diff --git a/.github/workflows/suppr.txt b/.github/workflows/suppr.txt
index 17e8c743a0..2a43b31eb3 100644
--- a/.github/workflows/suppr.txt
+++ b/.github/workflows/suppr.txt
@@ -1 +1,5 @@
 leak:libpaddle_inference
+# TensorFlow 2.20
+leak:xla::
+leak:mlir::
+leak:llvm::
diff --git a/.github/workflows/test_cc.yml b/.github/workflows/test_cc.yml
index 6d75507614..32155cc309 100644
--- a/.github/workflows/test_cc.yml
+++ b/.github/workflows/test_cc.yml
@@ -17,7 +17,23 @@ jobs:
     runs-on: ubuntu-22.04
     strategy:
       matrix:
-        check_memleak: [true, false]
+        include:
+          - check_memleak: true
+            enable_tensorflow: true
+            enable_pytorch: true
+            enable_paddle: false
+          - check_memleak: true
+            enable_tensorflow: false
+            enable_pytorch: false
+            enable_paddle: true
+          - check_memleak: false
+            enable_tensorflow: true
+            enable_pytorch: true
+            enable_paddle: false
+          - check_memleak: false
+            enable_tensorflow: false
+            enable_pytorch: false
+            enable_paddle: true
     steps:
     - uses: actions/checkout@v6
     - uses: actions/setup-python@v6
@@ -46,11 +62,16 @@ jobs:
         CMAKE_GENERATOR: Ninja
         CXXFLAGS: ${{ matrix.check_memleak && '-fsanitize=leak' || '' }}
         LSAN_OPTIONS: suppressions=${{ github.workspace }}/.github/workflows/suppr.txt
+        ENABLE_TENSORFLOW: ${{ matrix.enable_tensorflow && 'TRUE' || 'FALSE' }}
+        ENABLE_PYTORCH: ${{ matrix.enable_pytorch && 'TRUE' || 'FALSE' }}
+        ENABLE_PADDLE: ${{ matrix.enable_paddle && 'TRUE' || 'FALSE' }}
     # test lammps
     - run: |
         cp ${{ github.workspace }}/source/build_tests/paddle_inference_install_dir/paddle/lib/*.so ${{ github.workspace }}/dp_test/lib/
         cp ${{ github.workspace }}/source/build_tests/paddle_inference_install_dir/third_party/install/onednn/lib/* ${{ github.workspace }}/dp_test/lib/
         cp ${{ github.workspace }}/source/build_tests/paddle_inference_install_dir/third_party/install/mklml/lib/* ${{ github.workspace }}/dp_test/lib/
+      if: matrix.enable_paddle
+    - run: |
         export LD_LIBRARY_PATH=${{ github.workspace }}/dp_test/lib:$LD_LIBRARY_PATH
         pytest --cov=deepmd source/lmp/tests
       env:
@@ -58,19 +79,24 @@ jobs:
         TF_INTRA_OP_PARALLELISM_THREADS: 1
         TF_INTER_OP_PARALLELISM_THREADS: 1
         LAMMPS_PLUGIN_PATH: ${{ github.workspace }}/dp_test/lib/deepmd_lmp
+        ENABLE_TENSORFLOW: ${{ matrix.enable_tensorflow && '1' || '0' }}
+        ENABLE_PYTORCH: ${{ matrix.enable_pytorch && '1' || '0' }}
+        ENABLE_JAX: ${{ matrix.enable_tensorflow && '1' || '0' }}
+        ENABLE_PADDLE: ${{ matrix.enable_paddle && '1' || '0' }}
       if: ${{ !matrix.check_memleak }}
     # test ipi
     - run: |
         export PATH=${{ github.workspace }}/dp_test/bin:$PATH
-        cp ${{ github.workspace }}/source/build_tests/paddle_inference_install_dir/paddle/lib/*.so ${{ github.workspace }}/dp_test/lib/
-        cp ${{ github.workspace }}/source/build_tests/paddle_inference_install_dir/third_party/install/onednn/lib/* ${{ github.workspace }}/dp_test/lib/
-        cp ${{ github.workspace }}/source/build_tests/paddle_inference_install_dir/third_party/install/mklml/lib/* ${{ github.workspace }}/dp_test/lib/
         pytest --cov=deepmd source/ipi/tests
       env:
         OMP_NUM_THREADS: 1
         TF_INTRA_OP_PARALLELISM_THREADS: 1
         TF_INTER_OP_PARALLELISM_THREADS: 1
         LD_LIBRARY_PATH: ${{ github.workspace }}/dp_test/lib
+        ENABLE_TENSORFLOW: ${{ matrix.enable_tensorflow && '1' || '0' }}
+        ENABLE_PYTORCH: ${{ matrix.enable_pytorch && '1' || '0' }}
+        ENABLE_JAX: ${{ matrix.enable_tensorflow && '1' || '0' }}
+        ENABLE_PADDLE: ${{ matrix.enable_paddle && '1' || '0' }}
       if: ${{ !matrix.check_memleak }}
     - uses: codecov/codecov-action@v5
       env:
diff --git a/.github/workflows/test_python.yml b/.github/workflows/test_python.yml
index 4e8137ebaa..541da88556 100644
--- a/.github/workflows/test_python.yml
+++ b/.github/workflows/test_python.yml
@@ -60,6 +60,7 @@ jobs:
     - run: pytest --cov=deepmd source/tests  --splits 6 --group ${{ matrix.group }} --store-durations --clean-durations --durations-path=.test_durations --splitting-algorithm least_duration
       env:
         NUM_WORKERS: 0
+        DP_CI_IMPORT_PADDLE_BEFORE_TF: 1
         FLAGS_use_stride_compute_kernel: 0
     - name: Test TF2 eager mode
       run: pytest --cov=deepmd --cov-append source/tests/consistent/io/test_io.py source/jax2tf_tests
diff --git a/pyproject.toml b/pyproject.toml
index 073b32943b..4e55fdd96a 100644
--- a/pyproject.toml
+++ b/pyproject.toml
@@ -162,7 +162,7 @@ dev = [
 pin_tensorflow_cpu = [
   # https://github.com/tensorflow/tensorflow/issues/75279
   # macos x86 has been deprecated
-  "tensorflow-cpu~=2.18.0; platform_machine=='x86_64' and platform_system == 'Linux'",
+  "tensorflow-cpu>=2.18,<2.21; platform_machine=='x86_64' and platform_system == 'Linux'",
   "tensorflow~=2.18.0; (platform_machine!='x86_64' or platform_system != 'Linux') and (platform_machine!='x86_64' or platform_system != 'Darwin')",
   "tensorflow; platform_machine=='x86_64' and platform_system == 'Darwin'",
 ]
diff --git a/source/api_c/tests/CMakeLists.txt b/source/api_c/tests/CMakeLists.txt
index 16698ddf09..ef19305004 100644
--- a/source/api_c/tests/CMakeLists.txt
+++ b/source/api_c/tests/CMakeLists.txt
@@ -11,6 +11,19 @@ target_link_libraries(runUnitTests_c PRIVATE GTest::gtest_main ${LIB_DEEPMD_C}
                                              coverage_config)
 target_link_libraries(runUnitTests_c PRIVATE ${LIB_DEEPMD} ${LIB_DEEPMD_CC})
 
+if(ENABLE_TENSORFLOW)
+  target_compile_definitions(runUnitTests_c PRIVATE BUILD_TENSORFLOW)
+endif()
+if(ENABLE_PYTORCH)
+  target_compile_definitions(runUnitTests_c PRIVATE BUILD_PYTORCH)
+endif()
+if(ENABLE_JAX)
+  target_compile_definitions(runUnitTests_c PRIVATE BUILD_JAX)
+endif()
+if(ENABLE_PADDLE)
+  target_compile_definitions(runUnitTests_c PRIVATE BUILD_PADDLE)
+endif()
+
 if(UNIX AND NOT APPLE)
   find_library(RT_LIBRARY rt)
   if(RT_LIBRARY)
diff --git a/source/api_c/tests/test_deepdipole_hpp.cc b/source/api_c/tests/test_deepdipole_hpp.cc
index f781c34c5b..c4a2b75d09 100644
--- a/source/api_c/tests/test_deepdipole_hpp.cc
+++ b/source/api_c/tests/test_deepdipole_hpp.cc
@@ -26,6 +26,9 @@ class TestInferDeepDipole : public ::testing::Test {
   deepmd::hpp::DeepTensor dp;
 
   void SetUp() override {
+#ifndef BUILD_TENSORFLOW
+    GTEST_SKIP() << "Skip because TensorFlow support is not enabled.";
+#endif
     deepmd::hpp::convert_pbtxt_to_pb("../../tests/infer/deepdipole.pbtxt",
                                      "deepdipole.pb");
 
@@ -221,6 +224,9 @@ class TestInferDeepDipoleNew : public ::testing::Test {
   deepmd::hpp::DeepTensor dp;
 
   void SetUp() override {
+#ifndef BUILD_TENSORFLOW
+    GTEST_SKIP() << "Skip because TensorFlow support is not enabled.";
+#endif
     std::string file_name = "../../tests/infer/deepdipole_new.pbtxt";
     deepmd::hpp::convert_pbtxt_to_pb("../../tests/infer/deepdipole_new.pbtxt",
                                      "deepdipole_new.pb");
@@ -434,6 +440,9 @@ class TestInferDeepDipoleFake : public ::testing::Test {
   deepmd::hpp::DeepTensor dp;
 
   void SetUp() override {
+#ifndef BUILD_TENSORFLOW
+    GTEST_SKIP() << "Skip because TensorFlow support is not enabled.";
+#endif
     deepmd::hpp::convert_pbtxt_to_pb("../../tests/infer/deepdipole_fake.pbtxt",
                                      "deepdipole_fake.pb");
 
diff --git a/source/api_c/tests/test_deeppolar_hpp.cc b/source/api_c/tests/test_deeppolar_hpp.cc
index 63ebf5d760..5e68b23bb4 100644
--- a/source/api_c/tests/test_deeppolar_hpp.cc
+++ b/source/api_c/tests/test_deeppolar_hpp.cc
@@ -32,6 +32,9 @@ class TestInferDeepPolar : public ::testing::Test {
   deepmd::hpp::DeepTensor dp;
 
   void SetUp() override {
+#ifndef BUILD_TENSORFLOW
+    GTEST_SKIP() << "Skip because TensorFlow support is not enabled.";
+#endif
     std::string file_name = "../../tests/infer/deeppolar.pbtxt";
     deepmd::hpp::convert_pbtxt_to_pb("../../tests/infer/deeppolar.pbtxt",
                                      "deeppolar.pb");
@@ -453,6 +456,9 @@ class TestInferDeepPolarNew : public ::testing::Test {
   deepmd::hpp::DeepTensor dp;
 
   void SetUp() override {
+#ifndef BUILD_TENSORFLOW
+    GTEST_SKIP() << "Skip because TensorFlow support is not enabled.";
+#endif
     std::string file_name = "../../tests/infer/deeppolar_new.pbtxt";
     deepmd::hpp::convert_pbtxt_to_pb("../../tests/infer/deeppolar_new.pbtxt",
                                      "deeppolar_new.pb");
diff --git a/source/api_c/tests/test_deeppot_a.cc b/source/api_c/tests/test_deeppot_a.cc
index b4a9a81f92..d5e2d42bf8 100644
--- a/source/api_c/tests/test_deeppot_a.cc
+++ b/source/api_c/tests/test_deeppot_a.cc
@@ -61,9 +61,12 @@ class TestInferDeepPotA : public ::testing::Test {
   double expected_tot_e;
   std::vector<double> expected_tot_v;
 
-  DP_DeepPot* dp;
+  DP_DeepPot* dp = nullptr;
 
   void SetUp() override {
+#ifndef BUILD_TENSORFLOW
+    GTEST_SKIP() << "Skip because TensorFlow support is not enabled.";
+#endif
     const char* file_name = "../../tests/infer/deeppot.pbtxt";
     const char* model_file = "deeppot.pb";
     DP_ConvertPbtxtToPb(file_name, model_file);
@@ -242,9 +245,12 @@ class TestInferDeepPotANoPBC : public ::testing::Test {
   double expected_tot_e;
   std::vector<double> expected_tot_v;
 
-  DP_DeepPot* dp;
+  DP_DeepPot* dp = nullptr;
 
   void SetUp() override {
+#ifndef BUILD_TENSORFLOW
+    GTEST_SKIP() << "Skip because TensorFlow support is not enabled.";
+#endif
     const char* file_name = "../../tests/infer/deeppot.pbtxt";
     const char* model_file = "deeppot.pb";
     DP_ConvertPbtxtToPb(file_name, model_file);
diff --git a/source/api_c/tests/test_deeppot_a_fparam_aparam.cc b/source/api_c/tests/test_deeppot_a_fparam_aparam.cc
index a728ede22d..635b47fe51 100644
--- a/source/api_c/tests/test_deeppot_a_fparam_aparam.cc
+++ b/source/api_c/tests/test_deeppot_a_fparam_aparam.cc
@@ -72,6 +72,9 @@ class TestInferDeepPotAFParamAParam : public ::testing::Test {
   deepmd::hpp::DeepPot dp;
 
   void SetUp() override {
+#ifndef BUILD_TENSORFLOW
+    GTEST_SKIP() << "Skip because TensorFlow support is not enabled.";
+#endif
     std::string file_name = "../../tests/infer/fparam_aparam.pbtxt";
     deepmd::hpp::convert_pbtxt_to_pb(file_name, "fparam_aparam.pb");
 
@@ -394,6 +397,9 @@ class TestInferAParamNAll : public ::testing::Test {
   deepmd::hpp::DeepPot dp;
 
   void SetUp() override {
+#ifndef BUILD_TENSORFLOW
+    GTEST_SKIP() << "Skip because TensorFlow support is not enabled.";
+#endif
     std::string file_name = "../../tests/infer/pairwise_dprc.pbtxt";
     deepmd::hpp::convert_pbtxt_to_pb(file_name, "pairwise_dprc.pb");
     dp.init("pairwise_dprc.pb");
diff --git a/source/api_c/tests/test_deeppot_a_fparam_aparam_nframes.cc b/source/api_c/tests/test_deeppot_a_fparam_aparam_nframes.cc
index 383c8f5fb1..2279ad2f66 100644
--- a/source/api_c/tests/test_deeppot_a_fparam_aparam_nframes.cc
+++ b/source/api_c/tests/test_deeppot_a_fparam_aparam_nframes.cc
@@ -116,6 +116,9 @@ class TestInferDeepPotAFparamAparamNFrames : public ::testing::Test {
   deepmd::hpp::DeepPot dp;
 
   void SetUp() override {
+#ifndef BUILD_TENSORFLOW
+    GTEST_SKIP() << "Skip because TensorFlow support is not enabled.";
+#endif
     std::string file_name = "../../tests/infer/fparam_aparam.pbtxt";
     deepmd::hpp::convert_pbtxt_to_pb("../../tests/infer/fparam_aparam.pbtxt",
                                      "fparam_aparam.pb");
@@ -757,6 +760,9 @@ class TestInferDeepPotAFparamAparamNFramesSingleParam : public ::testing::Test {
   deepmd::hpp::DeepPot dp;
 
   void SetUp() override {
+#ifndef BUILD_TENSORFLOW
+    GTEST_SKIP() << "Skip because TensorFlow support is not enabled.";
+#endif
     std::string file_name = "../../tests/infer/fparam_aparam.pbtxt";
     deepmd::hpp::convert_pbtxt_to_pb("../../tests/infer/fparam_aparam.pbtxt",
                                      "fparam_aparam.pb");
diff --git a/source/api_c/tests/test_deeppot_a_hpp.cc b/source/api_c/tests/test_deeppot_a_hpp.cc
index 388b53fdfd..3adb47bdf9 100644
--- a/source/api_c/tests/test_deeppot_a_hpp.cc
+++ b/source/api_c/tests/test_deeppot_a_hpp.cc
@@ -66,6 +66,9 @@ class TestInferDeepPotAHPP : public ::testing::Test {
   deepmd::hpp::DeepPot dp;
 
   void SetUp() override {
+#ifndef BUILD_TENSORFLOW
+    GTEST_SKIP() << "Skip because TensorFlow support is not enabled.";
+#endif
     std::string file_name = "../../tests/infer/deeppot.pbtxt";
     deepmd::hpp::convert_pbtxt_to_pb("../../tests/infer/deeppot.pbtxt",
                                      "deeppot.pb");
@@ -557,6 +560,9 @@ class TestInferDeepPotANoPbcHPP : public ::testing::Test {
   deepmd::hpp::DeepPot dp;
 
   void SetUp() override {
+#ifndef BUILD_TENSORFLOW
+    GTEST_SKIP() << "Skip because TensorFlow support is not enabled.";
+#endif
     std::string file_name = "../../tests/infer/deeppot.pbtxt";
     deepmd::hpp::convert_pbtxt_to_pb(file_name, "deeppot.pb");
 
diff --git a/source/api_c/tests/test_deeppot_a_nframes_hpp.cc b/source/api_c/tests/test_deeppot_a_nframes_hpp.cc
index af132c0146..bee0546bfc 100644
--- a/source/api_c/tests/test_deeppot_a_nframes_hpp.cc
+++ b/source/api_c/tests/test_deeppot_a_nframes_hpp.cc
@@ -109,6 +109,9 @@ class TestInferDeepPotANFrames : public ::testing::Test {
   deepmd::hpp::DeepPot dp;
 
   void SetUp() override {
+#ifndef BUILD_TENSORFLOW
+    GTEST_SKIP() << "Skip because TensorFlow support is not enabled.";
+#endif
     std::string file_name = "../../tests/infer/deeppot.pbtxt";
     deepmd::hpp::convert_pbtxt_to_pb("../../tests/infer/deeppot.pbtxt",
                                      "deeppot.pb");
@@ -719,6 +722,9 @@ class TestInferDeepPotANFramesNoPbc : public ::testing::Test {
   deepmd::hpp::DeepPot dp;
 
   void SetUp() override {
+#ifndef BUILD_TENSORFLOW
+    GTEST_SKIP() << "Skip because TensorFlow support is not enabled.";
+#endif
     std::string file_name = "../../tests/infer/deeppot.pbtxt";
     deepmd::hpp::convert_pbtxt_to_pb(file_name, "deeppot.pb");
 
diff --git a/source/api_c/tests/test_deeppot_model_devi_fparam_aparam.cc b/source/api_c/tests/test_deeppot_model_devi_fparam_aparam.cc
index 5e77529021..550259b42d 100644
--- a/source/api_c/tests/test_deeppot_model_devi_fparam_aparam.cc
+++ b/source/api_c/tests/test_deeppot_model_devi_fparam_aparam.cc
@@ -30,6 +30,9 @@ class TestInferDeepPotModeDeviFparamAparam : public ::testing::Test {
   deepmd::hpp::DeepPotModelDevi dp_md;
 
   void SetUp() override {
+#ifndef BUILD_TENSORFLOW
+    GTEST_SKIP() << "Skip because TensorFlow support is not enabled.";
+#endif
     {
       std::string file_name = "../../tests/infer/fparam_aparam.pbtxt";
       deepmd::hpp::convert_pbtxt_to_pb("../../tests/infer/fparam_aparam.pbtxt",
diff --git a/source/api_c/tests/test_deeppot_model_devi_hpp.cc b/source/api_c/tests/test_deeppot_model_devi_hpp.cc
index 5751c4f69c..2a8242f99f 100644
--- a/source/api_c/tests/test_deeppot_model_devi_hpp.cc
+++ b/source/api_c/tests/test_deeppot_model_devi_hpp.cc
@@ -24,6 +24,9 @@ class TestInferDeepPotModeDevi : public ::testing::Test {
   deepmd::hpp::DeepPotModelDevi dp_md;
 
   void SetUp() override {
+#ifndef BUILD_TENSORFLOW
+    GTEST_SKIP() << "Skip because TensorFlow support is not enabled.";
+#endif
     {
       std::string file_name = "../../tests/infer/deeppot.pbtxt";
       deepmd::hpp::convert_pbtxt_to_pb("../../tests/infer/deeppot.pbtxt",
@@ -74,6 +77,9 @@ class TestInferDeepPotModeDeviPython : public ::testing::Test {
   deepmd::hpp::DeepPotModelDevi dp_md;
 
   void SetUp() override {
+#ifndef BUILD_TENSORFLOW
+    GTEST_SKIP() << "Skip because TensorFlow support is not enabled.";
+#endif
     {
       std::string file_name = "../../tests/infer/deeppot.pbtxt";
       deepmd::hpp::convert_pbtxt_to_pb("../../tests/infer/deeppot.pbtxt",
diff --git a/source/api_c/tests/test_deepspin_a.cc b/source/api_c/tests/test_deepspin_a.cc
index ccffd7221f..8e3236b776 100644
--- a/source/api_c/tests/test_deepspin_a.cc
+++ b/source/api_c/tests/test_deepspin_a.cc
@@ -53,9 +53,12 @@ class TestInferDeepSpinA : public ::testing::Test {
   double expected_tot_e;
   // std::vector<double> expected_tot_v;
 
-  DP_DeepSpin* dp;
+  DP_DeepSpin* dp = nullptr;
 
   void SetUp() override {
+#ifndef BUILD_PYTORCH
+    GTEST_SKIP() << "Skip because PyTorch support is not enabled.";
+#endif
     dp = DP_NewDeepSpin("../../tests/infer/deeppot_dpa_spin.pth");
 
     natoms = expected_e.size();
@@ -233,9 +236,12 @@ class TestInferDeepSpinANoPBC : public ::testing::Test {
   double expected_tot_e;
   // std::vector<double> expected_tot_v;
 
-  DP_DeepSpin* dp;
+  DP_DeepSpin* dp = nullptr;
 
   void SetUp() override {
+#ifndef BUILD_PYTORCH
+    GTEST_SKIP() << "Skip because PyTorch support is not enabled.";
+#endif
     dp = DP_NewDeepSpin("../../tests/infer/deeppot_dpa_spin.pth");
 
     natoms = expected_e.size();
diff --git a/source/api_c/tests/test_deepspin_a_hpp.cc b/source/api_c/tests/test_deepspin_a_hpp.cc
index 701d517690..c65a89a45f 100644
--- a/source/api_c/tests/test_deepspin_a_hpp.cc
+++ b/source/api_c/tests/test_deepspin_a_hpp.cc
@@ -56,6 +56,9 @@ class TestInferDeepSpinAHPP : public ::testing::Test {
   deepmd::hpp::DeepSpin dp;
 
   void SetUp() override {
+#ifndef BUILD_PYTORCH
+    GTEST_SKIP() << "Skip because PyTorch support is not enabled.";
+#endif
     dp.init("../../tests/infer/deeppot_dpa_spin.pth");
 
     natoms = expected_e.size();
@@ -208,6 +211,9 @@ class TestInferDeepSpinANoPbcHPP : public ::testing::Test {
   deepmd::hpp::DeepSpin dp;
 
   void SetUp() override {
+#ifndef BUILD_PYTORCH
+    GTEST_SKIP() << "Skip because PyTorch support is not enabled.";
+#endif
     dp.init("../../tests/infer/deeppot_dpa_spin.pth");
 
     natoms = expected_e.size();
diff --git a/source/api_c/tests/test_deepspin_model_devi_hpp.cc b/source/api_c/tests/test_deepspin_model_devi_hpp.cc
index c6bbdef8a8..19acccc6f7 100644
--- a/source/api_c/tests/test_deepspin_model_devi_hpp.cc
+++ b/source/api_c/tests/test_deepspin_model_devi_hpp.cc
@@ -26,6 +26,9 @@ class TestInferDeepSpinModeDevi : public ::testing::Test {
   deepmd::hpp::DeepSpinModelDevi dp_md;
 
   void SetUp() override {
+#ifndef BUILD_PYTORCH
+    GTEST_SKIP() << "Skip because PyTorch support is not enabled.";
+#endif
     {
       dp0.init("../../tests/infer/deeppot_dpa_spin.pth");
     }
diff --git a/source/api_c/tests/test_dipolecharge.cc b/source/api_c/tests/test_dipolecharge.cc
index 03e9e44b34..647fa5c3a5 100644
--- a/source/api_c/tests/test_dipolecharge.cc
+++ b/source/api_c/tests/test_dipolecharge.cc
@@ -54,6 +54,9 @@ class TestDipoleCharge : public ::testing::Test {
   deepmd::hpp::DipoleChargeModifier dm;
 
   void SetUp() override {
+#ifndef BUILD_TENSORFLOW
+    GTEST_SKIP() << "Skip because TensorFlow support is not enabled.";
+#endif
     std::string file_name = "../../tests/infer/dipolecharge_e.pbtxt";
     std::string model = "dipolecharge_e.pb";
     deepmd::hpp::convert_pbtxt_to_pb(file_name, model);
diff --git a/source/api_c/tests/test_mixed_type.cc b/source/api_c/tests/test_mixed_type.cc
index 13f9edbad9..84280f4131 100644
--- a/source/api_c/tests/test_mixed_type.cc
+++ b/source/api_c/tests/test_mixed_type.cc
@@ -29,6 +29,9 @@ class TestInferMixedType : public ::testing::Test {
   deepmd::hpp::DeepPot dp;
 
   void SetUp() override {
+#ifndef BUILD_TENSORFLOW
+    GTEST_SKIP() << "Skip because TensorFlow support is not enabled.";
+#endif
     std::string file_name = "../../tests/infer/virtual_type.pbtxt";
     deepmd::hpp::convert_pbtxt_to_pb("../../tests/infer/virtual_type.pbtxt",
                                      "virtual_type.pb");
diff --git a/source/api_c/tests/test_read_file_to_string.cc b/source/api_c/tests/test_read_file_to_string.cc
index cd26e95928..bef2a28da0 100644
--- a/source/api_c/tests/test_read_file_to_string.cc
+++ b/source/api_c/tests/test_read_file_to_string.cc
@@ -13,6 +13,9 @@
 
 #include "deepmd.hpp"
 TEST(TestReadFileToString, readfiletostring) {
+#ifndef BUILD_TENSORFLOW
+  GTEST_SKIP() << "Skip because TensorFlow support is not enabled.";
+#endif
   std::string file_content;
   deepmd::hpp::read_file_to_string("../../tests/infer/deeppot.txt",
                                    file_content);
@@ -26,6 +29,9 @@ TEST(TestReadFileToString, readfiletostring) {
 }
 
 TEST(TestReadFileToString, readfiletostringerr) {
+#ifndef BUILD_TENSORFLOW
+  GTEST_SKIP() << "Skip because TensorFlow support is not enabled.";
+#endif
   std::string file_content;
   EXPECT_THROW(
       {
diff --git a/source/api_cc/tests/CMakeLists.txt b/source/api_cc/tests/CMakeLists.txt
index cafeb3fd02..8ec3361d3a 100644
--- a/source/api_cc/tests/CMakeLists.txt
+++ b/source/api_cc/tests/CMakeLists.txt
@@ -6,6 +6,18 @@ file(GLOB TEST_SRC test_*.cc)
 add_executable(runUnitTests_cc ${TEST_SRC})
 target_link_libraries(runUnitTests_cc GTest::gtest_main ${LIB_DEEPMD_CC}
                       coverage_config)
+if(ENABLE_TENSORFLOW)
+  target_compile_definitions(runUnitTests_cc PRIVATE BUILD_TENSORFLOW)
+endif()
+if(ENABLE_PYTORCH)
+  target_compile_definitions(runUnitTests_cc PRIVATE BUILD_PYTORCH)
+endif()
+if(ENABLE_JAX)
+  target_compile_definitions(runUnitTests_cc PRIVATE BUILD_JAX)
+endif()
+if(ENABLE_PADDLE)
+  target_compile_definitions(runUnitTests_cc PRIVATE BUILD_PADDLE)
+endif()
 
 if(UNIX AND NOT APPLE)
   find_library(RT_LIBRARY rt)
diff --git a/source/api_cc/tests/test_deepdipole.cc b/source/api_cc/tests/test_deepdipole.cc
index 86a8a4131f..4c5ec345a6 100644
--- a/source/api_cc/tests/test_deepdipole.cc
+++ b/source/api_cc/tests/test_deepdipole.cc
@@ -30,6 +30,9 @@ class TestInferDeepDipole : public ::testing::Test {
   deepmd::DeepTensor dp;
 
   void SetUp() override {
+#ifndef BUILD_TENSORFLOW
+    GTEST_SKIP() << "Skip because TensorFlow support is not enabled.";
+#endif
     deepmd::convert_pbtxt_to_pb("../../tests/infer/deepdipole.pbtxt",
                                 "deepdipole.pb");
 
@@ -225,6 +228,9 @@ class TestInferDeepDipoleNew : public ::testing::Test {
   deepmd::DeepTensor dp;
 
   void SetUp() override {
+#ifndef BUILD_TENSORFLOW
+    GTEST_SKIP() << "Skip because TensorFlow support is not enabled.";
+#endif
     std::string file_name = "../../tests/infer/deepdipole_new.pbtxt";
     deepmd::convert_pbtxt_to_pb("../../tests/infer/deepdipole_new.pbtxt",
                                 "deepdipole_new.pb");
@@ -438,6 +444,9 @@ class TestInferDeepDipoleFake : public ::testing::Test {
   deepmd::DeepTensor dp;
 
   void SetUp() override {
+#ifndef BUILD_TENSORFLOW
+    GTEST_SKIP() << "Skip because TensorFlow support is not enabled.";
+#endif
     deepmd::convert_pbtxt_to_pb("../../tests/infer/deepdipole_fake.pbtxt",
                                 "deepdipole_fake.pb");
 
diff --git a/source/api_cc/tests/test_deepdipole_pt.cc b/source/api_cc/tests/test_deepdipole_pt.cc
index 70e46dd9e9..473f697188 100644
--- a/source/api_cc/tests/test_deepdipole_pt.cc
+++ b/source/api_cc/tests/test_deepdipole_pt.cc
@@ -53,6 +53,9 @@ class TestInferDeepTensorPt : public ::testing::Test {
   deepmd::DeepTensor dt;
 
   void SetUp() override {
+#ifndef BUILD_PYTORCH
+    GTEST_SKIP() << "Skip because PyTorch support is not enabled.";
+#endif
     std::string file_name = "../../tests/infer/deepdipole_pt.pth";
     dt.init(file_name);
   };
diff --git a/source/api_cc/tests/test_deepmd_exception.cc b/source/api_cc/tests/test_deepmd_exception.cc
index c28c0f0069..d150004af1 100644
--- a/source/api_cc/tests/test_deepmd_exception.cc
+++ b/source/api_cc/tests/test_deepmd_exception.cc
@@ -24,25 +24,40 @@ TEST(TestDeepmdException, deepmdexception) {
 }
 
 TEST(TestDeepmdException, deepmdexception_nofile_deeppot) {
+#ifndef BUILD_TENSORFLOW
+  GTEST_SKIP() << "Skip because TensorFlow support is not enabled.";
+#endif
   ASSERT_THROW(deepmd::DeepPot("_no_such_file.pb"), deepmd::deepmd_exception);
 }
 
 TEST(TestDeepmdException, deepmdexception_nofile_deeppot_pt) {
+#ifndef BUILD_PYTORCH
+  GTEST_SKIP() << "Skip because PyTorch support is not enabled.";
+#endif
   ASSERT_THROW(deepmd::DeepPot("_no_such_file.pth"), deepmd::deepmd_exception);
 }
 
 TEST(TestDeepmdException, deepmdexception_nofile_deeppotmodeldevi) {
+#ifndef BUILD_TENSORFLOW
+  GTEST_SKIP() << "Skip because TensorFlow support is not enabled.";
+#endif
   ASSERT_THROW(
       deepmd::DeepPotModelDevi({"_no_such_file.pb", "_no_such_file.pb"}),
       deepmd::deepmd_exception);
 }
 
 TEST(TestDeepmdException, deepmdexception_nofile_deeptensor) {
+#ifndef BUILD_TENSORFLOW
+  GTEST_SKIP() << "Skip because TensorFlow support is not enabled.";
+#endif
   ASSERT_THROW(deepmd::DeepTensor("_no_such_file.pb"),
                deepmd::deepmd_exception);
 }
 
 TEST(TestDeepmdException, deepmdexception_nofile_dipolechargemodifier) {
+#ifndef BUILD_TENSORFLOW
+  GTEST_SKIP() << "Skip because TensorFlow support is not enabled.";
+#endif
   ASSERT_THROW(deepmd::DipoleChargeModifier("_no_such_file.pb"),
                deepmd::deepmd_exception);
 }
diff --git a/source/api_cc/tests/test_deeppolar.cc b/source/api_cc/tests/test_deeppolar.cc
index 89014fd245..dbeb61db9f 100644
--- a/source/api_cc/tests/test_deeppolar.cc
+++ b/source/api_cc/tests/test_deeppolar.cc
@@ -36,6 +36,9 @@ class TestInferDeepPolar : public ::testing::Test {
   deepmd::DeepTensor dp;
 
   void SetUp() override {
+#ifndef BUILD_TENSORFLOW
+    GTEST_SKIP() << "Skip because TensorFlow support is not enabled.";
+#endif
     std::string file_name = "../../tests/infer/deeppolar.pbtxt";
     deepmd::convert_pbtxt_to_pb("../../tests/infer/deeppolar.pbtxt",
                                 "deeppolar.pb");
@@ -457,6 +460,9 @@ class TestInferDeepPolarNew : public ::testing::Test {
   deepmd::DeepTensor dp;
 
   void SetUp() override {
+#ifndef BUILD_TENSORFLOW
+    GTEST_SKIP() << "Skip because TensorFlow support is not enabled.";
+#endif
     std::string file_name = "../../tests/infer/deeppolar_new.pbtxt";
     deepmd::convert_pbtxt_to_pb("../../tests/infer/deeppolar_new.pbtxt",
                                 "deeppolar_new.pb");
diff --git a/source/api_cc/tests/test_deeppot_a.cc b/source/api_cc/tests/test_deeppot_a.cc
index ae1384e8a3..ffd2a25a5d 100644
--- a/source/api_cc/tests/test_deeppot_a.cc
+++ b/source/api_cc/tests/test_deeppot_a.cc
@@ -70,6 +70,9 @@ class TestInferDeepPotA : public ::testing::Test {
   deepmd::DeepPot dp;
 
   void SetUp() override {
+#ifndef BUILD_TENSORFLOW
+    GTEST_SKIP() << "Skip because TensorFlow support is not enabled.";
+#endif
     std::string file_name = "../../tests/infer/deeppot.pbtxt";
     deepmd::convert_pbtxt_to_pb("../../tests/infer/deeppot.pbtxt",
                                 "deeppot.pb");
@@ -607,6 +610,9 @@ class TestInferDeepPotANoPbc : public ::testing::Test {
   deepmd::DeepPot dp;
 
   void SetUp() override {
+#ifndef BUILD_TENSORFLOW
+    GTEST_SKIP() << "Skip because TensorFlow support is not enabled.";
+#endif
     std::string file_name = "../../tests/infer/deeppot.pbtxt";
     deepmd::convert_pbtxt_to_pb(file_name, "deeppot.pb");
 
diff --git a/source/api_cc/tests/test_deeppot_a_fparam_aparam.cc b/source/api_cc/tests/test_deeppot_a_fparam_aparam.cc
index 89e83603a3..93efee28fe 100644
--- a/source/api_cc/tests/test_deeppot_a_fparam_aparam.cc
+++ b/source/api_cc/tests/test_deeppot_a_fparam_aparam.cc
@@ -73,6 +73,9 @@ class TestInferDeepPotAFParamAParam : public ::testing::Test {
   deepmd::DeepPot dp;
 
   void SetUp() override {
+#ifndef BUILD_TENSORFLOW
+    GTEST_SKIP() << "Skip because TensorFlow support is not enabled.";
+#endif
     std::string file_name = "../../tests/infer/fparam_aparam.pbtxt";
     deepmd::convert_pbtxt_to_pb(file_name, "fparam_aparam.pb");
 
diff --git a/source/api_cc/tests/test_deeppot_a_fparam_aparam_nframes.cc b/source/api_cc/tests/test_deeppot_a_fparam_aparam_nframes.cc
index 0851523814..e33437805c 100644
--- a/source/api_cc/tests/test_deeppot_a_fparam_aparam_nframes.cc
+++ b/source/api_cc/tests/test_deeppot_a_fparam_aparam_nframes.cc
@@ -117,6 +117,9 @@ class TestInferDeepPotAFparamAparamNFrames : public ::testing::Test {
   deepmd::DeepPot dp;
 
   void SetUp() override {
+#ifndef BUILD_TENSORFLOW
+    GTEST_SKIP() << "Skip because TensorFlow support is not enabled.";
+#endif
     std::string file_name = "../../tests/infer/fparam_aparam.pbtxt";
     deepmd::convert_pbtxt_to_pb("../../tests/infer/fparam_aparam.pbtxt",
                                 "fparam_aparam.pb");
@@ -758,6 +761,9 @@ class TestInferDeepPotAFparamAparamNFramesSingleParam : public ::testing::Test {
   deepmd::DeepPot dp;
 
   void SetUp() override {
+#ifndef BUILD_TENSORFLOW
+    GTEST_SKIP() << "Skip because TensorFlow support is not enabled.";
+#endif
     std::string file_name = "../../tests/infer/fparam_aparam.pbtxt";
     deepmd::convert_pbtxt_to_pb("../../tests/infer/fparam_aparam.pbtxt",
                                 "fparam_aparam.pb");
diff --git a/source/api_cc/tests/test_deeppot_a_fparam_aparam_pt.cc b/source/api_cc/tests/test_deeppot_a_fparam_aparam_pt.cc
index e394f86b2a..bc7661f671 100644
--- a/source/api_cc/tests/test_deeppot_a_fparam_aparam_pt.cc
+++ b/source/api_cc/tests/test_deeppot_a_fparam_aparam_pt.cc
@@ -77,6 +77,9 @@ class TestInferDeepPotAFParamAParamPt : public ::testing::Test {
   deepmd::DeepPot dp;
 
   void SetUp() override {
+#ifndef BUILD_PYTORCH
+    GTEST_SKIP() << "Skip because PyTorch support is not enabled.";
+#endif
     dp.init("../../tests/infer/fparam_aparam.pth");
 
     natoms = expected_e.size();
diff --git a/source/api_cc/tests/test_deeppot_a_nframes.cc b/source/api_cc/tests/test_deeppot_a_nframes.cc
index c83a7a0b41..1e7c160437 100644
--- a/source/api_cc/tests/test_deeppot_a_nframes.cc
+++ b/source/api_cc/tests/test_deeppot_a_nframes.cc
@@ -113,6 +113,9 @@ class TestInferDeepPotANFrames : public ::testing::Test {
   deepmd::DeepPot dp;
 
   void SetUp() override {
+#ifndef BUILD_TENSORFLOW
+    GTEST_SKIP() << "Skip because TensorFlow support is not enabled.";
+#endif
     std::string file_name = "../../tests/infer/deeppot.pbtxt";
     deepmd::convert_pbtxt_to_pb("../../tests/infer/deeppot.pbtxt",
                                 "deeppot.pb");
@@ -723,6 +726,9 @@ class TestInferDeepPotANFramesNoPbc : public ::testing::Test {
   deepmd::DeepPot dp;
 
   void SetUp() override {
+#ifndef BUILD_TENSORFLOW
+    GTEST_SKIP() << "Skip because TensorFlow support is not enabled.";
+#endif
     std::string file_name = "../../tests/infer/deeppot.pbtxt";
     deepmd::convert_pbtxt_to_pb(file_name, "deeppot.pb");
 
diff --git a/source/api_cc/tests/test_deeppot_dpa_jax.cc b/source/api_cc/tests/test_deeppot_dpa_jax.cc
index bd7f1ee7af..2e857450b7 100644
--- a/source/api_cc/tests/test_deeppot_dpa_jax.cc
+++ b/source/api_cc/tests/test_deeppot_dpa_jax.cc
@@ -77,6 +77,9 @@ class TestInferDeepPotDpaJAX : public ::testing::Test {
   deepmd::DeepPot dp;
 
   void SetUp() override {
+#ifndef BUILD_JAX
+    GTEST_SKIP() << "Skip because JAX support is not enabled.";
+#endif
     dp.init("../../tests/infer/deeppot_dpa.savedmodel");
 
     natoms = expected_e.size();
@@ -224,6 +227,9 @@ class TestInferDeepPotDpaJAXNopbc : public ::testing::Test {
   deepmd::DeepPot dp;
 
   void SetUp() override {
+#ifndef BUILD_JAX
+    GTEST_SKIP() << "Skip because JAX support is not enabled.";
+#endif
     dp.init("../../tests/infer/deeppot_dpa.savedmodel");
 
     natoms = expected_e.size();
diff --git a/source/api_cc/tests/test_deeppot_dpa_pt.cc b/source/api_cc/tests/test_deeppot_dpa_pt.cc
index 7bf4cbf376..0de83278a9 100644
--- a/source/api_cc/tests/test_deeppot_dpa_pt.cc
+++ b/source/api_cc/tests/test_deeppot_dpa_pt.cc
@@ -77,6 +77,9 @@ class TestInferDeepPotDpaPt : public ::testing::Test {
   deepmd::DeepPot dp;
 
   void SetUp() override {
+#ifndef BUILD_PYTORCH
+    GTEST_SKIP() << "Skip because PyTorch support is not enabled.";
+#endif
     dp.init("../../tests/infer/deeppot_dpa.pth");
 
     natoms = expected_e.size();
@@ -224,6 +227,9 @@ class TestInferDeepPotDpaPtNopbc : public ::testing::Test {
   deepmd::DeepPot dp;
 
   void SetUp() override {
+#ifndef BUILD_PYTORCH
+    GTEST_SKIP() << "Skip because PyTorch support is not enabled.";
+#endif
     dp.init("../../tests/infer/deeppot_dpa.pth");
 
     natoms = expected_e.size();
diff --git a/source/api_cc/tests/test_deeppot_dpa_pt_spin.cc b/source/api_cc/tests/test_deeppot_dpa_pt_spin.cc
index f14aa7a52e..8b569dd707 100644
--- a/source/api_cc/tests/test_deeppot_dpa_pt_spin.cc
+++ b/source/api_cc/tests/test_deeppot_dpa_pt_spin.cc
@@ -85,6 +85,9 @@ class TestInferDeepSpinDpaPt : public ::testing::Test {
   deepmd::DeepSpin dp;
 
   void SetUp() override {
+#ifndef BUILD_PYTORCH
+    GTEST_SKIP() << "Skip because PyTorch support is not enabled.";
+#endif
     dp.init("../../tests/infer/deeppot_dpa_spin.pth");
 
     natoms = expected_e.size();
@@ -248,6 +251,9 @@ class TestInferDeepSpinDpaPtNopbc : public ::testing::Test {
   deepmd::DeepSpin dp;
 
   void SetUp() override {
+#ifndef BUILD_PYTORCH
+    GTEST_SKIP() << "Skip because PyTorch support is not enabled.";
+#endif
     dp.init("../../tests/infer/deeppot_dpa_spin.pth");
 
     natoms = expected_e.size();
diff --git a/source/api_cc/tests/test_deeppot_jax.cc b/source/api_cc/tests/test_deeppot_jax.cc
index 439a271015..80ddf00860 100644
--- a/source/api_cc/tests/test_deeppot_jax.cc
+++ b/source/api_cc/tests/test_deeppot_jax.cc
@@ -69,6 +69,9 @@ class TestInferDeepPotAJAX : public ::testing::Test {
   deepmd::DeepPot dp;
 
   void SetUp() override {
+#ifndef BUILD_JAX
+    GTEST_SKIP() << "Skip because JAX support is not enabled.";
+#endif
     std::string file_name = "../../tests/infer/deeppot_sea.savedmodel";
 
     dp.init(file_name);
diff --git a/source/api_cc/tests/test_deeppot_model_devi.cc b/source/api_cc/tests/test_deeppot_model_devi.cc
index 5ce4b11c7f..ea89847935 100644
--- a/source/api_cc/tests/test_deeppot_model_devi.cc
+++ b/source/api_cc/tests/test_deeppot_model_devi.cc
@@ -28,6 +28,9 @@ class TestInferDeepPotModeDevi : public ::testing::Test {
   deepmd::DeepPotModelDevi dp_md;
 
   void SetUp() override {
+#ifndef BUILD_TENSORFLOW
+    GTEST_SKIP() << "Skip because TensorFlow support is not enabled.";
+#endif
     {
       std::string file_name = "../../tests/infer/deeppot.pbtxt";
       deepmd::convert_pbtxt_to_pb("../../tests/infer/deeppot.pbtxt",
@@ -78,6 +81,9 @@ class TestInferDeepPotModeDeviPython : public ::testing::Test {
   deepmd::DeepPotModelDevi dp_md;
 
   void SetUp() override {
+#ifndef BUILD_TENSORFLOW
+    GTEST_SKIP() << "Skip because TensorFlow support is not enabled.";
+#endif
     {
       std::string file_name = "../../tests/infer/deeppot.pbtxt";
       deepmd::convert_pbtxt_to_pb("../../tests/infer/deeppot.pbtxt",
diff --git a/source/api_cc/tests/test_deeppot_model_devi_fparam_aparam.cc b/source/api_cc/tests/test_deeppot_model_devi_fparam_aparam.cc
index fb1797961d..3c49a34db5 100644
--- a/source/api_cc/tests/test_deeppot_model_devi_fparam_aparam.cc
+++ b/source/api_cc/tests/test_deeppot_model_devi_fparam_aparam.cc
@@ -31,6 +31,9 @@ class TestInferDeepPotModeDeviFparamAparam : public ::testing::Test {
   deepmd::DeepPotModelDevi dp_md;
 
   void SetUp() override {
+#ifndef BUILD_TENSORFLOW
+    GTEST_SKIP() << "Skip because TensorFlow support is not enabled.";
+#endif
     {
       std::string file_name = "../../tests/infer/fparam_aparam.pbtxt";
       deepmd::convert_pbtxt_to_pb("../../tests/infer/fparam_aparam.pbtxt",
diff --git a/source/api_cc/tests/test_deeppot_pd.cc b/source/api_cc/tests/test_deeppot_pd.cc
index f39aa84640..6da9ee643b 100644
--- a/source/api_cc/tests/test_deeppot_pd.cc
+++ b/source/api_cc/tests/test_deeppot_pd.cc
@@ -61,6 +61,9 @@ class TestInferDeepPotAPd : public ::testing::Test {
   deepmd::DeepPot dp;
 
   void SetUp() override {
+#ifndef BUILD_PADDLE
+    GTEST_SKIP() << "Skip because Paddle support is not enabled.";
+#endif
     std::string file_name = "../../tests/infer/deeppot_sea.json";
 
     dp.init(file_name);
@@ -578,6 +581,9 @@ class TestInferDeepPotAPdNoPbc : public ::testing::Test {
   deepmd::DeepPot dp;
 
   void SetUp() override {
+#ifndef BUILD_PADDLE
+    GTEST_SKIP() << "Skip because Paddle support is not enabled.";
+#endif
     std::string file_name = "../../tests/infer/deeppot_sea.json";
     dp.init(file_name);
 
diff --git a/source/api_cc/tests/test_deeppot_pt.cc b/source/api_cc/tests/test_deeppot_pt.cc
index af5b533a5f..144ee8da8c 100644
--- a/source/api_cc/tests/test_deeppot_pt.cc
+++ b/source/api_cc/tests/test_deeppot_pt.cc
@@ -54,6 +54,9 @@ class TestInferDeepPotAPt : public ::testing::Test {
   deepmd::DeepPot dp;
 
   void SetUp() override {
+#ifndef BUILD_PYTORCH
+    GTEST_SKIP() << "Skip because PyTorch support is not enabled.";
+#endif
     std::string file_name = "../../tests/infer/deeppot_sea.pth";
 
     dp.init(file_name);
@@ -570,6 +573,9 @@ class TestInferDeepPotAPtNoPbc : public ::testing::Test {
   deepmd::DeepPot dp;
 
   void SetUp() override {
+#ifndef BUILD_PYTORCH
+    GTEST_SKIP() << "Skip because PyTorch support is not enabled.";
+#endif
     std::string file_name = "../../tests/infer/deeppot_sea.pth";
     dp.init(file_name);
 
diff --git a/source/api_cc/tests/test_deeppot_r.cc b/source/api_cc/tests/test_deeppot_r.cc
index 86fa4b091f..99c5eca6e5 100644
--- a/source/api_cc/tests/test_deeppot_r.cc
+++ b/source/api_cc/tests/test_deeppot_r.cc
@@ -70,6 +70,9 @@ class TestInferDeepPotR : public ::testing::Test {
   deepmd::DeepPot dp;
 
   void SetUp() override {
+#ifndef BUILD_TENSORFLOW
+    GTEST_SKIP() << "Skip because TensorFlow support is not enabled.";
+#endif
     std::string file_name = "../../tests/infer/deeppot-r.pbtxt";
     deepmd::convert_pbtxt_to_pb("../../tests/infer/deeppot-r.pbtxt",
                                 "deeppot.pb");
@@ -539,6 +542,9 @@ class TestInferDeepPotRNoPbc : public ::testing::Test {
   deepmd::DeepPot dp;
 
   void SetUp() override {
+#ifndef BUILD_TENSORFLOW
+    GTEST_SKIP() << "Skip because TensorFlow support is not enabled.";
+#endif
     std::string file_name = "../../tests/infer/deeppot-r.pbtxt";
     deepmd::convert_pbtxt_to_pb("../../tests/infer/deeppot-r.pbtxt",
                                 "deeppot.pb");
diff --git a/source/api_cc/tests/test_deeppot_tf_spin.cc b/source/api_cc/tests/test_deeppot_tf_spin.cc
index d03a9b0b57..c7623d8faf 100644
--- a/source/api_cc/tests/test_deeppot_tf_spin.cc
+++ b/source/api_cc/tests/test_deeppot_tf_spin.cc
@@ -41,6 +41,9 @@ class TestInferDeepSpin : public ::testing::Test {
   deepmd::DeepSpin dp;
 
   void SetUp() override {
+#ifndef BUILD_TENSORFLOW
+    GTEST_SKIP() << "Skip because TensorFlow support is not enabled.";
+#endif
     std::string file_name = "../../tests/infer/deepspin_nlist.pbtxt";
     deepmd::convert_pbtxt_to_pb("../../tests/infer/deepspin_nlist.pbtxt",
                                 "deepspin_nlist.pb");
@@ -168,6 +171,9 @@ class TestInferDeepSpinNopbc : public ::testing::Test {
   deepmd::DeepSpin dp;
 
   void SetUp() override {
+#ifndef BUILD_TENSORFLOW
+    GTEST_SKIP() << "Skip because TensorFlow support is not enabled.";
+#endif
     std::string file_name = "../../tests/infer/deepspin_nlist.pbtxt";
     deepmd::convert_pbtxt_to_pb("../../tests/infer/deepspin_nlist.pbtxt",
                                 "deepspin_nlist.pb");
diff --git a/source/api_cc/tests/test_deepspin_model_devi.cc b/source/api_cc/tests/test_deepspin_model_devi.cc
index fcc4a4315d..56104a4f99 100644
--- a/source/api_cc/tests/test_deepspin_model_devi.cc
+++ b/source/api_cc/tests/test_deepspin_model_devi.cc
@@ -30,6 +30,9 @@ class TestInferDeepSpinModeDevi : public ::testing::Test {
   deepmd::DeepSpinModelDevi dp_md;
 
   void SetUp() override {
+#ifndef BUILD_PYTORCH
+    GTEST_SKIP() << "Skip because PyTorch support is not enabled.";
+#endif
     {
       dp0.init("../../tests/infer/deeppot_dpa_spin.pth");
     }
diff --git a/source/api_cc/tests/test_dipolecharge.cc b/source/api_cc/tests/test_dipolecharge.cc
index 1d92215c5c..1a33d5ed1c 100644
--- a/source/api_cc/tests/test_dipolecharge.cc
+++ b/source/api_cc/tests/test_dipolecharge.cc
@@ -59,6 +59,9 @@ class TestDipoleCharge : public ::testing::Test {
   deepmd::DipoleChargeModifier dm;
 
   void SetUp() override {
+#ifndef BUILD_TENSORFLOW
+    GTEST_SKIP() << "Skip because TensorFlow support is not enabled.";
+#endif
     std::string file_name = "../../tests/infer/dipolecharge_e.pbtxt";
     std::string model = "dipolecharge_e.pb";
     deepmd::convert_pbtxt_to_pb(file_name, model);
diff --git a/source/api_cc/tests/test_mixed_type.cc b/source/api_cc/tests/test_mixed_type.cc
index b11bd5123a..0a577e21f2 100644
--- a/source/api_cc/tests/test_mixed_type.cc
+++ b/source/api_cc/tests/test_mixed_type.cc
@@ -30,6 +30,9 @@ class TestInferMixedType : public ::testing::Test {
   deepmd::DeepPot dp;
 
   void SetUp() override {
+#ifndef BUILD_TENSORFLOW
+    GTEST_SKIP() << "Skip because TensorFlow support is not enabled.";
+#endif
     std::string file_name = "../../tests/infer/virtual_type.pbtxt";
     deepmd::convert_pbtxt_to_pb("../../tests/infer/virtual_type.pbtxt",
                                 "virtual_type.pb");
@@ -137,6 +140,9 @@ class TestInferVirtualType : public ::testing::Test {
   deepmd::DeepPot dp;
 
   void SetUp() override {
+#ifndef BUILD_TENSORFLOW
+    GTEST_SKIP() << "Skip because TensorFlow support is not enabled.";
+#endif
     std::string file_name = "../../tests/infer/virtual_type.pbtxt";
     deepmd::convert_pbtxt_to_pb("../../tests/infer/virtual_type.pbtxt",
                                 "virtual_type.pb");
diff --git a/source/api_cc/tests/test_read_file_to_string.cc b/source/api_cc/tests/test_read_file_to_string.cc
index aaa7e6a83f..dd3249d771 100644
--- a/source/api_cc/tests/test_read_file_to_string.cc
+++ b/source/api_cc/tests/test_read_file_to_string.cc
@@ -13,6 +13,9 @@
 
 #include "common.h"
 TEST(TestReadFileToString, readfiletostring) {
+#ifndef BUILD_TENSORFLOW
+  GTEST_SKIP() << "Skip because TensorFlow support is not enabled.";
+#endif
   std::string file_content;
   deepmd::read_file_to_string("../../tests/infer/deeppot.txt", file_content);
 
diff --git a/source/install/test_cc_local.sh b/source/install/test_cc_local.sh
index aad04a07b3..86088bc0b3 100755
--- a/source/install/test_cc_local.sh
+++ b/source/install/test_cc_local.sh
@@ -1,3 +1,4 @@
+#!/bin/bash
 set -ex
 
 if [ "$DP_VARIANT" = "cuda" ]; then
@@ -20,18 +21,20 @@ PADDLE_INFERENCE_DIR=${BUILD_TMP_DIR}/paddle_inference_install_dir
 mkdir -p ${BUILD_TMP_DIR}
 cd ${BUILD_TMP_DIR}
 cmake \
-	-D ENABLE_TENSORFLOW=TRUE \
-	-D ENABLE_PYTORCH=TRUE \
-	-D ENABLE_PADDLE=TRUE \
+	-D ENABLE_TENSORFLOW=${ENABLE_TENSORFLOW:-TRUE} \
+	-D ENABLE_PYTORCH=${ENABLE_PYTORCH:-TRUE} \
+	-D ENABLE_PADDLE=${ENABLE_PADDLE:-TRUE} \
 	-D INSTALL_TENSORFLOW=FALSE \
-	-D USE_TF_PYTHON_LIBS=TRUE \
-	-D USE_PT_PYTHON_LIBS=TRUE \
+	-D USE_TF_PYTHON_LIBS=${ENABLE_TENSORFLOW:-TRUE} \
+	-D USE_PT_PYTHON_LIBS=${ENABLE_PYTORCH:-TRUE} \
 	-D CMAKE_INSTALL_PREFIX=${INSTALL_PREFIX} \
 	-D BUILD_TESTING:BOOL=TRUE \
 	-D LAMMPS_VERSION=stable_22Jul2025_update2 \
 	${CUDA_ARGS} ..
 cmake --build . -j${NPROC}
 cmake --install .
-PADDLE_INFERENCE_DIR=${BUILD_TMP_DIR}/paddle_inference_install_dir
-export LD_LIBRARY_PATH=${LD_LIBRARY_PATH}:${PADDLE_INFERENCE_DIR}/third_party/install/onednn/lib:${PADDLE_INFERENCE_DIR}/third_party/install/mklml/lib
+if [ "${ENABLE_PADDLE:-TRUE}" == "TRUE" ]; then
+	PADDLE_INFERENCE_DIR=${BUILD_TMP_DIR}/paddle_inference_install_dir
+	export LD_LIBRARY_PATH=${LD_LIBRARY_PATH}:${PADDLE_INFERENCE_DIR}/third_party/install/onednn/lib:${PADDLE_INFERENCE_DIR}/third_party/install/mklml/lib
+fi
 ctest --output-on-failure
diff --git a/source/ipi/tests/test_driver.py b/source/ipi/tests/test_driver.py
index 54c632a2b6..9a30c2c8ce 100644
--- a/source/ipi/tests/test_driver.py
+++ b/source/ipi/tests/test_driver.py
@@ -53,6 +53,10 @@ def write_input(self, atoms, **kwargs) -> None:
         atoms.write(self.xyz_file, format="xyz")
 
 
+@unittest.skipIf(
+    os.environ.get("ENABLE_TENSORFLOW", "1") != "1",
+    reason="Skip test because TensorFlow support is not enabled.",
+)
 class TestDPIPI(unittest.TestCase):
     # copy from test_deeppot_a.py
     @classmethod
@@ -253,6 +257,10 @@ def test_normalize_coords(self) -> None:
         np.testing.assert_almost_equal(ee.ravel(), expected_se.ravel(), default_places)
 
 
+@unittest.skipIf(
+    os.environ.get("ENABLE_PYTORCH", "1") != "1",
+    reason="Skip test because PyTorch support is not enabled.",
+)
 class TestDPIPIPt(TestDPIPI):
     @classmethod
     def setUpClass(cls) -> None:
diff --git a/source/lmp/tests/test_deeptensor.py b/source/lmp/tests/test_deeptensor.py
index 41d1c10ed6..20be3033b8 100644
--- a/source/lmp/tests/test_deeptensor.py
+++ b/source/lmp/tests/test_deeptensor.py
@@ -66,6 +66,10 @@
 
 
 def setup_module() -> None:
+    if os.environ.get("ENABLE_TENSORFLOW", "1") != "1":
+        pytest.skip(
+            "Skip test because TensorFlow support is not enabled.",
+        )
     write_lmp_data(box, coord, type_OH, data_file)
     # TODO
     # write_lmp_data(box, coord, type_HO, data_type_map_file)
diff --git a/source/lmp/tests/test_dplr.py b/source/lmp/tests/test_dplr.py
index bf8783f233..dd0c03aabe 100644
--- a/source/lmp/tests/test_dplr.py
+++ b/source/lmp/tests/test_dplr.py
@@ -271,6 +271,10 @@
 
 
 def setup_module() -> None:
+    if os.environ.get("ENABLE_TENSORFLOW", "1") != "1":
+        pytest.skip(
+            "Skip test because TensorFlow support is not enabled.",
+        )
     write_lmp_data_full(
         box, coord, mol_list, type_OH, charge, data_file, bond_list, mass_list
     )
diff --git a/source/lmp/tests/test_lammps.py b/source/lmp/tests/test_lammps.py
index c24f032cf6..05de1e69fa 100644
--- a/source/lmp/tests/test_lammps.py
+++ b/source/lmp/tests/test_lammps.py
@@ -230,6 +230,10 @@
 
 
 def setup_module() -> None:
+    if os.environ.get("ENABLE_TENSORFLOW", "1") != "1":
+        pytest.skip(
+            "Skip test because TensorFlow support is not enabled.",
+        )
     write_lmp_data(box, coord, type_OH, data_file)
     write_lmp_data(box, coord, type_HO, data_type_map_file)
     write_lmp_data(
diff --git a/source/lmp/tests/test_lammps_3types.py b/source/lmp/tests/test_lammps_3types.py
index a99a83b758..9156914dbc 100644
--- a/source/lmp/tests/test_lammps_3types.py
+++ b/source/lmp/tests/test_lammps_3types.py
@@ -253,6 +253,10 @@
 
 
 def setup_module() -> None:
+    if os.environ.get("ENABLE_TENSORFLOW", "1") != "1":
+        pytest.skip(
+            "Skip test because TensorFlow support is not enabled.",
+        )
     write_lmp_data(box, coord, type_OH, data_file)
     write_lmp_data(box, coord, type_HO, data_type_map_file)
 
diff --git a/source/lmp/tests/test_lammps_dpa_jax.py b/source/lmp/tests/test_lammps_dpa_jax.py
index 65991b9732..51b2d56742 100644
--- a/source/lmp/tests/test_lammps_dpa_jax.py
+++ b/source/lmp/tests/test_lammps_dpa_jax.py
@@ -228,6 +228,10 @@
 
 
 def setup_module():
+    if os.environ.get("ENABLE_JAX", "1") != "1":
+        pytest.skip(
+            "Skip test because JAX support is not enabled.",
+        )
     write_lmp_data(box, coord, type_OH, data_file)
     write_lmp_data(box, coord, type_HO, data_type_map_file)
     write_lmp_data(
@@ -341,6 +345,10 @@ def test_pair_deepmd_virial(lammps):
         ) / constants.nktv2p == pytest.approx(expected_v[idx_map, ii])
 
 
+@pytest.mark.skipif(
+    os.environ.get("ENABLE_TENSORFLOW", "1") != "1",
+    reason="Skip test because TensorFlow support is not enabled.",
+)
 def test_pair_deepmd_model_devi(lammps):
     lammps.pair_style(
         f"deepmd {pb_file.resolve()} {pb_file2.resolve()} out_file {md_file.resolve()} out_freq 1 atomic"
@@ -367,6 +375,10 @@ def test_pair_deepmd_model_devi(lammps):
     assert md[3] == pytest.approx(np.sqrt(np.mean(np.square(expected_md_v))))
 
 
+@pytest.mark.skipif(
+    os.environ.get("ENABLE_TENSORFLOW", "1") != "1",
+    reason="Skip test because TensorFlow support is not enabled.",
+)
 def test_pair_deepmd_model_devi_virial(lammps):
     lammps.pair_style(
         f"deepmd {pb_file.resolve()} {pb_file2.resolve()} out_file {md_file.resolve()} out_freq 1 atomic"
@@ -405,6 +417,10 @@ def test_pair_deepmd_model_devi_virial(lammps):
     assert md[3] == pytest.approx(np.sqrt(np.mean(np.square(expected_md_v))))
 
 
+@pytest.mark.skipif(
+    os.environ.get("ENABLE_TENSORFLOW", "1") != "1",
+    reason="Skip test because TensorFlow support is not enabled.",
+)
 def test_pair_deepmd_model_devi_atomic_relative(lammps):
     relative = 1.0
     lammps.pair_style(
@@ -434,6 +450,10 @@ def test_pair_deepmd_model_devi_atomic_relative(lammps):
     assert md[3] == pytest.approx(np.sqrt(np.mean(np.square(expected_md_v))))
 
 
+@pytest.mark.skipif(
+    os.environ.get("ENABLE_TENSORFLOW", "1") != "1",
+    reason="Skip test because TensorFlow support is not enabled.",
+)
 def test_pair_deepmd_model_devi_atomic_relative_v(lammps):
     relative = 1.0
     lammps.pair_style(
@@ -520,6 +540,10 @@ def test_pair_deepmd_virial_real(lammps_real):
         )
 
 
+@pytest.mark.skipif(
+    os.environ.get("ENABLE_TENSORFLOW", "1") != "1",
+    reason="Skip test because TensorFlow support is not enabled.",
+)
 def test_pair_deepmd_model_devi_real(lammps_real):
     lammps_real.pair_style(
         f"deepmd {pb_file.resolve()} {pb_file2.resolve()} out_file {md_file.resolve()} out_freq 1 atomic"
@@ -550,6 +574,10 @@ def test_pair_deepmd_model_devi_real(lammps_real):
     )
 
 
+@pytest.mark.skipif(
+    os.environ.get("ENABLE_TENSORFLOW", "1") != "1",
+    reason="Skip test because TensorFlow support is not enabled.",
+)
 def test_pair_deepmd_model_devi_virial_real(lammps_real):
     lammps_real.pair_style(
         f"deepmd {pb_file.resolve()} {pb_file2.resolve()} out_file {md_file.resolve()} out_freq 1 atomic"
@@ -594,6 +622,10 @@ def test_pair_deepmd_model_devi_virial_real(lammps_real):
     )
 
 
+@pytest.mark.skipif(
+    os.environ.get("ENABLE_TENSORFLOW", "1") != "1",
+    reason="Skip test because TensorFlow support is not enabled.",
+)
 def test_pair_deepmd_model_devi_atomic_relative_real(lammps_real):
     relative = 1.0
     lammps_real.pair_style(
@@ -627,6 +659,10 @@ def test_pair_deepmd_model_devi_atomic_relative_real(lammps_real):
     )
 
 
+@pytest.mark.skipif(
+    os.environ.get("ENABLE_TENSORFLOW", "1") != "1",
+    reason="Skip test because TensorFlow support is not enabled.",
+)
 def test_pair_deepmd_model_devi_atomic_relative_v_real(lammps_real):
     relative = 1.0
     lammps_real.pair_style(
diff --git a/source/lmp/tests/test_lammps_dpa_pt.py b/source/lmp/tests/test_lammps_dpa_pt.py
index 2768332c71..6ba71fe52b 100644
--- a/source/lmp/tests/test_lammps_dpa_pt.py
+++ b/source/lmp/tests/test_lammps_dpa_pt.py
@@ -226,6 +226,10 @@
 
 
 def setup_module() -> None:
+    if os.environ.get("ENABLE_PYTORCH", "1") != "1":
+        pytest.skip(
+            "Skip test because PyTorch support is not enabled.",
+        )
     write_lmp_data(box, coord, type_OH, data_file)
     write_lmp_data(box, coord, type_HO, data_type_map_file)
     write_lmp_data(
@@ -337,6 +341,10 @@ def test_pair_deepmd_virial(lammps) -> None:
         ) / constants.nktv2p == pytest.approx(expected_v[idx_map, ii])
 
 
+@pytest.mark.skipif(
+    os.environ.get("ENABLE_TENSORFLOW", "1") != "1",
+    reason="Skip test because TensorFlow support is not enabled.",
+)
 def test_pair_deepmd_model_devi(lammps) -> None:
     lammps.pair_style(
         f"deepmd {pb_file.resolve()} {pb_file2.resolve()} out_file {md_file.resolve()} out_freq 1 atomic"
@@ -363,6 +371,10 @@ def test_pair_deepmd_model_devi(lammps) -> None:
     assert md[3] == pytest.approx(np.sqrt(np.mean(np.square(expected_md_v))))
 
 
+@pytest.mark.skipif(
+    os.environ.get("ENABLE_TENSORFLOW", "1") != "1",
+    reason="Skip test because TensorFlow support is not enabled.",
+)
 def test_pair_deepmd_model_devi_virial(lammps) -> None:
     lammps.pair_style(
         f"deepmd {pb_file.resolve()} {pb_file2.resolve()} out_file {md_file.resolve()} out_freq 1 atomic"
@@ -401,6 +413,10 @@ def test_pair_deepmd_model_devi_virial(lammps) -> None:
     assert md[3] == pytest.approx(np.sqrt(np.mean(np.square(expected_md_v))))
 
 
+@pytest.mark.skipif(
+    os.environ.get("ENABLE_TENSORFLOW", "1") != "1",
+    reason="Skip test because TensorFlow support is not enabled.",
+)
 def test_pair_deepmd_model_devi_atomic_relative(lammps) -> None:
     relative = 1.0
     lammps.pair_style(
@@ -430,6 +446,10 @@ def test_pair_deepmd_model_devi_atomic_relative(lammps) -> None:
     assert md[3] == pytest.approx(np.sqrt(np.mean(np.square(expected_md_v))))
 
 
+@pytest.mark.skipif(
+    os.environ.get("ENABLE_TENSORFLOW", "1") != "1",
+    reason="Skip test because TensorFlow support is not enabled.",
+)
 def test_pair_deepmd_model_devi_atomic_relative_v(lammps) -> None:
     relative = 1.0
     lammps.pair_style(
@@ -516,6 +536,10 @@ def test_pair_deepmd_virial_real(lammps_real) -> None:
         )
 
 
+@pytest.mark.skipif(
+    os.environ.get("ENABLE_TENSORFLOW", "1") != "1",
+    reason="Skip test because TensorFlow support is not enabled.",
+)
 def test_pair_deepmd_model_devi_real(lammps_real) -> None:
     lammps_real.pair_style(
         f"deepmd {pb_file.resolve()} {pb_file2.resolve()} out_file {md_file.resolve()} out_freq 1 atomic"
@@ -546,6 +570,10 @@ def test_pair_deepmd_model_devi_real(lammps_real) -> None:
     )
 
 
+@pytest.mark.skipif(
+    os.environ.get("ENABLE_TENSORFLOW", "1") != "1",
+    reason="Skip test because TensorFlow support is not enabled.",
+)
 def test_pair_deepmd_model_devi_virial_real(lammps_real) -> None:
     lammps_real.pair_style(
         f"deepmd {pb_file.resolve()} {pb_file2.resolve()} out_file {md_file.resolve()} out_freq 1 atomic"
@@ -590,6 +618,10 @@ def test_pair_deepmd_model_devi_virial_real(lammps_real) -> None:
     )
 
 
+@pytest.mark.skipif(
+    os.environ.get("ENABLE_TENSORFLOW", "1") != "1",
+    reason="Skip test because TensorFlow support is not enabled.",
+)
 def test_pair_deepmd_model_devi_atomic_relative_real(lammps_real) -> None:
     relative = 1.0
     lammps_real.pair_style(
@@ -623,6 +655,10 @@ def test_pair_deepmd_model_devi_atomic_relative_real(lammps_real) -> None:
     )
 
 
+@pytest.mark.skipif(
+    os.environ.get("ENABLE_TENSORFLOW", "1") != "1",
+    reason="Skip test because TensorFlow support is not enabled.",
+)
 def test_pair_deepmd_model_devi_atomic_relative_v_real(lammps_real) -> None:
     relative = 1.0
     lammps_real.pair_style(
@@ -682,6 +718,10 @@ def test_pair_deepmd_si(lammps_si) -> None:
     ("balance_args",),
     [(["--balance"],), ([],)],
 )
+@pytest.mark.skipif(
+    os.environ.get("ENABLE_TENSORFLOW", "1") != "1",
+    reason="Skip test because TensorFlow support is not enabled.",
+)
 def test_pair_deepmd_mpi(balance_args: list) -> None:
     with tempfile.NamedTemporaryFile() as f:
         sp.check_call(
diff --git a/source/lmp/tests/test_lammps_dpa_pt_nopbc.py b/source/lmp/tests/test_lammps_dpa_pt_nopbc.py
index 1c2e145c84..989a782b5f 100644
--- a/source/lmp/tests/test_lammps_dpa_pt_nopbc.py
+++ b/source/lmp/tests/test_lammps_dpa_pt_nopbc.py
@@ -224,6 +224,10 @@
 
 
 def setup_module() -> None:
+    if os.environ.get("ENABLE_PYTORCH", "1") != "1":
+        pytest.skip(
+            "Skip test because PyTorch support is not enabled.",
+        )
     write_lmp_data(box, coord, type_OH, data_file)
     write_lmp_data(box, coord, type_HO, data_type_map_file)
     write_lmp_data(
@@ -335,6 +339,10 @@ def test_pair_deepmd_virial(lammps) -> None:
         ) / constants.nktv2p == pytest.approx(expected_v[idx_map, ii])
 
 
+@pytest.mark.skipif(
+    os.environ.get("ENABLE_TENSORFLOW", "1") != "1",
+    reason="Skip test because TensorFlow support is not enabled.",
+)
 def test_pair_deepmd_model_devi(lammps) -> None:
     lammps.pair_style(
         f"deepmd {pb_file.resolve()} {pb_file2.resolve()} out_file {md_file.resolve()} out_freq 1 atomic"
@@ -361,6 +369,10 @@ def test_pair_deepmd_model_devi(lammps) -> None:
     assert md[3] == pytest.approx(np.sqrt(np.mean(np.square(expected_md_v))))
 
 
+@pytest.mark.skipif(
+    os.environ.get("ENABLE_TENSORFLOW", "1") != "1",
+    reason="Skip test because TensorFlow support is not enabled.",
+)
 def test_pair_deepmd_model_devi_virial(lammps) -> None:
     lammps.pair_style(
         f"deepmd {pb_file.resolve()} {pb_file2.resolve()} out_file {md_file.resolve()} out_freq 1 atomic"
@@ -399,6 +411,10 @@ def test_pair_deepmd_model_devi_virial(lammps) -> None:
     assert md[3] == pytest.approx(np.sqrt(np.mean(np.square(expected_md_v))))
 
 
+@pytest.mark.skipif(
+    os.environ.get("ENABLE_TENSORFLOW", "1") != "1",
+    reason="Skip test because TensorFlow support is not enabled.",
+)
 def test_pair_deepmd_model_devi_atomic_relative(lammps) -> None:
     relative = 1.0
     lammps.pair_style(
@@ -428,6 +444,10 @@ def test_pair_deepmd_model_devi_atomic_relative(lammps) -> None:
     assert md[3] == pytest.approx(np.sqrt(np.mean(np.square(expected_md_v))))
 
 
+@pytest.mark.skipif(
+    os.environ.get("ENABLE_TENSORFLOW", "1") != "1",
+    reason="Skip test because TensorFlow support is not enabled.",
+)
 def test_pair_deepmd_model_devi_atomic_relative_v(lammps) -> None:
     relative = 1.0
     lammps.pair_style(
@@ -514,6 +534,10 @@ def test_pair_deepmd_virial_real(lammps_real) -> None:
         )
 
 
+@pytest.mark.skipif(
+    os.environ.get("ENABLE_TENSORFLOW", "1") != "1",
+    reason="Skip test because TensorFlow support is not enabled.",
+)
 def test_pair_deepmd_model_devi_real(lammps_real) -> None:
     lammps_real.pair_style(
         f"deepmd {pb_file.resolve()} {pb_file2.resolve()} out_file {md_file.resolve()} out_freq 1 atomic"
@@ -544,6 +568,10 @@ def test_pair_deepmd_model_devi_real(lammps_real) -> None:
     )
 
 
+@pytest.mark.skipif(
+    os.environ.get("ENABLE_TENSORFLOW", "1") != "1",
+    reason="Skip test because TensorFlow support is not enabled.",
+)
 def test_pair_deepmd_model_devi_virial_real(lammps_real) -> None:
     lammps_real.pair_style(
         f"deepmd {pb_file.resolve()} {pb_file2.resolve()} out_file {md_file.resolve()} out_freq 1 atomic"
@@ -588,6 +616,10 @@ def test_pair_deepmd_model_devi_virial_real(lammps_real) -> None:
     )
 
 
+@pytest.mark.skipif(
+    os.environ.get("ENABLE_TENSORFLOW", "1") != "1",
+    reason="Skip test because TensorFlow support is not enabled.",
+)
 def test_pair_deepmd_model_devi_atomic_relative_real(lammps_real) -> None:
     relative = 1.0
     lammps_real.pair_style(
@@ -621,6 +653,10 @@ def test_pair_deepmd_model_devi_atomic_relative_real(lammps_real) -> None:
     )
 
 
+@pytest.mark.skipif(
+    os.environ.get("ENABLE_TENSORFLOW", "1") != "1",
+    reason="Skip test because TensorFlow support is not enabled.",
+)
 def test_pair_deepmd_model_devi_atomic_relative_v_real(lammps_real) -> None:
     relative = 1.0
     lammps_real.pair_style(
@@ -680,6 +716,10 @@ def test_pair_deepmd_si(lammps_si) -> None:
     ("balance_args",),
     [(["--balance"],), ([],)],
 )
+@pytest.mark.skipif(
+    os.environ.get("ENABLE_TENSORFLOW", "1") != "1",
+    reason="Skip test because TensorFlow support is not enabled.",
+)
 def test_pair_deepmd_mpi(balance_args: list) -> None:
     with tempfile.NamedTemporaryFile() as f:
         sp.check_call(
diff --git a/source/lmp/tests/test_lammps_dpa_sel_pt.py b/source/lmp/tests/test_lammps_dpa_sel_pt.py
index e758251f18..f65c710409 100644
--- a/source/lmp/tests/test_lammps_dpa_sel_pt.py
+++ b/source/lmp/tests/test_lammps_dpa_sel_pt.py
@@ -229,6 +229,10 @@
 
 
 def setup_module() -> None:
+    if os.environ.get("ENABLE_PYTORCH", "1") != "1":
+        pytest.skip(
+            "Skip test because PyTorch support is not enabled.",
+        )
     write_lmp_data(box, coord, type_OH, data_file)
     write_lmp_data(box, coord, type_HO, data_type_map_file)
     write_lmp_data(
@@ -340,6 +344,10 @@ def test_pair_deepmd_virial(lammps) -> None:
         ) / constants.nktv2p == pytest.approx(expected_v[idx_map, ii])
 
 
+@pytest.mark.skipif(
+    os.environ.get("ENABLE_TENSORFLOW", "1") != "1",
+    reason="Skip test because TensorFlow support is not enabled.",
+)
 def test_pair_deepmd_model_devi(lammps) -> None:
     lammps.pair_style(
         f"deepmd {pb_file.resolve()} {pb_file2.resolve()} out_file {md_file.resolve()} out_freq 1 atomic"
@@ -366,6 +374,10 @@ def test_pair_deepmd_model_devi(lammps) -> None:
     assert md[3] == pytest.approx(np.sqrt(np.mean(np.square(expected_md_v))))
 
 
+@pytest.mark.skipif(
+    os.environ.get("ENABLE_TENSORFLOW", "1") != "1",
+    reason="Skip test because TensorFlow support is not enabled.",
+)
 def test_pair_deepmd_model_devi_virial(lammps) -> None:
     lammps.pair_style(
         f"deepmd {pb_file.resolve()} {pb_file2.resolve()} out_file {md_file.resolve()} out_freq 1 atomic"
@@ -404,6 +416,10 @@ def test_pair_deepmd_model_devi_virial(lammps) -> None:
     assert md[3] == pytest.approx(np.sqrt(np.mean(np.square(expected_md_v))))
 
 
+@pytest.mark.skipif(
+    os.environ.get("ENABLE_TENSORFLOW", "1") != "1",
+    reason="Skip test because TensorFlow support is not enabled.",
+)
 def test_pair_deepmd_model_devi_atomic_relative(lammps) -> None:
     relative = 1.0
     lammps.pair_style(
@@ -433,6 +449,10 @@ def test_pair_deepmd_model_devi_atomic_relative(lammps) -> None:
     assert md[3] == pytest.approx(np.sqrt(np.mean(np.square(expected_md_v))))
 
 
+@pytest.mark.skipif(
+    os.environ.get("ENABLE_TENSORFLOW", "1") != "1",
+    reason="Skip test because TensorFlow support is not enabled.",
+)
 def test_pair_deepmd_model_devi_atomic_relative_v(lammps) -> None:
     relative = 1.0
     lammps.pair_style(
@@ -519,6 +539,10 @@ def test_pair_deepmd_virial_real(lammps_real) -> None:
         )
 
 
+@pytest.mark.skipif(
+    os.environ.get("ENABLE_TENSORFLOW", "1") != "1",
+    reason="Skip test because TensorFlow support is not enabled.",
+)
 def test_pair_deepmd_model_devi_real(lammps_real) -> None:
     lammps_real.pair_style(
         f"deepmd {pb_file.resolve()} {pb_file2.resolve()} out_file {md_file.resolve()} out_freq 1 atomic"
@@ -549,6 +573,10 @@ def test_pair_deepmd_model_devi_real(lammps_real) -> None:
     )
 
 
+@pytest.mark.skipif(
+    os.environ.get("ENABLE_TENSORFLOW", "1") != "1",
+    reason="Skip test because TensorFlow support is not enabled.",
+)
 def test_pair_deepmd_model_devi_virial_real(lammps_real) -> None:
     lammps_real.pair_style(
         f"deepmd {pb_file.resolve()} {pb_file2.resolve()} out_file {md_file.resolve()} out_freq 1 atomic"
@@ -593,6 +621,10 @@ def test_pair_deepmd_model_devi_virial_real(lammps_real) -> None:
     )
 
 
+@pytest.mark.skipif(
+    os.environ.get("ENABLE_TENSORFLOW", "1") != "1",
+    reason="Skip test because TensorFlow support is not enabled.",
+)
 def test_pair_deepmd_model_devi_atomic_relative_real(lammps_real) -> None:
     relative = 1.0
     lammps_real.pair_style(
@@ -626,6 +658,10 @@ def test_pair_deepmd_model_devi_atomic_relative_real(lammps_real) -> None:
     )
 
 
+@pytest.mark.skipif(
+    os.environ.get("ENABLE_TENSORFLOW", "1") != "1",
+    reason="Skip test because TensorFlow support is not enabled.",
+)
 def test_pair_deepmd_model_devi_atomic_relative_v_real(lammps_real) -> None:
     relative = 1.0
     lammps_real.pair_style(
diff --git a/source/lmp/tests/test_lammps_faparam.py b/source/lmp/tests/test_lammps_faparam.py
index 4f744119b6..1a614c3d24 100644
--- a/source/lmp/tests/test_lammps_faparam.py
+++ b/source/lmp/tests/test_lammps_faparam.py
@@ -140,6 +140,10 @@
 
 
 def setup_module() -> None:
+    if os.environ.get("ENABLE_TENSORFLOW", "1") != "1":
+        pytest.skip(
+            "Skip test because TensorFlow support is not enabled.",
+        )
     write_lmp_data(box, coord, type_OH, data_file)
 
 
diff --git a/source/lmp/tests/test_lammps_jax.py b/source/lmp/tests/test_lammps_jax.py
index 0c488cd1bc..e3d0e5ce74 100644
--- a/source/lmp/tests/test_lammps_jax.py
+++ b/source/lmp/tests/test_lammps_jax.py
@@ -228,6 +228,10 @@
 
 
 def setup_module():
+    if os.environ.get("ENABLE_JAX", "1") != "1":
+        pytest.skip(
+            "Skip test because JAX support is not enabled.",
+        )
     write_lmp_data(box, coord, type_OH, data_file)
     write_lmp_data(box, coord, type_HO, data_type_map_file)
     write_lmp_data(
@@ -339,6 +343,10 @@ def test_pair_deepmd_virial(lammps):
         ) / constants.nktv2p == pytest.approx(expected_v[idx_map, ii])
 
 
+@pytest.mark.skipif(
+    os.environ.get("ENABLE_TENSORFLOW", "1") != "1",
+    reason="Skip test because TensorFlow support is not enabled.",
+)
 def test_pair_deepmd_model_devi(lammps):
     lammps.pair_style(
         f"deepmd {pb_file.resolve()} {pb_file2.resolve()} out_file {md_file.resolve()} out_freq 1 atomic"
@@ -365,6 +373,10 @@ def test_pair_deepmd_model_devi(lammps):
     assert md[3] == pytest.approx(np.sqrt(np.mean(np.square(expected_md_v))))
 
 
+@pytest.mark.skipif(
+    os.environ.get("ENABLE_TENSORFLOW", "1") != "1",
+    reason="Skip test because TensorFlow support is not enabled.",
+)
 def test_pair_deepmd_model_devi_virial(lammps):
     lammps.pair_style(
         f"deepmd {pb_file.resolve()} {pb_file2.resolve()} out_file {md_file.resolve()} out_freq 1 atomic"
@@ -403,6 +415,10 @@ def test_pair_deepmd_model_devi_virial(lammps):
     assert md[3] == pytest.approx(np.sqrt(np.mean(np.square(expected_md_v))))
 
 
+@pytest.mark.skipif(
+    os.environ.get("ENABLE_TENSORFLOW", "1") != "1",
+    reason="Skip test because TensorFlow support is not enabled.",
+)
 def test_pair_deepmd_model_devi_atomic_relative(lammps):
     relative = 1.0
     lammps.pair_style(
@@ -432,6 +448,10 @@ def test_pair_deepmd_model_devi_atomic_relative(lammps):
     assert md[3] == pytest.approx(np.sqrt(np.mean(np.square(expected_md_v))))
 
 
+@pytest.mark.skipif(
+    os.environ.get("ENABLE_TENSORFLOW", "1") != "1",
+    reason="Skip test because TensorFlow support is not enabled.",
+)
 def test_pair_deepmd_model_devi_atomic_relative_v(lammps):
     relative = 1.0
     lammps.pair_style(
@@ -518,6 +538,10 @@ def test_pair_deepmd_virial_real(lammps_real):
         )
 
 
+@pytest.mark.skipif(
+    os.environ.get("ENABLE_TENSORFLOW", "1") != "1",
+    reason="Skip test because TensorFlow support is not enabled.",
+)
 def test_pair_deepmd_model_devi_real(lammps_real):
     lammps_real.pair_style(
         f"deepmd {pb_file.resolve()} {pb_file2.resolve()} out_file {md_file.resolve()} out_freq 1 atomic"
@@ -548,6 +572,10 @@ def test_pair_deepmd_model_devi_real(lammps_real):
     )
 
 
+@pytest.mark.skipif(
+    os.environ.get("ENABLE_TENSORFLOW", "1") != "1",
+    reason="Skip test because TensorFlow support is not enabled.",
+)
 def test_pair_deepmd_model_devi_virial_real(lammps_real):
     lammps_real.pair_style(
         f"deepmd {pb_file.resolve()} {pb_file2.resolve()} out_file {md_file.resolve()} out_freq 1 atomic"
@@ -592,6 +620,10 @@ def test_pair_deepmd_model_devi_virial_real(lammps_real):
     )
 
 
+@pytest.mark.skipif(
+    os.environ.get("ENABLE_TENSORFLOW", "1") != "1",
+    reason="Skip test because TensorFlow support is not enabled.",
+)
 def test_pair_deepmd_model_devi_atomic_relative_real(lammps_real):
     relative = 1.0
     lammps_real.pair_style(
@@ -625,6 +657,10 @@ def test_pair_deepmd_model_devi_atomic_relative_real(lammps_real):
     )
 
 
+@pytest.mark.skipif(
+    os.environ.get("ENABLE_TENSORFLOW", "1") != "1",
+    reason="Skip test because TensorFlow support is not enabled.",
+)
 def test_pair_deepmd_model_devi_atomic_relative_v_real(lammps_real):
     relative = 1.0
     lammps_real.pair_style(
@@ -684,6 +720,10 @@ def test_pair_deepmd_si(lammps_si):
     ("balance_args",),
     [(["--balance"],), ([],)],
 )
+@pytest.mark.skipif(
+    os.environ.get("ENABLE_TENSORFLOW", "1") != "1",
+    reason="Skip test because TensorFlow support is not enabled.",
+)
 def test_pair_deepmd_mpi(balance_args: list):
     with tempfile.NamedTemporaryFile() as f:
         sp.check_call(
diff --git a/source/lmp/tests/test_lammps_pd.py b/source/lmp/tests/test_lammps_pd.py
index 92b00aba29..85275c4027 100644
--- a/source/lmp/tests/test_lammps_pd.py
+++ b/source/lmp/tests/test_lammps_pd.py
@@ -229,6 +229,10 @@
 
 
 def setup_module():
+    if os.environ.get("ENABLE_PADDLE", "1") != "1":
+        pytest.skip(
+            "Skip test because Paddle support is not enabled.",
+        )
     write_lmp_data(box, coord, type_OH, data_file)
     write_lmp_data(box, coord, type_HO, data_type_map_file)
     write_lmp_data(
@@ -340,6 +344,10 @@ def test_pair_deepmd_virial(lammps):
         ) / constants.nktv2p == pytest.approx(expected_v[idx_map, ii], RTOL, ATOL)
 
 
+@pytest.mark.skipif(
+    os.environ.get("ENABLE_TENSORFLOW", "1") != "1",
+    reason="Skip test because TensorFlow support is not enabled.",
+)
 def test_pair_deepmd_model_devi(lammps):
     lammps.pair_style(
         f"deepmd {pb_file.resolve()} {pb_file2.resolve()} out_file {md_file.resolve()} out_freq 1 atomic"
@@ -366,6 +374,10 @@ def test_pair_deepmd_model_devi(lammps):
     assert md[3] == pytest.approx(np.sqrt(np.mean(np.square(expected_md_v))))
 
 
+@pytest.mark.skipif(
+    os.environ.get("ENABLE_TENSORFLOW", "1") != "1",
+    reason="Skip test because TensorFlow support is not enabled.",
+)
 def test_pair_deepmd_model_devi_virial(lammps):
     lammps.pair_style(
         f"deepmd {pb_file.resolve()} {pb_file2.resolve()} out_file {md_file.resolve()} out_freq 1 atomic"
@@ -406,6 +418,10 @@ def test_pair_deepmd_model_devi_virial(lammps):
     )
 
 
+@pytest.mark.skipif(
+    os.environ.get("ENABLE_TENSORFLOW", "1") != "1",
+    reason="Skip test because TensorFlow support is not enabled.",
+)
 def test_pair_deepmd_model_devi_atomic_relative(lammps):
     relative = 1.0
     lammps.pair_style(
@@ -435,6 +451,10 @@ def test_pair_deepmd_model_devi_atomic_relative(lammps):
     assert md[3] == pytest.approx(np.sqrt(np.mean(np.square(expected_md_v))))
 
 
+@pytest.mark.skipif(
+    os.environ.get("ENABLE_TENSORFLOW", "1") != "1",
+    reason="Skip test because TensorFlow support is not enabled.",
+)
 def test_pair_deepmd_model_devi_atomic_relative_v(lammps):
     relative = 1.0
     lammps.pair_style(
@@ -527,6 +547,10 @@ def test_pair_deepmd_virial_real(lammps_real):
         )
 
 
+@pytest.mark.skipif(
+    os.environ.get("ENABLE_TENSORFLOW", "1") != "1",
+    reason="Skip test because TensorFlow support is not enabled.",
+)
 def test_pair_deepmd_model_devi_real(lammps_real):
     lammps_real.pair_style(
         f"deepmd {pb_file.resolve()} {pb_file2.resolve()} out_file {md_file.resolve()} out_freq 1 atomic"
@@ -557,6 +581,10 @@ def test_pair_deepmd_model_devi_real(lammps_real):
     )
 
 
+@pytest.mark.skipif(
+    os.environ.get("ENABLE_TENSORFLOW", "1") != "1",
+    reason="Skip test because TensorFlow support is not enabled.",
+)
 def test_pair_deepmd_model_devi_virial_real(lammps_real):
     lammps_real.pair_style(
         f"deepmd {pb_file.resolve()} {pb_file2.resolve()} out_file {md_file.resolve()} out_freq 1 atomic"
@@ -621,6 +649,10 @@ def test_pair_deepmd_model_devi_virial_real(lammps_real):
     )
 
 
+@pytest.mark.skipif(
+    os.environ.get("ENABLE_TENSORFLOW", "1") != "1",
+    reason="Skip test because TensorFlow support is not enabled.",
+)
 def test_pair_deepmd_model_devi_atomic_relative_real(lammps_real):
     relative = 1.0
     lammps_real.pair_style(
@@ -654,6 +686,10 @@ def test_pair_deepmd_model_devi_atomic_relative_real(lammps_real):
     )
 
 
+@pytest.mark.skipif(
+    os.environ.get("ENABLE_TENSORFLOW", "1") != "1",
+    reason="Skip test because TensorFlow support is not enabled.",
+)
 def test_pair_deepmd_model_devi_atomic_relative_v_real(lammps_real):
     relative = 1.0
     lammps_real.pair_style(
@@ -714,6 +750,10 @@ def test_pair_deepmd_si(lammps_si):
     ("balance_args",),
     [(["--balance"],), ([],)],
 )
+@pytest.mark.skipif(
+    os.environ.get("ENABLE_TENSORFLOW", "1") != "1",
+    reason="Skip test because TensorFlow support is not enabled.",
+)
 def test_pair_deepmd_mpi(balance_args: list):
     with tempfile.NamedTemporaryFile() as f:
         sp.check_call(
diff --git a/source/lmp/tests/test_lammps_pt.py b/source/lmp/tests/test_lammps_pt.py
index f675b2b671..f6fb8f949b 100644
--- a/source/lmp/tests/test_lammps_pt.py
+++ b/source/lmp/tests/test_lammps_pt.py
@@ -226,6 +226,10 @@
 
 
 def setup_module() -> None:
+    if os.environ.get("ENABLE_PYTORCH", "1") != "1":
+        pytest.skip(
+            "Skip test because PyTorch support is not enabled.",
+        )
     write_lmp_data(box, coord, type_OH, data_file)
     write_lmp_data(box, coord, type_HO, data_type_map_file)
     write_lmp_data(
@@ -337,6 +341,10 @@ def test_pair_deepmd_virial(lammps) -> None:
         ) / constants.nktv2p == pytest.approx(expected_v[idx_map, ii])
 
 
+@pytest.mark.skipif(
+    os.environ.get("ENABLE_TENSORFLOW", "1") != "1",
+    reason="Skip test because TensorFlow support is not enabled.",
+)
 def test_pair_deepmd_model_devi(lammps) -> None:
     lammps.pair_style(
         f"deepmd {pb_file.resolve()} {pb_file2.resolve()} out_file {md_file.resolve()} out_freq 1 atomic"
@@ -363,6 +371,10 @@ def test_pair_deepmd_model_devi(lammps) -> None:
     assert md[3] == pytest.approx(np.sqrt(np.mean(np.square(expected_md_v))))
 
 
+@pytest.mark.skipif(
+    os.environ.get("ENABLE_TENSORFLOW", "1") != "1",
+    reason="Skip test because TensorFlow support is not enabled.",
+)
 def test_pair_deepmd_model_devi_virial(lammps) -> None:
     lammps.pair_style(
         f"deepmd {pb_file.resolve()} {pb_file2.resolve()} out_file {md_file.resolve()} out_freq 1 atomic"
@@ -401,6 +413,10 @@ def test_pair_deepmd_model_devi_virial(lammps) -> None:
     assert md[3] == pytest.approx(np.sqrt(np.mean(np.square(expected_md_v))))
 
 
+@pytest.mark.skipif(
+    os.environ.get("ENABLE_TENSORFLOW", "1") != "1",
+    reason="Skip test because TensorFlow support is not enabled.",
+)
 def test_pair_deepmd_model_devi_atomic_relative(lammps) -> None:
     relative = 1.0
     lammps.pair_style(
@@ -430,6 +446,10 @@ def test_pair_deepmd_model_devi_atomic_relative(lammps) -> None:
     assert md[3] == pytest.approx(np.sqrt(np.mean(np.square(expected_md_v))))
 
 
+@pytest.mark.skipif(
+    os.environ.get("ENABLE_TENSORFLOW", "1") != "1",
+    reason="Skip test because TensorFlow support is not enabled.",
+)
 def test_pair_deepmd_model_devi_atomic_relative_v(lammps) -> None:
     relative = 1.0
     lammps.pair_style(
@@ -516,6 +536,10 @@ def test_pair_deepmd_virial_real(lammps_real) -> None:
         )
 
 
+@pytest.mark.skipif(
+    os.environ.get("ENABLE_TENSORFLOW", "1") != "1",
+    reason="Skip test because TensorFlow support is not enabled.",
+)
 def test_pair_deepmd_model_devi_real(lammps_real) -> None:
     lammps_real.pair_style(
         f"deepmd {pb_file.resolve()} {pb_file2.resolve()} out_file {md_file.resolve()} out_freq 1 atomic"
@@ -546,6 +570,10 @@ def test_pair_deepmd_model_devi_real(lammps_real) -> None:
     )
 
 
+@pytest.mark.skipif(
+    os.environ.get("ENABLE_TENSORFLOW", "1") != "1",
+    reason="Skip test because TensorFlow support is not enabled.",
+)
 def test_pair_deepmd_model_devi_virial_real(lammps_real) -> None:
     lammps_real.pair_style(
         f"deepmd {pb_file.resolve()} {pb_file2.resolve()} out_file {md_file.resolve()} out_freq 1 atomic"
@@ -590,6 +618,10 @@ def test_pair_deepmd_model_devi_virial_real(lammps_real) -> None:
     )
 
 
+@pytest.mark.skipif(
+    os.environ.get("ENABLE_TENSORFLOW", "1") != "1",
+    reason="Skip test because TensorFlow support is not enabled.",
+)
 def test_pair_deepmd_model_devi_atomic_relative_real(lammps_real) -> None:
     relative = 1.0
     lammps_real.pair_style(
@@ -623,6 +655,10 @@ def test_pair_deepmd_model_devi_atomic_relative_real(lammps_real) -> None:
     )
 
 
+@pytest.mark.skipif(
+    os.environ.get("ENABLE_TENSORFLOW", "1") != "1",
+    reason="Skip test because TensorFlow support is not enabled.",
+)
 def test_pair_deepmd_model_devi_atomic_relative_v_real(lammps_real) -> None:
     relative = 1.0
     lammps_real.pair_style(
@@ -682,6 +718,10 @@ def test_pair_deepmd_si(lammps_si) -> None:
     ("balance_args",),
     [(["--balance"],), ([],)],
 )
+@pytest.mark.skipif(
+    os.environ.get("ENABLE_TENSORFLOW", "1") != "1",
+    reason="Skip test because TensorFlow support is not enabled.",
+)
 def test_pair_deepmd_mpi(balance_args: list) -> None:
     with tempfile.NamedTemporaryFile() as f:
         sp.check_call(
diff --git a/source/lmp/tests/test_lammps_spin.py b/source/lmp/tests/test_lammps_spin.py
index 9ab7271f5f..4bced5e3f0 100644
--- a/source/lmp/tests/test_lammps_spin.py
+++ b/source/lmp/tests/test_lammps_spin.py
@@ -100,6 +100,10 @@
 
 
 def setup_module() -> None:
+    if os.environ.get("ENABLE_TENSORFLOW", "1") != "1":
+        pytest.skip(
+            "Skip test because TensorFlow support is not enabled.",
+        )
     write_lmp_data_spin(box, coord, spin, type_NiO, data_file)
 
 
diff --git a/source/lmp/tests/test_lammps_spin_nopbc.py b/source/lmp/tests/test_lammps_spin_nopbc.py
index 3ef9a7a355..0147b3da23 100644
--- a/source/lmp/tests/test_lammps_spin_nopbc.py
+++ b/source/lmp/tests/test_lammps_spin_nopbc.py
@@ -99,6 +99,10 @@
 
 
 def setup_module() -> None:
+    if os.environ.get("ENABLE_TENSORFLOW", "1") != "1":
+        pytest.skip(
+            "Skip test because TensorFlow support is not enabled.",
+        )
     write_lmp_data_spin(box, coord, spin, type_NiO, data_file)
 
 
diff --git a/source/lmp/tests/test_lammps_spin_nopbc_pt.py b/source/lmp/tests/test_lammps_spin_nopbc_pt.py
index 8a4dc7a7f1..236e94b191 100644
--- a/source/lmp/tests/test_lammps_spin_nopbc_pt.py
+++ b/source/lmp/tests/test_lammps_spin_nopbc_pt.py
@@ -96,6 +96,10 @@
 
 
 def setup_module() -> None:
+    if os.environ.get("ENABLE_PYTORCH", "1") != "1":
+        pytest.skip(
+            "Skip test because PyTorch support is not enabled.",
+        )
     write_lmp_data_spin(box, coord, spin, type_NiO, data_file)
 
 
@@ -146,6 +150,10 @@ def test_pair_deepmd(lammps) -> None:
     lammps.run(1)
 
 
+@pytest.mark.skipif(
+    os.environ.get("ENABLE_TENSORFLOW", "1") != "1",
+    reason="Skip test because TensorFlow support is not enabled.",
+)
 def test_pair_deepmd_model_devi(lammps) -> None:
     lammps.pair_style(
         f"deepspin {pb_file.resolve()} {pb_file2.resolve()} out_file {md_file.resolve()} out_freq 1"
@@ -169,6 +177,10 @@ def test_pair_deepmd_model_devi(lammps) -> None:
     assert md[9] == pytest.approx(np.mean(expected_md_fm))
 
 
+@pytest.mark.skipif(
+    os.environ.get("ENABLE_TENSORFLOW", "1") != "1",
+    reason="Skip test because TensorFlow support is not enabled.",
+)
 def test_pair_deepmd_model_devi_atomic_relative(lammps) -> None:
     relative = 1.0
     lammps.pair_style(
@@ -207,6 +219,10 @@ def test_pair_deepmd_model_devi_atomic_relative(lammps) -> None:
     ("balance_args",),
     [(["--balance"],), ([],)],
 )
+@pytest.mark.skipif(
+    os.environ.get("ENABLE_TENSORFLOW", "1") != "1",
+    reason="Skip test because TensorFlow support is not enabled.",
+)
 def test_pair_deepmd_mpi(balance_args: list) -> None:
     with tempfile.NamedTemporaryFile() as f:
         sp.check_call(
diff --git a/source/lmp/tests/test_lammps_spin_pt.py b/source/lmp/tests/test_lammps_spin_pt.py
index 9a0771d047..fd46cb6514 100644
--- a/source/lmp/tests/test_lammps_spin_pt.py
+++ b/source/lmp/tests/test_lammps_spin_pt.py
@@ -96,6 +96,10 @@
 
 
 def setup_module() -> None:
+    if os.environ.get("ENABLE_PYTORCH", "1") != "1":
+        pytest.skip(
+            "Skip test because PyTorch support is not enabled.",
+        )
     write_lmp_data_spin(box, coord, spin, type_NiO, data_file)
 
 
@@ -186,6 +190,10 @@ def test_pair_deepmd_virial(lammps) -> None:
     #     ) / constants.nktv2p == pytest.approx(expected_v[idx_map, ii])
 
 
+@pytest.mark.skipif(
+    os.environ.get("ENABLE_TENSORFLOW", "1") != "1",
+    reason="Skip test because TensorFlow support is not enabled.",
+)
 def test_pair_deepmd_model_devi(lammps) -> None:
     lammps.pair_style(
         f"deepspin {pb_file.resolve()} {pb_file2.resolve()} out_file {md_file.resolve()} out_freq 1"
@@ -209,6 +217,10 @@ def test_pair_deepmd_model_devi(lammps) -> None:
     assert md[9] == pytest.approx(np.mean(expected_md_fm))
 
 
+@pytest.mark.skipif(
+    os.environ.get("ENABLE_TENSORFLOW", "1") != "1",
+    reason="Skip test because TensorFlow support is not enabled.",
+)
 def test_pair_deepmd_model_devi_atomic_relative(lammps) -> None:
     relative = 1.0
     lammps.pair_style(
@@ -247,6 +259,10 @@ def test_pair_deepmd_model_devi_atomic_relative(lammps) -> None:
     ("balance_args",),
     [(["--balance"],), ([],)],
 )
+@pytest.mark.skipif(
+    os.environ.get("ENABLE_TENSORFLOW", "1") != "1",
+    reason="Skip test because TensorFlow support is not enabled.",
+)
 def test_pair_deepmd_mpi(balance_args: list) -> None:
     with tempfile.NamedTemporaryFile() as f:
         sp.check_call(
diff --git a/source/tests/__init__.py b/source/tests/__init__.py
index 6ceb116d85..16149c2cd0 100644
--- a/source/tests/__init__.py
+++ b/source/tests/__init__.py
@@ -1 +1,7 @@
 # SPDX-License-Identifier: LGPL-3.0-or-later
+
+import os
+
+if os.environ.get("DP_CI_IMPORT_PADDLE_BEFORE_TF", "0") == "1":
+    import paddle  # noqa: F401
+    import tensorflow  # noqa: F401