diff --git a/tests/core/contracts/test_concise_contract.py b/tests/core/contracts/test_concise_contract.py
index 74cbf5dbaf..7120026c07 100644
--- a/tests/core/contracts/test_concise_contract.py
+++ b/tests/core/contracts/test_concise_contract.py
@@ -1,4 +1,5 @@
 import pytest
+from unittest.mock import Mock
 
 from eth_utils import (
     decode_hex,
@@ -10,8 +11,6 @@
     ConciseMethod,
 )
 
-from unittest.mock import Mock
-
 
 @pytest.fixture()
 def EMPTY_ADDR():
diff --git a/tests/core/eth-module/test_accounts.py b/tests/core/eth-module/test_accounts.py
index 282d191c65..32e78c7f03 100644
--- a/tests/core/eth-module/test_accounts.py
+++ b/tests/core/eth-module/test_accounts.py
@@ -152,7 +152,8 @@ def test_eth_account_recover_message(acct):
         b'\x0cu0\x84\xe5\xa8)\x02\x192L\x1a:\x86\xd4\x06M\xed-\x15\x97\x9b\x1e\xa7\x90sJ\xaa,\xea\xaf\xc1"\x9c\xa4S\x81\x06\x81\x9f\xd3\xa5P\x9d\xd3\x83\xe8\xfeKs\x1chp3\x95V\xa5\xc0o\xeb\x9c\xf30\xbb\x00',  # noqa: E501
         # test signature bytes with chain-naive v (27 in this case)
         b'\x0cu0\x84\xe5\xa8)\x02\x192L\x1a:\x86\xd4\x06M\xed-\x15\x97\x9b\x1e\xa7\x90sJ\xaa,\xea\xaf\xc1"\x9c\xa4S\x81\x06\x81\x9f\xd3\xa5P\x9d\xd3\x83\xe8\xfeKs\x1chp3\x95V\xa5\xc0o\xeb\x9c\xf30\xbb\x1b',  # noqa: E501
-    ]
+    ],
+    ids=['test_sig_bytes_standard_v', 'test_sig_bytes_chain_naive_v']
 )
 def test_eth_account_recover_signature_bytes(acct, signature_bytes):
     msg_hash = b'\xbb\r\x8a\xba\x9f\xf7\xa1<N,s{i\x81\x86r\x83{\xba\x9f\xe2\x1d\xaa\xdd\xb3\xd6\x01\xda\x00\xb7)\xa1'  # noqa: E501
@@ -201,7 +202,8 @@ def test_eth_account_recover_vrs_standard_v(acct):
             'Hello World',
             HexBytes('0xa1de988600a42c4b4ab089b619297c17d53cffae5d5120d82d8a92d0bb3b78f2'),
         ),
-    ]
+    ],
+    ids=['message_to_sign', 'hexstr_as_text', 'hello_world']
 )
 def test_eth_account_hash_message_text(acct, message, expected):
     assert acct.hashMessage(text=message) == expected
@@ -218,7 +220,8 @@ def test_eth_account_hash_message_text(acct, message, expected):
             '0x29d9f7d6a1d1e62152f314f04e6bd4300ad56fd72102b6b83702869a089f470c',
             HexBytes('0xe709159ef0e6323c705786fc50e47a8143812e9f82f429e585034777c7bf530b'),
         ),
-    ]
+    ],
+    ids=['hexbytes_1', 'hexbytes_2']
 )
 def test_eth_account_hash_message_hexstr(acct, message, expected):
     assert acct.hashMessage(hexstr=message) == expected
@@ -238,6 +241,7 @@ def test_eth_account_hash_message_hexstr(acct, message, expected):
             HexBytes('0xb91467e570a6466aa9e9876cbcd013baba02900b8979d43fe208a4a4f339f5fd6007e74cd82e037b800186422fc2da167c747ef045e5d18a5f5d4300f8e1a0291c'),  # noqa: E501
         ),
     ),
+    ids=['account_1']
 )
 def test_eth_account_sign(acct, message, key, expected_bytes, expected_hash, v, r, s, signature):
     signed = acct.sign(message_text=message, private_key=key)
@@ -272,6 +276,7 @@ def test_eth_account_sign(acct, message, key, expected_bytes, expected_hash, v,
             37,
         ),
     ),
+    ids=['account_1']
 )
 def test_eth_account_sign_transaction(acct, txn, private_key, expected_raw_tx, tx_hash, r, s, v):
     signed = acct.signTransaction(txn, private_key)
diff --git a/tests/core/eth-module/test_eth_contract.py b/tests/core/eth-module/test_eth_contract.py
index a934d5f6bc..1feae103aa 100644
--- a/tests/core/eth-module/test_eth_contract.py
+++ b/tests/core/eth-module/test_eth_contract.py
@@ -1,5 +1,4 @@
 import pytest
-
 from unittest.mock import Mock
 
 
diff --git a/tests/core/middleware/test_stalecheck.py b/tests/core/middleware/test_stalecheck.py
index 249d3ecf84..78f7d67af3 100644
--- a/tests/core/middleware/test_stalecheck.py
+++ b/tests/core/middleware/test_stalecheck.py
@@ -1,5 +1,6 @@
 
 import pytest
+from unittest.mock import Mock, patch
 
 from web3.middleware import make_stalecheck_middleware
 from web3.middleware.stalecheck import (
@@ -8,8 +9,6 @@
 )
 from web3.utils.datastructures import AttributeDict
 
-from unittest.mock import Mock, patch
-
 
 @pytest.fixture
 def now():
diff --git a/tests/core/web3-module/test_conversions.py b/tests/core/web3-module/test_conversions.py
index 73476d0118..275b512952 100644
--- a/tests/core/web3-module/test_conversions.py
+++ b/tests/core/web3-module/test_conversions.py
@@ -18,7 +18,7 @@
         (256, b'\x01\x00'),
         (True, b'\x01'),
         (False, b'\x00'),
-    )
+    ),
 )
 def test_to_bytes_primitive(val, expected):
     assert Web3.toBytes(val) == expected
@@ -36,7 +36,7 @@ def test_to_bytes_primitive(val, expected):
         ('0x100', b'\x01\x00'),
         ('0x0000', b'\x00\x00'),
         ('0000', b'\x00\x00'),
-    )
+    ),
 )
 def test_to_bytes_hexstr(val, expected):
     assert Web3.toBytes(hexstr=val) == expected
@@ -47,7 +47,7 @@ def test_to_bytes_hexstr(val, expected):
     (
         ('cowmö', b'cowm\xc3\xb6'),
         ('', b''),
-    )
+    ),
 )
 def test_to_bytes_text(val, expected):
     assert Web3.toBytes(text=val) == expected
@@ -66,7 +66,7 @@ def test_to_text_identity():
         ('0x636f776dc3b6', 'cowmö'),
         (0x636f776dc3b6, 'cowmö'),
         ('0xa', '\n'),
-    )
+    ),
 )
 def test_to_text(val, expected):
     assert Web3.toText(val) == expected
@@ -79,7 +79,7 @@ def test_to_text(val, expected):
         ('0xa', '\n'),
         ('0x636f776dc3b6', 'cowmö'),
         ('636f776dc3b6', 'cowmö'),
-    )
+    ),
 )
 def test_to_text_hexstr(val, expected):
     assert Web3.toText(hexstr=val) == expected
@@ -98,7 +98,7 @@ def test_to_text_hexstr(val, expected):
         ('-1', TypeError),
         ('0x0', TypeError),
         ('0x1', TypeError),
-    )
+    ),
 )
 def test_to_int(val, expected):
     if isinstance(expected, type):
@@ -118,7 +118,7 @@ def test_to_int(val, expected):
         ('0x1', ValueError),
         ('1.1', ValueError),
         ('a', ValueError),
-    )
+    ),
 )
 def test_to_int_text(val, expected):
     if isinstance(expected, type):
@@ -139,7 +139,7 @@ def test_to_int_text(val, expected):
         ('1', 1),
         ('01', 1),
         ('10', 16),
-    )
+    ),
 )
 def test_to_int_hexstr(val, expected):
     assert Web3.toInt(hexstr=val) == expected
@@ -162,7 +162,7 @@ def test_to_int_hexstr(val, expected):
         (0x0F, '0xf'),
         (False, '0x0'),
         (True, '0x1'),
-    )
+    ),
 )
 def test_to_hex(val, expected):
     assert Web3.toHex(val) == expected
@@ -173,7 +173,7 @@ def test_to_hex(val, expected):
     (
         ('', '0x'),
         ('cowmö', '0x636f776dc3b6'),
-    )
+    ),
 )
 def test_to_hex_text(val, expected):
     assert Web3.toHex(text=val) == expected
@@ -188,7 +188,7 @@ def test_to_hex_text(val, expected):
         ('0x10', '0x10'),
         ('0xF', '0xf'),
         ('F', '0xf'),
-    )
+    ),
 )
 def test_to_hex_cleanup_only(val, expected):
     assert Web3.toHex(hexstr=val) == expected
diff --git a/tests/core/web3-module/test_sha3.py b/tests/core/web3-module/test_sha3.py
index ec9d664b73..3a84a5aa06 100644
--- a/tests/core/web3-module/test_sha3.py
+++ b/tests/core/web3-module/test_sha3.py
@@ -11,7 +11,7 @@
     [
         ('cowmö', HexBytes('0x0f355f04c0a06eebac1d219b34c598f85a1169badee164be8a30345944885fe8')),
         ('', HexBytes('0xc5d2460186f7233c927e7db2dcc703c0e500b653ca82273b7bfad8045d85a470')),
-    ]
+    ],
 )
 def test_sha3_text(message, digest):
     assert Web3.sha3(text=message) == digest
@@ -36,7 +36,7 @@ def test_sha3_text(message, digest):
             '',
             HexBytes('0xc5d2460186f7233c927e7db2dcc703c0e500b653ca82273b7bfad8045d85a470')
         ),
-    ]
+    ],
 )
 def test_sha3_hexstr(hexstr, digest):
     assert Web3.sha3(hexstr=hexstr) == digest
@@ -48,7 +48,7 @@ def test_sha3_hexstr(hexstr, digest):
         ('0x0', TypeError),
         ('', TypeError),
         (-1, ValueError),
-    ]
+    ],
 )
 def test_sha3_primitive_invalid(primitive, exception):
     with pytest.raises(exception):
@@ -66,7 +66,7 @@ def test_sha3_primitive_invalid(primitive, exception):
             b'',
             HexBytes('0xc5d2460186f7233c927e7db2dcc703c0e500b653ca82273b7bfad8045d85a470')
         ),
-    ]
+    ],
 )
 def test_sha3_primitive(primitive, digest):
     assert Web3.sha3(primitive) == digest
@@ -78,7 +78,7 @@ def test_sha3_primitive(primitive, digest):
         {'text': ''},
         {'hexstr': '0x'},
         {'text': '', 'hexstr': '0x'},
-    ]
+    ],
 )
 def test_sha3_raise_if_primitive_and(kwargs):
     # must not set more than one input
diff --git a/web3/account.py b/web3/account.py
index a14552bfe1..8f553908ed 100644
--- a/web3/account.py
+++ b/web3/account.py
@@ -1,4 +1,3 @@
-
 from collections import (
     Mapping,
 )
@@ -135,8 +134,6 @@ def setKeyBackend(self, backend):
     def sign(self, message=None, private_key=None, message_hexstr=None, message_text=None):
         '''
         @param private_key in bytes, str, or int.
-            In Python 2, a bytes, unicode or str object will be interpreted as hexstr
-            In Python 3, only a str object will be interpreted as hexstr
         '''
         msg_bytes = to_bytes(message, hexstr=message_hexstr, text=message_text)
         msg_hash = self.hashMessage(msg_bytes)
@@ -156,8 +153,6 @@ def sign(self, message=None, private_key=None, message_hexstr=None, message_text
     def signTransaction(self, transaction_dict, private_key):
         '''
         @param private_key in bytes, str, or int.
-            In Python 2, a bytes, unicode or str object will be interpreted as hexstr
-            In Python 3, only a str object will be interpreted as hexstr
         '''
         assert isinstance(transaction_dict, Mapping)
 
diff --git a/web3/middleware/__init__.py b/web3/middleware/__init__.py
index c7d538f2f5..c31a256a4f 100644
--- a/web3/middleware/__init__.py
+++ b/web3/middleware/__init__.py
@@ -1,4 +1,3 @@
-from __future__ import absolute_import
 import functools
 
 from .abi import (  # noqa: F401
diff --git a/web3/providers/eth_tester/main.py b/web3/providers/eth_tester/main.py
index 2b4854e532..49bf53ac98 100644
--- a/web3/providers/eth_tester/main.py
+++ b/web3/providers/eth_tester/main.py
@@ -1,8 +1,3 @@
-from __future__ import (
-    absolute_import,
-    unicode_literals,
-)
-
 import operator
 import random
 import sys
diff --git a/web3/utils/encoding.py b/web3/utils/encoding.py
index ec5b2d89f1..8861e22714 100644
--- a/web3/utils/encoding.py
+++ b/web3/utils/encoding.py
@@ -147,9 +147,7 @@ def to_hex(value=None, hexstr=None, text=None):
         return to_hex(text=value)
 
     if is_integer(value):
-        # python2 longs end up with an `L` hanging off the end of their hexidecimal
-        # representation.
-        return hex(value).rstrip('L')
+        return hex(value)
 
     raise TypeError(
         "Unsupported type: '{0}'.  Must be one of Boolean, Dictionary, String, "
@@ -193,7 +191,6 @@ def to_bytes(primitive=None, hexstr=None, text=None):
     elif is_integer(primitive):
         return to_bytes(hexstr=to_hex(primitive))
     elif hexstr is not None:
-        hexstr = hexstr.rstrip('L')  # handle longs in Python 2
         if len(hexstr) % 2:
             hexstr = '0x0' + remove_0x_prefix(hexstr)
         return decode_hex(hexstr)
@@ -203,10 +200,6 @@ def to_bytes(primitive=None, hexstr=None, text=None):
 
 
 def to_text(primitive=None, hexstr=None, text=None):
-    if bytes is str:
-        # must be able to tell the difference between bytes and a hexstr
-        raise NotImplementedError("This method only works in Python 3+.")
-
     assert_one_val(primitive, hexstr=hexstr, text=text)
 
     if hexstr is not None:
@@ -230,9 +223,7 @@ def text_if_str(to_type, text_or_primitive):
 
     @param to_type is a function that takes the arguments (primitive, hexstr=hexstr, text=text),
         eg~ to_bytes, to_text, to_hex, to_int, etc
-    @param hexstr_or_primitive in bytes, str, or int. (or unicode in py2)
-        In Python 2, only a unicode object will be interpreted as unicode text
-        In Python 3, only a str object will be interpreted as interpreted as unicode text
+    @param hexstr_or_primitive in bytes, str, or int.
     '''
     if isinstance(text_or_primitive, str):
         (primitive, text) = (None, text_or_primitive)
@@ -248,9 +239,7 @@ def hexstr_if_str(to_type, hexstr_or_primitive):
 
     @param to_type is a function that takes the arguments (primitive, hexstr=hexstr, text=text),
         eg~ to_bytes, to_text, to_hex, to_int, etc
-    @param text_or_primitive in bytes, str, or int. (or unicode in py2)
-        In Python 2, a bytes, unicode or str object will be interpreted as hexstr
-        In Python 3, only a str object will be interpreted as hexstr
+    @param text_or_primitive in bytes, str, or int.
     '''
     if isinstance(hexstr_or_primitive, str):
         (primitive, hexstr) = (None, hexstr_or_primitive)
diff --git a/web3/utils/signing.py b/web3/utils/signing.py
index 274ec1c177..6ea2ec96b2 100644
--- a/web3/utils/signing.py
+++ b/web3/utils/signing.py
@@ -1,4 +1,3 @@
-
 from web3.utils.encoding import (
     to_bytes,
     to_int,