build: Linux: bump GCC from 10.3

[ee7]

Just a tracking issue. There's no extreme pressure to upgrade.

We currently use ubuntu-20.04 with GCC 10.3. The ubuntu-22.04 label, which is currently in public beta, will use GCC 11 by default.

With the configlet 4.0.0-beta.3 release binary:

$ readelf -p .comment configlet

String dump of section '.comment':
  [     0]  GCC: (Ubuntu 9.2.1-12ubuntu1) 9.2.1 20191022
  [    2d]  GCC: (Ubuntu 10.3.0-1ubuntu1~20.04) 10.3.0

Links:

• 54f814c github(bin, workflows): bump GCC from 9.4 to 10.3 #591
• https://gcc.gnu.org/gcc-11/changes.html
• https://gcc.gnu.org/gcc-12/changes.html
• https://github.com/actions/virtual-environments/blob/main/images/linux/Ubuntu2004-Readme.md
• https://github.com/actions/virtual-environments/blob/main/images/linux/Ubuntu2204-Readme.md
• https://packages.ubuntu.com/jammy/gcc
• https://gcc.gnu.org/releases.html
• https://gcc.gnu.org/git/gcc.git

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Tracking issues for C compiler bumps on the other platforms:

• build: macOS: bump clang from 13.0.0 #569
• build: Windows: bump Mingw-w64 from 8.1.0 #570