INTERFACE void toStream(std::ostream* stream, char signed in);
+    DOCTEST_INTERFACE void toStream(std::ostream* stream, char unsigned in);
+    DOCTEST_INTERFACE void toStream(std::ostream* stream, int short in);
+    DOCTEST_INTERFACE void toStream(std::ostream* stream, int short unsigned in);
+    DOCTEST_INTERFACE void toStream(std::ostream* stream, int in);
+    DOCTEST_INTERFACE void toStream(std::ostream* stream, int unsigned in);
+    DOCTEST_INTERFACE void toStream(std::ostream* stream, int long in);
+    DOCTEST_INTERFACE void toStream(std::ostream* stream, int long unsigned in);
+
+#ifdef DOCTEST_CONFIG_WITH_LONG_LONG
+    DOCTEST_INTERFACE void toStream(std::ostream* stream, int long long in);
+    DOCTEST_INTERFACE void toStream(std::ostream* stream, int long long unsigned in);
+#endif // DOCTEST_CONFIG_WITH_LONG_LONG
+
+    struct IContextScope //!OCLINT destructor of virtual class
+    { virtual void build(std::ostream*) = 0; };
+
+    DOCTEST_INTERFACE void addToContexts(IContextScope* ptr);
+    DOCTEST_INTERFACE void popFromContexts();
+    DOCTEST_INTERFACE void useContextIfExceptionOccurred(IContextScope* ptr);
+
+    // cppcheck-suppress copyCtorAndEqOperator
+    class ContextBuilder
+    {
+        friend class ContextScope;
+
+        struct ICapture //!OCLINT destructor of virtual class
+        { virtual void toStream(std::ostream*) const = 0; };
+
+        template <typename T>
+        struct Capture : ICapture //!OCLINT destructor of virtual class
+        {
+            const T* capture;
+
+            explicit Capture(const T* in)
+                    : capture(in) {}
+            virtual void toStream(std::ostream* stream) const { // override
+                doctest::detail::toStream(stream, *capture);
+            }
+        };
+
+        struct Chunk
+        {
+            char buf[sizeof(Capture<char>)]; // place to construct a Capture<T>
+        };
+
+        struct Node
+        {
+            Chunk chunk;
+            Node* next;
+        };
+
+        Chunk stackChunks[DOCTEST_CONFIG_NUM_CAPTURES_ON_STACK];
+        int   numCaptures;
+        Node* head;
+        Node* tail;
+
+        void build(std::ostream* stream) const {
+            int curr = 0;
+            // iterate over small buffer
+            while(curr < numCaptures && curr < DOCTEST_CONFIG_NUM_CAPTURES_ON_STACK)
+                reinterpret_cast<const ICapture*>(stackChunks[curr++].buf)->toStream(stream);
+            // iterate over list
+            Node* curr_elem = head;
+            while(curr < numCaptures) {
+                reinterpret_cast<const ICapture*>(curr_elem->chunk.buf)->toStream(stream);
+                curr_elem = curr_elem->next;
+                ++curr;
+            }
+        }
+
+        // steal the contents of the other - acting as a move constructor...
+        DOCTEST_NOINLINE ContextBuilder(ContextBuilder& other)
+                : numCaptures(other.numCaptures)
+                , head(other.head)
+                , tail(other.tail) {
+            other.numCaptures = 0;
+            other.head        = 0;
+            other.tail        = 0;
+            my_memcpy(stackChunks, other.stackChunks,
+                      unsigned(int(sizeof(Chunk)) * DOCTEST_CONFIG_NUM_CAPTURES_ON_STACK));
+        }
+
+    public:
+        // cppcheck-suppress uninitMemberVar
+        DOCTEST_NOINLINE ContextBuilder() // NOLINT
+                : numCaptures(0)
+                , head(0)
+                , tail(0) {}
+
+        template <typename T>
+        DOCTEST_NOINLINE ContextBuilder& operator<<(T& in) {
+            Capture<T> temp(&in);
+
+            // construct either on stack or on heap
+            // copy the bytes for the whole object - including the vtable because we cant construct
+            // the object directly in the buffer using placement new - need the <new> header...
+            if(numCaptures < DOCTEST_CONFIG_NUM_CAPTURES_ON_STACK) {
+                my_memcpy(stackChunks[numCaptures].buf, &temp, sizeof(Chunk));
+            } else {
+                Node* curr = new Node;
+                curr->next = 0;
+                if(tail) {
+                    tail->next = curr;
+                    tail       = curr;
+                } else {
+                    head = tail = curr;
+                }
+
+                my_memcpy(tail->chunk.buf, &temp, sizeof(Chunk));
+            }
+            ++numCaptures;
+            return *this;
+        }
+
+        DOCTEST_NOINLINE ~ContextBuilder() {
+            // free the linked list - the ones on the stack are left as-is
+            // no destructors are called at all - there is no need
+            while(head) {
+                Node* next = head->next;
+                delete head;
+                head = next;
+            }
+        }
+
+#ifdef DOCTEST_CONFIG_WITH_RVALUE_REFERENCES
+        template <typename T>
+        ContextBuilder& operator<<(const T&&) {
+            DOCTEST_STATIC_ASSERT(
+                    deferred_false<T>::value,
+                    Cannot_pass_temporaries_or_rvalues_to_the_streaming_operator_because_it_caches_pointers_to_the_passed_objects_for_lazy_evaluation);
+            return *this;
+        }
+#endif // DOCTEST_CONFIG_WITH_RVALUE_REFERENCES
+    };
+
+    class ContextScope : public IContextScope //!OCLINT destructor of virtual class
+    {
+        ContextBuilder contextBuilder;
+        bool           built;
+
+    public:
+        DOCTEST_NOINLINE explicit ContextScope(ContextBuilder& temp)
+                : contextBuilder(temp)
+                , built(false) {
+            addToContexts(this);
+        }
+
+        DOCTEST_NOINLINE ~ContextScope() {
+            if(!built)
+                useContextIfExceptionOccurred(this);
+            popFromContexts();
+        }
+
+        void build(std::ostream* stream) {
+            built = true;
+            contextBuilder.build(stream);
+        }
+    };
+
+    class DOCTEST_INTERFACE MessageBuilder
+    {
+        std::ostream*                     m_stream;
+        const char*                       m_file;
+        int                               m_line;
+        doctest::detail::assertType::Enum m_severity;
+
+    public:
+        MessageBuilder(const char* file, int line, doctest::detail::assertType::Enum severity);
+        ~MessageBuilder();
+
+        template <typename T>
+        MessageBuilder& operator<<(const T& in) {
+            doctest::detail::toStream(m_stream, in);
+            return *this;
+        }
+
+        bool log();
+        void react();
+    };
+} // namespace detail
+
+struct test_suite
+{
+    const char* data;
+    test_suite(const char* in)
+            : data(in) {}
+    void fill(detail::TestCase& state) const { state.m_test_suite = data; }
+    void fill(detail::TestSuite& state) const { state.m_test_suite = data; }
+};
+
+struct description
+{
+    const char* data;
+    description(const char* in)
+            : data(in) {}
+    void fill(detail::TestCase& state) const { state.m_description = data; }
+    void fill(detail::TestSuite& state) const { state.m_description = data; }
+};
+
+struct skip
+{
+    bool data;
+    skip(bool in = true)
+            : data(in) {}
+    void fill(detail::TestCase& state) const { state.m_skip = data; }
+    void fill(detail::TestSuite& state) const { state.m_skip = data; }
+};
+
+struct timeout
+{
+    double data;
+    timeout(double in)
+            : data(in) {}
+    void fill(detail::TestCase& state) const { state.m_timeout = data; }
+    void fill(detail::TestSuite& state) const { state.m_timeout = data; }
+};
+
+struct may_fail
+{
+    bool data;
+    may_fail(bool in = true)
+            : data(in) {}
+    void fill(detail::TestCase& state) const { state.m_may_fail = data; }
+    void fill(detail::TestSuite& state) const { state.m_may_fail = data; }
+};
+
+struct should_fail
+{
+    bool data;
+    should_fail(bool in = true)
+            : data(in) {}
+    void fill(detail::TestCase& state) const { state.m_should_fail = data; }
+    void fill(detail::TestSuite& state) const { state.m_should_fail = data; }
+};
+
+struct expected_failures
+{
+    int data;
+    expected_failures(int in)
+            : data(in) {}
+    void fill(detail::TestCase& state) const { state.m_expected_failures = data; }
+    void fill(detail::TestSuite& state) const { state.m_expected_failures = data; }
+};
+
+#endif // DOCTEST_CONFIG_DISABLE
+
+#ifndef DOCTEST_CONFIG_DISABLE
+template <typename T>
+int registerExceptionTranslator(String (*translateFunction)(T)) {
+#if defined(__clang__)
+#pragma clang diagnostic push
+#pragma clang diagnostic ignored "-Wexit-time-destructors"
+#endif // __clang__
+    static detail::ExceptionTranslator<T> exceptionTranslator(translateFunction);
+#if defined(__clang__)
+#pragma clang diagnostic pop
+#endif // __clang__
+    detail::registerExceptionTranslatorImpl(&exceptionTranslator);
+    return 0;
+}
+
+#else  // DOCTEST_CONFIG_DISABLE
+template <typename T>
+int registerExceptionTranslator(String (*)(T)) {
+    return 0;
+}
+#endif // DOCTEST_CONFIG_DISABLE
+
+DOCTEST_INTERFACE bool isRunningInTest();
+
+// cppcheck-suppress noCopyConstructor
+class DOCTEST_INTERFACE Context
+{
+#if !defined(DOCTEST_CONFIG_DISABLE)
+    detail::ContextState* p;
+
+    void parseArgs(int argc, const char* const* argv, bool withDefaults = false);
+
+#endif // DOCTEST_CONFIG_DISABLE
+
+public:
+    explicit Context(int argc = 0, const char* const* argv = 0);
+
+    ~Context();
+
+    void applyCommandLine(int argc, const char* const* argv);
+
+    void addFilter(const char* filter, const char* value);
+    void clearFilters();
+    void setOption(const char* option, int value);
+    void setOption(const char* option, const char* value);
+
+    bool shouldExit();
+
+    int run();
+};
+
+} // namespace doctest
+
+// if registering is not disabled
+#if !defined(DOCTEST_CONFIG_DISABLE)
+
+#ifdef DOCTEST_CONFIG_WITH_VARIADIC_MACROS
+#define DOCTEST_EXPAND_VA_ARGS(...) __VA_ARGS__
+#else // DOCTEST_CONFIG_WITH_VARIADIC_MACROS
+#define DOCTEST_EXPAND_VA_ARGS
+#endif // DOCTEST_CONFIG_WITH_VARIADIC_MACROS
+
+#define DOCTEST_STRIP_PARENS(x) x
+#define DOCTEST_HANDLE_BRACED_VA_ARGS(expr) DOCTEST_STRIP_PARENS(DOCTEST_EXPAND_VA_ARGS expr)
+
+// registers the test by initializing a dummy var with a function
+#define DOCTEST_REGISTER_FUNCTION(f, decorators)                                                   \
+    DOCTEST_GLOBAL_NO_WARNINGS(DOCTEST_ANONYMOUS(_DOCTEST_ANON_VAR_)) = doctest::detail::regTest(  \
+            doctest::detail::TestCase(f, __FILE__, __LINE__,                                       \
+                                      doctest_detail_test_suite_ns::getCurrentTestSuite()) *       \
+            decorators);                                                                           \
+    DOCTEST_GLOBAL_NO_WARNINGS_END()
+
+#define DOCTEST_IMPLEMENT_FIXTURE(der, base, func, decorators)                                     \
+    namespace                                                                                      \
+    {                                                                                              \
+        struct der : base                                                                          \
+        { void f(); };                                                                             \
+        static void func() {                                                                       \
+            der v;                                                                                 \
+            v.f();                                                                                 \
+        }                                                                                          \
+        DOCTEST_REGISTER_FUNCTION(func, decorators)                                                \
+    }                                                                                              \
+    inline DOCTEST_NOINLINE void der::f()
+
+#define DOCTEST_CREATE_AND_REGISTER_FUNCTION(f, decorators)                                        \
+    static void f();                                                                               \
+    DOCTEST_REGISTER_FUNCTION(f, decorators)                                                       \
+    static void f()
+
+// for registering tests
+#define DOCTEST_TEST_CASE(decorators)                                                              \
+    DOCTEST_CREATE_AND_REGISTER_FUNCTION(DOCTEST_ANONYMOUS(_DOCTEST_ANON_FUNC_), decorators)
+
+// for registering tests with a fixture
+#define DOCTEST_TEST_CASE_FIXTURE(c, decorators)                                                   \
+    DOCTEST_IMPLEMENT_FIXTURE(DOCTEST_ANONYMOUS(_DOCTEST_ANON_CLASS_), c,                          \
+                              DOCTEST_ANONYMOUS(_DOCTEST_ANON_FUNC_), decorators)
+
+// for converting types to strings without the <typeinfo> header and demangling
+#ifdef DOCTEST_CONFIG_WITH_VARIADIC_MACROS
+#define DOCTEST_TYPE_TO_STRING_IMPL(...)                                                           \
+    template <>                                                                                    \
+    inline const char* type_to_string<__VA_ARGS__>() {                                             \
+        return "<" #__VA_ARGS__ ">";                                                               \
+    }
+#define DOCTEST_TYPE_TO_STRING(...)                                                                \
+    namespace doctest                                                                              \
+    {                                                                                              \
+        namespace detail                                                                           \
+        { DOCTEST_TYPE_TO_STRING_IMPL(__VA_ARGS__) }                                               \
+    }                                                                                              \
+    typedef int DOCTEST_ANONYMOUS(_DOCTEST_ANON_FOR_SEMICOLON_)
+#else // DOCTEST_CONFIG_WITH_VARIADIC_MACROS
+#define DOCTEST_TYPE_TO_STRING_IMPL(x)                                                             \
+    template <>                                                                                    \
+    inline const char* type_to_string<x>() {                                                       \
+        return "<" #x ">";                                                                         \
+    }
+#define DOCTEST_TYPE_TO_STRING(x)                                                                  \
+    namespace doctest                                                                              \
+    {                                                                                              \
+        namespace detail                                                                           \
+        { DOCTEST_TYPE_TO_STRING_IMPL(x) }                                                         \
+    }                                                                                              \
+    typedef int DOCTEST_ANONYMOUS(_DOCTEST_ANON_FOR_SEMICOLON_)
+#endif // DOCTEST_CONFIG_WITH_VARIADIC_MACROS
+
+// for typed tests
+#define DOCTEST_TEST_CASE_TEMPLATE_IMPL(decorators, T, types, anon)                                \
+    template <typename T>                                                                          \
+    inline void anon();                                                                            \
+    struct DOCTEST_CAT(anon, FUNCTOR)                                                              \
+    {                                                                                              \
+        template <int Index, typename Type>                                                        \
+        void          operator()() {                                                               \
+            doctest::detail::regTest(                                                              \
+                    doctest::detail::TestCase(anon<Type>, __FILE__, __LINE__,                      \
+                                              doctest_detail_test_suite_ns::getCurrentTestSuite(), \
+                                              doctest::detail::type_to_string<Type>(), Index) *    \
+                    decorators);                                                                   \
+        }                                                                                          \
+    };                                                                                             \
+    inline int DOCTEST_CAT(anon, REG_FUNC)() {                                                     \
+        DOCTEST_CAT(anon, FUNCTOR) registrar;                                                      \
+        doctest::detail::ForEachType<DOCTEST_HANDLE_BRACED_VA_ARGS(types)::Result,                 \
+                                     DOCTEST_CAT(anon, FUNCTOR)>                                   \
+                doIt(registrar);                                                                   \
+        return 0;                                                                                  \
+    }                                                                                              \
+    DOCTEST_GLOBAL_NO_WARNINGS(DOCTEST_CAT(anon, DUMMY)) = DOCTEST_CAT(anon, REG_FUNC)();          \
+    DOCTEST_GLOBAL_NO_WARNINGS_END()                                                               \
+    template <typename T>                                                                          \
+    inline void anon()
+
+#ifdef DOCTEST_CONFIG_WITH_VARIADIC_MACROS
+#define DOCTEST_TEST_CASE_TEMPLATE(decorators, T, ...)                                             \
+    DOCTEST_TEST_CASE_TEMPLATE_IMPL(decorators, T, (__VA_ARGS__),                                  \
+                                    DOCTEST_ANONYMOUS(_DOCTEST_ANON_TMP_))
+#else // DOCTEST_CONFIG_WITH_VARIADIC_MACROS
+#define DOCTEST_TEST_CASE_TEMPLATE(decorators, T, types)                                           \
+    DOCTEST_TEST_CASE_TEMPLATE_IMPL(decorators, T, types, DOCTEST_ANONYMOUS(_DOCTEST_ANON_TMP_))
+#endif // DOCTEST_CONFIG_WITH_VARIADIC_MACROS
+
+#define DOCTEST_TEST_CASE_TEMPLATE_DEFINE_IMPL(decorators, T, id, anon)                            \
+    template <typename T>                                                                          \
+    inline void anon();                                                                            \
+    struct DOCTEST_CAT(id, _FUNCTOR)                                                               \
+    {                                                                                              \
+        int m_line;                                                                                \
+        DOCTEST_CAT(id, _FUNCTOR)                                                                  \
+        (int line)                                                                                 \
+                : m_line(line) {}                                                                  \
+        template <int Index, typename Type>                                                        \
+        void          operator()() {                                                               \
+            doctest::detail::regTest(                                                              \
+                    doctest::detail::TestCase(anon<Type>, __FILE__, __LINE__,                      \
+                                              doctest_detail_test_suite_ns::getCurrentTestSuite(), \
+                                              doctest::detail::type_to_string<Type>(),             \
+                                              m_line * 1000 + Index) *                             \
+                    decorators);                                                                   \
+        }                                                                                          \
+    };                                                                                             \
+    template <typename T>                                                                          \
+    inline void anon()
+
+#define DOCTEST_TEST_CASE_TEMPLATE_DEFINE(decorators, T, id)                                       \
+    DOCTEST_TEST_CASE_TEMPLATE_DEFINE_IMPL(decorators, T, id, DOCTEST_ANONYMOUS(_DOCTEST_ANON_TMP_))
+
+#define DOCTEST_TEST_CASE_TEMPLATE_INSTANTIATE_IMPL(id, types, anon)                               \
+    static int DOCTEST_CAT(anon, REG_FUNC)() {                                                     \
+        DOCTEST_CAT(id, _FUNCTOR) registrar(__LINE__);                                             \
+        doctest::detail::ForEachType<DOCTEST_HANDLE_BRACED_VA_ARGS(types)::Result,                 \
+                                     DOCTEST_CAT(id, _FUNCTOR)>                                    \
+                doIt(registrar);                                                                   \
+        return 0;                                                                                  \
+    }                                                                                              \
+    DOCTEST_GLOBAL_NO_WARNINGS(DOCTEST_CAT(anon, DUMMY)) = DOCTEST_CAT(anon, REG_FUNC)();          \
+    DOCTEST_GLOBAL_NO_WARNINGS_END() typedef int DOCTEST_ANONYMOUS(_DOCTEST_ANON_FOR_SEMICOLON_)
+
+#ifdef DOCTEST_CONFIG_WITH_VARIADIC_MACROS
+#define DOCTEST_TEST_CASE_TEMPLATE_INSTANTIATE(id, ...)                                            \
+    DOCTEST_TEST_CASE_TEMPLATE_INSTANTIATE_IMPL(id, (__VA_ARGS__),                                 \
+                                                DOCTEST_ANONYMOUS(_DOCTEST_ANON_TMP_))
+#else // DOCTEST_CONFIG_WITH_VARIADIC_MACROS
+#define DOCTEST_TEST_CASE_TEMPLATE_INSTANTIATE(id, types)                                          \
+    DOCTEST_TEST_CASE_TEMPLATE_INSTANTIATE_IMPL(id, types, DOCTEST_ANONYMOUS(_DOCTEST_ANON_TMP_))
+#endif // DOCTEST_CONFIG_WITH_VARIADIC_MACROS
+
+// for subcases
+#if defined(__GNUC__)
+#define DOCTEST_SUBCASE(name)                                                                      \
+    if(const doctest::detail::Subcase & DOCTEST_ANONYMOUS(_DOCTEST_ANON_SUBCASE_)                  \
+                                                __attribute__((unused)) =                          \
+               doctest::detail::Subcase(name, __FILE__, __LINE__))
+#else // __GNUC__
+#define DOCTEST_SUBCASE(name)                                                                      \
+    if(const doctest::detail::Subcase & DOCTEST_ANONYMOUS(_DOCTEST_ANON_SUBCASE_) =                \
+               doctest::detail::Subcase(name, __FILE__, __LINE__))
+#endif // __GNUC__
+
+// for grouping tests in test suites by using code blocks
+#define DOCTEST_TEST_SUITE_IMPL(decorators, ns_name)                                               \
+    namespace ns_name                                                                              \
+    {                                                                                              \
+        namespace doctest_detail_test_suite_ns                                                     \
+        {                                                                                          \
+            inline DOCTEST_NOINLINE doctest::detail::TestSuite& getCurrentTestSuite() {            \
+                static doctest::detail::TestSuite data;                                            \
+                static bool                       inited = false;                                  \
+                if(!inited) {                                                                      \
+                    data* decorators;                                                              \
+                    inited = true;                                                                 \
+                }                                                                                  \
+                return data;                                                                       \
+            }                                                                                      \
+        }                                                                                          \
+    }                                                                                              \
+    namespace ns_name
+
+#define DOCTEST_TEST_SUITE(decorators)                                                             \
+    DOCTEST_TEST_SUITE_IMPL(decorators, DOCTEST_ANONYMOUS(_DOCTEST_ANON_SUITE_))
+
+// for starting a testsuite block
+#define DOCTEST_TEST_SUITE_BEGIN(decorators)                                                       \
+    DOCTEST_GLOBAL_NO_WARNINGS(DOCTEST_ANONYMOUS(_DOCTEST_ANON_VAR_)) =                            \
+            doctest::detail::setTestSuite(doctest::detail::TestSuite() * decorators);              \
+    DOCTEST_GLOBAL_NO_WARNINGS_END()                                                               \
+    typedef int DOCTEST_ANONYMOUS(_DOCTEST_ANON_FOR_SEMICOLON_)
+
+// for ending a testsuite block
+#define DOCTEST_TEST_SUITE_END                                                                     \
+    DOCTEST_GLOBAL_NO_WARNINGS(DOCTEST_ANONYMOUS(_DOCTEST_ANON_VAR_)) =                            \
+            doctest::detail::setTestSuite(doctest::detail::TestSuite() * "");                      \
+    DOCTEST_GLOBAL_NO_WARNINGS_END()                                                               \
+    typedef int DOCTEST_ANONYMOUS(_DOCTEST_ANON_FOR_SEMICOLON_)
+
+// for registering exception translators
+#define DOCTEST_REGISTER_EXCEPTION_TRANSLATOR_IMPL(translatorName, signature)                      \
+    static doctest::String translatorName(signature);                                              \
+    DOCTEST_GLOBAL_NO_WARNINGS(DOCTEST_ANONYMOUS(_DOCTEST_ANON_TRANSLATOR_)) =                     \
+            doctest::registerExceptionTranslator(translatorName);                                  \
+    DOCTEST_GLOBAL_NO_WARNINGS_END()                                                               \
+    static doctest::String translatorName(signature)
+
+#define DOCTEST_REGISTER_EXCEPTION_TRANSLATOR(signature)                                           \
+    DOCTEST_REGISTER_EXCEPTION_TRANSLATOR_IMPL(DOCTEST_ANONYMOUS(_DOCTEST_ANON_TRANSLATOR_),       \
+                                               signature)
+
+// for logging
+#define DOCTEST_INFO(x)                                                                            \
+    doctest::detail::ContextScope DOCTEST_ANONYMOUS(_DOCTEST_CAPTURE_)(                            \
+            doctest::detail::ContextBuilder() << x)
+#define DOCTEST_CAPTURE(x) DOCTEST_INFO(#x " := " << x)
+
+#define DOCTEST_ADD_AT_IMPL(type, file, line, mb, x)                                               \
+    do {                                                                                           \
+        doctest::detail::MessageBuilder mb(file, line, doctest::detail::assertType::type);         \
+        mb << x;                                                                                   \
+        if(mb.log())                                                                               \
+            DOCTEST_BREAK_INTO_DEBUGGER();                                                         \
+        mb.react();                                                                                \
+    } while((void)0, 0)
+
+// clang-format off
+#define DOCTEST_ADD_MESSAGE_AT(file, line, x) DOCTEST_ADD_AT_IMPL(is_warn, file, line, DOCTEST_ANONYMOUS(_DOCTEST_MESSAGE_), x)
+#define DOCTEST_ADD_FAIL_CHECK_AT(file, line, x) DOCTEST_ADD_AT_IMPL(is_check, file, line, DOCTEST_ANONYMOUS(_DOCTEST_MESSAGE_), x)
+#define DOCTEST_ADD_FAIL_AT(file, line, x) DOCTEST_ADD_AT_IMPL(is_require, file, line, DOCTEST_ANONYMOUS(_DOCTEST_MESSAGE_), x)
+// clang-format on
+
+#define DOCTEST_MESSAGE(x) DOCTEST_ADD_MESSAGE_AT(__FILE__, __LINE__, x)
+#define DOCTEST_FAIL_CHECK(x) DOCTEST_ADD_FAIL_CHECK_AT(__FILE__, __LINE__, x)
+#define DOCTEST_FAIL(x) DOCTEST_ADD_FAIL_AT(__FILE__, __LINE__, x)
+
+#if __cplusplus >= 201402L || (defined(_MSC_VER) && _MSC_VER >= 1910)
+template <class T, T x>
+constexpr T to_lvalue = x;
+#define DOCTEST_TO_LVALUE(...) to_lvalue<decltype(__VA_ARGS__), __VA_ARGS__>
+#else
+#ifdef DOCTEST_CONFIG_WITH_VARIADIC_MACROS
+#define DOCTEST_TO_LVALUE(...) TO_LVALUE_CAN_BE_USED_ONLY_IN_CPP14_MODE_OR_WITH_VS_2017_OR_NEWER
+#else // DOCTEST_CONFIG_WITH_VARIADIC_MACROS
+#define DOCTEST_TO_LVALUE(x) TO_LVALUE_CAN_BE_USED_ONLY_IN_CPP14_MODE_OR_WITH_VS_2017_OR_NEWER
+#endif // DOCTEST_CONFIG_WITH_VARIADIC_MACROS
+#endif // TO_LVALUE hack for logging macros like INFO()
+
+// common code in asserts - for convenience
+#define DOCTEST_ASSERT_LOG_AND_REACT(rb)                                                           \
+    if(rb.log())                                                                                   \
+        DOCTEST_BREAK_INTO_DEBUGGER();                                                             \
+    rb.react()
+
+#ifdef DOCTEST_CONFIG_NO_TRY_CATCH_IN_ASSERTS
+#define DOCTEST_WRAP_IN_TRY(x) x;
+#else // DOCTEST_CONFIG_NO_TRY_CATCH_IN_ASSERTS
+#define DOCTEST_WRAP_IN_TRY(x)                                                                     \
+    try {                                                                                          \
+        x;                                                                                         \
+    } catch(...) { _DOCTEST_RB.unexpectedExceptionOccurred(); }
+#endif // DOCTEST_CONFIG_NO_TRY_CATCH_IN_ASSERTS
+
+#define DOCTEST_ASSERT_IMPLEMENT_3(expr, assert_type)                                              \
+    doctest::detail::ResultBuilder _DOCTEST_RB(                                                    \
+            doctest::detail::assertType::assert_type, __FILE__, __LINE__,                          \
+            DOCTEST_TOSTR(DOCTEST_HANDLE_BRACED_VA_ARGS(expr)));                                   \
+    DOCTEST_WRAP_IN_TRY(_DOCTEST_RB.setResult(                                                     \
+            doctest::detail::ExpressionDecomposer(doctest::detail::assertType::assert_type)        \
+            << DOCTEST_HANDLE_BRACED_VA_ARGS(expr)))                                               \
+    DOCTEST_ASSERT_LOG_AND_REACT(_DOCTEST_RB)
+
+#if defined(__clang__)
+#define DOCTEST_ASSERT_IMPLEMENT_2(expr, assert_type)                                              \
+    _Pragma("clang diagnostic push")                                                               \
+            _Pragma("clang diagnostic ignored \"-Woverloaded-shift-op-parentheses\"")              \
+                    DOCTEST_ASSERT_IMPLEMENT_3(expr, assert_type);                                 \
+    _Pragma("clang diagnostic pop")
+#else // __clang__
+#define DOCTEST_ASSERT_IMPLEMENT_2(expr, assert_type) DOCTEST_ASSERT_IMPLEMENT_3(expr, assert_type);
+#endif // __clang__
+
+#define DOCTEST_ASSERT_IMPLEMENT_1(expr, assert_type)                                              \
+    do {                                                                                           \
+        DOCTEST_ASSERT_IMPLEMENT_2(expr, assert_type);                                             \
+    } while((void)0, 0)
+
+#ifdef DOCTEST_CONFIG_WITH_VARIADIC_MACROS
+#define DOCTEST_WARN(...) DOCTEST_ASSERT_IMPLEMENT_1((__VA_ARGS__), DT_WARN)
+#define DOCTEST_CHECK(...) DOCTEST_ASSERT_IMPLEMENT_1((__VA_ARGS__), DT_CHECK)
+#define DOCTEST_REQUIRE(...) DOCTEST_ASSERT_IMPLEMENT_1((__VA_ARGS__), DT_REQUIRE)
+#define DOCTEST_WARN_FALSE(...) DOCTEST_ASSERT_IMPLEMENT_1((__VA_ARGS__), DT_WARN_FALSE)
+#define DOCTEST_CHECK_FALSE(...) DOCTEST_ASSERT_IMPLEMENT_1((__VA_ARGS__), DT_CHECK_FALSE)
+#define DOCTEST_REQUIRE_FALSE(...) DOCTEST_ASSERT_IMPLEMENT_1((__VA_ARGS__), DT_REQUIRE_FALSE)
+#else // DOCTEST_CONFIG_WITH_VARIADIC_MACROS
+#define DOCTEST_WARN(expr) DOCTEST_ASSERT_IMPLEMENT_1(expr, DT_WARN)
+#define DOCTEST_CHECK(expr) DOCTEST_ASSERT_IMPLEMENT_1(expr, DT_CHECK)
+#define DOCTEST_REQUIRE(expr) DOCTEST_ASSERT_IMPLEMENT_1(expr, DT_REQUIRE)
+#define DOCTEST_WARN_FALSE(expr) DOCTEST_ASSERT_IMPLEMENT_1(expr, DT_WARN_FALSE)
+#define DOCTEST_CHECK_FALSE(expr) DOCTEST_ASSERT_IMPLEMENT_1(expr, DT_CHECK_FALSE)
+#define DOCTEST_REQUIRE_FALSE(expr) DOCTEST_ASSERT_IMPLEMENT_1(expr, DT_REQUIRE_FALSE)
+#endif // DOCTEST_CONFIG_WITH_VARIADIC_MACROS
+
+// clang-format off
+#ifdef DOCTEST_CONFIG_WITH_VARIADIC_MACROS
+#define DOCTEST_WARN_MESSAGE(cond, msg) do { DOCTEST_INFO(msg); DOCTEST_ASSERT_IMPLEMENT_2((cond), DT_WARN); } while((void)0, 0)
+#define DOCTEST_CHECK_MESSAGE(cond, msg) do { DOCTEST_INFO(msg); DOCTEST_ASSERT_IMPLEMENT_2((cond), DT_CHECK); } while((void)0, 0)
+#define DOCTEST_REQUIRE_MESSAGE(cond, msg) do { DOCTEST_INFO(msg); DOCTEST_ASSERT_IMPLEMENT_2((cond), DT_REQUIRE); } while((void)0, 0)
+#define DOCTEST_WARN_FALSE_MESSAGE(cond, msg) do { DOCTEST_INFO(msg); DOCTEST_ASSERT_IMPLEMENT_2((cond), DT_WARN_FALSE); } while((void)0, 0)
+#define DOCTEST_CHECK_FALSE_MESSAGE(cond, msg) do { DOCTEST_INFO(msg); DOCTEST_ASSERT_IMPLEMENT_2((cond), DT_CHECK_FALSE); } while((void)0, 0)
+#define DOCTEST_REQUIRE_FALSE_MESSAGE(cond, msg) do { DOCTEST_INFO(msg); DOCTEST_ASSERT_IMPLEMENT_2((cond), DT_REQUIRE_FALSE); } while((void)0, 0)
+#else // DOCTEST_CONFIG_WITH_VARIADIC_MACROS
+#define DOCTEST_WARN_MESSAGE(cond, msg) do { DOCTEST_INFO(msg); DOCTEST_ASSERT_IMPLEMENT_2(cond, DT_WARN); } while((void)0, 0)
+#define DOCTEST_CHECK_MESSAGE(cond, msg) do { DOCTEST_INFO(msg); DOCTEST_ASSERT_IMPLEMENT_2(cond, DT_CHECK); } while((void)0, 0)
+#define DOCTEST_REQUIRE_MESSAGE(cond, msg) do { DOCTEST_INFO(msg); DOCTEST_ASSERT_IMPLEMENT_2(cond, DT_REQUIRE); } while((void)0, 0)
+#define DOCTEST_WARN_FALSE_MESSAGE(cond, msg) do { DOCTEST_INFO(msg); DOCTEST_ASSERT_IMPLEMENT_2(cond, DT_WARN_FALSE); } while((void)0, 0)
+#define DOCTEST_CHECK_FALSE_MESSAGE(cond, msg) do { DOCTEST_INFO(msg); DOCTEST_ASSERT_IMPLEMENT_2(cond, DT_CHECK_FALSE); } while((void)0, 0)
+#define DOCTEST_REQUIRE_FALSE_MESSAGE(cond, msg) do { DOCTEST_INFO(msg); DOCTEST_ASSERT_IMPLEMENT_2(cond, DT_REQUIRE_FALSE); } while((void)0, 0)
+#endif // DOCTEST_CONFIG_WITH_VARIADIC_MACROS
+// clang-format on
+
+#define DOCTEST_ASSERT_THROWS(expr, assert_type)                                                   \
+    do {                                                                                           \
+        if(!doctest::detail::getTestsContextState()->no_throw) {                                   \
+            doctest::detail::ResultBuilder _DOCTEST_RB(doctest::detail::assertType::assert_type,   \
+                                                       __FILE__, __LINE__, #expr);                 \
+            try {                                                                                  \
+                expr;                                                                              \
+            } catch(...) { _DOCTEST_RB.m_threw = true; }                                           \
+            DOCTEST_ASSERT_LOG_AND_REACT(_DOCTEST_RB);                                             \
+        }                                                                                          \
+    } while((void)0, 0)
+
+#define DOCTEST_ASSERT_THROWS_AS(expr, as, assert_type)                                            \
+    do {                                                                                           \
+        if(!doctest::detail::getTestsContextState()->no_throw) {                                   \
+            doctest::detail::ResultBuilder _DOCTEST_RB(                                            \
+                    doctest::detail::assertType::assert_type, __FILE__, __LINE__, #expr,           \
+                    DOCTEST_TOSTR(DOCTEST_HANDLE_BRACED_VA_ARGS(as)));                             \
+            try {                                                                                  \
+                expr;                                                                              \
+            } catch(DOCTEST_HANDLE_BRACED_VA_ARGS(as)) {                                           \
+                _DOCTEST_RB.m_threw    = true;                                                     \
+                _DOCTEST_RB.m_threw_as = true;                                                     \
+            } catch(...) { _DOCTEST_RB.unexpectedExceptionOccurred(); }                            \
+            DOCTEST_ASSERT_LOG_AND_REACT(_DOCTEST_RB);                                             \
+        }                                                                                          \
+    } while((void)0, 0)
+
+#define DOCTEST_ASSERT_NOTHROW(expr, assert_type)                                                  \
+    do {                                                                                           \
+        if(!doctest::detail::getTestsContextState()->no_throw) {                                   \
+            doctest::detail::ResultBuilder _DOCTEST_RB(doctest::detail::assertType::assert_type,   \
+                                                       __FILE__, __LINE__, #expr);                 \
+            try {                                                                                  \
+                expr;                                                                              \
+            } catch(...) { _DOCTEST_RB.unexpectedExceptionOccurred(); }                            \
+            DOCTEST_ASSERT_LOG_AND_REACT(_DOCTEST_RB);                                             \
+        }                                                                                          \
+    } while((void)0, 0)
+
+#define DOCTEST_WARN_THROWS(expr) DOCTEST_ASSERT_THROWS(expr, DT_WARN_THROWS)
+#define DOCTEST_CHECK_THROWS(expr) DOCTEST_ASSERT_THROWS(expr, DT_CHECK_THROWS)
+#define DOCTEST_REQUIRE_THROWS(expr) DOCTEST_ASSERT_THROWS(expr, DT_REQUIRE_THROWS)
+
+// clang-format off
+#ifdef DOCTEST_CONFIG_WITH_VARIADIC_MACROS
+#define DOCTEST_WARN_THROWS_AS(expr, ...) DOCTEST_ASSERT_THROWS_AS(expr, (__VA_ARGS__), DT_WARN_THROWS_AS)
+#define DOCTEST_CHECK_THROWS_AS(expr, ...) DOCTEST_ASSERT_THROWS_AS(expr, (__VA_ARGS__), DT_CHECK_THROWS_AS)
+#define DOCTEST_REQUIRE_THROWS_AS(expr, ...) DOCTEST_ASSERT_THROWS_AS(expr, (__VA_ARGS__), DT_REQUIRE_THROWS_AS)
+#else // DOCTEST_CONFIG_WITH_VARIADIC_MACROS
+#define DOCTEST_WARN_THROWS_AS(expr, ex) DOCTEST_ASSERT_THROWS_AS(expr, ex, DT_WARN_THROWS_AS)
+#define DOCTEST_CHECK_THROWS_AS(expr, ex) DOCTEST_ASSERT_THROWS_AS(expr, ex, DT_CHECK_THROWS_AS)
+#define DOCTEST_REQUIRE_THROWS_AS(expr, ex) DOCTEST_ASSERT_THROWS_AS(expr, ex, DT_REQUIRE_THROWS_AS)
+#endif // DOCTEST_CONFIG_WITH_VARIADIC_MACROS
+// clang-format on
+
+#define DOCTEST_WARN_NOTHROW(expr) DOCTEST_ASSERT_NOTHROW(expr, DT_WARN_NOTHROW)
+#define DOCTEST_CHECK_NOTHROW(expr) DOCTEST_ASSERT_NOTHROW(expr, DT_CHECK_NOTHROW)
+#define DOCTEST_REQUIRE_NOTHROW(expr) DOCTEST_ASSERT_NOTHROW(expr, DT_REQUIRE_NOTHROW)
+
+// clang-format off
+#define DOCTEST_WARN_THROWS_MESSAGE(expr, msg) do { DOCTEST_INFO(msg); DOCTEST_WARN_THROWS(expr); } while((void)0, 0)
+#define DOCTEST_CHECK_THROWS_MESSAGE(expr, msg) do { DOCTEST_INFO(msg); DOCTEST_CHECK_THROWS(expr); } while((void)0, 0)
+#define DOCTEST_REQUIRE_THROWS_MESSAGE(expr, msg) do { DOCTEST_INFO(msg); DOCTEST_REQUIRE_THROWS(expr); } while((void)0, 0)
+#define DOCTEST_WARN_THROWS_AS_MESSAGE(expr, ex, msg) do { DOCTEST_INFO(msg); DOCTEST_WARN_THROWS_AS(expr, ex); } while((void)0, 0)
+#define DOCTEST_CHECK_THROWS_AS_MESSAGE(expr, ex, msg) do { DOCTEST_INFO(msg); DOCTEST_CHECK_THROWS_AS(expr, ex); } while((void)0, 0)
+#define DOCTEST_REQUIRE_THROWS_AS_MESSAGE(expr, ex, msg) do { DOCTEST_INFO(msg); DOCTEST_REQUIRE_THROWS_AS(expr, ex); } while((void)0, 0)
+#define DOCTEST_WARN_NOTHROW_MESSAGE(expr, msg) do { DOCTEST_INFO(msg); DOCTEST_WARN_NOTHROW(expr); } while((void)0, 0)
+#define DOCTEST_CHECK_NOTHROW_MESSAGE(expr, msg) do { DOCTEST_INFO(msg); DOCTEST_CHECK_NOTHROW(expr); } while((void)0, 0)
+#define DOCTEST_REQUIRE_NOTHROW_MESSAGE(expr, msg) do { DOCTEST_INFO(msg); DOCTEST_REQUIRE_NOTHROW(expr); } while((void)0, 0)
+// clang-format on
+
+#ifdef DOCTEST_CONFIG_WITH_VARIADIC_MACROS
+#define DOCTEST_BINARY_ASSERT(assert_type, expr, comp)                                             \
+    do {                                                                                           \
+        doctest::detail::ResultBuilder _DOCTEST_RB(                                                \
+                doctest::detail::assertType::assert_type, __FILE__, __LINE__,                      \
+                DOCTEST_TOSTR(DOCTEST_HANDLE_BRACED_VA_ARGS(expr)));                               \
+        DOCTEST_WRAP_IN_TRY(                                                                       \
+                _DOCTEST_RB.binary_assert<doctest::detail::binaryAssertComparison::comp>(          \
+                        DOCTEST_HANDLE_BRACED_VA_ARGS(expr)))                                      \
+        DOCTEST_ASSERT_LOG_AND_REACT(_DOCTEST_RB);                                                 \
+    } while((void)0, 0)
+#else // DOCTEST_CONFIG_WITH_VARIADIC_MACROS
+#define DOCTEST_BINARY_ASSERT(assert_type, lhs, rhs, comp)                                         \
+    do {                                                                                           \
+        doctest::detail::ResultBuilder _DOCTEST_RB(doctest::detail::assertType::assert_type,       \
+                                                   __FILE__, __LINE__, #lhs ", " #rhs);            \
+        DOCTEST_WRAP_IN_TRY(                                                                       \
+                _DOCTEST_RB.binary_assert<doctest::detail::binaryAssertComparison::comp>(lhs,      \
+                                                                                         rhs))     \
+        DOCTEST_ASSERT_LOG_AND_REACT(_DOCTEST_RB);                                                 \
+    } while((void)0, 0)
+#endif // DOCTEST_CONFIG_WITH_VARIADIC_MACROS
+
+#define DOCTEST_UNARY_ASSERT(assert_type, expr)                                                    \
+    do {                                                                                           \
+        doctest::detail::ResultBuilder _DOCTEST_RB(                                                \
+                doctest::detail::assertType::assert_type, __FILE__, __LINE__,                      \
+                DOCTEST_TOSTR(DOCTEST_HANDLE_BRACED_VA_ARGS(expr)));                               \
+        DOCTEST_WRAP_IN_TRY(_DOCTEST_RB.unary_assert(DOCTEST_HANDLE_BRACED_VA_ARGS(expr)))         \
+        DOCTEST_ASSERT_LOG_AND_REACT(_DOCTEST_RB);                                                 \
+    } while((void)0, 0)
+
+#ifdef DOCTEST_CONFIG_WITH_VARIADIC_MACROS
+#define DOCTEST_WARN_EQ(...) DOCTEST_BINARY_ASSERT(DT_WARN_EQ, (__VA_ARGS__), eq)
+#define DOCTEST_CHECK_EQ(...) DOCTEST_BINARY_ASSERT(DT_CHECK_EQ, (__VA_ARGS__), eq)
+#define DOCTEST_REQUIRE_EQ(...) DOCTEST_BINARY_ASSERT(DT_REQUIRE_EQ, (__VA_ARGS__), eq)
+#define DOCTEST_WARN_NE(...) DOCTEST_BINARY_ASSERT(DT_WARN_NE, (__VA_ARGS__), ne)
+#define DOCTEST_CHECK_NE(...) DOCTEST_BINARY_ASSERT(DT_CHECK_NE, (__VA_ARGS__), ne)
+#define DOCTEST_REQUIRE_NE(...) DOCTEST_BINARY_ASSERT(DT_REQUIRE_NE, (__VA_ARGS__), ne)
+#define DOCTEST_WARN_GT(...) DOCTEST_BINARY_ASSERT(DT_WARN_GT, (__VA_ARGS__), gt)
+#define DOCTEST_CHECK_GT(...) DOCTEST_BINARY_ASSERT(DT_CHECK_GT, (__VA_ARGS__), gt)
+#define DOCTEST_REQUIRE_GT(...) DOCTEST_BINARY_ASSERT(DT_REQUIRE_GT, (__VA_ARGS__), gt)
+#define DOCTEST_WARN_LT(...) DOCTEST_BINARY_ASSERT(DT_WARN_LT, (__VA_ARGS__), lt)
+#define DOCTEST_CHECK_LT(...) DOCTEST_BINARY_ASSERT(DT_CHECK_LT, (__VA_ARGS__), lt)
+#define DOCTEST_REQUIRE_LT(...) DOCTEST_BINARY_ASSERT(DT_REQUIRE_LT, (__VA_ARGS__), lt)
+#define DOCTEST_WARN_GE(...) DOCTEST_BINARY_ASSERT(DT_WARN_GE, (__VA_ARGS__), ge)
+#define DOCTEST_CHECK_GE(...) DOCTEST_BINARY_ASSERT(DT_CHECK_GE, (__VA_ARGS__), ge)
+#define DOCTEST_REQUIRE_GE(...) DOCTEST_BINARY_ASSERT(DT_REQUIRE_GE, (__VA_ARGS__), ge)
+#define DOCTEST_WARN_LE(...) DOCTEST_BINARY_ASSERT(DT_WARN_LE, (__VA_ARGS__), le)
+#define DOCTEST_CHECK_LE(...) DOCTEST_BINARY_ASSERT(DT_CHECK_LE, (__VA_ARGS__), le)
+#define DOCTEST_REQUIRE_LE(...) DOCTEST_BINARY_ASSERT(DT_REQUIRE_LE, (__VA_ARGS__), le)
+
+#define DOCTEST_WARN_UNARY(...) DOCTEST_UNARY_ASSERT(DT_WARN_UNARY, (__VA_ARGS__))
+#define DOCTEST_CHECK_UNARY(...) DOCTEST_UNARY_ASSERT(DT_CHECK_UNARY, (__VA_ARGS__))
+#define DOCTEST_REQUIRE_UNARY(...) DOCTEST_UNARY_ASSERT(DT_REQUIRE_UNARY, (__VA_ARGS__))
+#define DOCTEST_WARN_UNARY_FALSE(...) DOCTEST_UNARY_ASSERT(DT_WARN_UNARY_FALSE, (__VA_ARGS__))
+#define DOCTEST_CHECK_UNARY_FALSE(...) DOCTEST_UNARY_ASSERT(DT_CHECK_UNARY_FALSE, (__VA_ARGS__))
+#define DOCTEST_REQUIRE_UNARY_FALSE(...) DOCTEST_UNARY_ASSERT(DT_REQUIRE_UNARY_FALSE, (__VA_ARGS__))
+#else // DOCTEST_CONFIG_WITH_VARIADIC_MACROS
+#define DOCTEST_WARN_EQ(lhs, rhs) DOCTEST_BINARY_ASSERT(DT_WARN_EQ, lhs, rhs, eq)
+#define DOCTEST_CHECK_EQ(lhs, rhs) DOCTEST_BINARY_ASSERT(DT_CHECK_EQ, lhs, rhs, eq)
+#define DOCTEST_REQUIRE_EQ(lhs, rhs) DOCTEST_BINARY_ASSERT(DT_REQUIRE_EQ, lhs, rhs, eq)
+#define DOCTEST_WARN_NE(lhs, rhs) DOCTEST_BINARY_ASSERT(DT_WARN_NE, lhs, rhs, ne)
+#define DOCTEST_CHECK_NE(lhs, rhs) DOCTEST_BINARY_ASSERT(DT_CHECK_NE, lhs, rhs, ne)
+#define DOCTEST_REQUIRE_NE(lhs, rhs) DOCTEST_BINARY_ASSERT(DT_REQUIRE_NE, lhs, rhs, ne)
+#define DOCTEST_WARN_GT(lhs, rhs) DOCTEST_BINARY_ASSERT(DT_WARN_GT, lhs, rhs, gt)
+#define DOCTEST_CHECK_GT(lhs, rhs) DOCTEST_BINARY_ASSERT(DT_CHECK_GT, lhs, rhs, gt)
+#define DOCTEST_REQUIRE_GT(lhs, rhs) DOCTEST_BINARY_ASSERT(DT_REQUIRE_GT, lhs, rhs, gt)
+#define DOCTEST_WARN_LT(lhs, rhs) DOCTEST_BINARY_ASSERT(DT_WARN_LT, lhs, rhs, lt)
+#define DOCTEST_CHECK_LT(lhs, rhs) DOCTEST_BINARY_ASSERT(DT_CHECK_LT, lhs, rhs, lt)
+#define DOCTEST_REQUIRE_LT(lhs, rhs) DOCTEST_BINARY_ASSERT(DT_REQUIRE_LT, lhs, rhs, lt)
+#define DOCTEST_WARN_GE(lhs, rhs) DOCTEST_BINARY_ASSERT(DT_WARN_GE, lhs, rhs, ge)
+#define DOCTEST_CHECK_GE(lhs, rhs) DOCTEST_BINARY_ASSERT(DT_CHECK_GE, lhs, rhs, ge)
+#define DOCTEST_REQUIRE_GE(lhs, rhs) DOCTEST_BINARY_ASSERT(DT_REQUIRE_GE, lhs, rhs, ge)
+#define DOCTEST_WARN_LE(lhs, rhs) DOCTEST_BINARY_ASSERT(DT_WARN_LE, lhs, rhs, le)
+#define DOCTEST_CHECK_LE(lhs, rhs) DOCTEST_BINARY_ASSERT(DT_CHECK_LE, lhs, rhs, le)
+#define DOCTEST_REQUIRE_LE(lhs, rhs) DOCTEST_BINARY_ASSERT(DT_REQUIRE_LE, lhs, rhs, le)
+
+#define DOCTEST_WARN_UNARY(v) DOCTEST_UNARY_ASSERT(DT_WARN_UNARY, v)
+#define DOCTEST_CHECK_UNARY(v) DOCTEST_UNARY_ASSERT(DT_CHECK_UNARY, v)
+#define DOCTEST_REQUIRE_UNARY(v) DOCTEST_UNARY_ASSERT(DT_REQUIRE_UNARY, v)
+#define DOCTEST_WARN_UNARY_FALSE(v) DOCTEST_UNARY_ASSERT(DT_WARN_UNARY_FALSE, v)
+#define DOCTEST_CHECK_UNARY_FALSE(v) DOCTEST_UNARY_ASSERT(DT_CHECK_UNARY_FALSE, v)
+#define DOCTEST_REQUIRE_UNARY_FALSE(v) DOCTEST_UNARY_ASSERT(DT_REQUIRE_UNARY_FALSE, v)
+#endif // DOCTEST_CONFIG_WITH_VARIADIC_MACROS
+
+#ifndef DOCTEST_CONFIG_SUPER_FAST_ASSERTS
+
+#ifdef DOCTEST_CONFIG_WITH_VARIADIC_MACROS
+#define DOCTEST_FAST_BINARY_ASSERT(assert_type, expr, comparison)                                  \
+    do {                                                                                           \
+        int _DOCTEST_FAST_RES = doctest::detail::fast_binary_assert<                               \
+                doctest::detail::binaryAssertComparison::comparison>(                              \
+                doctest::detail::assertType::assert_type, __FILE__, __LINE__,                      \
+                DOCTEST_TOSTR(DOCTEST_HANDLE_BRACED_VA_ARGS(expr)),                                \
+                DOCTEST_HANDLE_BRACED_VA_ARGS(expr));                                              \
+        if(_DOCTEST_FAST_RES & doctest::detail::assertAction::dbgbreak)                            \
+            DOCTEST_BREAK_INTO_DEBUGGER();                                                         \
+        doctest::detail::fastAssertThrowIfFlagSet(_DOCTEST_FAST_RES);                              \
+    } while((void)0, 0)
+#else // DOCTEST_CONFIG_WITH_VARIADIC_MACROS
+#define DOCTEST_FAST_BINARY_ASSERT(assert_type, lhs, rhs, comparison)                              \
+    do {                                                                                           \
+        int _DOCTEST_FAST_RES = doctest::detail::fast_binary_assert<                               \
+                doctest::detail::binaryAssertComparison::comparison>(                              \
+                doctest::detail::assertType::assert_type, __FILE__, __LINE__, #lhs ", " #rhs, lhs, \
+                rhs);                                                                              \
+        if(_DOCTEST_FAST_RES & doctest::detail::assertAction::dbgbreak)                            \
+            DOCTEST_BREAK_INTO_DEBUGGER();                                                         \
+        doctest::detail::fastAssertThrowIfFlagSet(_DOCTEST_FAST_RES);                              \
+    } while((void)0, 0)
+#endif // DOCTEST_CONFIG_WITH_VARIADIC_MACROS
+
+#define DOCTEST_FAST_UNARY_ASSERT(assert_type, expr)                                               \
+    do {                                                                                           \
+        int _DOCTEST_FAST_RES = doctest::detail::fast_unary_assert(                                \
+                doctest::detail::assertType::assert_type, __FILE__, __LINE__,                      \
+                DOCTEST_TOSTR(DOCTEST_HANDLE_BRACED_VA_ARGS(expr)),                                \
+                DOCTEST_HANDLE_BRACED_VA_ARGS(expr));                                              \
+        if(_DOCTEST_FAST_RES & doctest::detail::assertAction::dbgbreak)                            \
+            DOCTEST_BREAK_INTO_DEBUGGER();                                                         \
+        doctest::detail::fastAssertThrowIfFlagSet(_DOCTEST_FAST_RES);                              \
+    } while((void)0, 0)
+
+#else // DOCTEST_CONFIG_SUPER_FAST_ASSERTS
+
+#ifdef DOCTEST_CONFIG_WITH_VARIADIC_MACROS
+#define DOCTEST_FAST_BINARY_ASSERT(assert_type, expr, comparison)                                  \
+    doctest::detail::fast_binary_assert<doctest::detail::binaryAssertComparison::comparison>(      \
+            doctest::detail::assertType::assert_type, __FILE__, __LINE__,                          \
+            DOCTEST_TOSTR(DOCTEST_HANDLE_BRACED_VA_ARGS(expr)),                                    \
+            DOCTEST_HANDLE_BRACED_VA_ARGS(expr))
+#else // DOCTEST_CONFIG_WITH_VARIADIC_MACROS
+#define DOCTEST_FAST_BINARY_ASSERT(assert_type, lhs, rhs, comparison)                              \
+    doctest::detail::fast_binary_assert<doctest::detail::binaryAssertComparison::comparison>(      \
+            doctest::detail::assertType::assert_type, __FILE__, __LINE__, #lhs ", " #rhs, lhs,     \
+            rhs)
+#endif // DOCTEST_CONFIG_WITH_VARIADIC_MACROS
+
+#define DOCTEST_FAST_UNARY_ASSERT(assert_type, expr)                                               \
+    doctest::detail::fast_unary_assert(doctest::detail::assertType::assert_type, __FILE__,         \
+                                       __LINE__,                                                   \
+                                       DOCTEST_TOSTR(DOCTEST_HANDLE_BRACED_VA_ARGS(expr)),         \
+                                       DOCTEST_HANDLE_BRACED_VA_ARGS(expr))
+
+#endif // DOCTEST_CONFIG_SUPER_FAST_ASSERTS
+
+// clang-format off
+#ifdef DOCTEST_CONFIG_WITH_VARIADIC_MACROS
+#define DOCTEST_FAST_WARN_EQ(...) DOCTEST_FAST_BINARY_ASSERT(DT_FAST_WARN_EQ, (__VA_ARGS__), eq)
+#define DOCTEST_FAST_CHECK_EQ(...) DOCTEST_FAST_BINARY_ASSERT(DT_FAST_CHECK_EQ, (__VA_ARGS__), eq)
+#define DOCTEST_FAST_REQUIRE_EQ(...) DOCTEST_FAST_BINARY_ASSERT(DT_FAST_REQUIRE_EQ, (__VA_ARGS__), eq)
+#define DOCTEST_FAST_WARN_NE(...) DOCTEST_FAST_BINARY_ASSERT(DT_FAST_WARN_NE, (__VA_ARGS__), ne)
+#define DOCTEST_FAST_CHECK_NE(...) DOCTEST_FAST_BINARY_ASSERT(DT_FAST_CHECK_NE, (__VA_ARGS__), ne)
+#define DOCTEST_FAST_REQUIRE_NE(...) DOCTEST_FAST_BINARY_ASSERT(DT_FAST_REQUIRE_NE, (__VA_ARGS__), ne)
+#define DOCTEST_FAST_WARN_GT(...) DOCTEST_FAST_BINARY_ASSERT(DT_FAST_WARN_GT, (__VA_ARGS__), gt)
+#define DOCTEST_FAST_CHECK_GT(...) DOCTEST_FAST_BINARY_ASSERT(DT_FAST_CHECK_GT, (__VA_ARGS__), gt)
+#define DOCTEST_FAST_REQUIRE_GT(...) DOCTEST_FAST_BINARY_ASSERT(DT_FAST_REQUIRE_GT, (__VA_ARGS__), gt)
+#define DOCTEST_FAST_WARN_LT(...) DOCTEST_FAST_BINARY_ASSERT(DT_FAST_WARN_LT, (__VA_ARGS__), lt)
+#define DOCTEST_FAST_CHECK_LT(...) DOCTEST_FAST_BINARY_ASSERT(DT_FAST_CHECK_LT, (__VA_ARGS__), lt)
+#define DOCTEST_FAST_REQUIRE_LT(...) DOCTEST_FAST_BINARY_ASSERT(DT_FAST_REQUIRE_LT, (__VA_ARGS__), lt)
+#define DOCTEST_FAST_WARN_GE(...) DOCTEST_FAST_BINARY_ASSERT(DT_FAST_WARN_GE, (__VA_ARGS__), ge)
+#define DOCTEST_FAST_CHECK_GE(...) DOCTEST_FAST_BINARY_ASSERT(DT_FAST_CHECK_GE, (__VA_ARGS__), ge)
+#define DOCTEST_FAST_REQUIRE_GE(...) DOCTEST_FAST_BINARY_ASSERT(DT_FAST_REQUIRE_GE, (__VA_ARGS__), ge)
+#define DOCTEST_FAST_WARN_LE(...) DOCTEST_FAST_BINARY_ASSERT(DT_FAST_WARN_LE, (__VA_ARGS__), le)
+#define DOCTEST_FAST_CHECK_LE(...) DOCTEST_FAST_BINARY_ASSERT(DT_FAST_CHECK_LE, (__VA_ARGS__), le)
+#define DOCTEST_FAST_REQUIRE_LE(...) DOCTEST_FAST_BINARY_ASSERT(DT_FAST_REQUIRE_LE, (__VA_ARGS__), le)
+
+#define DOCTEST_FAST_WARN_UNARY(...) DOCTEST_FAST_UNARY_ASSERT(DT_FAST_WARN_UNARY, (__VA_ARGS__))
+#define DOCTEST_FAST_CHECK_UNARY(...) DOCTEST_FAST_UNARY_ASSERT(DT_FAST_CHECK_UNARY, (__VA_ARGS__))
+#define DOCTEST_FAST_REQUIRE_UNARY(...) DOCTEST_FAST_UNARY_ASSERT(DT_FAST_REQUIRE_UNARY, (__VA_ARGS__))
+#define DOCTEST_FAST_WARN_UNARY_FALSE(...) DOCTEST_FAST_UNARY_ASSERT(DT_FAST_WARN_UNARY_FALSE, (__VA_ARGS__))
+#define DOCTEST_FAST_CHECK_UNARY_FALSE(...) DOCTEST_FAST_UNARY_ASSERT(DT_FAST_CHECK_UNARY_FALSE, (__VA_ARGS__))
+#define DOCTEST_FAST_REQUIRE_UNARY_FALSE(...) DOCTEST_FAST_UNARY_ASSERT(DT_FAST_REQUIRE_UNARY_FALSE, (__VA_ARGS__))
+#else // DOCTEST_CONFIG_WITH_VARIADIC_MACROS
+#define DOCTEST_FAST_WARN_EQ(l, r) DOCTEST_FAST_BINARY_ASSERT(DT_FAST_WARN_EQ, l, r, eq)
+#define DOCTEST_FAST_CHECK_EQ(l, r) DOCTEST_FAST_BINARY_ASSERT(DT_FAST_CHECK_EQ, l, r, eq)
+#define DOCTEST_FAST_REQUIRE_EQ(l, r) DOCTEST_FAST_BINARY_ASSERT(DT_FAST_REQUIRE_EQ, l, r, eq)
+#define DOCTEST_FAST_WARN_NE(l, r) DOCTEST_FAST_BINARY_ASSERT(DT_FAST_WARN_NE, l, r, ne)
+#define DOCTEST_FAST_CHECK_NE(l, r) DOCTEST_FAST_BINARY_ASSERT(DT_FAST_CHECK_NE, l, r, ne)
+#define DOCTEST_FAST_REQUIRE_NE(l, r) DOCTEST_FAST_BINARY_ASSERT(DT_FAST_REQUIRE_NE, l, r, ne)
+#define DOCTEST_FAST_WARN_GT(l, r) DOCTEST_FAST_BINARY_ASSERT(DT_FAST_WARN_GT, l, r, gt)
+#define DOCTEST_FAST_CHECK_GT(l, r) DOCTEST_FAST_BINARY_ASSERT(DT_FAST_CHECK_GT, l, r, gt)
+#define DOCTEST_FAST_REQUIRE_GT(l, r) DOCTEST_FAST_BINARY_ASSERT(DT_FAST_REQUIRE_GT, l, r, gt)
+#define DOCTEST_FAST_WARN_LT(l, r) DOCTEST_FAST_BINARY_ASSERT(DT_FAST_WARN_LT, l, r, lt)
+#define DOCTEST_FAST_CHECK_LT(l, r) DOCTEST_FAST_BINARY_ASSERT(DT_FAST_CHECK_LT, l, r, lt)
+#define DOCTEST_FAST_REQUIRE_LT(l, r) DOCTEST_FAST_BINARY_ASSERT(DT_FAST_REQUIRE_LT, l, r, lt)
+#define DOCTEST_FAST_WARN_GE(l, r) DOCTEST_FAST_BINARY_ASSERT(DT_FAST_WARN_GE, l, r, ge)
+#define DOCTEST_FAST_CHECK_GE(l, r) DOCTEST_FAST_BINARY_ASSERT(DT_FAST_CHECK_GE, l, r, ge)
+#define DOCTEST_FAST_REQUIRE_GE(l, r) DOCTEST_FAST_BINARY_ASSERT(DT_FAST_REQUIRE_GE, l, r, ge)
+#define DOCTEST_FAST_WARN_LE(l, r) DOCTEST_FAST_BINARY_ASSERT(DT_FAST_WARN_LE, l, r, le)
+#define DOCTEST_FAST_CHECK_LE(l, r) DOCTEST_FAST_BINARY_ASSERT(DT_FAST_CHECK_LE, l, r, le)
+#define DOCTEST_FAST_REQUIRE_LE(l, r) DOCTEST_FAST_BINARY_ASSERT(DT_FAST_REQUIRE_LE, l, r, le)
+
+#define DOCTEST_FAST_WARN_UNARY(v) DOCTEST_FAST_UNARY_ASSERT(DT_FAST_WARN_UNARY, v)
+#define DOCTEST_FAST_CHECK_UNARY(v) DOCTEST_FAST_UNARY_ASSERT(DT_FAST_CHECK_UNARY, v)
+#define DOCTEST_FAST_REQUIRE_UNARY(v) DOCTEST_FAST_UNARY_ASSERT(DT_FAST_REQUIRE_UNARY, v)
+#define DOCTEST_FAST_WARN_UNARY_FALSE(v) DOCTEST_FAST_UNARY_ASSERT(DT_FAST_WARN_UNARY_FALSE, v)
+#define DOCTEST_FAST_CHECK_UNARY_FALSE(v) DOCTEST_FAST_UNARY_ASSERT(DT_FAST_CHECK_UNARY_FALSE, v)
+#define DOCTEST_FAST_REQUIRE_UNARY_FALSE(v) DOCTEST_FAST_UNARY_ASSERT(DT_FAST_REQUIRE_UNARY_FALSE, v)
+#endif // DOCTEST_CONFIG_WITH_VARIADIC_MACROS
+// clang-format on
+
+#ifdef DOCTEST_CONFIG_NO_EXCEPTIONS
+
+#undef DOCTEST_WARN_THROWS
+#undef DOCTEST_CHECK_THROWS
+#undef DOCTEST_REQUIRE_THROWS
+#undef DOCTEST_WARN_THROWS_AS
+#undef DOCTEST_CHECK_THROWS_AS
+#undef DOCTEST_REQUIRE_THROWS_AS
+#undef DOCTEST_WARN_NOTHROW
+#undef DOCTEST_CHECK_NOTHROW
+#undef DOCTEST_REQUIRE_NOTHROW
+
+#undef DOCTEST_WARN_THROWS_MESSAGE
+#undef DOCTEST_CHECK_THROWS_MESSAGE
+#undef DOCTEST_REQUIRE_THROWS_MESSAGE
+#undef DOCTEST_WARN_THROWS_AS_MESSAGE
+#undef DOCTEST_CHECK_THROWS_AS_MESSAGE
+#undef DOCTEST_REQUIRE_THROWS_AS_MESSAGE
+#undef DOCTEST_WARN_NOTHROW_MESSAGE
+#undef DOCTEST_CHECK_NOTHROW_MESSAGE
+#undef DOCTEST_REQUIRE_NOTHROW_MESSAGE
+
+#ifdef DOCTEST_CONFIG_NO_EXCEPTIONS_BUT_WITH_ALL_ASSERTS
+
+#define DOCTEST_WARN_THROWS(expr) ((void)0)
+#define DOCTEST_CHECK_THROWS(expr) ((void)0)
+#define DOCTEST_REQUIRE_THROWS(expr) ((void)0)
+#ifdef DOCTEST_CONFIG_WITH_VARIADIC_MACROS
+#define DOCTEST_WARN_THROWS_AS(expr, ...) ((void)0)
+#define DOCTEST_CHECK_THROWS_AS(expr, ...) ((void)0)
+#define DOCTEST_REQUIRE_THROWS_AS(expr, ...) ((void)0)
+#else // DOCTEST_CONFIG_WITH_VARIADIC_MACROS
+#define DOCTEST_WARN_THROWS_AS(expr, ex) ((void)0)
+#define DOCTEST_CHECK_THROWS_AS(expr, ex) ((void)0)
+#define DOCTEST_REQUIRE_THROWS_AS(expr, ex) ((void)0)
+#endif // DOCTEST_CONFIG_WITH_VARIADIC_MACROS
+#define DOCTEST_WARN_NOTHROW(expr) ((void)0)
+#define DOCTEST_CHECK_NOTHROW(expr) ((void)0)
+#define DOCTEST_REQUIRE_NOTHROW(expr) ((void)0)
+
+#define DOCTEST_WARN_THROWS_MESSAGE(expr, msg) ((void)0)
+#define DOCTEST_CHECK_THROWS_MESSAGE(expr, msg) ((void)0)
+#define DOCTEST_REQUIRE_THROWS_MESSAGE(expr, msg) ((void)0)
+#define DOCTEST_WARN_THROWS_AS_MESSAGE(expr, ex, msg) ((void)0)
+#define DOCTEST_CHECK_THROWS_AS_MESSAGE(expr, ex, msg) ((void)0)
+#define DOCTEST_REQUIRE_THROWS_AS_MESSAGE(expr, ex, msg) ((void)0)
+#define DOCTEST_WARN_NOTHROW_MESSAGE(expr, msg) ((void)0)
+#define DOCTEST_CHECK_NOTHROW_MESSAGE(expr, msg) ((void)0)
+#define DOCTEST_REQUIRE_NOTHROW_MESSAGE(expr, msg) ((void)0)
+
+#else // DOCTEST_CONFIG_NO_EXCEPTIONS_BUT_WITH_ALL_ASSERTS
+
+#undef DOCTEST_REQUIRE
+#undef DOCTEST_REQUIRE_FALSE
+#undef DOCTEST_REQUIRE_MESSAGE
+#undef DOCTEST_REQUIRE_FALSE_MESSAGE
+#undef DOCTEST_REQUIRE_EQ
+#undef DOCTEST_REQUIRE_NE
+#undef DOCTEST_REQUIRE_GT
+#undef DOCTEST_REQUIRE_LT
+#undef DOCTEST_REQUIRE_GE
+#undef DOCTEST_REQUIRE_LE
+#undef DOCTEST_REQUIRE_UNARY
+#undef DOCTEST_REQUIRE_UNARY_FALSE
+#undef DOCTEST_FAST_REQUIRE_EQ
+#undef DOCTEST_FAST_REQUIRE_NE
+#undef DOCTEST_FAST_REQUIRE_GT
+#undef DOCTEST_FAST_REQUIRE_LT
+#undef DOCTEST_FAST_REQUIRE_GE
+#undef DOCTEST_FAST_REQUIRE_LE
+#undef DOCTEST_FAST_REQUIRE_UNARY
+#undef DOCTEST_FAST_REQUIRE_UNARY_FALSE
+
+#endif // DOCTEST_CONFIG_NO_EXCEPTIONS_BUT_WITH_ALL_ASSERTS
+
+#endif // DOCTEST_CONFIG_NO_EXCEPTIONS
+
+// =================================================================================================
+// == WHAT FOLLOWS IS VERSIONS OF THE MACROS THAT DO NOT DO ANY REGISTERING!                      ==
+// == THIS CAN BE ENABLED BY DEFINING DOCTEST_CONFIG_DISABLE GLOBALLY!                            ==
+// =================================================================================================
+#else // DOCTEST_CONFIG_DISABLE
+
+#define DOCTEST_IMPLEMENT_FIXTURE(der, base, func, name)                                           \
+    namespace                                                                                      \
+    {                                                                                              \
+        template <typename T>                                                                      \
+        struct der : base                                                                          \
+        { void f(); };                                                                             \
+    }                                                                                              \
+    template <typename T>                                                                          \
+    inline void der<T>::f()
+
+#define DOCTEST_CREATE_AND_REGISTER_FUNCTION(f, name)                                              \
+    template <typename T>                                                                          \
+    static inline void f()
+
+// for registering tests
+#define DOCTEST_TEST_CASE(name)                                                                    \
+    DOCTEST_CREATE_AND_REGISTER_FUNCTION(DOCTEST_ANONYMOUS(_DOCTEST_ANON_FUNC_), name)
+
+// for registering tests with a fixture
+#define DOCTEST_TEST_CASE_FIXTURE(x, name)                                                         \
+    DOCTEST_IMPLEMENT_FIXTURE(DOCTEST_ANONYMOUS(_DOCTEST_ANON_CLASS_), x,                          \
+                              DOCTEST_ANONYMOUS(_DOCTEST_ANON_FUNC_), name)
+
+// for converting types to strings without the <typeinfo> header and demangling
+#ifdef DOCTEST_CONFIG_WITH_VARIADIC_MACROS
+#define DOCTEST_TYPE_TO_STRING(...) typedef int DOCTEST_ANONYMOUS(_DOCTEST_ANON_FOR_SEMICOLON_)
+#define DOCTEST_TYPE_TO_STRING_IMPL(...)
+#else // DOCTEST_CONFIG_WITH_VARIADIC_MACROS
+#define DOCTEST_TYPE_TO_STRING(x) typedef int DOCTEST_ANONYMOUS(_DOCTEST_ANON_FOR_SEMICOLON_)
+#define DOCTEST_TYPE_TO_STRING_IMPL(x)
+#endif // DOCTEST_CONFIG_WITH_VARIADIC_MACROS
+
+// for typed tests
+#define DOCTEST_TEST_CASE_TEMPLATE(name, type, types)                                              \
+    template <typename type>                                                                       \
+    inline void DOCTEST_ANONYMOUS(_DOCTEST_ANON_TMP_)()
+
+#define DOCTEST_TEST_CASE_TEMPLATE_DEFINE(name, type, id)                                          \
+    template <typename type>                                                                       \
+    inline void DOCTEST_ANONYMOUS(_DOCTEST_ANON_TMP_)()
+
+#define DOCTEST_TEST_CASE_TEMPLATE_INSTANTIATE(id, types)                                          \
+    typedef int DOCTEST_ANONYMOUS(_DOCTEST_ANON_FOR_SEMICOLON_)
+
+// for subcases
+#define DOCTEST_SUBCASE(name)
+
+// for a testsuite block
+#define DOCTEST_TEST_SUITE(name) namespace
+
+// for starting a testsuite block
+#define DOCTEST_TEST_SUITE_BEGIN(name) typedef int DOCTEST_ANONYMOUS(_DOCTEST_ANON_FOR_SEMICOLON_)
+
+// for ending a testsuite block
+#define DOCTEST_TEST_SUITE_END typedef int DOCTEST_ANONYMOUS(_DOCTEST_ANON_FOR_SEMICOLON_)
+
+#define DOCTEST_REGISTER_EXCEPTION_TRANSLATOR(signature)                                           \
+    template <typename T>                                                                          \
+    static inline doctest::String DOCTEST_ANONYMOUS(_DOCTEST_ANON_TRANSLATOR_)(signature)
+
+#define DOCTEST_INFO(x) ((void)0)
+#define DOCTEST_CAPTURE(x) ((void)0)
+#define DOCTEST_ADD_MESSAGE_AT(file, line, x) ((void)0)
+#define DOCTEST_ADD_FAIL_CHECK_AT(file, line, x) ((void)0)
+#define DOCTEST_ADD_FAIL_AT(file, line, x) ((void)0)
+#define DOCTEST_MESSAGE(x) ((void)0)
+#define DOCTEST_FAIL_CHECK(x) ((void)0)
+#define DOCTEST_FAIL(x) ((void)0)
+
+#ifdef DOCTEST_CONFIG_WITH_VARIADIC_MACROS
+#define DOCTEST_WARN(...) ((void)0)
+#define DOCTEST_CHECK(...) ((void)0)
+#define DOCTEST_REQUIRE(...) ((void)0)
+#define DOCTEST_WARN_FALSE(...) ((void)0)
+#define DOCTEST_CHECK_FALSE(...) ((void)0)
+#define DOCTEST_REQUIRE_FALSE(...) ((void)0)
+#else // DOCTEST_CONFIG_WITH_VARIADIC_MACROS
+#define DOCTEST_WARN(expr) ((void)0)
+#define DOCTEST_CHECK(expr) ((void)0)
+#define DOCTEST_REQUIRE(expr) ((void)0)
+#define DOCTEST_WARN_FALSE(expr) ((void)0)
+#define DOCTEST_CHECK_FALSE(expr) ((void)0)
+#define DOCTEST_REQUIRE_FALSE(expr) ((void)0)
+#endif // DOCTEST_CONFIG_WITH_VARIADIC_MACROS
+
+#define DOCTEST_WARN_MESSAGE(cond, msg) ((void)0)
+#define DOCTEST_CHECK_MESSAGE(cond, msg) ((void)0)
+#define DOCTEST_REQUIRE_MESSAGE(cond, msg) ((void)0)
+#define DOCTEST_WARN_FALSE_MESSAGE(cond, msg) ((void)0)
+#define DOCTEST_CHECK_FALSE_MESSAGE(cond, msg) ((void)0)
+#define DOCTEST_REQUIRE_FALSE_MESSAGE(cond, msg) ((void)0)
+
+#define DOCTEST_WARN_THROWS(expr) ((void)0)
+#define DOCTEST_CHECK_THROWS(expr) ((void)0)
+#define DOCTEST_REQUIRE_THROWS(expr) ((void)0)
+#ifdef DOCTEST_CONFIG_WITH_VARIADIC_MACROS
+#define DOCTEST_WARN_THROWS_AS(expr, ...) ((void)0)
+#define DOCTEST_CHECK_THROWS_AS(expr, ...) ((void)0)
+#define DOCTEST_REQUIRE_THROWS_AS(expr, ...) ((void)0)
+#else // DOCTEST_CONFIG_WITH_VARIADIC_MACROS
+#define DOCTEST_WARN_THROWS_AS(expr, ex) ((void)0)
+#define DOCTEST_CHECK_THROWS_AS(expr, ex) ((void)0)
+#define DOCTEST_REQUIRE_THROWS_AS(expr, ex) ((void)0)
+#endif // DOCTEST_CONFIG_WITH_VARIADIC_MACROS
+#define DOCTEST_WARN_NOTHROW(expr) ((void)0)
+#define DOCTEST_CHECK_NOTHROW(expr) ((void)0)
+#define DOCTEST_REQUIRE_NOTHROW(expr) ((void)0)
+
+#define DOCTEST_WARN_THROWS_MESSAGE(expr, msg) ((void)0)
+#define DOCTEST_CHECK_THROWS_MESSAGE(expr, msg) ((void)0)
+#define DOCTEST_REQUIRE_THROWS_MESSAGE(expr, msg) ((void)0)
+#define DOCTEST_WARN_THROWS_AS_MESSAGE(expr, ex, msg) ((void)0)
+#define DOCTEST_CHECK_THROWS_AS_MESSAGE(expr, ex, msg) ((void)0)
+#define DOCTEST_REQUIRE_THROWS_AS_MESSAGE(expr, ex, msg) ((void)0)
+#define DOCTEST_WARN_NOTHROW_MESSAGE(expr, msg) ((void)0)
+#define DOCTEST_CHECK_NOTHROW_MESSAGE(expr, msg) ((void)0)
+#define DOCTEST_REQUIRE_NOTHROW_MESSAGE(expr, msg) ((void)0)
+
+#ifdef DOCTEST_CONFIG_WITH_VARIADIC_MACROS
+
+#define DOCTEST_WARN_EQ(...) ((void)0)
+#define DOCTEST_CHECK_EQ(...) ((void)0)
+#define DOCTEST_REQUIRE_EQ(...) ((void)0)
+#define DOCTEST_WARN_NE(...) ((void)0)
+#define DOCTEST_CHECK_NE(...) ((void)0)
+#define DOCTEST_REQUIRE_NE(...) ((void)0)
+#define DOCTEST_WARN_GT(...) ((void)0)
+#define DOCTEST_CHECK_GT(...) ((void)0)
+#define DOCTEST_REQUIRE_GT(...) ((void)0)
+#define DOCTEST_WARN_LT(...) ((void)0)
+#define DOCTEST_CHECK_LT(...) ((void)0)
+#define DOCTEST_REQUIRE_LT(...) ((void)0)
+#define DOCTEST_WARN_GE(...) ((void)0)
+#define DOCTEST_CHECK_GE(...) ((void)0)
+#define DOCTEST_REQUIRE_GE(...) ((void)0)
+#define DOCTEST_WARN_LE(...) ((void)0)
+#define DOCTEST_CHECK_LE(...) ((void)0)
+#define DOCTEST_REQUIRE_LE(...) ((void)0)
+
+#define DOCTEST_WARN_UNARY(...) ((void)0)
+#define DOCTEST_CHECK_UNARY(...) ((void)0)
+#define DOCTEST_REQUIRE_UNARY(...) ((void)0)
+#define DOCTEST_WARN_UNARY_FALSE(...) ((void)0)
+#define DOCTEST_CHECK_UNARY_FALSE(...) ((void)0)
+#define DOCTEST_REQUIRE_UNARY_FALSE(...) ((void)0)
+
+#define DOCTEST_FAST_WARN_EQ(...) ((void)0)
+#define DOCTEST_FAST_CHECK_EQ(...) ((void)0)
+#define DOCTEST_FAST_REQUIRE_EQ(...) ((void)0)
+#define DOCTEST_FAST_WARN_NE(...) ((void)0)
+#define DOCTEST_FAST_CHECK_NE(...) ((void)0)
+#define DOCTEST_FAST_REQUIRE_NE(...) ((void)0)
+#define DOCTEST_FAST_WARN_GT(...) ((void)0)
+#define DOCTEST_FAST_CHECK_GT(...) ((void)0)
+#define DOCTEST_FAST_REQUIRE_GT(...) ((void)0)
+#define DOCTEST_FAST_WARN_LT(...) ((void)0)
+#define DOCTEST_FAST_CHECK_LT(...) ((void)0)
+#define DOCTEST_FAST_REQUIRE_LT(...) ((void)0)
+#define DOCTEST_FAST_WARN_GE(...) ((void)0)
+#define DOCTEST_FAST_CHECK_GE(...) ((void)0)
+#define DOCTEST_FAST_REQUIRE_GE(...) ((void)0)
+#define DOCTEST_FAST_WARN_LE(...) ((void)0)
+#define DOCTEST_FAST_CHECK_LE(...) ((void)0)
+#define DOCTEST_FAST_REQUIRE_LE(...) ((void)0)
+
+#define DOCTEST_FAST_WARN_UNARY(...) ((void)0)
+#define DOCTEST_FAST_CHECK_UNARY(...) ((void)0)
+#define DOCTEST_FAST_REQUIRE_UNARY(...) ((void)0)
+#define DOCTEST_FAST_WARN_UNARY_FALSE(...) ((void)0)
+#define DOCTEST_FAST_CHECK_UNARY_FALSE(...) ((void)0)
+#define DOCTEST_FAST_REQUIRE_UNARY_FALSE(...) ((void)0)
+
+#else // DOCTEST_CONFIG_WITH_VARIADIC_MACROS
+
+#define DOCTEST_WARN_EQ(lhs, rhs) ((void)0)
+#define DOCTEST_CHECK_EQ(lhs, rhs) ((void)0)
+#define DOCTEST_REQUIRE_EQ(lhs, rhs) ((void)0)
+#define DOCTEST_WARN_NE(lhs, rhs) ((void)0)
+#define DOCTEST_CHECK_NE(lhs, rhs) ((void)0)
+#define DOCTEST_REQUIRE_NE(lhs, rhs) ((void)0)
+#define DOCTEST_WARN_GT(lhs, rhs) ((void)0)
+#define DOCTEST_CHECK_GT(lhs, rhs) ((void)0)
+#define DOCTEST_REQUIRE_GT(lhs, rhs) ((void)0)
+#define DOCTEST_WARN_LT(lhs, rhs) ((void)0)
+#define DOCTEST_CHECK_LT(lhs, rhs) ((void)0)
+#define DOCTEST_REQUIRE_LT(lhs, rhs) ((void)0)
+#define DOCTEST_WARN_GE(lhs, rhs) ((void)0)
+#define DOCTEST_CHECK_GE(lhs, rhs) ((void)0)
+#define DOCTEST_REQUIRE_GE(lhs, rhs) ((void)0)
+#define DOCTEST_WARN_LE(lhs, rhs) ((void)0)
+#define DOCTEST_CHECK_LE(lhs, rhs) ((void)0)
+#define DOCTEST_REQUIRE_LE(lhs, rhs) ((void)0)
+
+#define DOCTEST_WARN_UNARY(val) ((void)0)
+#define DOCTEST_CHECK_UNARY(val) ((void)0)
+#define DOCTEST_REQUIRE_UNARY(val) ((void)0)
+#define DOCTEST_WARN_UNARY_FALSE(val) ((void)0)
+#define DOCTEST_CHECK_UNARY_FALSE(val) ((void)0)
+#define DOCTEST_REQUIRE_UNARY_FALSE(val) ((void)0)
+
+#define DOCTEST_FAST_WARN_EQ(lhs, rhs) ((void)0)
+#define DOCTEST_FAST_CHECK_EQ(lhs, rhs) ((void)0)
+#define DOCTEST_FAST_REQUIRE_EQ(lhs, rhs) ((void)0)
+#define DOCTEST_FAST_WARN_NE(lhs, rhs) ((void)0)
+#define DOCTEST_FAST_CHECK_NE(lhs, rhs) ((void)0)
+#define DOCTEST_FAST_REQUIRE_NE(lhs, rhs) ((void)0)
+#define DOCTEST_FAST_WARN_GT(lhs, rhs) ((void)0)
+#define DOCTEST_FAST_CHECK_GT(lhs, rhs) ((void)0)
+#define DOCTEST_FAST_REQUIRE_GT(lhs, rhs) ((void)0)
+#define DOCTEST_FAST_WARN_LT(lhs, rhs) ((void)0)
+#define DOCTEST_FAST_CHECK_LT(lhs, rhs) ((void)0)
+#define DOCTEST_FAST_REQUIRE_LT(lhs, rhs) ((void)0)
+#define DOCTEST_FAST_WARN_GE(lhs, rhs) ((void)0)
+#define DOCTEST_FAST_CHECK_GE(lhs, rhs) ((void)0)
+#define DOCTEST_FAST_REQUIRE_GE(lhs, rhs) ((void)0)
+#define DOCTEST_FAST_WARN_LE(lhs, rhs) ((void)0)
+#define DOCTEST_FAST_CHECK_LE(lhs, rhs) ((void)0)
+#define DOCTEST_FAST_REQUIRE_LE(lhs, rhs) ((void)0)
+
+#define DOCTEST_FAST_WARN_UNARY(val) ((void)0)
+#define DOCTEST_FAST_CHECK_UNARY(val) ((void)0)
+#define DOCTEST_FAST_REQUIRE_UNARY(val) ((void)0)
+#define DOCTEST_FAST_WARN_UNARY_FALSE(val) ((void)0)
+#define DOCTEST_FAST_CHECK_UNARY_FALSE(val) ((void)0)
+#define DOCTEST_FAST_REQUIRE_UNARY_FALSE(val) ((void)0)
+
+#endif // DOCTEST_CONFIG_WITH_VARIADIC_MACROS
+
+#endif // DOCTEST_CONFIG_DISABLE
+
+// BDD style macros
+// clang-format off
+#define DOCTEST_SCENARIO(name)  TEST_CASE("  Scenario: " name)
+#define DOCTEST_GIVEN(name)     SUBCASE("   Given: " name)
+#define DOCTEST_WHEN(name)      SUBCASE("    When: " name)
+#define DOCTEST_AND_WHEN(name)  SUBCASE("And when: " name)
+#define DOCTEST_THEN(name)      SUBCASE("    Then: " name)
+#define DOCTEST_AND_THEN(name)  SUBCASE("     And: " name)
+// clang-format on
+
+// == SHORT VERSIONS OF THE MACROS
+#if !defined(DOCTEST_CONFIG_NO_SHORT_MACRO_NAMES)
+
+#define TEST_CASE DOCTEST_TEST_CASE
+#define TEST_CASE_FIXTURE DOCTEST_TEST_CASE_FIXTURE
+#define TYPE_TO_STRING DOCTEST_TYPE_TO_STRING
+#define TEST_CASE_TEMPLATE DOCTEST_TEST_CASE_TEMPLATE
+#define TEST_CASE_TEMPLATE_DEFINE DOCTEST_TEST_CASE_TEMPLATE_DEFINE
+#define TEST_CASE_TEMPLATE_INSTANTIATE DOCTEST_TEST_CASE_TEMPLATE_INSTANTIATE
+#define SUBCASE DOCTEST_SUBCASE
+#define TEST_SUITE DOCTEST_TEST_SUITE
+#define TEST_SUITE_BEGIN DOCTEST_TEST_SUITE_BEGIN
+#define TEST_SUITE_END DOCTEST_TEST_SUITE_END
+#define REGISTER_EXCEPTION_TRANSLATOR DOCTEST_REGISTER_EXCEPTION_TRANSLATOR
+#define INFO DOCTEST_INFO
+#define CAPTURE DOCTEST_CAPTURE
+#define ADD_MESSAGE_AT DOCTEST_ADD_MESSAGE_AT
+#define ADD_FAIL_CHECK_AT DOCTEST_ADD_FAIL_CHECK_AT
+#define ADD_FAIL_AT DOCTEST_ADD_FAIL_AT
+#define MESSAGE DOCTEST_MESSAGE
+#define FAIL_CHECK DOCTEST_FAIL_CHECK
+#define FAIL DOCTEST_FAIL
+#define TO_LVALUE DOCTEST_TO_LVALUE
+
+#define WARN DOCTEST_WARN
+#define WARN_FALSE DOCTEST_WARN_FALSE
+#define WARN_THROWS DOCTEST_WARN_THROWS
+#define WARN_THROWS_AS DOCTEST_WARN_THROWS_AS
+#define WARN_NOTHROW DOCTEST_WARN_NOTHROW
+#define CHECK DOCTEST_CHECK
+#define CHECK_FALSE DOCTEST_CHECK_FALSE
+#define CHECK_THROWS DOCTEST_CHECK_THROWS
+#define CHECK_THROWS_AS DOCTEST_CHECK_THROWS_AS
+#define CHECK_NOTHROW DOCTEST_CHECK_NOTHROW
+#define REQUIRE DOCTEST_REQUIRE
+#define REQUIRE_FALSE DOCTEST_REQUIRE_FALSE
+#define REQUIRE_THROWS DOCTEST_REQUIRE_THROWS
+#define REQUIRE_THROWS_AS DOCTEST_REQUIRE_THROWS_AS
+#define REQUIRE_NOTHROW DOCTEST_REQUIRE_NOTHROW
+
+#define WARN_MESSAGE DOCTEST_WARN_MESSAGE
+#define WARN_FALSE_MESSAGE DOCTEST_WARN_FALSE_MESSAGE
+#define WARN_THROWS_MESSAGE DOCTEST_WARN_THROWS_MESSAGE
+#define WARN_THROWS_AS_MESSAGE DOCTEST_WARN_THROWS_AS_MESSAGE
+#define WARN_NOTHROW_MESSAGE DOCTEST_WARN_NOTHROW_MESSAGE
+#define CHECK_MESSAGE DOCTEST_CHECK_MESSAGE
+#define CHECK_FALSE_MESSAGE DOCTEST_CHECK_FALSE_MESSAGE
+#define CHECK_THROWS_MESSAGE DOCTEST_CHECK_THROWS_MESSAGE
+#define CHECK_THROWS_AS_MESSAGE DOCTEST_CHECK_THROWS_AS_MESSAGE
+#define CHECK_NOTHROW_MESSAGE DOCTEST_CHECK_NOTHROW_MESSAGE
+#define REQUIRE_MESSAGE DOCTEST_REQUIRE_MESSAGE
+#define REQUIRE_FALSE_MESSAGE DOCTEST_REQUIRE_FALSE_MESSAGE
+#define REQUIRE_THROWS_MESSAGE DOCTEST_REQUIRE_THROWS_MESSAGE
+#define REQUIRE_THROWS_AS_MESSAGE DOCTEST_REQUIRE_THROWS_AS_MESSAGE
+#define REQUIRE_NOTHROW_MESSAGE DOCTEST_REQUIRE_NOTHROW_MESSAGE
+
+#define SCENARIO DOCTEST_SCENARIO
+#define GIVEN DOCTEST_GIVEN
+#define WHEN DOCTEST_WHEN
+#define AND_WHEN DOCTEST_AND_WHEN
+#define THEN DOCTEST_THEN
+#define AND_THEN DOCTEST_AND_THEN
+
+#define WARN_EQ DOCTEST_WARN_EQ
+#define CHECK_EQ DOCTEST_CHECK_EQ
+#define REQUIRE_EQ DOCTEST_REQUIRE_EQ
+#define WARN_NE DOCTEST_WARN_NE
+#define CHECK_NE DOCTEST_CHECK_NE
+#define REQUIRE_NE DOCTEST_REQUIRE_NE
+#define WARN_GT DOCTEST_WARN_GT
+#define CHECK_GT DOCTEST_CHECK_GT
+#define REQUIRE_GT DOCTEST_REQUIRE_GT
+#define WARN_LT DOCTEST_WARN_LT
+#define CHECK_LT DOCTEST_CHECK_LT
+#define REQUIRE_LT DOCTEST_REQUIRE_LT
+#define WARN_GE DOCTEST_WARN_GE
+#define CHECK_GE DOCTEST_CHECK_GE
+#define REQUIRE_GE DOCTEST_REQUIRE_GE
+#define WARN_LE DOCTEST_WARN_LE
+#define CHECK_LE DOCTEST_CHECK_LE
+#define REQUIRE_LE DOCTEST_REQUIRE_LE
+#define WARN_UNARY DOCTEST_WARN_UNARY
+#define CHECK_UNARY DOCTEST_CHECK_UNARY
+#define REQUIRE_UNARY DOCTEST_REQUIRE_UNARY
+#define WARN_UNARY_FALSE DOCTEST_WARN_UNARY_FALSE
+#define CHECK_UNARY_FALSE DOCTEST_CHECK_UNARY_FALSE
+#define REQUIRE_UNARY_FALSE DOCTEST_REQUIRE_UNARY_FALSE
+
+#define FAST_WARN_EQ DOCTEST_FAST_WARN_EQ
+#define FAST_CHECK_EQ DOCTEST_FAST_CHECK_EQ
+#define FAST_REQUIRE_EQ DOCTEST_FAST_REQUIRE_EQ
+#define FAST_WARN_NE DOCTEST_FAST_WARN_NE
+#define FAST_CHECK_NE DOCTEST_FAST_CHECK_NE
+#define FAST_REQUIRE_NE DOCTEST_FAST_REQUIRE_NE
+#define FAST_WARN_GT DOCTEST_FAST_WARN_GT
+#define FAST_CHECK_GT DOCTEST_FAST_CHECK_GT
+#define FAST_REQUIRE_GT DOCTEST_FAST_REQUIRE_GT
+#define FAST_WARN_LT DOCTEST_FAST_WARN_LT
+#define FAST_CHECK_LT DOCTEST_FAST_CHECK_LT
+#define FAST_REQUIRE_LT DOCTEST_FAST_REQUIRE_LT
+#define FAST_WARN_GE DOCTEST_FAST_WARN_GE
+#define FAST_CHECK_GE DOCTEST_FAST_CHECK_GE
+#define FAST_REQUIRE_GE DOCTEST_FAST_REQUIRE_GE
+#define FAST_WARN_LE DOCTEST_FAST_WARN_LE
+#define FAST_CHECK_LE DOCTEST_FAST_CHECK_LE
+#define FAST_REQUIRE_LE DOCTEST_FAST_REQUIRE_LE
+#define FAST_WARN_UNARY DOCTEST_FAST_WARN_UNARY
+#define FAST_CHECK_UNARY DOCTEST_FAST_CHECK_UNARY
+#define FAST_REQUIRE_UNARY DOCTEST_FAST_REQUIRE_UNARY
+#define FAST_WARN_UNARY_FALSE DOCTEST_FAST_WARN_UNARY_FALSE
+#define FAST_CHECK_UNARY_FALSE DOCTEST_FAST_CHECK_UNARY_FALSE
+#define FAST_REQUIRE_UNARY_FALSE DOCTEST_FAST_REQUIRE_UNARY_FALSE
+
+#endif // DOCTEST_CONFIG_NO_SHORT_MACRO_NAMES
+
+// this is here to clear the 'current test suite' for the current translation unit - at the top
+DOCTEST_TEST_SUITE_END();
+
+// add stringification for primitive/fundamental types
+namespace doctest
+{
+namespace detail
+{
+    DOCTEST_TYPE_TO_STRING_IMPL(bool)
+    DOCTEST_TYPE_TO_STRING_IMPL(float)
+    DOCTEST_TYPE_TO_STRING_IMPL(double)
+    DOCTEST_TYPE_TO_STRING_IMPL(long double)
+    DOCTEST_TYPE_TO_STRING_IMPL(char)
+    DOCTEST_TYPE_TO_STRING_IMPL(signed char)
+    DOCTEST_TYPE_TO_STRING_IMPL(unsigned char)
+    DOCTEST_TYPE_TO_STRING_IMPL(wchar_t)
+    DOCTEST_TYPE_TO_STRING_IMPL(short int)
+    DOCTEST_TYPE_TO_STRING_IMPL(unsigned short int)
+    DOCTEST_TYPE_TO_STRING_IMPL(int)
+    DOCTEST_TYPE_TO_STRING_IMPL(unsigned int)
+    DOCTEST_TYPE_TO_STRING_IMPL(long int)
+    DOCTEST_TYPE_TO_STRING_IMPL(unsigned long int)
+#ifdef DOCTEST_CONFIG_WITH_LONG_LONG
+    DOCTEST_TYPE_TO_STRING_IMPL(long long int)
+    DOCTEST_TYPE_TO_STRING_IMPL(unsigned long long int)
+#endif // DOCTEST_CONFIG_WITH_LONG_LONG
+} // namespace detail
+} // namespace doctest
+
+#endif // DOCTEST_LIBRARY_INCLUDED
+
+#if defined(__clang__)
+#pragma clang diagnostic pop
+#endif // __clang__
+
+#if defined(__GNUC__) && !defined(__clang__)
+#if __GNUC__ > 4 || (__GNUC__ == 4 && __GNUC_MINOR__ > 6)
+#pragma GCC diagnostic pop
+#endif // > gcc 4.6
+#endif // __GNUC__
+
+#ifdef _MSC_VER
+#pragma warning(pop)
+#endif // _MSC_VER
+
+#ifndef DOCTEST_SINGLE_HEADER
+#define DOCTEST_SINGLE_HEADER
+#endif // DOCTEST_SINGLE_HEADER
+
+#if defined(__clang__)
+#pragma clang diagnostic push
+#pragma clang diagnostic ignored "-Wunknown-pragmas"
+#pragma clang diagnostic ignored "-Wpadded"
+#pragma clang diagnostic ignored "-Wglobal-constructors"
+#pragma clang diagnostic ignored "-Wexit-time-destructors"
+#pragma clang diagnostic ignored "-Wmissing-prototypes"
+#pragma clang diagnostic ignored "-Wsign-conversion"
+#pragma clang diagnostic ignored "-Wshorten-64-to-32"
+#pragma clang diagnostic ignored "-Wmissing-variable-declarations"
+#pragma clang diagnostic ignored "-Wswitch"
+#pragma clang diagnostic ignored "-Wswitch-enum"
+#pragma clang diagnostic ignored "-Wcovered-switch-default"
+#pragma clang diagnostic ignored "-Wmissing-noreturn"
+#pragma clang diagnostic ignored "-Wunused-local-typedef"
+#pragma clang diagnostic ignored "-Wdisabled-macro-expansion"
+#pragma clang diagnostic ignored "-Wmissing-braces"
+#pragma clang diagnostic ignored "-Wmissing-field-initializers"
+#pragma clang diagnostic ignored "-Wzero-as-null-pointer-constant"
+#pragma clang diagnostic ignored "-Wc++11-long-long"
+#endif // __clang__
+
+#if defined(__GNUC__) && !defined(__clang__)
+#if __GNUC__ > 4 || (__GNUC__ == 4 && __GNUC_MINOR__ > 6)
+#pragma GCC diagnostic push
+#endif // > gcc 4.6
+#pragma GCC diagnostic ignored "-Wunknown-pragmas"
+#pragma GCC diagnostic ignored "-Wconversion"
+#pragma GCC diagnostic ignored "-Weffc++"
+#pragma GCC diagnostic ignored "-Wsign-conversion"
+#pragma GCC diagnostic ignored "-Wstrict-overflow"
+#pragma GCC diagnostic ignored "-Wmissing-field-initializers"
+#pragma GCC diagnostic ignored "-Wmissing-braces"
+#pragma GCC diagnostic ignored "-Wmissing-declarations"
+#pragma GCC diagnostic ignored "-Winline"
+#pragma GCC diagnostic ignored "-Wswitch"
+#pragma GCC diagnostic ignored "-Wswitch-enum"
+#pragma GCC diagnostic ignored "-Wswitch-default"
+#pragma GCC diagnostic ignored "-Wunsafe-loop-optimizations"
+#pragma GCC diagnostic ignored "-Wlong-long"
+#pragma GCC diagnostic ignored "-Wold-style-cast"
+#if __GNUC__ > 4 || (__GNUC__ == 4 && __GNUC_MINOR__ > 6)
+#pragma GCC diagnostic ignored "-Wzero-as-null-pointer-constant"
+#endif // > gcc 4.6
+#if __GNUC__ > 4 || (__GNUC__ == 4 && __GNUC_MINOR__ > 7)
+#pragma GCC diagnostic ignored "-Wunused-local-typedefs"
+#endif // > gcc 4.7
+#if __GNUC__ > 5 || (__GNUC__ == 5 && __GNUC_MINOR__ > 3)
+#pragma GCC diagnostic ignored "-Wuseless-cast"
+#endif // > gcc 5.3
+#endif // __GNUC__
+
+#ifdef _MSC_VER
+#pragma warning(push)
+#pragma warning(disable : 4996) // The compiler encountered a deprecated declaration
+#pragma warning(disable : 4267) // 'var' : conversion from 'size_t' to 'type', possible loss of data
+#pragma warning(disable : 4706) // assignment within conditional expression
+#pragma warning(disable : 4512) // 'class' : assignment operator could not be generated
+#pragma warning(disable : 4127) // conditional expression is constant
+#pragma warning(disable : 4530) // C++ exception handler used, but unwind semantics are not enabled
+#pragma warning(disable : 4577) // 'noexcept' used with no exception handling mode specified
+#endif                          // _MSC_VER
+
+#if defined(DOCTEST_CONFIG_IMPLEMENT) || !defined(DOCTEST_SINGLE_HEADER)
+#ifndef DOCTEST_LIBRARY_IMPLEMENTATION
+#define DOCTEST_LIBRARY_IMPLEMENTATION
+
+#ifndef DOCTEST_SINGLE_HEADER
+#include "doctest_fwd.h"
+#endif // DOCTEST_SINGLE_HEADER
+
+#if defined(__clang__) && defined(DOCTEST_NO_CPP11_COMPAT)
+#pragma clang diagnostic ignored "-Wc++98-compat"
+#pragma clang diagnostic ignored "-Wc++98-compat-pedantic"
+#endif // __clang__ && DOCTEST_NO_CPP11_COMPAT
+
+// snprintf() not in the C++98 standard
+#ifdef _MSC_VER
+#define DOCTEST_SNPRINTF _snprintf
+#else
+#define DOCTEST_SNPRINTF std::snprintf
+#endif
+
+#define DOCTEST_LOG_START()                                                                        \
+    do {                                                                                           \
+        if(!contextState->hasLoggedCurrentTestStart) {                                             \
+            doctest::detail::logTestStart(*contextState->currentTest);                             \
+            contextState->hasLoggedCurrentTestStart = true;                                        \
+        }                                                                                          \
+    } while(false)
+
+// required includes - will go only in one translation unit!
+#include <ctime>
+#include <cmath>
+// borland (Embarcadero) compiler requires math.h and not cmath - https://github.com/onqtam/doctest/pull/37
+#ifdef __BORLANDC__
+#include <math.h>
+#endif // __BORLANDC__
+#include <new>
+#include <cstdio>
+#include <cstdlib>
+#include <cstring>
+#include <limits>
+#include <utility>
+#include <sstream>
+#include <iomanip>
+#include <vector>
+#include <set>
+#include <exception>
+#include <stdexcept>
+#include <csignal>
+#include <cfloat>
+#ifndef _MSC_VER
+#include <stdint.h>
+#endif // _MSC_VER
+
+namespace doctest
+{
+namespace detail
+{
+    // lowers ascii letters
+    char tolower(const char c) { return (c >= 'A' && c <= 'Z') ? static_cast<char>(c + 32) : c; }
+
+    template <typename T>
+    T my_max(const T& lhs, const T& rhs) {
+        return lhs > rhs ? lhs : rhs;
+    }
+
+    // case insensitive strcmp
+    int stricmp(char const* a, char const* b) {
+        for(;; a++, b++) {
+            int d = tolower(*a) - tolower(*b);
+            if(d != 0 || !*a)
+                return d;
+        }
+    }
+
+    void my_memcpy(void* dest, const void* src, unsigned num) {
+        const char* csrc  = static_cast<const char*>(src);
+        char*       cdest = static_cast<char*>(dest);
+        for(unsigned i = 0; i < num; ++i)
+            cdest[i]   = csrc[i];
+    }
+
+    // not using std::strlen() because of valgrind errors when optimizations are turned on
+    // 'Invalid read of size 4' when the test suite len (with '\0') is not a multiple of 4
+    // for details see http://stackoverflow.com/questions/35671155
+    unsigned my_strlen(const char* in) {
+        const char* temp = in;
+        while(temp && *temp)
+            ++temp;
+        return unsigned(temp - in);
+    }
+
+    template <typename T>
+    String fpToString(T value, int precision) {
+        std::ostringstream oss;
+        oss << std::setprecision(precision) << std::fixed << value;
+        std::string d = oss.str();
+        size_t      i = d.find_last_not_of('0');
+        if(i != std::string::npos && i != d.size() - 1) {
+            if(d[i] == '.')
+                i++;
+            d = d.substr(0, i + 1);
+        }
+        return d.c_str();
+    }
+
+    struct Endianness
+    {
+        enum Arch
+        {
+            Big,
+            Little
+        };
+
+        static Arch which() {
+            union _
+            {
+                int  asInt;
+                char asChar[sizeof(int)];
+            } u;
+
+            u.asInt = 1;                                            // NOLINT
+            return (u.asChar[sizeof(int) - 1] == 1) ? Big : Little; // NOLINT
+        }
+    };
+
+    String rawMemoryToString(const void* object, unsigned size) {
+        // Reverse order for little endian architectures
+        int i = 0, end = static_cast<int>(size), inc = 1;
+        if(Endianness::which() == Endianness::Little) {
+            i   = end - 1;
+            end = inc = -1;
+        }
+
+        unsigned char const* bytes = static_cast<unsigned char const*>(object);
+        std::ostringstream   os;
+        os << "0x" << std::setfill('0') << std::hex;
+        for(; i != end; i += inc)
+            os << std::setw(2) << static_cast<unsigned>(bytes[i]);
+        return os.str().c_str();
+    }
+
+    std::ostream* createStream() { return new std::ostringstream(); }
+    String getStreamResult(std::ostream* in) {
+        return static_cast<std::ostringstream*>(in)->str().c_str(); // NOLINT
+    }
+    void freeStream(std::ostream* in) { delete in; }
+
+#ifndef DOCTEST_CONFIG_DISABLE
+
+    // this holds both parameters for the command line and runtime data for tests
+    struct ContextState : TestAccessibleContextState //!OCLINT too many fields
+    {
+        // == parameters from the command line
+
+        std::vector<std::vector<String> > filters;
+
+        String   order_by;  // how tests should be ordered
+        unsigned rand_seed; // the seed for rand ordering
+
+        unsigned first; // the first (matching) test to be executed
+        unsigned last;  // the last (matching) test to be executed
+
+        int  abort_after;           // stop tests after this many failed assertions
+        int  subcase_filter_levels; // apply the subcase filters for the first N levels
+        bool case_sensitive;        // if filtering should be case sensitive
+        bool exit;         // if the program should be exited after the tests are ran/whatever
+        bool duration;     // print the time duration of each test case
+        bool no_exitcode;  // if the framework should return 0 as the exitcode
+        bool no_run;       // to not run the tests at all (can be done with an "*" exclude)
+        bool no_version;   // to not print the version of the framework
+        bool no_colors;    // if output to the console should be colorized
+        bool force_colors; // forces the use of colors even when a tty cannot be detected
+        bool no_breaks;    // to not break into the debugger
+        bool no_skip;      // don't skip test cases which are marked to be skipped
+        bool no_path_in_filenames; // if the path to files should be removed from the output
+        bool no_line_numbers;      // if source code line numbers should be omitted from the output
+        bool no_skipped_summary;   // don't print "skipped" in the summary !!! UNDOCUMENTED !!!
+
+        bool help;             // to print the help
+        bool version;          // to print the version
+        bool count;            // if only the count of matching tests is to be retreived
+        bool list_test_cases;  // to list all tests matching the filters
+        bool list_test_suites; // to list all suites matching the filters
+
+        // == data for the tests being ran
+
+        unsigned        numTestsPassingFilters;
+        unsigned        numTestSuitesPassingFilters;
+        unsigned        numFailed;
+        const TestCase* currentTest;
+        bool            hasLoggedCurrentTestStart;
+        int             numAssertionsForCurrentTestcase;
+        int             numAssertions;
+        int             numFailedAssertionsForCurrentTestcase;
+        int             numFailedAssertions;
+        bool            hasCurrentTestFailed;
+
+        std::vector<IContextScope*> contexts;            // for logging with INFO() and friends
+        std::vector<std::string>    exceptionalContexts; // logging from INFO() due to an exception
+
+        // stuff for subcases
+        std::set<SubcaseSignature> subcasesPassed;
+        std::set<int>              subcasesEnteredLevels;
+        std::vector<Subcase>       subcasesStack;
+        int                        subcasesCurrentLevel;
+        bool                       subcasesHasSkipped;
+
+        void resetRunData() {
+            numTestsPassingFilters                = 0;
+            numTestSuitesPassingFilters           = 0;
+            numFailed                             = 0;
+            numAssertions                         = 0;
+            numFailedAssertions                   = 0;
+            numFailedAssertionsForCurrentTestcase = 0;
+        }
+
+        // cppcheck-suppress uninitMemberVar
+        ContextState()
+                : filters(8) // 8 different filters total
+        {
+            resetRunData();
+        }
+    };
+
+    ContextState* contextState = 0;
+#endif // DOCTEST_CONFIG_DISABLE
+} // namespace detail
+
+void String::copy(const String& other) {
+    if(other.isOnStack()) {
+        detail::my_memcpy(buf, other.buf, len);
+    } else {
+        setOnHeap();
+        data.size     = other.data.size;
+        data.capacity = data.size + 1;
+        data.ptr      = new char[data.capacity];
+        detail::my_memcpy(data.ptr, other.data.ptr, data.size + 1);
+    }
+}
+
+String::String(const char* in) {
+    unsigned in_len = detail::my_strlen(in);
+    if(in_len <= last) {
+        detail::my_memcpy(buf, in, in_len + 1);
+        setLast(last - in_len);
+    } else {
+        setOnHeap();
+        data.size     = in_len;
+        data.capacity = data.size + 1;
+        data.ptr      = new char[data.capacity];
+        detail::my_memcpy(data.ptr, in, in_len + 1);
+    }
+}
+
+String& String::operator+=(const String& other) {
+    unsigned my_old_size = size();
+    unsigned other_size  = other.size();
+    unsigned total_size  = my_old_size + other_size;
+    if(isOnStack()) {
+        if(total_size < len) {
+            // append to the current stack space
+            detail::my_memcpy(buf + my_old_size, other.c_str(), other_size + 1);
+            setLast(last - total_size);
+        } else {
+            // alloc new chunk
+            char* temp = new char[total_size + 1];
+            // copy current data to new location before writing in the union
+            detail::my_memcpy(temp, buf, my_old_size); // skip the +1 ('\0') for speed
+            // update data in union
+            setOnHeap();
+            data.size     = total_size;
+            data.capacity = data.size + 1;
+            data.ptr      = temp;
+            // transfer the rest of the data
+            detail::my_memcpy(data.ptr + my_old_size, other.c_str(), other_size + 1);
+        }
+    } else {
+        if(data.capacity > total_size) {
+            // append to the current heap block
+            data.size = total_size;
+            detail::my_memcpy(data.ptr + my_old_size, other.c_str(), other_size + 1);
+        } else {
+            // resize
+            data.capacity *= 2;
+            if(data.capacity <= total_size)
+                data.capacity = total_size + 1;
+            // alloc new chunk
+            char* temp = new char[data.capacity];
+            // copy current data to new location before releasing it
+            detail::my_memcpy(temp, data.ptr, my_old_size); // skip the +1 ('\0') for speed
+            // release old chunk
+            delete[] data.ptr;
+            // update the rest of the union members
+            data.size = total_size;
+            data.ptr  = temp;
+            // transfer the rest of the data
+            detail::my_memcpy(data.ptr + my_old_size, other.c_str(), other_size + 1);
+        }
+    }
+
+    return *this;
+}
+
+#ifdef DOCTEST_CONFIG_WITH_RVALUE_REFERENCES
+String::String(String&& other) {
+    detail::my_memcpy(buf, other.buf, len);
+    other.buf[0] = '\0';
+    other.setLast();
+}
+
+String& String::operator=(String&& other) {
+    if(!isOnStack())
+        delete[] data.ptr;
+    detail::my_memcpy(buf, other.buf, len);
+    other.buf[0] = '\0';
+    other.setLast();
+    return *this;
+}
+#endif // DOCTEST_CONFIG_WITH_RVALUE_REFERENCES
+
+int String::compare(const char* other, bool no_case) const {
+    if(no_case)
+        return detail::stricmp(c_str(), other);
+    return std::strcmp(c_str(), other);
+}
+
+int String::compare(const String& other, bool no_case) const {
+    return compare(other.c_str(), no_case);
+}
+
+std::ostream& operator<<(std::ostream& stream, const String& in) {
+    stream << in.c_str();
+    return stream;
+}
+
+Approx::Approx(double value)
+        : m_epsilon(static_cast<double>(std::numeric_limits<float>::epsilon()) * 100)
+        , m_scale(1.0)
+        , m_value(value) {}
+
+bool operator==(double lhs, Approx const& rhs) {
+    // Thanks to Richard Harris for his help refining this formula
+    return std::fabs(lhs - rhs.m_value) <
+           rhs.m_epsilon * (rhs.m_scale + detail::my_max(std::fabs(lhs), std::fabs(rhs.m_value)));
+}
+
+String Approx::toString() const { return String("Approx( ") + doctest::toString(m_value) + " )"; }
+
+#ifdef DOCTEST_CONFIG_TREAT_CHAR_STAR_AS_STRING
+String toString(char* in) { return toString(static_cast<const char*>(in)); }
+String toString(const char* in) { return String("\"") + (in ? in : "{null string}") + "\""; }
+#endif // DOCTEST_CONFIG_TREAT_CHAR_STAR_AS_STRING
+String toString(bool in) { return in ? "true" : "false"; }
+String toString(float in) { return detail::fpToString(in, 5) + "f"; }
+String toString(double in) { return detail::fpToString(in, 10); }
+String toString(double long in) { return detail::fpToString(in, 15); }
+
+String toString(char in) {
+    char buf[64];
+    std::sprintf(buf, "%d", in);
+    return buf;
+}
+
+String toString(char signed in) {
+    char buf[64];
+    std::sprintf(buf, "%d", in);
+    return buf;
+}
+
+String toString(char unsigned in) {
+    char buf[64];
+    std::sprintf(buf, "%ud", in);
+    return buf;
+}
+
+String toString(int short in) {
+    char buf[64];
+    std::sprintf(buf, "%d", in);
+    return buf;
+}
+
+String toString(int short unsigned in) {
+    char buf[64];
+    std::sprintf(buf, "%u", in);
+    return buf;
+}
+
+String toString(int in) {
+    char buf[64];
+    std::sprintf(buf, "%d", in);
+    return buf;
+}
+
+String toString(int unsigned in) {
+    char buf[64];
+    std::sprintf(buf, "%u", in);
+    return buf;
+}
+
+String toString(int long in) {
+    char buf[64];
+    std::sprintf(buf, "%ld", in);
+    return buf;
+}
+
+String toString(int long unsigned in) {
+    char buf[64];
+    std::sprintf(buf, "%lu", in);
+    return buf;
+}
+
+#ifdef DOCTEST_CONFIG_WITH_LONG_LONG
+String toString(int long long in) {
+    char buf[64];
+    std::sprintf(buf, "%lld", in);
+    return buf;
+}
+String toString(int long long unsigned in) {
+    char buf[64];
+    std::sprintf(buf, "%llu", in);
+    return buf;
+}
+#endif // DOCTEST_CONFIG_WITH_LONG_LONG
+
+#ifdef DOCTEST_CONFIG_WITH_NULLPTR
+String toString(std::nullptr_t) { return "nullptr"; }
+#endif // DOCTEST_CONFIG_WITH_NULLPTR
+
+} // namespace doctest
+
+#ifdef DOCTEST_CONFIG_DISABLE
+namespace doctest
+{
+bool isRunningInTest() { return false; }
+Context::Context(int, const char* const*) {}
+Context::~Context() {}
+void Context::applyCommandLine(int, const char* const*) {}
+void Context::addFilter(const char*, const char*) {}
+void Context::clearFilters() {}
+void Context::setOption(const char*, int) {}
+void Context::setOption(const char*, const char*) {}
+bool Context::shouldExit() { return false; }
+int  Context::run() { return 0; }
+} // namespace doctest
+#else // DOCTEST_CONFIG_DISABLE
+
+#if !defined(DOCTEST_CONFIG_COLORS_NONE)
+#if !defined(DOCTEST_CONFIG_COLORS_WINDOWS) && !defined(DOCTEST_CONFIG_COLORS_ANSI)
+#ifdef DOCTEST_PLATFORM_WINDOWS
+#define DOCTEST_CONFIG_COLORS_WINDOWS
+#else // linux
+#define DOCTEST_CONFIG_COLORS_ANSI
+#endif // platform
+#endif // DOCTEST_CONFIG_COLORS_WINDOWS && DOCTEST_CONFIG_COLORS_ANSI
+#endif // DOCTEST_CONFIG_COLORS_NONE
+
+#define DOCTEST_PRINTF_COLORED(buffer, color)                                                      \
+    do {                                                                                           \
+        doctest::detail::Color col(color);                                                         \
+        std::printf("%s", buffer);                                                                 \
+    } while((void)0, 0)
+
+// the buffer size used for snprintf() calls
+#if !defined(DOCTEST_SNPRINTF_BUFFER_LENGTH)
+#define DOCTEST_SNPRINTF_BUFFER_LENGTH 1024
+#endif // DOCTEST_SNPRINTF_BUFFER_LENGTH
+
+#if defined(_MSC_VER) || defined(__MINGW32__)
+#if defined(_MSC_VER) && _MSC_VER >= 1700
+#define DOCTEST_WINDOWS_SAL_IN_OPT _In_opt_
+#else // _MSC_VER
+#define DOCTEST_WINDOWS_SAL_IN_OPT
+#endif // _MSC_VER
+extern "C" __declspec(dllimport) void __stdcall OutputDebugStringA(
+        DOCTEST_WINDOWS_SAL_IN_OPT const char*);
+extern "C" __declspec(dllimport) int __stdcall IsDebuggerPresent();
+#endif // _MSC_VER || __MINGW32__
+
+#ifdef DOCTEST_CONFIG_COLORS_ANSI
+#include <unistd.h>
+#endif // DOCTEST_CONFIG_COLORS_ANSI
+
+#ifdef _WIN32
+
+// defines for a leaner windows.h
+#ifndef WIN32_MEAN_AND_LEAN
+#define WIN32_MEAN_AND_LEAN
+#endif // WIN32_MEAN_AND_LEAN
+#ifndef VC_EXTRA_LEAN
+#define VC_EXTRA_LEAN
+#endif // VC_EXTRA_LEAN
+#ifndef NOMINMAX
+#define NOMINMAX
+#endif // NOMINMAX
+
+// not sure what AfxWin.h is for - here I do what Catch does
+#ifdef __AFXDLL
+#include <AfxWin.h>
+#else
+#include <windows.h>
+#endif
+#include <io.h>
+
+#else // _WIN32
+
+#include <sys/time.h>
+
+#endif // _WIN32
+
+namespace doctest_detail_test_suite_ns
+{
+// holds the current test suite
+doctest::detail::TestSuite& getCurrentTestSuite() {
+    static doctest::detail::TestSuite data;
+    return data;
+}
+} // namespace doctest_detail_test_suite_ns
+
+namespace doctest
+{
+namespace detail
+{
+    TestCase::TestCase(funcType test, const char* file, unsigned line, const TestSuite& test_suite,
+                       const char* type, int template_id)
+            : m_test(test)
+            , m_name(0)
+            , m_type(type)
+            , m_test_suite(test_suite.m_test_suite)
+            , m_description(test_suite.m_description)
+            , m_skip(test_suite.m_skip)
+            , m_may_fail(test_suite.m_may_fail)
+            , m_should_fail(test_suite.m_should_fail)
+            , m_expected_failures(test_suite.m_expected_failures)
+            , m_timeout(test_suite.m_timeout)
+            , m_file(file)
+            , m_line(line)
+            , m_template_id(template_id) {}
+
+    TestCase& TestCase::operator*(const char* in) {
+        m_name = in;
+        // make a new name with an appended type for templated test case
+        if(m_template_id != -1) {
+            m_full_name = String(m_name) + m_type;
+            // redirect the name to point to the newly constructed full name
+            m_name = m_full_name.c_str();
+        }
+        return *this;
+    }
+
+    TestCase& TestCase::operator=(const TestCase& other) {
+        m_test              = other.m_test;
+        m_full_name         = other.m_full_name;
+        m_name              = other.m_name;
+        m_type              = other.m_type;
+        m_test_suite        = other.m_test_suite;
+        m_description       = other.m_description;
+        m_skip              = other.m_skip;
+        m_may_fail          = other.m_may_fail;
+        m_should_fail       = other.m_should_fail;
+        m_expected_failures = other.m_expected_failures;
+        m_timeout           = other.m_timeout;
+        m_file              = other.m_file;
+        m_line              = other.m_line;
+        m_template_id       = other.m_template_id;
+
+        if(m_template_id != -1)
+            m_name = m_full_name.c_str();
+        return *this;
+    }
+
+    bool TestCase::operator<(const TestCase& other) const {
+        if(m_line != other.m_line)
+            return m_line < other.m_line;
+        int file_cmp = std::strcmp(m_file, other.m_file);
+        if(file_cmp != 0)
+            return file_cmp < 0;
+        return m_template_id < other.m_template_id;
+    }
+
+    const char* getAssertString(assertType::Enum val) {
+        switch(val) { //!OCLINT missing default in switch statements
+            // clang-format off
+            case assertType::DT_WARN                    : return "WARN";
+            case assertType::DT_CHECK                   : return "CHECK";
+            case assertType::DT_REQUIRE                 : return "REQUIRE";
+
+            case assertType::DT_WARN_FALSE              : return "WARN_FALSE";
+            case assertType::DT_CHECK_FALSE             : return "CHECK_FALSE";
+            case assertType::DT_REQUIRE_FALSE           : return "REQUIRE_FALSE";
+
+            case assertType::DT_WARN_THROWS             : return "WARN_THROWS";
+            case assertType::DT_CHECK_THROWS            : return "CHECK_THROWS";
+            case assertType::DT_REQUIRE_THROWS          : return "REQUIRE_THROWS";
+
+            case assertType::DT_WARN_THROWS_AS          : return "WARN_THROWS_AS";
+            case assertType::DT_CHECK_THROWS_AS         : return "CHECK_THROWS_AS";
+            case assertType::DT_REQUIRE_THROWS_AS       : return "REQUIRE_THROWS_AS";
+
+            case assertType::DT_WARN_NOTHROW            : return "WARN_NOTHROW";
+            case assertType::DT_CHECK_NOTHROW           : return "CHECK_NOTHROW";
+            case assertType::DT_REQUIRE_NOTHROW         : return "REQUIRE_NOTHROW";
+
+            case assertType::DT_WARN_EQ                 : return "WARN_EQ";
+            case assertType::DT_CHECK_EQ                : return "CHECK_EQ";
+            case assertType::DT_REQUIRE_EQ              : return "REQUIRE_EQ";
+            case assertType::DT_WARN_NE                 : return "WARN_NE";
+            case assertType::DT_CHECK_NE                : return "CHECK_NE";
+            case assertType::DT_REQUIRE_NE              : return "REQUIRE_NE";
+            case assertType::DT_WARN_GT                 : return "WARN_GT";
+            case assertType::DT_CHECK_GT                : return "CHECK_GT";
+            case assertType::DT_REQUIRE_GT              : return "REQUIRE_GT";
+            case assertType::DT_WARN_LT                 : return "WARN_LT";
+            case assertType::DT_CHECK_LT                : return "CHECK_LT";
+            case assertType::DT_REQUIRE_LT              : return "REQUIRE_LT";
+            case assertType::DT_WARN_GE                 : return "WARN_GE";
+            case assertType::DT_CHECK_GE                : return "CHECK_GE";
+            case assertType::DT_REQUIRE_GE              : return "REQUIRE_GE";
+            case assertType::DT_WARN_LE                 : return "WARN_LE";
+            case assertType::DT_CHECK_LE                : return "CHECK_LE";
+            case assertType::DT_REQUIRE_LE              : return "REQUIRE_LE";
+
+            case assertType::DT_WARN_UNARY              : return "WARN_UNARY";
+            case assertType::DT_CHECK_UNARY             : return "CHECK_UNARY";
+            case assertType::DT_REQUIRE_UNARY           : return "REQUIRE_UNARY";
+            case assertType::DT_WARN_UNARY_FALSE        : return "WARN_UNARY_FALSE";
+            case assertType::DT_CHECK_UNARY_FALSE       : return "CHECK_UNARY_FALSE";
+            case assertType::DT_REQUIRE_UNARY_FALSE     : return "REQUIRE_UNARY_FALSE";
+
+            case assertType::DT_FAST_WARN_EQ            : return "FAST_WARN_EQ";
+            case assertType::DT_FAST_CHECK_EQ           : return "FAST_CHECK_EQ";
+            case assertType::DT_FAST_REQUIRE_EQ         : return "FAST_REQUIRE_EQ";
+            case assertType::DT_FAST_WARN_NE            : return "FAST_WARN_NE";
+            case assertType::DT_FAST_CHECK_NE           : return "FAST_CHECK_NE";
+            case assertType::DT_FAST_REQUIRE_NE         : return "FAST_REQUIRE_NE";
+            case assertType::DT_FAST_WARN_GT            : return "FAST_WARN_GT";
+            case assertType::DT_FAST_CHECK_GT           : return "FAST_CHECK_GT";
+            case assertType::DT_FAST_REQUIRE_GT         : return "FAST_REQUIRE_GT";
+            case assertType::DT_FAST_WARN_LT            : return "FAST_WARN_LT";
+            case assertType::DT_FAST_CHECK_LT           : return "FAST_CHECK_LT";
+            case assertType::DT_FAST_REQUIRE_LT         : return "FAST_REQUIRE_LT";
+            case assertType::DT_FAST_WARN_GE            : return "FAST_WARN_GE";
+            case assertType::DT_FAST_CHECK_GE           : return "FAST_CHECK_GE";
+            case assertType::DT_FAST_REQUIRE_GE         : return "FAST_REQUIRE_GE";
+            case assertType::DT_FAST_WARN_LE            : return "FAST_WARN_LE";
+            case assertType::DT_FAST_CHECK_LE           : return "FAST_CHECK_LE";
+            case assertType::DT_FAST_REQUIRE_LE         : return "FAST_REQUIRE_LE";
+
+            case assertType::DT_FAST_WARN_UNARY         : return "FAST_WARN_UNARY";
+            case assertType::DT_FAST_CHECK_UNARY        : return "FAST_CHECK_UNARY";
+            case assertType::DT_FAST_REQUIRE_UNARY      : return "FAST_REQUIRE_UNARY";
+            case assertType::DT_FAST_WARN_UNARY_FALSE   : return "FAST_WARN_UNARY_FALSE";
+            case assertType::DT_FAST_CHECK_UNARY_FALSE  : return "FAST_CHECK_UNARY_FALSE";
+            case assertType::DT_FAST_REQUIRE_UNARY_FALSE: return "FAST_REQUIRE_UNARY_FALSE";
+                // clang-format on
+        }
+        return "";
+    }
+
+    bool checkIfShouldThrow(assertType::Enum assert_type) {
+        if(assert_type & assertType::is_require) //!OCLINT bitwise operator in conditional
+            return true;
+
+        if((assert_type & assertType::is_check) //!OCLINT bitwise operator in conditional
+           && contextState->abort_after > 0 &&
+           contextState->numFailedAssertions >= contextState->abort_after)
+            return true;
+
+        return false;
+    }
+    void fastAssertThrowIfFlagSet(int flags) {
+        if(flags & assertAction::shouldthrow) //!OCLINT bitwise operator in conditional
+            throwException();
+    }
+    void throwException() {
+#ifndef DOCTEST_CONFIG_NO_EXCEPTIONS
+        throw TestFailureException();
+#endif // DOCTEST_CONFIG_NO_EXCEPTIONS
+    }
+
+    // matching of a string against a wildcard mask (case sensitivity configurable) taken from
+    // http://www.emoticode.net/c/simple-wildcard-string-compare-globbing-function.html
+    int wildcmp(const char* str, const char* wild, bool caseSensitive) {
+        const char* cp = 0;
+        const char* mp = 0;
+
+        // rolled my own tolower() to not include more headers
+        while((*str) && (*wild != '*')) {
+            if((caseSensitive ? (*wild != *str) : (tolower(*wild) != tolower(*str))) &&
+               (*wild != '?')) {
+                return 0;
+            }
+            wild++;
+            str++;
+        }
+
+        while(*str) {
+            if(*wild == '*') {
+                if(!*++wild) {
+                    return 1;
+                }
+                mp = wild;
+                cp = str + 1;
+            } else if((caseSensitive ? (*wild == *str) : (tolower(*wild) == tolower(*str))) ||
+                      (*wild == '?')) {
+                wild++;
+                str++;
+            } else {
+                wild = mp;   //!OCLINT parameter reassignment
+                str  = cp++; //!OCLINT parameter reassignment
+            }
+        }
+
+        while(*wild == '*') {
+            wild++;
+        }
+        return !*wild;
+    }
+
+    //// C string hash function (djb2) - taken from http://www.cse.yorku.ca/~oz/hash.html
+    //unsigned hashStr(unsigned const char* str) {
+    //    unsigned long hash = 5381;
+    //    char          c;
+    //    while((c = *str++))
+    //        hash = ((hash << 5) + hash) + c; // hash * 33 + c
+    //    return hash;
+    //}
+
+    // checks if the name matches any of the filters (and can be configured what to do when empty)
+    bool matchesAny(const char* name, const std::vector<String>& filters, int matchEmpty,
+                    bool caseSensitive) {
+        if(filters.empty() && matchEmpty)
+            return true;
+        for(unsigned i = 0; i < filters.size(); ++i)
+            if(wildcmp(name, filters[i].c_str(), caseSensitive))
+                return true;
+        return false;
+    }
+
+#ifdef _WIN32
+
+    typedef unsigned long long UInt64;
+
+    UInt64 getCurrentTicks() {
+        static UInt64 hz = 0, hzo = 0;
+        if(!hz) {
+            QueryPerformanceFrequency(reinterpret_cast<LARGE_INTEGER*>(&hz));
+            QueryPerformanceCounter(reinterpret_cast<LARGE_INTEGER*>(&hzo));
+        }
+        UInt64 t;
+        QueryPerformanceCounter(reinterpret_cast<LARGE_INTEGER*>(&t));
+        return ((t - hzo) * 1000000) / hz;
+    }
+#else  // _WIN32
+
+    typedef uint64_t UInt64;
+
+    UInt64 getCurrentTicks() {
+        timeval t;
+        gettimeofday(&t, 0);
+        return static_cast<UInt64>(t.tv_sec) * 1000000 + static_cast<UInt64>(t.tv_usec);
+    }
+#endif // _WIN32
+
+    class Timer
+    {
+    public:
+        Timer()
+                : m_ticks(0) {}
+        void         start() { m_ticks = getCurrentTicks(); }
+        unsigned int getElapsedMicroseconds() const {
+            return static_cast<unsigned int>(getCurrentTicks() - m_ticks);
+        }
+        unsigned int getElapsedMilliseconds() const {
+            return static_cast<unsigned int>(getElapsedMicroseconds() / 1000);
+        }
+        double getElapsedSeconds() const { return getElapsedMicroseconds() / 1000000.0; }
+
+    private:
+        UInt64 m_ticks;
+    };
+
+    TestAccessibleContextState* getTestsContextState() { return contextState; }
+
+    bool SubcaseSignature::operator<(const SubcaseSignature& other) const {
+        if(m_line != other.m_line)
+            return m_line < other.m_line;
+        if(std::strcmp(m_file, other.m_file) != 0)
+            return std::strcmp(m_file, other.m_file) < 0;
+        return std::strcmp(m_name, other.m_name) < 0;
+    }
+
+    Subcase::Subcase(const char* name, const char* file, int line)
+            : m_signature(name, file, line)
+            , m_entered(false) {
+        ContextState* s = contextState;
+
+        // if we have already completed it
+        if(s->subcasesPassed.count(m_signature) != 0)
+            return;
+
+        // check subcase filters
+        if(s->subcasesCurrentLevel < s->subcase_filter_levels) {
+            if(!matchesAny(m_signature.m_name, s->filters[6], 1, s->case_sensitive))
+                return;
+            if(matchesAny(m_signature.m_name, s->filters[7], 0, s->case_sensitive))
+                return;
+        }
+
+        // if a Subcase on the same level has already been entered
+        if(s->subcasesEnteredLevels.count(s->subcasesCurrentLevel) != 0) {
+            s->subcasesHasSkipped = true;
+            return;
+        }
+
+        s->subcasesStack.push_back(*this);
+        if(s->hasLoggedCurrentTestStart)
+            logTestEnd();
+        s->hasLoggedCurrentTestStart = false;
+
+        s->subcasesEnteredLevels.insert(s->subcasesCurrentLevel++);
+        m_entered = true;
+    }
+
+    Subcase::Subcase(const Subcase& other)
+            : m_signature(other.m_signature.m_name, other.m_signature.m_file,
+                          other.m_signature.m_line)
+            , m_entered(other.m_entered) {}
+
+    Subcase::~Subcase() {
+        if(m_entered) {
+            ContextState* s = contextState;
+
+            s->subcasesCurrentLevel--;
+            // only mark the subcase as passed if no subcases have been skipped
+            if(s->subcasesHasSkipped == false)
+                s->subcasesPassed.insert(m_signature);
+
+            if(!s->subcasesStack.empty())
+                s->subcasesStack.pop_back();
+            if(s->hasLoggedCurrentTestStart)
+                logTestEnd();
+            s->hasLoggedCurrentTestStart = false;
+        }
+    }
+
+    Result::~Result() {}
+
+    Result& Result::operator=(const Result& other) {
+        m_passed        = other.m_passed;
+        m_decomposition = other.m_decomposition;
+
+        return *this;
+    }
+
+    // for sorting tests by file/line
+    int fileOrderComparator(const void* a, const void* b) {
+        const TestCase* lhs = *static_cast<TestCase* const*>(a);
+        const TestCase* rhs = *static_cast<TestCase* const*>(b);
+#ifdef _MSC_VER
+        // this is needed because MSVC gives different case for drive letters
+        // for __FILE__ when evaluated in a header and a source file
+        int res = stricmp(lhs->m_file, rhs->m_file);
+#else  // _MSC_VER
+        int res = std::strcmp(lhs->m_file, rhs->m_file);
+#endif // _MSC_VER
+        if(res != 0)
+            return res;
+        return static_cast<int>(lhs->m_line - rhs->m_line);
+    }
+
+    // for sorting tests by suite/file/line
+    int suiteOrderComparator(const void* a, const void* b) {
+        const TestCase* lhs = *static_cast<TestCase* const*>(a);
+        const TestCase* rhs = *static_cast<TestCase* const*>(b);
+
+        int res = std::strcmp(lhs->m_test_suite, rhs->m_test_suite);
+        if(res != 0)
+            return res;
+        return fileOrderComparator(a, b);
+    }
+
+    // for sorting tests by name/suite/file/line
+    int nameOrderComparator(const void* a, const void* b) {
+        const TestCase* lhs = *static_cast<TestCase* const*>(a);
+        const TestCase* rhs = *static_cast<TestCase* const*>(b);
+
+        int res_name = std::strcmp(lhs->m_name, rhs->m_name);
+        if(res_name != 0)
+            return res_name;
+        return suiteOrderComparator(a, b);
+    }
+
+    // sets the current test suite
+    int setTestSuite(const TestSuite& ts) {
+        doctest_detail_test_suite_ns::getCurrentTestSuite() = ts;
+        return 0;
+    }
+
+    // all the registered tests
+    std::set<TestCase>& getRegisteredTests() {
+        static std::set<TestCase> data;
+        return data;
+    }
+
+    // used by the macros for registering tests
+    int regTest(const TestCase& tc) {
+        getRegisteredTests().insert(tc);
+        return 0;
+    }
+
+    struct Color
+    {
+        enum Code
+        {
+            None = 0,
+            White,
+            Red,
+            Green,
+            Blue,
+            Cyan,
+            Yellow,
+            Grey,
+
+            Bright = 0x10,
+
+            BrightRed   = Bright | Red,
+            BrightGreen = Bright | Green,
+            LightGrey   = Bright | Grey,
+            BrightWhite = Bright | White
+        };
+        explicit Color(Code code) { use(code); }
+        ~Color() { use(None); }
+
+        static void use(Code code);
+        static void init();
+    };
+
+#ifdef DOCTEST_CONFIG_COLORS_WINDOWS
+    HANDLE g_stdoutHandle;
+    WORD   g_originalForegroundAttributes;
+    WORD   g_originalBackgroundAttributes;
+    bool   g_attrsInitted = false;
+#endif // DOCTEST_CONFIG_COLORS_WINDOWS
+
+    void Color::init() {
+#ifdef DOCTEST_CONFIG_COLORS_WINDOWS
+        if(!g_attrsInitted) {
+            g_stdoutHandle = GetStdHandle(STD_OUTPUT_HANDLE);
+            g_attrsInitted = true;
+            CONSOLE_SCREEN_BUFFER_INFO csbiInfo;
+            GetConsoleScreenBufferInfo(g_stdoutHandle, &csbiInfo);
+            g_originalForegroundAttributes =
+                    csbiInfo.wAttributes &
+                    ~(BACKGROUND_GREEN | BACKGROUND_RED | BACKGROUND_BLUE | BACKGROUND_INTENSITY);
+            g_originalBackgroundAttributes =
+                    csbiInfo.wAttributes &
+                    ~(FOREGROUND_GREEN | FOREGROUND_RED | FOREGROUND_BLUE | FOREGROUND_INTENSITY);
+        }
+#endif // DOCTEST_CONFIG_COLORS_WINDOWS
+    }
+
+    void Color::use(Code
+#ifndef DOCTEST_CONFIG_COLORS_NONE
+                            code
+#endif // DOCTEST_CONFIG_COLORS_NONE
+                    ) {
+        const ContextState* p = contextState;
+        if(p->no_colors)
+            return;
+#ifdef DOCTEST_CONFIG_COLORS_ANSI
+        if(isatty(STDOUT_FILENO) == false && p->force_colors == false)
+            return;
+
+        const char* col = "";
+        // clang-format off
+        switch(code) { //!OCLINT missing break in switch statement / unnecessary default statement in covered switch statement
+            case Color::Red:         col = "[0;31m"; break;
+            case Color::Green:       col = "[0;32m"; break;
+            case Color::Blue:        col = "[0;34m"; break;
+            case Color::Cyan:        col = "[0;36m"; break;
+            case Color::Yellow:      col = "[0;33m"; break;
+            case Color::Grey:        col = "[1;30m"; break;
+            case Color::LightGrey:   col = "[0;37m"; break;
+            case Color::BrightRed:   col = "[1;31m"; break;
+            case Color::BrightGreen: col = "[1;32m"; break;
+            case Color::BrightWhite: col = "[1;37m"; break;
+            case Color::Bright: // invalid
+            case Color::None:
+            case Color::White:
+            default:                 col = "[0m";
+        }
+        // clang-format on
+        std::printf("\033%s", col);
+#endif // DOCTEST_CONFIG_COLORS_ANSI
+
+#ifdef DOCTEST_CONFIG_COLORS_WINDOWS
+        if(isatty(fileno(stdout)) == false && p->force_colors == false)
+            return;
+
+#define DOCTEST_SET_ATTR(x)                                                                        \
+    SetConsoleTextAttribute(g_stdoutHandle, x | g_originalBackgroundAttributes)
+
+        // clang-format off
+        switch (code) {
+            case Color::White:       DOCTEST_SET_ATTR(FOREGROUND_GREEN | FOREGROUND_RED | FOREGROUND_BLUE); break;
+            case Color::Red:         DOCTEST_SET_ATTR(FOREGROUND_RED);                                      break;
+            case Color::Green:       DOCTEST_SET_ATTR(FOREGROUND_GREEN);                                    break;
+            case Color::Blue:        DOCTEST_SET_ATTR(FOREGROUND_BLUE);                                     break;
+            case Color::Cyan:        DOCTEST_SET_ATTR(FOREGROUND_BLUE | FOREGROUND_GREEN);                  break;
+            case Color::Yellow:      DOCTEST_SET_ATTR(FOREGROUND_RED | FOREGROUND_GREEN);                   break;
+            case Color::Grey:        DOCTEST_SET_ATTR(0);                                                   break;
+            case Color::LightGrey:   DOCTEST_SET_ATTR(FOREGROUND_INTENSITY);                                break;
+            case Color::BrightRed:   DOCTEST_SET_ATTR(FOREGROUND_INTENSITY | FOREGROUND_RED);               break;
+            case Color::BrightGreen: DOCTEST_SET_ATTR(FOREGROUND_INTENSITY | FOREGROUND_GREEN);             break;
+            case Color::BrightWhite: DOCTEST_SET_ATTR(FOREGROUND_INTENSITY | FOREGROUND_GREEN | FOREGROUND_RED | FOREGROUND_BLUE); break;
+            case Color::None:
+            case Color::Bright: // invalid
+            default:                 DOCTEST_SET_ATTR(g_originalForegroundAttributes);
+        }
+// clang-format on
+#undef DOCTEST_SET_ATTR
+#endif // DOCTEST_CONFIG_COLORS_WINDOWS
+    }
+
+    IExceptionTranslator::~IExceptionTranslator() {}
+
+    std::vector<const IExceptionTranslator*>& getExceptionTranslators() {
+        static std::vector<const IExceptionTranslator*> data;
+        return data;
+    }
+
+    void registerExceptionTranslatorImpl(const IExceptionTranslator* translateFunction) {
+        getExceptionTranslators().push_back(translateFunction);
+    }
+
+    String translateActiveException() {
+#ifndef DOCTEST_CONFIG_NO_EXCEPTIONS
+        String                                    res;
+        std::vector<const IExceptionTranslator*>& translators = getExceptionTranslators();
+        for(size_t i = 0; i < translators.size(); ++i)
+            if(translators[i]->translate(res))
+                return res;
+        // clang-format off
+        try {
+            throw;
+        } catch(std::exception& ex) {
+            return ex.what();
+        } catch(std::string& msg) {
+            return msg.c_str();
+        } catch(const char* msg) {
+            return msg;
+        } catch(...) {
+            return "unknown exception";
+        }
+// clang-format on
+#else  // DOCTEST_CONFIG_NO_EXCEPTIONS
+        return "";
+#endif // DOCTEST_CONFIG_NO_EXCEPTIONS
+    }
+
+    void writeStringToStream(std::ostream* stream, const String& str) { *stream << str; }
+
+#ifdef DOCTEST_CONFIG_TREAT_CHAR_STAR_AS_STRING
+    void toStream(std::ostream* stream, char* in) { *stream << in; }
+    void toStream(std::ostream* stream, const char* in) { *stream << in; }
+#endif // DOCTEST_CONFIG_TREAT_CHAR_STAR_AS_STRING
+    void toStream(std::ostream* stream, bool in) {
+        *stream << std::boolalpha << in << std::noboolalpha;
+    }
+    void toStream(std::ostream* stream, float in) { *stream << in; }
+    void toStream(std::ostream* stream, double in) { *stream << in; }
+    void toStream(std::ostream* stream, double long in) { *stream << in; }
+
+    void toStream(std::ostream* stream, char in) { *stream << in; }
+    void toStream(std::ostream* stream, char signed in) { *stream << in; }
+    void toStream(std::ostream* stream, char unsigned in) { *stream << in; }
+    void toStream(std::ostream* stream, int short in) { *stream << in; }
+    void toStream(std::ostream* stream, int short unsigned in) { *stream << in; }
+    void toStream(std::ostream* stream, int in) { *stream << in; }
+    void toStream(std::ostream* stream, int unsigned in) { *stream << in; }
+    void toStream(std::ostream* stream, int long in) { *stream << in; }
+    void toStream(std::ostream* stream, int long unsigned in) { *stream << in; }
+
+#ifdef DOCTEST_CONFIG_WITH_LONG_LONG
+    void toStream(std::ostream* stream, int long long in) { *stream << in; }
+    void toStream(std::ostream* stream, int long long unsigned in) { *stream << in; }
+#endif // DOCTEST_CONFIG_WITH_LONG_LONG
+
+    void addToContexts(IContextScope* ptr) { contextState->contexts.push_back(ptr); }
+    void                              popFromContexts() { contextState->contexts.pop_back(); }
+    void useContextIfExceptionOccurred(IContextScope* ptr) {
+        if(std::uncaught_exception()) {
+            std::ostringstream stream;
+            ptr->build(&stream);
+            contextState->exceptionalContexts.push_back(stream.str());
+        }
+    }
+
+    void printSummary();
+
+#if !defined(DOCTEST_CONFIG_POSIX_SIGNALS) && !defined(DOCTEST_CONFIG_WINDOWS_SEH)
+    void reportFatal(const std::string&) {}
+    struct FatalConditionHandler
+    {
+        void reset() {}
+    };
+#else // DOCTEST_CONFIG_POSIX_SIGNALS || DOCTEST_CONFIG_WINDOWS_SEH
+
+    void reportFatal(const std::string& message) {
+        DOCTEST_LOG_START();
+
+        contextState->numAssertions += contextState->numAssertionsForCurrentTestcase;
+        logTestException(message.c_str(), true);
+        logTestEnd();
+        contextState->numFailed++;
+
+        printSummary();
+    }
+
+#ifdef DOCTEST_PLATFORM_WINDOWS
+
+    struct SignalDefs
+    {
+        DWORD       id;
+        const char* name;
+    };
+    // There is no 1-1 mapping between signals and windows exceptions.
+    // Windows can easily distinguish between SO and SigSegV,
+    // but SigInt, SigTerm, etc are handled differently.
+    SignalDefs signalDefs[] = {
+            {EXCEPTION_ILLEGAL_INSTRUCTION, "SIGILL - Illegal instruction signal"},
+            {EXCEPTION_STACK_OVERFLOW, "SIGSEGV - Stack overflow"},
+            {EXCEPTION_ACCESS_VIOLATION, "SIGSEGV - Segmentation violation signal"},
+            {EXCEPTION_INT_DIVIDE_BY_ZERO, "Divide by zero error"},
+    };
+
+    struct FatalConditionHandler
+    {
+        static LONG CALLBACK handleVectoredException(PEXCEPTION_POINTERS ExceptionInfo) {
+            for(size_t i = 0; i < sizeof(signalDefs) / sizeof(SignalDefs); ++i) {
+                if(ExceptionInfo->ExceptionRecord->ExceptionCode == signalDefs[i].id) {
+                    reportFatal(signalDefs[i].name);
+                }
+            }
+            // If its not an exception we care about, pass it along.
+            // This stops us from eating debugger breaks etc.
+            return EXCEPTION_CONTINUE_SEARCH;
+        }
+
+        FatalConditionHandler() {
+            isSet = true;
+            // 32k seems enough for doctest to handle stack overflow,
+            // but the value was found experimentally, so there is no strong guarantee
+            guaranteeSize          = 32 * 1024;
+            exceptionHandlerHandle = 0;
+            // Register as first handler in current chain
+            exceptionHandlerHandle = AddVectoredExceptionHandler(1, handleVectoredException);
+            // Pass in guarantee size to be filled
+            SetThreadStackGuarantee(&guaranteeSize);
+        }
+
+        static void reset() {
+            if(isSet) {
+                // Unregister handler and restore the old guarantee
+                RemoveVectoredExceptionHandler(exceptionHandlerHandle);
+                SetThreadStackGuarantee(&guaranteeSize);
+                exceptionHandlerHandle = 0;
+                isSet                  = false;
+            }
+        }
+
+        ~FatalConditionHandler() { reset(); }
+
+    private:
+        static bool  isSet;
+        static ULONG guaranteeSize;
+        static PVOID exceptionHandlerHandle;
+    };
+
+    bool  FatalConditionHandler::isSet                  = false;
+    ULONG FatalConditionHandler::guaranteeSize          = 0;
+    PVOID FatalConditionHandler::exceptionHandlerHandle = 0;
+
+#else // DOCTEST_PLATFORM_WINDOWS
+
+    struct SignalDefs
+    {
+        int         id;
+        const char* name;
+    };
+    SignalDefs signalDefs[] = {{SIGINT, "SIGINT - Terminal interrupt signal"},
+                               {SIGILL, "SIGILL - Illegal instruction signal"},
+                               {SIGFPE, "SIGFPE - Floating point error signal"},
+                               {SIGSEGV, "SIGSEGV - Segmentation violation signal"},
+                               {SIGTERM, "SIGTERM - Termination request signal"},
+                               {SIGABRT, "SIGABRT - Abort (abnormal termination) signal"}};
+
+    struct FatalConditionHandler
+    {
+        static bool             isSet;
+        static struct sigaction oldSigActions[sizeof(signalDefs) / sizeof(SignalDefs)];
+        static stack_t          oldSigStack;
+        static char             altStackMem[SIGSTKSZ];
+
+        static void handleSignal(int sig) {
+            std::string name = "<unknown signal>";
+            for(std::size_t i = 0; i < sizeof(signalDefs) / sizeof(SignalDefs); ++i) {
+                SignalDefs& def = signalDefs[i];
+                if(sig == def.id) {
+                    name = def.name;
+                    break;
+                }
+            }
+            reset();
+            reportFatal(name);
+            raise(sig);
+        }
+
+        FatalConditionHandler() {
+            isSet = true;
+            stack_t sigStack;
+            sigStack.ss_sp    = altStackMem;
+            sigStack.ss_size  = SIGSTKSZ;
+            sigStack.ss_flags = 0;
+            sigaltstack(&sigStack, &oldSigStack);
+            struct sigaction sa = {0};
+
+            sa.sa_handler = handleSignal; // NOLINT
+            sa.sa_flags   = SA_ONSTACK;
+            for(std::size_t i = 0; i < sizeof(signalDefs) / sizeof(SignalDefs); ++i) {
+                sigaction(signalDefs[i].id, &sa, &oldSigActions[i]);
+            }
+        }
+
+        ~FatalConditionHandler() { reset(); }
+        static void reset() {
+            if(isSet) {
+                // Set signals back to previous values -- hopefully nobody overwrote them in the meantime
+                for(std::size_t i = 0; i < sizeof(signalDefs) / sizeof(SignalDefs); ++i) {
+                    sigaction(signalDefs[i].id, &oldSigActions[i], 0);
+                }
+                // Return the old stack
+                sigaltstack(&oldSigStack, 0);
+                isSet = false;
+            }
+        }
+    };
+
+    bool             FatalConditionHandler::isSet = false;
+    struct sigaction FatalConditionHandler::oldSigActions[sizeof(signalDefs) / sizeof(SignalDefs)] =
+            {};
+    stack_t FatalConditionHandler::oldSigStack           = {};
+    char    FatalConditionHandler::altStackMem[SIGSTKSZ] = {};
+
+#endif // DOCTEST_PLATFORM_WINDOWS
+#endif // DOCTEST_CONFIG_POSIX_SIGNALS || DOCTEST_CONFIG_WINDOWS_SEH
+
+    // depending on the current options this will remove the path of filenames
+    const char* fileForOutput(const char* file) {
+        if(contextState->no_path_in_filenames) {
+            const char* back    = std::strrchr(file, '\\');
+            const char* forward = std::strrchr(file, '/');
+            if(back || forward) {
+                if(back > forward)
+                    forward = back;
+                return forward + 1;
+            }
+        }
+        return file;
+    }
+
+    // depending on the current options this will substitute the line numbers with 0
+    int lineForOutput(int line) {
+        if(contextState->no_line_numbers)
+            return 0;
+        return line;
+    }
+
+#ifdef DOCTEST_PLATFORM_MAC
+#include <sys/types.h>
+#include <unistd.h>
+#include <sys/sysctl.h>
+    // The following function is taken directly from the following technical note:
+    // http://developer.apple.com/library/mac/#qa/qa2004/qa1361.html
+    // Returns true if the current process is being debugged (either
+    // running under the debugger or has a debugger attached post facto).
+    bool isDebuggerActive() {
+        int        mib[4];
+        kinfo_proc info;
+        size_t     size;
+        // Initialize the flags so that, if sysctl fails for some bizarre
+        // reason, we get a predictable result.
+        info.kp_proc.p_flag = 0;
+        // Initialize mib, which tells sysctl the info we want, in this case
+        // we're looking for information about a specific process ID.
+        mib[0] = CTL_KERN;
+        mib[1] = KERN_PROC;
+        mib[2] = KERN_PROC_PID;
+        mib[3] = getpid();
+        // Call sysctl.
+        size = sizeof(info);
+        if(sysctl(mib, sizeof(mib) / sizeof(*mib), &info, &size, 0, 0) != 0) {
+            fprintf(stderr, "\n** Call to sysctl failed - unable to determine if debugger is "
+                            "active **\n\n");
+            return false;
+        }
+        // We're being debugged if the P_TRACED flag is set.
+        return ((info.kp_proc.p_flag & P_TRACED) != 0);
+    }
+#elif defined(_MSC_VER) || defined(__MINGW32__)
+    bool  isDebuggerActive() { return ::IsDebuggerPresent() != 0; }
+#else
+    bool isDebuggerActive() { return false; }
+#endif // Platform
+
+#ifdef DOCTEST_PLATFORM_WINDOWS
+    void myOutputDebugString(const String& text) { ::OutputDebugStringA(text.c_str()); }
+#else
+    // TODO: integration with XCode and other IDEs
+    void myOutputDebugString(const String&) {}
+#endif // Platform
+
+    const char* getSeparator() {
+        return "===============================================================================\n";
+    }
+
+    void printToDebugConsole(const String& text) {
+        if(isDebuggerActive())
+            myOutputDebugString(text.c_str());
+    }
+
+    void addFailedAssert(assertType::Enum assert_type) {
+        if((assert_type & assertType::is_warn) == 0) { //!OCLINT bitwise operator in conditional
+            contextState->numFailedAssertions++;
+            contextState->numFailedAssertionsForCurrentTestcase++;
+            contextState->hasCurrentTestFailed = true;
+        }
+    }
+
+    void logTestStart(const TestCase& tc) {
+        char loc[DOCTEST_SNPRINTF_BUFFER_LENGTH];
+        DOCTEST_SNPRINTF(loc, DOCTEST_COUNTOF(loc), "%s(%d)\n", fileForOutput(tc.m_file),
+                         lineForOutput(tc.m_line));
+
+        char ts1[DOCTEST_SNPRINTF_BUFFER_LENGTH];
+        DOCTEST_SNPRINTF(ts1, DOCTEST_COUNTOF(ts1), "TEST SUITE: ");
+        char ts2[DOCTEST_SNPRINTF_BUFFER_LENGTH];
+        DOCTEST_SNPRINTF(ts2, DOCTEST_COUNTOF(ts2), "%s\n", tc.m_test_suite);
+        char n1[DOCTEST_SNPRINTF_BUFFER_LENGTH];
+        DOCTEST_SNPRINTF(n1, DOCTEST_COUNTOF(n1), "TEST CASE:  ");
+        char n2[DOCTEST_SNPRINTF_BUFFER_LENGTH];
+        DOCTEST_SNPRINTF(n2, DOCTEST_COUNTOF(n2), "%s\n", tc.m_name);
+        char d1[DOCTEST_SNPRINTF_BUFFER_LENGTH];
+        DOCTEST_SNPRINTF(d1, DOCTEST_COUNTOF(d1), "DESCRIPTION: ");
+        char d2[DOCTEST_SNPRINTF_BUFFER_LENGTH];
+        DOCTEST_SNPRINTF(d2, DOCTEST_COUNTOF(d2), "%s\n", tc.m_description);
+
+        // hack for BDD style of macros - to not print "TEST CASE:"
+        char scenario[] = "  Scenario:";
+        if(std::string(tc.m_name).substr(0, DOCTEST_COUNTOF(scenario) - 1) == scenario)
+            n1[0] = '\0';
+
+        DOCTEST_PRINTF_COLORED(getSeparator(), Color::Yellow);
+        DOCTEST_PRINTF_COLORED(loc, Color::LightGrey);
+
+        String forDebugConsole;
+        if(tc.m_description) {
+            DOCTEST_PRINTF_COLORED(d1, Color::Yellow);
+            DOCTEST_PRINTF_COLORED(d2, Color::None);
+            forDebugConsole += d1;
+            forDebugConsole += d2;
+        }
+        if(tc.m_test_suite[0] != '\0') {
+            DOCTEST_PRINTF_COLORED(ts1, Color::Yellow);
+            DOCTEST_PRINTF_COLORED(ts2, Color::None);
+            forDebugConsole += ts1;
+            forDebugConsole += ts2;
+        }
+        DOCTEST_PRINTF_COLORED(n1, Color::Yellow);
+        DOCTEST_PRINTF_COLORED(n2, Color::None);
+
+        String                subcaseStuff;
+        std::vector<Subcase>& subcasesStack = contextState->subcasesStack;
+        for(unsigned i = 0; i < subcasesStack.size(); ++i) {
+            if(subcasesStack[i].m_signature.m_name[0] != '\0') {
+                char subcase[DOCTEST_SNPRINTF_BUFFER_LENGTH];
+                DOCTEST_SNPRINTF(subcase, DOCTEST_COUNTOF(loc), "  %s\n",
+                                 subcasesStack[i].m_signature.m_name);
+                DOCTEST_PRINTF_COLORED(subcase, Color::None);
+                subcaseStuff += subcase;
+            }
+        }
+
+        DOCTEST_PRINTF_COLORED("\n", Color::None);
+
+        printToDebugConsole(String(getSeparator()) + loc + forDebugConsole.c_str() + n1 + n2 +
+                            subcaseStuff.c_str() + "\n");
+    }
+
+    void logTestEnd() {}
+
+    void logTestException(const String& what, bool crash) {
+        char msg[DOCTEST_SNPRINTF_BUFFER_LENGTH];
+
+        DOCTEST_SNPRINTF(msg, DOCTEST_COUNTOF(msg), "TEST CASE FAILED!\n");
+
+        char info1[DOCTEST_SNPRINTF_BUFFER_LENGTH];
+        char info2[DOCTEST_SNPRINTF_BUFFER_LENGTH];
+        info1[0] = 0;
+        info2[0] = 0;
+        DOCTEST_SNPRINTF(info1, DOCTEST_COUNTOF(info1),
+                         crash ? "crashed:\n" : "threw exception:\n");
+        DOCTEST_SNPRINTF(info2, DOCTEST_COUNTOF(info2), "  %s\n", what.c_str());
+
+        std::string contextStr;
+
+        if(!contextState->exceptionalContexts.empty()) {
+            contextStr += "with context:\n";
+            for(size_t i = contextState->exceptionalContexts.size(); i > 0; --i) {
+                contextStr += "  ";
+                contextStr += contextState->exceptionalContexts[i - 1];
+                contextStr += "\n";
+            }
+        }
+
+        DOCTEST_PRINTF_COLORED(msg, Color::Red);
+        DOCTEST_PRINTF_COLORED(info1, Color::None);
+        DOCTEST_PRINTF_COLORED(info2, Color::Cyan);
+        DOCTEST_PRINTF_COLORED(contextStr.c_str(), Color::None);
+        DOCTEST_PRINTF_COLORED("\n", Color::None);
+
+        printToDebugConsole(String(msg) + info1 + info2 + contextStr.c_str() + "\n");
+    }
+
+    String logContext() {
+        std::ostringstream           stream;
+        std::vector<IContextScope*>& contexts = contextState->contexts;
+        if(!contexts.empty())
+            stream << "with context:\n";
+        for(size_t i = 0; i < contexts.size(); ++i) {
+            stream << "  ";
+            contexts[i]->build(&stream);
+            stream << "\n";
+        }
+        return stream.str().c_str();
+    }
+
+    const char* getFailString(assertType::Enum assert_type) {
+        if(assert_type & assertType::is_warn) //!OCLINT bitwise operator in conditional
+            return "WARNING";
+        if(assert_type & assertType::is_check) //!OCLINT bitwise operator in conditional
+            return "ERROR";
+        if(assert_type & assertType::is_require) //!OCLINT bitwise operator in conditional
+            return "FATAL ERROR";
+        return "";
+    }
+
+    void logAssert(bool passed, const char* decomposition, bool threw, const String& exception,
+                   const char* expr, assertType::Enum assert_type, const char* file, int line) {
+        char loc[DOCTEST_SNPRINTF_BUFFER_LENGTH];
+        DOCTEST_SNPRINTF(loc, DOCTEST_COUNTOF(loc), "%s(%d)", fileForOutput(file),
+                         lineForOutput(line));
+
+        char msg[DOCTEST_SNPRINTF_BUFFER_LENGTH];
+        DOCTEST_SNPRINTF(msg, DOCTEST_COUNTOF(msg), " %s!\n",
+                         passed ? "PASSED" : getFailString(assert_type));
+
+        char info1[DOCTEST_SNPRINTF_BUFFER_LENGTH];
+        DOCTEST_SNPRINTF(info1, DOCTEST_COUNTOF(info1), "  %s( %s )\n",
+                         getAssertString(assert_type), expr);
+
+        char info2[DOCTEST_SNPRINTF_BUFFER_LENGTH];
+        char info3[DOCTEST_SNPRINTF_BUFFER_LENGTH];
+        info2[0] = 0;
+        info3[0] = 0;
+        if(threw) {
+            DOCTEST_SNPRINTF(info2, DOCTEST_COUNTOF(info2), "threw exception:\n");
+            DOCTEST_SNPRINTF(info3, DOCTEST_COUNTOF(info3), "  %s\n", exception.c_str());
+        } else {
+            DOCTEST_SNPRINTF(info2, DOCTEST_COUNTOF(info2), "with expansion:\n");
+            DOCTEST_SNPRINTF(info3, DOCTEST_COUNTOF(info3), "  %s( %s )\n",
+                             getAssertString(assert_type), decomposition);
+        }
+
+        bool isWarn = assert_type & assertType::is_warn;
+        DOCTEST_PRINTF_COLORED(loc, Color::LightGrey);
+        DOCTEST_PRINTF_COLORED(msg,
+                               passed ? Color::BrightGreen : isWarn ? Color::Yellow : Color::Red);
+        DOCTEST_PRINTF_COLORED(info1, Color::Cyan);
+        DOCTEST_PRINTF_COLORED(info2, Color::None);
+        DOCTEST_PRINTF_COLORED(info3, Color::Cyan);
+        String context = logContext();
+        DOCTEST_PRINTF_COLORED(context.c_str(), Color::None);
+        DOCTEST_PRINTF_COLORED("\n", Color::None);
+
+        printToDebugConsole(String(loc) + msg + info1 + info2 + info3 + context.c_str() + "\n");
+    }
+
+    void logAssertThrows(bool threw, const char* expr, assertType::Enum assert_type,
+                         const char* file, int line) {
+        char loc[DOCTEST_SNPRINTF_BUFFER_LENGTH];
+        DOCTEST_SNPRINTF(loc, DOCTEST_COUNTOF(loc), "%s(%d)", fileForOutput(file),
+                         lineForOutput(line));
+
+        char msg[DOCTEST_SNPRINTF_BUFFER_LENGTH];
+        DOCTEST_SNPRINTF(msg, DOCTEST_COUNTOF(msg), " %s!\n",
+                         threw ? "PASSED" : getFailString(assert_type));
+
+        char info1[DOCTEST_SNPRINTF_BUFFER_LENGTH];
+        DOCTEST_SNPRINTF(info1, DOCTEST_COUNTOF(info1), "  %s( %s )\n",
+                         getAssertString(assert_type), expr);
+
+        char info2[DOCTEST_SNPRINTF_BUFFER_LENGTH];
+        info2[0] = 0;
+
+        if(!threw)
+            DOCTEST_SNPRINTF(info2, DOCTEST_COUNTOF(info2), "didn't throw at all\n");
+
+        bool isWarn = assert_type & assertType::is_warn;
+        DOCTEST_PRINTF_COLORED(loc, Color::LightGrey);
+        DOCTEST_PRINTF_COLORED(msg,
+                               threw ? Color::BrightGreen : isWarn ? Color::Yellow : Color::Red);
+        DOCTEST_PRINTF_COLORED(info1, Color::Cyan);
+        DOCTEST_PRINTF_COLORED(info2, Color::None);
+        String context = logContext();
+        DOCTEST_PRINTF_COLORED(context.c_str(), Color::None);
+        DOCTEST_PRINTF_COLORED("\n", Color::None);
+
+        printToDebugConsole(String(loc) + msg + info1 + info2 + context.c_str() + "\n");
+    }
+
+    void logAssertThrowsAs(bool threw, bool threw_as, const char* as, const String& exception,
+                           const char* expr, assertType::Enum assert_type, const char* file,
+                           int line) {
+        char loc[DOCTEST_SNPRINTF_BUFFER_LENGTH];
+        DOCTEST_SNPRINTF(loc, DOCTEST_COUNTOF(loc), "%s(%d)", fileForOutput(file),
+                         lineForOutput(line));
+
+        char msg[DOCTEST_SNPRINTF_BUFFER_LENGTH];
+        DOCTEST_SNPRINTF(msg, DOCTEST_COUNTOF(msg), " %s!\n",
+                         threw_as ? "PASSED" : getFailString(assert_type));
+
+        char info1[DOCTEST_SNPRINTF_BUFFER_LENGTH];
+        DOCTEST_SNPRINTF(info1, DOCTEST_COUNTOF(info1), "  %s( %s, %s )\n",
+                         getAssertString(assert_type), expr, as);
+
+        char info2[DOCTEST_SNPRINTF_BUFFER_LENGTH];
+        char info3[DOCTEST_SNPRINTF_BUFFER_LENGTH];
+        info2[0] = 0;
+        info3[0] = 0;
+
+        if(!threw) { //!OCLINT inverted logic
+            DOCTEST_SNPRINTF(info2, DOCTEST_COUNTOF(info2), "didn't throw at all\n");
+        } else if(!threw_as) {
+            DOCTEST_SNPRINTF(info2, DOCTEST_COUNTOF(info2), "threw a different exception:\n");
+            DOCTEST_SNPRINTF(info3, DOCTEST_COUNTOF(info3), "  %s\n", exception.c_str());
+        }
+
+        bool isWarn = assert_type & assertType::is_warn;
+        DOCTEST_PRINTF_COLORED(loc, Color::LightGrey);
+        DOCTEST_PRINTF_COLORED(msg,
+                               threw_as ? Color::BrightGreen : isWarn ? Color::Yellow : Color::Red);
+        DOCTEST_PRINTF_COLORED(info1, Color::Cyan);
+        DOCTEST_PRINTF_COLORED(info2, Color::None);
+        DOCTEST_PRINTF_COLORED(info3, Color::Cyan);
+        String context = logContext();
+        DOCTEST_PRINTF_COLORED(context.c_str(), Color::None);
+        DOCTEST_PRINTF_COLORED("\n", Color::None);
+
+        printToDebugConsole(String(loc) + msg + info1 + info2 + info3 + context.c_str() + "\n");
+    }
+
+    void logAssertNothrow(bool threw, const String& exception, const char* expr,
+                          assertType::Enum assert_type, const char* file, int line) {
+        char loc[DOCTEST_SNPRINTF_BUFFER_LENGTH];
+        DOCTEST_SNPRINTF(loc, DOCTEST_COUNTOF(loc), "%s(%d)", fileForOutput(file),
+                         lineForOutput(line));
+
+        char msg[DOCTEST_SNPRINTF_BUFFER_LENGTH];
+        DOCTEST_SNPRINTF(msg, DOCTEST_COUNTOF(msg), " %s!\n",
+                         threw ? getFailString(assert_type) : "PASSED");
+
+        char info1[DOCTEST_SNPRINTF_BUFFER_LENGTH];
+        DOCTEST_SNPRINTF(info1, DOCTEST_COUNTOF(info1), "  %s( %s )\n",
+                         getAssertString(assert_type), expr);
+
+        char info2[DOCTEST_SNPRINTF_BUFFER_LENGTH];
+        char info3[DOCTEST_SNPRINTF_BUFFER_LENGTH];
+        info2[0] = 0;
+        info3[0] = 0;
+        if(threw) {
+            DOCTEST_SNPRINTF(info2, DOCTEST_COUNTOF(info2), "threw exception:\n");
+            DOCTEST_SNPRINTF(info3, DOCTEST_COUNTOF(info3), "  %s\n", exception.c_str());
+        }
+
+        bool isWarn = assert_type & assertType::is_warn;
+        DOCTEST_PRINTF_COLORED(loc, Color::LightGrey);
+        DOCTEST_PRINTF_COLORED(msg,
+                               threw ? isWarn ? Color::Yellow : Color::Red : Color::BrightGreen);
+        DOCTEST_PRINTF_COLORED(info1, Color::Cyan);
+        DOCTEST_PRINTF_COLORED(info2, Color::None);
+        DOCTEST_PRINTF_COLORED(info3, Color::Cyan);
+        String context = logContext();
+        DOCTEST_PRINTF_COLORED(context.c_str(), Color::None);
+        DOCTEST_PRINTF_COLORED("\n", Color::None);
+
+        printToDebugConsole(String(loc) + msg + info1 + info2 + info3 + context.c_str() + "\n");
+    }
+
+    ResultBuilder::ResultBuilder(assertType::Enum assert_type, const char* file, int line,
+                                 const char* expr, const char* exception_type)
+            : m_assert_type(assert_type)
+            , m_file(file)
+            , m_line(line)
+            , m_expr(expr)
+            , m_exception_type(exception_type)
+            , m_threw(false)
+            , m_threw_as(false)
+            , m_failed(false) {
+#ifdef _MSC_VER
+        if(m_expr[0] == ' ') // this happens when variadic macros are disabled under MSVC
+            ++m_expr;
+#endif // _MSC_VER
+    }
+
+    ResultBuilder::~ResultBuilder() {}
+
+    void ResultBuilder::unexpectedExceptionOccurred() {
+        m_threw = true;
+
+        m_exception = translateActiveException();
+    }
+
+    bool ResultBuilder::log() {
+        if((m_assert_type & assertType::is_warn) == 0) //!OCLINT bitwise operator in conditional
+            contextState->numAssertionsForCurrentTestcase++;
+
+        if(m_assert_type & assertType::is_throws) { //!OCLINT bitwise operator in conditional
+            m_failed = !m_threw;
+        } else if(m_assert_type & //!OCLINT bitwise operator in conditional
+                  assertType::is_throws_as) {
+            m_failed = !m_threw_as;
+        } else if(m_assert_type & //!OCLINT bitwise operator in conditional
+                  assertType::is_nothrow) {
+            m_failed = m_threw;
+        } else {
+            m_failed = m_result;
+        }
+
+        if(m_failed || contextState->success) {
+            DOCTEST_LOG_START();
+
+            if(m_assert_type & assertType::is_throws) { //!OCLINT bitwise operator in conditional
+                logAssertThrows(m_threw, m_expr, m_assert_type, m_file, m_line);
+            } else if(m_assert_type & //!OCLINT bitwise operator in conditional
+                      assertType::is_throws_as) {
+                logAssertThrowsAs(m_threw, m_threw_as, m_exception_type, m_exception, m_expr,
+                                  m_assert_type, m_file, m_line);
+            } else if(m_assert_type & //!OCLINT bitwise operator in conditional
+                      assertType::is_nothrow) {
+                logAssertNothrow(m_threw, m_exception, m_expr, m_assert_type, m_file, m_line);
+            } else {
+                logAssert(m_result.m_passed, m_result.m_decomposition.c_str(), m_threw, m_exception,
+                          m_expr, m_assert_type, m_file, m_line);
+            }
+        }
+
+        if(m_failed)
+            addFailedAssert(m_assert_type);
+
+        return m_failed && isDebuggerActive() && !contextState->no_breaks; // break into debugger
+    }
+
+    void ResultBuilder::react() const {
+        if(m_failed && checkIfShouldThrow(m_assert_type))
+            throwException();
+    }
+
+    MessageBuilder::MessageBuilder(const char* file, int line,
+                                   doctest::detail::assertType::Enum severity)
+            : m_stream(createStream())
+            , m_file(file)
+            , m_line(line)
+            , m_severity(severity) {}
+
+    bool MessageBuilder::log() {
+        DOCTEST_LOG_START();
+
+        bool is_warn = m_severity & doctest::detail::assertType::is_warn;
+
+        // warn is just a message in this context so we dont treat it as an assert
+        if(!is_warn) {
+            contextState->numAssertionsForCurrentTestcase++;
+            addFailedAssert(m_severity);
+        }
+
+        char loc[DOCTEST_SNPRINTF_BUFFER_LENGTH];
+        DOCTEST_SNPRINTF(loc, DOCTEST_COUNTOF(loc), "%s(%d)", fileForOutput(m_file),
+                         lineForOutput(m_line));
+        char msg[DOCTEST_SNPRINTF_BUFFER_LENGTH];
+        DOCTEST_SNPRINTF(msg, DOCTEST_COUNTOF(msg), " %s!\n",
+                         is_warn ? "MESSAGE" : getFailString(m_severity));
+
+        DOCTEST_PRINTF_COLORED(loc, Color::LightGrey);
+        DOCTEST_PRINTF_COLORED(msg, is_warn ? Color::Yellow : Color::Red);
+
+        String info = getStreamResult(m_stream);
+        if(info.size()) {
+            DOCTEST_PRINTF_COLORED("  ", Color::None);
+            DOCTEST_PRINTF_COLORED(info.c_str(), Color::None);
+            DOCTEST_PRINTF_COLORED("\n", Color::None);
+        }
+        String context = logContext();
+        DOCTEST_PRINTF_COLORED(context.c_str(), Color::None);
+        DOCTEST_PRINTF_COLORED("\n", Color::None);
+
+        printToDebugConsole(String(loc) + msg + "  " + info.c_str() + "\n" + context.c_str() +
+                            "\n");
+
+        return isDebuggerActive() && !contextState->no_breaks && !is_warn; // break into debugger
+    }
+
+    void MessageBuilder::react() {
+        if(m_severity & assertType::is_require) //!OCLINT bitwise operator in conditional
+            throwException();
+    }
+
+    MessageBuilder::~MessageBuilder() { freeStream(m_stream); }
+
+    // the implementation of parseFlag()
+    bool parseFlagImpl(int argc, const char* const* argv, const char* pattern) {
+        for(int i = argc - 1; i >= 0; --i) {
+            const char* temp = std::strstr(argv[i], pattern);
+            if(temp && my_strlen(temp) == my_strlen(pattern)) {
+                // eliminate strings in which the chars before the option are not '-'
+                bool noBadCharsFound = true; //!OCLINT prefer early exits and continue
+                while(temp != argv[i]) {
+                    if(*--temp != '-') {
+                        noBadCharsFound = false;
+                        break;
+                    }
+                }
+                if(noBadCharsFound && argv[i][0] == '-')
+                    return true;
+            }
+        }
+        return false;
+    }
+
+    // locates a flag on the command line
+    bool parseFlag(int argc, const char* const* argv, const char* pattern) {
+#ifndef DOCTEST_CONFIG_NO_UNPREFIXED_OPTIONS
+        if(!parseFlagImpl(argc, argv, pattern))
+            return parseFlagImpl(argc, argv, pattern + 3); // 3 for "dt-"
+        return true;
+#else  // DOCTEST_CONFIG_NO_UNPREFIXED_OPTIONS
+        return parseFlagImpl(argc, argv, pattern);
+#endif // DOCTEST_CONFIG_NO_UNPREFIXED_OPTIONS
+    }
+
+    // the implementation of parseOption()
+    bool parseOptionImpl(int argc, const char* const* argv, const char* pattern, String& res) {
+        for(int i = argc - 1; i >= 0; --i) {
+            const char* temp = std::strstr(argv[i], pattern);
+            if(temp) { //!OCLINT prefer early exits and continue
+                // eliminate matches in which the chars before the option are not '-'
+                bool        noBadCharsFound = true;
+                const char* curr            = argv[i];
+                while(curr != temp) {
+                    if(*curr++ != '-') {
+                        noBadCharsFound = false;
+                        break;
+                    }
+                }
+                if(noBadCharsFound && argv[i][0] == '-') {
+                    temp += my_strlen(pattern);
+                    unsigned len = my_strlen(temp);
+                    if(len) {
+                        res = temp;
+                        return true;
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+        }
+        return false;
+    }
+
+    // parses an option and returns the string after the '=' character
+    bool parseOption(int argc, const char* const* argv, const char* pattern, String& res,
+                     const String& defaultVal = String()) {
+        res = defaultVal;
+#ifndef DOCTEST_CONFIG_NO_UNPREFIXED_OPTIONS
+        if(!parseOptionImpl(argc, argv, pattern, res))
+            return parseOptionImpl(argc, argv, pattern + 3, res); // 3 for "dt-"
+        return true;
+#else // DOCTEST_CONFIG_NO_UNPREFIXED_OPTIONS
+        return parseOptionImpl(argc, argv, pattern, res);
+#endif // DOCTEST_CONFIG_NO_UNPREFIXED_OPTIONS
+    }
+
+    // parses a comma separated list of words after a pattern in one of the arguments in argv
+    bool parseCommaSepArgs(int argc, const char* const* argv, const char* pattern,
+                           std::vector<String>& res) {
+        String filtersString;
+        if(parseOption(argc, argv, pattern, filtersString)) {
+            // tokenize with "," as a separator
+            // cppcheck-suppress strtokCalled
+            char* pch = std::strtok(filtersString.c_str(), ","); // modifies the string
+            while(pch != 0) {
+                if(my_strlen(pch))
+                    res.push_back(pch);
+                // uses the strtok() internal state to go to the next token
+                // cppcheck-suppress strtokCalled
+                pch = std::strtok(0, ",");
+            }
+            return true;
+        }
+        return false;
+    }
+
+    enum optionType
+    {
+        option_bool,
+        option_int
+    };
+
+    // parses an int/bool option from the command line
+    bool parseIntOption(int argc, const char* const* argv, const char* pattern, optionType type,
+                        int& res) {
+        String parsedValue;
+        if(!parseOption(argc, argv, pattern, parsedValue))
+            return false;
+
+        if(type == 0) {
+            // boolean
+            const char positive[][5] = {"1", "true", "on", "yes"};  // 5 - strlen("true") + 1
+            const char negative[][6] = {"0", "false", "off", "no"}; // 6 - strlen("false") + 1
+
+            // if the value matches any of the positive/negative possibilities
+            for(unsigned i = 0; i < 4; i++) {
+                if(parsedValue.compare(positive[i], true) == 0) {
+                    res = 1; //!OCLINT parameter reassignment
+                    return true;
+                }
+                if(parsedValue.compare(negative[i], true) == 0) {
+                    res = 0; //!OCLINT parameter reassignment
+                    return true;
+                }
+            }
+        } else {
+            // integer
+            int theInt = std::atoi(parsedValue.c_str()); // NOLINT
+            if(theInt != 0) {
+                res = theInt; //!OCLINT parameter reassignment
+                return true;
+            }
+        }
+        return false;
+    }
+
+    void printVersion() {
+        if(contextState->no_version == false) {
+            DOCTEST_PRINTF_COLORED("[doctest] ", Color::Cyan);
+            std::printf("doctest version is \"%s\"\n", DOCTEST_VERSION_STR);
+        }
+    }
+
+    void printHelp() {
+        printVersion();
+        // clang-format off
+        DOCTEST_PRINTF_COLORED("[doctest]\n", Color::Cyan);
+        DOCTEST_PRINTF_COLORED("[doctest] ", Color::Cyan);
+        std::printf("boolean values: \"1/on/yes/true\" or \"0/off/no/false\"\n");
+        DOCTEST_PRINTF_COLORED("[doctest] ", Color::Cyan);
+        std::printf("filter  values: \"str1,str2,str3\" (comma separated strings)\n");
+        DOCTEST_PRINTF_COLORED("[doctest]\n", Color::Cyan);
+        DOCTEST_PRINTF_COLORED("[doctest] ", Color::Cyan);
+        std::printf("filters use wildcards for matching strings\n");
+        DOCTEST_PRINTF_COLORED("[doctest] ", Color::Cyan);
+        std::printf("something passes a filter if any of the strings in a filter matches\n");
+        DOCTEST_PRINTF_COLORED("[doctest]\n", Color::Cyan);
+        DOCTEST_PRINTF_COLORED("[doctest] ", Color::Cyan);
+        std::printf("ALL FLAGS, OPTIONS AND FILTERS ALSO AVAILABLE WITH A \"dt-\" PREFIX!!!\n");
+        DOCTEST_PRINTF_COLORED("[doctest]\n", Color::Cyan);
+        DOCTEST_PRINTF_COLORED("[doctest] ", Color::Cyan);
+        std::printf("Query flags - the program quits after them. Available:\n\n");
+        std::printf(" -?,   --help, -h                      prints this message\n");
+        std::printf(" -v,   --version                       prints the version\n");
+        std::printf(" -c,   --count                         prints the number of matching tests\n");
+        std::printf(" -ltc, --list-test-cases               lists all matching tests by name\n");
+        std::printf(" -lts, --list-test-suites              lists all matching test suites\n\n");
+        // ========================================================================================= << 79
+        DOCTEST_PRINTF_COLORED("[doctest] ", Color::Cyan);
+        std::printf("The available <int>/<string> options/filters are:\n\n");
+        std::printf(" -tc,  --test-case=<filters>           filters     tests by their name\n");
+        std::printf(" -tce, --test-case-exclude=<filters>   filters OUT tests by their name\n");
+        std::printf(" -sf,  --source-file=<filters>         filters     tests by their file\n");
+        std::printf(" -sfe, --source-file-exclude=<filters> filters OUT tests by their file\n");
+        std::printf(" -ts,  --test-suite=<filters>          filters     tests by their test suite\n");
+        std::printf(" -tse, --test-suite-exclude=<filters>  filters OUT tests by their test suite\n");
+        std::printf(" -sc,  --subcase=<filters>             filters     subcases by their name\n");
+        std::printf(" -sce, --subcase-exclude=<filters>     filters OUT subcases by their name\n");
+        std::printf(" -ob,  --order-by=<string>             how the tests should be ordered\n");
+        std::printf("                                       <string> - by [file/suite/name/rand]\n");
+        std::printf(" -rs,  --rand-seed=<int>               seed for random ordering\n");
+        std::printf(" -f,   --first=<int>                   the first test passing the filters to\n");
+        std::printf("                                       execute - for range-based execution\n");
+        std::printf(" -l,   --last=<int>                    the last test passing the filters to\n");
+        std::printf("                                       execute - for range-based execution\n");
+        std::printf(" -aa,  --abort-after=<int>             stop after <int> failed assertions\n");
+        std::printf(" -scfl,--subcase-filter-levels=<int>   apply filters for the first <int> levels\n");
+        DOCTEST_PRINTF_COLORED("\n[doctest] ", Color::Cyan);
+        std::printf("Bool options - can be used like flags and true is assumed. Available:\n\n");
+        std::printf(" -s,   --success=<bool>                include successful assertions in output\n");
+        std::printf(" -cs,  --case-sensitive=<bool>         filters being treated as case sensitive\n");
+        std::printf(" -e,   --exit=<bool>                   exits after the tests finish\n");
+        std::printf(" -d,   --duration=<bool>               prints the time duration of each test\n");
+        std::printf(" -nt,  --no-throw=<bool>               skips exceptions-related assert checks\n");
+        std::printf(" -ne,  --no-exitcode=<bool>            returns (or exits) always with success\n");
+        std::printf(" -nr,  --no-run=<bool>                 skips all runtime doctest operations\n");
+        std::printf(" -nv,  --no-version=<bool>             omit the framework version in the output\n");
+        std::printf(" -nc,  --no-colors=<bool>              disables colors in output\n");
+        std::printf(" -fc,  --force-colors=<bool>           use colors even when not in a tty\n");
+        std::printf(" -nb,  --no-breaks=<bool>              disables breakpoints in debuggers\n");
+        std::printf(" -ns,  --no-skip=<bool>                don't skip test cases marked as skip\n");
+        std::printf(" -npf, --no-path-filenames=<bool>      only filenames and no paths in output\n");
+        std::printf(" -nln, --no-line-numbers=<bool>        0 instead of real line numbers in output\n");
+        // ========================================================================================= << 79
+        // clang-format on
+
+        DOCTEST_PRINTF_COLORED("\n[doctest] ", Color::Cyan);
+        std::printf("for more information visit the project documentation\n\n");
+    }
+
+    void printSummary() {
+        const ContextState* p = contextState;
+
+        DOCTEST_PRINTF_COLORED(getSeparator(), Color::Yellow);
+        if(p->count || p->list_test_cases) {
+            DOCTEST_PRINTF_COLORED("[doctest] ", Color::Cyan);
+            std::printf("unskipped test cases passing the current filters: %u\n",
+                        p->numTestsPassingFilters);
+        } else if(p->list_test_suites) {
+            DOCTEST_PRINTF_COLORED("[doctest] ", Color::Cyan);
+            std::printf("unskipped test cases passing the current filters: %u\n",
+                        p->numTestsPassingFilters);
+            DOCTEST_PRINTF_COLORED("[doctest] ", Color::Cyan);
+            std::printf("test suites with unskipped test cases passing the current filters: %u\n",
+                        p->numTestSuitesPassingFilters);
+        } else {
+            bool anythingFailed = p->numFailed > 0 || p->numFailedAssertions > 0;
+
+            char buff[DOCTEST_SNPRINTF_BUFFER_LENGTH];
+
+            DOCTEST_PRINTF_COLORED("[doctest] ", Color::Cyan);
+
+            DOCTEST_SNPRINTF(buff, DOCTEST_COUNTOF(buff), "test cases: %6u",
+                             p->numTestsPassingFilters);
+            DOCTEST_PRINTF_COLORED(buff, Color::None);
+            DOCTEST_SNPRINTF(buff, DOCTEST_COUNTOF(buff), " | ");
+            DOCTEST_PRINTF_COLORED(buff, Color::None);
+            DOCTEST_SNPRINTF(buff, DOCTEST_COUNTOF(buff), "%6d passed",
+                             p->numTestsPassingFilters - p->numFailed);
+            DOCTEST_PRINTF_COLORED(buff,
+                                   (p->numTestsPassingFilters == 0 || anythingFailed) ?
+                                           Color::None :
+                                           Color::Green);
+            DOCTEST_SNPRINTF(buff, DOCTEST_COUNTOF(buff), " | ");
+            DOCTEST_PRINTF_COLORED(buff, Color::None);
+            DOCTEST_SNPRINTF(buff, DOCTEST_COUNTOF(buff), "%6u failed", p->numFailed);
+            DOCTEST_PRINTF_COLORED(buff, p->numFailed > 0 ? Color::Red : Color::None);
+
+            DOCTEST_SNPRINTF(buff, DOCTEST_COUNTOF(buff), " | ");
+            DOCTEST_PRINTF_COLORED(buff, Color::None);
+            if(p->no_skipped_summary == false) {
+                int numSkipped = static_cast<unsigned>(getRegisteredTests().size()) -
+                                 p->numTestsPassingFilters;
+                DOCTEST_SNPRINTF(buff, DOCTEST_COUNTOF(buff), "%6d skipped", numSkipped);
+                DOCTEST_PRINTF_COLORED(buff, numSkipped == 0 ? Color::None : Color::Yellow);
+            }
+            DOCTEST_PRINTF_COLORED("\n", Color::None);
+
+            DOCTEST_PRINTF_COLORED("[doctest] ", Color::Cyan);
+
+            DOCTEST_SNPRINTF(buff, DOCTEST_COUNTOF(buff), "assertions: %6d", p->numAssertions);
+            DOCTEST_PRINTF_COLORED(buff, Color::None);
+            DOCTEST_SNPRINTF(buff, DOCTEST_COUNTOF(buff), " | ");
+            DOCTEST_PRINTF_COLORED(buff, Color::None);
+            DOCTEST_SNPRINTF(buff, DOCTEST_COUNTOF(buff), "%6d passed",
+                             p->numAssertions - p->numFailedAssertions);
+            DOCTEST_PRINTF_COLORED(
+                    buff, (p->numAssertions == 0 || anythingFailed) ? Color::None : Color::Green);
+            DOCTEST_SNPRINTF(buff, DOCTEST_COUNTOF(buff), " | ");
+            DOCTEST_PRINTF_COLORED(buff, Color::None);
+            DOCTEST_SNPRINTF(buff, DOCTEST_COUNTOF(buff), "%6d failed", p->numFailedAssertions);
+            DOCTEST_PRINTF_COLORED(buff, p->numFailedAssertions > 0 ? Color::Red : Color::None);
+
+            DOCTEST_SNPRINTF(buff, DOCTEST_COUNTOF(buff), " |\n");
+            DOCTEST_PRINTF_COLORED(buff, Color::None);
+
+            DOCTEST_PRINTF_COLORED("[doctest] ", Color::Cyan);
+            DOCTEST_PRINTF_COLORED("Status: ", Color::None);
+            const char* result = (p->numFailed > 0) ? "FAILURE!\n" : "SUCCESS!\n";
+            DOCTEST_PRINTF_COLORED(result, p->numFailed > 0 ? Color::Red : Color::Green);
+        }
+
+        // remove any coloring
+        DOCTEST_PRINTF_COLORED("", Color::None);
+    }
+} // namespace detail
+
+bool isRunningInTest() { return detail::contextState != 0; }
+
+Context::Context(int argc, const char* const* argv)
+        : p(new detail::ContextState) {
+    parseArgs(argc, argv, true);
+}
+
+Context::~Context() { delete p; }
+
+void Context::applyCommandLine(int argc, const char* const* argv) { parseArgs(argc, argv); }
+
+// parses args
+void Context::parseArgs(int argc, const char* const* argv, bool withDefaults) {
+    using namespace detail;
+
+    // clang-format off
+    parseCommaSepArgs(argc, argv, "dt-source-file=",        p->filters[0]);
+    parseCommaSepArgs(argc, argv, "dt-sf=",                 p->filters[0]);
+    parseCommaSepArgs(argc, argv, "dt-source-file-exclude=",p->filters[1]);
+    parseCommaSepArgs(argc, argv, "dt-sfe=",                p->filters[1]);
+    parseCommaSepArgs(argc, argv, "dt-test-suite=",         p->filters[2]);
+    parseCommaSepArgs(argc, argv, "dt-ts=",                 p->filters[2]);
+    parseCommaSepArgs(argc, argv, "dt-test-suite-exclude=", p->filters[3]);
+    parseCommaSepArgs(argc, argv, "dt-tse=",                p->filters[3]);
+    parseCommaSepArgs(argc, argv, "dt-test-case=",          p->filters[4]);
+    parseCommaSepArgs(argc, argv, "dt-tc=",                 p->filters[4]);
+    parseCommaSepArgs(argc, argv, "dt-test-case-exclude=",  p->filters[5]);
+    parseCommaSepArgs(argc, argv, "dt-tce=",                p->filters[5]);
+    parseCommaSepArgs(argc, argv, "dt-subcase=",            p->filters[6]);
+    parseCommaSepArgs(argc, argv, "dt-sc=",                 p->filters[6]);
+    parseCommaSepArgs(argc, argv, "dt-subcase-exclude=",    p->filters[7]);
+    parseCommaSepArgs(argc, argv, "dt-sce=",                p->filters[7]);
+    // clang-format on
+
+    int    intRes = 0;
+    String strRes;
+
+#define DOCTEST_PARSE_AS_BOOL_OR_FLAG(name, sname, var, default)                                   \
+    if(parseIntOption(argc, argv, DOCTEST_STR_CONCAT_TOSTR(name, =), option_bool, intRes) ||       \
+       parseIntOption(argc, argv, DOCTEST_STR_CONCAT_TOSTR(sname, =), option_bool, intRes))        \
+        p->var = !!intRes;                                                                         \
+    else if(parseFlag(argc, argv, #name) || parseFlag(argc, argv, #sname))                         \
+        p->var = true;                                                                             \
+    else if(withDefaults)                                                                          \
+    p->var = default
+
+#define DOCTEST_PARSE_INT_OPTION(name, sname, var, default)                                        \
+    if(parseIntOption(argc, argv, DOCTEST_STR_CONCAT_TOSTR(name, =), option_int, intRes) ||        \
+       parseIntOption(argc, argv, DOCTEST_STR_CONCAT_TOSTR(sname, =), option_int, intRes))         \
+        p->var = intRes;                                                                           \
+    else if(withDefaults)                                                                          \
+    p->var = default
+
+#define DOCTEST_PARSE_STR_OPTION(name, sname, var, default)                                        \
+    if(parseOption(argc, argv, DOCTEST_STR_CONCAT_TOSTR(name, =), strRes, default) ||              \
+       parseOption(argc, argv, DOCTEST_STR_CONCAT_TOSTR(sname, =), strRes, default) ||             \
+       withDefaults)                                                                               \
+    p->var = strRes
+
+    // clang-format off
+    DOCTEST_PARSE_STR_OPTION(dt-order-by, dt-ob, order_by, "file");
+    DOCTEST_PARSE_INT_OPTION(dt-rand-seed, dt-rs, rand_seed, 0);
+
+    DOCTEST_PARSE_INT_OPTION(dt-first, dt-f, first, 1);
+    DOCTEST_PARSE_INT_OPTION(dt-last, dt-l, last, 0);
+
+    DOCTEST_PARSE_INT_OPTION(dt-abort-after, dt-aa, abort_after, 0);
+    DOCTEST_PARSE_INT_OPTION(dt-subcase-filter-levels, dt-scfl, subcase_filter_levels, 2000000000);
+
+    DOCTEST_PARSE_AS_BOOL_OR_FLAG(dt-success, dt-s, success, false);
+    DOCTEST_PARSE_AS_BOOL_OR_FLAG(dt-case-sensitive, dt-cs, case_sensitive, false);
+    DOCTEST_PARSE_AS_BOOL_OR_FLAG(dt-exit, dt-e, exit, false);
+    DOCTEST_PARSE_AS_BOOL_OR_FLAG(dt-duration, dt-d, duration, false);
+    DOCTEST_PARSE_AS_BOOL_OR_FLAG(dt-no-throw, dt-nt, no_throw, false);
+    DOCTEST_PARSE_AS_BOOL_OR_FLAG(dt-no-exitcode, dt-ne, no_exitcode, false);
+    DOCTEST_PARSE_AS_BOOL_OR_FLAG(dt-no-run, dt-nr, no_run, false);
+    DOCTEST_PARSE_AS_BOOL_OR_FLAG(dt-no-version, dt-nv, no_version, false);
+    DOCTEST_PARSE_AS_BOOL_OR_FLAG(dt-no-colors, dt-nc, no_colors, false);
+    DOCTEST_PARSE_AS_BOOL_OR_FLAG(dt-force-colors, dt-fc, force_colors, false);
+    DOCTEST_PARSE_AS_BOOL_OR_FLAG(dt-no-breaks, dt-nb, no_breaks, false);
+    DOCTEST_PARSE_AS_BOOL_OR_FLAG(dt-no-skip, dt-ns, no_skip, false);
+    DOCTEST_PARSE_AS_BOOL_OR_FLAG(dt-no-path-filenames, dt-npf, no_path_in_filenames, false);
+    DOCTEST_PARSE_AS_BOOL_OR_FLAG(dt-no-line-numbers, dt-nln, no_line_numbers, false);
+    DOCTEST_PARSE_AS_BOOL_OR_FLAG(dt-no-skipped-summary, dt-nss, no_skipped_summary, false);
+// clang-format on
+
+#undef DOCTEST_PARSE_STR_OPTION
+#undef DOCTEST_PARSE_INT_OPTION
+#undef DOCTEST_PARSE_AS_BOOL_OR_FLAG
+
+    if(withDefaults) {
+        p->help             = false;
+        p->version          = false;
+        p->count            = false;
+        p->list_test_cases  = false;
+        p->list_test_suites = false;
+    }
+    if(parseFlag(argc, argv, "dt-help") || parseFlag(argc, argv, "dt-h") ||
+       parseFlag(argc, argv, "dt-?")) {
+        p->help = true;
+        p->exit = true;
+    }
+    if(parseFlag(argc, argv, "dt-version") || parseFlag(argc, argv, "dt-v")) {
+        p->version = true;
+        p->exit    = true;
+    }
+    if(parseFlag(argc, argv, "dt-count") || parseFlag(argc, argv, "dt-c")) {
+        p->count = true;
+        p->exit  = true;
+    }
+    if(parseFlag(argc, argv, "dt-list-test-cases") || parseFlag(argc, argv, "dt-ltc")) {
+        p->list_test_cases = true;
+        p->exit            = true;
+    }
+    if(parseFlag(argc, argv, "dt-list-test-suites") || parseFlag(argc, argv, "dt-lts")) {
+        p->list_test_suites = true;
+        p->exit             = true;
+    }
+}
+
+// allows the user to add procedurally to the filters from the command line
+void Context::addFilter(const char* filter, const char* value) { setOption(filter, value); }
+
+// allows the user to clear all filters from the command line
+void Context::clearFilters() {
+    for(unsigned i = 0; i < p->filters.size(); ++i)
+        p->filters[i].clear();
+}
+
+// allows the user to override procedurally the int/bool options from the command line
+void Context::setOption(const char* option, int value) {
+    setOption(option, toString(value).c_str());
+}
+
+// allows the user to override procedurally the string options from the command line
+void Context::setOption(const char* option, const char* value) {
+    String      argv   = String("-") + option + "=" + value;
+    const char* lvalue = argv.c_str();
+    parseArgs(1, &lvalue);
+}
+
+// users should query this in their main() and exit the program if true
+bool Context::shouldExit() { return p->exit; }
+
+// the main function that does all the filtering and test running
+int Context::run() {
+    using namespace detail;
+
+    Color::init();
+
+    contextState = p;
+    p->resetRunData();
+
+    // handle version, help and no_run
+    if(p->no_run || p->version || p->help) {
+        if(p->version)
+            printVersion();
+        if(p->help)
+            printHelp();
+
+        contextState = 0;
+
+        return EXIT_SUCCESS;
+    }
+
+    printVersion();
+    DOCTEST_PRINTF_COLORED("[doctest] ", Color::Cyan);
+    std::printf("run with \"--help\" for options\n");
+
+    unsigned i = 0; // counter used for loops - here for VC6
+
+    std::set<TestCase>& registeredTests = getRegisteredTests();
+
+    std::vector<const TestCase*> testArray;
+    for(std::set<TestCase>::iterator it = registeredTests.begin(); it != registeredTests.end();
+        ++it)
+        testArray.push_back(&(*it));
+
+    // sort the collected records
+    if(!testArray.empty()) {
+        if(p->order_by.compare("file", true) == 0) {
+            std::qsort(&testArray[0], testArray.size(), sizeof(TestCase*), fileOrderComparator);
+        } else if(p->order_by.compare("suite", true) == 0) {
+            std::qsort(&testArray[0], testArray.size(), sizeof(TestCase*), suiteOrderComparator);
+        } else if(p->order_by.compare("name", true) == 0) {
+            std::qsort(&testArray[0], testArray.size(), sizeof(TestCase*), nameOrderComparator);
+        } else if(p->order_by.compare("rand", true) == 0) {
+            std::srand(p->rand_seed);
+
+            // random_shuffle implementation
+            const TestCase** first = &testArray[0];
+            for(i = testArray.size() - 1; i > 0; --i) {
+                int idxToSwap = std::rand() % (i + 1); // NOLINT
+
+                const TestCase* temp = first[i];
+
+                first[i]         = first[idxToSwap];
+                first[idxToSwap] = temp;
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    if(p->list_test_cases) {
+        DOCTEST_PRINTF_COLORED("[doctest] ", Color::Cyan);
+        std::printf("listing all test case names\n");
+        DOCTEST_PRINTF_COLORED(getSeparator(), Color::Yellow);
+    }
+
+    std::set<String> testSuitesPassingFilters;
+    if(p->list_test_suites) {
+        DOCTEST_PRINTF_COLORED("[doctest] ", Color::Cyan);
+        std::printf("listing all test suites\n");
+        DOCTEST_PRINTF_COLORED(getSeparator(), Color::Yellow);
+    }
+
+    // invoke the registered functions if they match the filter criteria (or just count them)
+    for(i = 0; i < testArray.size(); i++) {
+        const TestCase& data = *testArray[i];
+
+        if(data.m_skip && !p->no_skip)
+            continue;
+
+        if(!matchesAny(data.m_file, p->filters[0], 1, p->case_sensitive))
+            continue;
+        if(matchesAny(data.m_file, p->filters[1], 0, p->case_sensitive))
+            continue;
+        if(!matchesAny(data.m_test_suite, p->filters[2], 1, p->case_sensitive))
+            continue;
+        if(matchesAny(data.m_test_suite, p->filters[3], 0, p->case_sensitive))
+            continue;
+        if(!matchesAny(data.m_name, p->filters[4], 1, p->case_sensitive))
+            continue;
+        if(matchesAny(data.m_name, p->filters[5], 0, p->case_sensitive))
+            continue;
+
+        p->numTestsPassingFilters++;
+
+        // do not execute the test if we are to only count the number of filter passing tests
+        if(p->count)
+            continue;
+
+        // print the name of the test and don't execute it
+        if(p->list_test_cases) {
+            std::printf("%s\n", data.m_name);
+            continue;
+        }
+
+        // print the name of the test suite if not done already and don't execute it
+        if(p->list_test_suites) {
+            if((testSuitesPassingFilters.count(data.m_test_suite) == 0) &&
+               data.m_test_suite[0] != '\0') {
+                std::printf("%s\n", data.m_test_suite);
+                testSuitesPassingFilters.insert(data.m_test_suite);
+                p->numTestSuitesPassingFilters++;
+            }
+            continue;
+        }
+
+        // skip the test if it is not in the execution range
+        if((p->last < p->numTestsPassingFilters && p->first <= p->last) ||
+           (p->first > p->numTestsPassingFilters))
+            continue;
+
+        // execute the test if it passes all the filtering
+        {
+            p->currentTest = &data;
+
+            bool failed                              = false;
+            p->hasLoggedCurrentTestStart             = false;
+            p->numFailedAssertionsForCurrentTestcase = 0;
+            p->subcasesPassed.clear();
+            double duration = 0;
+            Timer  timer;
+            timer.start();
+            do {
+                // if the start has been logged from a previous iteration of this loop
+                if(p->hasLoggedCurrentTestStart)
+                    logTestEnd();
+                p->hasLoggedCurrentTestStart = false;
+
+                // if logging successful tests - force the start log
+                if(p->success)
+                    DOCTEST_LOG_START();
+
+                // reset the assertion state
+                p->numAssertionsForCurrentTestcase = 0;
+                p->hasCurrentTestFailed            = false;
+
+                // reset some of the fields for subcases (except for the set of fully passed ones)
+                p->subcasesHasSkipped   = false;
+                p->subcasesCurrentLevel = 0;
+                p->subcasesEnteredLevels.clear();
+
+                // reset stuff for logging with INFO()
+                p->exceptionalContexts.clear();
+
+// execute the test
+#ifndef DOCTEST_CONFIG_NO_EXCEPTIONS
+                try {
+#endif // DOCTEST_CONFIG_NO_EXCEPTIONS
+                    FatalConditionHandler fatalConditionHandler; // Handle signals
+                    data.m_test();
+                    fatalConditionHandler.reset();
+                    if(contextState->hasCurrentTestFailed)
+                        failed = true;
+#ifndef DOCTEST_CONFIG_NO_EXCEPTIONS
+                } catch(const TestFailureException&) { failed = true; } catch(...) {
+                    DOCTEST_LOG_START();
+                    logTestException(translateActiveException());
+                    failed = true;
+                }
+#endif // DOCTEST_CONFIG_NO_EXCEPTIONS
+
+                p->numAssertions += p->numAssertionsForCurrentTestcase;
+
+                // exit this loop if enough assertions have failed
+                if(p->abort_after > 0 && p->numFailedAssertions >= p->abort_after) {
+                    p->subcasesHasSkipped = false;
+                    DOCTEST_PRINTF_COLORED("Aborting - too many failed asserts!\n", Color::Red);
+                }
+
+            } while(p->subcasesHasSkipped == true);
+
+            duration = timer.getElapsedSeconds();
+
+            if(Approx(p->currentTest->m_timeout).epsilon(DBL_EPSILON) != 0 &&
+               Approx(duration).epsilon(DBL_EPSILON) > p->currentTest->m_timeout) {
+                failed = true;
+                DOCTEST_LOG_START();
+                char msg[DOCTEST_SNPRINTF_BUFFER_LENGTH];
+                DOCTEST_SNPRINTF(msg, DOCTEST_COUNTOF(msg),
+                                 "Test case exceeded time limit of %.6f!\n",
+                                 p->currentTest->m_timeout);
+                DOCTEST_PRINTF_COLORED(msg, Color::Red);
+            }
+
+            if(p->duration) {
+                char msg[DOCTEST_SNPRINTF_BUFFER_LENGTH];
+                DOCTEST_SNPRINTF(msg, DOCTEST_COUNTOF(msg), "%.6f s: %s\n", duration,
+                                 p->currentTest->m_name);
+                DOCTEST_PRINTF_COLORED(msg, Color::None);
+            }
+
+            if(data.m_should_fail) {
+                DOCTEST_LOG_START();
+                if(failed) {
+                    failed = false;
+                    DOCTEST_PRINTF_COLORED("Failed as expected so marking it as not failed\n",
+                                           Color::Yellow);
+                } else {
+                    failed = true;
+                    DOCTEST_PRINTF_COLORED("Should have failed but didn't! Marking it as failed!\n",
+                                           Color::Red);
+                }
+            } else if(failed && data.m_may_fail) {
+                DOCTEST_LOG_START();
+                failed = false;
+                DOCTEST_PRINTF_COLORED("Allowed to fail so marking it as not failed\n",
+                                       Color::Yellow);
+            } else if(data.m_expected_failures > 0) {
+                DOCTEST_LOG_START();
+                char msg[DOCTEST_SNPRINTF_BUFFER_LENGTH];
+                if(p->numFailedAssertionsForCurrentTestcase == data.m_expected_failures) {
+                    failed = false;
+                    DOCTEST_SNPRINTF(
+                            msg, DOCTEST_COUNTOF(msg),
+                            "Failed exactly %d times as expected so marking it as not failed!\n",
+                            data.m_expected_failures);
+                    DOCTEST_PRINTF_COLORED(msg, Color::Yellow);
+                } else {
+                    failed = true;
+                    DOCTEST_SNPRINTF(msg, DOCTEST_COUNTOF(msg),
+                                     "Didn't fail exactly %d times so marking it as failed!\n",
+                                     data.m_expected_failures);
+                    DOCTEST_PRINTF_COLORED(msg, Color::Red);
+                }
+            }
+
+            if(p->hasLoggedCurrentTestStart)
+                logTestEnd();
+
+            if(failed) // if any subcase has failed - the whole test case has failed
+                p->numFailed++;
+
+            // stop executing tests if enough assertions have failed
+            if(p->abort_after > 0 && p->numFailedAssertions >= p->abort_after)
+                break;
+        }
+    }
+
+    printSummary();
+
+    contextState = 0;
+
+    if(p->numFailed && !p->no_exitcode)
+        return EXIT_FAILURE;
+    return EXIT_SUCCESS;
+}
+} // namespace doctest
+
+#endif // DOCTEST_CONFIG_DISABLE
+
+#ifdef DOCTEST_CONFIG_IMPLEMENT_WITH_MAIN
+int main(int argc, char** argv) { return doctest::Context(argc, argv).run(); }
+#endif // DOCTEST_CONFIG_IMPLEMENT_WITH_MAIN
+
+#endif // DOCTEST_LIBRARY_IMPLEMENTATION
+#endif // DOCTEST_CONFIG_IMPLEMENT
+
+#if defined(__clang__)
+#pragma clang diagnostic pop
+#endif // __clang__
+
+#if defined(__GNUC__) && !defined(__clang__)
+#if __GNUC__ > 4 || (__GNUC__ == 4 && __GNUC_MINOR__ > 6)
+#pragma GCC diagnostic pop
+#endif // > gcc 4.6
+#endif // __GNUC__
+
+#ifdef _MSC_VER
+#pragma warning(pop)
+#endif // _MSC_VER
diff --git a/src/immer/tools/include/nonius.h++ b/src/immer/tools/include/nonius.h++
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000..2fb3758dd800f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/immer/tools/include/nonius.h++
@@ -0,0 +1,4292 @@
+// Nonius - C++ benchmarking tool
+//
+// Written in 2014 by Martinho Fernandes <martinho.fernandes@gmail.com>
+//
+// To the extent possible under law, the author(s) have dedicated all copyright and related
+// and neighboring rights to this software to the public domain worldwide. This software is
+// distributed without any warranty.
+//
+// You should have received a copy of the CC0 Public Domain Dedication along with this software.
+// If not, see <http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/>
+
+// This file was automatically generated on 2017-07-26T10:25:52.043838Z
+// Do not edit it directly
+
+#ifndef NONIUS_SINGLE_INCLUDE_HPP
+#define NONIUS_SINGLE_INCLUDE_HPP
+
+// Nonius - C++ benchmarking tool
+//
+// Written in 2014- by the nonius contributors <nonius@rmf.io>
+//
+// To the extent possible under law, the author(s) have dedicated all copyright and related
+// and neighboring rights to this software to the public domain worldwide. This software is
+// distributed without any warranty.
+//
+// You should have received a copy of the CC0 Public Domain Dedication along with this software.
+// If not, see <http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/>
+
+// Single header root
+
+// #included from: nonius.h++
+// Nonius - C++ benchmarking tool
+//
+// Written in 2014- by the nonius contributors <nonius@rmf.io>
+//
+// To the extent possible under law, the author(s) have dedicated all copyright and related
+// and neighboring rights to this software to the public domain worldwide. This software is
+// distributed without any warranty.
+//
+// You should have received a copy of the CC0 Public Domain Dedication along with this software.
+// If not, see <http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/>
+
+// Main header
+
+#ifndef NONIUS_HPP
+#define NONIUS_HPP
+
+// #included from: clock.h++
+// Nonius - C++ benchmarking tool
+//
+// Written in 2014- by the nonius contributors <nonius@rmf.io>
+//
+// To the extent possible under law, the author(s) have dedicated all copyright and related
+// and neighboring rights to this software to the public domain worldwide. This software is
+// distributed without any warranty.
+//
+// You should have received a copy of the CC0 Public Domain Dedication along with this software.
+// If not, see <http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/>
+
+// Clocks
+
+#define NONIUS_CLOCK_HPP
+
+// #included from: detail/compiler.h++
+// Nonius - C++ benchmarking tool
+//
+// Written in 2014- by the nonius contributors <nonius@rmf.io>
+//
+// To the extent possible under law, the author(s) have dedicated all copyright and related
+// and neighboring rights to this software to the public domain worldwide. This software is
+// distributed without any warranty.
+//
+// You should have received a copy of the CC0 Public Domain Dedication along with this software.
+// If not, see <http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/>
+
+// Compiler detection macros
+
+#define NONIUS_DETAIL_COMPILER_HPP
+
+#if defined(__clang__)
+#   define NONIUS_CLANG (__clang_major__ * 10000 + __clang_minor__ * 100 + __clang_patchlevel__)
+#elif defined(__GNUC__)
+#   define NONIUS_GCC   (__GNUC__ * 10000 + __GNUC_MINOR__ * 100 + __GNUC_PATCHLEVEL__)
+#elif defined(_MSC_VER)
+#   define NONIUS_MSVC  _MSC_VER
+#endif
+
+// MSVC <chrono> is borken and had little to no testing done before shipping (Dev14/VS15 CTP fixes it)
+#if defined(NONIUS_MSVC) && NONIUS_MSVC < 1900
+#   ifndef NONIUS_USE_BOOST_CHRONO
+#       define NONIUS_USE_BOOST_CHRONO
+#   endif
+#endif
+
+#ifdef NONIUS_USE_BOOST_CHRONO
+#   include <boost/chrono.hpp>
+#else
+#   include <chrono>
+#   include <ratio>
+#endif
+
+namespace nonius {
+#ifdef NONIUS_USE_BOOST_CHRONO
+    namespace chrono = boost::chrono;
+    template <unsigned Num, unsigned Den = 1>
+    using ratio = boost::ratio<Num, Den>;
+#else
+    namespace chrono = std::chrono;
+    template <unsigned Num, unsigned Den = 1>
+    using ratio = std::ratio<Num, Den>;
+#endif
+    using milli = ratio<1,       1000>;
+    using micro = ratio<1,    1000000>;
+    using nano  = ratio<1, 1000000000>;
+
+    template <typename Clock>
+    using Duration = typename Clock::duration;
+    template <typename Clock>
+    using FloatDuration = chrono::duration<double, typename Clock::period>;
+
+    template <typename Clock>
+    using TimePoint = typename Clock::time_point;
+
+    using default_clock = chrono::high_resolution_clock;
+
+    template <typename Clock>
+    struct now {
+        TimePoint<Clock> operator()() const {
+            return Clock::now();
+        }
+    };
+
+    using fp_seconds = chrono::duration<double, ratio<1>>;
+} // namespace nonius
+
+// #included from: benchmark.h++
+// Nonius - C++ benchmarking tool
+//
+// Written in 2014- by the nonius contributors <nonius@rmf.io>
+//
+// To the extent possible under law, the author(s) have dedicated all copyright and related
+// and neighboring rights to this software to the public domain worldwide. This software is
+// distributed without any warranty.
+//
+// You should have received a copy of the CC0 Public Domain Dedication along with this software.
+// If not, see <http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/>
+
+// Benchmark
+
+#define NONIUS_BENCHMARK_HPP
+
+// #included from: configuration.h++
+// Nonius - C++ benchmarking tool
+//
+// Written in 2014- by the nonius contributors <nonius@rmf.io>
+//
+// To the extent possible under law, the author(s) have dedicated all copyright and related
+// and neighboring rights to this software to the public domain worldwide. This software is
+// distributed without any warranty.
+//
+// You should have received a copy of the CC0 Public Domain Dedication along with this software.
+// If not, see <http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/>
+
+// Run configuration
+
+#define NONIUS_CONFIGURATION_HPP
+
+// #included from: param.h++
+// Nonius - C++ benchmarking tool
+//
+// Written in 2014 by Martinho Fernandes <martinho.fernandes@gmail.com>
+//
+// To the extent possible under law, the author(s) have dedicated all copyright and related
+// and neighboring rights to this software to the public domain worldwide. This software is
+// distributed without any warranty.
+//
+// You should have received a copy of the CC0 Public Domain Dedication along with this software.
+// If not, see <http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/>
+
+// User-facing param
+
+#define NONIUS_PARAM_HPP
+
+// #included from: detail/meta.h++
+// Nonius - C++ benchmarking tool
+//
+// Written in 2014 by Martinho Fernandes <martinho.fernandes@gmail.com>
+//
+// To the extent possible under law, the author(s) have dedicated all copyright and related
+// and neighboring rights to this software to the public domain worldwide. This software is
+// distributed without any warranty.
+//
+// You should have received a copy of the CC0 Public Domain Dedication along with this software.
+// If not, see <http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/>
+
+// Invoke with a special case for void
+
+#define NONIUS_META_HPP
+
+#include <type_traits>
+#include <utility>
+
+namespace nonius {
+    namespace detail {
+        template <typename> struct true_given : std::true_type {};
+        struct is_callable_tester {
+            template <typename Fun, typename... Args>
+            true_given<decltype(std::declval<Fun>()(std::declval<Args>()...))> static test(int);
+            template <typename...>
+            std::false_type static test(...);
+        };
+        template <typename T>
+        struct is_callable;
+        template <typename Fun, typename... Args>
+        struct is_callable<Fun(Args...)> : decltype(is_callable_tester::test<Fun, Args...>(0)) {};
+    } // namespace detail
+} // namespace nonius
+
+// #included from: detail/noexcept.h++
+// Nonius - C++ benchmarking tool
+//
+// Written in 2014- by the nonius contributors <nonius@rmf.io>
+//
+// To the extent possible under law, the author(s) have dedicated all copyright and related
+// and neighboring rights to this software to the public domain worldwide. This software is
+// distributed without any warranty.
+//
+// You should have received a copy of the CC0 Public Domain Dedication along with this software.
+// If not, see <http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/>
+
+// Cross-compiler noexcept support
+
+#define NONIUS_DETAIL_NOEXCEPT_HPP
+
+#if defined(NONIUS_MSVC) && NONIUS_MSVC < 1900
+#   define NONIUS_NOEXCEPT
+#else
+#   define NONIUS_NOEXCEPT noexcept
+#endif
+
+#include <boost/lexical_cast.hpp>
+#include <unordered_map>
+#include <typeinfo>
+#include <memory>
+
+namespace nonius {
+
+struct param_bad_operation : std::exception {
+    char const* what() const NONIUS_NOEXCEPT override {
+        return "operation not supported for this parameter type";
+    }
+};
+
+namespace detail {
+
+struct eq_fn {
+    template <typename T>
+    auto operator() (T x, T y) -> decltype(x == y) { return x == y; }
+};
+
+struct plus_fn {
+    template <typename T>
+    auto operator() (T x, T y) -> decltype(x + y) { return x + y; }
+};
+
+struct mult_fn {
+    template <typename T>
+    auto operator() (T x, T y) -> decltype(x * y) { return x * y; }
+};
+
+} // namespace detail
+
+class param {
+    struct interface {
+        virtual ~interface() = default;
+        virtual std::istream& pull(std::istream&) = 0;
+        virtual std::ostream& push(std::ostream&) const = 0;
+        virtual bool eq(param const&) const = 0;
+        virtual param plus(param const&) const = 0;
+        virtual param mult(param const&) const = 0;
+        virtual param clone() const = 0;
+    };
+
+    template <typename T>
+    struct model : interface {
+        T value;
+
+        model(T v) : value(std::move(v)) {}
+        std::istream& pull(std::istream& is) override { is >> value; return is; }
+        std::ostream& push(std::ostream& os) const override { os << value; return os; }
+        bool eq(param const& y) const override { return operate<bool>(detail::eq_fn{}, value, y.as<T>()); }
+        param plus(param const& y) const override { return operate<T>(detail::plus_fn{}, value, y.as<T>()); }
+        param mult(param const& y) const override { return operate<T>(detail::mult_fn{}, value, y.as<T>()); }
+        param clone() const override { return value; }
+
+        template <typename R, typename Op, typename ...Args>
+        auto operate(Op&& op, Args&& ...xs) const
+            -> typename std::enable_if<detail::is_callable<Op&&(Args&&...)>::value, R>::type {
+            return std::forward<Op>(op)(std::forward<Args>(xs)...);
+        }
+
+        template <typename R, typename Op, typename ...Args>
+        auto operate(Op&&, Args&&...) const
+            -> typename std::enable_if<!detail::is_callable<Op&&(Args&&...)>::value, R>::type {
+            throw param_bad_operation{};
+        }
+    };
+
+public:
+    template <typename T,
+              typename std::enable_if<!std::is_base_of<param, typename std::decay<T>::type>::value, int>::type = 0>
+    param(T&& v)
+        : impl_(new model<typename std::decay<T>::type>{std::forward<T>(v)}) {}
+
+    template <typename T>
+    const T& as() const& { return dynamic_cast<model<T> const&>(*impl_).value; }
+
+    friend std::istream& operator>>(std::istream& is, param& x) { x.writable_(); return x.impl_->pull(is); }
+    friend std::ostream& operator<<(std::ostream& os, const param& x) { return x.impl_->push(os); }
+    friend param operator+(const param& x, const param& y) { return x.impl_->plus(y); }
+    friend param operator*(const param& x, const param& y) { return x.impl_->mult(y); }
+    friend bool operator==(const param& x, const param& y) { return x.impl_->eq(y); }
+
+    param parse(std::string const& s) const {
+        auto ss = std::stringstream{s};
+        auto cpy = *this;
+        ss.exceptions(std::ios::failbit);
+        ss >> cpy;
+        return cpy;
+    }
+
+private:
+    void writable_() {
+        if (impl_.use_count() > 1) {
+        }
+    }
+
+    std::shared_ptr<interface> impl_;
+};
+
+struct parameters : std::unordered_map<std::string, param> {
+    using base_t = std::unordered_map<std::string, param>;
+    using base_t::base_t;
+
+    template <typename Tag>
+    auto get() const -> typename Tag::type {
+        return at(Tag::name()).template as<typename Tag::type>();
+    }
+
+    parameters merged(parameters m) const& {
+        m.insert(begin(), end());
+        return m;
+    }
+    parameters merged(parameters m) && {
+        m.insert(std::make_move_iterator(begin()), std::make_move_iterator(end()));
+        return m;
+    }
+
+    friend std::ostream& operator<< (std::ostream& os, const parameters& m) {
+        for(auto&& p : m) os << "  " << p.first << " = " << p.second << "\n";
+        return os;
+    }
+};
+
+struct param_registry {
+    parameters const& defaults() const { return defaults_; }
+    void add(std::string name, param v) { defaults_.emplace(name, v); }
+    void remove(std::string name) { defaults_.erase(name); }
+
+private:
+    parameters defaults_;
+};
+
+inline param_registry& global_param_registry() {
+    static param_registry instance;
+    return instance;
+}
+
+template <typename Tag>
+struct param_declaration {
+    using type = typename Tag::type;
+    param_registry& registry;
+
+    param_declaration(type v, param_registry& r = global_param_registry())
+        : registry{r}
+    {
+        r.add(Tag::name(), param{type{v}});
+    }
+};
+
+template <typename Tag>
+struct scoped_param_declaration : param_declaration<Tag> {
+    using param_declaration<Tag>::param_declaration;
+
+    ~scoped_param_declaration() {
+        this->registry.remove(Tag::name());
+    }
+};
+
+} /* namespace nonius */
+
+#define NONIUS_PARAM(name_, ...)                                        \
+    namespace {                                                         \
+    struct name_ {                                                      \
+        using type = decltype(__VA_ARGS__);                             \
+        static const char* name() { return #name_; }                    \
+    };                                                                  \
+    static auto NONIUS_DETAIL_UNIQUE_NAME(param_declaration) =          \
+                   ::nonius::param_declaration<name_>{ (__VA_ARGS__) }; \
+    }                                                                   \
+    //
+
+#include <boost/optional.hpp>
+#include <string>
+#include <vector>
+
+namespace nonius {
+    struct run_configuration {
+        std::string name;
+        std::string op;
+        param init;
+        param step;
+        std::size_t count;
+    };
+
+    struct param_configuration {
+        parameters map;
+        boost::optional<run_configuration> run;
+    };
+
+    struct configuration {
+    public:
+        int samples = 100;
+        double confidence_interval = 0.95;
+        int resamples = 100000;
+        std::string title = "benchmarks";
+        std::string output_file;
+        std::string reporter;
+        std::string filter_pattern = ".*";
+        bool list_benchmarks = false;
+        bool list_params = false;
+        bool list_reporters = false;
+        bool no_analysis = false;
+        bool verbose = false;
+        bool summary = false;
+        bool help = false;
+        param_configuration params;
+    };
+} // namespace nonius
+
+// #included from: environment.h++
+// Nonius - C++ benchmarking tool
+//
+// Written in 2014- by the nonius contributors <nonius@rmf.io>
+//
+// To the extent possible under law, the author(s) have dedicated all copyright and related
+// and neighboring rights to this software to the public domain worldwide. This software is
+// distributed without any warranty.
+//
+// You should have received a copy of the CC0 Public Domain Dedication along with this software.
+// If not, see <http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/>
+
+// Environment information
+
+#define NONIUS_ENVIRONMENT_HPP
+
+// #included from: outlier_classification.h++
+// Nonius - C++ benchmarking tool
+//
+// Written in 2014- by the nonius contributors <nonius@rmf.io>
+//
+// To the extent possible under law, the author(s) have dedicated all copyright and related
+// and neighboring rights to this software to the public domain worldwide. This software is
+// distributed without any warranty.
+//
+// You should have received a copy of the CC0 Public Domain Dedication along with this software.
+// If not, see <http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/>
+
+// Outlier information
+
+#define NONIUS_OUTLIERS_HPP
+
+namespace nonius {
+    struct outlier_classification {
+        int samples_seen = 0;
+        int low_severe = 0;     // more than 3 times IQR below Q1
+        int low_mild = 0;       // 1.5 to 3 times IQR below Q1
+        int high_mild = 0;      // 1.5 to 3 times IQR above Q3
+        int high_severe = 0;    // more than 3 times IQR above Q3
+
+        int total() const {
+            return low_severe + low_mild + high_mild + high_severe;
+        }
+    };
+} // namespace nonius
+
+namespace nonius {
+    template <typename Duration>
+    struct environment_estimate {
+        Duration mean;
+        outlier_classification outliers;
+
+        template <typename Duration2>
+        operator environment_estimate<Duration2>() const {
+            return { mean, outliers };
+        }
+    };
+    template <typename Clock>
+    struct environment {
+        using clock_type = Clock;
+        environment_estimate<FloatDuration<Clock>> clock_resolution;
+        environment_estimate<FloatDuration<Clock>> clock_cost;
+        //estimate function_cost;
+    };
+} // namespace nonius
+
+// #included from: execution_plan.h++
+// Nonius - C++ benchmarking tool
+//
+// Written in 2014- by the nonius contributors <nonius@rmf.io>
+//
+// To the extent possible under law, the author(s) have dedicated all copyright and related
+// and neighboring rights to this software to the public domain worldwide. This software is
+// distributed without any warranty.
+//
+// You should have received a copy of the CC0 Public Domain Dedication along with this software.
+// If not, see <http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/>
+
+// Execution plan
+
+#define NONIUS_EXECUTION_PLAN_HPP
+
+// #included from: optimizer.h++
+// Nonius - C++ benchmarking tool
+//
+// Written in 2016 by Martinho Fernandes <rmf@rmf.io>
+//
+// To the extent possible under law, the author(s) have dedicated all copyright and related
+// and neighboring rights to this software to the public domain worldwide. This software is
+// distributed without any warranty.
+//
+// You should have received a copy of the CC0 Public Domain Dedication along with this software.
+// If not, see <http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/>
+
+// Hinting the optimizer
+
+#define NONIUS_OPTIMIZER_HPP
+
+#if defined(NONIUS_MSVC)
+#   include <atomic> // atomic_thread_fence
+#endif
+
+namespace nonius {
+#if defined(NONIUS_GCC) || defined(NONIUS_CLANG)
+    template <typename T>
+    inline void keep_memory(T* p) {
+        asm volatile("" : : "g"(p) : "memory");
+    }
+    inline void keep_memory() {
+        asm volatile("" : : : "memory");
+    }
+
+    namespace detail {
+        inline void optimizer_barrier() { keep_memory(); }
+    } // namespace detail
+#elif defined(NONIUS_MSVC)
+
+#pragma optimize("", off)
+    template <typename T>
+    inline void keep_memory(T* p) {
+        // thanks @milleniumbug
+    }
+    // TODO equivalent keep_memory()
+#pragma optimize("", on)
+
+    namespace detail {
+        inline void optimizer_barrier() {
+            std::atomic_thread_fence(std::memory_order_seq_cst);
+        }
+    } // namespace detail
+
+#endif
+} // namespace nonius
+
+// #included from: detail/benchmark_function.h++
+// Nonius - C++ benchmarking tool
+//
+// Written in 2014- by the nonius contributors <nonius@rmf.io>
+//
+// To the extent possible under law, the author(s) have dedicated all copyright and related
+// and neighboring rights to this software to the public domain worldwide. This software is
+// distributed without any warranty.
+//
+// You should have received a copy of the CC0 Public Domain Dedication along with this software.
+// If not, see <http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/>
+
+// Dumb std::function implementation for consistent call overhead
+
+#define NONIUS_DETAIL_BENCHMARK_FUNCTION_HPP
+
+// #included from: chronometer.h++
+// Nonius - C++ benchmarking tool
+//
+// Written in 2014- by the nonius contributors <nonius@rmf.io>
+//
+// To the extent possible under law, the author(s) have dedicated all copyright and related
+// and neighboring rights to this software to the public domain worldwide. This software is
+// distributed without any warranty.
+//
+// You should have received a copy of the CC0 Public Domain Dedication along with this software.
+// If not, see <http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/>
+
+// User-facing chronometer
+
+#define NONIUS_CHRONOMETER_HPP
+
+// #included from: detail/complete_invoke.h++
+// Nonius - C++ benchmarking tool
+//
+// Written in 2014- by the nonius contributors <nonius@rmf.io>
+//
+// To the extent possible under law, the author(s) have dedicated all copyright and related
+// and neighboring rights to this software to the public domain worldwide. This software is
+// distributed without any warranty.
+//
+// You should have received a copy of the CC0 Public Domain Dedication along with this software.
+// If not, see <http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/>
+
+// Invoke with a special case for void
+
+#define NONIUS_DETAIL_COMPLETE_INVOKE_HPP
+
+#include <type_traits>
+#include <utility>
+
+namespace nonius {
+    namespace detail {
+        template <typename T>
+        struct complete_type { using type = T; };
+        template <>
+        struct complete_type<void> { struct type {}; };
+
+        template <typename T>
+        using CompleteType = typename complete_type<T>::type;
+
+        template <typename Result>
+        struct complete_invoker {
+            template <typename Fun, typename... Args>
+            static Result invoke(Fun&& fun, Args&&... args) {
+                return std::forward<Fun>(fun)(std::forward<Args>(args)...);
+            }
+        };
+        template <>
+        struct complete_invoker<void> {
+            template <typename Fun, typename... Args>
+            static CompleteType<void> invoke(Fun&& fun, Args&&... args) {
+                std::forward<Fun>(fun)(std::forward<Args>(args)...);
+                return {};
+            }
+        };
+        template <typename Sig>
+        using ResultOf = typename std::result_of<Sig>::type;
+
+        // invoke and not return void :(
+        template <typename Fun, typename... Args>
+        CompleteType<ResultOf<Fun(Args...)>> complete_invoke(Fun&& fun, Args&&... args) {
+            return complete_invoker<ResultOf<Fun(Args...)>>::invoke(std::forward<Fun>(fun), std::forward<Args>(args)...);
+        }
+    } // namespace detail
+} // namespace nonius
+
+#include <boost/lexical_cast.hpp>
+
+namespace nonius {
+    namespace detail {
+        struct chronometer_concept {
+            virtual void start() = 0;
+            virtual void finish() = 0;
+            virtual ~chronometer_concept() = default;
+        };
+        template <typename Clock>
+        struct chronometer_model final : public chronometer_concept {
+            void start() override { started = Clock::now(); }
+            void finish() override { finished = Clock::now(); }
+
+            Duration<Clock> elapsed() const { return finished - started; }
+
+            TimePoint<Clock> started;
+            TimePoint<Clock> finished;
+        };
+    } // namespace detail
+
+    struct chronometer {
+    public:
+        template <typename Fun>
+        void measure(Fun&& fun) { measure(std::forward<Fun>(fun), detail::is_callable<Fun(int)>()); }
+
+        int runs() const { return k; }
+
+        chronometer(detail::chronometer_concept& meter, int k, const parameters& p)
+            : impl(&meter)
+            , k(k)
+            , params(&p)
+        {}
+
+        template <typename Tag>
+        auto param() const -> typename Tag::type {
+            return params->get<Tag>();
+        }
+
+    private:
+        template <typename Fun>
+        void measure(Fun&& fun, std::false_type) {
+            measure([&fun](int) { fun(); });
+        }
+        template <typename Fun>
+        void measure(Fun&& fun, std::true_type) {
+            impl->start();
+            for(int i = 0; i < k; ++i) fun(i);
+            impl->finish();
+        }
+
+        detail::chronometer_concept* impl;
+        int k;
+        const parameters* params;
+    };
+} // namespace nonius
+
+#include <type_traits>
+#include <utility>
+#include <memory>
+
+namespace nonius {
+    namespace detail {
+        template <typename T>
+        using Decay = typename std::decay<T>::type;
+        template <typename T, typename U>
+        struct is_related
+        : std::is_same<Decay<T>, Decay<U>> {};
+
+        /// We need to reinvent std::function because every piece of code that might add overhead
+        /// in a measurement context needs to have consistent performance characteristics so that we
+        /// can account for it in the measurement.
+        /// Implementations of std::function with optimizations that aren't always applicable, like
+        /// small buffer optimizations, are not uncommon.
+        /// This is effectively an implementation of std::function without any such optimizations;
+        /// it may be slow, but it is consistently slow.
+        struct benchmark_function {
+        private:
+            struct concept {
+                virtual benchmark_function call(parameters params) const = 0;
+                virtual void call(chronometer meter) const = 0;
+                virtual concept* clone() const = 0;
+                virtual ~concept() = default;
+            };
+            template <typename Fun>
+            struct model : public concept {
+                model(Fun&& fun) : fun(std::move(fun)) {}
+                model(Fun const& fun) : fun(fun) {}
+
+                model<Fun>* clone() const override { return new model<Fun>(*this); }
+
+                benchmark_function call(parameters params) const override {
+                    return call(params, is_callable<Fun(parameters)>());
+                }
+                benchmark_function call(parameters params, std::true_type) const {
+                    return fun(params);
+                }
+                benchmark_function call(parameters, std::false_type) const {
+                    return this->clone();
+                }
+
+                void call(chronometer meter) const override {
+                    call(meter, is_callable<Fun(chronometer)>(), is_callable<Fun(parameters)>());
+                }
+                void call(chronometer meter, std::true_type, std::false_type) const {
+                    fun(meter);
+                }
+                void call(chronometer meter, std::false_type, std::false_type) const {
+                    meter.measure(fun);
+                }
+                template <typename T>
+                void call(chronometer, T, std::true_type) const {
+                    // the function should be prepared first
+                    assert(false);
+                }
+
+                Fun fun;
+            };
+
+            struct do_nothing { void operator()() const {} };
+
+            template <typename T>
+            benchmark_function(model<T>* c) : f(c) {}
+
+        public:
+            benchmark_function()
+            : f(new model<do_nothing>{{}})
+            {}
+
+            template <typename Fun,
+                      typename std::enable_if<!is_related<Fun, benchmark_function>::value, int>::type = 0>
+            benchmark_function(Fun&& fun)
+            : f(new model<typename std::decay<Fun>::type>(std::forward<Fun>(fun))) {}
+
+            benchmark_function(benchmark_function&& that)
+            : f(std::move(that.f)) {}
+
+            benchmark_function(benchmark_function const& that)
+            : f(that.f->clone()) {}
+
+            benchmark_function& operator=(benchmark_function&& that) {
+                f = std::move(that.f);
+                return *this;
+            }
+
+            benchmark_function& operator=(benchmark_function const& that) {
+                f.reset(that.f->clone());
+                return *this;
+            }
+
+            benchmark_function operator()(parameters params) const { return f->call(params); }
+            void operator()(chronometer meter) const { f->call(meter); }
+        private:
+            std::unique_ptr<concept> f;
+        };
+    } // namespace detail
+} // namespace nonius
+
+// #included from: detail/repeat.h++
+// Nonius - C++ benchmarking tool
+//
+// Written in 2014- by the nonius contributors <nonius@rmf.io>
+//
+// To the extent possible under law, the author(s) have dedicated all copyright and related
+// and neighboring rights to this software to the public domain worldwide. This software is
+// distributed without any warranty.
+//
+// You should have received a copy of the CC0 Public Domain Dedication along with this software.
+// If not, see <http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/>
+
+// repeat algorithm
+
+#define NONIUS_DETAIL_REPEAT_HPP
+
+#include <type_traits>
+#include <utility>
+
+namespace nonius {
+    namespace detail {
+        template <typename Fun>
+        struct repeater {
+            void operator()(int k) const {
+                for(int i = 0; i < k; ++i) {
+                    fun();
+                }
+            }
+            Fun fun;
+        };
+        template <typename Fun>
+        repeater<typename std::decay<Fun>::type> repeat(Fun&& fun) {
+            return { std::forward<Fun>(fun) };
+        }
+    } // namespace detail
+} // namespace nonius
+
+// #included from: detail/run_for_at_least.h++
+// Nonius - C++ benchmarking tool
+//
+// Written in 2014- by the nonius contributors <nonius@rmf.io>
+//
+// To the extent possible under law, the author(s) have dedicated all copyright and related
+// and neighboring rights to this software to the public domain worldwide. This software is
+// distributed without any warranty.
+//
+// You should have received a copy of the CC0 Public Domain Dedication along with this software.
+// If not, see <http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/>
+
+// Run a function for a minimum amount of time
+
+#define NONIUS_RUN_FOR_AT_LEAST_HPP
+
+// #included from: detail/measure.h++
+// Nonius - C++ benchmarking tool
+//
+// Written in 2014- by the nonius contributors <nonius@rmf.io>
+//
+// To the extent possible under law, the author(s) have dedicated all copyright and related
+// and neighboring rights to this software to the public domain worldwide. This software is
+// distributed without any warranty.
+//
+// You should have received a copy of the CC0 Public Domain Dedication along with this software.
+// If not, see <http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/>
+
+// Measure
+
+#define NONIUS_DETAIL_MEASURE_HPP
+
+// #included from: detail/timing.h++
+// Nonius - C++ benchmarking tool
+//
+// Written in 2014- by the nonius contributors <nonius@rmf.io>
+//
+// To the extent possible under law, the author(s) have dedicated all copyright and related
+// and neighboring rights to this software to the public domain worldwide. This software is
+// distributed without any warranty.
+//
+// You should have received a copy of the CC0 Public Domain Dedication along with this software.
+// If not, see <http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/>
+
+// Timing
+
+#define NONIUS_DETAIL_TIMING_HPP
+
+#include <tuple>
+#include <type_traits>
+
+namespace nonius {
+    template <typename Duration, typename Result>
+    struct timing {
+        Duration elapsed;
+        Result result;
+        int iterations;
+    };
+    template <typename Clock, typename Sig>
+    using TimingOf = timing<Duration<Clock>, detail::CompleteType<detail::ResultOf<Sig>>>;
+} // namespace nonius
+
+#include <utility>
+
+namespace nonius {
+    namespace detail {
+        template <typename Clock, typename Fun, typename... Args>
+        TimingOf<Clock, Fun(Args...)> measure(Fun&& fun, Args&&... args) {
+            auto start = Clock::now();
+            auto&& r = detail::complete_invoke(fun, std::forward<Args>(args)...);
+            auto end = Clock::now();
+            auto delta = end - start;
+            return { delta, std::forward<decltype(r)>(r), 1 };
+        }
+    } // namespace detail
+} // namespace nonius
+
+#include <utility>
+#include <type_traits>
+
+namespace nonius {
+    namespace detail {
+        template <typename Clock, typename Fun>
+        TimingOf<Clock, Fun(int)> measure_one(Fun&& fun, int iters, const parameters&, std::false_type) {
+            return detail::measure<Clock>(fun, iters);
+        }
+        template <typename Clock, typename Fun>
+        TimingOf<Clock, Fun(chronometer)> measure_one(Fun&& fun, int iters, const parameters& params, std::true_type) {
+            detail::chronometer_model<Clock> meter;
+            auto&& result = detail::complete_invoke(fun, chronometer(meter, iters, params));
+
+            return { meter.elapsed(), std::move(result), iters };
+        }
+
+        template <typename Clock, typename Fun>
+        using run_for_at_least_argument_t = typename std::conditional<detail::is_callable<Fun(chronometer)>::value, chronometer, int>::type;
+
+        struct optimized_away_error : std::exception {
+            const char* what() const NONIUS_NOEXCEPT override {
+                return "could not measure benchmark, maybe it was optimized away";
+            }
+        };
+
+        template <typename Clock, typename Fun>
+        TimingOf<Clock, Fun(run_for_at_least_argument_t<Clock, Fun>)> run_for_at_least(const parameters& params, Duration<Clock> how_long, int seed, Fun&& fun) {
+            auto iters = seed;
+            while(iters < (1 << 30)) {
+                auto&& timing = measure_one<Clock>(fun, iters, params, detail::is_callable<Fun(chronometer)>());
+
+                if(timing.elapsed >= how_long) {
+                    return { timing.elapsed, std::move(timing.result), iters };
+                }
+                iters *= 2;
+            }
+            throw optimized_away_error{};
+        }
+    } // namespace detail
+} // namespace nonius
+
+namespace nonius {
+    template <typename Duration>
+    struct execution_plan {
+        int iterations_per_sample;
+        Duration estimated_duration;
+        parameters params;
+        detail::benchmark_function benchmark;
+        Duration warmup_time;
+        int warmup_iterations;
+
+        template <typename Duration2>
+        operator execution_plan<Duration2>() const {
+            return { iterations_per_sample, estimated_duration, params, benchmark, warmup_time, warmup_iterations };
+        }
+
+        template <typename Clock>
+        std::vector<FloatDuration<Clock>> run(configuration cfg, environment<FloatDuration<Clock>> env) const {
+            // warmup a bit
+            detail::run_for_at_least<Clock>(params, chrono::duration_cast<nonius::Duration<Clock>>(warmup_time), warmup_iterations, detail::repeat(now<Clock>{}));
+
+            std::vector<FloatDuration<Clock>> times;
+            times.reserve(cfg.samples);
+            std::generate_n(std::back_inserter(times), cfg.samples, [this, env]{
+                    detail::chronometer_model<Clock> model;
+                    detail::optimizer_barrier();
+                    this->benchmark(chronometer(model, iterations_per_sample, params));
+                    detail::optimizer_barrier();
+                    auto sample_time = model.elapsed() - env.clock_cost.mean;
+                    if(sample_time < FloatDuration<Clock>::zero()) sample_time = FloatDuration<Clock>::zero();
+                    return sample_time / iterations_per_sample;
+            });
+            return times;
+        }
+    };
+} // namespace nonius
+
+// #included from: detail/unique_name.h++
+// Nonius - C++ benchmarking tool
+//
+// Written in 2014- by the nonius contributors <nonius@rmf.io>
+//
+// To the extent possible under law, the author(s) have dedicated all copyright and related
+// and neighboring rights to this software to the public domain worldwide. This software is
+// distributed without any warranty.
+//
+// You should have received a copy of the CC0 Public Domain Dedication along with this software.
+// If not, see <http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/>
+
+// Unique name generator macro
+
+#define NONIUS_DETAIL_UNIQUE_NAME_HPP
+
+#define NONIUS_DETAIL_UNIQUE_NAME_LINE_CAT(name, id) NONIUS_ ## name ## _ ## id
+#define NONIUS_DETAIL_UNIQUE_NAME_LINE(name, id) NONIUS_DETAIL_UNIQUE_NAME_LINE_CAT(name, id)
+#ifdef __COUNTER__
+#define NONIUS_DETAIL_UNIQUE_NAME(name) NONIUS_DETAIL_UNIQUE_NAME_LINE(name, __COUNTER__)
+#else // __COUNTER__
+#define NONIUS_DETAIL_UNIQUE_NAME(name) NONIUS_DETAIL_UNIQUE_NAME_LINE(name, __LINE__)
+#endif // __COUNTER__
+
+#include <algorithm>
+#include <functional>
+#include <string>
+#include <vector>
+#include <cmath>
+
+namespace nonius {
+    namespace detail {
+        const auto warmup_iterations = 10000;
+        const auto warmup_time = chrono::milliseconds(100);
+        const auto minimum_ticks = 1000;
+    } // namespace detail
+
+    struct benchmark {
+        benchmark(std::string name, detail::benchmark_function fun)
+        : name(std::move(name)), fun(std::move(fun)) {}
+
+        template <typename Clock>
+        execution_plan<FloatDuration<Clock>> prepare(configuration cfg, parameters params, environment<FloatDuration<Clock>> env) const {
+            auto bench = fun(params);
+            auto min_time = env.clock_resolution.mean * detail::minimum_ticks;
+            auto run_time = std::max(min_time, chrono::duration_cast<decltype(min_time)>(detail::warmup_time));
+            auto&& test = detail::run_for_at_least<Clock>(params, chrono::duration_cast<Duration<Clock>>(run_time), 1, bench);
+            int new_iters = static_cast<int>(std::ceil(min_time * test.iterations / test.elapsed));
+            return { new_iters, test.elapsed / test.iterations * new_iters * cfg.samples, params, bench, chrono::duration_cast<FloatDuration<Clock>>(detail::warmup_time), detail::warmup_iterations };
+        }
+
+        std::string name;
+        detail::benchmark_function fun;
+    };
+
+    using benchmark_registry = std::vector<benchmark>;
+
+    inline benchmark_registry& global_benchmark_registry() {
+        static benchmark_registry registry;
+        return registry;
+    }
+
+    struct benchmark_registrar {
+        template <typename Fun>
+        benchmark_registrar(benchmark_registry& registry, std::string name, Fun&& registrant) {
+            registry.emplace_back(std::move(name), std::forward<Fun>(registrant));
+        }
+    };
+} // namespace nonius
+
+#define NONIUS_BENCHMARK(name, ...) \
+    namespace { static ::nonius::benchmark_registrar NONIUS_DETAIL_UNIQUE_NAME(benchmark_registrar) (::nonius::global_benchmark_registry(), name, __VA_ARGS__); }
+
+// #included from: constructor.h++
+// Nonius - C++ benchmarking tool
+//
+// Written in 2014- by the nonius contributors <nonius@rmf.io>
+//
+// To the extent possible under law, the author(s) have dedicated all copyright and related
+// and neighboring rights to this software to the public domain worldwide. This software is
+// distributed without any warranty.
+//
+// You should have received a copy of the CC0 Public Domain Dedication along with this software.
+// If not, see <http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/>
+
+// Constructor and destructor helpers
+
+#define NONIUS_CONSTRUCTOR_HPP
+
+#include <type_traits>
+
+namespace nonius {
+    namespace detail {
+        template <typename T, bool Destruct>
+        struct object_storage
+        {
+            typedef typename std::aligned_storage<sizeof(T), std::alignment_of<T>::value>::type TStorage;
+
+            object_storage() : data() {}
+
+            object_storage(const object_storage& other)
+            {
+                new(&data) T(other.stored_object());
+            }
+
+            object_storage(object_storage&& other)
+            {
+                new(&data) T(std::move(other.stored_object()));
+            }
+
+            ~object_storage() { destruct_on_exit<T>(); }
+
+            template <typename... Args>
+            void construct(Args&&... args)
+            {
+                new (&data) T(std::forward<Args>(args)...);
+            }
+
+            template <bool AllowManualDestruction = !Destruct>
+            typename std::enable_if<AllowManualDestruction>::type destruct()
+            {
+                stored_object().~T();
+            }
+
+        private:
+            // If this is a constructor benchmark, destruct the underlying object
+            template <typename U>
+            void destruct_on_exit(typename std::enable_if<Destruct, U>::type* = 0) { destruct<true>(); }
+            // Otherwise, don't
+            template <typename U>
+            void destruct_on_exit(typename std::enable_if<!Destruct, U>::type* = 0) { }
+
+            T& stored_object()
+            {
+                return *static_cast<T*>(static_cast<void*>(&data));
+            }
+
+            TStorage data;
+        };
+    }
+
+    template <typename T>
+    using storage_for = detail::object_storage<T, true>;
+
+    template <typename T>
+    using destructable_object = detail::object_storage<T, false>;
+}
+
+// #included from: go.h++
+// Nonius - C++ benchmarking tool
+//
+// Written in 2014- by the nonius contributors <nonius@rmf.io>
+//
+// To the extent possible under law, the author(s) have dedicated all copyright and related
+// and neighboring rights to this software to the public domain worldwide. This software is
+// distributed without any warranty.
+//
+// You should have received a copy of the CC0 Public Domain Dedication along with this software.
+// If not, see <http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/>
+
+// Runner entry point
+
+#define NONIUS_GO_HPP
+
+// #included from: reporter.h++
+// Nonius - C++ benchmarking tool
+//
+// Written in 2014- by the nonius contributors <nonius@rmf.io>
+//
+// To the extent possible under law, the author(s) have dedicated all copyright and related
+// and neighboring rights to this software to the public domain worldwide. This software is
+// distributed without any warranty.
+//
+// You should have received a copy of the CC0 Public Domain Dedication along with this software.
+// If not, see <http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/>
+
+// Reporter interface
+
+#define NONIUS_REPORTER_HPP
+
+// #included from: sample_analysis.h++
+// Nonius - C++ benchmarking tool
+//
+// Written in 2014- by the nonius contributors <nonius@rmf.io>
+//
+// To the extent possible under law, the author(s) have dedicated all copyright and related
+// and neighboring rights to this software to the public domain worldwide. This software is
+// distributed without any warranty.
+//
+// You should have received a copy of the CC0 Public Domain Dedication along with this software.
+// If not, see <http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/>
+
+// Benchmark results
+
+#define NONIUS_BENCHMARK_RESULTS_HPP
+
+// #included from: estimate.h++
+// Nonius - C++ benchmarking tool
+//
+// Written in 2014- by the nonius contributors <nonius@rmf.io>
+//
+// To the extent possible under law, the author(s) have dedicated all copyright and related
+// and neighboring rights to this software to the public domain worldwide. This software is
+// distributed without any warranty.
+//
+// You should have received a copy of the CC0 Public Domain Dedication along with this software.
+// If not, see <http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/>
+
+// Statistics estimates
+
+#define NONIUS_ESTIMATE_HPP
+
+namespace nonius {
+    template <typename Duration>
+    struct estimate {
+        Duration point;
+        Duration lower_bound;
+        Duration upper_bound;
+        double confidence_interval;
+
+        template <typename Duration2>
+        operator estimate<Duration2>() const {
+            return { point, lower_bound, upper_bound, confidence_interval };
+        }
+    };
+} // namespace nonius
+
+#include <algorithm>
+#include <vector>
+#include <string>
+#include <iterator>
+
+namespace nonius {
+    template <typename Duration>
+    struct sample_analysis {
+        std::vector<Duration> samples;
+        estimate<Duration> mean;
+        estimate<Duration> standard_deviation;
+        outlier_classification outliers;
+        double outlier_variance;
+
+        template <typename Duration2>
+        operator sample_analysis<Duration2>() const {
+            std::vector<Duration2> samples2;
+            samples2.reserve(samples.size());
+            std::transform(samples.begin(), samples.end(), std::back_inserter(samples2), [](Duration d) { return Duration2(d); });
+            return {
+                std::move(samples2),
+                mean,
+                standard_deviation,
+                outliers,
+                outlier_variance,
+            };
+        }
+    };
+} // namespace nonius
+
+#include <vector>
+#include <string>
+#include <ios>
+#include <ostream>
+#include <fstream>
+#include <iostream>
+#include <memory>
+#include <unordered_map>
+#include <exception>
+
+namespace nonius {
+    struct bad_stream : virtual std::exception {
+        char const* what() const NONIUS_NOEXCEPT override {
+            return "failed to open file";
+        }
+    };
+
+    struct reporter {
+    public:
+        virtual ~reporter() = default;
+
+        void configure(configuration& cfg) {
+            if(cfg.output_file.empty()) {
+                os = [&]() -> std::ostream& { return std::cout; };
+            } else {
+                auto ofs = std::make_shared<std::ofstream>(cfg.output_file);
+                os = [ofs]() -> std::ostream& { return *ofs; };
+            }
+            report_stream().exceptions(std::ios::failbit);
+            if(!report_stream()) throw bad_stream();
+            do_configure(cfg);
+        }
+
+        void warmup_start() {
+            do_warmup_start();
+        }
+        void warmup_end(int iterations) {
+            do_warmup_end(iterations);
+        }
+        void estimate_clock_resolution_start() {
+            do_estimate_clock_resolution_start();
+        }
+        void estimate_clock_resolution_complete(environment_estimate<fp_seconds> estimate) {
+            do_estimate_clock_resolution_complete(estimate);
+        }
+
+        void estimate_clock_cost_start() {
+            do_estimate_clock_cost_start();
+        }
+        void estimate_clock_cost_complete(environment_estimate<fp_seconds> estimate) {
+            do_estimate_clock_cost_complete(estimate);
+        }
+
+        void suite_start() {
+            do_suite_start();
+        }
+        void params_start(parameters const& params) {
+            do_params_start(params);
+        }
+        void benchmark_start(std::string const& name) {
+            do_benchmark_start(name);
+        }
+
+        void measurement_start(execution_plan<fp_seconds> plan) {
+            do_measurement_start(plan);
+        }
+        void measurement_complete(std::vector<fp_seconds> const& samples) {
+            do_measurement_complete(samples);
+        }
+
+        void analysis_start() {
+            do_analysis_start();
+        }
+        void analysis_complete(sample_analysis<fp_seconds> const& analysis) {
+            do_analysis_complete(analysis);
+        }
+
+        void benchmark_failure(std::exception_ptr error) {
+            do_benchmark_failure(error);
+        }
+        void benchmark_complete() {
+            do_benchmark_complete();
+        }
+
+        void params_complete() {
+            do_params_complete();
+        }
+        void suite_complete() {
+            do_suite_complete();
+        }
+
+        virtual std::string description() = 0;
+
+    private:
+        virtual void do_configure(configuration& /*cfg*/) {}
+
+        virtual void do_warmup_start() {}
+        virtual void do_warmup_end(int /*iterations*/) {}
+
+        virtual void do_estimate_clock_resolution_start() {}
+        virtual void do_estimate_clock_resolution_complete(environment_estimate<fp_seconds> /*estimate*/) {}
+
+        virtual void do_estimate_clock_cost_start() {}
+        virtual void do_estimate_clock_cost_complete(environment_estimate<fp_seconds> /*estimate*/) {}
+
+        virtual void do_suite_start() {}
+        virtual void do_params_start(parameters const& /*params*/) {}
+        virtual void do_benchmark_start(std::string const& /*name*/) {}
+
+        virtual void do_measurement_start(execution_plan<fp_seconds> /*plan*/) {}
+        virtual void do_measurement_complete(std::vector<fp_seconds> const& /*samples*/) {}
+
+        virtual void do_analysis_start() {} // TODO make generic?
+        virtual void do_analysis_complete(sample_analysis<fp_seconds> const& /*analysis*/) {}
+
+        virtual void do_benchmark_failure(std::exception_ptr /*error*/) {}
+        virtual void do_benchmark_complete() {}
+        virtual void do_params_complete() {}
+        virtual void do_suite_complete() {}
+
+    protected:
+        std::ostream& progress_stream() {
+            return std::cout;
+        }
+        std::ostream& error_stream() {
+            return std::cerr;
+        }
+        std::ostream& report_stream() {
+            return os();
+        }
+
+    private:
+        std::function<std::ostream&()> os;
+    };
+
+    using reporter_registry = std::unordered_map<std::string, std::unique_ptr<reporter>>;
+
+    inline reporter_registry& global_reporter_registry() {
+        static reporter_registry registry;
+        return registry;
+    }
+
+    struct reporter_registrar {
+        reporter_registrar(reporter_registry& registry, std::string name, reporter* registrant) {
+            registry.emplace(std::move(name), std::unique_ptr<reporter>(registrant));
+        }
+    };
+} // namespace nonius
+
+#define NONIUS_REPORTER(name, ...) \
+    namespace { static ::nonius::reporter_registrar NONIUS_DETAIL_UNIQUE_NAME(reporter_registrar) (::nonius::global_reporter_registry(), name, new __VA_ARGS__()); } \
+    static_assert(true, "")
+
+// #included from: reporters/standard_reporter.h++
+// Nonius - C++ benchmarking tool
+//
+// Written in 2014- by the nonius contributors <nonius@rmf.io>
+//
+// To the extent possible under law, the author(s) have dedicated all copyright and related
+// and neighboring rights to this software to the public domain worldwide. This software is
+// distributed without any warranty.
+//
+// You should have received a copy of the CC0 Public Domain Dedication along with this software.
+// If not, see <http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/>
+
+// Standard reporter
+
+#define NONIUS_REPORTERS_STANDARD_REPORTER_HPP
+
+// #included from: detail/pretty_print.h++
+// Nonius - C++ benchmarking tool
+//
+// Written in 2014- by the nonius contributors <nonius@rmf.io>
+//
+// To the extent possible under law, the author(s) have dedicated all copyright and related
+// and neighboring rights to this software to the public domain worldwide. This software is
+// distributed without any warranty.
+//
+// You should have received a copy of the CC0 Public Domain Dedication along with this software.
+// If not, see <http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/>
+
+// Pretty printing routines
+
+#define NONIUS_DETAIL_PRETTY_PRINT_HPP
+
+#include <ratio>
+#include <ios>
+#include <iostream>
+#include <iomanip>
+#include <sstream>
+#include <string>
+#include <memory>
+#include <utility>
+
+namespace nonius {
+    namespace detail {
+        inline double get_magnitude(fp_seconds secs) {
+            if(secs.count() >= 2.e0) {
+                return 1.e0;
+            } else if(secs.count() >= 2.e-3) {
+                return 1.e3;
+            } else if(secs.count() >= 2.e-6) {
+                return 1.e6;
+            } else {
+                return 1.e9;
+            }
+        }
+        inline std::string units_for_magnitude(double magnitude) {
+            if(magnitude <= 1.e0) return "s";
+            else if(magnitude <= 1.e3) return "ms";
+            else if(magnitude <= 1.e6) return "μs";
+            else return "ns";
+        }
+        inline std::string pretty_duration(fp_seconds secs) {
+            auto magnitude = get_magnitude(secs);
+            auto units = units_for_magnitude(magnitude);
+#ifdef NONIUS_MSVC
+            if(units == "μs") units = "us";
+#endif
+            std::ostringstream ss;
+            ss << std::setprecision(ss.precision());
+            ss << (secs.count() * magnitude) << ' ' << units;
+            return ss.str();
+        }
+        inline std::string percentage(double d) {
+            std::ostringstream ss;
+            ss << std::setprecision(3);
+            if(d != 0 && d < 1e-5) {
+                ss << std::fixed;
+                ss << 0.0001 << "%";
+            } else {
+                ss.unsetf(std::ios::floatfield);
+                ss << (100. * d) << "%";
+            }
+            return ss.str();
+        }
+        inline std::string percentage_ratio(double part, double whole) {
+            return percentage(part / whole);
+        }
+    } // namespace detail
+} // namespace nonius
+
+#include <ratio>
+#include <ios>
+#include <iostream>
+#include <iomanip>
+#include <sstream>
+#include <string>
+#include <memory>
+
+namespace nonius {
+    struct standard_reporter : reporter {
+    private:
+        std::string description() override {
+            return "the standard reporter";
+        }
+
+        void do_configure(configuration& cfg) override {
+            n_samples = cfg.samples;
+            verbose = cfg.verbose;
+            summary = cfg.summary;
+            n_resamples = cfg.resamples;
+            if(!summary && !cfg.params.map.empty()) report_stream() << "parameters\n" << cfg.params.map;
+        }
+
+        void do_warmup_start() override {
+            if(verbose) report_stream() << "warming up\n";
+        }
+        void do_estimate_clock_resolution_start() override {
+            if(verbose) report_stream() << "estimating clock resolution\n";
+        }
+        void do_estimate_clock_resolution_complete(environment_estimate<fp_seconds> estimate) override {
+            if(!summary) {
+                if(!verbose) report_stream() << "clock resolution: ";
+                print_environment_estimate(estimate, estimate.outliers.samples_seen + 2);
+            }
+        }
+
+        void do_estimate_clock_cost_start() override {
+            if(verbose) report_stream() << "estimating cost of a clock call\n";
+        }
+        void do_estimate_clock_cost_complete(environment_estimate<fp_seconds> estimate) override {
+            if(verbose) print_environment_estimate(estimate, estimate.outliers.samples_seen);
+        }
+
+        void do_params_start(parameters const& params) override {
+            if(!summary && !params.empty()) report_stream() << "\n\nnew round for parameters\n" << params;
+        }
+        void do_benchmark_start(std::string const& name) override {
+            report_stream() << '\n';
+            if(!summary) report_stream() << "benchmarking ";
+            report_stream() << name << "\n";
+            current = name;
+        }
+
+        void do_measurement_start(execution_plan<fp_seconds> plan) override {
+            report_stream() << std::setprecision(7);
+            report_stream().unsetf(std::ios::floatfield);
+            if(!summary) report_stream() << "collecting " << n_samples << " samples, " << plan.iterations_per_sample << " iterations each, in estimated " << detail::pretty_duration(plan.estimated_duration) << "\n";
+        }
+        void do_analysis_start() override {
+            if(verbose) report_stream() << "bootstrapping with " << n_resamples << " resamples\n";
+        }
+        void do_benchmark_failure(std::exception_ptr eptr) override {
+            error_stream() << current << " failed to run successfully\n";
+            if(!summary) {
+                try {
+                    std::rethrow_exception(eptr);
+                } catch(std::exception& ex) {
+                    error_stream() << "error: " << ex.what();
+                } catch(...) {
+                    error_stream() << "unknown error";
+                }
+            }
+            report_stream() << "\nbenchmark aborted\n";
+        }
+        void do_analysis_complete(sample_analysis<fp_seconds> const& analysis) override {
+            print_statistic_estimate("mean", analysis.mean);
+            print_statistic_estimate("std dev", analysis.standard_deviation);
+            if(!summary) print_outliers(analysis.outliers);
+            if(verbose) report_stream() << "variance introduced by outliers: " << detail::percentage(analysis.outlier_variance) << "\n";
+            const char* effect;
+            if(analysis.outlier_variance < 0.01) {
+                effect = "unaffected";
+            } else if(analysis.outlier_variance < 0.1) {
+                effect = "slightly inflated";
+            } else if(analysis.outlier_variance < 0.5) {
+                effect = "moderately inflated";
+            } else {
+                effect = "severely inflated";
+            }
+            report_stream() << "variance is " << effect << " by outliers\n";
+        }
+
+        void print_environment_estimate(environment_estimate<fp_seconds> e, int iterations) {
+            report_stream() << std::setprecision(7);
+            report_stream().unsetf(std::ios::floatfield);
+            report_stream() << "mean is " << detail::pretty_duration(e.mean) << " (" << iterations << " iterations)\n";
+            if(verbose) print_outliers(e.outliers);
+        }
+        void print_outlier_count(const char* description, int count, int total) {
+            if(count > 0) report_stream() << "  " << count << " (" << detail::percentage_ratio(count, total) << ") " << description << "\n";
+        }
+        void print_outliers(outlier_classification o) {
+            report_stream() << "found " << o.total() << " outliers among " << o.samples_seen << " samples (" << detail::percentage_ratio(o.total(), o.samples_seen) << ")\n";
+            if(verbose) {
+                print_outlier_count("low severe", o.low_severe, o.samples_seen);
+                print_outlier_count("low mild", o.low_mild, o.samples_seen);
+                print_outlier_count("high mild", o.high_mild, o.samples_seen);
+                print_outlier_count("high severe", o.high_severe, o.samples_seen);
+            }
+        }
+        void print_statistic_estimate(const char* name, estimate<fp_seconds> estimate) {
+            report_stream() << std::setprecision(7);
+            report_stream().unsetf(std::ios::floatfield);
+            report_stream() << name << ": " << detail::pretty_duration(estimate.point);
+            if(!summary) {
+                report_stream() << ", lb " << detail::pretty_duration(estimate.lower_bound)
+                         << ", ub " << detail::pretty_duration(estimate.upper_bound)
+                         << ", ci " << std::setprecision(3) << estimate.confidence_interval;
+            }
+            report_stream() << "\n";
+        }
+
+        int n_samples = 0;
+        int n_resamples = 0;
+        bool verbose = false;
+        bool summary = false;
+
+        std::string current;
+    };
+
+    NONIUS_REPORTER("", standard_reporter);
+    NONIUS_REPORTER("standard", standard_reporter);
+} // namespace nonius
+
+// #included from: detail/estimate_clock.h++
+// Nonius - C++ benchmarking tool
+//
+// Written in 2014- by the nonius contributors <nonius@rmf.io>
+//
+// To the extent possible under law, the author(s) have dedicated all copyright and related
+// and neighboring rights to this software to the public domain worldwide. This software is
+// distributed without any warranty.
+//
+// You should have received a copy of the CC0 Public Domain Dedication along with this software.
+// If not, see <http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/>
+
+// Environment measurement
+
+#define NONIUS_DETAIL_ENVIRONMENT_HPP
+
+// #included from: detail/stats.h++
+// Nonius - C++ benchmarking tool
+//
+// Written in 2014- by the nonius contributors <nonius@rmf.io>
+//
+// To the extent possible under law, the author(s) have dedicated all copyright and related
+// and neighboring rights to this software to the public domain worldwide. This software is
+// distributed without any warranty.
+//
+// You should have received a copy of the CC0 Public Domain Dedication along with this software.
+// If not, see <http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/>
+
+// Statistical analysis tools
+
+#define NONIUS_DETAIL_ANALYSIS_HPP
+
+#include <boost/math/distributions/normal.hpp>
+
+#include <algorithm>
+#include <functional>
+#include <iterator>
+#include <vector>
+#include <array>
+#include <random>
+#include <numeric>
+#include <tuple>
+#include <cmath>
+#include <utility>
+#include <future>
+#include <cstddef>
+
+namespace nonius {
+    namespace detail {
+        using sample = std::vector<double>;
+
+        template <typename Iterator>
+        double weighted_average_quantile(int k, int q, Iterator first, Iterator last) {
+            auto count = last - first;
+            double idx = (count - 1) * k /static_cast<double>(q);
+            int j = static_cast<int>(idx);
+            double g = idx - j;
+            std::nth_element(first, first+j, last);
+            auto xj = first[j];
+            if(g == 0) return xj;
+
+            auto xj1 = *std::min_element(first+(j+1), last);
+            return xj + g * (xj1 - xj);
+        }
+
+        template <typename Iterator>
+        outlier_classification classify_outliers(Iterator first, Iterator last) {
+            std::vector<double> copy(first, last);
+
+            auto q1 = weighted_average_quantile(1, 4, copy.begin(), copy.end());
+            auto q3 = weighted_average_quantile(3, 4, copy.begin(), copy.end());
+            auto iqr = q3 - q1;
+            auto los = q1 - (iqr * 3.);
+            auto lom = q1 - (iqr * 1.5);
+            auto him = q3 + (iqr * 1.5);
+            auto his = q3 + (iqr * 3.);
+
+            outlier_classification o;
+            for(; first != last; ++first) {
+                auto&& t = *first;
+                if(t < los) ++o.low_severe;
+                else if(t < lom) ++o.low_mild;
+                else if(t > his) ++o.high_severe;
+                else if(t > him) ++o.high_mild;
+                ++o.samples_seen;
+            }
+            return o;
+        }
+
+        template <typename Iterator>
+        double mean(Iterator first, Iterator last) {
+            auto count = last - first;
+            double sum = std::accumulate(first, last, 0.);
+            return sum / count;
+        }
+
+        template <typename Iterator>
+        double standard_deviation(Iterator first, Iterator last) {
+            auto m = mean(first, last);
+            double variance = std::accumulate(first, last, 0., [m](double a, double b) {
+                        double diff = b - m;
+                        return a + diff*diff;
+                    }) / (last - first);
+            return std::sqrt(variance);
+        }
+
+        template <typename URng, typename Iterator, typename Estimator>
+        sample resample(URng& rng, int resamples, Iterator first, Iterator last, Estimator& estimator) {
+            auto n = last - first;
+            std::uniform_int_distribution<decltype(n)> dist(0, n-1);
+
+            sample out;
+            out.reserve(resamples);
+            std::generate_n(std::back_inserter(out), resamples, [n, first, &estimator, &dist, &rng] {
+                std::vector<double> resampled;
+                resampled.reserve(n);
+                std::generate_n(std::back_inserter(resampled), n, [first, &dist, &rng] { return first[dist(rng)]; });
+                return estimator(resampled.begin(), resampled.end());
+            });
+            std::sort(out.begin(), out.end());
+            return out;
+        }
+
+        template <typename Estimator, typename Iterator>
+        sample jackknife(Estimator&& estimator, Iterator first, Iterator last) {
+            auto n = last - first;
+            auto second = std::next(first);
+            sample results;
+            results.reserve(n);
+
+            for(auto it = first; it != last; ++it) {
+                std::iter_swap(it, first);
+                results.push_back(estimator(second, last));
+            }
+
+            return results;
+        }
+
+        template <typename Iterator, typename Estimator>
+        estimate<double> bootstrap(double confidence_level, Iterator first, Iterator last, sample const& resample, Estimator&& estimator) {
+            namespace bm = boost::math;
+
+            auto n_samples = last - first;
+
+            double point = estimator(first, last);
+            // Degenerate case with a single sample
+            if(n_samples == 1) return { point, point, point, confidence_level };
+
+            sample jack = jackknife(estimator, first, last);
+            double jack_mean = mean(jack.begin(), jack.end());
+            double sum_squares, sum_cubes;
+            std::tie(sum_squares, sum_cubes) = std::accumulate(jack.begin(), jack.end(), std::make_pair(0., 0.), [jack_mean](std::pair<double, double> sqcb, double x) -> std::pair<double, double> {
+                        auto d = jack_mean - x;
+                        auto d2 = d * d;
+                        auto d3 = d2 * d;
+                        return { sqcb.first + d2, sqcb.second + d3 };
+                    });
+
+            double accel = sum_cubes / (6 * std::pow(sum_squares, 1.5));
+            int n = static_cast<int>(resample.size());
+            double prob_n = std::count_if(resample.begin(), resample.end(), [point](double x) { return x < point; }) /(double) n;
+            // degenerate case with uniform samples
+            if(prob_n == 0) return { point, point, point, confidence_level };
+
+            double bias = bm::quantile(bm::normal{}, prob_n);
+            double z1 = bm::quantile(bm::normal{}, (1. - confidence_level) / 2.);
+
+            auto cumn = [n](double x) -> int { return std::lround(bm::cdf(bm::normal{}, x) * n); };
+            auto a = [bias, accel](double b) { return bias + b / (1. - accel * b); };
+            double b1 = bias + z1;
+            double b2 = bias - z1;
+            double a1 = a(b1);
+            double a2 = a(b2);
+            auto lo = std::max(cumn(a1), 0);
+            auto hi = std::min(cumn(a2), n - 1);
+
+            return { point, resample[lo], resample[hi], confidence_level };
+        }
+
+        inline double outlier_variance(estimate<double> mean, estimate<double> stddev, int n) {
+            double sb = stddev.point;
+            double mn = mean.point / n;
+            double mg_min = mn / 2.;
+            double sg = std::min(mg_min / 4., sb / std::sqrt(n));
+            double sg2 = sg * sg;
+            double sb2 = sb * sb;
+
+            auto c_max = [n, mn, sb2, sg2](double x) -> double {
+                double k = mn - x;
+                double d = k * k;
+                double nd = n * d;
+                double k0 = -n * nd;
+                double k1 = sb2 - n * sg2 + nd;
+                double det = k1 * k1 - 4 * sg2 * k0;
+                return (int)(-2. * k0 / (k1 + std::sqrt(det)));
+            };
+
+            auto var_out = [n, sb2, sg2](double c) {
+                double nc = n - c;
+                return (nc / n) * (sb2 - nc * sg2);
+            };
+
+            return std::min(var_out(1), var_out(std::min(c_max(0.), c_max(mg_min)))) / sb2;
+        }
+
+        struct bootstrap_analysis {
+            estimate<double> mean;
+            estimate<double> standard_deviation;
+            double outlier_variance;
+        };
+
+        template <typename Iterator>
+        bootstrap_analysis analyse_samples(double confidence_level, int n_resamples, Iterator first, Iterator last) {
+            static std::random_device entropy;
+
+            auto n = static_cast<int>(last - first); // seriously, one can't use integral types without hell in C++
+
+            auto mean = &detail::mean<Iterator>;
+            auto stddev = &detail::standard_deviation<Iterator>;
+
+            auto estimate = [=](double(*f)(Iterator, Iterator)) {
+                auto seed = entropy();
+                return std::async(std::launch::async, [=]{
+                    std::mt19937 rng(seed);
+                    auto resampled = resample(rng, n_resamples, first, last, f);
+                    return bootstrap(confidence_level, first, last, resampled, f);
+                });
+            };
+
+            auto mean_future = estimate(mean);
+            auto stddev_future = estimate(stddev);
+
+            auto mean_estimate = mean_future.get();
+            auto stddev_estimate = stddev_future.get();
+
+            double outlier_variance = detail::outlier_variance(mean_estimate, stddev_estimate, n);
+
+            return { mean_estimate, stddev_estimate, outlier_variance };
+        }
+    } // namespace detail
+} // namespace nonius
+
+#include <algorithm>
+#include <iterator>
+#include <tuple>
+#include <vector>
+#include <cmath>
+
+namespace nonius {
+    namespace detail {
+        template <typename Clock>
+        std::vector<double> resolution(int k) {
+            std::vector<TimePoint<Clock>> times;
+            times.reserve(k+1);
+            std::generate_n(std::back_inserter(times), k+1, now<Clock>{});
+
+            std::vector<double> deltas;
+            deltas.reserve(k);
+            std::transform(std::next(times.begin()), times.end(), times.begin(),
+                              std::back_inserter(deltas),
+                              [](TimePoint<Clock> a, TimePoint<Clock> b) { return static_cast<double>((a - b).count()); });
+
+            return deltas;
+        }
+
+        const auto warmup_seed = 10000;
+        const auto clock_resolution_estimation_time = chrono::milliseconds(500);
+        const auto clock_cost_estimation_time_limit = chrono::seconds(1);
+        const auto clock_cost_estimation_tick_limit = 100000;
+        const auto clock_cost_estimation_time = chrono::milliseconds(10);
+        const auto clock_cost_estimation_iterations = 10000;
+
+        template <typename Clock>
+        int warmup() {
+            return run_for_at_least<Clock>({}, chrono::duration_cast<Duration<Clock>>(warmup_time), warmup_seed, &resolution<Clock>)
+                    .iterations;
+        }
+        template <typename Clock>
+        environment_estimate<FloatDuration<Clock>> estimate_clock_resolution(int iterations) {
+            auto r = run_for_at_least<Clock>({}, chrono::duration_cast<Duration<Clock>>(clock_resolution_estimation_time), iterations, &resolution<Clock>)
+                    .result;
+            return {
+                FloatDuration<Clock>(mean(r.begin(), r.end())),
+                classify_outliers(r.begin(), r.end()),
+            };
+        }
+        template <typename Clock>
+        environment_estimate<FloatDuration<Clock>> estimate_clock_cost(FloatDuration<Clock> resolution) {
+            auto time_limit = std::min(resolution * clock_cost_estimation_tick_limit, FloatDuration<Clock>(clock_cost_estimation_time_limit));
+            auto time_clock = [](int k) {
+                return detail::measure<Clock>([k]{
+                    for(int i = 0; i < k; ++i) {
+                        volatile auto ignored = Clock::now();
+                        (void)ignored;
+                    }
+                }).elapsed;
+            };
+            time_clock(1);
+            int iters = clock_cost_estimation_iterations;
+            auto&& r = run_for_at_least<Clock>({}, chrono::duration_cast<Duration<Clock>>(clock_cost_estimation_time), iters, time_clock);
+            std::vector<double> times;
+            int nsamples = static_cast<int>(std::ceil(time_limit / r.elapsed));
+            times.reserve(nsamples);
+            std::generate_n(std::back_inserter(times), nsamples, [time_clock, &r]{
+                        return (time_clock(r.iterations) / r.iterations).count();
+                    });
+            return {
+                FloatDuration<Clock>(mean(times.begin(), times.end())),
+                classify_outliers(times.begin(), times.end()),
+            };
+        }
+    } // namespace detail
+} // namespace nonius
+
+// #included from: detail/analyse.h++
+// Nonius - C++ benchmarking tool
+//
+// Written in 2014- by the nonius contributors <nonius@rmf.io>
+//
+// To the extent possible under law, the author(s) have dedicated all copyright and related
+// and neighboring rights to this software to the public domain worldwide. This software is
+// distributed without any warranty.
+//
+// You should have received a copy of the CC0 Public Domain Dedication along with this software.
+// If not, see <http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/>
+
+// Run and analyse one benchmark
+
+#define NONIUS_DETAIL_ANALYSE_HPP
+
+#include <algorithm>
+#include <iterator>
+#include <vector>
+
+namespace nonius {
+    namespace detail {
+        template <typename Duration, typename Iterator>
+        sample_analysis<Duration> analyse(configuration cfg, environment<Duration>, Iterator first, Iterator last) {
+            std::vector<double> samples;
+            samples.reserve(last - first);
+            std::transform(first, last, std::back_inserter(samples), [](Duration d) { return d.count(); });
+
+            auto analysis = nonius::detail::analyse_samples(cfg.confidence_interval, cfg.resamples, samples.begin(), samples.end());
+            auto outliers = nonius::detail::classify_outliers(samples.begin(), samples.end());
+
+            auto wrap_estimate = [](estimate<double> e) {
+                return estimate<Duration> {
+                    Duration(e.point),
+                    Duration(e.lower_bound),
+                    Duration(e.upper_bound),
+                    e.confidence_interval,
+                };
+            };
+            std::vector<Duration> samples2;
+            samples2.reserve(samples.size());
+            std::transform(samples.begin(), samples.end(), std::back_inserter(samples2), [](double d) { return Duration(d); });
+            return {
+                std::move(samples2),
+                wrap_estimate(analysis.mean),
+                wrap_estimate(analysis.standard_deviation),
+                outliers,
+                analysis.outlier_variance,
+            };
+        }
+    } // namespace detail
+} // namespace nonius
+
+#include <algorithm>
+#include <set>
+#include <exception>
+#include <utility>
+#include <regex>
+
+namespace nonius {
+    namespace detail {
+        template <typename Clock>
+        environment<FloatDuration<Clock>> measure_environment(reporter& rep) {
+            rep.warmup_start();
+            auto iters = detail::warmup<Clock>();
+            rep.warmup_end(iters);
+
+            rep.estimate_clock_resolution_start();
+            auto resolution = detail::estimate_clock_resolution<Clock>(iters);
+            rep.estimate_clock_resolution_complete(resolution);
+
+            rep.estimate_clock_cost_start();
+            auto cost = detail::estimate_clock_cost<Clock>(resolution.mean);
+            rep.estimate_clock_cost_complete(cost);
+
+            return { resolution, cost };
+        }
+    } // namespace detail
+
+    struct benchmark_user_error : virtual std::exception {
+        char const* what() const NONIUS_NOEXCEPT override {
+            return "a benchmark failed to run successfully";
+        }
+    };
+
+    struct skip_error : virtual std::exception {
+        const char* what() const NONIUS_NOEXCEPT override {
+            return "benchmark was skipped";
+        }
+    };
+
+    inline void skip() {
+        throw skip_error{};
+    }
+
+    inline std::vector<parameters> generate_params(param_configuration cfg) {
+        auto params = global_param_registry().defaults().merged(cfg.map);
+        if (!cfg.run) {
+            return {params};
+        } else {
+            using operation_t = std::function<param(param, param)>;
+
+            auto&& run = *cfg.run;
+            auto step = run.step;
+            auto oper = std::unordered_map<std::string, operation_t> {
+                {"+", std::plus<param>{}},
+                {"*", std::multiplies<param>{}},
+            }.at(run.op);
+
+            auto r = std::vector<parameters>{};
+            auto next = run.init;
+            std::generate_n(std::back_inserter(r), std::max(run.count, std::size_t{1}), [&] {
+                auto last = next;
+                next = oper(next, step);
+                return params.merged(parameters{{run.name, last}});
+            });
+
+            return r;
+        }
+    }
+
+    template <typename Iterator>
+    std::vector<benchmark> filter_benchmarks(Iterator first, Iterator last, std::string pattern) {
+        auto r = std::vector<benchmark>{};
+        auto matcher = std::regex{pattern};
+        std::copy_if(first, last, std::back_inserter(r), [&] (benchmark const& b) {
+            return std::regex_match(b.name, matcher);
+        });
+        return r;
+    }
+
+    template <typename Clock = default_clock, typename Iterator>
+    void go(configuration cfg, Iterator first, Iterator last, reporter& rep) {
+        rep.configure(cfg);
+
+        auto env = detail::measure_environment<Clock>(rep);
+        rep.suite_start();
+
+        auto benchmarks = filter_benchmarks(first, last, cfg.filter_pattern);
+        auto all_params = generate_params(cfg.params);
+
+        for (auto&& params : all_params) {
+            rep.params_start(params);
+            for (auto&& bench : benchmarks) {
+                rep.benchmark_start(bench.name);
+                try {
+                    auto plan = bench.template prepare<Clock>(cfg, params, env);
+
+                    rep.measurement_start(plan);
+                    auto samples = plan.template run<Clock>(cfg, env);
+                    rep.measurement_complete(std::vector<fp_seconds>(samples.begin(), samples.end()));
+
+                    if(!cfg.no_analysis) {
+                        rep.analysis_start();
+                        auto analysis = detail::analyse(cfg, env, samples.begin(), samples.end());
+                        rep.analysis_complete(analysis);
+                    }
+                    rep.benchmark_complete();
+                } catch (...) {
+                    rep.benchmark_failure(std::current_exception());
+                }
+            }
+            rep.params_complete();
+        }
+
+        rep.suite_complete();
+    }
+    struct duplicate_benchmarks : virtual std::exception {
+        char const* what() const NONIUS_NOEXCEPT override {
+            return "two or more benchmarks with the same name were registered";
+        }
+    };
+    template <typename Clock = default_clock, typename Iterator>
+    void validate_benchmarks(Iterator first, Iterator last) {
+        struct strings_lt_through_pointer {
+            bool operator()(std::string* a, std::string* b) const { return *a < *b; };
+        };
+        std::set<std::string*, strings_lt_through_pointer> names;
+        for(; first != last; ++first) {
+            if(!names.insert(&first->name).second)
+                throw duplicate_benchmarks();
+        }
+    }
+    template <typename Clock = default_clock, typename Iterator>
+    void go(configuration cfg, Iterator first, Iterator last, reporter&& rep) {
+        go<Clock>(cfg, first, last, rep);
+    }
+    struct no_such_reporter : virtual std::exception {
+        char const* what() const NONIUS_NOEXCEPT override {
+            return "reporter could not be found";
+        }
+    };
+    template <typename Clock = default_clock>
+    void go(configuration cfg, benchmark_registry& benchmarks = global_benchmark_registry(), reporter_registry& reporters = global_reporter_registry()) {
+        auto it = reporters.find(cfg.reporter);
+        if(it == reporters.end()) throw no_such_reporter();
+        validate_benchmarks<Clock>(benchmarks.begin(), benchmarks.end());
+        go<Clock>(cfg, benchmarks.begin(), benchmarks.end(), *it->second);
+    }
+} // namespace nonius
+
+#ifndef NONIUS_DISABLE_EXTRA_REPORTERS
+#ifndef NONIUS_DISABLE_CSV_REPORTER
+// #included from: reporters/csv_reporter.h++
+// Nonius - C++ benchmarking tool
+//
+// Written in 2014- by the nonius contributors <nonius@rmf.io>
+//
+// To the extent possible under law, the author(s) have dedicated all copyright and related
+// and neighboring rights to this software to the public domain worldwide. This software is
+// distributed without any warranty.
+//
+// You should have received a copy of the CC0 Public Domain Dedication along with this software.
+// If not, see <http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/>
+
+// CSV raw data reporter
+
+#define NONIUS_REPORTERS_CSV_REPORTER_HPP
+
+#include <ios>
+#include <iomanip>
+#include <algorithm>
+#include <string>
+#include <iterator>
+#include <limits>
+#include <unordered_map>
+#include <vector>
+
+namespace nonius {
+    struct csv_reporter : reporter {
+    private:
+        std::string description() override {
+            return "outputs samples to a CSV file";
+        }
+
+        void do_configure(configuration& cfg) override {
+            cfg.no_analysis = true;
+            n_samples = cfg.samples;
+            verbose = cfg.verbose;
+        }
+
+        void do_warmup_start() override {
+            if(verbose) progress_stream() << "warming up\n";
+        }
+        void do_estimate_clock_resolution_start() override {
+            if(verbose) progress_stream() << "estimating clock resolution\n";
+        }
+        void do_estimate_clock_cost_start() override {
+            if(verbose) progress_stream() << "estimating cost of a clock call\n";
+        }
+
+        void do_benchmark_start(std::string const& name) override {
+            if(verbose) progress_stream() << "\nbenchmarking " << name << "\n";
+            current = name;
+        }
+
+        void do_measurement_start(execution_plan<fp_seconds> plan) override {
+            report_stream() << std::setprecision(7);
+            report_stream().unsetf(std::ios::floatfield);
+            if(verbose) progress_stream() << "collecting " << n_samples << " samples, " << plan.iterations_per_sample << " iterations each, in estimated " << detail::pretty_duration(plan.estimated_duration) << "\n";
+        }
+        void do_measurement_complete(std::vector<fp_seconds> const& samples) override {
+            data[current] = samples;
+        }
+
+        void do_benchmark_failure(std::exception_ptr) override {
+            error_stream() << current << " failed to run successfully\n";
+        }
+
+        void do_suite_complete() override {
+            if(verbose) progress_stream() << "\ngenerating CSV report\n";
+            report_stream() << std::fixed;
+            report_stream().precision(std::numeric_limits<double>::digits10);
+            bool first = true;
+            for(auto&& kv : data) {
+                if(!first) report_stream() << ",";
+                report_stream() << "\"" << escape(kv.first) << "\""; // TODO escape
+                first = false;
+            }
+            report_stream() << "\n";
+            for(int i = 0; i < n_samples; ++i) {
+                first = true;
+                for(auto&& kv : data) {
+                    if(!first) report_stream() << ",";
+                    report_stream() << kv.second[i].count();
+                    first = false;
+                }
+                report_stream() << "\n";
+            }
+            if(verbose) progress_stream() << "done\n";
+        }
+
+    private:
+        static std::string escape(std::string const& source) {
+            auto first = source.begin();
+            auto last = source.end();
+
+            auto quotes = std::count(first, last, '"');
+            if(quotes == 0) return source;
+
+            std::string escaped;
+            escaped.reserve(source.size() + quotes);
+
+            while(first != last) {
+                auto next_quote = std::find(first, last, '"');
+                std::copy(first, next_quote, std::back_inserter(escaped));
+                first = next_quote;
+                if(first != last) {
+                    ++first;
+                    escaped.push_back('"');
+                    escaped.push_back('"');
+                }
+            }
+
+            return escaped;
+        }
+
+        int n_samples;
+        bool verbose;
+        std::string current;
+        std::unordered_map<std::string, std::vector<fp_seconds>> data;
+    };
+
+    NONIUS_REPORTER("csv", csv_reporter);
+} // namespace nonius
+
+#endif // NONIUS_DISABLE_CSV_REPORTER
+#ifndef NONIUS_DISABLE_JUNIT_REPORTER
+// #included from: reporters/junit_reporter.h++
+// Nonius - C++ benchmarking tool
+//
+// Written in 2014- by the nonius contributors <nonius@rmf.io>
+//
+// To the extent possible under law, the author(s) have dedicated all copyright and related
+// and neighboring rights to this software to the public domain worldwide. This software is
+// distributed without any warranty.
+//
+// You should have received a copy of the CC0 Public Domain Dedication along with this software.
+// If not, see <http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/>
+
+// JUnit reporter
+
+#define NONIUS_REPORTERS_JUNIT_REPORTER_HPP
+
+// #included from: detail/escape.h++
+// Nonius - C++ benchmarking tool
+//
+// Written in 2014- by the nonius contributors <nonius@rmf.io>
+//
+// To the extent possible under law, the author(s) have dedicated all copyright and related
+// and neighboring rights to this software to the public domain worldwide. This software is
+// distributed without any warranty.
+//
+// You should have received a copy of the CC0 Public Domain Dedication along with this software.
+// If not, see <http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/>
+
+// General escaping routines
+
+#define NONIUS_DETAIL_ESCAPE_HPP
+
+#include <string>
+#include <algorithm>
+#include <iterator>
+#include <utility>
+
+namespace nonius {
+    namespace detail {
+        inline std::string escape(std::string const& source, std::unordered_map<char, std::string> const& escapes) {
+            std::string magic;
+            magic.reserve(escapes.size());
+            std::transform(escapes.begin(), escapes.end(), std::back_inserter(magic), [](std::pair<char const, std::string> const& p) { return p.first; });
+
+            auto first = source.begin();
+            auto last = source.end();
+
+            auto n_magic = std::count_if(first, last, [&magic](char c) { return magic.find(c) != std::string::npos; });
+
+            std::string escaped;
+            escaped.reserve(source.size() + n_magic*6);
+
+            while(first != last) {
+                auto next_magic = std::find_first_of(first, last, magic.begin(), magic.end());
+                std::copy(first, next_magic, std::back_inserter(escaped));
+                first = next_magic;
+                if(first != last) {
+                    auto it = escapes.find(*first);
+                    if(it != escapes.end()) {
+                        escaped += it->second;
+                    }
+                    ++first;
+                }
+            }
+            return escaped;
+        }
+    } // namespace detail
+} // namespace nonius
+
+#include <ios>
+#include <iomanip>
+#include <algorithm>
+#include <string>
+#include <iterator>
+#include <limits>
+#include <unordered_map>
+#include <vector>
+#include <exception>
+
+namespace nonius {
+    struct junit_reporter : reporter {
+    private:
+        std::string description() override {
+            return "outputs results to a JUnit-compatible XML file";
+        }
+
+        void do_configure(configuration& cfg) override {
+            n_samples = cfg.samples;
+            confidence_interval = cfg.confidence_interval;
+            resamples = cfg.resamples;
+            verbose = cfg.verbose;
+            title = cfg.title;
+        }
+
+        struct result {
+            sample_analysis<fp_seconds> analysis;
+            std::exception_ptr failure;
+        };
+
+        void do_warmup_start() override {
+            if(verbose) progress_stream() << "warming up\n";
+        }
+        void do_estimate_clock_resolution_start() override {
+            if(verbose) progress_stream() << "estimating clock resolution\n";
+        }
+        void do_estimate_clock_cost_start() override {
+            if(verbose) progress_stream() << "estimating cost of a clock call\n";
+        }
+
+        void do_benchmark_start(std::string const& name) override {
+            if(verbose) progress_stream() << "\nbenchmarking " << name << "\n";
+            current = name;
+        }
+
+        void do_measurement_start(execution_plan<fp_seconds> plan) override {
+            report_stream() << std::setprecision(7);
+            report_stream().unsetf(std::ios::floatfield);
+            if(verbose) progress_stream() << "collecting " << n_samples << " samples, " << plan.iterations_per_sample << " iterations each, in estimated " << detail::pretty_duration(plan.estimated_duration) << "\n";
+        }
+
+        void do_analysis_start() override {
+            if(verbose) report_stream() << "analysing samples\n";
+        }
+        void do_analysis_complete(sample_analysis<fp_seconds> const& analysis) override {
+            data[current] = { analysis, nullptr };
+        }
+
+        void do_benchmark_failure(std::exception_ptr e) override {
+            data[current] = { sample_analysis<fp_seconds>(), e };
+            error_stream() << current << " failed to run successfully\n";
+        }
+
+        void do_suite_complete() override {
+            if(verbose) progress_stream() << "\ngenerating JUnit report\n";
+
+            report_stream() << "<?xml version=\"1.0\" encoding=\"utf-8\"?>\n";
+            report_stream() << "<testsuite name=\"" << escape(title) << "\" tests=\"" << data.size() << "\"";
+            auto failures = std::count_if(data.begin(), data.end(),
+                    [](std::pair<std::string const&, result> const& p) {
+                        return static_cast<bool>(p.second.failure);
+                    });
+            if(failures > 0) report_stream() << " errors=\"" << failures << "\"";
+            report_stream() << ">\n";
+
+            report_stream() << " <properties>\n";
+            report_stream() << "  <property name=\"samples\" value=\"" << n_samples << "\">\n";
+            report_stream() << "  <property name=\"confidence_interval\" value=\"" << std::setprecision(3) << confidence_interval << "\">\n";
+            report_stream() << "  <property name=\"resamples\" value=\"" << resamples << "\">\n";
+            report_stream() << " </properties>\n";
+
+            for(auto tc : data) {
+                report_stream() << " <testcase name=\"" << escape(tc.first) << "\"";
+                if(tc.second.failure) {
+                    report_stream() << ">\n";
+                    try {
+                        std::rethrow_exception(tc.second.failure);
+                    } catch(std::exception const& e) {
+                        report_stream() << "  <error message=\"" << escape(e.what()) << "\" />\n";
+                    } catch(...) {
+                        report_stream() << "  <error message=\"unknown error\" />\n";
+                    }
+                    report_stream() << " </testcase>\n";
+                } else {
+                    report_stream() << std::fixed;
+                    report_stream().precision(std::numeric_limits<double>::digits10);
+                    report_stream() << " time=\"" << tc.second.analysis.mean.point.count() << "\" />\n";
+                }
+            }
+
+            report_stream() << "</testsuite>\n";
+
+            report_stream() << std::flush;
+
+            if(verbose) progress_stream() << "done\n";
+        }
+
+        static std::string escape(std::string const& source) {
+            static const std::unordered_map<char, std::string> escapes {
+                { '\'', "&apos;" },
+                { '"',  "&quot;" },
+                { '<',  "&lt;"   },
+                { '>',  "&gt;"   },
+                { '&',  "&amp;"  },
+            };
+            return detail::escape(source, escapes);
+        }
+
+        int n_samples;
+        double confidence_interval;
+        int resamples;
+        bool verbose;
+        std::string title;
+
+        std::string current;
+        std::unordered_map<std::string, result> data;
+    };
+
+    NONIUS_REPORTER("junit", junit_reporter);
+} // namespace nonius
+
+#endif // NONIUS_DISABLE_JUNIT_REPORTER
+#ifndef NONIUS_DISABLE_HTML_REPORTER
+// #included from: reporters/html_reporter.h++
+// Nonius - C++ benchmarking tool
+//
+// Written in 2014- by the nonius contributors <nonius@rmf.io>
+//
+// To the extent possible under law, the author(s) have dedicated all copyright and related
+// and neighboring rights to this software to the public domain worldwide. This software is
+// distributed without any warranty.
+//
+// You should have received a copy of the CC0 Public Domain Dedication along with this software.
+// If not, see <http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/>
+
+// HTML single-chart reporter
+
+#define NONIUS_REPORTERS_HTML_ALL_REPORTER_HPP
+
+// #included from: detail/cpptempl.h
+// cpptempl
+// =================
+// This is a template engine for C++.
+//
+// Syntax
+// =================
+// Variables: {$variable_name}
+// Loops: {% for person in people %}Name: {$person.name}{% endfor %}
+// If: {% for person.name == "Bob" %}Full name: Robert{% endif %}
+//
+// Copyright
+// ==================
+// Copyright (c) Ryan Ginstrom
+//
+// Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy
+// of this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"), to
+// deal in the Software without restriction, including without limitation the
+// rights to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or
+// sell copies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is
+// furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions:
+//
+// The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in
+// all copies or substantial portions of the Software.
+//
+// THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR
+// IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY,
+// FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE
+// AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER
+// LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING
+// FROM, OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS
+// IN THE SOFTWARE.
+//
+// Modified by: Martinho Fernandes
+//
+// Usage
+// =======================
+//     std::string text = "{% if item %}{$item}{% endif %}\n"
+//      "{% if thing %}{$thing}{% endif %}" ;
+//  cpptempl::data_map data ;
+//  data["item"] = cpptempl::make_data("aaa") ;
+//  data["thing"] = cpptempl::make_data("bbb") ;
+//
+//     std::string result = cpptempl::parse(text, data) ;
+//
+// Handy Functions
+// ========================
+// make_data() : Feed it a string, data_map, or data_list to create a data entry.
+// Example:
+//  data_map person ;
+//  person["name"] = make_data("Bob") ;
+//  person["occupation"] = make_data("Plumber") ;
+//  data_map data ;
+//  data["person"] = make_data(person) ;
+//     std::string result = parse(templ_text, data) ;
+
+#ifndef CPPTEMPL_H
+#define CPPTEMPL_H
+
+#ifdef _MSC_VER
+#pragma warning( disable : 4996 ) // 'std::copy': Function call with parameters that may be unsafe - this call relies on the caller to check that the passed values are correct. To disable this warning, use -D_SCL_SECURE_NO_WARNINGS. See documentation on how to use Visual C++ 'Checked Iterators'
+#pragma warning( disable : 4512 ) // 'std::copy': Function call with parameters that may be unsafe - this call relies on the caller to check that the passed values are correct. To disable this warning, use -D_SCL_SECURE_NO_WARNINGS. See documentation on how to use Visual C++ 'Checked Iterators'
+#endif
+
+#include <string>
+#include <vector>
+#include <map>
+#include <memory>
+#include <unordered_map>
+#include <boost/lexical_cast.hpp>
+
+#include <ostream>
+
+#include <sstream>
+#include <boost/algorithm/string.hpp>
+
+namespace cpptempl
+{
+    // various typedefs
+
+    // data classes
+    class Data ;
+    class DataValue ;
+    class DataList ;
+    class DataMap ;
+
+    class data_ptr {
+    public:
+        data_ptr() {}
+        template<typename T> data_ptr(const T& data) {
+            this->operator =(data);
+        }
+        data_ptr(DataValue* data);
+        data_ptr(DataList* data);
+        data_ptr(DataMap* data);
+        data_ptr(const data_ptr& data) {
+            ptr = data.ptr;
+        }
+        template<typename T> void operator = (const T& data);
+        void push_back(const data_ptr& data);
+        virtual ~data_ptr() {}
+        Data* operator ->() {
+            return ptr.get();
+        }
+    private:
+        std::shared_ptr<Data> ptr;
+    };
+    typedef std::vector<data_ptr> data_list ;
+
+    class data_map {
+    public:
+        data_ptr& operator [](const std::string& key);
+        bool empty();
+        bool has(const std::string& key);
+    private:
+        std::unordered_map<std::string, data_ptr> data;
+    };
+
+    template<> inline void data_ptr::operator = (const data_ptr& data);
+    template<> void data_ptr::operator = (const std::string& data);
+    template<> void data_ptr::operator = (const std::string& data);
+    template<> void data_ptr::operator = (const data_map& data);
+    template<typename T>
+    void data_ptr::operator = (const T& data) {
+        std::string data_str = boost::lexical_cast<std::string>(data);
+        this->operator =(data_str);
+    }
+
+    // token classes
+    class Token ;
+    typedef std::shared_ptr<Token> token_ptr ;
+    typedef std::vector<token_ptr> token_vector ;
+
+    // Custom exception class for library errors
+    class TemplateException : public std::exception
+    {
+    public:
+        TemplateException(std::string reason) : m_reason(std::move(reason)){}
+        char const* what() const NONIUS_NOEXCEPT override {
+            return m_reason.c_str();
+        }
+    private:
+        std::string m_reason;
+    };
+
+    // Data types used in templates
+    class Data
+    {
+    public:
+        virtual bool empty() = 0 ;
+        virtual std::string getvalue();
+        virtual data_list& getlist();
+        virtual data_map& getmap() ;
+    };
+
+    class DataValue : public Data
+    {
+        std::string m_value ;
+    public:
+        DataValue(std::string value) : m_value(value){}
+        std::string getvalue();
+        bool empty();
+    };
+
+    class DataList : public Data
+    {
+        data_list m_items ;
+    public:
+        DataList(const data_list &items) : m_items(items){}
+        data_list& getlist() ;
+        bool empty();
+    };
+
+    class DataMap : public Data
+    {
+        data_map m_items ;
+    public:
+        DataMap(const data_map &items) : m_items(items){}
+        data_map& getmap();
+        bool empty();
+    };
+
+    inline data_ptr::data_ptr(DataValue* data) : ptr(data) {}
+    inline data_ptr::data_ptr(DataList* data) : ptr(data) {}
+    inline data_ptr::data_ptr(DataMap* data) : ptr(data) {}
+
+    // convenience functions for making data objects
+    inline data_ptr make_data(std::string val)
+    {
+        return data_ptr(new DataValue(val)) ;
+    }
+    inline data_ptr make_data(data_list &val)
+    {
+        return data_ptr(new DataList(val)) ;
+    }
+    inline data_ptr make_data(data_map &val)
+    {
+        return data_ptr(new DataMap(val)) ;
+    }
+    // get a data value from a data map
+    // e.g. foo.bar => data["foo"]["bar"]
+    data_ptr parse_val(std::string key, data_map &data) ;
+
+    typedef enum
+    {
+        TOKEN_TYPE_NONE,
+        TOKEN_TYPE_TEXT,
+        TOKEN_TYPE_VAR,
+        TOKEN_TYPE_IF,
+        TOKEN_TYPE_FOR,
+        TOKEN_TYPE_ENDIF,
+        TOKEN_TYPE_ENDFOR,
+    } TokenType;
+
+    // Template tokens
+    // base class for all token types
+    class Token
+    {
+    public:
+        virtual TokenType gettype() = 0 ;
+        virtual void gettext(std::ostream &stream, data_map &data) = 0 ;
+        virtual void set_children(token_vector &children);
+        virtual token_vector & get_children();
+    };
+
+    // normal text
+    class TokenText : public Token
+    {
+        std::string m_text ;
+    public:
+        TokenText(std::string text) : m_text(text){}
+        TokenType gettype();
+        void gettext(std::ostream &stream, data_map &data);
+    };
+
+    // variable
+    class TokenVar : public Token
+    {
+        std::string m_key ;
+    public:
+        TokenVar(std::string key) : m_key(key){}
+        TokenType gettype();
+        void gettext(std::ostream &stream, data_map &data);
+    };
+
+    // for block
+    class TokenFor : public Token
+    {
+    public:
+        std::string m_key ;
+        std::string m_val ;
+        token_vector m_children ;
+        TokenFor(std::string expr);
+        TokenType gettype();
+        void gettext(std::ostream &stream, data_map &data);
+        void set_children(token_vector &children);
+        token_vector &get_children();
+    };
+
+    // if block
+    class TokenIf : public Token
+    {
+    public:
+        std::string m_expr ;
+        token_vector m_children ;
+        TokenIf(std::string expr) : m_expr(expr){}
+        TokenType gettype();
+        void gettext(std::ostream &stream, data_map &data);
+        bool is_true(std::string expr, data_map &data);
+        void set_children(token_vector &children);
+        token_vector &get_children();
+    };
+
+    // end of block
+    class TokenEnd : public Token // end of control block
+    {
+        std::string m_type ;
+    public:
+        TokenEnd(std::string text) : m_type(text){}
+        TokenType gettype();
+        void gettext(std::ostream &stream, data_map &data);
+    };
+
+    std::string gettext(token_ptr token, data_map &data) ;
+
+    void parse_tree(token_vector &tokens, token_vector &tree, TokenType until=TOKEN_TYPE_NONE) ;
+    token_vector & tokenize(std::string text, token_vector &tokens) ;
+
+    // The big daddy. Pass in the template and data,
+    // and get out a completed doc.
+    void parse(std::ostream &stream, std::string templ_text, data_map &data) ;
+    std::string parse(std::string templ_text, data_map &data);
+    std::string parse(std::string templ_text, data_map &data);
+
+// *********** Implementation ************
+
+    //////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
+    // Data classes
+    //////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
+
+    // data_map
+    inline data_ptr& data_map::operator [](const std::string& key) {
+        return data[key];
+    }
+    inline bool data_map::empty() {
+        return data.empty();
+    }
+    inline bool data_map::has(const std::string& key) {
+        return data.find(key) != data.end();
+    }
+
+    // data_ptr
+    template<>
+    inline void data_ptr::operator = (const data_ptr& data) {
+        ptr = data.ptr;
+    }
+
+    template<>
+    inline void data_ptr::operator = (const std::string& data) {
+        ptr.reset(new DataValue(data));
+    }
+
+    template<>
+    inline void data_ptr::operator = (const data_map& data) {
+        ptr.reset(new DataMap(data));
+    }
+
+    inline void data_ptr::push_back(const data_ptr& data) {
+        if (!ptr) {
+            ptr.reset(new DataList(data_list()));
+        }
+        data_list& list = ptr->getlist();
+        list.push_back(data);
+    }
+
+    // base data
+    inline std::string Data::getvalue()
+    {
+        throw TemplateException("Data item is not a value") ;
+    }
+
+    inline data_list& Data::getlist()
+    {
+        throw TemplateException("Data item is not a list") ;
+    }
+    inline data_map& Data::getmap()
+    {
+        throw TemplateException("Data item is not a dictionary") ;
+    }
+    // data value
+    inline std::string DataValue::getvalue()
+    {
+        return m_value ;
+    }
+    inline bool DataValue::empty()
+    {
+        return m_value.empty();
+    }
+    // data list
+    inline data_list& DataList::getlist()
+    {
+        return m_items ;
+    }
+
+    inline bool DataList::empty()
+    {
+        return m_items.empty();
+    }
+    // data map
+    inline data_map& DataMap:: getmap()
+    {
+        return m_items ;
+    }
+    inline bool DataMap::empty()
+    {
+        return m_items.empty();
+    }
+    //////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
+    // parse_val
+    //////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
+    inline data_ptr parse_val(std::string key, data_map &data)
+    {
+        // quoted string
+        if (key[0] == '\"')
+        {
+			return make_data(boost::trim_copy_if(key, [](char c){ return c == '"'; }));
+        }
+        // check for dotted notation, i.e [foo.bar]
+        size_t index = key.find(".") ;
+        if (index == std::string::npos)
+        {
+            if (!data.has(key))
+            {
+                return make_data("{$" + key + "}") ;
+            }
+            return data[key] ;
+        }
+
+        std::string sub_key = key.substr(0, index) ;
+        if (!data.has(sub_key))
+        {
+            return make_data("{$" + key + "}") ;
+        }
+        data_ptr item = data[sub_key] ;
+        return parse_val(key.substr(index+1), item->getmap()) ;
+    }
+
+    //////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
+    // Token classes
+    //////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
+
+    // defaults, overridden by subclasses with children
+    inline void Token::set_children( token_vector & )
+    {
+        throw TemplateException("This token type cannot have children") ;
+    }
+
+    inline token_vector & Token::get_children()
+    {
+        throw TemplateException("This token type cannot have children") ;
+    }
+
+    // TokenText
+    inline TokenType TokenText::gettype()
+    {
+        return TOKEN_TYPE_TEXT ;
+    }
+
+    inline void TokenText::gettext( std::ostream &stream, data_map & )
+    {
+        stream << m_text ;
+    }
+
+    // TokenVar
+    inline TokenType TokenVar::gettype()
+    {
+        return TOKEN_TYPE_VAR ;
+    }
+
+    inline void TokenVar::gettext( std::ostream &stream, data_map &data )
+    {
+        stream << parse_val(m_key, data)->getvalue() ;
+    }
+
+    // TokenFor
+    inline TokenFor::TokenFor(std::string expr)
+    {
+        std::vector<std::string> elements ;
+        boost::split(elements, expr, boost::is_space()) ;
+        if (elements.size() != 4u)
+        {
+            throw TemplateException("Invalid syntax in for statement") ;
+        }
+        m_val = elements[1] ;
+        m_key = elements[3] ;
+    }
+
+    inline TokenType TokenFor::gettype()
+    {
+        return TOKEN_TYPE_FOR ;
+    }
+
+    inline void TokenFor::gettext( std::ostream &stream, data_map &data )
+    {
+        data_ptr value = parse_val(m_key, data) ;
+        data_list &items = value->getlist() ;
+        for (size_t i = 0 ; i < items.size() ; ++i)
+        {
+            data_map loop ;
+            loop["index"] = make_data(boost::lexical_cast<std::string>(i+1)) ;
+            loop["index0"] = make_data(boost::lexical_cast<std::string>(i)) ;
+            data["loop"] = make_data(loop);
+            data[m_val] = items[i] ;
+            for(size_t j = 0 ; j < m_children.size() ; ++j)
+            {
+                m_children[j]->gettext(stream, data) ;
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    inline void TokenFor::set_children( token_vector &children )
+    {
+        m_children.assign(children.begin(), children.end()) ;
+    }
+
+    inline token_vector & TokenFor::get_children()
+    {
+        return m_children;
+    }
+
+    // TokenIf
+    inline TokenType TokenIf::gettype()
+    {
+        return TOKEN_TYPE_IF ;
+    }
+
+    inline void TokenIf::gettext( std::ostream &stream, data_map &data )
+    {
+        if (is_true(m_expr, data))
+        {
+            for(size_t j = 0 ; j < m_children.size() ; ++j)
+            {
+                m_children[j]->gettext(stream, data) ;
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    inline bool TokenIf::is_true( std::string expr, data_map &data )
+    {
+        std::vector<std::string> elements ;
+        boost::split(elements, expr, boost::is_space()) ;
+
+        if (elements[1] == "not")
+        {
+            return parse_val(elements[2], data)->empty() ;
+        }
+        if (elements.size() == 2)
+        {
+            return ! parse_val(elements[1], data)->empty() ;
+        }
+        data_ptr lhs = parse_val(elements[1], data) ;
+        data_ptr rhs = parse_val(elements[3], data) ;
+        if (elements[2] == "==")
+        {
+            return lhs->getvalue() == rhs->getvalue() ;
+        }
+        return lhs->getvalue() != rhs->getvalue() ;
+    }
+
+    inline void TokenIf::set_children( token_vector &children )
+    {
+        m_children.assign(children.begin(), children.end()) ;
+    }
+
+    inline token_vector & TokenIf::get_children()
+    {
+        return m_children;
+    }
+
+    // TokenEnd
+    inline TokenType TokenEnd::gettype()
+    {
+        return m_type == "endfor" ? TOKEN_TYPE_ENDFOR : TOKEN_TYPE_ENDIF ;
+    }
+
+    inline void TokenEnd::gettext( std::ostream &, data_map &)
+    {
+        throw TemplateException("End-of-control statements have no associated text") ;
+    }
+
+    // gettext
+    // generic helper for getting text from tokens.
+
+    inline std::string gettext(token_ptr token, data_map &data)
+    {
+        std::ostringstream stream ;
+        token->gettext(stream, data) ;
+        return stream.str() ;
+    }
+    //////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
+    // parse_tree
+    // recursively parses list of tokens into a tree
+    //////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
+    inline void parse_tree(token_vector &tokens, token_vector &tree, TokenType until)
+    {
+        while(! tokens.empty())
+        {
+            // 'pops' first item off list
+            token_ptr token = tokens[0] ;
+            tokens.erase(tokens.begin()) ;
+
+            if (token->gettype() == TOKEN_TYPE_FOR)
+            {
+                token_vector children ;
+                parse_tree(tokens, children, TOKEN_TYPE_ENDFOR) ;
+                token->set_children(children) ;
+            }
+            else if (token->gettype() == TOKEN_TYPE_IF)
+            {
+                token_vector children ;
+                parse_tree(tokens, children, TOKEN_TYPE_ENDIF) ;
+                token->set_children(children) ;
+            }
+            else if (token->gettype() == until)
+            {
+                return ;
+            }
+            tree.push_back(token) ;
+        }
+    }
+    //////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
+    // tokenize
+    // parses a template into tokens (text, for, if, variable)
+    //////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
+    inline token_vector & tokenize(std::string text, token_vector &tokens)
+    {
+        while(! text.empty())
+        {
+            size_t pos = text.find("{") ;
+            if (pos == std::string::npos)
+            {
+                if (! text.empty())
+                {
+                    tokens.push_back(token_ptr(new TokenText(text))) ;
+                }
+                return tokens ;
+            }
+            std::string pre_text = text.substr(0, pos) ;
+            if (! pre_text.empty())
+            {
+                tokens.push_back(token_ptr(new TokenText(pre_text))) ;
+            }
+            text = text.substr(pos+1) ;
+            if (text.empty())
+            {
+                tokens.push_back(token_ptr(new TokenText("{"))) ;
+                return tokens ;
+            }
+
+            // variable
+            if (text[0] == '$')
+            {
+                pos = text.find("}") ;
+                if (pos != std::string::npos)
+                {
+                    tokens.push_back(token_ptr (new TokenVar(text.substr(1, pos-1)))) ;
+                    text = text.substr(pos+1) ;
+                }
+            }
+            // control statement
+            else if (text[0] == '%')
+            {
+                pos = text.find("}") ;
+                if (pos != std::string::npos)
+                {
+                    std::string expression = boost::trim_copy(text.substr(1, pos-2)) ;
+                    text = text.substr(pos+1) ;
+                    if (boost::starts_with(expression, "for"))
+                    {
+                        tokens.push_back(token_ptr (new TokenFor(expression))) ;
+                    }
+                    else if (boost::starts_with(expression, "if"))
+                    {
+                        tokens.push_back(token_ptr (new TokenIf(expression))) ;
+                    }
+                    else
+                    {
+                        tokens.push_back(token_ptr (new TokenEnd(boost::trim_copy(expression)))) ;
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+            else
+            {
+                tokens.push_back(token_ptr(new TokenText("{"))) ;
+            }
+        }
+        return tokens ;
+    }
+
+    inline std::string parse(std::string templ_text, data_map &data)
+    {
+        std::ostringstream stream ;
+        parse(stream, templ_text, data) ;
+        return stream.str() ;
+    }
+    inline void parse(std::ostream &stream, std::string templ_text, data_map &data)
+    {
+        token_vector tokens ;
+        tokenize(templ_text, tokens) ;
+        token_vector tree ;
+        parse_tree(tokens, tree) ;
+
+        for (size_t i = 0 ; i < tree.size() ; ++i)
+        {
+            // Recursively calls gettext on each node in the tree.
+            // gettext returns the appropriate text for that node.
+            // for text, itself;
+            // for variable, substitution;
+            // for control statement, recursively gets kids
+            tree[i]->gettext(stream, data) ;
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+#endif // CPPTEMPL_H
+#include <ios>
+#include <iomanip>
+#include <algorithm>
+#include <string>
+#include <iterator>
+#include <limits>
+#include <unordered_map>
+#include <vector>
+
+#include <fstream>
+
+namespace nonius {
+    struct html_reporter : reporter {
+    private:
+        static std::string const& template_string() {
+            static char const* template_parts[] = {
+// generated content broken into pieces because MSVC is in the 1990s.
+// #included from: detail/html_report_template.g.h++
+"<!DOCTYPE html>\n"
+"<html>\n"
+" <head>\n"
+"  <meta http-equiv=\"Content-Type\" content=\"text/html; charset=utf-8\">\n"
+"  <title>{$title} - nonius report</title>\n"
+"  <style type=\"text/css\"> body {\n"
+"    left: 0;\n"
+"    right: 0;\n"
+"    top: 0;\n"
+"    bottom: 0;\n"
+"    margin: 0;\n"
+"}\n"
+"\n"
+".plotly .modebar {\n"
+"    margin-top: 2em !important;\n"
+"}\n"
+"\n"
+"#header {\n"
+"    background-color: black;\n"
+"    z-index: 2;\n"
+"    position: absolute;\n"
+"    left: 0;\n"
+"    right: 0;\n"
+"    color: white;\n"
+"    font-family: monospace;\n"
+"    padding-left: 0;\n"
+"    text-align: center;\n"
+"    font-size: 1.2em;\n"
+"    font-weight: bold;\n"
+"    line-height: 2em;\n"
+"}\n"
+"\n"
+".select {\n"
+"    position: relative;\n"
+"    display: inline-block;\n"
+"    font-size: 1em;\n"
+"    font-weight: bold;\n"
+"    font-size: 1em;\n"
+"}\n"
+"\n"
+".select .arr {\n"
+"    background: #000;\n"
+"    bottom: 5px;\n"
+"    position: absolute;\n"
+"    right: 5px;\n"
+"    top: 5px;\n"
+"    width: 0px;\n"
+"    pointer-events: none;\n"
+"}\n"
+"\n"
+".select .arr:before {\n"
+"    content: '';\n"
+"    position: absolute;\n"
+"    top: 50%;\n"
+"    right: 14px;\n"
+"    margin-top: -5px;\n"
+"    pointer-events: none;\n"
+"    border-top: 10px solid white;\n"
+"    border-left: 10px solid transparent;\n"
+"    border-right: 10px solid transparent;\n"
+"}\n"
+"\n"
+".select .arr:after {\n"
+"    content: '';\n"
+"    position: absolute;\n"
+"    top: 50%;\n"
+"    right: 18px;\n"
+"    margin-top: -5px;\n"
+"    pointer-events: none;\n"
+"    border-top: 6px solid black;\n"
+"    border-left: 6px solid transparent;\n"
+"    border-right: 6px solid transparent;\n"
+"}\n"
+"\n"
+".select select {\n"
+"    outline: none;\n"
+"    -webkit-appearance: none;\n"
+"    -moz-appearance: none;\n"
+"    display: block;\n"
+"    padding: 0 3em 0 1.5em;\n"
+"    margin: 0.3em;\n"
+"    height: 2em;\n"
+"\n"
+"    transition: border-color 0.2s;\n"
+"    border: 2px solid #aaa;\n"
+"    border-radius: 0px;\n"
+"\n"
+"    background: black;\n"
+"    color: white;\n"
+"    font-family: inherit;\n"
+"    font-size: inherit;\n"
+"    line-height: inherit;\n"
+"    font-weight: inherit;\n"
+"}\n"
+"\n"
+".select select:focus {\n"
+"    border: 2px solid white;\n"
+"    color: white;\n"
+"}\n"
+"\n"
+"div.is-sorted {\n"
+"    position: absolute;\n"
+"    top: 0em;\n"
+"    right: 1em;\n"
+"    line-height: 2.8em;\n"
+"}\n"
+"\n"
+"div.is-sorted input {\n"
+"    position: relative;\n"
+"    top: 2px;\n"
+"}\n"
+"\n"
+"#plot {\n"
+"    position: absolute;\n"
+"    min-width: 300px;\n"
+"    min-height: 200px;\n"
+"    left: 0;\n"
+"    right: 0;\n"
+"    top: 2em;\n"
+"    bottom: 1em;\n"
+"}\n"
+"\n"
+"#footer {\n"
+"    position: absolute;\n"
+"    bottom: 0;\n"
+"    left: 0;\n"
+"    right: 0;\n"
+"    font-family: monospace;\n"
+"    font-size: 0.9em;\n"
+"    text-align: center;\n"
+"    text-transform: lowercase;\n"
+"    background-color: #bbb;\n"
+"    line-height: 2em;\n"
+"}\n"
+" </style>\n"
+"  <script type=\"text/javascript\"> /**\n"
+"* plotly.js (basic - minified) v1.15.0\n"
+"* Copyright 2012-2016, Plotly, Inc.\n"
+"* All rights reserved.\n"
+"* Licensed under the MIT license\n"
+"*/\n"
+,
+"!function(t){if(\"object\"==typeof exports&&\"undefined\"!=typeof module)module.exports=t();else if(\"function\"==typeof define&&define.amd)define([],t);else{var e;e=\"undefined\"!=typeof window?window:\"undefined\"!=typeof global?global:\"undefined\"!=typeof self?self:this,e.Plotly=t()}}(function(){var t;return function e(t,n,r){function a(i,l){if(!n[i]){if(!t[i]){var s=\"function\"==typeof require&&require;if(!l&&s)return s(i,!0);if(o)return o(i,!0);var c=new Error(\"Cannot find module '\"+i+\"'\");throw c.code=\"MODULE_NOT_FOUND\",c}var u=n[i]={exports:{}};t[i][0].call(u.exports,function(e){var n=t[i][1][e];return a(n?n:e)},u,u.exports,e,t,n,r)}return n[i].exports}for(var o=\"function\"==typeof require&&require,i=0;i<r.length;i++)a(r[i]);return a}({1:[function(t,e,n){\"use strict\";var r=t(\"../src/plotly\"),a={\"X,X div\":\"font-family:'Open Sans', verdana, arial, sans-serif;margin:0;padding:0;\",\"X input,X button\":\"font-family:'Open Sans', verdana, arial, sans-serif;\",\"X 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c.event.target===t?!1:void(document.activeElement===r.node()&&r.node().blur())})}).on(\"keyup\",function(){27===c.event.which?(i.style({opacity:1}),c.select(this).style({opacity:0}).on(\"blur\",function(){return!1}).transition().remove(),u.cancel.call(i,this.textContent)):(u.input.call(i,this.textContent),c.select(this).call(l(i,e,n)))}).on(\"keydown\",function(){13===c.event.which&&this.blur()}).call(a)}n||(n={});var i=this,u=c.dispatch(\"edit\",\"input\",\"cancel\"),f=c.select(this.node()).style({\"pointer-events\":\"all\"}),d=e||f;return e&&f.style({\"pointer-events\":\"none\"}),n.immediate?r():d.on(\"click\",r),c.rebind(this,u,\"on\")}},{\"../constants/xmlns_namespaces\":82,\"../lib\":89,\"../plotly\":107,d3:9}],101:[function(t,e,n){\"use strict\";function r(t){var e;if(\"string\"==typeof t){if(e=document.getElementById(t),null===e)throw new Error(\"No DOM element with id '\"+t+\"' exists on the page.\");return e}if(null===t||void 0===t)throw new Error(\"DOM element provided is 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a=r.selectAll(\".svg-container\").data([0]);a.enter().append(\"div\").classed(\"svg-container\",!0).style(\"position\",\"relative\"),a.html(\"\"),e&&(t.data=e),n&&(t.layout=n),O.micropolar.manager.fillLayout(t),\"initial\"===t._fullLayout.autosize&&t._context.autosizable&&(w(t,{}),t._fullLayout.autosize=n.autosize=!0),a.style({width:t._fullLayout.width+\"px\",height:t._fullLayout.height+\"px\"}),t.framework=O.micropolar.manager.framework(t),t.framework({data:t.data,layout:"
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e,n;t||(t={}),t.xaxis1&&(t.xaxis||(t.xaxis=t.xaxis1),delete t.xaxis1),t.yaxis1&&(t.yaxis||(t.yaxis=t.yaxis1),delete t.yaxis1);var r=O.Axes.list({_fullLayout:t});for(e=0;e<r.length;e++){var a=r[e];a.anchor&&\"free\"!==a.anchor&&(a.anchor=O.Axes.cleanId(a.anchor)),a.overlaying&&(a.overlaying=O.Axes.cleanId(a.overlaying)),a.type||(a.isdate?a.type=\"date\":a.islog?a.type=\"log\":a.isdate===!1&&a.islog===!1&&(a.type=\"linear\")),\"withzero\"!==a.autorange&&\"tozero\"!==a.autorange||(a.autorange=!0,a.rangemode=\"tozero\"),delete a.islog,delete a.isdate,delete a.categories,f(a,\"domain\")&&delete a.domain,void 0!==a.autotick&&(void 0===a.tickmode&&(a.tickmode=a.autotick?\"auto\":\"linear\"),delete a.autotick)}void 0===t.annotations||Array.isArray(t.annotations)||(P.warn(\"Annotations must be an array.\"),delete t.annotations);var o=(t.annotations||[]).length;for(e=0;o>e;e++){var 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n=t[e],r=e.charAt(0);n&&\"paper\"!==n&&(t[e]=O.Axes.cleanId(n,r))}function c(t,e){for(var n=[],r=(t.concat(Array.isArray(e)?e:[]).filter(function(t){return\"uid\"in t}).map(function(t){return t.uid})),a=0;a<t.length;a++){var o,i=t[a];if(!(\"uid\"in i)||-1!==n.indexOf(i.uid)){var l;for(o=0;100>o&&(l=P.randstr(r),-1!==n.indexOf(l));o++);i.uid=P.randstr(r),r.push(i.uid)}if(n.push(i.uid),\"histogramy\"===i.type&&\"xbins\"in i&&!(\"ybins\"in i)&&(i.ybins=i.xbins,delete i.xbins),i.error_y&&\"opacity\"in i.error_y){var s=j.defaults,c=i.error_y.color||(I.traceIs(i,\"bar\")?j.defaultLine:s[a%s.length]);i.error_y.color=j.addOpacity(j.rgb(c),j.opacity(c)*i.error_y.opacity),delete i.error_y.opacity}if(\"bardir\"in i&&(\"h\"!==i.bardir||!I.traceIs(i,\"bar\")&&\"histogram\"!==i.type.substr(0,9)||(i.orientation=\"h\",b(i)),delete i.bardir),\"histogramy\"===i.type&&b(i),\"histogramx\"!==i.type&&\"histogramy\"!==i.type||(i.type=\"histogram\"),\"scl\"in i&&(i.colorscale=i.scl,delete 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L=k.YANGLE,T=Math.PI*L/180,z=1/Math.sin(T),S=Math.cos(T),E=Math.sin(T),C=k.HOVERARROWSIZE,O=k.HOVERTEXTPAD,P=k.HOVERFONTSIZE,N=k.HOVERFONT;A.hover=function(t,e,n){return\"string\"==typeof t&&(t=document.getElementById(t)),void 0===t._lastHoverTime&&(t._lastHoverTime=0),void 0!==t._hoverTimer&&(clearTimeout(t._hoverTimer),t._hoverTimer=void 0),Date.now()>t._lastHoverTime+k.HOVERMINTIME?(i(t,e,n),void(t._lastHoverTime=Date.now())):void(t._hoverTimer=setTimeout(function(){i(t,e,n),t._lastHoverTime=Date.now(),t._hoverTimer=void 0},k.HOVERMINTIME))},A.getDistanceFunction=function(t,e,n,r){return\"closest\"===t?r||o(e,n):\"x\"===t?e:n},A.getClosest=function(t,e,n){if(n.index!==!1)n.index>=0&&n.index<t.length?n.distance=0:n.index=!1;else for(var r=0;r<t.length;r++){var a=e(t[r]);a<=n.distance&&(n.index=r,n.distance=a)}return n},A.loneHover=function(t,e){var 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t={data:{name:\"geom1\",t:[[1,2,3,4]],r:[[1,2,3,4]],dotType:\"circle\",dotSize:64,dotVisible:!1,barWidth:20,color:\"#ffa500\",strokeSize:1,strokeColor:\"silver\",strokeDash:\"solid\",opacity:1,index:0,visible:!0,visibleInLegend:!0},geometryConfig:{geometry:\"LinePlot\",geometryType:\"arc\",direction:\"clockwise\",orientation:0,container:\"body\",radialScale:null,angularScale:null,colorScale:a.scale.category20()}};return t},o.BarChart=function(){return o.PolyChart()},o.BarChart.defaultConfig=function(){var t={geometryConfig:{geometryType:\"bar\"}};return t},o.AreaChart=function(){return o.PolyChart()},o.AreaChart.defaultConfig=function(){var t={geometryConfig:{geometryType:\"arc\"}};return t},o.DotPlot=function(){ret"
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n,s=t._fullLayout,c=s._paper,u=s._toppaper;c.insert(\"rect\",\":first-child\").call(o.setRect,0,0,s.width,s.height).call(i.fill,s.paper_bgcolor);var f=s._basePlotModules||[];for(n=0;n<f.length;n++){var d=f[n];d.toSVG&&d.toSVG(t)}if(u){var h=u.node().childNodes,p=Array.prototype.slice.call(h);for(n=0;n<p.length;n++){var g=p[n];g.childNodes.length&&c.node().appendChild(g)}}s._draggers&&s._draggers.remove(),c.node().style.background=\"\",c.selectAll(\"text\").attr(\"data-unformatted\",null).each(function(){var t=r.select(this);if(\"hidden\"===t.style(\"visibility\"))return void t.remove();var e=t.style(\"font-family\");e&&-1!==e.indexOf('\"')&&t.style(\"font-family\",e.replace(/\"/g,\"TOBESTRIPPED\"))}),\"pdf\"!==e&&\"eps\"!==e||c.selectAll(\"#MathJax_SVG_glyphs path\").attr(\"stroke-width\",0),c.node().setAttributeNS(l.xmlns,\"xmlns\",l.svg),c.node().setAttributeNS(l.xmlns,\"xmlns:xlink\",l.xlink);var v=(new window.XMLSerializer).serializeToString(c.node());return 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r=t(\"../scatter/attributes\"),a=t(\"../../components/colorscale/color_attributes\"),o=t(\"../../lib/extend\").extendFlat,i=r.marker,l=i.line,s=o({},l.width,{dflt:0}),c=o({},{width:s},a(\"marker.line\")),u=o({},{showscale:i.showscale,line:c},a(\"marker\"));e.exports={x:r.x,x0:r.x0,dx:r.dx,y:r.y,y0:r.y0,dy:r.dy,text:r.text,orientation:{valType:\"enumerated\",values:[\"v\",\"h\"]},marker:u,r:r.r,t:r.t,_nestedModules:{error_y:\"ErrorBars\",error_x:\"ErrorBars\",\"marker.colorbar\":\"Colorbar\"},_deprecated:{bardir:{valType:\"enumerated\",values:[\"v\",\"h\"]}}}},{\"../../components/colorscale/color_attributes\":26,\"../../lib/extend\":88,\"../scatter/attributes\":167}],145:[function(t,e,n){\"use strict\";var r=t(\"fast-isnumeric\"),a=t(\"../../plots/cartesian/axes\"),o=t(\"../../components/colorscale/has_colorscale\"),i=t(\"../../components/colorscale/calc\");e.exports=function(t,e){var 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k=c.cx+_[0],M=c.cy+_[1],A=u.select(this),L=A.selectAll(\"path.surface\").data([i]),T=!1;if(L.enter().append(\"path\").classed(\"surface\",!0).style({\"pointer-events\":\"all\"}),A.select(\"path.textline\").remove(),A.on(\"mouseover\",l).on(\"mouseout\",d).on(\"click\",y),v.pull){var z=+(Array.isArray(v.pull)?v.pull[i.i]:v.pull)||0;z>0&&(k+=z*i.pxmid[0],M+=z*i.pxmid[1])}i.cxFinal=k,i.cyFinal=M;var S=v.hole;if(i.v===c.vTotal){var E=\"M\"+(k+i.px0[0])+\",\"+(M+i.px0[1])+b(i.px0,i.pxmid,!0,1)+b(i.pxmid,i.px0,!0,1)+\"Z\";S?L.attr(\"d\",\"M\"+(k+S*i.px0[0])+\",\"+(M+S*i.px0[1])+b(i.px0,i.pxmid,!1,S)+b(i.pxmid,i.px0,!1,S)+\"Z\"+E):L.attr(\"d\",E)}else{var C=b(i.px0,i.px1,!0,1);if(S){var O=1-S;L.attr(\"d\",\"M\"+(k+S*i.px1[0])+\",\"+(M+S*i.px1[1])+b(i.px1,i.px0,!1,S)+\"l\"+O*i.px0[0]+\",\"+O*i.px0[1]+C+\"Z\")}else L.attr(\"d\",\"M\"+k+\",\"+M+\"l\"+i.px0[0]+\",\"+i.px0[1]+C+\"Z\")}var 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e=t[0].trace,n=e.marker;if(r.mergeArray(e.text,t,\"tx\"),r.mergeArray(e.textposition,t,\"tp\"),e.textfont&&(r.mergeArray(e.textfont.size,t,\"ts\"),r.mergeArray(e.textfont.color,t,\"tc\"),r.mergeArray(e.textfont.family,t,\"tf\")),n&&n.line){var a=n.line;r.mergeArray(n.opacity,t,\"mo\"),r.mergeArray(n.symbol,t,\"mx\"),r.mergeArray(n.color,t,\"mc\"),r.mergeArray(a.color,t,\"mlc\"),r.mergeArray(a.width,t,\"mlw\")}}},{\"../../lib\":89}],167:[function(t,e,n){\"use strict\";var r=t(\"../../components/colorscale/color_attributes\"),a=t(\"../../components/drawing\"),o=(t(\"./constants\"),t(\"../../lib/extend\").extendFlat);e.exports={x:{valType:\"data_array\"},x0:{valType:\"any\",dflt:0},dx:{valType:\"number\",dflt:1},y:{valType:\"data_array\"},y0:{valType:\"any\",dflt:0},dy:{valType:\"number\",dflt:1},text:{valType:\"string\",dflt:\"\",arrayOk:!0},mode:{valType:\"flaglist\",flags:[\"lines\",\"markers\",\"text\"],extras:[\"none\"]},hoveron:{valType:\"flaglist\",flags:[\"points\",\"fills\"]},line:{color:{valType:\"color\"},width:{valType:\"number\",min:0,dflt:2},shape:{valType:\"enumerated\",values:[\"linear\",\"spline\",\"hv\",\"vh\",\"hvh\",\"vhv\"],dflt:\"linear\"},smoothing:{valType:\"number\",min:0,max:1.3,dflt:1},dash:{valType:\"string\",values:[\"solid\",\"dot\",\"dash\",\"longdash\",\"dashdot\",\"longdashdot\"],dflt:\"solid\"}},connectgaps:{valType:\"boolean\",dflt:!1},fill:{valType:\"enumerated\",values:[\"none\",\"tozeroy\",\"tozerox\",\"tonexty\",\"tonextx\",\"toself\",\"tonext\"],dflt:\"none\"},fillcolor:{valType:\"color\"},marker:o({},{symbol:{valType:\"enumerated\",values:a.symbolList,dflt:\"circle\",arrayOk:!0},opacity:{valType:\"number\",min:0,max:1,arrayOk:!0},size:{valType:\"number\",min:0,dflt:6,arrayOk:!0},maxdisplayed:{valType:\"number\",min:0,dflt:0},sizeref:{valType:\"number\",dflt:1},sizemin:{valType:\"number\",min:0,dflt:0},sizemode:{valType:\"enumerated\",values:[\"diameter\",\"area\"],dflt:\"diameter\"},showscale:{valType:\"boolean\",dflt:!1},line:o({},{width:{valType:\"number\",min:0,arrayOk:!0}},r(\"marker.line\"))},r(\"marker\")),textposition:{valType:\"enumerated\",values:[\"top 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n,s,c,u=a.getFromId(t,e.xaxis||\"x\"),f=a.getFromId(t,e.yaxis||\"y\"),d=u.makeCalcdata(e,\"x\"),h=f.makeCalcdata(e,\"y\"),p=Math.min(d.length,h.length);u._minDtick=0,f._minDtick=0,d.length>p&&d.splice(p,d.length-p),h.length>p&&h.splice(p,h.length-p);var g={padded:!0},v={padded:!0};if(i.hasMarkers(e)){if(n=e.marker,s=n.size,Array.isArray(s)){var m={type:\"linear\"};a.setConvert(m),s=m.makeCalcdata(e.marker,\"size\"),s.length>p&&s.splice(p,s.length-p)}var y,x=1.6*(e.marker.sizeref||1);y=\"area\"===e.marker.sizemode?function(t){return Math.max(Math.sqrt((t||0)/x),3)}:function(t){return 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+" </head>\n"
+" <body>\n"
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+"     <label>plot:</label>\n"
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+"       <span class=\"arr\"></span>\n"
+,
+"       <select id=\"chooser\">\n"
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+"         {% endfor %}\n"
+"       </select>\n"
+"     </div>\n"
+"     <div class=\"is-sorted\">\n"
+"       <input id=\"is-sorted\" type=\"checkbox\"/>\n"
+"       <label for=\"is-sorted\">sorted</label>\n"
+"     </div>\n"
+"   </div>\n"
+"   <div id=\"plot\"></div>\n"
+"   <div id=\"footer\">Generated with <a href=\"http://flamingdangerzone.com/nonius\">nonius</a></div>\n"
+"   <script type=\"text/javascript\"> !function () {\n"
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+"        logarithmic: {$logarithmic},\n"
+"        param: '{$runparam}',\n"
+"        runs: [\n"
+"            {% for run in runs %}{\n"
+"                params: {\n"
+"                    {% for param in run.params %}'{$param.name}': '{$param.value}',\n"
+"                    {% endfor %}\n"
+"                },\n"
+"                benchmarks: [\n"
+"                    {% for benchmark in run.benchmarks %}{\n"
+"                        name: '{$benchmark.name}',\n"
+"                        {%if benchmark.data %}\n"
+"                        mean: {$benchmark.data.mean},\n"
+"                        stddev: {$benchmark.data.stddev},\n"
+"                        samples: [\n"
+"                            {% for sample in benchmark.data.samples %}{$sample}, {% endfor %}\n"
+"                        ],\n"
+"                        {% endif %}\n"
+"                    },{% endfor %}\n"
+"                ]\n"
+"            },{% endfor %}\n"
+"        ]\n"
+"    };\n"
+"    var origOrder = data.runs[0].benchmarks.map(function (_, i) { return i; })\n"
+"    var sortOrder = computeSortedOrder();\n"
+"    var plotdiv = document.getElementById(\"plot\");\n"
+"    window.addEventListener(\"resize\", function() {\n"
+"        Plotly.Plots.resize(plotdiv);\n"
+"    });\n"
+"\n"
+"    var chooser = document.getElementById(\"chooser\");\n"
+"    chooser.addEventListener(\"change\", choosePlot);\n"
+"    chooser.addEventListener(\"blur\", chooser.focus.bind(chooser));\n"
+"    chooser.focus();\n"
+"\n"
+"    var isSortedBox = document.getElementById(\"is-sorted\");\n"
+"    isSortedBox.addEventListener(\"change\", choosePlot);\n"
+"\n"
+"    var legendStyle = {\n"
+"        font: { family: 'monospace' },\n"
+"        borderwidth: 2,\n"
+"        bordercolor: 'black'\n"
+"    }\n"
+"\n"
+"    function zeroes(count) {\n"
+"        var arr = []\n"
+"        while (count --> 0) arr.push(0)\n"
+"        return arr\n"
+"    }\n"
+"\n"
+"    function computeSortedOrder() {\n"
+"        // We sort each run.  Then we compute the \"points\" of each\n"
+"        // benchmark as the sum of the positions of this benchmkark on\n"
+"        // each run.  This gives us a rough indication of which\n"
+"        // benchmark is best -- the lower the points, the better.\n"
+"        var runsOrder = data.runs.map(function (r) {\n"
+"            order = r.benchmarks.map(function (_, i) { return i; })\n"
+"            order.sort(function (a, b) {\n"
+"                return r.benchmarks[a].mean - r.benchmarks[b].mean\n"
+"            })\n"
+"            return order\n"
+"        })\n"
+"        var length = data.runs[0].benchmarks.length\n"
+"        var points = runsOrder.reduce(function (acc, r) {\n"
+"            r.forEach(function (elem, idx) {\n"
+"                acc[elem] += idx\n"
+"            })\n"
+"            return acc\n"
+"        }, zeroes(length))\n"
+"        var order = data.runs[0].benchmarks.map(function (_, i) { return i; })\n"
+"        order.sort(function (a, b) {\n"
+"            return points[a] - points[b]\n"
+"        })\n"
+"        return order\n"
+"    }\n"
+"\n"
+"    function choosePlot() {\n"
+"        var plot = chooser.options[chooser.selectedIndex].value\n"
+"        var order = isSortedBox.checked ? sortOrder : origOrder\n"
+"        if (plot == 'summary') {\n"
+"            if (data.runs.length > 1) {\n"
+"                plotSummary(order);\n"
+"            } else {\n"
+"                plotSingleSummary(order);\n"
+"            }\n"
+"        } else {\n"
+"            plotSamples(plot, order);\n"
+"        }\n"
+"    }\n"
+"\n"
+"    function plotSamples(plot, order) {\n"
+"        var run = data.runs[plot];\n"
+"        var traces = order.map(function (i) {\n"
+"            var b = run.benchmarks[i]\n"
+"            return {\n"
+"                name: b.name,\n"
+"                type: 'scatter',\n"
+"                mode: 'markers',\n"
+"                marker: { symbol: i },\n"
+"                y: b.samples,\n"
+"                x: b.samples && b.samples.map(function (_, i) { return i; })\n"
+"            }\n"
+"        });\n"
+"        var layout = {\n"
+"            title: data.title,\n"
+"            showLegend: true,\n"
+"            xaxis: { title: 'Measurement' },\n"
+"            yaxis: {\n"
+"                title: 'Time (' + data.units + ')',\n"
+"                rangemode: 'tozero',\n"
+"                zeroline: true\n"
+"            },\n"
+"            legend: legendStyle\n"
+"        };\n"
+"        Plotly.newPlot(plotdiv, traces, layout);\n"
+"    }\n"
+"\n"
+"    function plotSummary(order) {\n"
+"        var traces = order.map(function (i) {\n"
+"            return {\n"
+"                name: data.runs[0].benchmarks[i].name,\n"
+"                type: 'scatter',\n"
+"                marker: { symbol: i },\n"
+"                x: data.runs.map(function (r) { return r.params[data.param]; }),\n"
+"                y: data.runs.map(function (r) { return r.benchmarks[i].mean; }),\n"
+"                error_y: {\n"
+"                    type: 'data',\n"
+"                    array: data.runs.map(function (r) { return r.benchmarks[i].stddev; }),\n"
+"                    visible: true\n"
+"                }\n"
+"            }\n"
+"        });\n"
+"        var layout = {\n"
+"            title: data.title,\n"
+"            showLegend: true,\n"
+"            xaxis: {\n"
+"                title: data.param,\n"
+"                type: data.logarithmic ? 'log' : '',\n"
+"            },\n"
+"            yaxis: {\n"
+"                title: 'Time (' + data.units + ')',\n"
+"                rangemode: 'tozero',\n"
+"                zeroline: true,\n"
+"                type: data.logarithmic ? 'log' : '',\n"
+"            },\n"
+"            legend: legendStyle\n"
+"        };\n"
+"        Plotly.newPlot(plotdiv, traces, layout);\n"
+"    }\n"
+"\n"
+"    function plotSingleSummary(order) {\n"
+"        var traces = order.map(function (i) {\n"
+"            var b = data.runs[0].benchmarks[i]\n"
+"            return {\n"
+"                type: 'bar',\n"
+"                name: b.name,\n"
+"                x: [ data.title ],\n"
+"                y: [ b.mean ],\n"
+"                error_y: {\n"
+"                    type: 'data',\n"
+"                    array: [ b.stddev ],\n"
+"                    visible: true\n"
+"                }\n"
+"            }\n"
+"        });\n"
+"        var layout = {\n"
+"            title: data.title,\n"
+"            showLegend: true,\n"
+"            xaxis: {\n"
+"                title: '',\n"
+"                showticklabels: false,\n"
+"            },\n"
+"            yaxis: {\n"
+"                title: 'Time (' + data.units + ')',\n"
+"                rangemode: 'tozero',\n"
+"                zeroline: true\n"
+"            },\n"
+"            legend: legendStyle\n"
+"        };\n"
+"        Plotly.newPlot(plotdiv, traces, layout);\n"
+"    }\n"
+"\n"
+"    choosePlot();\n"
+"}();\n"
+" </script>\n"
+" </body>\n"
+"</html>\n"
+            };
+            static std::string const the_template = []() -> std::string {
+                std::string s;
+                for(auto part : template_parts) {
+                    s += part;
+                }
+                return s;
+            }();
+            return the_template;
+        }
+
+        std::string description() override {
+            return "outputs an HTML file with a single interactive chart of all benchmarks";
+        }
+
+        void do_configure(configuration& cfg) override {
+            cfg.no_analysis = false;
+            title = cfg.title;
+            n_samples = cfg.samples;
+            verbose = cfg.verbose;
+            logarithmic = cfg.params.run && cfg.params.run->op == "*";
+            run_param = cfg.params.run ? cfg.params.run->name : "";
+        }
+
+        void do_warmup_start() override {
+            if(verbose) progress_stream() << "warming up\n";
+        }
+        void do_estimate_clock_resolution_start() override {
+            if(verbose) progress_stream() << "estimating clock resolution\n";
+        }
+        void do_estimate_clock_cost_start() override {
+            if(verbose) progress_stream() << "estimating cost of a clock call\n";
+        }
+
+        void do_params_start(parameters const& params) override {
+            if(verbose) progress_stream() << "\n\nnew parameter round\n" << params;
+            runs.emplace_back();
+            runs.back().params = params;
+        }
+        void do_benchmark_start(std::string const& name) override {
+            if(verbose) progress_stream() << "\nbenchmarking " << name << "\n";
+            runs.back().data.push_back({name, {}, {}});
+        }
+
+        void do_measurement_start(execution_plan<fp_seconds> plan) override {
+            progress_stream() << std::setprecision(7);
+            progress_stream().unsetf(std::ios::floatfield);
+            if(verbose) progress_stream() << "collecting " << n_samples << " samples, " << plan.iterations_per_sample << " iterations each, in estimated " << detail::pretty_duration(plan.estimated_duration) << "\n";
+        }
+        void do_measurement_complete(std::vector<fp_seconds> const& samples) override {
+            runs.back().data.back().samples = samples;
+        }
+        void do_analysis_complete(sample_analysis<fp_seconds> const& analysis) override {
+            runs.back().data.back().analysis = analysis;
+        }
+        void do_benchmark_failure(std::exception_ptr) override {
+            error_stream() << runs.back().data.back().name << " failed to run successfully\n";
+        }
+
+        void do_suite_complete() override {
+            if(verbose) progress_stream() << "\ngenerating HTML report\n";
+
+            auto&& templ = template_string();
+            auto magnitude = ideal_magnitude();
+
+            cpptempl::data_map map;
+            map["title"] = escape(title);
+            map["units"] = detail::units_for_magnitude(magnitude);
+            map["logarithmic"] = logarithmic;
+            map["runparam"] = run_param;
+            for (auto&& r : runs) {
+                cpptempl::data_map run_item;
+                cpptempl::data_list params;
+                for (auto&& p : r.params) {
+                    cpptempl::data_map item;
+                    item["name"] = p.first;
+                    item["value"] = p.second;
+                    params.push_back(item);
+                }
+                run_item["params"] = cpptempl::make_data(params);
+                for(auto&& d : r.data) {
+                    cpptempl::data_map item;
+                    item["name"] = escape(d.name);
+                    cpptempl::data_map data;
+                    if (!d.samples.empty()) {
+                        data["mean"] = truncate(d.analysis.mean.point.count() * magnitude);
+                        data["stddev"] = truncate(d.analysis.standard_deviation.point.count() * magnitude);
+                        for(auto e : d.samples)
+                            data["samples"].push_back(truncate(e.count() * magnitude));
+                    }
+                    item["data"] = data;
+                    run_item["benchmarks"].push_back(item);
+                }
+                map["runs"].push_back(run_item);
+            }
+
+            cpptempl::parse(report_stream(), templ, map);
+            report_stream() << std::flush;
+            if(verbose) {
+                progress_stream() << "\n\nresult summary ("
+                                  << detail::units_for_magnitude(magnitude)
+                                  << ")\n";
+                for (auto&& r : runs) {
+                    for (auto&& p : r.params)
+                        progress_stream() << "\n  " << p.first << " = " << p.second;
+                    progress_stream() << "\n";
+                    for(auto&& d : r.data) {
+                        progress_stream() << "  " << d.name << "\t "
+                                  << truncate(d.analysis.mean.point.count() * magnitude) << "\t "
+                                  << truncate(d.analysis.standard_deviation.point.count() * magnitude)
+                                  << "\n";
+                    }
+                }
+                progress_stream() << "\ndone\n";
+                progress_stream() << std::flush;
+            }
+        }
+
+        static double truncate(double x) {
+            return std::trunc(x * 1000.) / 1000.;
+        }
+
+        double ideal_magnitude() const {
+            std::vector<fp_seconds> mins;
+            mins.reserve(runs.size() * runs.front().data.size());
+            for (auto&& r : runs) {
+                for(auto&& d : r.data) {
+                    if (d.samples.begin() != d.samples.end())
+                        mins.push_back(*std::min_element(d.samples.begin(), d.samples.end()));
+                }
+            }
+            auto min = *std::min_element(mins.begin(), mins.end());
+            return detail::get_magnitude(min);
+        }
+
+        static std::string escape(std::string const& source) {
+            static const std::unordered_map<char, std::string> escapes {
+                { '\'', "&apos;" },
+                { '"',  "&quot;" },
+                { '<',  "&lt;"   },
+                { '>',  "&gt;"   },
+                { '&',  "&amp;"  },
+                { '\\',  "\\\\"  },
+            };
+            return detail::escape(source, escapes);
+        }
+
+        struct result_t {
+            std::string name;
+            std::vector<fp_seconds> samples;
+            sample_analysis<fp_seconds> analysis;
+        };
+
+        struct run_t {
+            parameters params;
+            std::vector<result_t> data;
+        };
+
+        int n_samples;
+        bool verbose;
+        std::string title;
+        bool logarithmic;
+        std::string run_param;
+        std::vector<run_t> runs;
+    };
+
+    NONIUS_REPORTER("html", html_reporter);
+} // namespace nonius
+
+#endif // NONIUS_DISABLE_HTML_REPORTER
+#endif // NONIUS_DISABLE_EXTRA_REPORTERS
+
+#endif // NONIUS_HPP
+// #included from: main.h++
+// Nonius - C++ benchmarking tool
+//
+// Written in 2014- by the nonius contributors <nonius@rmf.io>
+//
+// To the extent possible under law, the author(s) have dedicated all copyright and related
+// and neighboring rights to this software to the public domain worldwide. This software is
+// distributed without any warranty.
+//
+// You should have received a copy of the CC0 Public Domain Dedication along with this software.
+// If not, see <http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/>
+
+// Executable building kit
+
+#define NONIUS_MAIN_HPP
+
+// #included from: detail/argparse.h++
+// Nonius - C++ benchmarking tool
+//
+// Written in 2014- by the nonius contributors <nonius@rmf.io>
+//
+// To the extent possible under law, the author(s) have dedicated all copyright and related
+// and neighboring rights to this software to the public domain worldwide. This software is
+// distributed without any warranty.
+//
+// You should have received a copy of the CC0 Public Domain Dedication along with this software.
+// If not, see <http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/>
+
+// Command-line argument parsing
+
+#define NONIUS_ARGPARSE_HPP
+
+// #included from: detail/mismatch.h++
+// Nonius - C++ benchmarking tool
+//
+// Written in 2014- by the nonius contributors <nonius@rmf.io>
+//
+// To the extent possible under law, the author(s) have dedicated all copyright and related
+// and neighboring rights to this software to the public domain worldwide. This software is
+// distributed without any warranty.
+//
+// You should have received a copy of the CC0 Public Domain Dedication along with this software.
+// If not, see <http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/>
+
+// mismatch algorithm
+
+#define NONIUS_DETAIL_MISMATCH_HPP
+
+#include <utility>
+
+namespace nonius {
+    namespace detail {
+        template <typename InputIt1, typename InputIt2, typename BinaryPredicate>
+        std::pair<InputIt1, InputIt2> mismatch(InputIt1 first1, InputIt1 last1, InputIt2 first2, InputIt2 last2, BinaryPredicate p) {
+            while(first1 != last1 && first2 != last2 && p(*first1, *first2)) {
+                ++first1, ++first2;
+            }
+            return std::make_pair(first1, first2);
+        }
+    } // namespace detail
+} // namespace nonius
+
+#include <string>
+#include <unordered_map>
+#include <vector>
+#include <algorithm>
+#include <ostream>
+#include <iomanip>
+#include <tuple>
+#include <functional>
+
+namespace nonius {
+    namespace detail {
+        struct option {
+            bool matches_short(std::string const& s) const {
+                return s == ("-" + short_form);
+            }
+            std::tuple<bool, std::string::const_iterator> long_separator(std::string const& s) const {
+                auto l = "--" + long_form;
+                auto its = detail::mismatch(s.begin(), s.end(), l.begin(), l.end(), [](char a, char b) { return a == b; });
+                return std::make_tuple(its.second == l.end(), its.first);
+            }
+            bool matches_long(std::string const& s) const {
+                return std::get<0>(long_separator(s));
+            }
+            bool matches_long(std::string const& s, std::string& argument) const {
+                bool match; std::string::const_iterator it;
+                std::tie(match, it) = long_separator(s);
+                if(match && it != s.end()) {
+                    if(*it == '=') argument.assign(it+1, s.end());
+                    else return false;
+                }
+                return match;
+            }
+
+            option(std::string long_form, std::string short_form, std::string description, std::string argument = std::string(), bool multiple = false)
+            : long_form(std::move(long_form)), short_form(std::move(short_form)), description(std::move(description)), argument(std::move(argument)), multiple(multiple) {}
+
+            std::string long_form;
+            std::string short_form;
+            std::string description;
+            std::string argument;
+            bool multiple;
+        };
+
+        using option_set = std::vector<option>;
+
+        struct help_text {
+            help_text(std::string name, option_set const& options) : name(std::move(name)), options(options) {}
+            std::string name;
+            option_set const& options;
+        };
+
+        template <typename Iterator, typename Projection>
+        int get_max_width(Iterator first, Iterator last, Projection proj) {
+            auto it = std::max_element(first, last, [&proj](option const& a, option const& b) { return proj(a) < proj(b); });
+            return static_cast<int>(proj(*it));
+        }
+
+        inline std::ostream& operator<<(std::ostream& os, help_text h) {
+            os << "Usage: " << h.name << " [OPTIONS]\n\n";
+
+            auto lwidth = 2 + get_max_width(h.options.begin(), h.options.end(), [](option const& o) { return 2 + o.long_form.size() + 1 + o.argument.size(); });
+            auto swidth = 2 + get_max_width(h.options.begin(), h.options.end(), [](option const& o) { return 1 + o.short_form.size() + 1 + o.argument.size(); });
+
+            os << std::left;
+            for(auto o : h.options) {
+                auto l = "--" + o.long_form;
+                auto s = "-" + o.short_form;
+                if(!o.argument.empty()) {
+                    l += "=" + o.argument;
+                    s += " " + o.argument;
+                }
+                os << std::setw(lwidth) << l
+                   << std::setw(swidth) << s
+                   << o.description
+                   << '\n';
+            }
+            return os;
+        }
+
+        using arguments = std::unordered_multimap<std::string, std::string>;
+
+        struct argument_error {
+            virtual ~argument_error() = default;
+        };
+
+        template <typename Iterator>
+        void parse_short(option const& o, arguments& args, Iterator& first, Iterator last) {
+            if(!o.argument.empty()) {
+                if(++first != last) {
+                    args.emplace(o.long_form, *first);
+                } else {
+                    throw argument_error();
+                }
+            } else {
+                args.emplace(o.long_form, "");
+            }
+        }
+        inline void parse_long(option const& o, arguments& args, std::string&& arg) {
+            args.emplace(o.long_form, std::move(arg));
+        }
+
+        template <typename Iterator>
+        arguments parse_arguments(option_set const& options, Iterator first, Iterator last) {
+            arguments args;
+            for(; first != last; ++first) {
+                bool parsed = false;
+                for(auto&& option : options) {
+                    if(option.matches_short(*first)) {
+                        parse_short(option, args, first, last);
+                        parsed = true;
+                    } else {
+                        std::string arg;
+                        if(option.matches_long(*first, arg)) {
+                            parse_long(option, args, std::move(arg));
+                            parsed = true;
+                        }
+                    }
+                }
+                if(!parsed) {
+                    throw argument_error();
+                }
+            }
+            return args;
+        }
+    } // namespace detail
+} // namespace nonius
+
+#include <boost/algorithm/string.hpp>
+
+#include <vector>
+#include <string>
+#include <stdexcept>
+#include <exception>
+#include <iostream>
+#include <iomanip>
+#include <utility>
+
+namespace nonius {
+    namespace detail {
+        template <typename T>
+        struct parser;
+        template <>
+        struct parser<int> {
+            static int parse(std::string const& s) { return std::stoi(s); }
+        };
+        template <>
+        struct parser<double> {
+            static double parse(std::string const& s) { return std::stod(s); }
+        };
+        template <>
+        struct parser<std::string> {
+            static std::string parse(std::string const& s) { return s; }
+        };
+        template <>
+        struct parser<bool> {
+            static bool parse(std::string const&) { return true; }
+        };
+        template <>
+        struct parser<param_configuration> {
+            static param_configuration parse(std::string const& param) {
+                auto v = std::vector<std::string>{};
+                boost::split(v, param, boost::is_any_of(":"));
+                try {
+                    if (v.size() > 0) {
+                        auto name = v[0];
+                        auto def  = global_param_registry().defaults().at(name);
+                        if (v.size() == 2)
+                            return {{{name, def.parse(v[1])}}, {}};
+                        else if (v.size() == 5) {
+                            auto oper  = v[1];
+                            auto init  = def.parse(v[2]);
+                            auto step  = def.parse(v[3]);
+                            auto count = boost::lexical_cast<std::size_t>(v[4]);
+                            return {{}, run_configuration{name, oper, init, step, count}};
+                        }
+                    }
+                }
+                catch (boost::bad_lexical_cast const&) {}
+                catch (std::out_of_range const&) {}
+                return {};
+            }
+        };
+        struct assign_fn {
+            template <typename T, typename U>
+            void operator() (T& dest, U&& src) const { dest = std::forward<U>(src); }
+        };
+        template <typename T, typename Predicate, typename Assignment=assign_fn>
+        void parse(T& variable, detail::arguments& args, std::string const& option, Predicate&& is_valid, Assignment&& assign={}) {
+            auto rng = args.equal_range(option);
+            for (auto it = rng.first; it != rng.second; ++it) {
+                if(it != args.end()) {
+                    auto value = parser<T>::parse(it->second);
+                    if(is_valid(value)) {
+                        std::forward<Assignment>(assign) (variable, std::move(value));
+                    } else {
+                        throw argument_error();
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+        }
+        template <typename T>
+        void parse(T& variable, detail::arguments& args, std::string const& option) {
+            return parse(variable, args, option, [](T const&) { return true; });
+        }
+
+        inline detail::option_set const& command_line_options() {
+            static detail::option_set the_options {
+                detail::option("help", "h", "show this help message"),
+                detail::option("samples", "s", "number of samples to collect (default: 100)", "SAMPLES"),
+                detail::option("resamples", "rs", "number of resamples for the bootstrap (default: 100000)", "RESAMPLES"),
+                detail::option("confidence-interval", "ci", "confidence interval for the bootstrap (between 0 and 1, default: 0.95)", "INTERVAL"),
+                detail::option("param", "p", "set a benchmark parameter", "PARAM"),
+                detail::option("output", "o", "output file (default: <stdout>)", "FILE"),
+                detail::option("reporter", "r", "reporter to use (default: standard)", "REPORTER"),
+                detail::option("title", "t", "set report title", "TITLE"),
+                detail::option("no-analysis", "A", "perform only measurements; do not perform any analysis"),
+                detail::option("filter", "f", "only run benchmarks whose name matches the regular expression pattern", "PATTERN"),
+                detail::option("list", "l", "list benchmarks"),
+                detail::option("list-params", "lp", "list available parameters"),
+                detail::option("list-reporters", "lr", "list available reporters"),
+                detail::option("verbose", "v", "show verbose output (mutually exclusive with -q)"),
+                detail::option("summary", "q", "show summary output (mutually exclusive with -v)")
+            };
+            return the_options;
+        }
+
+        template <typename Iterator>
+        configuration parse_args(std::string const& name, Iterator first, Iterator last) {
+            try {
+                auto args = detail::parse_arguments(command_line_options(), first, last);
+
+                configuration cfg;
+
+                auto is_positive = [](int x) { return x > 0; };
+                auto is_ci = [](double x) { return x > 0 && x < 1; };
+                auto is_reporter = [](std::string const x) { return global_reporter_registry().count(x) > 0; };
+                auto is_param = [](param_configuration const& x) {
+                    return !x.map.empty() || x.run;
+                };
+                auto merge_params = [](param_configuration& x, param_configuration&& y) {
+                    x.map = std::move(x.map).merged(std::move(y.map));
+                    if (y.run) x.run = y.run;
+                };
+
+                parse(cfg.help, args, "help");
+                parse(cfg.samples, args, "samples", is_positive);
+                parse(cfg.resamples, args, "resamples", is_positive);
+                parse(cfg.confidence_interval, args, "confidence-interval", is_ci);
+                parse(cfg.params, args, "param", is_param, merge_params);
+                parse(cfg.output_file, args, "output");
+                parse(cfg.reporter, args, "reporter", is_reporter);
+                parse(cfg.no_analysis, args, "no-analysis");
+                parse(cfg.filter_pattern, args, "filter");
+                parse(cfg.list_benchmarks, args, "list");
+                parse(cfg.list_params, args, "list-params");
+                parse(cfg.list_reporters, args, "list-reporters");
+                parse(cfg.verbose, args, "verbose");
+                parse(cfg.summary, args, "summary");
+                parse(cfg.title, args, "title");
+                if(cfg.verbose && cfg.summary) throw argument_error();
+
+                return cfg;
+            } catch(...) {
+                std::cout << help_text(name, command_line_options());
+                throw argument_error();
+            }
+        }
+    } // namespace detail
+
+    inline int print_help(std::string const& name) {
+        std::cout << detail::help_text(name, detail::command_line_options());
+        return 0;
+    }
+    inline int list_benchmarks() {
+        std::cout << "All available benchmarks:\n";
+        for(auto&& b : global_benchmark_registry()) {
+            std::cout << "  " << b.name << "\n";
+        }
+        std::cout << global_benchmark_registry().size() << " benchmarks\n\n";
+        return 0;
+    }
+    inline int list_params() {
+        std::cout << "Available parameters (= default):\n"
+                  << global_param_registry().defaults();
+        return 0;
+    }
+    inline int list_reporters() {
+        using reporter_entry_ref = decltype(*global_reporter_registry().begin());
+        auto cmp = [](reporter_entry_ref a, reporter_entry_ref b) { return a.first.size() < b.first.size(); };
+        auto width = 2 + std::max_element(global_reporter_registry().begin(), global_reporter_registry().end(), cmp)->first.size();
+
+        std::cout << "Available reporters:\n";
+        std::cout << std::left;
+        for(auto&& r : global_reporter_registry()) {
+            if(!r.first.empty()) {
+                std::cout << "  " << std::setw(width) << r.first << r.second->description() << "\n";
+            }
+        }
+        std::cout << '\n';
+        return 0;
+    }
+    inline int run_it(configuration cfg) {
+        try {
+            nonius::go(cfg);
+        } catch(...) {
+            std::cerr << "PANIC: clock is on fire\n";
+            try {
+                throw;
+            } catch(std::exception const& e) {
+                std::cerr << "  " << e.what() << "\n";
+            } catch(...) {}
+            return 23;
+        }
+        return 0;
+    }
+
+    template <typename Iterator>
+    int main(std::string const& name, Iterator first, Iterator last) {
+        configuration cfg;
+
+        try {
+            cfg = detail::parse_args(name, first, last);
+        } catch(detail::argument_error const&) {
+            return 17;
+        }
+
+        if(cfg.help) return print_help(name);
+        else if(cfg.list_benchmarks) return list_benchmarks();
+        else if(cfg.list_params) return list_params();
+        else if(cfg.list_reporters) return list_reporters();
+        else return run_it(cfg);
+    }
+    inline int main(int argc, char** argv) {
+        std::string name(argv[0]);
+        std::vector<std::string> args(argv+1, argv+argc);
+        return main(name, args.begin(), args.end());
+    }
+}
+
+#ifdef NONIUS_RUNNER
+int main(int argc, char** argv) {
+    return nonius::main(argc, argv);
+}
+#endif // NONIUS_RUNNER
+
+#endif // NONIUS_SINGLE_INCLUDE_HPP
diff --git a/src/immer/tools/include/prettyprint.hpp b/src/immer/tools/include/prettyprint.hpp
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000..f75683ccdd513
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/immer/tools/include/prettyprint.hpp
@@ -0,0 +1,445 @@
+//          Copyright Louis Delacroix 2010 - 2014.
+// Distributed under the Boost Software License, Version 1.0.
+//    (See accompanying file LICENSE_1_0.txt or copy at
+//          http://www.boost.org/LICENSE_1_0.txt)
+//
+// A pretty printing library for C++
+//
+// Usage:
+// Include this header, and operator<< will "just work".
+
+#ifndef H_PRETTY_PRINT
+#define H_PRETTY_PRINT
+
+#include <cstddef>
+#include <iterator>
+#include <memory>
+#include <ostream>
+#include <set>
+#include <tuple>
+#include <type_traits>
+#include <unordered_set>
+#include <utility>
+#include <valarray>
+
+namespace pretty_print
+{
+    namespace detail
+    {
+        // SFINAE type trait to detect whether T::const_iterator exists.
+
+        struct sfinae_base
+        {
+            using yes = char;
+            using no  = yes[2];
+        };
+
+        template <typename T>
+        struct has_const_iterator : private sfinae_base
+        {
+        private:
+            template <typename C> static yes & test(typename C::const_iterator*);
+            template <typename C> static no  & test(...);
+        public:
+            static const bool value = sizeof(test<T>(nullptr)) == sizeof(yes);
+            using type =  T;
+        };
+
+        template <typename T>
+        struct has_begin_end : private sfinae_base
+        {
+        private:
+            template <typename C>
+            static yes & f(typename std::enable_if<
+                std::is_same<decltype(static_cast<typename C::const_iterator(C::*)() const>(&C::begin)),
+                             typename C::const_iterator(C::*)() const>::value>::type *);
+
+            template <typename C> static no & f(...);
+
+            template <typename C>
+            static yes & g(typename std::enable_if<
+                std::is_same<decltype(static_cast<typename C::const_iterator(C::*)() const>(&C::end)),
+                             typename C::const_iterator(C::*)() const>::value, void>::type*);
+
+            template <typename C> static no & g(...);
+
+        public:
+            static bool const beg_value = sizeof(f<T>(nullptr)) == sizeof(yes);
+            static bool const end_value = sizeof(g<T>(nullptr)) == sizeof(yes);
+        };
+
+    }  // namespace detail
+
+
+    // Holds the delimiter values for a specific character type
+
+    template <typename TChar>
+    struct delimiters_values
+    {
+        using char_type = TChar;
+        const char_type * prefix;
+        const char_type * delimiter;
+        const char_type * postfix;
+    };
+
+
+    // Defines the delimiter values for a specific container and character type
+
+    template <typename T, typename TChar>
+    struct delimiters
+    {
+        using type = delimiters_values<TChar>;
+        static const type values; 
+    };
+
+
+    // Functor to print containers. You can use this directly if you want
+    // to specificy a non-default delimiters type. The printing logic can
+    // be customized by specializing the nested template.
+
+    template <typename T,
+              typename TChar = char,
+              typename TCharTraits = ::std::char_traits<TChar>,
+              typename TDelimiters = delimiters<T, TChar>>
+    struct print_container_helper
+    {
+        using delimiters_type = TDelimiters;
+        using ostream_type = std::basic_ostream<TChar, TCharTraits>;
+
+        template <typename U>
+        struct printer
+        {
+            static void print_body(const U & c, ostream_type & stream)
+            {
+                using std::begin;
+                using std::end;
+
+                auto it = begin(c);
+                const auto the_end = end(c);
+
+                if (it != the_end)
+                {
+                    for ( ; ; )
+                    {
+                        stream << *it;
+
+                    if (++it == the_end) break;
+
+                    if (delimiters_type::values.delimiter != NULL)
+                        stream << delimiters_type::values.delimiter;
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+        };
+
+        print_container_helper(const T & container)
+        : container_(container)
+        { }
+
+        inline void operator()(ostream_type & stream) const
+        {
+            if (delimiters_type::values.prefix != NULL)
+                stream << delimiters_type::values.prefix;
+
+            printer<T>::print_body(container_, stream);
+
+            if (delimiters_type::values.postfix != NULL)
+                stream << delimiters_type::values.postfix;
+        }
+
+    private:
+        const T & container_;
+    };
+
+    // Specialization for pairs
+
+    template <typename T, typename TChar, typename TCharTraits, typename TDelimiters>
+    template <typename T1, typename T2>
+    struct print_container_helper<T, TChar, TCharTraits, TDelimiters>::printer<std::pair<T1, T2>>
+    {
+        using ostream_type = typename print_container_helper<T, TChar, TCharTraits, TDelimiters>::ostream_type;
+
+        static void print_body(const std::pair<T1, T2> & c, ostream_type & stream)
+        {
+            stream << c.first;
+            if (print_container_helper<T, TChar, TCharTraits, TDelimiters>::delimiters_type::values.delimiter != NULL)
+                stream << print_container_helper<T, TChar, TCharTraits, TDelimiters>::delimiters_type::values.delimiter;
+            stream << c.second;
+        }
+    };
+
+    // Specialization for tuples
+
+    template <typename T, typename TChar, typename TCharTraits, typename TDelimiters>
+    template <typename ...Args>
+    struct print_container_helper<T, TChar, TCharTraits, TDelimiters>::printer<std::tuple<Args...>>
+    {
+        using ostream_type = typename print_container_helper<T, TChar, TCharTraits, TDelimiters>::ostream_type;
+        using element_type = std::tuple<Args...>;
+
+        template <std::size_t I> struct Int { };
+
+        static void print_body(const element_type & c, ostream_type & stream)
+        {
+            tuple_print(c, stream, Int<0>());
+        }
+
+        static void tuple_print(const element_type &, ostream_type &, Int<sizeof...(Args)>)
+        {
+        }
+
+        static void tuple_print(const element_type & c, ostream_type & stream,
+                                typename std::conditional<sizeof...(Args) != 0, Int<0>, std::nullptr_t>::type)
+        {
+            stream << std::get<0>(c);
+            tuple_print(c, stream, Int<1>());
+        }
+
+        template <std::size_t N>
+        static void tuple_print(const element_type & c, ostream_type & stream, Int<N>)
+        {
+            if (print_container_helper<T, TChar, TCharTraits, TDelimiters>::delimiters_type::values.delimiter != NULL)
+                stream << print_container_helper<T, TChar, TCharTraits, TDelimiters>::delimiters_type::values.delimiter;
+
+            stream << std::get<N>(c);
+
+            tuple_print(c, stream, Int<N + 1>());
+        }
+    };
+
+    // Prints a print_container_helper to the specified stream.
+
+    template<typename T, typename TChar, typename TCharTraits, typename TDelimiters>
+    inline std::basic_ostream<TChar, TCharTraits> & operator<<(
+        std::basic_ostream<TChar, TCharTraits> & stream,
+        const print_container_helper<T, TChar, TCharTraits, TDelimiters> & helper)
+    {
+        helper(stream);
+        return stream;
+    }
+
+
+    // Basic is_container template; specialize to derive from std::true_type for all desired container types
+
+    template <typename T>
+    struct is_container : public std::integral_constant<bool,
+                                                        detail::has_const_iterator<T>::value &&
+                                                        detail::has_begin_end<T>::beg_value  &&
+                                                        detail::has_begin_end<T>::end_value> { };
+
+    template <typename T, std::size_t N>
+    struct is_container<T[N]> : std::true_type { };
+
+    template <std::size_t N>
+    struct is_container<char[N]> : std::false_type { };
+
+    template <typename T>
+    struct is_container<std::valarray<T>> : std::true_type { };
+
+    template <typename T1, typename T2>
+    struct is_container<std::pair<T1, T2>> : std::true_type { };
+
+    template <typename ...Args>
+    struct is_container<std::tuple<Args...>> : std::true_type { };
+
+
+    // Default delimiters
+
+    template <typename T> struct delimiters<T, char> { static const delimiters_values<char> values; };
+    template <typename T> const delimiters_values<char> delimiters<T, char>::values = { "[", ", ", "]" };
+    template <typename T> struct delimiters<T, wchar_t> { static const delimiters_values<wchar_t> values; };
+    template <typename T> const delimiters_values<wchar_t> delimiters<T, wchar_t>::values = { L"[", L", ", L"]" };
+
+
+    // Delimiters for (multi)set and unordered_(multi)set
+
+    template <typename T, typename TComp, typename TAllocator>
+    struct delimiters< ::std::set<T, TComp, TAllocator>, char> { static const delimiters_values<char> values; };
+
+    template <typename T, typename TComp, typename TAllocator>
+    const delimiters_values<char> delimiters< ::std::set<T, TComp, TAllocator>, char>::values = { "{", ", ", "}" };
+
+    template <typename T, typename TComp, typename TAllocator>
+    struct delimiters< ::std::set<T, TComp, TAllocator>, wchar_t> { static const delimiters_values<wchar_t> values; };
+
+    template <typename T, typename TComp, typename TAllocator>
+    const delimiters_values<wchar_t> delimiters< ::std::set<T, TComp, TAllocator>, wchar_t>::values = { L"{", L", ", L"}" };
+
+    template <typename T, typename TComp, typename TAllocator>
+    struct delimiters< ::std::multiset<T, TComp, TAllocator>, char> { static const delimiters_values<char> values; };
+
+    template <typename T, typename TComp, typename TAllocator>
+    const delimiters_values<char> delimiters< ::std::multiset<T, TComp, TAllocator>, char>::values = { "{", ", ", "}" };
+
+    template <typename T, typename TComp, typename TAllocator>
+    struct delimiters< ::std::multiset<T, TComp, TAllocator>, wchar_t> { static const delimiters_values<wchar_t> values; };
+
+    template <typename T, typename TComp, typename TAllocator>
+    const delimiters_values<wchar_t> delimiters< ::std::multiset<T, TComp, TAllocator>, wchar_t>::values = { L"{", L", ", L"}" };
+
+    template <typename T, typename THash, typename TEqual, typename TAllocator>
+    struct delimiters< ::std::unordered_set<T, THash, TEqual, TAllocator>, char> { static const delimiters_values<char> values; };
+
+    template <typename T, typename THash, typename TEqual, typename TAllocator>
+    const delimiters_values<char> delimiters< ::std::unordered_set<T, THash, TEqual, TAllocator>, char>::values = { "{", ", ", "}" };
+
+    template <typename T, typename THash, typename TEqual, typename TAllocator>
+    struct delimiters< ::std::unordered_set<T, THash, TEqual, TAllocator>, wchar_t> { static const delimiters_values<wchar_t> values; };
+
+    template <typename T, typename THash, typename TEqual, typename TAllocator>
+    const delimiters_values<wchar_t> delimiters< ::std::unordered_set<T, THash, TEqual, TAllocator>, wchar_t>::values = { L"{", L", ", L"}" };
+
+    template <typename T, typename THash, typename TEqual, typename TAllocator>
+    struct delimiters< ::std::unordered_multiset<T, THash, TEqual, TAllocator>, char> { static const delimiters_values<char> values; };
+
+    template <typename T, typename THash, typename TEqual, typename TAllocator>
+    const delimiters_values<char> delimiters< ::std::unordered_multiset<T, THash, TEqual, TAllocator>, char>::values = { "{", ", ", "}" };
+
+    template <typename T, typename THash, typename TEqual, typename TAllocator>
+    struct delimiters< ::std::unordered_multiset<T, THash, TEqual, TAllocator>, wchar_t> { static const delimiters_values<wchar_t> values; };
+
+    template <typename T, typename THash, typename TEqual, typename TAllocator>
+    const delimiters_values<wchar_t> delimiters< ::std::unordered_multiset<T, THash, TEqual, TAllocator>, wchar_t>::values = { L"{", L", ", L"}" };
+
+
+    // Delimiters for pair and tuple
+
+    template <typename T1, typename T2> struct delimiters<std::pair<T1, T2>, char> { static const delimiters_values<char> values; };
+    template <typename T1, typename T2> const delimiters_values<char> delimiters<std::pair<T1, T2>, char>::values = { "(", ", ", ")" };
+    template <typename T1, typename T2> struct delimiters< ::std::pair<T1, T2>, wchar_t> { static const delimiters_values<wchar_t> values; };
+    template <typename T1, typename T2> const delimiters_values<wchar_t> delimiters< ::std::pair<T1, T2>, wchar_t>::values = { L"(", L", ", L")" };
+
+    template <typename ...Args> struct delimiters<std::tuple<Args...>, char> { static const delimiters_values<char> values; };
+    template <typename ...Args> const delimiters_values<char> delimiters<std::tuple<Args...>, char>::values = { "(", ", ", ")" };
+    template <typename ...Args> struct delimiters< ::std::tuple<Args...>, wchar_t> { static const delimiters_values<wchar_t> values; };
+    template <typename ...Args> const delimiters_values<wchar_t> delimiters< ::std::tuple<Args...>, wchar_t>::values = { L"(", L", ", L")" };
+
+
+    // Type-erasing helper class for easy use of custom delimiters.
+    // Requires TCharTraits = std::char_traits<TChar> and TChar = char or wchar_t, and MyDelims needs to be defined for TChar.
+    // Usage: "cout << pretty_print::custom_delims<MyDelims>(x)".
+
+    struct custom_delims_base
+    {
+        virtual ~custom_delims_base() { }
+        virtual std::ostream & stream(::std::ostream &) = 0;
+        virtual std::wostream & stream(::std::wostream &) = 0;
+    };
+
+    template <typename T, typename Delims>
+    struct custom_delims_wrapper : custom_delims_base
+    {
+        custom_delims_wrapper(const T & t_) : t(t_) { }
+
+        std::ostream & stream(std::ostream & s)
+        {
+            return s << print_container_helper<T, char, std::char_traits<char>, Delims>(t);
+        }
+
+        std::wostream & stream(std::wostream & s)
+        {
+            return s << print_container_helper<T, wchar_t, std::char_traits<wchar_t>, Delims>(t);
+        }
+
+    private:
+        const T & t;
+    };
+
+    template <typename Delims>
+    struct custom_delims
+    {
+        template <typename Container>
+        custom_delims(const Container & c) : base(new custom_delims_wrapper<Container, Delims>(c)) { }
+
+        std::unique_ptr<custom_delims_base> base;
+    };
+
+    template <typename TChar, typename TCharTraits, typename Delims>
+    inline std::basic_ostream<TChar, TCharTraits> & operator<<(std::basic_ostream<TChar, TCharTraits> & s, const custom_delims<Delims> & p)
+    {
+        return p.base->stream(s);
+    }
+
+
+    // A wrapper for a C-style array given as pointer-plus-size.
+    // Usage: std::cout << pretty_print_array(arr, n) << std::endl;
+
+    template<typename T>
+    struct array_wrapper_n
+    {
+        typedef const T * const_iterator;
+        typedef T value_type;
+
+        array_wrapper_n(const T * const a, size_t n) : _array(a), _n(n) { }
+        inline const_iterator begin() const { return _array; }
+        inline const_iterator end() const { return _array + _n; }
+
+    private:
+        const T * const _array;
+        size_t _n;
+    };
+
+
+    // A wrapper for hash-table based containers that offer local iterators to each bucket.
+    // Usage: std::cout << bucket_print(m, 4) << std::endl;  (Prints bucket 5 of container m.)
+
+    template <typename T>
+    struct bucket_print_wrapper
+    {
+        typedef typename T::const_local_iterator const_iterator;
+        typedef typename T::size_type size_type;
+
+        const_iterator begin() const
+        {
+            return m_map.cbegin(n);
+        }
+
+        const_iterator end() const
+        {
+            return m_map.cend(n);
+        }
+
+        bucket_print_wrapper(const T & m, size_type bucket) : m_map(m), n(bucket) { }
+
+    private:
+        const T & m_map;
+        const size_type n;
+    };
+
+}   // namespace pretty_print
+
+
+// Global accessor functions for the convenience wrappers
+
+template<typename T>
+inline pretty_print::array_wrapper_n<T> pretty_print_array(const T * const a, size_t n)
+{
+    return pretty_print::array_wrapper_n<T>(a, n);
+}
+
+template <typename T> pretty_print::bucket_print_wrapper<T>
+bucket_print(const T & m, typename T::size_type n)
+{
+    return pretty_print::bucket_print_wrapper<T>(m, n);
+}
+
+
+// Main magic entry point: An overload snuck into namespace std.
+// Can we do better?
+
+namespace std
+{
+    // Prints a container to the stream using default delimiters
+
+    template<typename T, typename TChar, typename TCharTraits>
+    inline typename enable_if< ::pretty_print::is_container<T>::value,
+                              basic_ostream<TChar, TCharTraits> &>::type
+    operator<<(basic_ostream<TChar, TCharTraits> & stream, const T & container)
+    {
+        return stream << ::pretty_print::print_container_helper<T, TChar, TCharTraits>(container);
+    }
+}
+
+
+
+#endif  // H_PRETTY_PRINT
diff --git a/src/immer/tools/reproduce-paper-results.bash b/src/immer/tools/reproduce-paper-results.bash
new file mode 100755
index 0000000000000..0ee2b98c34062
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/immer/tools/reproduce-paper-results.bash
@@ -0,0 +1,25 @@
+#!/bin/bash
+
+test -d build || mkdir -p build
+cd build
+
+cmake .. \
+      -DCMAKE_BUILD_TYPE=Release -DCMAKE_CXX_FLAGS="-O3 -march=native" \
+      -DCHECK_BENCHMARKS=1 \
+      -DBENCHMARK_PARAM="N:1000" -DBENCHMARK_SAMPLES="100"
+make benchmarks -j1
+ctest -R "benchmark/vector-paper*"
+
+cmake ..\
+      -DCMAKE_BUILD_TYPE=Release -DCMAKE_CXX_FLAGS="-O3 -march=native" \
+      -DCHECK_BENCHMARKS=1 \
+      -DBENCHMARK_PARAM="N:100000" -DBENCHMARK_SAMPLES="20"
+make benchmarks -j1
+ctest -R "benchmark/vector-paper*"
+
+cmake .. \
+      -DCMAKE_BUILD_TYPE=Release -DCMAKE_CXX_FLAGS="-O3 -march=native" \
+      -DCHECK_BENCHMARKS=1 \
+      -DBENCHMARK_PARAM="N:10000000" -DBENCHMARK_SAMPLES="3"
+make benchmarks -j1
+ctest -R "benchmark/vector-paper*"
diff --git a/src/immer/tools/scala/README.md b/src/immer/tools/scala/README.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000..ce514e445e992
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/immer/tools/scala/README.md
@@ -0,0 +1,6 @@
+
+```
+# sbt
+> test
+> test-only org.immer.* -- -verbose
+```
diff --git a/src/immer/tools/scala/build.sbt b/src/immer/tools/scala/build.sbt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000..f2d0bd2cf03c7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/immer/tools/scala/build.sbt
@@ -0,0 +1,27 @@
+/**  This is the simplest possible use of ScalaMeter.
+  *  It allows running ScalaMeter benchmarks as part of the test suite.
+  *  It means, that when the test command is run, ScalaMeter benchmarks are run along
+  *  the tests from other test frameworks, such as ScalaTest or ScalaCheck.
+  */
+lazy val basic = Project(
+  "basic",
+  file("."),
+  settings = Defaults.coreDefaultSettings ++ Seq(
+    name := "immer-bechmarks",
+    organization := "org.immer",
+    scalaVersion := "2.11.1",
+    scalacOptions ++= Seq("-deprecation", "-unchecked", "-feature", "-Xlint"),
+    publishArtifact := false,
+    libraryDependencies ++= Seq(
+      "com.storm-enroute" %% "scalameter" % "0.8.2" % "test",
+      "io.github.nicolasstucki" %% "scala-rrb-vector" % "0.1.1"
+    ),
+    resolvers ++= Seq(
+      "Sonatype OSS Snapshots" at "https://oss.sonatype.org/content/repositories/snapshots",
+      "Sonatype OSS Releases" at "https://oss.sonatype.org/content/repositories/releases"
+    ),
+    testFrameworks += new TestFramework("org.scalameter.ScalaMeterFramework"),
+    parallelExecution in Test := false,
+    logBuffered := false
+  )
+)
diff --git a/src/immer/tools/scala/src/test/scala/org/immer/benchmarks.scala b/src/immer/tools/scala/src/test/scala/org/immer/benchmarks.scala
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000..98c40a45cd660
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/immer/tools/scala/src/test/scala/org/immer/benchmarks.scala
@@ -0,0 +1,168 @@
+package org.immer
+
+import org.scalameter.api._
+import scala.collection.immutable.Vector
+import scala.collection.immutable.rrbvector.RRBVector
+
+class BenchmarkBase extends Bench.ForkedTime {
+  val runs = 20
+  val size = 1000
+  val step = 10
+  val sizes = Gen.range("size")(size, size, 1)
+
+  //def relaxedV(v : RRBVector[Int], n : Int) : RRBVector[Int] = {
+  //  var r = v
+  //  for (i <- 0 to n) {
+  //    r = (RRBVector.empty[Int] :+ i) ++ r
+  //  }
+  //  r
+  //}
+
+  var vectors     = for { s <- sizes } yield Vector.empty[Int] ++ (0 until s)
+  var rrbvectors  = for { s <- sizes } yield RRBVector.empty[Int] ++ (0 until s)
+  //var rrbvectorsF = for { s <- sizes } yield relaxedV(RRBVector.empty[Int], s)
+  var rrbsteps    = for { s <- sizes } yield RRBVector.empty[Int] ++ (0 until s / step)
+}
+
+class PushBenchmark extends BenchmarkBase {
+  performance of "push" in {
+    measure method "Vector" in { using(sizes) config(exec.benchRuns -> runs) in { s => {
+      var v = Vector.empty[Int]
+      for (a <- 0 to s) {
+        v = v :+ a
+      }
+      v
+    }}}
+    measure method "RRBVector" in { using(sizes) config(exec.benchRuns -> runs) in { s => {
+      var v = RRBVector.empty[Int]
+      for (a <- 0 to s) {
+        v = v :+ a
+      }
+      v
+    }}}
+  }
+}
+
+class UpdateBenchmark extends BenchmarkBase {
+  performance of "update" in {
+    measure method "Vector" in { using(vectors) config(exec.benchRuns -> runs) in { v0 => {
+      var v = v0
+      for (a <- 0 to v.size - 1) {
+        v = v.updated(a, a + 1)
+      }
+      v
+    }}}
+    measure method "RRBVector" in { using(rrbvectors) config(exec.benchRuns -> runs) in { v0 => {
+      var v = v0
+      for (a <- 0 to v.size - 1) {
+        v = v.updated(a, a + 1)
+      }
+      v
+    }}}
+    //measure method "RRBVector/relaxed" in { using(rrbvectorsF) config(exec.benchRuns -> runs) in { v0 => {
+    //  var v = v0
+    //  for (a <- 0 to v.size - 1) {
+    //    v = v.updated(a, a + 1)
+    //  }
+    //  v
+    //}}}
+  }
+  performance of "update/random" in {
+    measure method "Vector" in { using(vectors) config(exec.benchRuns -> runs) in { v0 => {
+      var v = v0
+      var r = new scala.util.Random
+      for (a <- 0 to v.size - 1) {
+        v = v.updated(r.nextInt(v.size), a + 1)
+      }
+      v
+    }}}
+    measure method "RRBVector" in { using(rrbvectors) config(exec.benchRuns -> runs) in { v0 => {
+      var v = v0
+      var r = new scala.util.Random
+      for (a <- 0 to v.size - 1) {
+        v = v.updated(r.nextInt(v.size), a + 1)
+      }
+      v
+    }}}
+    //measure method "RRBVector/relaxed" in { using(rrbvectorsF) config(exec.benchRuns -> runs) in { v0 => {
+    //  var v = v0
+    //  var r = new scala.util.Random
+    //  for (a <- 0 to v.size - 1) {
+    //    v = v.updated(r.nextInt(v.size), a + 1)
+    //  }
+    //  v
+    //}}}
+  }
+}
+
+object IterBenchmark extends BenchmarkBase {
+  performance of "access/reduce" in {
+    measure method "Vector" in { using(vectors) config(exec.benchRuns -> runs) in { v => {
+      v.reduceLeft(_ + _)
+    }}}
+    measure method "RRBVector" in { using(rrbvectors) config(exec.benchRuns -> runs) in { v => {
+      v.reduceLeft(_ + _)
+    }}}
+    //measure method "RRBVector/relaxed" in { using(rrbvectorsF) config(exec.benchRuns -> runs) in { v => {
+    //  v.reduceLeft(_ + _)
+    //}}}
+  }
+  performance of "access/idx" in {
+    measure method "Vector" in { using(vectors) config(exec.benchRuns -> runs) in { v => {
+      var r = 0
+      for (a <- 0 to v.size - 1) {
+        r += v(a)
+      }
+      r
+    }}}
+    measure method "RRBVector" in { using(rrbvectors) config(exec.benchRuns -> runs) in { v => {
+      var r = 0
+      for (a <- 0 to v.size - 1) {
+        r += v(a)
+      }
+      r
+    }}}
+    //measure method "RRBVector/relaxed" in { using(rrbvectorsF) config(exec.benchRuns -> runs) in { v => {
+    //  var r = 0
+    //  for (a <- 0 to v.size - 1) {
+    //    r += v(a)
+    //  }
+    //  r
+    //}}}
+  }
+  performance of "access/iter" in {
+    measure method "Vector" in { using(vectors) config(exec.benchRuns -> runs) in { v => {
+      var r = 0
+      for (a <- v) {
+        r += a
+      }
+      r
+    }}}
+    measure method "RRBVector" in { using(rrbvectors) config(exec.benchRuns -> runs) in { v => {
+      var r = 0
+      for (a <- v) {
+        r += a
+      }
+      r
+    }}}
+    //measure method "RRBVector/relaxed" in { using(rrbvectorsF) config(exec.benchRuns -> runs) in { v => {
+    //  var r = 0
+    //  for (a <- v) {
+    //    r += a
+    //  }
+    //  r
+    //}}}
+  }
+}
+
+class ConcatBenchmark extends BenchmarkBase {
+  performance of "concat" in {
+    measure method "RRBVector ++" in { using(rrbsteps) config(exec.benchRuns -> runs) in { v => {
+      var r = RRBVector.empty[Int]
+      for (_ <- 0 to step) {
+        r = r ++ v
+      }
+      r
+    }}}
+  }
+}
diff --git a/src/immer/tools/scala/version.sbt b/src/immer/tools/scala/version.sbt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000..3f0ac089016a4
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/immer/tools/scala/version.sbt
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+version in ThisBuild := "0.8.2"
diff --git a/src/immer/tools/sinusoidal-sphinx-theme b/src/immer/tools/sinusoidal-sphinx-theme
new file mode 160000
index 0000000000000..b5adfa2a6def8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/immer/tools/sinusoidal-sphinx-theme
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+Subproject commit b5adfa2a6def8aa55d95dedc4e1bfde214a5e36c
diff --git a/src/immer/tools/with-tee.bash b/src/immer/tools/with-tee.bash
new file mode 100755
index 0000000000000..d968443e12758
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/immer/tools/with-tee.bash
@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+#!/usr/bin/env bash
+
+echo "${@:2} | tee $1"
+
+${@:2} | tee $1
diff --git a/test/lint/lint-filenames.sh b/test/lint/lint-filenames.sh
index 39b4bc2358b48..117b92affc28c 100755
--- a/test/lint/lint-filenames.sh
+++ b/test/lint/lint-filenames.sh
@@ -12,7 +12,7 @@ export LC_ALL=C
 EXIT_CODE=0
 OUTPUT=$(git ls-files --full-name -- "*.[cC][pP][pP]" "*.[hH]" "*.[pP][yY]" "*.[sS][hH]" | \
     grep -vE '^[a-z0-9_./-]+$' | \
-    grep -vE '^src/(dashbls/|secp256k1/|univalue/|test/fuzz/FuzzedDataProvider.h)')
+    grep -vE '^src/(dashbls/|immer/|secp256k1/|univalue/|test/fuzz/FuzzedDataProvider.h)')
 
 if [[ ${OUTPUT} != "" ]]; then
     echo "Use only lowercase alphanumerics (a-z0-9), underscores (_), hyphens (-) and dots (.)"
diff --git a/test/lint/lint-include-guards.sh b/test/lint/lint-include-guards.sh
index 8c74e810ae573..0015d0e24c549 100755
--- a/test/lint/lint-include-guards.sh
+++ b/test/lint/lint-include-guards.sh
@@ -10,7 +10,7 @@ export LC_ALL=C
 HEADER_ID_PREFIX="BITCOIN_"
 HEADER_ID_SUFFIX="_H"
 
-REGEXP_EXCLUDE_FILES_WITH_PREFIX="src/(dashbls/|crypto/ctaes/|leveldb/|crc32c/|secp256k1/|test/fuzz/FuzzedDataProvider.h|tinyformat.h|bench/nanobench.h|univalue/|ctpl_stl.h|bls/|crypto/sph)"
+REGEXP_EXCLUDE_FILES_WITH_PREFIX="src/(crypto/ctaes/|dashbls/|immer/|leveldb/|crc32c/|secp256k1/|test/fuzz/FuzzedDataProvider.h|tinyformat.h|bench/nanobench.h|univalue/|ctpl_stl.h|bls/|crypto/sph)"
 
 EXIT_CODE=0
 for HEADER_FILE in $(git ls-files -- "*.h" | grep -vE "^${REGEXP_EXCLUDE_FILES_WITH_PREFIX}")
diff --git a/test/lint/lint-includes.sh b/test/lint/lint-includes.sh
index af696d5bd586f..fc292dad46805 100755
--- a/test/lint/lint-includes.sh
+++ b/test/lint/lint-includes.sh
@@ -9,7 +9,7 @@
 # Check includes: Check for duplicate includes. Enforce bracket syntax includes.
 
 export LC_ALL=C
-IGNORE_REGEXP="/(dashbls|leveldb|secp256k1|univalue|crc32c)/"
+IGNORE_REGEXP="/(dashbls|immer|leveldb|secp256k1|univalue|crc32c)/"
 
 # cd to root folder of git repo for git ls-files to work properly
 cd "$(dirname $0)/../.." || exit 1
@@ -73,7 +73,7 @@ EXPECTED_BOOST_INCLUDES=(
     boost/thread/condition_variable.hpp
 )
 
-for BOOST_INCLUDE in $(git grep '^#include <boost/' -- "*.cpp" "*.h" | cut -f2 -d: | cut -f2 -d'<' | cut -f1 -d'>' | sort -u); do
+for BOOST_INCLUDE in $(git grep '^#include <boost/' -- "*.cpp" "*.h" | grep -vE "src/(immer)/" | cut -f2 -d: | cut -f2 -d'<' | cut -f1 -d'>' | sort -u); do
     IS_EXPECTED_INCLUDE=0
     for EXPECTED_BOOST_INCLUDE in "${EXPECTED_BOOST_INCLUDES[@]}"; do
         if [[ "${BOOST_INCLUDE}" == "${EXPECTED_BOOST_INCLUDE}" ]]; then
diff --git a/test/lint/lint-locale-dependence.sh b/test/lint/lint-locale-dependence.sh
index 79234e6bdfee0..5a7b0af70d07d 100755
--- a/test/lint/lint-locale-dependence.sh
+++ b/test/lint/lint-locale-dependence.sh
@@ -52,7 +52,7 @@ KNOWN_VIOLATIONS=(
     "src/wallet/scriptpubkeyman.cpp.*std::to_string"
 )
 
-REGEXP_IGNORE_EXTERNAL_DEPENDENCIES="^src/(dashbls/|crypto/ctaes/|leveldb/|secp256k1/|tinyformat.h|univalue/)"
+REGEXP_IGNORE_EXTERNAL_DEPENDENCIES="^src/(dashbls/|immer/|crypto/ctaes/|leveldb/|secp256k1/|tinyformat.h|univalue/)"
 
 LOCALE_DEPENDENT_FUNCTIONS=(
     alphasort    # LC_COLLATE (via strcoll)
diff --git a/test/lint/lint-python.sh b/test/lint/lint-python.sh
index 83b83e5e15623..2cd055fcc561e 100755
--- a/test/lint/lint-python.sh
+++ b/test/lint/lint-python.sh
@@ -98,7 +98,7 @@ fi
 
 PYTHONWARNINGS="ignore" $FLAKECMD --ignore=B,C,E,F,I,N,W --select=$(IFS=","; echo "${enabled[*]}")$(
     if [[ $# == 0 ]]; then
-        git ls-files "*.py"
+        git ls-files "*.py" | grep -vE "src/(immer)/"
     else
         echo "$@"
     fi
diff --git a/test/lint/lint-shebang.sh b/test/lint/lint-shebang.sh
index 8f9077f968a30..89e8666b15129 100755
--- a/test/lint/lint-shebang.sh
+++ b/test/lint/lint-shebang.sh
@@ -7,14 +7,14 @@
 
 export LC_ALL=C
 EXIT_CODE=0
-for PYTHON_FILE in $(git ls-files -- "*.py" | grep -vE "src/(dashbls)/"); do
+for PYTHON_FILE in $(git ls-files -- "*.py" | grep -vE "^src/(dashbls|immer)/"); do
     if [[ $(head -c 2 "${PYTHON_FILE}") == "#!" &&
           $(head -n 1 "${PYTHON_FILE}") != "#!/usr/bin/env python3" ]]; then
         echo "Missing shebang \"#!/usr/bin/env python3\" in ${PYTHON_FILE} (do not use python or python2)"
         EXIT_CODE=1
     fi
 done
-for SHELL_FILE in $(git ls-files -- "*.sh" | grep -vE "src/(dashbls)/"); do
+for SHELL_FILE in $(git ls-files -- "*.sh" | grep -vE "^src/(dashbls|immer)/"); do
     if [[ $(head -n 1 "${SHELL_FILE}") != "#!/usr/bin/env bash" &&
           $(head -n 1 "${SHELL_FILE}") != "#!/bin/sh" ]]; then
         echo "Missing expected shebang \"#!/usr/bin/env bash\" or \"#!/bin/sh\" in ${SHELL_FILE}"
diff --git a/test/lint/lint-shell.sh b/test/lint/lint-shell.sh
index 5658f9d6c6704..5852271aec39d 100755
--- a/test/lint/lint-shell.sh
+++ b/test/lint/lint-shell.sh
@@ -42,7 +42,7 @@ fi
 SHELLCHECK_CMD=(shellcheck --external-sources --check-sourced)
 EXCLUDE="--exclude=$(IFS=','; echo "${disabled[*]}")"
 SOURCED_FILES=$(git ls-files | xargs gawk '/^# shellcheck shell=/ {print FILENAME} {nextfile}')  # Check shellcheck directive used for sourced files
-if ! "${SHELLCHECK_CMD[@]}" "$EXCLUDE" $SOURCED_FILES $(git ls-files -- '*.sh' | grep -vE 'src/(dashbls|leveldb|secp256k1|univalue)/'); then
+if ! "${SHELLCHECK_CMD[@]}" "$EXCLUDE" $SOURCED_FILES $(git ls-files -- '*.sh' | grep -vE 'src/(dashbls|immer|leveldb|secp256k1|univalue)/'); then
     EXIT_CODE=1
 fi
 
diff --git a/test/lint/lint-spelling.sh b/test/lint/lint-spelling.sh
index 55f00b481e376..9ec27b0232790 100755
--- a/test/lint/lint-spelling.sh
+++ b/test/lint/lint-spelling.sh
@@ -15,6 +15,6 @@ if ! command -v codespell > /dev/null; then
 fi
 
 IGNORE_WORDS_FILE=test/lint/lint-spelling.ignore-words.txt
-if ! codespell --check-filenames --disable-colors --quiet-level=7 --ignore-words=${IGNORE_WORDS_FILE} $(git ls-files -- ":(exclude)build-aux/m4/" ":(exclude)contrib/seeds/*.txt" ":(exclude)depends/" ":(exclude)doc/release-notes/" ":(exclude)src/bip39_english.h" ":(exclude)src/dashbls/" ":(exclude)src/crc32c/" ":(exclude)src/crypto/" ":(exclude)src/ctpl_stl.h" ":(exclude)src/cxxtimer.hpp" ":(exclude)src/leveldb/" ":(exclude)src/qt/locale/" ":(exclude)src/qt/*.qrc" ":(exclude)src/secp256k1/" ":(exclude)src/univalue/"); then
+if ! codespell --check-filenames --disable-colors --quiet-level=7 --ignore-words=${IGNORE_WORDS_FILE} $(git ls-files -- ":(exclude)build-aux/m4/" ":(exclude)contrib/seeds/*.txt" ":(exclude)depends/" ":(exclude)doc/release-notes/" ":(exclude)src/bip39_english.h" ":(exclude)src/dashbls/" ":(exclude)src/crc32c/" ":(exclude)src/crypto/" ":(exclude)src/ctpl_stl.h" ":(exclude)src/cxxtimer.hpp" ":(exclude)src/immer/" ":(exclude)src/leveldb/" ":(exclude)src/qt/locale/" ":(exclude)src/qt/*.qrc" ":(exclude)src/secp256k1/" ":(exclude)src/univalue/"); then
     echo "^ Warning: codespell identified likely spelling errors. Any false positives? Add them to the list of ignored words in ${IGNORE_WORDS_FILE}"
 fi
diff --git a/test/lint/lint-whitespace.sh b/test/lint/lint-whitespace.sh
index 80578a281e255..2cc5b4818bec7 100755
--- a/test/lint/lint-whitespace.sh
+++ b/test/lint/lint-whitespace.sh
@@ -31,14 +31,14 @@ if [ -z "${COMMIT_RANGE}" ]; then
 fi
 
 showdiff() {
-  if ! git diff -U0 "${COMMIT_RANGE}" -- "." ":(exclude)depends/patches/" ":(exclude)src/dashbls/" ":(exclude)src/leveldb/" ":(exclude)src/crc32c/" ":(exclude)src/secp256k1/" ":(exclude)src/univalue/" ":(exclude)doc/release-notes/"; then
+  if ! git diff -U0 "${COMMIT_RANGE}" -- "." ":(exclude)depends/patches/" ":(exclude)src/dashbls/" ":(exclude)src/immer/" ":(exclude)src/leveldb/" ":(exclude)src/crc32c/" ":(exclude)src/secp256k1/" ":(exclude)src/univalue/" ":(exclude)doc/release-notes/"; then
     echo "Failed to get a diff"
     exit 1
   fi
 }
 
 showcodediff() {
-  if ! git diff -U0 "${COMMIT_RANGE}" -- *.cpp *.h *.md *.py *.sh ":(exclude)src/dashbls/" ":(exclude)src/leveldb/" ":(exclude)src/crc32c/" ":(exclude)src/secp256k1/" ":(exclude)src/univalue/" ":(exclude)doc/release-notes/"; then
+  if ! git diff -U0 "${COMMIT_RANGE}" -- *.cpp *.h *.md *.py *.sh ":(exclude)src/dashbls/" ":(exclude)src/immer/" ":(exclude)src/leveldb/" ":(exclude)src/crc32c/" ":(exclude)src/secp256k1/" ":(exclude)src/univalue/" ":(exclude)doc/release-notes/"; then
     echo "Failed to get a diff"
     exit 1
   fi