diff --git a/lib/checks/media/frame-tested-after.js b/lib/checks/media/frame-tested-after.js
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..733ffe4a17
--- /dev/null
+++ b/lib/checks/media/frame-tested-after.js
@@ -0,0 +1,31 @@
+const joinStr = ' > ';
+
+function frameTestedAfter(results) {
+  const iframes = {};
+
+  return results.filter(result => {
+    const frameResult =
+      result.node.ancestry[result.node.ancestry.length - 1] !== 'html';
+
+    if (frameResult) {
+      const ancestry = result.node.ancestry.flat(Infinity).join(joinStr);
+      iframes[ancestry] = result;
+      return true;
+    }
+
+    // remove the `html` from the path to get the iframe path
+    const ancestry = result.node.ancestry
+      .slice(0, result.node.ancestry.length - 1)
+      .flat(Infinity)
+      .join(joinStr);
+
+    // pass for each iframe that has an html result
+    if (iframes[ancestry]) {
+      iframes[ancestry].result = true;
+    }
+
+    return false;
+  });
+}
+
+export default frameTestedAfter;
diff --git a/lib/checks/media/frame-tested-evaluate.js b/lib/checks/media/frame-tested-evaluate.js
index fa6d43aaf0..263a420365 100644
--- a/lib/checks/media/frame-tested-evaluate.js
+++ b/lib/checks/media/frame-tested-evaluate.js
@@ -1,28 +1,6 @@
-import { respondable } from '../../core/utils';
-
 function frameTestedEvaluate(node, options) {
-  const resolve = this.async();
-  const { isViolation, timeout } = Object.assign(
-    { isViolation: false, timeout: 500 },
-    options
-  );
-
-  // give the frame .5s to respond to 'axe.ping', else log failed response
-  let timer = setTimeout(() => {
-    // This double timeout is important for allowing iframes to respond
-    // DO NOT REMOVE
-    timer = setTimeout(() => {
-      timer = null;
-      resolve(isViolation ? false : undefined);
-    }, 0);
-  }, timeout);
-
-  respondable(node.contentWindow, 'axe.ping', null, undefined, () => {
-    if (timer !== null) {
-      clearTimeout(timer);
-      resolve(true);
-    }
-  });
+  // assume iframe is not tested
+  return options.isViolation ? false : undefined;
 }
 
 export default frameTestedEvaluate;
diff --git a/lib/checks/media/frame-tested.json b/lib/checks/media/frame-tested.json
index d765e6f840..460f2832f7 100644
--- a/lib/checks/media/frame-tested.json
+++ b/lib/checks/media/frame-tested.json
@@ -1,6 +1,7 @@
 {
   "id": "frame-tested",
   "evaluate": "frame-tested-evaluate",
+  "after": "frame-tested-after",
   "options": {
     "isViolation": false
   },
diff --git a/lib/core/base/metadata-function-map.js b/lib/core/base/metadata-function-map.js
index 6d74804a50..fc8b490f82 100644
--- a/lib/core/base/metadata-function-map.js
+++ b/lib/core/base/metadata-function-map.js
@@ -127,6 +127,7 @@ import structuredDlitemsEvaluate from '../../checks/lists/structured-dlitems-eva
 // media
 import captionEvaluate from '../../checks/media/caption-evaluate';
 import frameTestedEvaluate from '../../checks/media/frame-tested-evaluate';
+import frameTestedAfter from '../../checks/media/frame-tested-after';
 import noAutoplayAudioEvaluate from '../../checks/media/no-autoplay-audio-evaluate';
 
 // rule matches
@@ -301,6 +302,7 @@ const metadataFunctionMap = {
   // media
   'caption-evaluate': captionEvaluate,
   'frame-tested-evaluate': frameTestedEvaluate,
+  'frame-tested-after': frameTestedAfter,
   'no-autoplay-audio-evaluate': noAutoplayAudioEvaluate,
 
   // rule matches
diff --git a/lib/core/utils/pollyfills.js b/lib/core/utils/pollyfills.js
index 5211f22f38..2afe6d6cd5 100644
--- a/lib/core/utils/pollyfills.js
+++ b/lib/core/utils/pollyfills.js
@@ -318,3 +318,30 @@ if (!String.prototype.includes) {
     }
   };
 }
+
+// @see https://github.com/jonathantneal/array-flat-polyfill/blob/master/src/polyfill-flat.js
+if (!Array.prototype.flat) {
+  Object.defineProperty(Array.prototype, 'flat', {
+    configurable: true,
+    value: function flat() {
+      var depth = isNaN(arguments[0]) ? 1 : Number(arguments[0]);
+
+      return depth
+        ? Array.prototype.reduce.call(
+            this,
+            function(acc, cur) {
+              if (Array.isArray(cur)) {
+                acc.push.apply(acc, flat.call(cur, depth - 1));
+              } else {
+                acc.push(cur);
+              }
+
+              return acc;
+            },
+            []
+          )
+        : Array.prototype.slice.call(this);
+    },
+    writable: true
+  });
+}
diff --git a/lib/rules/frame-tested.json b/lib/rules/frame-tested.json
index b89241a873..e718a1bc21 100644
--- a/lib/rules/frame-tested.json
+++ b/lib/rules/frame-tested.json
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 {
   "id": "frame-tested",
-  "selector": "frame, iframe",
+  "selector": "html, frame, iframe",
   "tags": ["cat.structure", "review-item", "best-practice"],
   "metadata": {
     "description": "Ensures <iframe> and <frame> elements contain the axe-core script",
diff --git a/test/checks/media/frame-tested.js b/test/checks/media/frame-tested.js
index 70f32c9da4..82f1004acc 100644
--- a/test/checks/media/frame-tested.js
+++ b/test/checks/media/frame-tested.js
@@ -1,52 +1,249 @@
 describe('frame-tested', function() {
   'use strict';
 
-  var checkContext, iframe;
   var checkEvaluate = axe.testUtils.getCheckEvaluate('frame-tested');
-  var fixture = document.querySelector('#fixture');
-
-  beforeEach(function() {
-    iframe = document.createElement('iframe');
-    fixture.appendChild(iframe);
-    checkContext = axe.testUtils.MockCheckContext();
-    // Don't throw on async
-    checkContext._onAsync = function() {};
-  });
+  var frameTestedAfter = checks['frame-tested'].after;
+
+  describe('evaluate', function() {
+    it('returns undefined', function() {
+      assert.isUndefined(checkEvaluate());
+    });
 
-  after(function() {
-    fixture = '';
+    it('returns false if passed isViolation:true', function() {
+      assert.isFalse(checkEvaluate(null, { isViolation: true }));
+    });
   });
 
-  it('passes if the iframe contains axe-core', function(done) {
-    iframe.src = '/test/mock/frames/test.html';
-    iframe.addEventListener('load', function() {
-      checkContext._onAsync = function(result) {
-        assert.isTrue(result);
-        done();
-      };
+  describe('after', function() {
+    it('changes result to true if frame has been tested', function() {
+      var results = [
+        {
+          result: undefined,
+          node: {
+            ancestry: ['html']
+          }
+        },
+        {
+          result: undefined,
+          node: {
+            ancestry: ['html > body > iframe#1']
+          }
+        },
+        {
+          result: undefined,
+          node: {
+            ancestry: ['html > body > iframe#2']
+          }
+        },
+        {
+          result: undefined,
+          node: {
+            ancestry: ['html > body > iframe#1', 'html']
+          }
+        },
+        {
+          result: undefined,
+          node: {
+            ancestry: ['html > body > iframe#2', 'html']
+          }
+        }
+      ];
+
+      var afterResults = frameTestedAfter(results);
+      assert.lengthOf(afterResults, 2);
+
+      assert.isTrue(afterResults[0].result);
+      assert.deepEqual(afterResults[0].node.ancestry, [
+        'html > body > iframe#1'
+      ]);
 
-      checkEvaluate.call(checkContext, iframe);
+      assert.isTrue(afterResults[1].result);
+      assert.deepEqual(afterResults[1].node.ancestry, [
+        'html > body > iframe#2'
+      ]);
     });
-  });
 
-  it('fails if the iframe does not contain axe-core, and isViolation is true', function(done) {
-    checkContext._onAsync = function(result) {
-      assert.isFalse(result);
-      done();
-    };
-    // Timeout after 10ms
-    checkEvaluate.call(checkContext, iframe, {
-      timeout: 10,
-      isViolation: true
+    it('does not change result when iframe has not been tested', function() {
+      var results = [
+        {
+          result: undefined,
+          node: {
+            ancestry: ['html']
+          }
+        },
+        {
+          result: undefined,
+          node: {
+            ancestry: ['html > body > iframe#1']
+          }
+        },
+        {
+          result: undefined,
+          node: {
+            ancestry: ['html > body > iframe#2']
+          }
+        },
+        {
+          result: false,
+          node: {
+            ancestry: ['html > body > iframe#3']
+          }
+        },
+        {
+          result: undefined,
+          node: {
+            ancestry: ['html > body > iframe#1', 'html']
+          }
+        }
+      ];
+
+      var afterResults = frameTestedAfter(results);
+      assert.lengthOf(afterResults, 3);
+
+      assert.isTrue(afterResults[0].result);
+      assert.deepEqual(afterResults[0].node.ancestry, [
+        'html > body > iframe#1'
+      ]);
+
+      assert.isUndefined(afterResults[1].result);
+      assert.deepEqual(afterResults[1].node.ancestry, [
+        'html > body > iframe#2'
+      ]);
+
+      assert.isFalse(afterResults[2].result);
+      assert.deepEqual(afterResults[2].node.ancestry, [
+        'html > body > iframe#3'
+      ]);
     });
-  });
 
-  it('is incomplete if the iframe does not contain axe-core', function(done) {
-    checkContext._onAsync = function(result) {
-      assert.isUndefined(result);
-      done();
-    };
-    // Timeout after 10ms
-    checkEvaluate.call(checkContext, iframe, { timeout: 10 });
+    it('works with shadow DOM', function() {
+      var results = [
+        {
+          result: undefined,
+          node: {
+            ancestry: ['html']
+          }
+        },
+        {
+          result: undefined,
+          node: {
+            ancestry: [['html > body > custom-elm1', 'iframe#1']]
+          }
+        },
+        {
+          result: undefined,
+          node: {
+            ancestry: [['html > body > custom-elm1', 'iframe#2']]
+          }
+        },
+        {
+          result: undefined,
+          node: {
+            ancestry: [['html > body > custom-elm1', 'iframe#1'], 'html']
+          }
+        }
+      ];
+
+      var afterResults = frameTestedAfter(results);
+      assert.lengthOf(afterResults, 2);
+
+      assert.isTrue(afterResults[0].result);
+      assert.deepEqual(afterResults[0].node.ancestry, [
+        ['html > body > custom-elm1', 'iframe#1']
+      ]);
+
+      assert.isUndefined(afterResults[1].result);
+      assert.deepEqual(afterResults[1].node.ancestry, [
+        ['html > body > custom-elm1', 'iframe#2']
+      ]);
+    });
+
+    it('works with nested shadow DOM and iframes', function() {
+      var results = [
+        {
+          result: undefined,
+          node: {
+            ancestry: ['html']
+          }
+        },
+        {
+          result: undefined,
+          node: {
+            ancestry: ['html > body > iframe#1']
+          }
+        },
+        {
+          result: undefined,
+          node: {
+            ancestry: [['html > body > custom-elm1', 'iframe#2']]
+          }
+        },
+        {
+          result: undefined,
+          node: {
+            ancestry: ['html > body > iframe#1', 'html']
+          }
+        },
+        {
+          result: undefined,
+          node: {
+            ancestry: [['html > body > custom-elm1', 'iframe#2'], 'html']
+          }
+        },
+        {
+          result: undefined,
+          node: {
+            ancestry: [
+              ['html > body > custom-elm1', 'iframe#2'],
+              ['html > body > other-element', 'iframe#3']
+            ]
+          }
+        },
+        {
+          result: undefined,
+          node: {
+            ancestry: [
+              ['html > body > custom-elm1', 'iframe#2'],
+              ['html > body > other-element', 'iframe#4']
+            ]
+          }
+        },
+        {
+          result: undefined,
+          node: {
+            ancestry: [
+              ['html > body > custom-elm1', 'iframe#2'],
+              ['html > body > other-element', 'iframe#3'],
+              'html'
+            ]
+          }
+        }
+      ];
+
+      var afterResults = frameTestedAfter(results);
+      assert.lengthOf(afterResults, 4);
+
+      assert.isTrue(afterResults[0].result);
+      assert.deepEqual(afterResults[0].node.ancestry, [
+        'html > body > iframe#1'
+      ]);
+
+      assert.isTrue(afterResults[1].result);
+      assert.deepEqual(afterResults[1].node.ancestry, [
+        ['html > body > custom-elm1', 'iframe#2']
+      ]);
+
+      assert.isTrue(afterResults[2].result);
+      assert.deepEqual(afterResults[2].node.ancestry, [
+        ['html > body > custom-elm1', 'iframe#2'],
+        ['html > body > other-element', 'iframe#3']
+      ]);
+
+      assert.isUndefined(afterResults[3].result);
+      assert.deepEqual(afterResults[3].node.ancestry, [
+        ['html > body > custom-elm1', 'iframe#2'],
+        ['html > body > other-element', 'iframe#4']
+      ]);
+    });
   });
 });