diff --git a/source/tests/consistent/common.py b/source/tests/consistent/common.py
index 1070fe0f79..e3bf808978 100644
--- a/source/tests/consistent/common.py
+++ b/source/tests/consistent/common.py
@@ -3,6 +3,7 @@
 import itertools
 import os
 import sys
+import unittest
 from abc import (
     ABC,
     abstractmethod,
@@ -33,6 +34,11 @@
     Backend,
 )
 
+from ..utils import (
+    CI,
+    TEST_DEVICE,
+)
+
 INSTALLED_TF = Backend.get_backend("tensorflow")().is_available()
 INSTALLED_PT = Backend.get_backend("pytorch")().is_available()
 INSTALLED_JAX = Backend.get_backend("jax")().is_available()
@@ -340,6 +346,7 @@ def test_tf_self_consistent(self):
             np.testing.assert_allclose(rr1, rr2, rtol=self.rtol, atol=self.atol)
             assert rr1.dtype == rr2.dtype, f"{rr1.dtype} != {rr2.dtype}"
 
+    @unittest.skipIf(TEST_DEVICE != "cpu" and CI, "Only test on CPU.")
     def test_dp_consistent_with_ref(self):
         """Test whether DP and reference are consistent."""
         if self.skip_dp:
@@ -358,6 +365,7 @@ def test_dp_consistent_with_ref(self):
             np.testing.assert_allclose(rr1, rr2, rtol=self.rtol, atol=self.atol)
             assert rr1.dtype == rr2.dtype, f"{rr1.dtype} != {rr2.dtype}"
 
+    @unittest.skipIf(TEST_DEVICE != "cpu" and CI, "Only test on CPU.")
     def test_dp_self_consistent(self):
         """Test whether DP is self consistent."""
         if self.skip_dp:
@@ -447,6 +455,7 @@ def test_jax_self_consistent(self):
             else:
                 self.assertEqual(rr1, rr2)
 
+    @unittest.skipIf(TEST_DEVICE != "cpu" and CI, "Only test on CPU.")
     def test_array_api_strict_consistent_with_ref(self):
         """Test whether array_api_strict and reference are consistent."""
         if self.skip_array_api_strict:
@@ -465,6 +474,7 @@ def test_array_api_strict_consistent_with_ref(self):
             np.testing.assert_allclose(rr1, rr2, rtol=self.rtol, atol=self.atol)
             assert rr1.dtype == rr2.dtype, f"{rr1.dtype} != {rr2.dtype}"
 
+    @unittest.skipIf(TEST_DEVICE != "cpu" and CI, "Only test on CPU.")
     def test_array_api_strict_self_consistent(self):
         """Test whether array_api_strict is self consistent."""
         if self.skip_array_api_strict:
diff --git a/source/tests/universal/common/cases/model/utils.py b/source/tests/universal/common/cases/model/utils.py
index d583d06b05..628c415eb2 100644
--- a/source/tests/universal/common/cases/model/utils.py
+++ b/source/tests/universal/common/cases/model/utils.py
@@ -22,6 +22,7 @@
     GLOBAL_SEED,
 )
 from .....utils import (
+    CI,
     TEST_DEVICE,
 )
 
@@ -327,7 +328,7 @@ def test_zero_forward(self):
                 continue
             np.testing.assert_allclose(rr1, rr2, atol=aprec)
 
-    @unittest.skipIf(TEST_DEVICE != "cpu", "Only test on CPU.")
+    @unittest.skipIf(TEST_DEVICE != "cpu" and CI, "Only test on CPU.")
     def test_permutation(self):
         """Test permutation."""
         if getattr(self, "skip_test_permutation", False):
@@ -413,7 +414,7 @@ def test_permutation(self):
             else:
                 raise RuntimeError(f"Unknown output key: {kk}")
 
-    @unittest.skipIf(TEST_DEVICE != "cpu", "Only test on CPU.")
+    @unittest.skipIf(TEST_DEVICE != "cpu" and CI, "Only test on CPU.")
     def test_trans(self):
         """Test translation."""
         if getattr(self, "skip_test_trans", False):
@@ -482,7 +483,7 @@ def test_trans(self):
             else:
                 raise RuntimeError(f"Unknown output key: {kk}")
 
-    @unittest.skipIf(TEST_DEVICE != "cpu", "Only test on CPU.")
+    @unittest.skipIf(TEST_DEVICE != "cpu" and CI, "Only test on CPU.")
     def test_rot(self):
         """Test rotation."""
         if getattr(self, "skip_test_rot", False):
@@ -672,7 +673,7 @@ def test_rot(self):
             else:
                 raise RuntimeError(f"Unknown output key: {kk}")
 
-    @unittest.skipIf(TEST_DEVICE != "cpu", "Only test on CPU.")
+    @unittest.skipIf(TEST_DEVICE != "cpu" and CI, "Only test on CPU.")
     def test_smooth(self):
         """Test smooth."""
         if getattr(self, "skip_test_smooth", False):
@@ -779,7 +780,7 @@ def test_smooth(self):
             else:
                 raise RuntimeError(f"Unknown output key: {kk}")
 
-    @unittest.skipIf(TEST_DEVICE != "cpu", "Only test on CPU.")
+    @unittest.skipIf(TEST_DEVICE != "cpu" and CI, "Only test on CPU.")
     def test_autodiff(self):
         """Test autodiff."""
         if getattr(self, "skip_test_autodiff", False):
@@ -919,7 +920,7 @@ def ff_cell(bb):
             # not support virial by far
             pass
 
-    @unittest.skipIf(TEST_DEVICE == "cpu", "Skip test on CPU.")
+    @unittest.skipIf(TEST_DEVICE == "cpu" and CI, "Skip test on CPU.")
     def test_device_consistence(self):
         """Test forward consistency between devices."""
         test_spin = getattr(self, "test_spin", False)
diff --git a/source/tests/universal/dpmodel/atomc_model/test_atomic_model.py b/source/tests/universal/dpmodel/atomc_model/test_atomic_model.py
index 4c5a2b291b..8e7324e2bc 100644
--- a/source/tests/universal/dpmodel/atomc_model/test_atomic_model.py
+++ b/source/tests/universal/dpmodel/atomc_model/test_atomic_model.py
@@ -26,6 +26,7 @@
     parameterized,
 )
 from ....utils import (
+    CI,
     TEST_DEVICE,
 )
 from ...common.cases.atomic_model.atomic_model import (
@@ -98,7 +99,7 @@
         ),  # fitting_class_param & class
     ),
 )
-@unittest.skipIf(TEST_DEVICE != "cpu", "Only test on CPU.")
+@unittest.skipIf(TEST_DEVICE != "cpu" and CI, "Only test on CPU.")
 class TestEnergyAtomicModelDP(unittest.TestCase, EnerAtomicModelTest, DPTestCase):
     @classmethod
     def setUpClass(cls):
@@ -165,7 +166,7 @@ def setUpClass(cls):
         ),  # fitting_class_param & class
     ),
 )
-@unittest.skipIf(TEST_DEVICE != "cpu", "Only test on CPU.")
+@unittest.skipIf(TEST_DEVICE != "cpu" and CI, "Only test on CPU.")
 class TestDosAtomicModelDP(unittest.TestCase, DosAtomicModelTest, DPTestCase):
     @classmethod
     def setUpClass(cls):
@@ -227,7 +228,7 @@ def setUpClass(cls):
         ),  # fitting_class_param & class
     ),
 )
-@unittest.skipIf(TEST_DEVICE != "cpu", "Only test on CPU.")
+@unittest.skipIf(TEST_DEVICE != "cpu" and CI, "Only test on CPU.")
 class TestDipoleAtomicModelDP(unittest.TestCase, DipoleAtomicModelTest, DPTestCase):
     @classmethod
     def setUpClass(cls):
@@ -290,7 +291,7 @@ def setUpClass(cls):
         ),  # fitting_class_param & class
     ),
 )
-@unittest.skipIf(TEST_DEVICE != "cpu", "Only test on CPU.")
+@unittest.skipIf(TEST_DEVICE != "cpu" and CI, "Only test on CPU.")
 class TestPolarAtomicModelDP(unittest.TestCase, PolarAtomicModelTest, DPTestCase):
     @classmethod
     def setUpClass(cls):
@@ -351,7 +352,7 @@ def setUpClass(cls):
         ),  # fitting_class_param & class
     ),
 )
-@unittest.skipIf(TEST_DEVICE != "cpu", "Only test on CPU.")
+@unittest.skipIf(TEST_DEVICE != "cpu" and CI, "Only test on CPU.")
 class TestZBLAtomicModelDP(unittest.TestCase, ZBLAtomicModelTest, DPTestCase):
     @classmethod
     def setUpClass(cls):
@@ -429,7 +430,7 @@ def setUpClass(cls):
         ),  # fitting_class_param & class
     ),
 )
-@unittest.skipIf(TEST_DEVICE != "cpu", "Only test on CPU.")
+@unittest.skipIf(TEST_DEVICE != "cpu" and CI, "Only test on CPU.")
 class TestPropertyAtomicModelDP(unittest.TestCase, PropertyAtomicModelTest, DPTestCase):
     @classmethod
     def setUpClass(cls):
diff --git a/source/tests/universal/dpmodel/descriptor/test_descriptor.py b/source/tests/universal/dpmodel/descriptor/test_descriptor.py
index 256bea74f8..fc7ee8b075 100644
--- a/source/tests/universal/dpmodel/descriptor/test_descriptor.py
+++ b/source/tests/universal/dpmodel/descriptor/test_descriptor.py
@@ -26,6 +26,7 @@
     GLOBAL_SEED,
 )
 from ....utils import (
+    CI,
     TEST_DEVICE,
 )
 from ...common.cases.descriptor.descriptor import (
@@ -519,7 +520,7 @@ def DescriptorParamHybridMixedTTebd(ntypes, rcut, rcut_smth, sel, type_map, **kw
         (DescriptorParamHybridMixedTTebd, DescrptHybrid),
     )  # class_param & class
 )
-@unittest.skipIf(TEST_DEVICE != "cpu", "Only test on CPU.")
+@unittest.skipIf(TEST_DEVICE != "cpu" and CI, "Only test on CPU.")
 class TestDescriptorDP(unittest.TestCase, DescriptorTest, DPTestCase):
     def setUp(self):
         DescriptorTest.setUp(self)
diff --git a/source/tests/universal/dpmodel/fitting/test_fitting.py b/source/tests/universal/dpmodel/fitting/test_fitting.py
index 393bab1707..f64faee76f 100644
--- a/source/tests/universal/dpmodel/fitting/test_fitting.py
+++ b/source/tests/universal/dpmodel/fitting/test_fitting.py
@@ -20,6 +20,7 @@
     GLOBAL_SEED,
 )
 from ....utils import (
+    CI,
     TEST_DEVICE,
 )
 from ...common.cases.fitting.fitting import (
@@ -236,7 +237,7 @@ def FittingParamProperty(
     ),  # class_param & class
     (True, False),  # mixed_types
 )
-@unittest.skipIf(TEST_DEVICE != "cpu", "Only test on CPU.")
+@unittest.skipIf(TEST_DEVICE != "cpu" and CI, "Only test on CPU.")
 class TestFittingDP(unittest.TestCase, FittingTest, DPTestCase):
     def setUp(self):
         ((FittingParam, Fitting), self.mixed_types) = self.param
diff --git a/source/tests/universal/dpmodel/model/test_model.py b/source/tests/universal/dpmodel/model/test_model.py
index 66edc2d50e..265dc43c6c 100644
--- a/source/tests/universal/dpmodel/model/test_model.py
+++ b/source/tests/universal/dpmodel/model/test_model.py
@@ -25,6 +25,7 @@
     parameterized,
 )
 from ....utils import (
+    CI,
     TEST_DEVICE,
 )
 from ...common.cases.model.model import (
@@ -112,7 +113,7 @@ def skip_model_tests(test_obj):
         ),  # fitting_class_param & class
     ),
 )
-@unittest.skipIf(TEST_DEVICE != "cpu", "Only test on CPU.")
+@unittest.skipIf(TEST_DEVICE != "cpu" and CI, "Only test on CPU.")
 class TestEnergyModelDP(unittest.TestCase, EnerModelTest, DPTestCase):
     @classmethod
     def setUpClass(cls):
@@ -200,7 +201,7 @@ def setUpClass(cls):
         ),  # fitting_class_param & class
     ),
 )
-@unittest.skipIf(TEST_DEVICE != "cpu", "Only test on CPU.")
+@unittest.skipIf(TEST_DEVICE != "cpu" and CI, "Only test on CPU.")
 class TestSpinEnergyModelDP(unittest.TestCase, SpinEnerModelTest, DPTestCase):
     @classmethod
     def setUpClass(cls):
diff --git a/source/tests/universal/dpmodel/utils/test_type_embed.py b/source/tests/universal/dpmodel/utils/test_type_embed.py
index 67faef0a8d..ee3063af7d 100644
--- a/source/tests/universal/dpmodel/utils/test_type_embed.py
+++ b/source/tests/universal/dpmodel/utils/test_type_embed.py
@@ -6,6 +6,7 @@
 )
 
 from ....utils import (
+    CI,
     TEST_DEVICE,
 )
 from ...common.cases.utils.type_embed import (
@@ -16,7 +17,7 @@
 )
 
 
-@unittest.skipIf(TEST_DEVICE != "cpu", "Only test on CPU.")
+@unittest.skipIf(TEST_DEVICE != "cpu" and CI, "Only test on CPU.")
 class TestTypeEmbd(unittest.TestCase, TypeEmbdTest, DPTestCase):
     def setUp(self):
         TypeEmbdTest.setUp(self)
diff --git a/source/tests/utils.py b/source/tests/utils.py
index 694f55186e..bfb3d445af 100644
--- a/source/tests/utils.py
+++ b/source/tests/utils.py
@@ -5,3 +5,6 @@
     TEST_DEVICE = "cpu"
 else:
     TEST_DEVICE = "cuda"
+
+# see https://docs.github.com/en/actions/writing-workflows/choosing-what-your-workflow-does/store-information-in-variables#default-environment-variables
+CI = os.environ.get("CI") == "true"