diff --git a/packages/metro-resolver/src/__tests__/index-test.js b/packages/metro-resolver/src/__tests__/index-test.js
index 4bec19800e..ed835d32a1 100644
--- a/packages/metro-resolver/src/__tests__/index-test.js
+++ b/packages/metro-resolver/src/__tests__/index-test.js
@@ -32,6 +32,7 @@ const fileMap = {
     name: 'invalid',
     main: 'main',
   }),
+  '/root/node_modules/flat-file-in-node-modules.js': '',
   '/node_modules/root-module/main.js': '',
   '/node_modules/root-module/package.json': JSON.stringify({
     name: 'root-module',
@@ -110,8 +111,8 @@ it('does not resolve a relative path ending in a slash as a file', () => {
       file: null,
       dir: {
         type: 'sourceFile',
-        filePathPrefix: '/root/project/bar/index',
-        candidateExts: ['', '.js', '.jsx', '.json', '.ts', '.tsx'],
+        filePathPrefix: '/root/project/bar/',
+        candidateExts: [],
       },
     }),
   );
@@ -124,6 +125,13 @@ it('resolves a package in `node_modules`', () => {
   });
 });
 
+it('resolves a standalone file in `node_modules`', () => {
+  expect(Resolver.resolve(CONTEXT, 'flat-file-in-node-modules', null)).toEqual({
+    type: 'sourceFile',
+    filePath: '/root/node_modules/flat-file-in-node-modules.js',
+  });
+});
+
 it('fails to resolve a relative path', () => {
   try {
     Resolver.resolve(CONTEXT, './apple', null);
@@ -134,8 +142,8 @@ it('fails to resolve a relative path', () => {
     }
     expect(error.candidates).toEqual({
       dir: {
-        candidateExts: ['', '.js', '.jsx', '.json', '.ts', '.tsx'],
-        filePathPrefix: '/root/project/apple/index',
+        candidateExts: [],
+        filePathPrefix: '/root/project/apple',
         type: 'sourceFile',
       },
       file: {
@@ -326,7 +334,7 @@ it('throws a descriptive error when a file inside a Haste package cannot be reso
     "While resolving module \`some-package/subdir/does-not-exist\`, the Haste package \`some-package\` was found. However the module \`subdir/does-not-exist\` could not be found within the package. Indeed, none of these files exist:
 
       * \`/haste/some-package/subdir/does-not-exist(.js|.jsx|.json|.ts|.tsx)\`
-      * \`/haste/some-package/subdir/does-not-exist/index(.js|.jsx|.json|.ts|.tsx)\`"
+      * \`/haste/some-package/subdir/does-not-exist\`"
   `);
 });
 
diff --git a/packages/metro-resolver/src/__tests__/utils.js b/packages/metro-resolver/src/__tests__/utils.js
index c66f81eee6..76f8562755 100644
--- a/packages/metro-resolver/src/__tests__/utils.js
+++ b/packages/metro-resolver/src/__tests__/utils.js
@@ -30,6 +30,17 @@ type MockFileMap = $ReadOnly<{
 export function createResolutionContext(
   fileMap: MockFileMap = {},
 ): $Diff<ResolutionContext, {originModulePath: string}> {
+  const directorySet = new Set<string>();
+  for (const filePath of Object.keys(fileMap)) {
+    let currentDir = filePath;
+    let prevDir;
+    do {
+      prevDir = currentDir;
+      currentDir = path.dirname(currentDir);
+      directorySet.add(currentDir);
+    } while (currentDir !== prevDir);
+  }
+
   return {
     dev: true,
     allowHaste: true,
@@ -56,12 +67,20 @@ export function createResolutionContext(
       web: ['browser'],
     },
     unstable_enablePackageExports: false,
-    unstable_fileSystemLookup: filePath => {
+    unstable_fileSystemLookup: inputPath => {
+      // Normalise and remove any trailing slash.
+      const filePath = path.resolve(inputPath);
       const candidate = fileMap[filePath];
       if (typeof candidate === 'string') {
         return {exists: true, type: 'f', realPath: filePath};
       }
-      if (candidate == null || candidate.realPath == null) {
+      if (candidate == null) {
+        if (directorySet.has(filePath)) {
+          return {exists: true, type: 'd', realPath: filePath};
+        }
+        return {exists: false};
+      }
+      if (candidate.realPath == null) {
         return {exists: false};
       }
       return {
diff --git a/packages/metro-resolver/src/resolve.js b/packages/metro-resolver/src/resolve.js
index 900ba7ef87..3aa4c4f899 100644
--- a/packages/metro-resolver/src/resolve.js
+++ b/packages/metro-resolver/src/resolve.js
@@ -85,7 +85,12 @@ function resolve(
     return result.resolution;
   }
 
-  if (context.allowHaste && !isDirectImport) {
+  /**
+   * At this point, realModuleName is not a "direct" (absolute or relative)
+   * import, so it's either Haste name or a package specifier.
+   */
+
+  if (context.allowHaste) {
     const normalizedName = normalizePath(realModuleName);
     const result = resolveHasteName(context, normalizedName, platform);
     if (result.type === 'resolved') {
@@ -93,6 +98,10 @@ function resolve(
     }
   }
 
+  /**
+   * realModuleName is now a package specifier.
+   */
+
   const {disableHierarchicalLookup} = context;
 
   const nodeModulesPaths = [];
@@ -102,7 +111,10 @@ function resolve(
     let candidate;
     do {
       candidate = next;
-      nodeModulesPaths.push(path.join(candidate, 'node_modules'));
+      const nodeModulesPath = candidate.endsWith(path.sep)
+        ? candidate + 'node_modules'
+        : candidate + path.sep + 'node_modules';
+      nodeModulesPaths.push(nodeModulesPath);
       next = path.dirname(candidate);
     } while (candidate !== next);
   }
@@ -111,25 +123,38 @@ function resolve(
   nodeModulesPaths.push(...context.nodeModulesPaths);
 
   const extraPaths = [];
+
+  const parsedSpecifier = parsePackageSpecifier(realModuleName);
+
   const {extraNodeModules} = context;
-  if (extraNodeModules) {
-    let bits = path.normalize(moduleName).split(path.sep);
-    let packageName;
-    // Normalize packageName and bits for scoped modules
-    if (bits.length >= 2 && bits[0].startsWith('@')) {
-      packageName = bits.slice(0, 2).join('/');
-      bits = bits.slice(1);
-    } else {
-      packageName = bits[0];
-    }
-    if (extraNodeModules[packageName]) {
-      bits[0] = extraNodeModules[packageName];
-      extraPaths.push(path.join.apply(path, bits));
-    }
+  if (extraNodeModules && extraNodeModules[parsedSpecifier.packageName]) {
+    const newPackageName = extraNodeModules[parsedSpecifier.packageName];
+    extraPaths.push(path.join(newPackageName, parsedSpecifier.posixSubpath));
   }
 
   const allDirPaths = nodeModulesPaths
-    .map(nodeModulePath => path.join(nodeModulePath, realModuleName))
+    .map(nodeModulePath => {
+      let lookupResult = null;
+      if (context.unstable_fileSystemLookup) {
+        // Insight: The module can only exist if there is a `node_modules` at
+        // this path. Redirections cannot succeed, because we will never look
+        // beyond a node_modules path segment for finding the closest
+        // package.json. Moreover, if the specifier contains a '/' separator,
+        // the first part *must* be a real directory, because it is the
+        // shallowest path that can possibly contain a redirecting package.json.
+        const mustBeDirectory =
+          parsedSpecifier.posixSubpath !== '.' ||
+          parsedSpecifier.packageName.length > parsedSpecifier.firstPart.length
+            ? nodeModulePath + path.sep + parsedSpecifier.firstPart
+            : nodeModulePath;
+        lookupResult = context.unstable_fileSystemLookup(mustBeDirectory);
+        if (!lookupResult.exists || lookupResult.type !== 'd') {
+          return null;
+        }
+      }
+      return path.join(nodeModulePath, realModuleName);
+    })
+    .filter(Boolean)
     .concat(extraPaths);
   for (let i = 0; i < allDirPaths.length; ++i) {
     const candidate = context.redirectModulePath(allDirPaths[i]);
@@ -149,6 +174,40 @@ function resolve(
   throw new FailedToResolveNameError(nodeModulesPaths, extraPaths);
 }
 
+function parsePackageSpecifier(specifier: string) {
+  const normalized =
+    path.sep === '/' ? specifier : specifier.replaceAll('\\', '/');
+  const firstSepIdx = normalized.indexOf('/');
+  if (normalized.startsWith('@') && firstSepIdx !== -1) {
+    const secondSepIdx = normalized.indexOf('/', firstSepIdx + 1);
+    if (secondSepIdx === -1) {
+      return {
+        firstPart: normalized.slice(0, firstSepIdx),
+        packageName: normalized,
+        posixSubpath: '.',
+      };
+    }
+    return {
+      firstPart: normalized.slice(0, firstSepIdx),
+      packageName: normalized.slice(0, secondSepIdx),
+      posixSubpath: '.' + normalized.slice(secondSepIdx),
+    };
+  }
+  if (firstSepIdx === -1) {
+    return {
+      firstPart: normalized,
+      packageName: normalized,
+      posixSubpath: '.',
+    };
+  }
+  const packageName = normalized.slice(0, firstSepIdx);
+  return {
+    firstPart: packageName,
+    packageName,
+    posixSubpath: '.' + normalized.slice(firstSepIdx),
+  };
+}
+
 /**
  * Resolve any kind of module path, whether it's a file or a directory.
  * For example we may want to resolve './foobar'. The closest
@@ -336,6 +395,19 @@ function resolvePackageEntryPoint(
   packagePath: string,
   platform: string | null,
 ): Result<Resolution, FileCandidates> {
+  const dirLookup = context.unstable_fileSystemLookup?.(packagePath);
+
+  if (
+    dirLookup != null &&
+    (dirLookup.exists === false || dirLookup.type !== 'd')
+  ) {
+    return failedFor({
+      type: 'sourceFile',
+      filePathPrefix: packagePath,
+      candidateExts: [],
+    });
+  }
+
   const packageJsonPath = path.join(packagePath, 'package.json');
 
   if (!context.doesFileExist(packageJsonPath)) {
diff --git a/packages/metro/src/DeltaBundler/__tests__/__snapshots__/resolver-test.js.snap b/packages/metro/src/DeltaBundler/__tests__/__snapshots__/resolver-test.js.snap
index 8b12b1c4c1..8bdc2b00e1 100644
--- a/packages/metro/src/DeltaBundler/__tests__/__snapshots__/resolver-test.js.snap
+++ b/packages/metro/src/DeltaBundler/__tests__/__snapshots__/resolver-test.js.snap
@@ -5,7 +5,7 @@ exports[`linux assets checks asset extensions case insensitively 1`] = `
 
 None of these files exist:
   * asset.PNG(.native.js|.js|.native.json|.json)
-  * asset.PNG/index(.native.js|.js|.native.json|.json)
+  * asset.PNG
   1 | import foo from 'bar';
 > 2 | import a from './asset.PNG';
     |                ^
@@ -17,7 +17,7 @@ exports[`linux assets resolves asset files with resolution suffixes (matching ex
 
 None of these files exist:
   * c@2x.png
-  * c@2x.png/index(.native.js|.js|.native.json|.json)
+  * c@2x.png
   1 | import foo from 'bar';
 > 2 | import a from './c@2x.png';
     |                ^
@@ -29,7 +29,7 @@ exports[`linux assets resolves asset files with resolution suffixes (matching si
 
 None of these files exist:
   * a@1.5x.png
-  * a@1.5x.png/index(.native.js|.js|.native.json|.json)
+  * a@1.5x.png
   1 | import foo from 'bar';
 > 2 | import a from './a@1.5x.png';
     |                ^
@@ -41,7 +41,7 @@ exports[`linux assets resolves custom asset extensions when overriding assetExts
 
 None of these files exist:
   * asset2.png(.native.js|.js|.native.json|.json)
-  * asset2.png/index(.native.js|.js|.native.json|.json)
+  * asset2.png
   1 | import foo from 'bar';
 > 2 | import a from './asset2.png';
     |                ^
@@ -116,7 +116,7 @@ exports[`linux packages in node_modules/ browser field in package.json resolves
 
 None of these files exist:
   * node_modules/aPackage/foo.js(.native.js|.js|.native.json|.json)
-  * node_modules/aPackage/foo.js/index(.native.js|.js|.native.json|.json)
+  * node_modules/aPackage/foo.js
   1 | import foo from 'bar';
 > 2 | import f from './foo.js';
     |                ^
@@ -146,7 +146,7 @@ exports[`linux packages in node_modules/ react-native field in package.json reso
 
 None of these files exist:
   * node_modules/aPackage/foo.js(.native.js|.js|.native.json|.json)
-  * node_modules/aPackage/foo.js/index(.native.js|.js|.native.json|.json)
+  * node_modules/aPackage/foo.js
   1 | import foo from 'bar';
 > 2 | import f from './foo.js';
     |                ^
@@ -176,7 +176,7 @@ exports[`linux platforms resolves platform-specific files 1`] = `
 
 None of these files exist:
   * foo.js(.ios.js|.native.js|.js|.ios.json|.native.json|.json)
-  * foo.js/index(.ios.js|.native.js|.js|.ios.json|.native.json|.json)
+  * foo.js
   1 | import foo from 'bar';
 > 2 | import f from './foo.js';
     |                ^
@@ -188,7 +188,7 @@ exports[`linux relative paths fails when trying to implicitly require an extensi
 
 None of these files exist:
   * a.another(.native.js|.js|.native.json|.json)
-  * a.another/index(.native.js|.js|.native.json|.json)
+  * a.another
   1 | import foo from 'bar';
 > 2 | import root from './a.another';
     |                   ^
@@ -200,7 +200,7 @@ exports[`linux relative paths with additional files included in the file map (wa
 
 None of these files exist:
   * a(.native.js|.js|.native.json|.json)
-  * a/index(.native.js|.js|.native.json|.json)
+  * a
   1 | import foo from 'bar';
 > 2 | import a from './a';
     |                ^
@@ -212,7 +212,7 @@ exports[`win32 assets checks asset extensions case insensitively 1`] = `
 
 None of these files exist:
   * asset.PNG(.native.js|.js|.native.json|.json)
-  * asset.PNG\\\\index(.native.js|.js|.native.json|.json)
+  * asset.PNG
   1 | import foo from 'bar';
 > 2 | import a from './asset.PNG';
     |                ^
@@ -224,7 +224,7 @@ exports[`win32 assets resolves asset files with resolution suffixes (matching ex
 
 None of these files exist:
   * c@2x.png
-  * c@2x.png\\\\index(.native.js|.js|.native.json|.json)
+  * c@2x.png
   1 | import foo from 'bar';
 > 2 | import a from './c@2x.png';
     |                ^
@@ -236,7 +236,7 @@ exports[`win32 assets resolves asset files with resolution suffixes (matching si
 
 None of these files exist:
   * a@1.5x.png
-  * a@1.5x.png\\\\index(.native.js|.js|.native.json|.json)
+  * a@1.5x.png
   1 | import foo from 'bar';
 > 2 | import a from './a@1.5x.png';
     |                ^
@@ -248,7 +248,7 @@ exports[`win32 assets resolves custom asset extensions when overriding assetExts
 
 None of these files exist:
   * asset2.png(.native.js|.js|.native.json|.json)
-  * asset2.png\\\\index(.native.js|.js|.native.json|.json)
+  * asset2.png
   1 | import foo from 'bar';
 > 2 | import a from './asset2.png';
     |                ^
@@ -323,7 +323,7 @@ exports[`win32 packages in node_modules/ browser field in package.json resolves
 
 None of these files exist:
   * node_modules\\\\aPackage\\\\foo.js(.native.js|.js|.native.json|.json)
-  * node_modules\\\\aPackage\\\\foo.js\\\\index(.native.js|.js|.native.json|.json)
+  * node_modules\\\\aPackage\\\\foo.js
   1 | import foo from 'bar';
 > 2 | import f from './foo.js';
     |                ^
@@ -353,7 +353,7 @@ exports[`win32 packages in node_modules/ react-native field in package.json reso
 
 None of these files exist:
   * node_modules\\\\aPackage\\\\foo.js(.native.js|.js|.native.json|.json)
-  * node_modules\\\\aPackage\\\\foo.js\\\\index(.native.js|.js|.native.json|.json)
+  * node_modules\\\\aPackage\\\\foo.js
   1 | import foo from 'bar';
 > 2 | import f from './foo.js';
     |                ^
@@ -383,7 +383,7 @@ exports[`win32 platforms resolves platform-specific files 1`] = `
 
 None of these files exist:
   * foo.js(.ios.js|.native.js|.js|.ios.json|.native.json|.json)
-  * foo.js\\\\index(.ios.js|.native.js|.js|.ios.json|.native.json|.json)
+  * foo.js
   1 | import foo from 'bar';
 > 2 | import f from './foo.js';
     |                ^
@@ -395,7 +395,7 @@ exports[`win32 relative paths fails when trying to implicitly require an extensi
 
 None of these files exist:
   * a.another(.native.js|.js|.native.json|.json)
-  * a.another\\\\index(.native.js|.js|.native.json|.json)
+  * a.another
   1 | import foo from 'bar';
 > 2 | import root from './a.another';
     |                   ^
@@ -407,7 +407,7 @@ exports[`win32 relative paths with additional files included in the file map (wa
 
 None of these files exist:
   * a(.native.js|.js|.native.json|.json)
-  * a\\\\index(.native.js|.js|.native.json|.json)
+  * a
   1 | import foo from 'bar';
 > 2 | import a from './a';
     |                ^
diff --git a/packages/metro/src/integration_tests/__tests__/__snapshots__/build-errors-test.js.snap b/packages/metro/src/integration_tests/__tests__/__snapshots__/build-errors-test.js.snap
index d51b6bbd02..4c83580cfc 100644
--- a/packages/metro/src/integration_tests/__tests__/__snapshots__/build-errors-test.js.snap
+++ b/packages/metro/src/integration_tests/__tests__/__snapshots__/build-errors-test.js.snap
@@ -5,7 +5,7 @@ Unable to resolve module ./does-not-exist from <dir>/cannot-resolve-require.js:
 
 None of these files exist:
   * build-errors/does-not-exist(.web.js|.native.js|.js|.web.jsx|.native.jsx|.jsx|.web.json|.native.json|.json|.web.ts|.native.ts|.ts|.web.tsx|.native.tsx|.tsx)
-  * build-errors/does-not-exist/index(.web.js|.native.js|.js|.web.jsx|.native.jsx|.jsx|.web.json|.native.json|.json|.web.ts|.native.ts|.ts|.web.tsx|.native.tsx|.tsx)
+  * build-errors/does-not-exist
   13 |
   14 | // $FlowExpectedError[cannot-resolve-module]
 > 15 | const DoesNotExist = require('./does-not-exist');
@@ -20,7 +20,7 @@ Unable to resolve module ./does-not-exist from <dir>/cannot-resolve-import.js:
 
 None of these files exist:
   * build-errors/does-not-exist(.web.js|.native.js|.js|.web.jsx|.native.jsx|.jsx|.web.json|.native.json|.json|.web.ts|.native.ts|.ts|.web.tsx|.native.tsx|.tsx)
-  * build-errors/does-not-exist/index(.web.js|.native.js|.js|.web.jsx|.native.jsx|.jsx|.web.json|.native.json|.json|.web.ts|.native.ts|.ts|.web.tsx|.native.tsx|.tsx)
+  * build-errors/does-not-exist
   13 |
   14 | // $FlowExpectedError[cannot-resolve-module]
 > 15 | import DoesNotExist from './does-not-exist';
@@ -35,7 +35,7 @@ Unable to resolve module ./does-not-exist from <dir>/inline-requires-cannot-reso
 
 None of these files exist:
   * build-errors/does-not-exist(.web.js|.native.js|.js|.web.jsx|.native.jsx|.jsx|.web.json|.native.json|.json|.web.ts|.native.ts|.ts|.web.tsx|.native.tsx|.tsx)
-  * build-errors/does-not-exist/index(.web.js|.native.js|.js|.web.jsx|.native.jsx|.jsx|.web.json|.native.json|.json|.web.ts|.native.ts|.ts|.web.tsx|.native.tsx|.tsx)
+  * build-errors/does-not-exist
   13 |
   14 | // $FlowExpectedError[cannot-resolve-module]
 > 15 | const DoesNotExist = require('./does-not-exist');
@@ -50,7 +50,7 @@ Unable to resolve module ./does-not-exist from <dir>/inline-requires-cannot-reso
 
 None of these files exist:
   * build-errors/does-not-exist(.web.js|.native.js|.js|.web.jsx|.native.jsx|.jsx|.web.json|.native.json|.json|.web.ts|.native.ts|.ts|.web.tsx|.native.tsx|.tsx)
-  * build-errors/does-not-exist/index(.web.js|.native.js|.js|.web.jsx|.native.jsx|.jsx|.web.json|.native.json|.json|.web.ts|.native.ts|.ts|.web.tsx|.native.tsx|.tsx)
+  * build-errors/does-not-exist
   13 |
   14 | // $FlowExpectedError[cannot-resolve-module]
 > 15 | import DoesNotExist from './does-not-exist';
@@ -65,7 +65,7 @@ Unable to resolve module ./does-not'"-exist from <dir>/cannot-resolve-multi-line
 
 None of these files exist:
   * build-errors/does-not'"-exist(.web.js|.native.js|.js|.web.jsx|.native.jsx|.jsx|.web.json|.native.json|.json|.web.ts|.native.ts|.ts|.web.tsx|.native.tsx|.tsx)
-  * build-errors/does-not'"-exist/index(.web.js|.native.js|.js|.web.jsx|.native.jsx|.jsx|.web.json|.native.json|.json|.web.ts|.native.ts|.ts|.web.tsx|.native.tsx|.tsx)
+  * build-errors/does-not'"-exist
   14 | import type DoesNotExistT from './does-not/'"-exist';
   15 |
 > 16 | import {
@@ -80,7 +80,7 @@ Unable to resolve module ./does-not'"-exist from <dir>/cannot-resolve-specifier-
 
 None of these files exist:
   * build-errors/does-not'"-exist(.web.js|.native.js|.js|.web.jsx|.native.jsx|.jsx|.web.json|.native.json|.json|.web.ts|.native.ts|.ts|.web.tsx|.native.tsx|.tsx)
-  * build-errors/does-not'"-exist/index(.web.js|.native.js|.js|.web.jsx|.native.jsx|.jsx|.web.json|.native.json|.json|.web.ts|.native.ts|.ts|.web.tsx|.native.tsx|.tsx)
+  * build-errors/does-not'"-exist
   15 |
   16 | // $FlowExpectedError[cannot-resolve-module]
 > 17 | import {DoesNotExist} from './does-not/'"-exist';
@@ -95,7 +95,7 @@ Unable to resolve module ./foo from <dir>/cannot-resolve-require-with-embedded-c
 
 None of these files exist:
   * build-errors/foo(.web.js|.native.js|.js|.web.jsx|.native.jsx|.jsx|.web.json|.native.json|.json|.web.ts|.native.ts|.ts|.web.tsx|.native.tsx|.tsx)
-  * build-errors/foo/index(.web.js|.native.js|.js|.web.jsx|.native.jsx|.jsx|.web.json|.native.json|.json|.web.ts|.native.ts|.ts|.web.tsx|.native.tsx|.tsx)
+  * build-errors/foo
   13 |
   14 | // $FlowExpectedError[cannot-resolve-module]
 > 15 | const DoesNotExist = require('./foo' /* ./foo */);
@@ -110,7 +110,7 @@ Unable to resolve module ./does-not-exist from <dir>/cannot-resolve-multi-line-i
 
 None of these files exist:
   * build-errors/does-not-exist(.web.js|.native.js|.js|.web.jsx|.native.jsx|.jsx|.web.json|.native.json|.json|.web.ts|.native.ts|.ts|.web.tsx|.native.tsx|.tsx)
-  * build-errors/does-not-exist/index(.web.js|.native.js|.js|.web.jsx|.native.jsx|.jsx|.web.json|.native.json|.json|.web.ts|.native.ts|.ts|.web.tsx|.native.tsx|.tsx)
+  * build-errors/does-not-exist
   25 |   iiiiiiiiii,
   26 |   // $FlowExpectedError[cannot-resolve-module]
 > 27 | } from './does-not-exist';