diff --git a/src/lib/vacuum-filter/vacuum-filter.ts b/src/lib/vacuum-filter/vacuum-filter.ts
index 4415f7324..2e8c802f3 100644
--- a/src/lib/vacuum-filter/vacuum-filter.ts
+++ b/src/lib/vacuum-filter/vacuum-filter.ts
@@ -3,6 +3,28 @@ import { randomBytes } from "@/lib/vacuum-filter/random";
 const textEncoder = new TextEncoder();
 const BUCKET_SIZE = 4 as const;
 const DEFAULT_SCRATCH_BYTES = 256;
+const INV_2_32 = 1 / 4294967296;
+const FAST_REDUCE_MAX_BUCKETS = 1 << 21; // 2^21：保证 hv(32-bit) * buckets 在 IEEE754 中仍可精确表示整数
+const IS_LITTLE_ENDIAN = (() => {
+  const buf = new ArrayBuffer(4);
+  const view = new DataView(buf);
+  view.setUint32(0, 0x11223344, true);
+  return new Uint32Array(buf)[0] === 0x11223344;
+})();
+
+function computeFastReduceParams(numBuckets: number): {
+  bucketMask: number;
+  fastReduceMul: number | null;
+} {
+  // 1) numBuckets 为 2 的幂：位与最快
+  // 2) 否则使用 multiply-high 等价式：floor(hvIndex * numBuckets / 2^32)
+  //    该实现依赖 IEEE754 精度：当 numBuckets <= 2^21 时，32-bit hvIndex 与 numBuckets 的乘积 < 2^53，
+  //    因而计算与截断都保持精确，结果必定落在 [0, numBuckets)。
+  const bucketMask = (numBuckets & (numBuckets - 1)) === 0 ? numBuckets - 1 : 0;
+  const fastReduceMul =
+    bucketMask === 0 && numBuckets <= FAST_REDUCE_MAX_BUCKETS ? numBuckets * INV_2_32 : null;
+  return { bucketMask, fastReduceMul };
+}
 
 /**
  * Vacuum Filter（真空过滤器）
@@ -174,16 +196,19 @@ function readU32LE(bytes: Uint8Array, offset: number): number {
   );
 }
 
-// MurmurHash3 x86 32-bit x2（共享同一份 bytes 扫描；用于生成 index/tag）
-function murmur3X86_32x2(
-  bytes: Uint8Array,
-  len: number,
-  seedA: number,
-  seedB: number,
-  out: Uint32Array
-): void {
-  let hA = seedA >>> 0;
-  let hB = seedB >>> 0;
+function fmix32(h: number): number {
+  let x = h >>> 0;
+  x ^= x >>> 16;
+  x = Math.imul(x, 0x85ebca6b) >>> 0;
+  x ^= x >>> 13;
+  x = Math.imul(x, 0xc2b2ae35) >>> 0;
+  x ^= x >>> 16;
+  return x >>> 0;
+}
+
+// MurmurHash3 x86 32-bit（用于生成 index；tag 由二次混合派生）
+function murmur3X86_32(bytes: Uint8Array, len: number, seed: number, words?: Uint32Array): number {
+  let h = seed >>> 0;
   const c1 = 0xcc9e2d51;
   const c2 = 0x1b873593;
 
@@ -191,22 +216,35 @@ function murmur3X86_32x2(
   const nblocks = (length / 4) | 0;
   const blockLen = nblocks * 4;
 
-  for (let base = 0; base < blockLen; base += 4) {
-    let k =
-      (bytes[base] | (bytes[base + 1] << 8) | (bytes[base + 2] << 16) | (bytes[base + 3] << 24)) >>>
-      0;
-
-    k = Math.imul(k, c1) >>> 0;
-    k = ((k << 15) | (k >>> 17)) >>> 0;
-    k = Math.imul(k, c2) >>> 0;
+  if (words && IS_LITTLE_ENDIAN && bytes.byteOffset === 0) {
+    for (let i = 0; i < nblocks; i++) {
+      let k = words[i] >>> 0;
 
-    hA ^= k;
-    hA = ((hA << 13) | (hA >>> 19)) >>> 0;
-    hA = (Math.imul(hA, 5) + 0xe6546b64) >>> 0;
+      k = Math.imul(k, c1) >>> 0;
+      k = ((k << 15) | (k >>> 17)) >>> 0;
+      k = Math.imul(k, c2) >>> 0;
 
-    hB ^= k;
-    hB = ((hB << 13) | (hB >>> 19)) >>> 0;
-    hB = (Math.imul(hB, 5) + 0xe6546b64) >>> 0;
+      h ^= k;
+      h = ((h << 13) | (h >>> 19)) >>> 0;
+      h = (Math.imul(h, 5) + 0xe6546b64) >>> 0;
+    }
+  } else {
+    for (let base = 0; base < blockLen; base += 4) {
+      let k =
+        (bytes[base] |
+          (bytes[base + 1] << 8) |
+          (bytes[base + 2] << 16) |
+          (bytes[base + 3] << 24)) >>>
+        0;
+
+      k = Math.imul(k, c1) >>> 0;
+      k = ((k << 15) | (k >>> 17)) >>> 0;
+      k = Math.imul(k, c2) >>> 0;
+
+      h ^= k;
+      h = ((h << 13) | (h >>> 19)) >>> 0;
+      h = (Math.imul(h, 5) + 0xe6546b64) >>> 0;
+    }
   }
 
   // tail
@@ -224,28 +262,11 @@ function murmur3X86_32x2(
     k1 = Math.imul(k1, c1) >>> 0;
     k1 = ((k1 << 15) | (k1 >>> 17)) >>> 0;
     k1 = Math.imul(k1, c2) >>> 0;
-    hA ^= k1;
-    hB ^= k1;
+    h ^= k1;
   }
 
-  // fmix (A)
-  hA ^= length;
-  hA ^= hA >>> 16;
-  hA = Math.imul(hA, 0x85ebca6b) >>> 0;
-  hA ^= hA >>> 13;
-  hA = Math.imul(hA, 0xc2b2ae35) >>> 0;
-  hA ^= hA >>> 16;
-
-  // fmix (B)
-  hB ^= length;
-  hB ^= hB >>> 16;
-  hB = Math.imul(hB, 0x85ebca6b) >>> 0;
-  hB ^= hB >>> 13;
-  hB = Math.imul(hB, 0xc2b2ae35) >>> 0;
-  hB ^= hB >>> 16;
-
-  out[0] = hA >>> 0;
-  out[1] = hB >>> 0;
+  h ^= length;
+  return fmix32(h);
 }
 
 export class VacuumFilter {
@@ -261,12 +282,14 @@ export class VacuumFilter {
   private readonly lenMasks: [number, number, number, number];
 
   private readonly numBuckets: number;
+  private readonly bucketMask: number;
+  private readonly fastReduceMul: number | null;
   private readonly table: Uint32Array;
   private numItems = 0;
 
   // 热路径优化：避免 TextEncoder.encode 分配；每次 has/add/delete 复用同一块 scratch
   private scratch: Uint8Array = new Uint8Array(DEFAULT_SCRATCH_BYTES);
-  private readonly hashOut: Uint32Array = new Uint32Array(2);
+  private scratch32: Uint32Array = new Uint32Array(this.scratch.buffer);
   private tmpIndex = 0;
   private tmpTag = 0;
 
@@ -320,6 +343,9 @@ export class VacuumFilter {
       const mask = bigSeg - 1;
       this.lenMasks = [mask, mask, mask, mask];
       this.numBuckets = bucketCount;
+      const fast = computeFastReduceParams(this.numBuckets);
+      this.bucketMask = fast.bucketMask;
+      this.fastReduceMul = fast.fastReduceMul;
       this.table = new Uint32Array(this.numBuckets * BUCKET_SIZE);
       return;
     }
@@ -341,6 +367,9 @@ export class VacuumFilter {
     const segLens = [l0 + 1, l1 + 1, l2 + 1, l3 + 1];
     const maxSegLen = Math.max(...segLens);
     this.numBuckets = roundUpToMultiple(bucketCount, upperPower2(maxSegLen));
+    const fast = computeFastReduceParams(this.numBuckets);
+    this.bucketMask = fast.bucketMask;
+    this.fastReduceMul = fast.fastReduceMul;
     this.table = new Uint32Array(this.numBuckets * BUCKET_SIZE);
   }
 
@@ -432,32 +461,60 @@ export class VacuumFilter {
 
   private indexTag(key: string): void {
     // 使用 seeded MurmurHash3（32-bit）生成确定性哈希，降低可控输入退化风险
-    // 关键优化：ASCII 快路径（API Key/ID 通常为 ASCII），避免 TextEncoder.encode 分配
+    // 关键优化：尽量走 TextEncoder.encodeInto（无分配，且编码在原生层完成）
     const strLen = key.length;
     if (this.scratch.length < strLen) {
-      this.scratch = new Uint8Array(Math.max(this.scratch.length * 2, strLen));
+      // 注意：scratch32 需要 4-byte 对齐；否则 new Uint32Array(buffer) 会抛 RangeError。
+      const newLen = roundUpToMultiple(Math.max(this.scratch.length * 2, strLen), 4);
+      this.scratch = new Uint8Array(newLen);
+      this.scratch32 = new Uint32Array(this.scratch.buffer);
     }
 
-    let asciiLen = 0;
-    for (; asciiLen < strLen; asciiLen++) {
-      const c = key.charCodeAt(asciiLen);
-      if (c > 0x7f) break;
-      this.scratch[asciiLen] = c;
+    // encodeInto 可能因 out buffer 不足而截断：read < strLen 时扩容重试
+    let encoded = textEncoder.encodeInto(key, this.scratch);
+    if (encoded.read < strLen) {
+      // UTF-8 最坏 4 bytes/char；用 4x 作为上界（仅影响少见的非 ASCII key）
+      const newLen = roundUpToMultiple(Math.max(this.scratch.length * 2, strLen * 4), 4);
+      this.scratch = new Uint8Array(newLen);
+      this.scratch32 = new Uint32Array(this.scratch.buffer);
+      encoded = textEncoder.encodeInto(key, this.scratch);
     }
 
-    if (asciiLen === strLen) {
-      murmur3X86_32x2(this.scratch, strLen, this.hashSeedA, this.hashSeedB, this.hashOut);
+    // 极端情况下 encodeInto 仍可能因缓冲不足而截断：回退到 encode（保证正确性）
+    let bytes: Uint8Array;
+    let byteLen: number;
+    let words: Uint32Array | undefined;
+
+    if (encoded.read < strLen) {
+      bytes = textEncoder.encode(key);
+      byteLen = bytes.length;
+      words = undefined;
     } else {
-      // 非 ASCII：交给 TextEncoder（少见路径）
-      const keyBytes = textEncoder.encode(key);
-      murmur3X86_32x2(keyBytes, keyBytes.length, this.hashSeedA, this.hashSeedB, this.hashOut);
+      bytes = this.scratch;
+      byteLen = encoded.written;
+      words = this.scratch32;
     }
 
-    const hvIndex = this.hashOut[0] >>> 0;
-    const hvTag = this.hashOut[1] >>> 0;
-
-    // 参考实现使用 `hash % numBuckets`。这里保持简单、快速（即便 numBuckets 非 2 的幂也可用）。
-    const index = hvIndex % this.numBuckets;
+    const hvIndex = murmur3X86_32(bytes, byteLen, this.hashSeedA, words);
+
+    // tag 从 index hash 二次混合派生（避免再扫一遍 bytes）
+    // 注意：tag 不再来自“第二份独立 hash”。这会降低 (index, tag) 的独立性，但在 32-bit fingerprint 场景下碰撞概率仍极低。
+    const hvTag = fmix32((hvIndex ^ this.hashSeedB) >>> 0);
+
+    // 参考实现使用 `hash % numBuckets`；这里做一个“尽量快”的等价映射：
+    // - numBuckets 为 2 的幂：位与（最快）
+    // - numBuckets 较小：使用 multiply-high 等价式（避免 `%`）
+    // - 其它：回退到 `%`
+    const bucketMask = this.bucketMask;
+    const fastReduceMul = this.fastReduceMul;
+    // fastReduceMul != null 时：value = hvIndex * numBuckets / 2^32 < numBuckets <= 2^21，
+    // 因此 `>>> 0` 与 Math.floor 等价且不会发生 2^32 wrap。
+    const index =
+      bucketMask !== 0
+        ? (hvIndex & bucketMask) >>> 0
+        : fastReduceMul !== null
+          ? (hvIndex * fastReduceMul) >>> 0
+          : hvIndex % this.numBuckets;
 
     let tag = (hvTag & this.tagMask) >>> 0;
     if (tag === 0) tag = 1;
diff --git a/tests/unit/lib/endpoint-circuit-breaker.test.ts b/tests/unit/lib/endpoint-circuit-breaker.test.ts
index 90b938f9f..7efa8ce92 100644
--- a/tests/unit/lib/endpoint-circuit-breaker.test.ts
+++ b/tests/unit/lib/endpoint-circuit-breaker.test.ts
@@ -19,6 +19,12 @@ function createLoggerMock() {
   };
 }
 
+async function flushPromises(rounds = 2): Promise<void> {
+  for (let i = 0; i < rounds; i++) {
+    await new Promise((resolve) => setTimeout(resolve, 0));
+  }
+}
+
 afterEach(() => {
   vi.useRealTimers();
 });
@@ -134,6 +140,10 @@ describe("endpoint-circuit-breaker", () => {
       findProviderEndpointById: vi.fn(async () => null),
     }));
 
+    // recordEndpointFailure 会 non-blocking 触发告警；先让 event-loop 跑完再清空计数，避免串台导致误判
+    await flushPromises();
+    sendAlertMock.mockClear();
+
     const { triggerEndpointCircuitBreakerAlert } = await import("@/lib/endpoint-circuit-breaker");
 
     await triggerEndpointCircuitBreakerAlert(
@@ -184,6 +194,10 @@ describe("endpoint-circuit-breaker", () => {
       })),
     }));
 
+    // recordEndpointFailure 会 non-blocking 触发告警；先让 event-loop 跑完再清空计数，避免串台导致误判
+    await flushPromises();
+    sendAlertMock.mockClear();
+
     const { triggerEndpointCircuitBreakerAlert } = await import("@/lib/endpoint-circuit-breaker");
 
     await triggerEndpointCircuitBreakerAlert(10, 3, "2026-01-01T00:05:00.000Z", "timeout");
diff --git a/tests/unit/vacuum-filter/vacuum-filter-has.bench.test.ts b/tests/unit/vacuum-filter/vacuum-filter-has.bench.test.ts
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..2c5aec50a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/unit/vacuum-filter/vacuum-filter-has.bench.test.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,222 @@
+import { VacuumFilter } from "@/lib/vacuum-filter/vacuum-filter";
+import os from "node:os";
+import { describe, expect, test } from "vitest";
+
+// 说明：
+// - 这是一个“可复现的本机 microbench”，用于量化 VacuumFilter.has 的优化收益。
+// - 默认跳过（避免 CI/本地 `npm test` 触发超时）；需要显式开启：
+//   - *nix:  RUN_VACUUM_FILTER_BENCH=1 node --expose-gc node_modules/vitest/vitest.mjs run tests/unit/vacuum-filter/vacuum-filter-has.bench.test.ts
+//   - pwsh:  $env:RUN_VACUUM_FILTER_BENCH='1'; node --expose-gc node_modules/vitest/vitest.mjs run tests/unit/vacuum-filter/vacuum-filter-has.bench.test.ts
+
+const shouldRunBench = process.env.RUN_VACUUM_FILTER_BENCH === "1";
+const benchTest = shouldRunBench ? test : test.skip;
+
+function xorshift32(seed: number): () => number {
+  let s = seed >>> 0;
+  return () => {
+    s ^= (s << 13) >>> 0;
+    s ^= s >>> 17;
+    s ^= (s << 5) >>> 0;
+    return s >>> 0;
+  };
+}
+
+const ALPHABET = "ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZabcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz0123456789_-";
+
+function makeAsciiKey(rng: () => number, len: number): string {
+  let out = "";
+  for (let i = 0; i < len; i++) out += ALPHABET[rng() % ALPHABET.length];
+  return out;
+}
+
+function freshSameContent(s: string): string {
+  // 让 V8 很难复用同一个 string 实例（模拟“请求头解析后每次都是新字符串对象”）
+  return (" " + s).slice(1);
+}
+
+function median(values: number[]): number {
+  if (values.length === 0) return Number.NaN;
+  const sorted = values.slice().sort((a, b) => a - b);
+  const mid = (sorted.length / 2) | 0;
+  return sorted.length % 2 === 1 ? sorted[mid] : (sorted[mid - 1] + sorted[mid]) / 2;
+}
+
+function nsPerOp(elapsedNs: bigint, ops: number): number {
+  return Number(elapsedNs) / ops;
+}
+
+function opsPerSecFromNsPerOp(ns: number): number {
+  return 1e9 / ns;
+}
+
+function gcIfAvailable(): void {
+  const g = (globalThis as unknown as { gc?: () => void }).gc;
+  if (typeof g === "function") g();
+}
+
+type Scenario = {
+  name: string;
+  kind: "hit" | "miss";
+  strings: "reuse" | "single_use";
+  makeLookups: () => string[];
+  expectedHitsSet: number;
+  expectedHitsVf: number | null; // miss 场景 VF 允许 false positive
+};
+
+function formatMops(opsPerSec: number): string {
+  return `${(opsPerSec / 1e6).toFixed(2)} Mops/s`;
+}
+
+describe("VacuumFilter.has bench (local only)", () => {
+  benchTest(
+    "quantify Set.has vs VacuumFilter.has",
+    () => {
+      const N = 50_000;
+      const KEY_LEN = 48;
+      const LOOKUPS = 200_000;
+      const WARMUP_ROUNDS = 2;
+      const MEASURE_ROUNDS = 7;
+
+      // eslint-disable-next-line no-console
+      console.log(
+        `[bench-env] node=${process.version} v8=${process.versions.v8} platform=${process.platform} arch=${process.arch}`
+      );
+      // eslint-disable-next-line no-console
+      console.log(`[bench-env] cpu=${os.cpus()[0]?.model ?? "unknown"}`);
+      // eslint-disable-next-line no-console
+      console.log(
+        `[bench-params] N=${N} keyLen=${KEY_LEN} lookups=${LOOKUPS} warmup=${WARMUP_ROUNDS} rounds=${MEASURE_ROUNDS}`
+      );
+
+      const rng = xorshift32(0x12345678);
+      const keys: string[] = Array.from({ length: N }, () => makeAsciiKey(rng, KEY_LEN));
+
+      const set = new Set(keys);
+      const vf = new VacuumFilter({ maxItems: N, fingerprintBits: 32, seed: "bench-seed" });
+      for (const k of keys) {
+        expect(vf.add(k)).toBe(true);
+      }
+
+      const lookupIdx: number[] = Array.from({ length: LOOKUPS }, () => rng() % N);
+
+      const reusedHits: string[] = lookupIdx.map((i) => keys[i]);
+      const reusedMisses: string[] = lookupIdx.map((i) => `!${keys[i].slice(1)}`); // '!' 不在 ALPHABET，保证 miss
+
+      // Sanity: misses must be misses for Set
+      for (let i = 0; i < 1000; i++) {
+        expect(set.has(reusedMisses[i])).toBe(false);
+      }
+
+      const scenarios: Scenario[] = [
+        {
+          name: "hit/reuse",
+          kind: "hit",
+          strings: "reuse",
+          makeLookups: () => reusedHits,
+          expectedHitsSet: LOOKUPS,
+          expectedHitsVf: LOOKUPS,
+        },
+        {
+          name: "miss/reuse",
+          kind: "miss",
+          strings: "reuse",
+          makeLookups: () => reusedMisses,
+          expectedHitsSet: 0,
+          expectedHitsVf: null,
+        },
+        {
+          name: "hit/single_use",
+          kind: "hit",
+          strings: "single_use",
+          makeLookups: () => lookupIdx.map((i) => freshSameContent(keys[i])),
+          expectedHitsSet: LOOKUPS,
+          expectedHitsVf: LOOKUPS,
+        },
+        {
+          name: "miss/single_use",
+          kind: "miss",
+          strings: "single_use",
+          makeLookups: () => lookupIdx.map((i) => freshSameContent(`!${keys[i].slice(1)}`)),
+          expectedHitsSet: 0,
+          expectedHitsVf: null,
+        },
+      ];
+
+      function runSet(lookups: string[]): number {
+        let hits = 0;
+        for (let i = 0; i < lookups.length; i++) hits += set.has(lookups[i]) ? 1 : 0;
+        return hits;
+      }
+
+      function runVf(lookups: string[]): number {
+        let hits = 0;
+        for (let i = 0; i < lookups.length; i++) hits += vf.has(lookups[i]) ? 1 : 0;
+        return hits;
+      }
+
+      for (const scenario of scenarios) {
+        const setNsSamples: number[] = [];
+        const vfNsSamples: number[] = [];
+
+        // Warmup（同时也让 Set 可能缓存 string hash；这正是需要量化的差异）
+        for (let round = 0; round < WARMUP_ROUNDS; round++) {
+          const lookups = scenario.makeLookups();
+          runSet(lookups);
+          runVf(lookups);
+        }
+
+        for (let round = 0; round < MEASURE_ROUNDS; round++) {
+          const lookups = scenario.makeLookups();
+
+          // 交替测量顺序，减少“先测导致的 cache/JIT 影响”
+          const measureSetFirst = round % 2 === 0;
+          if (measureSetFirst) {
+            gcIfAvailable();
+            const t0 = process.hrtime.bigint();
+            const hitsSet = runSet(lookups);
+            const t1 = process.hrtime.bigint();
+            setNsSamples.push(nsPerOp(t1 - t0, LOOKUPS));
+            expect(hitsSet).toBe(scenario.expectedHitsSet);
+
+            gcIfAvailable();
+            const t2 = process.hrtime.bigint();
+            const hitsVf = runVf(lookups);
+            const t3 = process.hrtime.bigint();
+            vfNsSamples.push(nsPerOp(t3 - t2, LOOKUPS));
+            if (typeof scenario.expectedHitsVf === "number")
+              expect(hitsVf).toBe(scenario.expectedHitsVf);
+          } else {
+            gcIfAvailable();
+            const t0 = process.hrtime.bigint();
+            const hitsVf = runVf(lookups);
+            const t1 = process.hrtime.bigint();
+            vfNsSamples.push(nsPerOp(t1 - t0, LOOKUPS));
+            if (typeof scenario.expectedHitsVf === "number")
+              expect(hitsVf).toBe(scenario.expectedHitsVf);
+
+            gcIfAvailable();
+            const t2 = process.hrtime.bigint();
+            const hitsSet = runSet(lookups);
+            const t3 = process.hrtime.bigint();
+            setNsSamples.push(nsPerOp(t3 - t2, LOOKUPS));
+            expect(hitsSet).toBe(scenario.expectedHitsSet);
+          }
+        }
+
+        const setMedianNs = median(setNsSamples);
+        const vfMedianNs = median(vfNsSamples);
+        const setMedianOps = opsPerSecFromNsPerOp(setMedianNs);
+        const vfMedianOps = opsPerSecFromNsPerOp(vfMedianNs);
+        const ratio = vfMedianNs / setMedianNs;
+
+        // eslint-disable-next-line no-console
+        console.log(
+          `[bench] ${scenario.name} Set=${formatMops(setMedianOps)} (${setMedianNs.toFixed(1)} ns/op) | ` +
+            `VF=${formatMops(vfMedianOps)} (${vfMedianNs.toFixed(1)} ns/op) | ` +
+            `VF/Set=${ratio.toFixed(2)}x`
+        );
+      }
+    },
+    60_000
+  );
+});
diff --git a/tests/unit/vacuum-filter/vacuum-filter.test.ts b/tests/unit/vacuum-filter/vacuum-filter.test.ts
index a05a8db24..d7ab167b9 100644
--- a/tests/unit/vacuum-filter/vacuum-filter.test.ts
+++ b/tests/unit/vacuum-filter/vacuum-filter.test.ts
@@ -107,6 +107,55 @@ describe("VacuumFilter", () => {
     }
   });
 
+  test("超长 key 也应可用（避免 scratch32 对齐导致 RangeError）", () => {
+    const vf = new VacuumFilter({
+      maxItems: 1000,
+      fingerprintBits: 32,
+      maxKickSteps: 500,
+      seed: "unit-test-long-key",
+    });
+
+    // 触发 scratch 扩容：> DEFAULT_SCRATCH_BYTES*2 且不是 4 的倍数
+    const longKey = "a".repeat(1001);
+    expect(vf.add(longKey)).toBe(true);
+    expect(vf.has(longKey)).toBe(true);
+    expect(vf.delete(longKey)).toBe(true);
+    expect(vf.has(longKey)).toBe(false);
+  });
+
+  test("fast-reduce bucket index 映射不越界（非 2 的幂 numBuckets）", () => {
+    const vf = new VacuumFilter({
+      maxItems: 20_000,
+      fingerprintBits: 32,
+      maxKickSteps: 500,
+      seed: "unit-test-fast-reduce-index",
+    });
+
+    const numBuckets = vf.capacitySlots() / 4;
+
+    // @ts-expect-error: 单测需要覆盖私有字段（确保走 fast-reduce 分支）
+    const bucketMask = vf.bucketMask as number;
+    // @ts-expect-error: 单测需要覆盖私有字段（确保走 fast-reduce 分支）
+    const fastReduceMul = vf.fastReduceMul as number | null;
+
+    expect(bucketMask).toBe(0);
+    expect(fastReduceMul).not.toBeNull();
+
+    const indexTag = (key: string): void => {
+      // @ts-expect-error: 单测需要覆盖私有方法的核心不变量
+      vf.indexTag(key);
+    };
+
+    for (let i = 0; i < 10_000; i++) {
+      indexTag(`key_${i}`);
+      // @ts-expect-error: 单测需要覆盖私有字段的核心不变量
+      const index = vf.tmpIndex as number;
+      if (index < 0 || index >= numBuckets) {
+        throw new Error(`tmpIndex out of range: ${index} (numBuckets=${numBuckets})`);
+      }
+    }
+  });
+
   test("alternate index 应为可逆映射（alt(alt(i,tag),tag)=i）且不越界", () => {
     const vf = new VacuumFilter({
       maxItems: 50_000,