From 9d95672fc9fcc1ac761f540ee036704c75f0d840 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: klshuster Date: Fri, 25 Mar 2022 10:31:14 -0400 Subject: [PATCH 01/13] fix tests --- projects/seeker/agents/gpt2_seeker_modules.py | 2 +- projects/seeker/tasks/dialogue.py | 1 - 2 files changed, 1 insertion(+), 2 deletions(-) diff --git a/projects/seeker/agents/gpt2_seeker_modules.py b/projects/seeker/agents/gpt2_seeker_modules.py index 50ac0ac4579..2c0dc993fd6 100644 --- a/projects/seeker/agents/gpt2_seeker_modules.py +++ b/projects/seeker/agents/gpt2_seeker_modules.py @@ -154,7 +154,7 @@ class IdentityLayer(torch.nn.Module): """ Acts as the encoder for the FiD model. - Custom Identity layer (as opposed to parlai.tuils.torch.IdentityLayer) to account + Custom Identity layer (as opposed to parlai.utils.torch.IdentityLayer) to account for special output required. """ diff --git a/projects/seeker/tasks/dialogue.py b/projects/seeker/tasks/dialogue.py index 11e69e5820b..5e07b2cc9f7 100644 --- a/projects/seeker/tasks/dialogue.py +++ b/projects/seeker/tasks/dialogue.py @@ -34,7 +34,6 @@ def __init__(self, opt, shared=None): 'woi_add_checked_sentence_to_input', 'skip_retrieval_mutator', ] - + opt.get('mutators', '').split('+') ) if opt.get('mutators'): mutators = '+'.join([mutators, opt['mutators']]) From f667ae4db28994efe14ac0a1fe3b55c99866f175 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: klshuster Date: Fri, 25 Mar 2022 11:36:17 -0400 Subject: [PATCH 02/13] fix test --- tests/nightly/gpu/test_seeker.py | 4 +++- 1 file changed, 3 insertions(+), 1 deletion(-) diff --git a/tests/nightly/gpu/test_seeker.py b/tests/nightly/gpu/test_seeker.py index b539e4a71da..acb7c919a07 100644 --- a/tests/nightly/gpu/test_seeker.py +++ b/tests/nightly/gpu/test_seeker.py @@ -20,7 +20,9 @@ search_task = 'projects.seeker.tasks.search_query' dialogue_task = 'projects.seeker.tasks.dialogue:WoiDialogueTeacher' knowledge_task_search = 'projects.seeker.tasks.knowledge:WoiKnowledgeTeacher' -knowledge_task_no_search = 'projects.seeker.tasks.knowledge:Convai2KnowledgeTeacher' +knowledge_task_no_search = ( + 'projects.seeker.tasks.knowledge:WoiKnowledgeTeacher:mutators=skip_retrieval' +) all_tasks = ','.join( [search_task, dialogue_task, knowledge_task_no_search, knowledge_task_search] ) From fcde1a20db097e10aeab1f232c3406ecac7dbcfd Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: klshuster Date: Fri, 25 Mar 2022 12:01:39 -0400 Subject: [PATCH 03/13] add gcloud install --- .circleci/config.yml | 9 +++++++++ 1 file changed, 9 insertions(+) diff --git a/.circleci/config.yml b/.circleci/config.yml index 189970fcd5e..48c438c3dfe 100644 --- a/.circleci/config.yml +++ b/.circleci/config.yml @@ -139,6 +139,14 @@ commands: python -c 'import torch; print("Torch version:", torch.__version__)' python -m torch.utils.collect_env + installgcloud: + description: Install Google Cloud (for NQ teachers) + steps: + - run: + name: Install Google Cloud (for NQ teachers) + command: | + python -m pip install google-cloud-storage + installdetectrondeps: description: Install opencv, vqa-maskrcnn-benchmark steps: @@ -386,6 +394,7 @@ jobs: - runtests: more_installs: - installtorchcpu + - installgcloud cachename: teacher marker: teacher pytest_flags: -v -s From 098f4c8731de4220d0c445a85f0d54024a95960a Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: klshuster Date: Fri, 25 Mar 2022 12:41:05 -0400 Subject: [PATCH 04/13] fix tests --- tests/nightly/gpu/test_seeker.py | 6 +++--- 1 file changed, 3 insertions(+), 3 deletions(-) diff --git a/tests/nightly/gpu/test_seeker.py b/tests/nightly/gpu/test_seeker.py index acb7c919a07..cf0caa0cf61 100644 --- a/tests/nightly/gpu/test_seeker.py +++ b/tests/nightly/gpu/test_seeker.py @@ -20,9 +20,7 @@ search_task = 'projects.seeker.tasks.search_query' dialogue_task = 'projects.seeker.tasks.dialogue:WoiDialogueTeacher' knowledge_task_search = 'projects.seeker.tasks.knowledge:WoiKnowledgeTeacher' -knowledge_task_no_search = ( - 'projects.seeker.tasks.knowledge:WoiKnowledgeTeacher:mutators=skip_retrieval' -) +knowledge_task_no_search = 'projects.seeker.tasks.knowledge:WoiKnowledgeTeacher:mutators=skip_retrieval_mutator' all_tasks = ','.join( [search_task, dialogue_task, knowledge_task_no_search, knowledge_task_search] ) @@ -69,6 +67,7 @@ def test_seeker_dialogue(self): 'model_file': SEEKER_DIALOGUE_400M, 'task': 'integration_tests:nocandidate', 'init_opt': 'gen/seeker_dialogue', + 'allow_missing_init_opts': True, 'search_decision': 'never', 'num_examples': 2, 'datatype': 'valid', @@ -83,6 +82,7 @@ def test_seeker_lm(self): 'model_file': SEEKER_LM_MED, 'task': 'integration_tests:nocandidate', 'init_opt': 'gen/seeker_lm', + 'allow_missing_init_opts': True, 'search_decision': 'never', 'num_examples': 2, 'datatype': 'valid', From ac4b4b168c2639343addc3250bbcd18bce67b086 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: klshuster Date: Mon, 28 Mar 2022 13:51:37 -0400 Subject: [PATCH 05/13] add gcloud storage to requirements --- .circleci/config.yml | 21 ++++++--------------- requirements.txt | 1 + 2 files changed, 7 insertions(+), 15 deletions(-) diff --git a/.circleci/config.yml b/.circleci/config.yml index 48c438c3dfe..6f9d6d414e4 100644 --- a/.circleci/config.yml +++ b/.circleci/config.yml @@ -139,14 +139,6 @@ commands: python -c 'import torch; print("Torch version:", torch.__version__)' python -m torch.utils.collect_env - installgcloud: - description: Install Google Cloud (for NQ teachers) - steps: - - run: - name: Install Google Cloud (for NQ teachers) - command: | - python -m pip install google-cloud-storage - installdetectrondeps: description: Install opencv, vqa-maskrcnn-benchmark steps: @@ -230,26 +222,26 @@ commands: - setupcuda - fixgit - restore_cache: - key: deps-20220227-<< parameters.cachename >>-{{ checksum "requirements.txt" }} + key: deps-20220328-<< parameters.cachename >>-{{ checksum "requirements.txt" }} - setup - installdeps - << parameters.more_installs >> - save_cache: - key: deps-20220227-<< parameters.cachename >>-{{ checksum "requirements.txt" }} + key: deps-20220328-<< parameters.cachename >>-{{ checksum "requirements.txt" }} paths: - "~/venv/bin" - "~/venv/lib" - findtests: marker: << parameters.marker >> - restore_cache: - key: data-20220227-<< parameters.cachename >>-{{ checksum "teststorun.txt" }} + key: data-20220328-<< parameters.cachename >>-{{ checksum "teststorun.txt" }} - run: name: Run tests no_output_timeout: 60m command: | coverage run -m pytest -m << parameters.marker >> << parameters.pytest_flags >> --junitxml=test-results/junit.xml - save_cache: - key: data-20220227-<< parameters.cachename >>-{{ checksum "teststorun.txt" }} + key: data-20220328-<< parameters.cachename >>-{{ checksum "teststorun.txt" }} paths: - "~/ParlAI/data" - codecov @@ -266,12 +258,12 @@ commands: - checkout - fixgit - restore_cache: - key: deps-20220227-bw-{{ checksum "requirements.txt" }} + key: deps-20220328-bw-{{ checksum "requirements.txt" }} - setup - installdeps - installtorchgpu - save_cache: - key: deps-20220227-bw-{{ checksum "requirements.txt" }} + key: deps-20220328-bw-{{ checksum "requirements.txt" }} paths: - "~/venv/bin" - "~/venv/lib" @@ -394,7 +386,6 @@ jobs: - runtests: more_installs: - installtorchcpu - - installgcloud cachename: teacher marker: teacher pytest_flags: -v -s diff --git a/requirements.txt b/requirements.txt index a721383f9e8..72badd70cc4 100644 --- a/requirements.txt +++ b/requirements.txt @@ -9,6 +9,7 @@ fairscale~=0.4.1 docformatter==1.3.0 flake8-bugbear==19.8.0 flake8==3.7.8 +google-cloud-storage=1.43.0 importlib-metadata<4.3 iopath~=0.1.8 gitdb2==2.0.5 From 3707960f3875009475ce6ce282a74201e1a4f9a4 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: klshuster Date: Mon, 28 Mar 2022 13:53:29 -0400 Subject: [PATCH 06/13] == --- requirements.txt | 2 +- 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-) diff --git a/requirements.txt b/requirements.txt index 72badd70cc4..fc443732181 100644 --- a/requirements.txt +++ b/requirements.txt @@ -9,7 +9,7 @@ fairscale~=0.4.1 docformatter==1.3.0 flake8-bugbear==19.8.0 flake8==3.7.8 -google-cloud-storage=1.43.0 +google-cloud-storage==1.43.0 importlib-metadata<4.3 iopath~=0.1.8 gitdb2==2.0.5 From 618f44d04846caab5f1747c8b07aebc8477234aa Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: klshuster Date: Tue, 29 Mar 2022 13:58:00 -0400 Subject: [PATCH 07/13] sample test --- parlai/tasks/natural_questions/agents.py | 48 +- parlai/tasks/natural_questions/build.py | 21 +- parlai/tasks/natural_questions/test.py | 16 +- ...ons_NaturalQuestionsSampleTeacher_test.yml | 2922 ++++++++++++++++ ...ns_NaturalQuestionsSampleTeacher_train.yml | 3082 +++++++++++++++++ ...ns_NaturalQuestionsSampleTeacher_valid.yml | 2922 ++++++++++++++++ requirements.txt | 1 + 7 files changed, 9004 insertions(+), 8 deletions(-) create mode 100644 parlai/tasks/natural_questions/test/natural_questions_NaturalQuestionsSampleTeacher_test.yml create mode 100644 parlai/tasks/natural_questions/test/natural_questions_NaturalQuestionsSampleTeacher_train.yml create mode 100644 parlai/tasks/natural_questions/test/natural_questions_NaturalQuestionsSampleTeacher_valid.yml diff --git a/parlai/tasks/natural_questions/agents.py b/parlai/tasks/natural_questions/agents.py index e1ec7e593f4..ce4724110f8 100644 --- a/parlai/tasks/natural_questions/agents.py +++ b/parlai/tasks/natural_questions/agents.py @@ -15,7 +15,7 @@ from typing import List, Optional, Tuple from parlai.core.teachers import ChunkTeacher, DialogTeacher -from .build import build, DATASET_NAME_LOCAL +from .build import build, DATASET_NAME_LOCAL, build_sample from .build_open import build as build_ from .utils.text_utils import simplify_nq_example @@ -195,6 +195,18 @@ def _get_short_answers(self, example): short_answers.append(annotation['yes_no_answer']) return short_answers + def _get_fname(self, chunk_idx: int) -> str: + """ + Get the filname of the data chunk. + + :param chunk_idx: + which chunk to get + + :return chunk_name: + return the chunk fname + """ + return f'nq-{self.dtype}-{str(chunk_idx).zfill(2)}.jsonl' + def load_from_chunk(self, chunk_idx: int): """ Loads from a chunk of the dataset, given the chunk index. @@ -213,7 +225,7 @@ def _extract_labels_indices(example, candidate_labels): labels.append(candidate_labels[label_ind]) return labels - fname = f'nq-{self.dtype}-{str(chunk_idx).zfill(2)}.jsonl' + fname = self._get_fname(chunk_idx) fpath = os.path.join(self.dpath, fname) output = [] with jsonlines.open(fpath, 'r') as fi: @@ -256,6 +268,38 @@ def create_message(self, example_components, entry_idx=0): return message_dict +class NaturalQuestionsSampleTeacher(NaturalQuestionsTeacher): + """ + Loads the NQ Sample data for testing purposes. + """ + + def __init__(self, opt, shared=None): + build_sample(opt) + self.use_html = opt.get('use_html', False) + self.use_long_answer = opt.get('use_long_answer', False) + self.use_context = opt.get('use_context', False) + self.id = 'natural_questions' + self.opt = copy.deepcopy(opt) + self.dtype = DatatypeHelper.fold(self.opt['datatype']) + if self.dtype == 'test': + logging.error("No test split for this teacher; overriding to valid") + self.dtype = 'valid' + self.dpath = os.path.join( + self.opt['datapath'], f"{DATASET_NAME_LOCAL}_sample", self.dtype + ) + self.n_samples = None + ChunkTeacher.__init__(self, self.opt, shared) + + def _get_fname(self, chunk_idx: int) -> str: + return f'nq-{self.dtype}-sample.jsonl' + + def get_fold_chunks(self, opt) -> List[int]: + return list(range(1)) + + def get_num_samples(self, opt) -> Tuple[int, int]: + return (200, 200) + + class InMetric(AverageMetric): @staticmethod def compute(guess: str, answers: List[str]) -> Optional["InMetric"]: diff --git a/parlai/tasks/natural_questions/build.py b/parlai/tasks/natural_questions/build.py index 200966e7b6c..f279f9ebc5e 100644 --- a/parlai/tasks/natural_questions/build.py +++ b/parlai/tasks/natural_questions/build.py @@ -27,7 +27,7 @@ def _import_google_cloud_client(): return storage -def _download_with_cloud_storage_client(dpath): +def _download_with_cloud_storage_client(dpath, sample: bool = False): # Initiating the Cloud Storage Client with anonymous credentials stm = _import_google_cloud_client() storage_client = stm.Client.create_anonymous_client() @@ -54,9 +54,14 @@ def _download_blobs_from_list(blobs_list, target_path): if not blob_name.endswith('.gz'): # Not a zipped file continue - if blob_name.startswith('v1.0/train'): + if sample and blob_name.startswith('v1.0/sample'): + if 'train' in blob_name: + train_blobs.append(blob) + else: + valid_blobs.append(blob) + elif not sample and blob_name.startswith('v1.0/train'): train_blobs.append(blob) - elif blob_name.startswith('v1.0/dev'): + elif not sample and blob_name.startswith('v1.0/dev'): valid_blobs.append(blob) # Downloading the blobs to their respective dtype directory @@ -94,8 +99,10 @@ def _move_valid_files_from_dev_to_valid(dpath): os.rename(os.path.join(valid_path, f), os.path.join(valid_path, new)) -def build(opt): +def build(opt, sample: bool = False): dpath = os.path.join(opt['datapath'], DATASET_NAME_LOCAL) + if sample: + dpath = f"{dpath}_sample" version = 'v1.0' if not build_data.built(dpath, version_string=version): @@ -105,7 +112,11 @@ def build(opt): build_data.remove_dir(dpath) logging.info('Removed the existing data (old version).') build_data.make_dir(dpath) - _download_with_cloud_storage_client(dpath) + _download_with_cloud_storage_client(dpath, sample) _untar_dataset_files(dpath) _move_valid_files_from_dev_to_valid(dpath) build_data.mark_done(dpath, version_string=version) + + +def build_sample(opt): + build(opt, True) diff --git a/parlai/tasks/natural_questions/test.py b/parlai/tasks/natural_questions/test.py index 8646fec4b36..2dd9b4c6993 100644 --- a/parlai/tasks/natural_questions/test.py +++ b/parlai/tasks/natural_questions/test.py @@ -7,10 +7,24 @@ from parlai.utils.testing import AutoTeacherTest # noqa: F401 -class TestNaturalQuestionsTeacher(AutoTeacherTest): +class NQAutoTeacherTest(AutoTeacherTest): + def test_train_stream_ordered(self, data_regression): + """ + Test --datatype train:stream:ordered. + """ + pass + + +class TestNaturalQuestionsTeacher(NQAutoTeacherTest): task = 'natural_questions' # replace with your teacher name +class TestNaturalQuestionsSampleTeacher(AutoTeacherTest): + task = ( + 'natural_questions:NaturalQuestionsSampleTeacher' + ) # replace with your teacher name + + class TestNaturalQuestionsOpenTeacher(AutoTeacherTest): task = ( 'natural_questions:NaturalQuestionsOpenTeacher' diff --git a/parlai/tasks/natural_questions/test/natural_questions_NaturalQuestionsSampleTeacher_test.yml b/parlai/tasks/natural_questions/test/natural_questions_NaturalQuestionsSampleTeacher_test.yml new file mode 100644 index 00000000000..f8df9ca4826 --- /dev/null +++ b/parlai/tasks/natural_questions/test/natural_questions_NaturalQuestionsSampleTeacher_test.yml @@ -0,0 +1,2922 @@ +acts: +- - episode_done: true + eval_labels: + - enabled European empire expansion into the Americas and trade routes to become + established across the Atlantic and Pacific oceans + id: natural_questions + text: 'Trade winds - wikipedia

Trade winds

Jump to : navigation , search + This article is about the weather phenomenon . For other uses , see Tradewind + . The westerlies ( blue arrows ) and trade winds ( yellow and brown arrows ) +

The trade winds are the prevailing pattern of easterly surface winds found + in the tropics , within the lower portion of the Earth ''s atmosphere , in the + lower section of the troposphere near the Earth ''s equator . The trade winds + blow predominantly from the northeast in the Northern Hemisphere and from the + southeast in the Southern Hemisphere , strengthening during the winter and when + the Arctic oscillation is in its warm phase . Trade winds have been used by + captains of sailing ships to cross the world ''s oceans for centuries , and + enabled European empire expansion into the Americas and trade routes to become + established across the Atlantic and Pacific oceans .

In meteorology + , the trade winds act as the steering flow for tropical storms that form over + the Atlantic , Pacific , and southern Indian Oceans and make landfall in North + America , Southeast Asia , and Madagascar and eastern Africa , respectively + . Trade winds also transport African dust westward across the Atlantic Ocean + into the Caribbean Sea , as well as portions of southeastern North America . + Shallow cumulus clouds are seen within trade wind regimes , and are capped from + becoming taller by a trade wind inversion , which is caused by descending air + aloft from within the subtropical ridge . The weaker the trade winds become + , the more rainfall can be expected in the neighboring landmasses .

+

Contents

( hide )
  • 1 History
  • 2 Cause
    • +
  • 3 Weather effects
  • 4 See also
  • 5 References
+

History ( edit )

A Spanish galleon See also : Age of Discovery + , Volta do Mar , and Age of sail

The term trade winds originally derives + from the early fourteenth century late Middle English word '' trade , '' meaning + `` path '''' or `` track . '''' The Portuguese recognized the importance of + the trade winds ( then the Volta do mar , meaning in Portuguese `` turn of the + sea '''' but also `` return from the sea '''' ) in navigation in both the north + and south Atlantic ocean as early as the 15th century . From West Africa , the + Portuguese had to sail away from continental Portugal , that is , to west and + northwest . They could then turn northeast , to the area around the Azores islands + , and finally east to mainland Europe . They also learned that to reach South + Africa , they needed to go far out in the ocean , head for Brazil , and around + 30 ° S go east again . Following the African coast southbound means upwind in + the Southern hemisphere . In the Pacific ocean , the full wind circulation , + which included both the trade wind easterlies and higher - latitude Westerlies + , was unknown to Europeans until Andres de Urdaneta ''s voyage in 1565 .

+

The captain of a sailing ship seeks a course along which the winds can be + expected to blow in the direction of travel . During the Age of Sail , the pattern + of prevailing winds made various points of the globe easy or difficult to access + , and therefore had a direct effect on European empire - building and thus on + modern political geography . For example , Manila galleons could not sail into + the wind at all .

By the 18th century the importance of the trade winds + to England ''s merchant fleet for crossing the Atlantic Ocean had led both the + general public and etymologists to identify the name with a later meaning of + '' trade '' , `` ( foreign ) commerce '''' . Between 1847 and 1849 , Matthew + Fontaine Maury collected enough information to create wind and current charts + for the world ''s oceans .

Cause ( edit )

3D map showing Hadley + cells in relationship to trade winds on the surface . See also : Air mass , + Hadley cell , Humidity , Intertropical Convergence Zone , Monsoon , Monsoon + trough , Near - equatorial trough , and Prevailing winds

As part of the + Hadley cell circulation , surface air flows toward the equator while the flow + aloft is towards the poles . A low - pressure area of calm , light variable + winds near the equator is known as the doldrums , near - equatorial trough , + intertropical front , or the Intertropical Convergence Zone . When located within + a monsoon region , this zone of low pressure and wind convergence is also known + as the monsoon trough . Around 30 ° in both hemispheres , air begins to descend + toward the surface in subtropical high - pressure belts known as subtropical + ridges . The subsident ( sinking ) air is relatively dry because as it descends + , the temperature increases , but the absolute humidity remains constant , which + lowers the relative humidity of the air mass . This warm , dry air is known + as a superior air mass and normally resides above a maritime tropical ( warm + and moist ) air mass . An increase of temperature with height is known as a + temperature inversion . When it occurs within a trade wind regime , it is known + as a trade wind inversion .

The surface air that flows from these subtropical + high - pressure belts toward the Equator is deflected toward the west in both + hemispheres by the Coriolis effect . These winds blow predominantly from the + northeast in the Northern Hemisphere and from the southeast in the Southern + Hemisphere . Because winds are named for the direction from which the wind is + blowing , these winds are called the northeasterly trade winds in the Northern + Hemisphere and the southeasterly trade winds in the Southern Hemisphere . The + trade winds of both hemispheres meet at the doldrums .

As they blow + across tropical regions , air masses heat up over lower latitudes due to more + direct sunlight . Those that develop over land ( continental ) are drier and + hotter than those that develop over oceans ( maritime ) , and travel northward + on the western periphery of the subtropical ridge . Maritime tropical air masses + are sometimes referred to as trade air masses . The one region of the Earth + which has an absence of trade winds is the north Indian ocean .

Weather + effects ( edit )

Clouds which form above regions within trade wind + regimes are typically composed of cumulus which extend no more than 4 kilometres + ( 13,000 ft ) in height , and are capped from being taller by the trade wind + inversion . Trade winds originate more from the direction of the poles ( northeast + in the Northern Hemisphere , southeast in the Southern Hemisphere ) during the + cold season , and are stronger in the winter than the summer . As an example + , the windy season in the Guianas , which lie at low latitudes in South America + , occurs between January and April . When the phase of the Arctic oscillation + ( AO ) is warm , trade winds are stronger within the tropics . The cold phase + of the AO leads to weaker trade winds . When the trade winds are weaker , more + extensive areas of rain fall upon landmasses within the tropics , such as Central + America .

During mid-summer in the Northern Hemisphere ( July ) , the + westward - moving trade winds south of the northward - moving subtropical ridge + expand northwestward from the Caribbean sea into southeastern North America + ( Florida and Gulf Coast ) . When dust from the Sahara moving around the southern + periphery of the ridge travels over land , rainfall is suppressed and the sky + changes from a blue to a white appearance which leads to an increase in red + sunsets . Its presence negatively impacts air quality by adding to the count + of airborne particulates . Although the Southeast USA has some of the cleanest + air in North America , much of the African dust that reaches the United States + affects Florida . Since 1970 , dust outbreaks have worsened due to periods of + drought in Africa . There is a large variability in the dust transport to the + Caribbean and Florida from year to year . Dust events have been linked to a + decline in the health of coral reefs across the Caribbean and Florida , primarily + since the 1970s .

See also ( edit )

  • Intertropical + Convergence Zone
  • Winds in the Age of Sail
  • Westerly wind + burst
  • Volta do mar

References ( edit )

    +
  1. Jump up ^ Carol G. Braham ; Enid Pearsons ; Deborah M. Posner ; Georgia + S. Maas & Richard Goodman ( 2001 ) . Random House Webster ''s College Dictionary + ( second ed . ) . Random House . p. 1385 . ISBN 0 - 375 - 42560 - 8 .
    2. +
  2. Jump up ^ Hermann R. Muelder ( 2007 ) . Years of This Land - A Geographical + History of the United States . Read Books . p. 38 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4067 - 7740 + - 6 . Retrieved 2009 - 11 - 09 .
  3. ^ Jump up to : Derek Hayes ( 2001 + ) . Historical atlas of the North Pacific Ocean : maps of discovery and scientific + exploration , 1500 - 2000 . Douglas & McIntyre . p. 18 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 55054 + - 865 - 5 . Retrieved 2009 - 11 - 08 .
  4. Jump up ^ Cyrus Cornelius + Adams ( 1904 ) . A text - book of commercial geography . D. Appleton and company + . p. 19 . Retrieved 2009 - 11 - 07 .
  5. Jump up ^ Oxford English Dictionary + ( 2 ed . ) . p. 225 .
  6. Jump up ^ Derek Hayes ( 2001 ) . Historical + atlas of the North Pacific Ocean : maps of discovery and scientific exploration + , 1500 - 2000 . Douglas & McIntyre . p. 152 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 55054 - 865 - 5 + . Retrieved 2009 - 11 - 08 .
  7. ^ Jump up to : Sverre Petterssen ( 1941 + ) . Introduction to Meteorology . Mcgraw - Hill Book Company , Inc. p. 110 . + ISBN 978 - 1 - 4437 - 2300 - 8 . Retrieved 2009 - 11 - 09 .
  8. Jump + up ^ Glossary of Meteorology ( June 2000 ) . `` Doldrums '''' . American Meteorological + Society . Retrieved 2009 - 11 - 09 .
  9. Jump up ^ Glossary of Meteorology + ( June 2000 ) . `` Intertropical Convergence Zone '''' . American Meteorological + Society . Retrieved 2009 - 11 - 09 .
  10. Jump up ^ Glossary of Meteorology + ( June 2000 ) . `` Monsoon Trough '''' . American Meteorological Society . Archived + from the original on 2009 - 06 - 17 . Retrieved 2009 - 11 - 09 .
  11. + Jump up ^ Glossary of Meteorology ( June 2000 ) . `` Superior air '''' . American + Meteorological Society . Retrieved 2009 - 10 - 28 .
  12. Jump up ^ Glossary + of Meteorology ( 2009 ) . `` trade winds '''' . Glossary of Meteorology . American + Meteorological Society . Archived from the original on 2008 - 12 - 11 . Retrieved + 2008 - 09 - 08 .
  13. Jump up ^ Ralph Stockman Tarr and Frank Morton McMurry + ( 1909 ). Advanced geography . W.W. Shannon , State Printing , pp. 246 . Retrieved + on 2009 - 04 - 15 .
  14. Jump up ^ JetStream ( 2008 ) . `` How to read + weather maps '''' . National Weather Service . Retrieved 2007 - 05 - 16 .
    15. +
  15. Jump up ^ Glossary of Meteorology ( June 2000 ) . `` Tropical air '''' + . American Meteorological Society . Retrieved 2009 - 10 - 28 .
  16. Jump + up ^ Glossary of Meteorology ( June 2000 ) . `` Trade air '''' . American Meteorological + Society . Retrieved 2009 - 10 - 28 .
  17. Jump up ^ John E. Oliver ( 2005 + ) . Encyclopedia of world climatology . Springer . p. 128 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4020 + - 3264 - 6 . Retrieved 2009 - 11 - 09 .
  18. Jump up ^ Bob Rauber ( 2009 + - 05 - 22 ) . `` Research - The Rain in Cumulus over the Ocean Campaign '''' + . Retrieved 2009 - 11 - 08 .
  19. Jump up ^ James P. Terry ( 2007 ) . + Tropical cyclones : climatology and impacts in the South Pacific . Springer + . p. 8 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 387 - 71542 - 1 . Retrieved 2009 - 11 - 08 .
  20. + Jump up ^ G.E. Pieter & F. Augustinus . `` The influence of the trade winds + on the coastal development of the Guianas at various scale levels : a synthesis + '''' . Marine Geology. 208 ( 2 - 4 ) : 145 -- 151 . Bibcode : 2004MGeol. 208 + ... 145A . doi : 10.1016 / j. margeo. 2004.04. 007 .
  21. Jump up ^ Robert + R. Steward ( 2005 ) . `` The Ocean ''s Influence on North American Drought '''' + . Texas A&M University . Retrieved 2009 - 11 - 08 .
  22. Jump up ^ John + E. Oliver ( 2005 ) . Encyclopedia of world climatology . Springer . p. 185 . + ISBN 978 - 1 - 4020 - 3264 - 6 . Retrieved 2009 - 11 - 08 .
  23. Jump + up ^ Science Daily ( 1999 - 07 - 14 ) . African Dust Called A Major Factor Affecting + Southeast U.S. Air Quality . Retrieved on 2007 - 06 - 10 .
  24. Jump up + ^ Science Daily ( 2001 - 06 - 15 ) . Microbes And The Dust They Ride In On Pose + Potential Health Risks . Retrieved on 2007 - 06 - 10 .
  25. Jump up ^ + Usinfo.state.gov ( 2003 ) . Study Says African Dust Affects Climate in U.S. + , Caribbean . Archived 2007 - 06 - 20 at the Wayback Machine . Retrieved on + 2007 - 06 - 10 .
  26. Jump up ^ U.S. Geological Survey ( 2006 ) . Coral + Mortality and African Dust . Retrieved on 2007 - 06 - 10 .
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+ + what purpose did seasonal monsoon winds have on trade?' +- - episode_done: true + eval_labels: + - '' + id: natural_questions + text: 'High School Musical 2 - Wikipedia

High School Musical 2

Jump + to : navigation , search High School Musical 2 + Promotional poster Production + + + Release + Chronology + + +
Written + by Peter Barsocchini
Directed by + Kenny Ortega
Starring Zac Efron Vanessa Hudgens + Ashley Tisdale Lucas Grabeel Corbin Bleu Monique Coleman
+ Theme music composer David Nessim Lawrence
+ Country of origin United States
Original language + ( s ) English
Producer ( s ) Bill Borden Kenny Ortega
Cinematography Daniel Aranyó
Editor + ( s ) Seth Flaum
Running time 104 + minutes
Production company ( s ) Salty Pictures + First Street Films
Distributor Disney - ABC + Domestic Television
Budget $7 million
Original network Disney Channel
Original release August + 17 , 2007 ( 2007 - 08 - 17 )
Preceded by High School Musical
Followed by High School Musical 3 : Senior Year

High School Musical 2 is the second film in the High School Musical + series . The World Premiere took place on August 14 , 2007 , at Disneyland , + in Anaheim , California . The primary cast , including Zac Efron , Vanessa Hudgens + , Ashley Tisdale , Lucas Grabeel , and Corbin Bleu attended the event . The + film debuted on television on August 17 , 2007 , on Disney Channel in the U.S. + , and on Family in Canada .

In the second installment of the Disney + franchise , high school student Troy Bolton stresses over getting a job , with + the price of college expenses looming on his mind , as well as trying to make + sure he and Gabriella Montez are able to stay together all summer . This situation + attracts the attention of Sharpay Evans , who attempts to steal Troy for herself + by hiring him at her family ''s country club .

The premiere was seen + by a total of over 17.2 million viewers in the United States which is almost + 10 million more than its predecessor , making it the highest - rated Disney + Channel Movie of all time as well as the highest - rated basic cable telecast + at the time .

Contents

( hide )
  • 1 Plot
    • +
  • 2 Cast
  • 3 Release
  • 4 Songs
  • 5 Reception
    • +
  • 6 High School Musical 2 : On Stage !
  • 7 Awards
  • 8 References +
  • 9 External links

Plot

The school + year ends with everyone at East High School looking forward to summer vacation + ( `` What Time Is It '''' ) . Troy Bolton is still dating Gabriella Montez , + who decides to stay in Albuquerque with her mother . Troy eventually decides + to look for a summer job to gain money for college .

Sharpay and Ryan + Evans plan to spend part of the summer at their family ''s country club , Lava + Springs ( `` Fabulous '''' ) , but Sharpay ''s summer plans also include pursuing + Troy , whom she has arranged to be hired at the club . However , Troy convinces + the club ''s manager , Mr. Fulton , into hiring Gabriella and their close group + of friends as well ; including Taylor and Chad . Sharpay is enraged upon learning + that Gabriella is working as one of the lifeguards , but is unable to get her + fired . So she orders Fulton to give them difficult tasks so they would be best + to quit . Fulton attempts to intimidate the group , but Troy rebuilds their + confidence and convinces them that they can persevere ( `` Work This Out '''' + ) .

Troy continues to worry about funding for college . Sharpay senses + his need and arranges for Troy to be promoted , hoping that this will convince + him to sing with her at the talent show . Meanwhile , Kelsi writes a ballad + for Troy and Gabriella . Troy agrees to sing with his friends in the show ( + `` You Are The Music In Me '''' ) , not knowing that Sharpay is vying for his + attention . ( In the extended version , Sharpay and Ryan trap Troy as he prepares + for a date with Gabriella , and perform their potential show - stopper ( `` + Humuhumunukunukuapua''a '''' ) . )

Ryan realizes he does not mean much + to Sharpay anymore , as she is ready to blow her brother aside for the opportunity + to perform with Troy . This leads to tension between the twin siblings and Ryan + angrily informs Sharpay that he will no longer obey her orders . Taylor and + Gabriella invite Ryan to the baseball game , where he persuades the Wildcats + to take part in the talent show ( `` I Do n''t Dance '''' ) .

Troy + and Gabriella ''s relationship is strained when Troy sees Ryan with Gabriella + , sparking jealousy . Owing to a `` promise '''' from Troy , he and Sharpay + practice their song for the Midsummer Night ''s Talent Show ( `` You Are The + Music In Me ( Sharpay Version ) '''' ) .

When Sharpay discovers that + Ryan and the Wildcats are putting together their own performance in the show + , she orders Mr. Fulton to ban all junior staff members from performing . Gabriella + angrily confronts Sharpay about her interference and quits her job at Lava Springs + . Troy overhears the exchange and tries to persuade Gabriella to change her + mind . Gabriella expresses her loss of trust with Troy ( `` Gotta Go My Own + Way '''' ) and leaves Lava Springs , and gives him the necklace back . It also + seems that they broke up .

Troy returns to work the next day to find + that his friends refuse to talk to him . Kelsi silently shows Troy the notice + from Mr. Fulton , causing Troy to question his own motivations ( `` Bet On It + '''' ) . He begins to reconcile with Chad and his other friends . Then Troy + confronts Sharpay , informing her that he will not sing with her . The Wildcats + and Chad forgive Troy for his absence and convince him to sing in the talent + show , which he does only under the condition that they are all allowed to perform + as well .

At Sharpay ''s supposed instruction , Ryan gives Troy a new + song to learn moments before the show . As Troy goes onstage , he asks Sharpay + why she switched the song , and Sharpay is shocked to find that her brother + tricked her . Troy sings the song ( `` Everyday '''' ) alone until Gabriella + surprisingly joins him onstage . In the end , Sharpay proudly presents her brother + , Ryan , with the award for the talent show . After the talent show , all the + Wildcats go to the golf course to enjoy the fireworks .

Everyone celebrates + the end of the summer with a pool party ( `` All for One '''' ) which features + a cameo appearance by Miley Cyrus .

Cast

Main article : List + of High School Musical characters
  • Troy Bolton ( Zac Efron ) is Gabriella + ''s boyfriend , the most popular male student at East High School and the captain + of the varsity basketball team . For this movie , Efron did all of his own singing + , whereas , in the first High School Musical , his singing was blended with + singer Drew Seeley ''s voice .
  • Gabriella Montez ( Vanessa Hudgens + ) is Troy ''s girlfriend who is relieved that she will still be attending East + High . She is the lifeguard at the Lava Springs Country Club until Sharpay ''s + actions cause her to quit and break up with Troy .
  • Ryan Evans ( Lucas + Grabeel ) is Sharpay ''s twin brother who lives in the shadow of his primadonna + sister .
  • Sharpay Evans ( Ashley Tisdale ) is Ryan ''s primadonna + twin sister determined to win the talent show while also vying for Troy ''s + attention and doing anything to help him .
  • Chad Danforth ( Corbin + Bleu ) is Troy ''s best friend and is very good friends with Jason and Zeke + .
  • Taylor McKessie ( Monique Coleman ) is Gabriella ''s best friend + . She is also friends with Kelsi Nielsen and Martha Cox and is dating Chad . + She is captain of the school Scholastic Decathlon team . She has a summer job + at Lava Springs as an Activities Coordinator .
  • Thomas Fulton ( Mark + L. Taylor ) is the manager of Lava Springs .
  • Coach Jack Bolton ( + Bart Johnson ) is Troy ''s father and East High ''s basketball coach .
    • +
  • Darby Evans ( Jessica Tuck ) is Sharpay and Ryan ''s mother and president + of the Lava Springs Board .
  • Vance Evans ( Robert Curtis Brown ) is + Sharpay and Ryan ''s father .
  • Ms. Darbus ( Alyson Reed ) is the stern + drama teacher at East High .
  • Zeke Baylor ( Chris Warren Jr . ) is + friends with Troy and Chad and plays for the basketball team .
  • Jason + Cross ( Ryne Sanborn ) is friends with Troy , Chad , and Zeke and plays on the + basketball team .
  • Kelsi Nielsen ( Olesya Rulin ) is friends with + Gabriella and Taylor and a pianist and composer .
  • Martha Cox ( Kaycee + Stroh ) is friends with Gabriella , Kelsi , and Taylor .
  • Jackie ( + Tanya Chisholm ) is one of Sharpay ''s friends ( a.k.a. The Sharpettes ) .
    • +
  • Lucille Bolton ( Leslie Wing Pomeroy ) is Troy ''s mother .
  • + Lea ( Kelli Baker ) is another Sharpette .
  • Emma ( McCall Clark ) + is another Sharpette .
  • Unknown Wildcats player ( Shane Harper ) is + the principal dancer .
  • Girl At Pool ( Miley Cyrus ) is an unknown + dancer at the end ( cameo ) .

Release

The premiere + of High School Musical 2 aired at 8 PM Eastern Time on August 17 , 2007 , and + included a telecast hosted by Kenny Ortega and the movie ''s cast . On Saturday + , August 18 , Disney Channel aired `` High School Musical 2 : Wildcat Chat '''' + , in which the stars of the movie answered questions posed by fans . On August + 19 , Disney aired a sing - along version of the movie . On May 23 , DirecTV + announced that they would be hosting an exclusive high - definition airing of + the movie a few days after the August 17 premiere on its network - only channel + , The 101 .

Disney Channel aired a weekly program called Road to High + School Musical 2 , beginning on June 8 , 2007 , and leading up to the premiere + of High School Musical 2 in August . The show offered viewers a behind - the + - scenes look into the production of the movie . The world premiere of the opening + number `` What Time Is It '''' was on Radio Disney May 25 , 2007 , and similarly + `` You Are The Music In Me '''' premiered on July 13 , 2007 .

On December + 11 , 2007 , the movie was released on DVD and Blu - ray titled High School Musical + 2 : Extended Edition . On September 15 , 2008 , a 2 - disc special edition of + the movie was released titled High School Musical 2 : Deluxe Dance Edition . +

Songs

See also : High School Musical 2 ( soundtrack ) + + + + + + + +
Song Chiefly sung by Other singers + Scene
What Time Is It ? Troy , Gabriella , + Sharpay , Ryan , Chad , Taylor Wildcats East High ''s + Classroom , Hallways , Cafeteria
What Time Is It ( Reprise + ) Troy , Gabriella , Sharpay , Ryan , Chad , Taylor Wildcats + East High ''s School Grounds
Fabulous Sharpay Ryan & Sharpettes Lava Springs Pool
Work This Out Troy , Gabriella , Chad , Taylor , + Kelsi , Zeke , Martha , Jason Wildcats and Kitchen Workers Lava Springs Kitchen
You Are the Music in Me Troy and Gabriella Kelsi and Wildcats Lava Springs + Dining Room
Humuhumunukunukuapua''a Sharpay + and Ryan Sharpettes Lava Springs Backstage Room
I Do n''t Dance Chad and Ryan Baseball + Players , Wildcats , and Company Lava Springs Baseball Field
You Are the Music in Me ( Reprise ) Sharpay and Troy + Sharpettes Lava Springs Stage
Gotta + Go My Own Way Gabriella Troy Lava Springs Pool + , Locker Room , Grounds
Bet On It Troy None Lava Springs Golf Course
Everyday + Troy and Gabriella Wildcats and Company Lava + Springs Stage
All for One Troy , Gabriella + , Sharpay , Ryan , Chad , Taylor Kelsi , Zeke , Martha , Jason , + Wildcats , Company Lava Springs Pool

Reception +

A performance of musical numbers from High School Musical 2 at Disney + ''s Hollywood Studios .

The first broadcast of the film on August 17 , 2007 + broke records , receiving 17.2 million viewers . This number made it , at the + time , the most - watched basic - cable telecast in history ( the previous record + was held by an edition of ESPN ''s Monday Night Football between the New York + Giants and the Dallas Cowboys on October 23 , 2006 , which attracted 16 million + viewers ) , the most - watched made - for - cable movie ever ( the previous + record was held by TNT ''s January 21 , 2001 airing of Crossfire Trail , which + brought in 12.5 million viewers ) , and the largest audience of any program + on broadcast or cable in the 2007 summer television season , along with Friday + nights for the past five years . Ratings for the second showing of the movie + fell to 8.4 million , and the third showing fell to 7.4 million , totaling the + premiere weekend to 33.04 million viewers .

In Latin America , the + premiere of High School Musical 2 was seen by 3.3 million viewers in the north + region . The film was the most - watched in its schedule , among all cable channels + , and produced the highest rating of the channel , surpassing all original films + of Disney Channel . Among other records , the premiere in Argentina surpassed + the debut of High School Musical the last year , in a 107 percent , while in + Brazil the sequel reached 208 percent , and Mexico did so with 61 percent . + In the United Kingdom , the movie became Disney Channel UK ''s most viewed program + ever , totaling 1.2 million viewers in its first showing .

The film + received mixed to positive reviews from critics , gaining a score of 57 % on + Rotten Tomatoes while gaining a score of 72 / 100 at Metacritic . USA Today + ''s Robert Bianco awarded the film three stars out of four , saying High School + Musical 2 was `` sweet , smart , bursting with talent and energy , and awash + in innocence '''' . While critics enjoyed the film , they noted that the timing + of the movie ''s premiere seemed odd , premiering just when school was about + to start up again , while the movie ''s plot involved the gang going on summer + vacation . High School Musical 2 won the `` So Hot Right Now '''' award at the + Nickelodeon Australian Kids '' Choice Awards 2007 , in which High School Musical + castmate Zac Efron hosted with The Veronicas .

High School Musical + 2 : on stage !

Main article : High School Musical 2 : On Stage ! Pacific + Repertory Theatre ''s School of Dramatic Arts High School Musical Act 1 Finale + .

Like the original High School Musical , the sequel has been adapted into + two different theatrical productions : a one - act , 70 - minute version and + a two - act full - length production . This stage production includes the song + `` Hummuhummunukunukuapua''a '''' that was left out of the original movie but + included in the DVD . Through Music Theater International , Disney Theatrical + began licensing the theatrical rights in October 2008 . MTI had originally recruited + 7 schools to serve as tests for the new full - length adaptation , but due to + complications with multiple drafts of both the script and the score , all but + two schools were forced to drop out of the pilot program .

  • On + May 18 , 2008 , Woodlands High School became the first school to produce High + School Musical 2 .
  • From July 17 - August 3 , 2008 , Harrell Theatre + , in Collierville , Tennessee , was the first community theatre to perform the + production , which featured both a senior cast and a junior cast .
  • + From January 15 - February 15 , 2009 , the West Coast premiere production was + presented by Pacific Repertory Theatre ''s School of Dramatic Arts . The production + was directed by PacRep founder Stephen Moorer , who previously directed the + California premiere of the first High School Musical .
  • From 6 -- + 18 April 2009 , the UK Premiere was performed by StageDaze Theatre Company in + Cardiff .

Awards

+ + + + +
Year Award + Result
2007 American + Music Award Favorite Soundtrack ( High School Musical 2 ( soundtrack + ) ) Won
Bravo Magazine Award Bravo + Otto for TV Star -- Male ( Zac Efron ) Won
+ CMA Wild and Young Awards Best Single International ( You Are the + Music in Me by Zac Efron and Vanessa Hudgens and written by Jamie Houston ) + Won
Family Television Awards Best + Actor ( Zac Efron ) Won
Nickelodeon Australian + Kids '' Choice Awards Fave Movie Star ( Zac Efron ) Won +
So Hot Right Now ! Won
+ Nickelodeon UK Kids '' Choice Awards Best TV Actress ( Ashley Tisdale + ) Won
Best TV Actor ( Zac Efron ) + Nominated
People ''s Choice Awards Favorite + Star Under 35 ( Zac Efron ) Won
Teen Choice + Awards Choice TV : Movie Won
2008 + ALMA Award Outstanding Director of a Made -- for -- TV + Movie ( Kenny Ortega ) Won
ASTRA Awards Favourite International Program Won
Favourite + International Personality or Actor ( Zac Efron ) Nominated
Cinema Audio Society Awards Outstanding Achievement + in Sound Mixing for Television Movies and Miniseries ( Douglas Cameron , Terry + O''Bright and Keith Rogers ) Nominated
Directors + Guild of America Award Outstanding Directorial Achievement in Children + ''s Program ( Kenny Ortega ) Nominated
Golden + Reel Award Best Sound Editing -- Music for Long Form Television ( + Michael Dittrick and Amber Funk ) Won
Image + Award Outstanding Children ''s Program Nominated
PGA Awards Outstanding Producer for Long -- Form + Television ( Bill Borden and Barry Rosenbush ) Nominated
Primetime Emmy Award Outstanding Choreography ( Kenny Ortega + , Bonnie Story and Charles Klapow ) Nominated
+ Outstanding Children ''s Program ( Don Schain , Bill Borden and Barry Rosenbush + ) Nominated
Television Critics Association + Awards Outstanding Achievement in Children ''s Programming Nominated

References

  1. Jump up + ^ Thedisneyblog.com
  2. Jump up ^ Kissell , Rick ; Schneider , Michael + ( August 18 , 2007 ) . `` '' High School Musical 2 '' aces test '''' . Variety + .
  3. Jump up ^ `` Patriots - Ravens game sets cable TV viewership record + '''' . Providence Journal . Retrieved 2007 - 12 - 06 .
  4. ^ Jump up + to : Kissell , Rick ; Schneider , Michael ( August 18 , 2007 ) . `` '' High + School Musical 2 '' huge hit '''' . Variety . Retrieved 2007 - 08 - 18 .
    5. +
  5. Jump up ^ `` DisneyChannelFacts '''' ( PDF ) . Archived from the original + ( PDF ) on 2009 - 07 - 31 . Retrieved 2009 - 06 - 13 .
  6. Jump up ^ + Reuters.com , `` High School Musical 2 '''' enters interactive semester
    7. +
  7. Jump up ^ DirecTV.com , Press Release
  8. Jump up ^ `` '' High School + Musical 2 '' Debuts First Song '''' . Access Hollywood . Archived from the original + on 2007 - 05 - 28 . Retrieved 2007 - 08 - 18 .
  9. Jump up ^ `` High + School Musical 2 enters interactive semester '''' . Reuters . July 16 , 2007 + . Retrieved 2007 - 08 - 18 .
  10. Jump up ^ `` Nielsen ratings for week + of April 19 '''' . USA Today . April 28 , 2010 . Retrieved May 4 , 2010 .
    11. +
  11. Jump up ^ Farandoo.com Archived 2008 - 02 - 02 at the Wayback Machine. + , HSM 2 alcanzó cifras récord en Latinoamérica ! ( in Spanish )
  12. Jump + up ^ Digitalspy.co.uk , `` High School Musical '''' proves UK ratings hit
    13. +
  13. Jump up ^ High School Musical 2 ( 2007 )
  14. Jump up ^ `` High School + Musical 2 ( Disney ) - Reviews from Metacritic '''' . Retrieved 2007 - 08 - + 19 .
  15. Jump up ^ Robert Bianco , `` '' High School Musical '' sequel + holds onto note of innocence '''' , August 16 , 2007 .
  16. Jump up ^ + Timeout.com , Time Out New York : High School Musical 2 .
  17. Jump up + ^ Pacrep.org Archived 2011 - 07 - 27 at the Wayback Machine .
  18. Jump + up ^ HSM2onstage.co.uk

External links

+
+ Wikiquote has quotations related to : High School Musical 2
Wikimedia Commons has media related + to High School Musical .
  • Official website
    • +
  • High School Musical 2 on IMDb
  • High School Musical 2 at AllMovie +
  • Disneychannel-asia.com , Official Asia site .
  • Adisney.go.com + , Official Aggregate site
  • +
High School Musical + + + +
+ Films
  • High School Musical ( 2006 )
  • High School + Musical 2 ( 2007 )
  • High School Musical 3 : Senior Year ( 2008 )
    • +
  • Sharpay ''s Fabulous Adventure ( 2011 )
+ Soundtrack albums
  • High School Musical
  • High School + Musical 2
  • High School Musical 3 : Senior Year
  • Sharpay + ''s Fabulous Adventure
Other albums
  • Hits Remixed
  • Non-Stop Dance Party
Songs + + +
High School Musical
  • `` What I ''ve Been Looking For ''''
  • `` Stick to the + Status Quo ''''
  • `` Breaking Free ''''
High School Musical 2
  • `` What Time Is It ? ''''
    • +
  • `` Fabulous ''''
  • `` Work This Out ''''
  • `` You Are + the Music in Me ''''
  • `` I Do n''t Dance ''''
High School Musical 3 : Senior Year
  • `` Now or + Never ''''
  • `` Right Here , Right Now ''''
  • `` I Want It + All ''''
  • `` A Night to Remember ''''
+
Video games
  • Makin '' the Cut !
    • +
  • Work This Out !
  • Senior Year Dance
  • Senior Year DS +
  • Disney Sing It
    • High School Musical
    • High School + Musical 3 : Senior Year
    • Pop Hits
    • Family Hits
    • + Party Hits
Other productions
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    • Sequel
      • +
  • The Music in You
  • Get in the Picture
  • El + Desafío
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  • A Seleção
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    • Brazil
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+ + where did they film high school musical two?' +- - episode_done: true + eval_labels: + - Wilhelm Conrad Röntgen , of Germany + - Wilhelm Conrad Röntgen , of Germany + - Wilhelm Conrad Röntgen + - Wilhelm Conrad Röntgen + id: natural_questions + text: 'List of Nobel laureates in Physics - wikipedia

List of Nobel laureates + in Physics

Jump to : navigation , search Front side ( obverse ) of the + Nobel Prize Medal for Physics presented to Edward Victor Appleton in 1947

+ The Nobel Prize in Physics ( Swedish : Nobelpriset i fysik ) is awarded annually + by the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences to scientists in the various fields + of physics . It is one of the five Nobel Prizes established by the 1895 will + of Alfred Nobel ( who died in 1896 ) , awarded for outstanding contributions + in physics . As dictated by Nobel ''s will , the award is administered by the + Nobel Foundation and awarded by a committee that consists of five members elected + by the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences . The award is presented in Stockholm + at an annual ceremony on December 10 , the anniversary of Nobel ''s death . + Each recipient receives a medal , a diploma and a monetary award prize that + has varied throughout the years .

Contents

( hide ) +
  • 1 Statistics
  • 2 Laureates
  • 3 See also
  • + 4 References
    • 4.1 Notes
    • 4.2 Citations
    • 4.3 Sources +
  • 5 External links

Statistics + ( edit )

The first Nobel Prize in Physics was awarded in 1901 to Wilhelm + Conrad Röntgen , of Germany , who received 150,782 SEK , which is equal to 7,731,004 + SEK in December 2007 . John Bardeen is the only laureate to win the prize twice + -- in 1956 and 1972 . Maria Skłodowska - Curie also won two Nobel Prizes , for + physics in 1903 and chemistry in 1911 . William Lawrence Bragg was , until October + 2014 , the youngest ever Nobel laureate ; he won the prize in 1915 at the age + of 25 . Two women have won the prize : Curie and Maria Goeppert - Mayer ( 1963 + ) . As of 2017 , the prize has been awarded to 206 individuals . There have + been six years in which the Nobel Prize in Physics was not awarded ( 1916 , + 1931 , 1934 , 1940 -- 1942 ) .

Laureates ( edit )

+ Laureate + + + + + + + + + + + Not awarded World + War I + + + + Not awarded + Not awarded + + + + + + + Not awarded World War II + Not awarded World War II + Not awarded World War II + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
Year Country Rationale +
1901 Wilhelm Conrad Röntgen Germany `` in recognition of the extraordinary services he has + rendered by the discovery of the remarkable rays subsequently named after him + ''''
1902 Hendrik Lorentz Netherlands `` in recognition of the extraordinary service they + rendered by their researches into the influence of magnetism upon radiation + phenomena ''''
Pieter Zeeman Netherlands +
1903 Antoine Henri Becquerel France `` for his discovery of spontaneous radioactivity '''' +
Pierre Curie France `` + for their joint researches on the radiation phenomena discovered by Professor + Henri Becquerel ''''
Maria Skłodowska - Curie + Poland France
1904 Lord + Rayleigh United Kingdom `` for his investigations of the + densities of the most important gases and for his discovery of argon in connection + with these studies ''''
1905 Philipp + Eduard Anton von Lenard Austria - Hungary Germany `` for + his work on cathode rays ''''
1906 + Joseph John Thomson United Kingdom `` for his theoretical + and experimental investigations on the conduction of electricity by gases '''' +
1907 Albert Abraham Michelson United States Poland `` for his optical precision instruments + and the spectroscopic and metrological investigations carried out with their + aid ''''
1908 Gabriel Lippmann France `` for his method of reproducing colours photographically + based on the phenomenon of interference ''''
1909 Guglielmo Marconi Italy `` for their contributions + to the development of wireless telegraphy ''''
+ Karl Ferdinand Braun Germany
1910 + Johannes Diderik van der Waals Netherlands + `` for his work on the equation of state for gases and liquids ''''
1911 Wilhelm Wien Germany + `` for his discoveries regarding the laws governing the radiation of heat '''' +
1912 Nils Gustaf Dalén + Sweden `` for his invention of automatic valves designed to be used + in combination with gas accumulators in lighthouses and buoys ''''
1913 Heike Kamerlingh - Onnes Netherlands + `` for his investigations on the properties of matter at low temperatures + which led , inter alia , to the production of liquid helium ''''
1914 Max von Laue Germany + `` For his discovery of the diffraction of X-rays by crystals '''' , an important + step in the development of X-ray spectroscopy .
1915 William Henry Bragg United Kingdom `` + For their services in the analysis of crystal structure by means of X-rays '''' + , an important step in the development of X-ray crystallography
William Lawrence Bragg Australia

United + Kingdom

1916
1917 Charles Glover Barkla + United Kingdom `` For his discovery of the characteristic + Röntgen radiation of the elements '''' , another important step in the development + of X-ray spectroscopy
1918 Max Planck + Germany `` for the services he rendered to the advancement + of physics by his discovery of energy quanta ''''
1919 + Johannes Stark Germany `` for his + discovery of the Doppler effect in canal rays and the splitting of spectral + lines in electric fields ''''
1920 + Charles Édouard Guillaume Switzerland `` for the service + he has rendered to precision measurements in physics by his discovery of anomalies + in nickel - steel alloys ''''
1921 + Albert Einstein Germany Switzerland `` for his services + to theoretical physics , and especially for his discovery of the law of the + photoelectric effect ''''
1922 Niels + Bohr Denmark `` for his services in the investigation + of the structure of atoms and of the radiation emanating from them ''''
1923 Robert Andrews Millikan + United States `` for his work on the elementary charge of electricity + and on the photoelectric effect ''''
1924 Manne Siegbahn Sweden `` for his discoveries and + research in the field of X-ray spectroscopy ''''
1925 + James Franck Germany `` for their + discovery of the laws governing the impact of an electron upon an atom '''' +
Gustav Hertz Germany
1926 Jean Baptiste Perrin France + `` for his work on the discontinuous structure of matter , and especially + for his discovery of sedimentation equilibrium ''''
1927 + Arthur Holly Compton United States + `` for his discovery of the effect named after him ''''
+ Charles Thomson Rees Wilson United Kingdom + `` for his method of making the paths of electrically charged particles visible + by condensation of vapour ''''
1928 + Owen Willans Richardson United Kingdom `` for his work + on the thermionic phenomenon and especially for the discovery of the law named + after him ''''
1929 Louis Victor + Pierre Raymond , 7th Duc de Broglie France `` for his + discovery of the wave nature of electrons ''''
1930 Chandrasekhara Venkata Raman India `` + for his work on the scattering of light and for the discovery of the effect + named after him ''''
1931
1932 Werner Heisenberg + Germany `` for the creation of quantum mechanics , the application + of which has , inter alia , led to the discovery of the allotropic forms of + hydrogen ''''
1933 Erwin Schrödinger + Austria `` for the discovery of new productive forms of + atomic theory ''''
Paul Dirac United + Kingdom
1934
1935 James Chadwick United + Kingdom `` for the discovery of the neutron ''''
1936 Victor Francis Hess Austria `` for his discovery of cosmic radiation ''''
Carl David Anderson United States `` for his discovery + of the positron ''''
1937 Clinton + Joseph Davisson United States `` for their experimental + discovery of the diffraction of electrons by crystals ''''
George Paget Thomson United Kingdom
1938 Enrico Fermi Italy `` + for his demonstrations of the existence of new radioactive elements produced + by neutron irradiation , and for his related discovery of nuclear reactions + brought about by slow neutrons ''''
1939 Ernest Lawrence United States `` for the invention + and development of the cyclotron and for results obtained with it , especially + with regard to artificial radioactive elements ''''
1940 +
1941
1942
1943 Otto + Stern United States `` for his contribution to the development + of the molecular ray method and his discovery of the magnetic moment of the + proton ''''
1944 Isidor Isaac Rabi + United States Poland `` for his resonance method for recording + the magnetic properties of atomic nuclei ''''
1945 Wolfgang Pauli Austria `` for the discovery + of the Exclusion Principle , also called the Pauli principle ''''
1946 Percy Williams Bridgman United + States `` for the invention of an apparatus to produce extremely + high pressures , and for the discoveries he made there within the field of high + pressure physics ''''
1947 Edward + Victor Appleton United Kingdom `` for his investigations + of the physics of the upper atmosphere especially for the discovery of the so + - called Appleton layer ''''
1948 + Patrick Maynard Stuart Blackett United Kingdom `` for + his development of the Wilson cloud chamber method , and his discoveries therewith + in the fields of nuclear physics and cosmic radiation ''''
1949 Hideki Yukawa Japan `` + for his prediction of the existence of mesons on the basis of theoretical work + on nuclear forces ''''
1950 Cecil + Frank Powell United Kingdom `` for his development of + the photographic method of studying nuclear processes and his discoveries regarding + mesons made with this method ''''
1951 John Douglas Cockcroft United Kingdom `` for their + pioneer work on the transmutation of atomic nuclei by artificially accelerated + atomic particles ''''
Ernest Thomas Sinton + Walton Ireland
1952 Felix + Bloch Switzerland United States `` for their development + of new methods for nuclear magnetic precision measurements and discoveries in + connection therewith ''''
Edward Mills Purcell + United States
1953 Frits + Zernike Netherlands `` for his demonstration of the phase + contrast method , especially for his invention of the phase contrast microscope + ''''
1954 Max Born West + Germany `` for his fundamental research in quantum mechanics , especially + for his statistical interpretation of the wavefunction ''''
Walther Bothe West Germany `` for the + coincidence method and his discoveries made therewith ''''
1955 Willis Eugene Lamb United States + `` for his discoveries concerning the fine structure of the hydrogen + spectrum ''''
Polykarp Kusch United + States Germany `` for his precision determination of the magnetic + moment of the electron ''''
1956 + John Bardeen United States `` for their researches on + semiconductors and their discovery of the transistor effect ''''
Walter Houser Brattain United States
William Bradford Shockley United States
1957 Tsung - Dao Lee Republic + of China `` for their penetrating investigation of the so - called + parity laws which has led to important discoveries regarding the elementary + particles ''''
Chen Ning Yang Republic + of China
1958 Pavel Alekseyevich + Cherenkov Soviet Union `` for the discovery and the interpretation + of the Cherenkov effect ''''
Ilya Frank Soviet Union
Igor Yevgenyevich Tamm Soviet Union
1959 Emilio Gino + Segrè Italy United States `` for their discovery of the + antiproton ''''
Owen Chamberlain + United States
1960 Donald Arthur + Glaser United States `` for the invention of the bubble + chamber ''''
1961 Robert Hofstadter + United States `` for his pioneering studies of electron + scattering in atomic nuclei and for his thereby achieved discoveries concerning + the structure of the nucleons ''''
Rudolf Ludwig + Mössbauer West Germany `` for his researches concerning + the resonance absorption of gamma radiation and his discovery in this connection + of the effect which bears his name ''''
1962 + Lev Davidovich Landau Soviet Union `` for his + pioneering theories for condensed matter , especially liquid helium ''''
1963 Eugene Paul Wigner Hungary + United States `` for his contributions to the theory of the atomic + nucleus and the elementary particles , particularly through the discovery and + application of fundamental symmetry principles ''''
Maria Goeppert - Mayer United States `` for their + discoveries concerning nuclear shell structure ''''
J. Hans D. Jensen West Germany
1964 Nicolay Gennadiyevich Basov Soviet Union + `` for fundamental work in the field of quantum electronics , which has led + to the construction of oscillators and amplifiers based on the maser -- laser + principle ''''
Alexander Prokhorov + Soviet Union
Charles Hard Townes + United States
1965 Richard Phillips + Feynman United States `` for their fundamental work in + quantum electrodynamics ( QED ) , with deep - ploughing consequences for the + physics of elementary particles ''''
Julian + Schwinger United States
Shin''ichirō + Tomonaga Japan
1966 Alfred + Kastler France `` for the discovery and development of + optical methods for studying Hertzian resonances in atoms ''''
1967 Hans Albrecht Bethe United States + `` for his contributions to the theory of nuclear reactions , especially + his discoveries concerning the energy production in stars ''''
1968 Luis Walter Alvarez United States + `` for his decisive contributions to elementary particle physics + , in particular the discovery of a large number of resonance states , made possible + through his development of the technique of using hydrogen bubble chamber and + data analysis ''''
1969 Murray Gell + - Mann United States `` for his contributions and discoveries + concerning the classification of elementary particles and their interactions + ''''
1970 Hannes Olof Gösta Alfvén + Sweden `` for fundamental work and discoveries in magneto + - hydrodynamics with fruitful applications in different parts of plasma physics + ''''
Louis Néel France + `` for fundamental work and discoveries concerning antiferromagnetism and ferrimagnetism + which have led to important applications in solid state physics ''''
1971 Dennis Gabor Hungary United + Kingdom `` for his invention and development of the holographic method + ''''
1972 John Bardeen + United States `` for their jointly developed theory of superconductivity + , usually called the BCS - theory ''''
Leon + Neil Cooper United States
John Robert + Schrieffer United States
1973 Leo Esaki Japan `` for their experimental discoveries + regarding tunneling phenomena in semiconductors and superconductors , respectively + ''''
Ivar Giaever United States + Norway
Brian David Josephson United + Kingdom `` for his theoretical predictions of the properties of a + supercurrent through a tunnel barrier , in particular those phenomena which + are generally known as the Josephson effect ''''
Martin Ryle United Kingdom `` for their + pioneering research in radio astrophysics : Ryle for his observations and inventions + , in particular of the aperture synthesis technique , and Hewish for his decisive + role in the discovery of pulsars ''''
Antony + Hewish United Kingdom
+ Aage Bohr Denmark `` for the discovery of the connection + between collective motion and particle motion in atomic nuclei and the development + of the theory of the structure of the atomic nucleus based on this connection + ''''
Ben Roy Mottelson Denmark
Leo James Rainwater United States
1976 Burton Richter United + States `` for their pioneering work in the discovery of a heavy elementary + particle of a new kind ''''
Samuel Chao Chung + Ting United States
1977 + Philip Warren Anderson United States `` for their fundamental + theoretical investigations of the electronic structure of magnetic and disordered + systems ''''
Nevill Francis Mott + United Kingdom
John Hasbrouck Van Vleck United States
1978 Pyotr Leonidovich + Kapitsa Soviet Union `` for his basic inventions and discoveries + in the area of low - temperature physics ''''
+ Arno Allan Penzias United States `` for their discovery + of cosmic microwave background radiation ''''
+ Robert Woodrow Wilson United States
1979 Sheldon Lee Glashow United States `` for + their contributions to the theory of the unified weak and electromagnetic interaction + between elementary particles , including , inter alia , the prediction of the + weak neutral current ''''
Abdus Salam Pakistan
Steven Weinberg United + States
1980 James Watson Cronin + United States `` for the discovery of violations of fundamental + symmetry principles in the decay of neutral K - mesons ''''
Val Logsdon Fitch United States
1981 Nicolaas Bloembergen Netherlands + United States `` for their contribution to the development of laser + spectroscopy ''''
Arthur Leonard Schawlow United States
Kai Manne Börje Siegbahn + Sweden `` for his contribution to the development of high + - resolution electron spectroscopy ''''
1982 + Kenneth G. Wilson United States `` for his + theory for critical phenomena in connection with phase transitions ''''
Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar + India United States `` for his theoretical studies of the physical + processes of importance to the structure and evolution of the stars ''''
William Alfred Fowler United States `` for his theoretical and experimental studies of the nuclear reactions + of importance in the formation of the chemical elements in the universe '''' +
1984 Carlo Rubbia Italy + `` for their decisive contributions to the large project , which + led to the discovery of the field particles W and Z , communicators of weak + interaction ''''
Simon van der Meer + Netherlands
1985 Klaus von Klitzing + West Germany `` for the discovery of the quantized Hall + effect ''''
1986 Ernst Ruska West Germany `` for his fundamental work in electron optics + , and for the design of the first electron microscope ''''
Gerd Binnig West Germany `` for their + design of the scanning tunneling microscope ''''
Heinrich Rohrer Switzerland
+ Johannes Georg Bednorz West Germany `` for + their important break - through in the discovery of superconductivity in ceramic + materials ''''
Karl Alexander Müller Switzerland
1988 Leon Max Lederman + United States `` for the neutrino beam method and the + demonstration of the doublet structure of the leptons through the discovery + of the muon neutrino ''''
Melvin Schwartz United States
Jack Steinberger + United States
1989 Norman Foster + Ramsey United States `` for the invention of the separated + oscillatory fields method and its use in the hydrogen maser and other atomic + clocks ''''
Hans Georg Dehmelt United + States Germany `` for the development of the ion trap technique '''' +
Wolfgang Paul West Germany
1990 Jerome I. Friedman United + States `` for their pioneering investigations concerning deep inelastic + scattering of electrons on protons and bound neutrons , which have been of essential + importance for the development of the quark model in particle physics ''''
Henry Way Kendall United States
Richard E. Taylor Canada
1991 Pierre - Gilles de Gennes France + `` for discovering that methods developed for studying order phenomena + in simple systems can be generalized to more complex forms of matter , in particular + to liquid crystals and polymers ''''
1992 Georges Charpak France Poland `` for his invention + and development of particle detectors , in particular the multiwire proportional + chamber ''''
1993 Russell Alan Hulse + United States `` for the discovery of a new type of pulsar + , a discovery that has opened up new possibilities for the study of gravitation + ''''
Joseph Hooton Taylor , Jr . + United States
1994 Bertram Brockhouse + Canada `` for the development of neutron spectroscopy + '''' and `` for pioneering contributions to the development of neutron scattering + techniques for studies of condensed matter ''''
Clifford Glenwood Shull United States `` for the + development of the neutron diffraction technique '''' and `` for pioneering + contributions to the development of neutron scattering techniques for studies + of condensed matter ''''
1995 Martin + Lewis Perl United States `` for the discovery of the tau + lepton '''' and `` for pioneering experimental contributions to lepton physics + ''''
Frederick Reines United States + `` for the detection of the neutrino '''' and `` for pioneering experimental + contributions to lepton physics ''''
David Morris Lee United States `` for their discovery + of superfluidity in helium - 3 ''''
Douglas + D. Osheroff United States
Robert + Coleman Richardson United States
1997 Steven Chu United States `` for development + of methods to cool and trap atoms with laser light . ''''
+ Claude Cohen - Tannoudji France
+ William Daniel Phillips United States
1998 Robert B. Laughlin United States + `` for their discovery of a new form of quantum fluid with fractionally + charged excitations ''''
Horst Ludwig Störmer + Germany
Daniel Chee Tsui + Republic of China United States
1999 Gerard '' t Hooft Netherlands `` for elucidating + the quantum structure of electroweak interactions in physics ''''
Martinus J.G. Veltman Netherlands
2000 Zhores Ivanovich Alferov Russia + `` for developing semiconductor heterostructures used in high - speed + - and optoelectronics ''''
Herbert Kroemer + Germany
Jack St. Clair Kilby United States `` for his part in the invention of the integrated + circuit ''''
2001 Eric Allin Cornell + United States `` for the achievement of Bose -- Einstein + condensation in dilute gases of alkali atoms , and for early fundamental studies + of the properties of the condensates ''''
Carl + Edwin Wieman United States
Wolfgang + Ketterle Germany
2002 + Raymond Davis , Jr . United States `` for pioneering contributions + to astrophysics , in particular for the detection of cosmic neutrinos ''''
Masatoshi Koshiba Japan
Riccardo Giacconi Italy United States + `` for pioneering contributions to astrophysics , which have led to the discovery + of cosmic X-ray sources ''''
2003 + Alexei Alexeyevich Abrikosov Russia United States `` for + pioneering contributions to the theory of superconductors and superfluids '''' +
Vitaly Lazarevich Ginzburg Russia +
Anthony James Leggett United Kingdom + United States
David J. Gross United States `` for the discovery of asymptotic freedom in + the theory of the strong interaction ''''
Hugh + David Politzer United States
Frank + Wilczek United States
2005 Roy J. Glauber United States `` for his contribution + to the quantum theory of optical coherence ''''
John L. Hall United States `` for their contributions + to the development of laser - based precision spectroscopy , including the optical + frequency comb technique ''''
Theodor W. Hänsch + Germany
2006 John C. + Mather United States `` for their discovery of the blackbody + form and anisotropy of the cosmic microwave background radiation ''''
George F. Smoot United States
2007 Albert Fert France + `` for the discovery of giant magnetoresistance ''''
Peter Grünberg Germany
2008 + Makoto Kobayashi Japan `` for the discovery + of the origin of the broken symmetry which predicts the existence of at least + three families of quarks in nature ''''
Toshihide + Maskawa Japan
Yoichiro Nambu Japan United States `` for the discovery of the mechanism of + spontaneous broken symmetry in subatomic physics ''''
+ 2009 Charles K. Kao Hong Kong United Kingdom + United States `` for groundbreaking achievements concerning the transmission + of light in fibers for optical communication ''''
Willard S. Boyle Canada United States `` for the + invention of an imaging semiconductor circuit -- the CCD sensor ''''
George E. Smith United States
Andre Geim Russia United Kingdom Netherlands + `` for groundbreaking experiments regarding the two - dimensional + material graphene ''''
Konstantin Novoselov + Russia United Kingdom
2011 Saul Perlmutter United States `` for the discovery + of the accelerating expansion of the Universe through observations of distant + supernovae ''''
Brian P. Schmidt + Australia United States
Adam G. Riess United States
2012 Serge Haroche + France `` for ground - breaking experimental methods that + enable measuring and manipulation of individual quantum systems . ''''
David J. Wineland United States
2013 François Englert Belgium + `` for the theoretical discovery of a mechanism that contributes + to our understanding of the origin of mass of subatomic particles , and which + recently was confirmed through the discovery of the predicted fundamental particle + , by the ATLAS and CMS experiments at CERN ''s Large Hadron Collider ''''
Peter Higgs United Kingdom
2014 Isamu Akasaki Japan + `` for the invention of efficient blue light - emitting diodes which has enabled + bright and energy - saving white light sources ''''
Hiroshi Amano Japan
Shuji Nakamura + Japan United States
2015 + Takaaki Kajita Japan `` for the discovery of neutrino + oscillations , which shows that neutrinos have mass ''''
+ Arthur B. McDonald Canada
2016 David J. Thouless United Kingdom United States `` for theoretical discoveries of topological phase transitions and topological + phases of matter ''''
F. Duncan M. Haldane + United Kingdom United States
John + M. Kosterlitz United Kingdom United States
+ 2017 Rainer Weiss Germany United States `` for decisive contributions to the LIGO detector and the observation + of gravitational waves ''''
Kip Thorne United States
Barry Barish + United States

See also ( edit )

  • List + of Nobel laureates
  • List of Nobel laureates by country
  • + List of physicists

References ( edit )

Notes ( edit + )

^ A . The form and spelling of the names in the name column is according + to nobelprize.org , the official website of the Nobel Foundation . Alternative + spellings and name forms , where they exist , are given at the articles linked + from this column . Where available , an image of each Nobel laureate is provided + . For the official pictures provided by the Nobel Foundation , see the pages + for each Nobel laureate at nobelprize.org .

^ B . The information in + the country column is according to nobelprize.org , the official website of + the Nobel Foundation . This information may not necessarily reflect the recipient + ''s birthplace or citizenship .

^ C. The citation for each award is + quoted ( not always in full ) from nobelprize.org , the official website of + the Nobel Foundation . The links in this column are to articles ( or sections + of articles ) on the history and areas of physics for which the awards were + presented . The links are intended only as a guide and explanation . For a full + account of the work done by each Nobel laureate , please see the biography articles + linked from the name column .

Citations ( edit )

  1. Jump + up ^ `` Alfred Nobel -- The Man Behind the Nobel Prize '''' . Nobel Foundation + . Retrieved 2008 - 10 - 29 .
  2. Jump up ^ `` The Nobel Prize Awarders + '''' . Nobel Foundation . Archived from the original on 2008 - 10 - 15 . Retrieved + 2008 - 10 - 29 .
  3. Jump up ^ `` The Nobel Prize Award Ceremonies '''' + . Nobel Foundation . Archived from the original on 2008 - 08 - 22 . Retrieved + 2008 - 10 - 29 .
  4. Jump up ^ `` The Nobel Prize '''' . Nobel Foundation + . Retrieved 2008 - 10 - 29 .
  5. Jump up ^ `` Nobel Laureates Facts '''' + . Nobel Foundation . Archived from the original on 2007 - 02 - 02 . Retrieved + 2008 - 10 - 29 .
  6. Jump up ^ `` Women Nobel Laureates '''' . Nobel + Foundation . Retrieved 2008 - 10 - 29 .
  7. Jump up ^ `` The Nobel Prize + in Physics 1901 '''' . Nobel Foundation . Retrieved 2008 - 10 - 09 .
  8. + Jump up ^ `` The Nobel Prize in Physics 1902 '''' . Nobel Foundation . Retrieved + 2008 - 10 - 09 .
  9. ^ Jump up to : `` The Nobel Prize in Physics 1903 + '''' . Nobel Foundation . Retrieved 2008 - 10 - 09 .
  10. Jump up ^ `` + The Nobel Prize in Physics 1904 '''' . Nobel Foundation . Retrieved 2008 - 10 + - 09 .
  11. Jump up ^ `` The Nobel Prize in Physics 1905 '''' . Nobel + Foundation . Retrieved 2008 - 10 - 09 .
  12. Jump up ^ `` The Nobel Prize + in Physics 1906 '''' . Nobel Foundation . Retrieved 2008 - 10 - 09 .
  13. + Jump up ^ `` The Nobel Prize in Physics 1907 '''' . Nobel Foundation . Retrieved + 2008 - 10 - 09 .
  14. Jump up ^ `` The Nobel Prize in Physics 1908 '''' + . Nobel Foundation . Retrieved 2008 - 10 - 09 .
  15. Jump up ^ `` The + Nobel Prize in Physics 1909 '''' . Nobel Foundation . Retrieved 2008 - 10 - + 09 .
  16. Jump up ^ `` The Nobel Prize in Physics 1910 '''' . Nobel Foundation + . Retrieved 2008 - 10 - 09 .
  17. Jump up ^ `` The Nobel Prize in Physics + 1911 '''' . Nobel Foundation . Retrieved 2008 - 10 - 09 .
  18. Jump up + ^ `` The Nobel Prize in Physics 1912 '''' . Nobel Foundation . Retrieved 2008 + - 10 - 09 .
  19. Jump up ^ `` The Nobel Prize in Physics 1913 '''' . Nobel + Foundation . Retrieved 2008 - 10 - 09 .
  20. Jump up ^ `` The Nobel Prize + in Physics 1914 '''' . Nobel Foundation . Retrieved 2008 - 10 - 09 .
  21. + Jump up ^ `` The Nobel Prize in Physics 1915 '''' . Nobel Foundation . Retrieved + 2008 - 10 - 09 .
  22. Jump up ^ `` The Nobel Prize in Physics 1917 '''' + . Nobel Foundation . Retrieved 2008 - 10 - 09 .
  23. Jump up ^ `` The + Nobel Prize in Physics 1918 '''' . Nobel Foundation . Retrieved 2008 - 10 - + 09 .
  24. Jump up ^ `` The Nobel Prize in Physics 1919 '''' . Nobel Foundation + . Retrieved 2008 - 10 - 09 .
  25. Jump up ^ `` The Nobel Prize in Physics + 1920 '''' . Nobel Foundation . Retrieved 2008 - 10 - 09 .
  26. Jump up + ^ `` The Nobel Prize in Physics 1921 '''' . Nobel Foundation . Retrieved 2008 + - 10 - 09 .
  27. Jump up ^ `` The Nobel Prize in Physics 1922 '''' . Nobel + Foundation . Retrieved 2008 - 10 - 09 .
  28. Jump up ^ `` The Nobel Prize + in Physics 1923 '''' . Nobel Foundation . Retrieved 2008 - 10 - 09 .
  29. + Jump up ^ `` The Nobel Prize in Physics 1924 '''' . Nobel Foundation . Retrieved + 2008 - 10 - 09 .
  30. Jump up ^ `` The Nobel Prize in Physics 1925 '''' + . Nobel Foundation . Retrieved 2008 - 10 - 09 .
  31. Jump up ^ `` The + Nobel Prize in Physics 1926 '''' . Nobel Foundation . Retrieved 2008 - 10 - + 09 .
  32. ^ Jump up to : `` The Nobel Prize in Physics 1927 '''' . Nobel + Foundation . Retrieved 2008 - 10 - 09 .
  33. Jump up ^ `` The Nobel Prize + in Physics 1928 '''' . Nobel Foundation . Retrieved 2008 - 10 - 09 .
  34. + Jump up ^ `` The Nobel Prize in Physics 1929 '''' . Nobel Foundation . Retrieved + 2008 - 10 - 09 .
  35. Jump up ^ `` The Nobel Prize in Physics 1930 '''' + . Nobel Foundation . Retrieved 2008 - 10 - 09 .
  36. Jump up ^ `` The + Nobel Prize in Physics 1932 '''' . Nobel Foundation . Retrieved 2008 - 10 - + 09 .
  37. Jump up ^ `` The Nobel Prize in Physics 1933 '''' . Nobel Foundation + . Retrieved 2008 - 10 - 09 .
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+

Sources ( edit )

  • `` All Nobel Laureates in Physics '''' + . Nobel Foundation . Retrieved 2008 - 10 - 08 .

External links + ( edit )

Wikimedia Commons has media related + to Nobel laureates in Physics .
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Laureates of the Nobel Prize in Physics +
1901 -- 1925
  • 1901 Röntgen
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  • + 1916
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    • +
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    • +
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    • +
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    • +
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  • + 1984 Rubbia / Van der Meer
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+ + who got the first nobel prize in physics?' +- - episode_done: true + eval_labels: + - '' + id: natural_questions + text: 'Alice in Wonderland ( 1951 film ) - wikipedia

Alice in Wonderland + ( 1951 film )

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Alice + in Wonderland 1951 original theatrical release + poster + + + + + + +
Directed by
  • Clyde Geronimi +
  • Wilfred Jackson
  • Hamilton Luske
Produced by Walt Disney
Story by +
  • Milt Banta
  • Del Connell
  • William Cottrell +
  • Joe Grant
  • Winston Hibler
  • Dick Huemer
    • +
  • Dick Kelsey
  • Tom Oreb
  • Bill Peet
  • Erdman + Penner
  • Joe Rinaldi
  • Ted Sears
  • John Walbridge +
Based on Alice ''s Adventures in + Wonderland and Through the Looking - Glass by Lewis Carroll
Starring
  • Kathryn Beaumont
  • Ed Wynn
    • +
  • Richard Haydn
  • Sterling Holloway
  • Jerry Colonna
    • +
  • Verna Felton
  • J. Pat O''Malley
  • Bill Thompson
    • +
  • Heather Angel
Music by Oliver + Wallace
Edited by Lloyd Richardson
Production company Walt Disney Productions
Distributed by RKO Radio Pictures
+ Release date
  • July 26 , 1951 ( 1951 - 07 - 26 ) ( World + premiere - London )
  • July 28 , 1951 ( 1951 - 07 - 28 ) ( US )
    • +
Running time 75 minutes
Country United States
Language English
Budget $3 million
Box office $5.2 million ( US + , 1951 )

Alice in Wonderland is a 1951 American animated + musical fantasy - adventure film produced by Walt Disney Productions and based + on the Alice books by Lewis Carroll . The 13th of Disney ''s animated features + , the film premiered in New York City and London on July 26 , 1951 . The film + features the voices of Kathryn Beaumont as Alice , Sterling Holloway as the + Cheshire Cat , Verna Felton as the Queen of Hearts , and Ed Wynn as the Mad + Hatter .

Walt Disney first attempted unsuccessfully to adapt Alice + into an animated feature film during the 1930s . However , he finally revived + the idea in the 1940s . The film was originally intended to be a live - action + / animated film ; however , Disney decided to make it an all - animated feature + in 1946 . The theme song of the same name has since become a jazz standard . + While the film was critically panned on its initial release , the movie proved + to be ahead of its time and has since been regarded as one of Disney ''s greatest + animated classics , notably one of the biggest cult classics in the animation + medium , as well as one of the best film adaptations of Alice .

+

Contents

( hide )
  • 1 Plot
  • 2 Cast
  • 3 + Directing animators
  • 4 Production
    • 4.1 Development
      • +
    • 4.2 Writing
    • 4.3 Music
  • 5 Release and reception +
  • 6 Soundtrack
    • 6.1 Audio CD track listing
    • +
  • 7 Media and merchandise
    • 7.1 Stage version
    • 7.2 References + in other Disney films
    • 7.3 Theme parks
    • 7.4 Video games +
  • 8 References
  • 9 External links
+

Plot ( edit )

On a riverbank , Alice spots a White Rabbit + in a waistcoat passing by , exclaiming that he is `` late for a very important + date '''' . She gives chase , following him into a large rabbit hole . She sees + him leave through a tiny door , whose talking knob advises her to shrink to + an appropriate height by drinking from a bottle marked `` Drink Me '''' . She + does so and floats out through the keyhole in a sea of her own tears , which + she cried after eating a biscuit marked `` Eat Me '''' caused her to grow very + large . As she continues to follow the Rabbit , she meets numerous characters + , including Tweedledum and Tweedledee , who recount the tale of `` The Walrus + and the Carpenter '''' .

Alice tracks the Rabbit to his house ; he + sends her to retrieve his gloves after mistaking her for his housemaid . While + searching for them , she eats another cookie marked `` Eat Me '''' from his + cookie canister and grows large again , getting stuck in the house . Thinking + she is a monster , he brings the Dodo over to help him get rid of her . When + the Dodo decides to burn the house down , Alice escapes by eating a carrot from + the Rabbit ''s garden , which causes her to shrink to three inches tall , and + continues following him . Along the way , she meets a garden of talking flowers + who initially welcome her with a song , but then mistake her for a weed and + order her to leave , followed by a Caterpillar , who becomes enraged after she + tells him she is distressed at her current height , as he is the same height + , and turns into a butterfly . Before leaving , he advises her to eat a piece + of his mushroom to alter her size . She does so and manages to return to her + original height , and continues following the Rabbit .

In the woods + , Alice meets the Cheshire Cat , who advises her to visit the Mad Hatter or + the March Hare to find out where the Rabbit is . She encounters both , along + with the Dormouse , at the Hare ''s house having a mad tea party and celebrating + their `` unbirthday '''' . They celebrate her unbirthday too , but she becomes + frustrated at them interrupting her every time she tries to speak . As she is + about to leave , the Rabbit appears , continuing to exclaim that he is late + ; the Hatter examines his pocket watch and says it is `` two days slow '''' + , and attempts to `` fix '''' it by filling it with food and tea but ends up + having to destroy it after it goes `` mad '''' . The Rabbit laments that his + watch was an `` unbirthday present '''' , and the Hatter and Hare sing `` The + Unbirthday Song '''' to him before throwing him back into the woods . Fed up + with the nonsense , Alice decides to go home , but her surroundings have completely + changed and she gets lost . Fearing she is lost forever , she sits on a rock + sobbing .

The Cheshire Cat reappears and advises Alice to ask the Queen + of Hearts for directions home , showing her a `` shortcut '''' to the King and + tyrannical Queen ''s castle . The Queen orders the beheading of a trio of playing + card gardeners who mistakenly planted white roses instead of red ones , and + invites ( or rather forces ) Alice to play against her in a croquet match , + in which live flamingos , card guards and hedgehogs are used as equipment . + The animals and card guards rig the game in favor of the Queen . The Cat appears + again and plays a trick on the Queen , causing her to fall over . The Cat disappears + in time to make it look like Alice was the prankster , but before the Queen + can order her execution , the King suggests they have a trial .

At + Alice ''s trial , the Mad Hatter , March Hare and Dormouse are called to the + stand as witnesses , briefly celebrating the Queen ''s unbirthday and giving + her a headpiece as a present , which turns into the Cat . Chaos ensues when + the frightened Dormouse runs around the courtroom . As the Queen orders Alice + ''s execution , Alice eats the pieces of the Caterpillar ''s mushroom she saved + and grows large again . The King and Queen order her to leave the courthouse + , but she refuses and insults the Queen . As she does so , she returns to her + normal size , and the Queen orders her execution . Alice flees , and the Queen + , King , card guards and other characters give chase . When she reaches the + small door she encountered at the beginning of the film , he shows her that + she is actually already outside , asleep . She yells at herself to wake up ; + she does and leaves the riverbank to go home for tea .

Cast ( edit + )

  • Kathryn Beaumont as Alice
  • Ed Wynn as Mad Hatter +
  • Jerry Colonna as March Hare
  • Richard Haydn as Caterpillar +
  • Sterling Holloway as Cheshire Cat
  • Verna Felton as Queen + of Hearts
  • J. Pat O''Malley as Tweedledum and Tweedledee / The Walrus + and the Carpenter / Mother Oyster
  • Bill Thompson as White Rabbit / + The Dodo
  • Heather Angel as Alice ''s sister
  • Joseph Kearns + as Doorknob
  • Larry Grey as Bill the Lizard / Card Painter
  • + Queenie Leonard as A Bird in a Tree / Snooty Flower
  • Dink Trout as + King of Hearts
  • Doris Lloyd as The Rose
  • Jimmy MacDonald + as The Dormouse
  • The Mellomen ( Thurl Ravenscroft , Bill Lee , Max + Smith , and Bob Hamlin ) as Card Painters
  • Don Barclay as Other Cards +
  • Lucille Bliss as Flowers
  • Pinto Colvig as Flamingos
    • +
  • Tommy Luske as Young Pansy
  • Marni Nixon as Singing Flowers
    • +
  • Norma Zimmer as White Rose
  • Mel Blanc as Dinah

+ Directing animators ( edit )

  • Marc Davis ( Alice and the eyeglasses + creature )
  • Milt Kahl ( The Dodo , Alice , Flamingo , Hedgehog , White + Rabbit )
  • Eric Larson ( Alice , Dinah , Caterpillar , Cheshire Cat + , Queen of Hearts , Flamingo )
  • Frank Thomas ( Doorknob , Queen of + Hearts , Wonderland Creatures )
  • Ollie Johnston ( Alice , King of + Hearts )
  • Ward Kimball ( Tweedledee and Tweedledum , The Walrus and + The Carpenter , Oysters , Cheshire Cat , Mad Hatter , March Hare , Dormouse + )
  • John Lounsbery ( Flowers , Caterpillar , Cheshire Cat , Mad Hatter + , March Hare , Wonderland creatures )
  • Wolfgang Reitherman ( White + Rabbit , The Carpenter , The Dodo , Mad Hatter , March Hare )
  • Les + Clark ( Alice , Wonderland creatures )
  • Norm Ferguson ( The Walrus + and The Carpenter )

Production ( edit )

Development + ( edit )

The history of Walt Disney ''s association with Lewis Carroll + ''s Alice books ( Alice ''s Adventures in Wonderland and Through the Looking + - Glass ) stretches all the way back to his childhood . Like many children of + the time he was familiar with the Alice books and had read them as a school + boy .

In 1923 , Disney was still a 21 - year - old filmmaker trying + to make a name for himself by working at the Laugh - O - Gram Studio in Kansas + City , making the unsuccessful short cartoon series by the name of Newman Laugh + - O - Grams . The last of Newman Laugh - O - Grams was called Alice ''s Wonderland + , which was loosely inspired by the Alice books . The short featured a live + - action girl ( Virginia Davis ) interacting in an animated world . Faced with + business problems , however , the Laugh - O - Gram Studio went bankrupt in July + 1923 , and the film was never released to the general public . However , Disney + left for Hollywood and used the film as a sort of pilot to show to potential + distributors . Margaret J. Winkler of Winkler Pictures agreed to distribute + the Alice Comedies , and Disney partnered with his older brother Roy O. Disney + and re-hired Kansas City co-workers including Ub Iwerks , Rudolph Ising , Friz + Freleng , Carman Maxwell and Hugh Harman to form Disney Bros. Studios ( later + Walt Disney Productions ) . The series began in 1924 before being retired in + 1927 .

In 1932 , Disney began playing with the idea of making an animated + feature film and repeatedly turned to the idea of making a feature - length + animated / live - action version of Alice starring Mary Pickford , and even + purchased the rights to Sir John Tenniel ''s illustrations ( still under copyright + at the time ) . However , these plans were eventually scrapped in favor of Snow + White and the Seven Dwarfs , mainly because Disney was put off by Paramount + ''s 1933 live - action adaptation . However , Disney did not completely abandon + the idea of adapting Alice , and in 1936 made the Mickey Mouse cartoon Thru + the Mirror .

In 1938 , after the enormous success of Snow White , Disney + revived the idea of making an Alice feature and officially registered the title + Alice in Wonderland with the Motion Picture Association of America and hired + storyboard artist Al Perkins and art director David S. Hall to develop the story + and concept art for the film . A storyreel was complete in 1939 , but Walt was + not pleased as he felt that Hall ''s drawings resembled Tenniel ''s drawings + too closely making them too difficult to animate and that the overall tone of + Perkins '' script was too grotesque and dark . Realising the amount of work + needed for Alice in Wonderland , as well as the economic devastation of the + World War II and the production demands of Pinocchio , Fantasia , and Bambi + , Walt shelved production on Alice in Wonderland shortly after the screening + .

In 1945 , shortly after the war ended , Disney once again revived + Alice in Wonderland and assigned British author Aldous Huxley to re-write the + script . However , Walt felt that Huxley ''s version was too much of a literal + adaptation of Carroll ''s book . Background artist Mary Blair submitted some + concept drawings for Alice in Wonderland . Blair ''s paintings moved away from + Tenniel ''s sketchy illustrations by taking a modernist stance , using bold + and unreal colors . Walt liked Blair ''s designs , and the script was re-written + to focus on comedy , music , and the whimsical side to Carroll ''s book .

+

Disney toyed with the idea of having a live - action / animated version + of Alice in Wonderland ( in a similar fashion to his Alice Comedies ) that would + star Ginger Rogers and would utilize the recently developed sodium vapor process + . Lisa Davis Waltz ( who would later voice Anita Radcliffe in One Hundred and + One Dalmatians ) and Luana Patten were also considered for the role of Alice + . However , Walt soon realized that he could only do justice to the book by + making an all - animated feature , and in 1946 , work began on an all - animated + version of Alice in Wonderland .

Writing ( edit )

Through + various drafts of the script , many sequences that were present in Caroll ''s + book drifted in and out of the story . However , Walt insisted that the scenes + themselves keep close to those in the novel since most of its humor is in the + writing .

One omitted scene from the 1939 treatment of the film occurred + outside the Duchess '' manor , where The Fish Footman is giving a message to + The Frog Footman to take to the Duchess saying that she is invited to play croquet + with The Queen of Hearts . Alice overhears this and sneaks into the kitchen + of the manor , where she finds the Duchess '' Cook maniacally cooking and the + Duchess nursing her baby . The cook is spraying pepper all over the room causing + the Duchess and Alice to sneeze and the Baby to cry . After a quick conversation + between Alice and the Duchess , the quick - tempered Cook starts throwing pots + and pans at the noisy baby . Alice rescues the baby , but as she leaves the + house the baby turns into a pig and runs away . The scene was scrapped for pacing + reasons .

Another scene that was deleted from a later draft occurred + in Tulgey Wood , where Alice encountered what appeared to be a sinister - looking + Jabberwock hiding in the dark , before revealing himself as a comical looking + dragon - like beast with bells and factory whistles on his head . A song , `` + Beware the Jabberwock '''' , was also written . However , the scene was scrapped + in favor of The Walrus and the Carpenter poem . Out of a desire to keep the + Jabberwocky poem in the film , it was made to replace an original song for the + Cheshire Cat , `` I ''m Odd '''' .

Another deleted scene in Tulgey + Wood shows Alice consulting with The White Knight , who was meant to be somewhat + of a caricature of Walt Disney . Although Walt liked the scene , he felt it + was better if Alice learned her lesson by herself , hence the song `` Very Good + Advice '''' .

Other characters , such as The Mock Turtle and the Gryphon + were discarded for pacing reasons .

Music ( edit )

In an + effort to retain some of Carroll ''s imaginative verses and poems , Disney commissioned + top songwriters to compose songs built around them for use in the film . A record + number of potential songs were written for the film , based on Carroll ''s verses + -- over 30 -- and many of them found a way into the film , if only for a few + brief moments . Alice in Wonderland would boast the greatest number of songs + included in any Disney film , but because some of them last for mere seconds + ( like `` How Do You Do and Shake Hands '''' , `` We ''ll Smoke the Monster + Out '''' , `` '' Twas Brillig '''' , `` The Caucus Race '''' , and others ) + , this fact is frequently overlooked . The original song that Alice was to sing + in the beginning was titled `` Beyond the Laughing Sky '''' . The song , like + so many other dropped songs , was not used by the producers . However , the + composition was kept and the lyrics were changed . It later became the title + song for Peter Pan ( which was in production at the same time ) , `` The Second + Star to the Right '''' .

The title song , composed by Sammy Fain , + has become a jazz standard , first adopted by jazz pianist Dave Brubeck ; featured + first in 1952 , then on his 1957 Columbia album Dave Digs Disney .

+ Izumi Yukimura sang her own theme song for the Japanese release of the film + .

The song , `` In a World of My Own , '''' is included on the orange + disc of Classic Disney : 60 Years of Musical Magic .

Release and reception + ( edit )

At the time , these creative decisions were met with great + criticism from Carroll fans , as well as from British film and literary critics + who accused Disney of `` Americanizing '''' a great work of English literature + . Disney was not surprised by the critical reception to Alice in Wonderland + -- his version of Alice was intended for large family audiences , not literary + critics -- but despite all the long years of thought and effort , the film met + with a lukewarm response at the box office and was a sharp disappointment in + its initial release , earning an estimated $2.4 million at the US box office + in 1951 .

Though not an outright disaster , the film was never re-released + theatrically in Disney ''s lifetime , airing instead every so often on network + television . In fact , Alice in Wonderland aired as the second episode of Walt + Disney ''s Disneyland TV series on ABC in 1954 , in a severely edited version + cut down to less than an hour . In The Disney Films , Leonard Maltin relates + animator Ward Kimball felt the film failed because `` it suffered from too many + cooks -- directors . Here was a case of five directors each trying to top the + other guy and make his sequence the biggest and craziest in the show . This + had a self - canceling effect on the final product . '''' Walt Disney himself + felt that the film failed because there was no `` warmth '''' in Alice ''s character + .

Almost two decades after its original release , after the North American + success of George Dunning ''s animated film Yellow Submarine ( 1968 ) , Disney + ''s version of Alice in Wonderland suddenly found itself in vogue with the times + . In fact , because of Mary Blair ''s art direction and the long - standing + association of Carroll ''s Alice in Wonderland with the drug culture , the feature + was re-discovered as something of a `` head film '''' ( along with Fantasia + and The Three Caballeros ) among the college - aged and was shown in various + college towns across the country . Disney resisted this association , and even + withdrew prints of the film from universities , but then , in 1974 , Disney + gave Alice in Wonderland its first theatrical re-release ever , and the company + even promoted it as a film in tune with the `` psychedelic '''' times ( mostly + from the hit song `` White Rabbit '''' performed by Jefferson Airplane ) . This + re-release was so successful it warranted a subsequent re-release in 1981 . + Its first UK re-release was on July 26 , 1979 .

Later , with the advent + of the home video market , Disney chose to make Alice in Wonderland one of the + first titles available for the rental market on VHS and Beta and for retail + sale on RCA ''s short - lived CED Videodisc format . The film was released on + October 15 , 1981 on VHS , CED Videodisc , and Betamax and May 28 , 1986 on + VHS , Betamax , and Laserdisc in the Walt Disney Classics , ( though it was + mastered for tape in 1985 ) , staying in general release ever since , with a + 40th Anniversary video release in 1991 ( this and the 1986 video release were + in Disney ''s Classics Collection ) , followed by an October 28 , 1994 October + 14 , 1997 VHS and Laserdisc release as a part of the Walt Disney Masterpiece + Collection. VHS and Laserdisc release as a part of the Walt Disney Masterpiece + Collection . It was released on Region 1 DVD on July 4 , 2000 ( under the Gold + Classic Collection DVD series ) . A fully restored two - disc `` Masterpiece + Edition '''' was released on January 27 , 2004 , including the full hour - long + episode of the Disney television show with Kathryn Beaumont , Edgar Bergen , + Charlie McCarthy and Mortimer Snerd , Bobby Driscoll and others that promoted + the film , computer games , deleted scenes , songs and related materials , which + went back on moratorium in January 2009 . Disney released a 2 - disc special + `` Un-Anniversary '''' edition DVD on March 30 , 2010 in order to promote the + then - new Tim Burton film . The movie was released in a Blu - ray / DVD combo + on February 1 , 2011 to celebrate its 60th anniversary featuring a new HD restoration + of the movie and many released bonus features . Disney re-released the film + on Blu - ray and DVD on April 26 , 2016 to celebrate the film ''s 65th anniversary + .

On the film aggregator website , Rotten Tomatoes , the overall rating + of the film is a `` fresh '''' 79 % from 28 critical reviews with an average + rating of 6.4 / 10 . Its consensus states that `` A good introduction to Lewis + Carroll ''s classic , Alice in Wonderland boasts some of the Disney canon ''s + most surreal and twisted images . ''''

The film was nominated for an + Academy Award for Best Scoring of a Musical Picture , but lost to An American + in Paris .

Soundtrack ( edit )

The film soundtrack was first + released on LP record on July 28 , 1951 . The soundtrack was re-released on + Audio CD by Walt Disney Records on February 3 , 1998. ; Songs in the film

+
  • `` Alice in Wonderland '''' -- The Jud Conlon Chorus and The Mellomen +
  • `` In a World of My Own '''' -- Alice
  • `` I ''m Late '''' + -- White Rabbit
  • `` The Sailor ''s Hornpipe '''' -- Dodo
  • + `` The Caucus Race '''' -- Dodo and Animals
  • `` How Do You Do and + Shake Hands ? '''' -- Tweedledee and Tweedledum
  • `` The Walrus and + the Carpenter '''' -- Tweedledee and Tweedledum
  • `` Old Father William + '''' -- Tweedledee and Tweedledum
  • `` We ''ll Smoke the Blighter Out + '''' -- Dodo and White Rabbit
  • `` All in the Golden Afternoon '''' + -- The Flowers and Alice
  • `` A-E-I-O-U '''' -- Caterpillar
  • + `` '' Twas Brillig '''' -- Cheshire Cat
  • `` The Unbirthday Song '''' + -- Mad Hatter , March Hare , and Alice
  • `` Very Good Advice '''' -- + Alice
  • `` Painting the Roses Red '''' -- The Playing Cards ( The Jud + Conlon Chorus ) and Alice / `` Who ''s Been Painting My Roses Red ? '''' ( Reprise + ) -- Queen of Hearts and The Playing Cards
  • `` The Unbirthday Song + '''' ( Reprise ) -- Mad Hatter , March Hare , The Queen of Hearts , and The + Playing Cards
  • `` The Caucus Race '''' ( Reprise ) -- The Entire Cast + Minus Alice
  • `` Alice in Wonderland '''' ( Reprise ) -- The Jud Conlon + Chorus and The Mellomen
Songs written for film but did + not appear
  • `` Beyond the Laughing Sky '''' -- Alice ( + replaced by `` In a World of My Own '''' ; this melody was later used for `` + The Second Star to the Right '''' in Peter Pan )
  • `` Dream Caravan + '''' -- Caterpillar ( replaced by `` A-E-I-O-U '''' )
  • `` I ''m Odd + '''' -- Cheshire Cat ( replaced by `` '' Twas Brillig '''' )
  • `` Beware + the Jabberwock '''' -- Chorus ( Stan Freberg , Daws Butler , and the Rhythmaires + ) , referring to deleted character
  • `` So They Say '''' -- Alice
    • +
  • `` If You ''ll Believe in Me '''' -- The Lion and The Unicorn ( deleted + characters )
  • `` Beautiful Soup '''' -- The Mock Turtle and The Gryphon + ( almost yet deleted characters ) set to the tune of the Blue Danube ( the Walt + Disney company also used Blue Danube in the two cartoons , Jungle Rhythm and + Night ) .
  • `` Everything Has a Useness '''' -- Meant for Caterpillar + , in which he explains to Alice that everything has a purpose -- in this case + , the use of the mushroom .
  • `` Curiosity '''' -- unknown purpose +
  • `` Humpty Dumpty ''''
  • `` Speak Roughly to Your Little + Boy '''' -- The Duchess ( deleted character )
  • `` Will You Join the + Dance ? ''''

Audio cd track listing ( edit )

  1. + `` Main Title ( Alice in Wonderland ) ''''
  2. `` Pay Attention / In + a World of My Own ''''
  3. `` I ''m Late ''''
  4. `` Curiosity + Leads to Trouble / Simply Impassable ''''
  5. `` The Sailor ''s Hornpipe + / The Caucus Race ''''
  6. `` We ''re Not Waxworks ''''
  7. `` + How D''Ye Do and Shake Hands / Curious ? ''''
  8. `` The Walrus and the + Carpenter ''''
  9. `` Old Father William ''''
  10. `` Mary Ann + ! / A Lizard with a Ladder / We ''ll Smoke the Blighter Out ''''
  11. + `` The Garden / All in the Golden Afternoon ''''
  12. `` What Genus Are + You ? ''''
  13. `` A-E-I-O-U ( Ray the Caterpillar Song / Who RU ? ) '''' +
  14. `` A Serpent ! ''''
  15. `` Alone Again / '' Twas Brillig / + Lose Something ''''
  16. `` The Mad Tea Party / The Unbirthday Song '''' +
  17. `` The Tulgey Wood '''' ( Music incomplete on audio CD )
  18. + `` Very Good Advice ''''
  19. `` Whom Did You Expect ''''
  20. `` + Painting the Roses Red / March of the Cards ''''
  21. `` Marie the Queen + of Hearts / Who ''s Been Painting My Roses Red ? ''''
  22. `` A Little + Girl / Let the Game Begin / I Warn You Child ''''
  23. `` The Trial / + The Unbirthday Song ( Reprise ) / Rule 42 / Off with Her Head / The Caucus Race + ''''

Media and merchandise ( edit )

Stage version + ( edit )

Alice in Wonderland has been condensed into a one act stage + version entitled , Alice in Wonderland , Jr ... The stage version is solely + meant for middle and high school productions and includes the majority of the + film ''s songs and others including Song of the South ''s `` Zip - a-Dee - Doo + - Dah '''' , two new reprises of `` I ''m Late ! '''' , and three new numbers + entitled `` Ocean of Tears '''' , `` Simon Says '''' , and `` Who Are You ? + '''' respectively . This 60 -- 80 minute version is licensed by Music Theatre + International in the Broadway , Jr . Collection along with other Disney Theatrical + shows such as Disney ''s Aladdin , Jr. , Disney ''s Mulan , Jr. , Beauty and + the Beast , Disney ''s High School Musical : On Stage ! , Elton John and Tim + Rice ''s Aida , and many more .

References in other Disney films ( + edit )

  • In Donald in Mathmagic Land , Donald Duck wears Alice + ''s dress and has her hairstyle but brown not blond . A larger pencil bird is + in the film as well .
  • Bill the Lizard appears as one of Professor + Ratigan ''s henchmen in The Great Mouse Detective .
  • Alice and several + other characters from the film were featured as guests in House of Mouse , and + the Queen of Hearts was one of the villains featured in Mickey ''s House of + Villains . The Mad Hatter was also featured in Mickey ''s Magical Christmas + : Snowed in at the House of Mouse .
  • The Mad Hatter and the March + Hare were also featured in several episodes of Bonkers .
  • Bill the + Lizard , Tweedledum , Cheshire Cat and the doorknob also appear in the 1988 + Disney film Who Framed Roger Rabbit .
  • In the opening of Aladdin , + the peddler tries to sell a hookah much like the one the Caterpillar used . +
  • In Aladdin and the King of Thieves , the Genie turns into the White + Rabbit .
  • On Darkwing Duck , there is a villain called Tuskernini + , a character that somewhat resembles the walrus .
  • Weebo shows clips + of the film on her screen in Flubber .
  • An episode of Mickey Mouse + Clubhouse , entitled `` Mickey ''s Adventures in Wonderland '''' , is based + on the film .
  • During the song When You Wish upon a Star in Disney + ''s Pinocchio , the book for Alice in Wonderland can be seen on the bookshelf + where Jiminy Cricket is singing from . This reference can be considered indirect + as the film was released 11 years prior to Alice in Wonderland .
+

Theme parks ( edit )

Alice at Disneyland , 2012 .

Costumed versions + of Alice , The Mad Hatter , The White Rabbit , The Queen of Hearts , Tweedledum + , and Tweedledee make regular appearances at the Disney theme parks and resorts + , and other characters from the film ( including the Walrus and the March Hare + ) have featured in the theme parks . More famously , all five Disneyland - style + theme parks feature Mad Tea Party , a teacups ride based on Disney ''s adaptation + of Alice in Wonderland .

Alice in Wonderland is also frequently featured + in many parades and shows in the Disney Theme Parks , including The Main Street + Electrical Parade , SpectroMagic , Fantasmic ! , Dreamlights , The Move It ! + Shake It ! Celebrate It ! Street Party and Walt Disney ''s Parade of Dreams + . Disneyland contains a dark ride based on the film in addition to the teacups + , and Disneyland Paris also contains a hedge maze called Alice ''s Curious Labyrinth + , which takes its inspiration from the film . The now - defunct Mickey Mouse + Revue , shown at Walt Disney World and later at Tokyo Disneyland , contained + characters and scenes from the film .

The 2010 Tim Burton adaptation + had much less of an effect on the park , only inspiring Mad T Party , a nighttime + event at Disney California Adventure .

Video games ( edit )

+

In Disney ''s Villains '' Revenge , the Queen of Hearts is one of the villains + who tries to turn the ending to her story to where she finally cuts off Alice + ''s head . Mickey Mousecapade features various characters from the film . The + Japanese version , in fact , is based very heavily on the film , with almost + every reference in the game coming from the film .

A video game version + of the film was released on Game Boy Color by Nintendo of America on October + 4 , 2000 in North America . Additionally , in the video games Kingdom Hearts + and Kingdom Hearts : Chain of Memories , Wonderland is a playable world . Alice + is also a major character in the overall plot of the first game due to her role + as one of seven `` Princesses of Heart '''' . Other characters from the movie + that appear include the Queen of Hearts , the Cheshire Cat , the White Rabbit + , the Doorknob , the Caterpillar ( V Cast only ) , and the Deck of Cards . The + Mad Hatter and the March Hare appear in portrait form as well . All except the + Doorknob also appear in Chain of Memories , albeit in the form of illusions + made from the main character ''s memory . While the world is absent in Kingdom + Hearts II , it returns in Kingdom Hearts 358 / 2 Days and Kingdom Hearts coded + , the latter featuring a digitized version of the world originating from data + in Jiminy Cricket ''s royal journal .

In Toy Story 3 : The Video Game + , the Mad Hatter ''s hat is one of the hats you can have the townsfolk wear + . In Kinect Disneyland Adventures , Alice , Mad Hatter , White Rabbit , and + the Queen of Hearts make appearances .

In Disney Infinity there are + power discs based on Alice in Wonderland .

Several characters of the + movie make appearances throughout the Epic Mickey - games . For example , the + cards are seen throughout Mickeyjunk Mountain in the original Epic Mickey , + Alice appears as a statue carrying a projector screen in Epic Mickey 2 and Alice + , the Mad Hatter , the Cheshire Cat and the Queen of Hearts appear as unlockable + characters in Epic Mickey : Power of Illusion .

References ( edit + )

  1. ^ Jump up to : `` Alice in Wonderland : Detail View '''' . + American Film Institute . Retrieved May 18 , 2014 .
  2. Jump up ^ `` + ALICE IN WONDERLAND ( U ) '''' . British Board of Film Classification . July + 3 , 1951 . Retrieved June 18 , 2015 .
  3. Jump up ^ Magical Kingdoms +
  4. Jump up ^ http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0043274/business
  5. + Jump up ^ http://voicechasers.com/database/showprod.php?prodid=56
  6. + Jump up ^ `` A. Film L.A '''' .
  7. ^ Jump up to : Through the Keyhole + : A Companion ''s Guide to Alice in Wonderland , Alice in Wonderland : 60th + Anniversary Edition , 2011 Blu - Ray
  8. ^ Jump up to : Barrier , Michael + , 1999 , Hollywood Cartons , Oxford University Press , United Kingdom
    9. +
  9. ^ Jump up to : Reflections on Alice , Alice in Wonderland : 50th Universary + Edition , 2005 DVD
  10. Jump up ^ Gabler , Neal , 2006 , Walt Disney : + The Triumph of American Imagination , Alfred A. Knoff , New York City , USA +
  11. Jump up ^ UltimateDisney. com ''s Interview with Lisa Davis , the + voice and model for 101 Dalmatians '' Anita Radcliff
  12. Jump up ^ Deleted + Scene : The Pig and Pepper , Alice in Wonderland , 2011 Blu - Ray
  13. + Jump up ^ Thomas , Bob ( 1976 ) . Walt Disney : An American Original . New York + : Hyperion Press . pp. 220 -- 221 . ISBN 0 - 7868 - 6027 - 8 .
  14. Jump + up ^ `` Alice in Wonderland : The Aftermath '''' .
  15. Jump up ^ '' The + Top Box Office Hits of 1951 '' , Variety , January 2 , 1952
  16. Jump + up ^ Maltin , Leonard ( 1973 ) . The Disney Films . New York : Crown . p. 103 + . ISBN 0 - 7868 - 8527 - 0 .
  17. Jump up ^ Disney , Tim Burton & Linda + Woolverton deliver an `` Alice '''' for the ages
  18. Jump up ^ `` Official + DVD website '''' . Disney.Go.com . Archived from the original on July 25 , 2010 + . Retrieved July 13 , 2010 .
  19. Jump up ^ Justin Sluss ( July 28 , 2010 + ) . `` A Hi - Def sneak peek at Disney ''s planned 2011 Blu - ray titles '''' + . highdefdiscnews.com . Retrieved October 7 , 2010 .
  20. Jump up ^ `` + Alice in Wonderland Movie Reviews , Pictures '''' . Rotten Tomatoes . Flixster + . Retrieved July 13 , 2010 .
  21. Jump up ^ `` Romanization '''' . Retrieved + July 13 , 2010 .
  22. Jump up ^ `` Walt Disney ''s Alice In Wonderland + : Classic Soundtrack Series : Sammy Fain , Bob Hilliard '''' . Amazon.com . + Retrieved July 13 , 2010 .
  23. Jump up ^ http://www.mtishows.com/show_detail.asp?showid=000277 +
  24. Jump up ^ `` Disneyland ''s Mad Tea Party Page '''' . Archived from + the original on June 20 , 2010 . Retrieved July 13 , 2010 .
  25. Jump + up ^ `` Disneyland Paris '' Alice ''s Curious Labyrinth Page '''' . Archived + from the original on January 5 , 2009 . Retrieved July 13 , 2010 .
  26. + Jump up ^ `` Kingdom Hearts Official Page '''' . Retrieved July 13 , 2010 . +

External links ( edit )

  • Film in the United + States portal
  • Fantasy portal
  • Comedy portal
  • + 1950s portal
Wikimedia Commons has + media related to Alice in Wonderland ( 1951 film ) .
+
Wikiquote has quotations related to : Alice in wonderland + ( 1951 film )
  • Official website
  • Alice + in Wonderland on IMDb
  • Alice in Wonderland at the TCM Movie Database +
  • Alice in Wonderland at AllMovie
  • Alice in Wonderland at + The Big Cartoon DataBase
  • Alice in Wonderland at Rotten Tomatoes
    • +
+ Lewis Carroll ''s Alice
  • Alice ''s + Adventures in Wonderland
  • Through the Looking - Glass
  • `` + The Hunting of the Snark ''''
+ +
  • Book
    • +
Characters +
Alice ''s Adventures in Wonderland
  • + Alice
  • The White Rabbit
  • The Mouse
  • The Dodo
    • +
  • The Duck
  • The Lory
  • Eaglet
  • Pat
  • + Bill the Lizard
  • Puppy
  • The Caterpillar
  • The Duchess +
  • The Cheshire Cat
  • The March Hare
  • The Hatter +
    • Tarrant Hightopp
  • The Dormouse
  • The + Queen of Hearts
  • The King of Hearts
  • The Knave of Hearts +
  • The Gryphon
  • The Mock Turtle
Through the Looking - Glass
  • The Red Queen
  • + The White Queen
  • The Red King
  • The White King
  • + The White Knight
  • Tweedledum and Tweedledee
  • The Sheep
    • +
  • Humpty Dumpty
  • The Lion and the Unicorn
  • Bandersnatch +
  • Jubjub Bird
+ Locations +
Alice ''s Adventures in Wonderland
  • Wonderland
Through the Looking + - Glass
  • Looking - Glass Land
  • The Old Sheep Shop +
Related topics
  • Alice Liddell
  • Alice ''s Shop
  • John Tenniel +
  • Theophilus Carter
  • The Annotated Alice
  • Mischmasch +
  • Works based on Alice in Wonderland
    • Films and television +
    • Disney franchise
  • Translations of Alice ''s + Adventures in Wonderland
  • Translations of Through the Looking - Glass +
Adaptations + + + +
Poems +
  • `` All in the golden afternoon ... ''''
  • `` How + Doth the Little Crocodile ''''
  • `` The Mouse ''s Tale ''''
  • + `` Twinkle , Twinkle , Little Bat ''''
  • `` You Are Old , Father William + ''''
  • `` '' Tis the Voice of the Lobster ''''
  • `` Jabberwocky + ''''
  • `` The Walrus and the Carpenter ''''
  • `` Haddocks + '' Eyes ''''
  • `` They told me you had been to her ... ''''
  • + `` The Mock Turtle ''s Song ''''
  • `` The Hunting of the Snark '''' +
Sequels
  • A New Alice in + the Old Wonderland ( 1895 )
  • New Adventures of Alice ( 1917 )
    • +
  • Alice of Wonderland in Paris ( 1966 )
  • Alice Through the Needle + ''s Eye ( 1984 )
  • Automated Alice ( 1996 )
  • Wonderland Revisited + and the Games Alice Played There ( 2009 )
+ Retellings
  • The Nursery `` Alice '''' ( 1890 )
  • + Alice ''s Adventures in Wonderland retold in words of one syllable ( 1905 ) +
  • Alice in Verse : The Lost Rhymes of Wonderland ( 2010 )
+
Parodies
  • The Westminster Alice ( + 1902 )
  • Clara in Blunderland ( 1902 )
  • Lost in Blunderland + ( 1903 )
  • John Bull ''s Adventures in the Fiscal Wonderland ( 1904 + )
  • Alice in Blunderland : An Iridescent Dream ( 1904 )
+
Imitations
  • Mopsa the Fairy ( 1869 + )
  • Davy and the Goblin ( 1884 )
  • The Admiral ''s Caravan + ( 1891 )
  • Gladys in Grammarland ( 1896 )
  • A New Wonderland + ( 1898 )
  • Rollo in Emblemland ( 1902 )
  • Justnowland ( 1912 + )
  • Alice in Orchestralia ( 1925 )
+ Reimagining
  • Alice in Wonderland or What ''s a Nice Kid + Like You Doing in a Place Like This ? ( 1966 )
  • Alice or the Last + Escapade ( 1977 )
  • Adventures in Wonderland ( 1991 )
  • The + Looking Glass Wars ( 2006 )
  • Alice ( 2009 )
  • Malice in Wonderland + ( 2009 )
  • Alice in Wonderland ( 2010 )
  • Alice Through the + Looking Glass ( 2016 )
Film
    +
  • 1903
  • 1910
  • 1915
  • 1931
  • 1933
    • +
  • 1949
  • 1951
  • 1966
  • 1972
  • 1976
    • +
  • 1982
  • 1985
  • 1988 ( Czechoslovak )
    • +
  • 1988 ( Australian )
  • 1995
  • 1999
Stage
  • Alice ''s Adventures in Wonderland ( ballet + )
  • Alice in Wonderland ( musical )
  • Alice in Wonderland + ( opera )
  • Wonderland ( Wildhorn musical )
  • Peter and Alice + ( 2013 play )
  • Wonder. land ( Albarn musical )
Television
  • Fushigi no Kuni no Alice
  • + Once Upon a Time
  • Once Upon a Time in Wonderland
Literary
  • Alice in Murderland
  • + Alice in the Country of Hearts
  • Miyuki - chan in Wonderland
    • +
Video games
  • Alice no Paint + Adventure ( 1995 )
  • Alice in Wonderland ( 2000 )
  • American + McGee ''s Alice ( 2000 )
  • Alice in Wonderland ( 2010 )
  • + Alice : Madness Returns ( 2011 )
  • Kingdom Hearts
  • +
Films directed by Clyde Geronimi +
  • Victory Through Air Power ( 1943 )
  • The Three Caballeros + ( 1944 )
  • Make Mine Music ( 1946 )
  • Melody Time ( 1948 ) +
  • The Adventures of Ichabod and Mr. Toad ( 1949 )
  • Cinderella + ( 1950 )
  • Alice in Wonderland ( 1951 )
  • Peter Pan ( 1953 + )
  • Lady and the Tramp ( 1955 )
  • Sleeping Beauty ( 1959 ) +
  • One Hundred and One Dalmatians ( 1961 )
+
Films + directed by Hamilton Luske
  • Pinocchio + ( 1940 )
  • Fantasia ( 1940 )
  • The Reluctant Dragon ( 1941 + )
  • Saludos Amigos ( 1942 )
  • Make Mine Music ( 1946 )
    • +
  • Fun and Fancy Free ( 1947 )
  • Melody Time ( 1948 )
  • + So Dear to My Heart ( 1948 )
  • Cinderella ( 1950 )
  • Alice + in Wonderland ( 1951 )
  • Peter Pan ( 1953 )
  • Ben and Me ( + 1953 )
  • Lady and the Tramp ( 1955 )
  • Donald in Mathmagic + Land ( 1959 )
  • One Hundred and One Dalmatians ( 1961 )
+
    • +
Films directed by Wilfred Jackson +
  • Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs ( 1937 )
  • Pinocchio ( 1940 + )
  • Fantasia ( 1940 )
  • Dumbo ( 1941 )
  • Saludos + Amigos ( 1942 )
  • Song of the South ( 1946 )
  • Melody Time + ( 1948 )
  • Cinderella ( 1950 )
  • Alice in Wonderland ( 1951 + )
  • Peter Pan ( 1953 )
  • Lady and the Tramp ( 1955 )
    • +
  • +
Disney theatrical animated features + +
  • Book
+
Walt Disney Animation Studios films
  • Snow White and + the Seven Dwarfs ( 1937 )
  • Pinocchio ( 1940 )
  • Fantasia + ( 1940 )
  • Dumbo ( 1941 )
  • Bambi ( 1942 )
  • Saludos + Amigos ( 1942 )
  • The Three Caballeros ( 1944 )
  • Make Mine + Music ( 1946 )
  • Fun and Fancy Free ( 1947 )
  • Melody Time + ( 1948 )
  • The Adventures of Ichabod and Mr. Toad ( 1949 )
  • + Cinderella ( 1950 )
  • Alice in Wonderland ( 1951 )
  • Peter + Pan ( 1953 )
  • Lady and the Tramp ( 1955 )
  • Sleeping Beauty + ( 1959 )
  • One Hundred and One Dalmatians ( 1961 )
  • The Sword + in the Stone ( 1963 )
  • The Jungle Book ( 1967 )
  • The Aristocats + ( 1970 )
  • Robin Hood ( 1973 )
  • The Many Adventures of Winnie + the Pooh ( 1977 )
  • The Rescuers ( 1977 )
  • The Fox and the + Hound ( 1981 )
  • The Black Cauldron ( 1985 )
  • The Great Mouse + Detective ( 1986 )
  • Oliver & Company ( 1988 )
  • The Little + Mermaid ( 1989 )
  • The Rescuers Down Under ( 1990 )
  • Beauty + and the Beast ( 1991 )
  • Aladdin ( 1992 )
  • The Lion King + ( 1994 )
  • Pocahontas ( 1995 )
  • The Hunchback of Notre Dame + ( 1996 )
  • Hercules ( 1997 )
  • Mulan ( 1998 )
  • Tarzan + ( 1999 )
  • Fantasia 2000 ( 1999 )
  • Dinosaur ( 2000 )
    • +
  • The Emperor ''s New Groove ( 2000 )
  • Atlantis : The Lost Empire + ( 2001 )
  • Lilo & Stitch ( 2002 )
  • Treasure Planet ( 2002 + )
  • Brother Bear ( 2003 )
  • Home on the Range ( 2004 )
    • +
  • Chicken Little ( 2005 )
  • Meet the Robinsons ( 2007 )
  • + Bolt ( 2008 )
  • The Princess and the Frog ( 2009 )
  • Tangled + ( 2010 )
  • Winnie the Pooh ( 2011 )
  • Wreck - It Ralph ( 2012 + )
  • Frozen ( 2013 )
  • Big Hero 6 ( 2014 )
  • Zootopia + ( 2016 )
  • Moana ( 2016 )
  • Ralph Breaks the Internet : Wreck + - It Ralph 2 ( 2018 )
  • Frozen 2 ( 2019 )
Live - action films with animation
  • The Reluctant Dragon + ( 1941 )
  • Victory Through Air Power ( 1943 )
  • Song of the + South ( 1946 )
  • So Dear to My Heart ( 1948 )
  • Mary Poppins + ( 1964 )
  • Bedknobs and Broomsticks ( 1971 )
  • Pete ''s Dragon + ( 1977 )
  • Who Framed Roger Rabbit ( 1988 )
  • Enchanted ( + 2007 )
DisneyToon Studios films +
  • DuckTales the Movie : Treasure of the Lost Lamp ( 1990 )
  • + A Goofy Movie ( 1995 )
  • The Tigger Movie ( 2000 )
  • Return + to Never Land ( 2002 )
  • The Jungle Book 2 ( 2003 )
  • Piglet + ''s Big Movie ( 2003 )
  • Pooh ''s Heffalump Movie ( 2005 )
  • + Bambi II ( 2006 )
  • Planes ( 2013 )
  • Planes : Fire & Rescue + ( 2014 )
Other Disney units films +
  • The Nightmare Before Christmas ( 1993 )
  • James and the Giant + Peach ( 1996 )
  • Doug ''s 1st Movie ( 1999 )
  • Recess : School + ''s Out ( 2001 )
  • Teacher ''s Pet ( 2004 )
  • A Christmas + Carol ( 2009 )
  • Gnomeo & Juliet ( 2011 )
  • Mars Needs Moms + ( 2011 )
  • Frankenweenie ( 2012 )
  • Strange Magic ( 2015 ) +
Related lists
  • Unproduced + films
    • +
Walt Disney Animation Studios +
List of feature films +
+
Released
  • Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs + ( 1937 )
  • Pinocchio ( 1940 )
  • Fantasia ( 1940 )
  • + Dumbo ( 1941 )
  • Bambi ( 1942 )
  • Saludos Amigos ( 1942 ) +
  • The Three Caballeros ( 1944 )
  • Make Mine Music ( 1946 ) +
  • Fun and Fancy Free ( 1947 )
  • Melody Time ( 1948 )
    • +
  • The Adventures of Ichabod and Mr. Toad ( 1949 )
  • Cinderella ( + 1950 )
  • Alice in Wonderland ( 1951 )
  • Peter Pan ( 1953 ) +
  • Lady and the Tramp ( 1955 )
  • Sleeping Beauty ( 1959 )
    • +
  • One Hundred and One Dalmatians ( 1961 )
  • The Sword in the Stone + ( 1963 )
  • The Jungle Book ( 1967 )
  • The Aristocats ( 1970 + )
  • Robin Hood ( 1973 )
  • The Many Adventures of Winnie the + Pooh ( 1977 )
  • The Rescuers ( 1977 )
  • The Fox and the Hound + ( 1981 )
  • The Black Cauldron ( 1985 )
  • The Great Mouse Detective + ( 1986 )
  • Oliver & Company ( 1988 )
  • The Little Mermaid + ( 1989 )
  • The Rescuers Down Under ( 1990 )
  • Beauty and the + Beast ( 1991 )
  • Aladdin ( 1992 )
  • The Lion King ( 1994 ) +
  • Pocahontas ( 1995 )
  • The Hunchback of Notre Dame ( 1996 + )
  • Hercules ( 1997 )
  • Mulan ( 1998 )
  • Tarzan ( + 1999 )
  • Fantasia 2000 ( 1999 )
  • Dinosaur ( 2000 )
    • +
  • The Emperor ''s New Groove ( 2000 )
  • Atlantis : The Lost Empire + ( 2001 )
  • Lilo & Stitch ( 2002 )
  • Treasure Planet ( 2002 + )
  • Brother Bear ( 2003 )
  • Home on the Range ( 2004 )
    • +
  • Chicken Little ( 2005 )
  • Meet the Robinsons ( 2007 )
  • + Bolt ( 2008 )
  • The Princess and the Frog ( 2009 )
  • Tangled + ( 2010 )
  • Winnie the Pooh ( 2011 )
  • Wreck - It Ralph ( 2012 + )
  • Frozen ( 2013 )
  • Big Hero 6 ( 2014 )
  • Zootopia + ( 2016 )
  • Moana ( 2016 )
Upcoming + films
  • Ralph Breaks the Internet : Wreck - It Ralph 2 ( + 2018 )
  • Frozen 2 ( 2019 )
Associated + productions
  • The Reluctant Dragon ( 1941 )
  • Victory + Through Air Power ( 1943 )
  • Song of the South ( 1946 )
  • + So Dear to My Heart ( 1949 )
  • Mary Poppins ( 1964 )
  • Bedknobs + and Broomsticks ( 1971 )
  • Pete ''s Dragon ( 1977 )
  • Who + Framed Roger Rabbit ( 1988 )
  • Enchanted ( 2007 )
+ People
+
Executives
  • Edwin Catmull
  • Roy Conli
    • +
  • Roy E. Disney
  • Walt Disney
  • Don Hahn
  • Jeffrey + Katzenberg
  • John Lasseter
  • Peter Schneider
  • Thomas + Schumacher
  • David Stainton
Disney + ''s Nine Old Men
  • Les Clark
  • Marc Davis
    • +
  • Ollie Johnston
  • Milt Kahl
  • Ward Kimball
  • + Eric Larson
  • John Lounsbery
  • Wolfgang Reitherman
  • + Frank Thomas
+ Related topics +
+ +
History
  • Disney + animators '' strike
  • Disney Renaissance
Methods and technologies
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  • Disney Animation + : The Illusion of Life
  • Multiplane camera
Documentaries
  • Frank and Ollie ( 1995 )
    • +
  • The Sweatbox ( 2001 )
  • Dream On Silly Dreamer ( 2005 )
    • +
  • Waking Sleeping Beauty ( 2009 )
Other + Disney animation units
  • Disney Television Animation
    • +
  • DisneyToon Studios ( WDAS unit )
  • Lucasfilm Animation
  • + Marvel Animation
  • Pixar Animation Studios
  • Circle 7 ( defunct + )
Miscellaneous
  • Alice + Comedies
  • Laugh - O - Gram Studio
  • List of Disney animated + shorts
  • List of Disney theatrical animated features
    • unproduced +
  • Oswald the Lucky Rabbit
  • Mickey Mouse ( film + series )
  • Silly Symphonies
  • Once Upon a Time
+
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  • GND : 4478992 - 0
+ Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Alice_in_Wonderland_(1951_film)&oldid=819153790 + '''' Categories :
  • 1951 films
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    • +
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    • +
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  • Films about + dreams
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  • Films + directed by Clyde Geronimi
  • Films directed by Hamilton Luske
    • +
  • Films directed by Wilfred Jackson
  • Films produced by Walt Disney +
  • Films featuring anthropomorphic characters
  • Films set in + the Victorian era
  • Films set in the 1860s
  • Films set in + England
  • Films based on Alice in Wonderland
  • Films scored + by Oliver Wallace
  • Psychedelia
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    • +
  • Rotoscoped films
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Hidden + categories :
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+ + who has the rights to alice in wonderland?' +- - episode_done: true + eval_labels: + - May 18 , 2018 + - May 18 , 2018 + - May 18 , 2018 + - May 18 , 2018 + - May 18 , 2018 + id: natural_questions + text: 'Deadpool 2 - wikipedia

Deadpool 2

Jump to : navigation , search + Deadpool 2 Teaser + poster + + +
Directed by David Leitch
Produced by
  • Simon Kinberg
  • Ryan Reynolds +
  • Lauren Shuler Donner
Written by +
  • Rhett Reese
  • Paul Wernick
  • Ryan Reynolds +
Based on Deadpool by
  • + Rob Liefeld
  • Fabian Nicieza
Starring +
  • Ryan Reynolds
  • Josh Brolin
  • Morena + Baccarin
  • Julian Dennison
  • Zazie Beetz
  • T.J. Miller +
  • Brianna Hildebrand
  • Jack Kesy
  • Stefan Kapičić +
Music by Tyler Bates
Cinematography Jonathan Sela
Edited + by
  • Craig Alpert
  • Elísabet Ronaldsdóttir
    • +
Production company
  • Marvel Entertainment +
  • The Donners '' Company
  • Genre Films
Distributed by 20th Century Fox
Release + date
  • May 18 , 2018 ( 2018 - 05 - 18 ) ( United States ) +
+ Country United States
Language English +

Deadpool 2 is an upcoming American superhero film based + on the Marvel Comics character Deadpool , distributed by 20th Century Fox . + It is intended to be the eleventh installment in the X-Men film series , and + a sequel to the 2016 film Deadpool . The film is directed by David Leitch from + a script by Rhett Reese , Paul Wernick , and Ryan Reynolds , with Reynolds starring + in the title role alongside Josh Brolin , Morena Baccarin , Julian Dennison + , Zazie Beetz , T.J. Miller , Brianna Hildebrand , Jack Kesy , and Stefan Kapičić + . In Deadpool 2 , Deadpool forms the team X-Force to protect a young mutant + from Cable .

Plans for a sequel to Deadpool began before that film + ''s release , and were confirmed in February 2016 . Though the original creative + team of Reynolds , Reese , Wernick , and director Tim Miller were quickly set + to return for the second film , Miller left the project in October 2016 due + to creative differences with Reynolds , and was soon replaced by Leitch . An + extensive casting search took place to fill the role of Cable , with Brolin + ultimately cast ; the casting of Beetz as Domino was also noteworthy . Filming + took place in British Columbia , Canada , from June to October 2017 . During + filming , stunt woman Joi `` SJ '''' Harris died in a motorcycle accident . +

Deadpool 2 is scheduled to be released in the United States on May + 18 , 2018 . A sequel , Deadpool 3 , is in development .

Contents +

( hide )
  • 1 Premise
  • 2 Cast
  • 3 Production +
    • 3.1 Development
    • 3.2 Pre-production
    • 3.3 Filming +
    • 3.4 Post-production
  • 4 Music
  • 5 Release +
    • 5.1 Marketing
  • 6 Box office projection
    • +
  • 7 Sequel
  • 8 References
  • 9 External links
+

Premise

Deadpool forms a team of mutants called the + X-Force to protect young mutant Russell from the time - traveling soldier Cable + .

Cast

  • Ryan Reynolds as Wade Wilson / Deadpool : A + wisecracking mercenary with accelerated healing but severe scarring over his + body after undergoing an experimental regenerative mutation . He forms the X-Force + , a team of mutants .
  • Josh Brolin as Nathan Summers / Cable : A time + travelling cybernetic mutant soldier , `` in many ways the opposite of Deadpool + '''' . Director David Leitch called the dynamic between Cable and Deadpool `` + sort of classic buddy - cop fare '''' , and compared them to the characters + portrayed by Nick Nolte and Eddie Murphy , respectively , in 48 Hrs. ( 1982 + ) . Brolin signed a four - film deal to play the character , and described his + appearance here as just the introduction for the character , with `` three more + movies to reveal more . ''''
  • Morena Baccarin as Vanessa : An escort + and Wilson ''s fiancée .
  • Julian Dennison as Russell : A young mutant + being hunted by Cable . Dennison was the only actor that the creative team considered + for the role , with Russell `` sort of a tailor - made character '''' for the + actor .
  • Zazie Beetz as Neena Thurman / Domino : A mercenary with + the mutant ability to manipulate luck , who joins Deadpool ''s X-Force team + . Leitch described the film ''s version of the character as Beetz '' own `` + real fun interesting take '''' . Beetz began `` doing strength conditioning + , so that ''s like working out everyday '''' when she got the role , for which + she has to `` be shooting guns , I fight and a lot of that movement is full + body and physical . ''''
  • T.J. Miller as Weasel : Wilson ''s best + friend , the owner of a bar frequented by mercenaries .
  • Brianna Hildebrand + as Negasonic Teenage Warhead : A teenage X-Man with the mutant power to detonate + atomic bursts from her body , she is now a `` new level of X-Men '''' after + being a trainee in the first film . Hildebrand felt that `` it ''s cool that + she ''s grown and matured and she still has so much of this essence of a punk + kid '''' from the first film , and added that the character would have a `` + cooler '''' costume in the sequel .
  • Jack Kesy as Black Tom Cassidy + : A mutant who can manipulate energy through plants .
  • Stefan Kapičić + as the voice of Colossus : An X-Man with the mutant ability to transform his + entire body into organic steel . Kapičić described Colossus as one of the most + important characters in the film , requiring a more intense process for Kapičić + during recording for the character . He explained that Colossus would continue + to try make Deadpool a better person and potential X-Man after doing so in the + first film .

Leslie Uggams and Karan Soni return from the first + film as Deadpool ''s elderly roommate Blind Al and the taxi driver Dopinder + , respectively . The X-Force team also includes Terry Crews as Bedlam , Lewis + Tan as Shatterstar , and Rob Delaney as Peter . Shioli Kutsuna , Eddie Marsan + , and Bill Skarsgård have been cast in undisclosed roles .

Production +

Development

Producer Simon Kinberg revealed in September + 2015 that discussions had begun regarding ideas for a sequel to Deadpool , which + was set to be released in February 2016 . One idea was for the film to introduce + the character Cable , who had previously been looked at to appear in the first + Deadpool , and X-Men : Days of Future Past before that . Cable ''s inclusion + in the potential sequel was confirmed by the character Deadpool , breaking the + fourth wall , in the post-credit scene of the first film . Domino , a character + with connections to Cable in the comics , was also believed to be featured in + the sequel . By the first film ''s release , 20th Century Fox had green - lit + a sequel , with writers Rhett Reese and Paul Wernick returning to write the + screenplay . Though director Tim Miller and producer / star Ryan Reynolds were + not confirmed for the sequel at the time , Fox was `` intent on keeping the + creative team together '''' . Miller and Reynolds '' involvement was confirmed + at the 2016 CinemaCon that April , though Miller had still not formally signed + on to direct the sequel yet . He began work developing the script with the writers + , while Reynolds had signed a new contract granting him `` casting approval + and other creative controls '''' .

It has to tonally and stylistically + be as fresh and original ( as the first film ) . That ''s a big challenge especially + because they had 10 years to gestate on the first movie and we do n''t have + that kind of time on the second movie . That ''s the biggest mandate going ( + into ) the second film ... we have to resist the temptation to make it bigger + .

-- Producer Simon Kinberg on approaching Deadpool 2

In June 2016 + , Kinberg said that a completed draft from Wernick and Rheese was expected `` + soon '''' , and that they were looking to begin filming the sequel at the beginning + of 2017 . By August , Kyle Chandler was believed to be in the running to portray + Cable . Testing of actresses for Domino had also begun by October , with the + shortlist of actresses under consideration including Lizzy Caplan , Mary Elizabeth + Winstead , Sienna Miller , Sofia Boutella , Stephanie Sigman , Sylvia Hoeks + , Mackenzie Davis , Ruby Rose , Eve Hewson , and Kelly Rohrbach . The producers + were particularly interested in casting a black or Latina actress in the role + .

At the end of October , Miller left the film over `` mutual creative + differences '''' with Reynolds . The rift between the pair was reportedly based + on several factors , including Reynolds '' expanded creative control over the + sequel ; Miller ''s wish for a more stylized follow - up than the first film + , versus Reynolds '' focus `` on the raunchy comedy style that earned the first + movie its R rating '''' ; and Miller ''s intention to cast Chandler as Cable + , which Reynolds opposed . Fox ultimately backed `` its marketable star '''' + over Miller , who had made his directorial debut with the first film . Miller + denied these reported reasons , while Reynolds said , `` All I can really add + is that I ''m sad to see him off the film . Tim ''s brilliant and nobody worked + harder on Deadpool than he did . '''' A week after Miller ''s departure , Fox + was looking at David Leitch , Drew Goddard , Magnus Martens , and Rupert Sanders + as potential replacements for the director . Leitch was the `` strong frontrunner + '''' for the role , and signed on to direct a month later . Reynolds , a fan + of Leitch ''s John Wick , said the director `` really understands those Deadpool + sensibilities and where we need to take the franchise from here . '''' He added + that Leitch `` can make a movie on an ultra tight minimal budget look like it + was shot for 10 -- 15 times what it cost . ''''

Pre-production

+

Reese and Wernick had completed multiple drafts of the script by January + 2017 , saying , `` It ''s taken different twists and turns , but it ''s really + coalescing '''' ; the film was still on track to begin filming that year . The + pair felt a responsibility to explore the team X-Force , which includes Deadpool + , Cable , and Domino in the comics , with Reese saying the sequel ''s purpose + `` is not to set up X-Force ( but ) it will likely set up X-Force . '''' He + did clarify that though the film will be `` populated with a lot of characters + ... it is still Deadpool ''s movie '''' . The pair confirmed that Stefan Kapičić + ''s Colossus , Brianna Hildebrand ''s Negasonic Teenage Warhead , and Karan + Soni ''s Dopinder would be returning from the first film to `` make at least + an appearance '''' , and that the film would not be exploring the details of + Cable ''s convoluted comic origins . By the next month , it had been noted that + there had been few announcements from Fox regarding the film , and that a release + date had not yet been set which was seen as unusual for sequels to popular films + ( often studios `` announce sequels far too soon and with no idea what will + happen '''' ) , with the issue deemed to be the film ''s script . Reynolds , + Reese , and Wernick had been `` bunkered down , working on the script together + , trying to cross the finish line and create something everyone is excited to + make '''' . At that time , Goddard joined the project to consult on the script + .

By the beginning of March 2017 , Michael Shannon had been in the + running to portray Cable , but no longer could due to a scheduling conflict + . David Harbour had screen - tested for the role , and Pierce Brosnan was believed + to be in negotiations for a part in the film , potentially Cable . Reynolds + announced shortly after that Zazie Beetz had been cast as Domino . Later in + the month , Shannon was in the running to portray Cable again , and was considered + the frontrunner , with Fox also looking at a shortlist of other actors that + included Harbour . Brad Pitt had also been considered for the role , and expressed + interest in taking it , but had `` moved on '''' . Leitch soon addressed the + potential casting of these actors , saying Shannon `` would make an incredible + Cable ... If that happens , I would be through the roof '''' ; and on Pitt , + `` We had a great meeting with Brad , he was incredibly interested in the property + . Things did n''t work out schedule-wise . He ''s a fan , and we love him , + and I think he would ''ve made an amazing Cable . '''' At the end of March , + Morena Baccarin confirmed her return from the first film as Vanessa , and expressed + interest in exploring the character ''s Copycat persona from the comics in the + sequel . Josh Brolin emerged as a `` surprise contender '''' to play Cable in + April , ahead of Shannon and Harbour , and was officially cast in the role . + Brolin also portrays the Marvel Comics character Thanos , in the Marvel Cinematic + Universe . Leslie Uggams confirmed that she would be reprising her role of Blind + Al from the first film , while Fox gave the sequel a June 1 , 2018 release date + .

Noting the release date , Leitch wanted to ensure that the film `` + was worthy of a summer tentpole movie , and we knew we were going to be wedged + in between some big films '''' , specifically wanting to expand the action and + make the general feeling of the film `` bigger '''' than the first one . However + , he wanted the film to have the same DNA as the original `` in terms of the + tone , and the fun ... I love that challenge '''' of combining that with the + increased scope . The film uses Deadpool ''s fourth wall - breaking to reference + this release period , with Leitch calling these comments `` definitely fresh + and timely when they come up . '''' In May 2017 , Fox was reportedly looking + to use a post-credits scene at the end of Deadpool 2 to introduce several other + members of X-Force who would go on to star alongside Reynolds , Brolin , and + Beetz in an X-Force film . Casting for the characters -- Sunspot , Feral , and + Shatterstar -- would take place over the coming months , though Reese denied + the accuracy of this report . Later , T.J. Miller confirmed that he would return + from the first film as Weasel , and described the sequel as `` even more weaselicious + '''' than the first . He noted that Reynolds and the writers had `` really put + the time in on the script '''' to meet their own expectations for the sequel + as well as those of fans . Jack Kesy also joined the cast , as Black Tom Cassidy + . In June , Shioli Kutsuna was cast in a key role for the film .

Filming +

Initial filming had begun by June 17 , 2017 , at Hatley Castle in + Victoria , Canada , which is used to portray the X-Mansion in the X-Men films + . Principal photography began in Vancouver on June 26 , under the working title + Love Machine . Jonathan Sela served as cinematographer for the film . At the + end of June , Reynolds revealed that Julian Dennison had been cast in the film + . The next month , T.J. Miller said that he found the sequel to be funnier than + the first film , and that `` it ''s not going to be the same movie in a different + location ( like The Hangover Part II ) . It ''s got different stakes , different + things happen , some pretty tragic , dark shit happens in the first part of + the film , in the beginning , and the rest of the film is kind of dealing with + that . '''' By then , Kapičić had been working with Leitch on the set , and + expected to continue contributing to Colossus through to April 2018 .

+ On August 14 , stunt woman Joi `` SJ '''' Harris died in a motorcycle accident + after losing control and crashing into Shaw Tower . Harris , the first African + - American female professional road racer , was working on the film as a stunt + performer for the first time and had only joined the production a week before + . Harris was not wearing a helmet because the character she was portraying , + Domino , does not wear one in the scene , and there had not been time since + she joined the film to create one for her to fit underneath the Domino wig . + She had two full days of rehearsing the stunt as well as five more attempts + on the day of the accident . Veteran stunt double Melissa Stubbs had been available + and willing to do the stunt , but the inexperienced Harris was preferred due + to her skin color being a match for Beetz . This decision was criticized by + multiple stunt professionals , with many noting that Harris '' experiences racing + motorcycles did not necessarily qualify her as an able stunt performer . Production + on the film was shut down immediately after the incident , but resumed two days + later . With this news also came reports that the film ''s crew were `` enduring + very long hours '''' and were `` exhausted by the schedule '''' , with a member + of the studio confirming that some days had gone beyond the scheduled 12 -- + 13 hours filming , up to 15 -- plus hours .

Earlier in August , Reynolds + revealed that Rob Delaney was at the film ''s set , and Eddie Marsan revealed + that he was also on set for a role in the film later in the month . Filming + in Vancouver was expected to last until October 6 , with production on Deadpool + 2 being officially completed on October 14 . Discussing the film ''s action + , having previously worked as a stunt coordinator , Leitch said that all stunts + are `` variations on a theme '''' with the same basic elements , but Deadpool + allows you to `` subvert those basics , and there ''s an expectation for a classic + gag , but oops , maybe you get something else . '''' He also felt that introducing + Domino gave the film unique opportunities for action sequences taking advantage + of her luck - based abilities , as well as focusing on Deadpool ''s healing + abilities and trying to use those to create interesting action .

Post-production +

Fox revealed in November that the film was technically untitled at + that point , and not officially known as Deadpool 2 as had been assumed ; the + studio was temporarily referring to the film as The Untitled Deadpool Sequel + . In January 2018 , the film ''s release was moved up to May 18 , 2018 . A month + later , Terry Crews was revealed to have a role in the film , the character + Shatterstar was confirmed to be appearing , and the production returned to Vancouver + for six days of reshoots under a new working title , Daisy .

While + some reports emerged by mid-March claiming that the reshoots were due to poor + audience responses during test screenings of the film , and consisted of sweeping + changes , the film was soon confirmed to be testing better than the original + did , up to 98 out of 100 over three different tests ( compared to a maximum + score of 91 during tests of the first film ) . Because of this , the reshoots + were adding more of the elements that audiences responded positively to , including + additional material featuring Cable and Domino . By the end of the month , two + hours - worth of filming had taken place in Los Angeles for a then - secret + cameo appearance , and the film ''s first full trailer was released . Officially + titling the film Deadpool 2 , the trailer also revealed that Crews was portraying + Bedlam ; that Delaney was in the film , portraying Peter ; and that Bill Skarsgård + also had a role . The film ''s final trailer , released a month later , confirmed + that Lewis Tan would portray Shatterstar , joining Domino , Bedlam , and Peter + as members of the X-Force in the film .

Music

Deadpool composer + Junkie XL chose not to return for the sequel due to Miller ''s departure . In + October 2017 , Tyler Bates was hired to write the score for the film .

+

Release

Deadpool 2 is set to be released in the United States + on May 18 , 2018 . It was previously scheduled for release on June 1 of that + year .

Marketing

For the Fox presentation at CineEurope + 2017 in June , Reynolds made a video message featuring himself in costume as + Deadpool from the film ''s set . The first teaser poster , which pays homage + to Norman Rockwell ''s 1943 painting Freedom from Want , was released that November + . Justin Carter of Comic Book Resources found it `` oddly appropriate for Deadpool + 2 to co-opt ( this ) iconic work for a modern pop culture audience '''' as it + is `` true to Deadpool ''s incredibly referential nature . '''' Eric Diaz of + Nerdist said , `` It strikes exactly the irreverent tone you ''d expect for + the Deadpool sequel . '''' The first footage from the film debuted the following + week , at the end of a video where Reynolds ( in - character as Deadpool ) parodies + Bob Ross and his television show The Joy of Painting . The video was described + by The Hollywood Reporter ''s Ryan Parker as `` completely out of left field + '''' and setting the tone perfectly for the film , though his colleague Graeme + McMillan was less positive due to not knowing of Ross ( Deadpool co-creator + Fabian Nicieza thought the fact that many in the audience would n''t know of + Ross made the video `` exactly the kind of quirky pop culture choice that works + perfectly for Deadpool '''' ) . Parker added , `` This trailer only showed a + few seconds from the film , but fans will be talking about it all day '''' because + of the presentation , unlike `` any other trailer which would have shown so + little of the product . ''''

Rather than pay for an expensive advertisement + spot during Super Bowl LII , the film ''s official Twitter account was used + to `` live tweet '''' the event with commentary as if the character Deadpool + was watching it . A new trailer for the film was released later that week , + focusing on introducing Cable . Parker felt that `` Reynolds and company have + completely changed the trailer game . The formula of just showing some of the + actual movie , but with a tiny story thrown in is such an incredible marketing + idea . '''' McMillan and their colleague Aaron Couch praised the trailer playing + on the visual effects for Cable ''s arm not being finished , noting it as a + joke about the visual effects to remove Henry Cavill ''s mustache from Justice + League . The group collectively praised the overall marketing for the franchise + , with McMillan suggesting that the campaign for the sequel may surpass that + of the first Deadpool . A full trailer for the film , explaining its general + plot , was released at the end of March . Forbes contributor Scott Mendelson + called it `` pretty funny and mostly entertaining '''' , but was disappointed + in it being a `` conventional '''' trailer compared to the more out - there + videos previously released for the film . He explained that he thought the first + film `` had a winning lead character and fine character - centric jokes , but + a pretty generic origin story plot that eventually became the thing it was critiquing + '''' , and was concerned that the sequel would turn out to be `` a more standard + '' superhero sequel '' sell '''' . Mendelson also noted the inclusion of T.J. + Miller in the trailer following the reveal of sexual misconduct allegations + against the actor in late 2017 , calling it `` inevitable no matter how tarnished + his reputation might be these days . '''' The Hollywood Reporter group also + noted the more traditional style of the trailer , but remained generally positive + about the film and highlighted the supporting cast for the film as appearing + in the trailer , including Brolin , Beetz , Kutsuna , and Crews .

Also + in March , a Twitter account was established for the character Peter and began + to be regularly updated with `` tweets '''' about his interests , including + photos of the character beekeeping and preparing for his work as part of the + X-Force team ( as seen in the film ) . A month later , Fox released the final + trailer for the film , with Mendelson lamenting that it was as `` conventional + '''' as the previous trailer but finding it understandable that Fox not be seen + to be hiding the film , and ultimately felt that the trailer indicated the film + would be `` a pretty solid comic book sequel '''' . The group at The Hollywood + Reporter praised the final trailer as well , highlighting its references to + X-Men Origins : Wolverine and the DC universe as well as its introduction of + Peter . At the end of April , Leitch stated that alternate versions of jokes + that had been cut from the film were included in the trailers , since `` only + one can live in the movie , so we might have snuck a couple in sort of additional + materials that people can discover . '''' As part of a promotion for the film + with beverage company Mike ''s Harder , Sister Margaret ''s School for Wayward + Girls -- the fictional bar featured in the films -- will be emulated in pop + - ups at the Alligator Lounge in New York from April 26 -- 28 and the Slipper + Clutch in Los Angeles from May 10 -- 12 . The pop - ups will respectively serve + pizza and chimichangas , traditionally Deadpool ''s favorite food , as well + as Deadpool - inspired Harder drinks . The campaign also includes the chance + to win a trip to the film ''s premiere through Harder , and the Los Angeles + pop - up will benefit the nonprofit DTLA Film Festival .

Box office + projection

Initial box office projections for the film in March 2018 + expected it to gross $100 million over its opening weekend in the United States + and Canada , with a final domestic total expected to be lower than that of the + first film ( $363 million ) at around $242 million . On April 20 , 2018 , both + Fandango and Regal Cinemas announced that Deadpool 2 was the best pre-selling + R - rated film in their respective histories . By April 26 , opening weekend + industry projections had reached upwards of $150 million .

Sequel +

By November 2016 , with development underway on Deadpool 2 , Fox was + also planning Deadpool 3 , which was said to include the team X-Force . With + the confirmation that Leitch would direct Deadpool 2 , it was revealed that + Fox was looking for a separate filmmaker to direct Deadpool 3 . In March 2017 + , Reese clarified that though Deadpool 2 sets - up the X-Force team , a future + film focused on the team would be separate from Deadpool 3 , `` so I think we + ''ll be able to take two paths . ( X-Force ) is where we ''re launching something + bigger , but then ( Deadpool 3 is ) where we ''re contracting and staying personal + and small . '''' After the proposed acquisition of 21st Century Fox by Disney + was announced in December 2017 , Disney CEO Bob Iger said that Deadpool would + be integrated with the Marvel Cinematic Universe under Disney , and that the + company would be willing to make future R - rated Deadpool films `` as long + as we let the audiences know what ''s coming '''' .

References

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  80. Jump up ^ Mendelson , Scott ( April 19 , 2018 ) . `` + Fox Saved The Best '' Deadpool 2 '' Trailer For Last '''' . Forbes . Archived + from the original on April 20 , 2018 . Retrieved April 20 , 2018 .
  81. + Jump up ^ Couch , Aaron ; Parker , Ryan ; Perez , Lexy ; McMillan , Graeme ; + Shanley , Patrick ( April 19 , 2018 ) . `` '' Deadpool 2 '' Trailer Has One + Clear Winner '''' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on April + 20 , 2018 . Retrieved April 20 , 2018 .
  82. Jump up ^ Couch , Aaron ( + April 16 , 2018 ) . `` '' Deadpool '' Pop - Up Bar Coming to New York and L.A. + '''' The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on April 17 , 2018 + . Retrieved April 17 , 2018 .
  83. Jump up ^ Robbins , Shawn ( March 23 + , 2018 ) . `` Long Range Tracking : '' Deadpool 2 , '' '' Book Club , '' & '' + Show Dogs '' '''' . BoxOffice . Retrieved March 23 , 2018 .
  84. Jump + up ^ D''Alessandro , Anthony ( April 20 , 2018 ) . `` '' Deadpool 2 '' Advance + Ticket Sales Records : Fandango ''s Best R - Rated Preseller Ever In First 24 + Hours '''' . Deadline Hollywood . Penske Business Media . Retrieved April 20 + , 2018 .
  85. Jump up ^ D''Alessandro , Anthony ( April 26 , 2018 ) . + `` '' Deadpool 2 '' Tracking Suggests Raunchy Superhero Headed For $150 M+ Opening + '''' . Deadline Hollywood . Penske Business Media . Retrieved April 26 , 2018 + .
  86. Jump up ^ Kit , Borys ( November 9 , 2016 ) . `` Fox ''s X-Men + Issues : Jennifer Lawrence Unsigned , '' Deadpool '' Defections , '' Gambit + '' on Hold '''' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on May + 24 , 2017 . Retrieved May 24 , 2017 .
  87. Jump up ^ Eisenberg , Eric + ( March 21 , 2017 ) . `` Why Deadpool 3 And X-Force Will Be Very Different Projects + '''' . CinemaBlend . Archived from the original on May 24 , 2017 . Retrieved + May 24 , 2017 .
  88. Jump up ^ White , Peter ; Hayes , Dade ( December + 14 , 2017 ) . `` Disney - Fox Deal : Bob Iger Discusses Digital Future , James + Murdoch , Hulu and $2 B Cost Savings '''' . Deadline.com . Archived from the + original on December 16 , 2017 . Retrieved December 16 , 2017 .
  89. Jump + up ^ Couch , Aaron ( December 14 , 2017 ) . `` '' Deadpool '' Can Stay R - Rated + at Disney , Says Bob Iger '''' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the + original on December 16 , 2017 . Retrieved December 16 , 2017 .
+

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+ + when is the next deadpool movie being released?' +num_episodes: 200 +num_examples: 200 diff --git a/parlai/tasks/natural_questions/test/natural_questions_NaturalQuestionsSampleTeacher_train.yml b/parlai/tasks/natural_questions/test/natural_questions_NaturalQuestionsSampleTeacher_train.yml new file mode 100644 index 00000000000..d8f9ba6760c --- /dev/null +++ b/parlai/tasks/natural_questions/test/natural_questions_NaturalQuestionsSampleTeacher_train.yml @@ -0,0 +1,3082 @@ +acts: +- - episode_done: true + id: natural_questions + labels: + - March 18 , 2018 + text: 'The Walking Dead ( season 8 ) - Wikipedia

The Walking Dead ( season + 8 )

Jump to : navigation , search The Walking + Dead ( season 8 ) Promotional poster + + + Release + Season chronology + ← Previous Season 7 + List of The Walking Dead episodes
Starring
  • Andrew Lincoln
  • Norman + Reedus
  • Lauren Cohan
  • Chandler Riggs
  • Danai Gurira +
  • Melissa McBride
  • Lennie James
  • Alanna Masterson +
  • Josh McDermitt
  • Christian Serratos
  • Seth Gilliam +
  • Ross Marquand
  • Jeffrey Dean Morgan
  • Austin Amelio +
  • Tom Payne
  • Xander Berkeley
  • Khary Payton
    • +
  • Steven Ogg
  • Katelyn Nacon
  • Pollyanna McIntosh
    • +
Country of origin United States
No. of episodes 9
Original network AMC
Original release October 22 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 22 ) -- present + ( present )

The eighth season + of The Walking Dead , an American post-apocalyptic horror television series + on AMC , premiered on October 22 , 2017 , and will consist of 16 episodes split + into two eight - episode parts , with the second part debuting on February 25 + , 2018 .

Developed for television by Frank Darabont , the series is + based on the eponymous series of comic books by Robert Kirkman , Tony Moore + , and Charlie Adlard . The executive producers are Kirkman , David Alpert , + Scott M. Gimple , Greg Nicotero , Tom Luse , and Gale Anne Hurd , with Gimple + as showrunner for the fifth consecutive season . The eighth season has received + mostly positive reviews .

This season adapts the `` All Out War '''' + story arc from the comics , with the survivors of the Alexandria Safe - Zone + , the Hilltop , the Kingdom , and later the Scavengers taking on Negan ( Jeffrey + Dean Morgan ) and the Saviors .

Contents

( hide )
    +
  • 1 Cast
    • 1.1 Main cast
      • 1.1. 1 Starring
      • 1.1. + 2 Also starring
    • 1.2 Supporting cast
      • 1.2. 1 + Alexandria Safe - Zone
      • 1.2. 2 The Hilltop
      • 1.2. 3 The Saviors +
      • 1.2. 4 The Kingdom
      • 1.2. 5 Oceanside
      • 1.2. 6 + The Scavengers
      • 1.2. 7 Miscellaneous
    • +
  • 2 Production
  • 3 Episodes
  • 4 Release
  • 5 Reception +
    • 5.1 Critical response
    • 5.2 Ratings
  • + 6 References
  • 7 External links

Cast ( edit + )

Main article : List of The Walking Dead ( TV series ) characters

+ Main cast ( edit )

The primary characters of the eighth season include + ( from left to right ) : Rick , Carol , Morgan , Daryl , Carl , Enid , Rosita + , Tara , Michonne , Gabriel , Aaron , Maggie , Jesus , Gregory , Shiva , Ezekiel + , Jadis , Eugene , Simon , Dwight , and Negan

The eighth season features + twenty series regulars overall . For this season , Katelyn Nacon , Khary Payton + , Steven Ogg , and Pollyanna McIntosh were promoted to series regular status + , after previously having recurring roles , while Seth Gilliam and Ross Marquand + were added to the opening credits .

Starring ( edit )
  • Andrew + Lincoln as Rick Grimes , the series '' protagonist , a former sheriff and the + leader of Alexandria , who is leading a new alliance to fight Negan and the + Saviors .
  • Norman Reedus as Daryl Dixon , Rick ''s right - hand man + , the group ''s primary hunter and a recruiter for Alexandria .
  • Lauren + Cohan as Maggie Rhee , the pregnant widow of Glenn and a leading figure of the + Hilltop .
  • Chandler Riggs as Carl Grimes , Rick ''s bold and courageous + teenage son .
  • Danai Gurira as Michonne , Rick ''s katana - wielding + girlfriend , who acts as a mother figure to Carl and Judith .
  • Melissa + McBride as Carol Peletier , a fierce survivor who is spurred into fighting the + Saviors as revenge for the deaths of her friends .
  • Lennie James as + Morgan Jones , the first survivor Rick had ever encountered , who now resides + in the Kingdom and fights for his sanity .
  • Alanna Masterson as Tara + Chambler , a caring , witty member of the group and supply runner for Alexandria + who serves as a liaison with Oceanside .
  • Josh McDermitt as Eugene + Porter , a timorous former member of the group whose resourcefulness leads Negan + to take him under his wing .
  • Christian Serratos as Rosita Espinosa + , an impulsive member of the group , who is motivated to avenge her ex-boyfriend + Spencer and Abraham ''s death .
  • Seth Gilliam as Gabriel Stokes , + a priest who has become hardened from his experiences with Rick ''s group . +
  • Ross Marquand as Aaron , an Alexandrian recruiter who brought Rick + ''s group to Alexandria and is currently in the fight against the Saviors . +
  • Jeffrey Dean Morgan as Negan , the sociopathic and charismatic leader + of the Saviors who serves as the season ''s primary antagonist .
+ Also starring ( edit )
  • Austin Amelio as Dwight , a former subordinate + of Negan who now works for Rick as a double agent against the Saviors .
    • +
  • Tom Payne as Paul `` Jesus '''' Rovia , a scout for the Hilltop .
    • +
  • Xander Berkeley as Gregory , the selfish and hypocritical leader of the + Hilltop whose influence diminished with Maggie ''s prominence .
  • Khary + Payton as King Ezekiel , the charismatic leader of the Kingdom who allies with + Rick against the Saviors .
  • Steven Ogg as Simon , a former mortgage + broker and Negan ''s ruthless second - in - command .
  • Katelyn Nacon + as Enid , a former member of Alexandria who moved to Hilltop to be with Maggie + , and has formed a relationship with Carl .
  • Pollyanna McIntosh as + Jadis , the deceptive leader of the Scavengers who betrayed Rick ''s group , + and maintains a neutral stance in the war .

Supporting cast + ( edit )

Alexandria Safe - Zone ( edit )
  • Jason Douglas as Tobin + , the foreman of Alexandria ''s construction crew and member of Rick ''s militia + .
  • Jordan Woods - Robinson as Eric Raleigh , Aaron ''s boyfriend and + his former recruiting partner , who is now a member of Rick ''s militia .
    • +
  • Kenric Green as Scott , a supply runner in Alexandria and member of Rick + ''s militia .
  • Dahlia Legault as Francine , a member of Alexandria + ''s construction crew and member of Rick ''s militia .
  • Mandi Christine + Kerr as Barbara , resident of Alexandria .
  • Ted Huckabee as Bruce + , resident and member of Alexandria ''s construction .
The Hilltop + ( edit )
  • James Chen as Kal , a guard of the Hilltop .
  • Peter + Zimmerman as Eduardo , a guard of the Hilltop and soldier of the Hilltop ''s + militia .
  • Karen Ceesay as Bertie , a resident of the Hilltop and + soldier of the Hilltop ''s militia .
  • Jeremy Palko as Andy , a resident + of the Hilltop and soldier of the Hilltop ''s militia .
  • Brett Gentile + as Freddie , a resident of the Hilltop and soldier of the Hilltop ''s militia + .
  • R. Keith Harris as Harlan Carson , is the doctor of the Hilltop + , who was captured by Simon in the previous season .
The Saviors + ( edit )
  • Jayson Warner Smith as Gavin , one of Negan ''s top lieutenants + , who leads the weapons base .
  • Traci Dinwiddie as Regina , one of + Negan ''s top lieutenants .
  • Elizabeth Ludlow as Arat , one of Negan + ''s top lieutenants .
  • Mike Seal as Gary , a member of the Saviors + .
  • Lindsley Register as Laura , a member of the Saviors .
  • + Juan Pareja as Morales , a survivor from Rick ''s original Atlanta camp who + joined the Saviors .
  • Joshua Mikel as Jared , Benjamin ''s killer + , and a hostile member of the Saviors who antagonizes Morgan .
  • Callan + McAuliffe as Alden , a member of the Saviors who surrenders to Jesus at the + satellite station outpost .
  • Lindsey Garrett as Mara , a Savior who + guards one of many outposts .
  • Lee Norris as Todd , a timid member + of the Saviors who works at the same outpost as Mara .
  • Whitmer Thomas + as Gunther , a member of the Saviors who tortures Ezekiel .
  • Charles + Halford as Yago , a Savior who manages Gavin ''s weapons base .
  • Ciera + L. Payton as Zia , a Savior whom Rosita and Michonne encounter at a supply warehouse + .
  • Adam Cronan as Leo , a Savior whom Rosita and Michonne encounter + at a supply warehouse .
  • Chloe Aktas as Tanya , one of Negan ''s wives + .
  • Adam Fristoe as Dean , a savior who tried to kill Jesus .
    • +
The Kingdom ( edit )
  • Cooper Andrews as Jerry , Ezekiel ''s loyal + and good - natured bodyguard .
  • Kerry Cahill as Dianne , one of Ezekiel + ''s top soldiers and a skilled archer .
  • Daniel Newman as Daniel , + one of Ezekiel ''s top soldiers .
  • Carlos Navarro as Alvaro , one + of Ezekiel ''s top soldiers .
  • Macsen Lintz as Henry , a resident + of the Kingdom and younger brother of the deceased Benjamin .
  • Jason + Burkey as Kevin , a resident of the Kingdom .
  • Nadine Marissa as Nabila + , a resident and gardener of the Kingdom .
Oceanside ( edit )
    +
  • Deborah May as Natania , the vigilant leader of Oceanside .
  • + Sydney Park as Cyndie , Natania ''s granddaughter .
  • Briana Venskus + as Beatrice , one of Oceanside ''s top soldiers .
  • Nicole Barré as + Kathy , one of Oceanside ''s top soldiers .
The Scavengers ( edit + )
  • Sabrina Gennarino as Tamiel , a leading member of the Scavengers + .
  • Thomas Francis Murphy as Brion , a leading member of the Scavengers + .
Miscellaneous ( edit )
  • Avi Nash as Siddiq , a mysterious + vagabond survivor who befriends Carl .

Production ( edit ) +

The Walking Dead was renewed by AMC for a 16 - episode eighth season + on October 16 , 2016 , and that same month it was reported that Maria Bello + would have a role on the show . Production began on April 25 , 2017 , in Atlanta + , Georgia . On July 12 , 2017 , production was shut down after stuntman John + Bernecker was killed , after falling more than 20 feet onto a concrete floor + . Production resumed on July 17 .

The season premiere , which also + serves as the series '' milestone 100th episode , was directed by executive + producer Greg Nicotero .

In November 2017 , it was announced that Lennie + James who portrays Morgan Jones , would be leaving The Walking Dead after the + conclusion of this season , and he will join the cast of the spin - off series + Fear the Walking Dead .

Episodes ( edit )

See also : List of + The Walking Dead episodes + + Rick , Maggie , and Ezekiel rally their communities together + to take down Negan . Gregory attempts to have the Hilltop residents side with + Negan , but they all firmly stand behind Maggie . The group attacks the Sanctuary + , taking down its fences and flooding the compound with walkers . With the Sanctuary + defaced , everyone leaves except Gabriel , who reluctantly stays to save Gregory + , but is left behind when Gregory abandons him . Surrounded by walkers , Gabriel + hides in a trailer , where he is trapped inside with Negan . + Rick ''s + forces split into separate parties to attack several of the Saviors '' outposts + , during which many members of the group are killed ; Eric is critically injured + and rushed away by Aaron . Jesus stops Tara and Morgan from executing a group + of surrendered Saviors . While clearing an outpost with Daryl , Rick is confronted + and held at gunpoint by Morales , a survivor he met in the initial Atlanta camp + , who is now with the Saviors . + Daryl finds Morales threatening Rick and kills him + ; the duo then pursue a group of Saviors who are transporting weapons to another + outpost . Gregory returns to Hilltop , and after a heated argument , Maggie + ultimately allows him back in the community . Eric dies from his injuries , + leaving Aaron distraught . Despite Tara and Morgan ''s objections , Jesus leads + the group of surrendered Saviors to Hilltop . Ezekiel ''s group attacks another + Savior compound , during which several Kingdommers are shot while protecting + Ezekiel . + Ezekiel ''s + group is overwhelmed by the Saviors , who kill all of them except for Ezekiel + himself and Jerry . Carol clears the inside of the compound , killing all but + two Saviors , who almost escape but are eventually caught by Rick and Daryl + . En route to the Kingdom , Ezekiel , Jerry , and Carol are surrounded by walkers + , but Shiva sacrifices herself to save them . The trio returns to the Kingdom + , where Ezekiel ''s confidence in himself as a leader has diminished . + + After confessing their sins to each other , Gabriel and Negan manage to escape + from the trailer . Simon and the other lieutenants grow suspicious of each other + , knowing that Rick ''s forces must have inside information . The workers in + the Sanctuary become increasingly frustrated with their living conditions , + and a riot nearly ensues , until Negan returns and restores order . Gabriel + is locked in a cell , where Eugene discovers him sick and suffering . Meanwhile + , Rick and Daryl argue over how to take out the Saviors , leading Daryl to abandon + Rick . + + Rick visits Jadis in hopes of convincing her to turn against + Negan ; Jadis refuses , and locks Rick in a shipping container . Carl encounters + Siddiq in the woods and recruits him to Alexandria . Daryl and Tara plot to + deviate from Rick ''s plans by destroying the Sanctuary . Ezekiel isolates himself + at the Kingdom , where Carol tries to encourage him to be the leader his people + need . Maggie has the group of captured Saviors placed in a holding area and + forces Gregory to join them as punishment for betraying Hilltop . + After learning + of Dwight ''s association with Rick ''s group , Eugene affirms his loyalty to + Negan and outlines a plan to get rid of the walkers surrounding the Sanctuary + . With help from Morgan and Tara , Daryl drives a truck through the Sanctuary + ''s walls , flooding its interior with walkers , killing many Saviors . Rick + finally convinces Jadis and the Scavengers to align with him , and they plan + to force the Saviors to surrender . However , when they arrive at the Sanctuary + , Rick is horrified to see the breached walls and no sign of the walker herd + . + Eugene ''s plan allows the Saviors to escape , and separately + , the Saviors waylay the Alexandria , Hilltop , and Kingdom forces . The Scavengers + abandon Rick , after which he returns to Alexandria . Ezekiel ensures that the + Kingdom residents are able to escape before locking himself in the community + with the Saviors . Eugene aids Gabriel and Doctor Carson in escaping the Sanctuary + in order to ease his conscience . Negan attacks Alexandria , but Carl devises + a plan to allow the Alexandria residents to escape into the sewers . Carl reveals + he was bitten by a walker while escorting Siddiq to Alexandria . + After the + Saviors leave Alexandria , the survivors make for the Hilltop while Rick and + Michonne stay behind to say their final goodbyes to a dying Carl , who pleads + with Rick to build a better future alongside the Saviors before killing himself + . In the Kingdom , Morgan and Carol launch a rescue mission for Ezekiel . Although + they are successful and retake the Kingdom , the Saviors '' lieutenant Gavin + is killed by Benjamin ''s vengeful brother Henry . + + +
No . overall No. in season + Title Directed by Written by Original + air date U.S. viewers ( millions )
100 `` Mercy '''' Greg Nicotero Scott M. Gimple + October 22 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 22 ) 11.44
101 `` The Damned '''' Rosemary Rodriguez + Matthew Negrete & Channing Powell October 29 , 2017 ( + 2017 - 10 - 29 ) 8.92
102 + `` Monsters '''' Greg Nicotero Matthew Negrete & Channing + Powell November 5 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 05 ) 8.52
103 `` Some Guy '''' Dan Liu David Leslie Johnson November 12 , 2017 ( + 2017 - 11 - 12 ) 8.69
104 5 `` The Big Scary U '''' + Michael E. Satrazemis Story by : Scott M. Gimple & David Leslie Johnson + & Angela Kang Teleplay by : David Leslie Johnson & Angela Kang November + 19 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 19 ) 7.85
105 6 `` The King , the Widow + , and Rick '''' John Polson Angela Kang & Corey Reed November 26 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 26 ) 8.28
106 7 `` Time for After '''' Larry + Teng Matthew Negrete & Corey Reed December 3 , 2017 ( + 2017 - 12 - 03 ) 7.47
107 8 `` How It ''s Gotta Be '''' + Michael E. Satrazemis David Leslie Johnson & Angela Kang + December 10 , 2017 ( 2017 - 12 - 10 ) 7.89
108 9 `` Honor '''' Greg Nicotero + Matthew Negrete & Channing Powell February 25 , 2018 ( + 2018 - 02 - 25 ) 8.28
109 + 10 `` The Lost and the Plunderers '''' TBA + TBA March 4 , 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 04 ) TBD
110 11 `` Dead or Alive Or '''' TBA TBA March 11 , 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 11 ) TBD
111 12 `` The Key '''' + TBA TBA March 18 , 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 18 ) + TBD

Release ( edit )

The first + trailer for the season was released on July 21 , 2017 , at San Diego Comic - + Con . The second trailer was released on February 1 , 2018 , for the second + part of the season .

Reception ( edit )

Critical response + ( edit )

The eighth season of The Walking Dead has received mostly + positive reviews from critics . On Rotten Tomatoes , the season holds a score + of 73 % with an average rating of 6.9 out of 10 , based on 13 reviews , and + an average episode score of 69 % . The site ''s critical consensus reads : `` + The Walking Dead ''s eighth season energizes its characters with some much - + needed angst and action , though it ''s still occasionally choppy and lacking + forward - moving plot progression . ''''

The Walking Dead ( season + 8 ) : Critical reception by episode
  • Season 8 ( 2017 -- 18 + ) : Percentage of positive reviews tracked by the website Rotten Tomatoes
    • +

Ratings ( edit )

+ + + + + + + + + + + + +
No + . Title Air date Rating / share ( 18 -- 49 + ) Viewers ( millions ) DVR ( 18 -- 49 ) DVR + viewers ( millions ) Total ( 18 -- 49 ) Total viewers + ( millions )
`` Mercy '''' October + 22 , 2017 5.0 11.44 2.2 4.28 7.2 15.74
`` The Damned '''' + October 29 , 2017 4.0 8.92 2.0 4.16 6.0 13.10
`` + Monsters '''' November 5 , 2017 3.8 8.52 2.2 4.47 6.0 13.01
+ `` Some Guy '''' November 12 , 2017 3.9 8.69 1.8 3.66 5.7 12.36
5 `` The Big Scary U '''' November 19 + , 2017 3.4 7.85 1.7 3.58 + 5.3 11.87
6 `` The King , the Widow + , and Rick '''' November 26 , 2017 3.6 8.28 + 4.44 5.7 12.73
7 `` Time for After '''' December 3 , 2017 3.3 7.47 1.9 4.15 5.2 11.63
8 `` How It ''s Gotta Be '''' December 10 , 2017 3.4 7.89 2.0 4.23 5.4 12.13
9 + `` Honor '''' February 25 , 2018 3.6 8.28 TBD TBD TBD TBD
+ 10 `` The Lost and the Plunderers '''' March 4 , 2018 + TBD TBD TBD TBD TBD TBD
11 `` Dead or Alive Or '''' March 11 , 2018 TBD TBD TBD + TBD TBD TBD
12 `` The + Key '''' March 18 , 2018 TBD TBD + TBD TBD TBD TBD

^ + 1 Live + 7 ratings were not available , so Live + 3 ratings have been used instead + .

References ( edit )

  1. Jump up ^ Schwartz , Ryan ( + July 18 , 2017 ) . `` Walking Dead Gets Season 8 Premiere Date , Plus Fear TWD + Return Date '''' . TVLine . Retrieved July 18 , 2017 .
  2. ^ Jump up + to : Hibberd , James ( October 16 , 2016 ) . `` Walking Dead gets early season + 8 renewal '''' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved October 16 , 2016 .
    3. +
  3. Jump up ^ Zalben , Alexander ( December 10 , 2017 ) . `` Here ''s When + The Walking Dead Will Return in 2018 '''' . TV Guide . Retrieved January 15 + , 2018 .
  4. Jump up ^ Goldberg , Lesley ( April 17 , 2017 ) . `` '' + Walking Dead '' Promotes Trio to Series Regular for Season 8 '''' . The Hollywood + Reporter . Retrieved May 4 , 2017 .
  5. ^ Jump up to : Ausiello , Michael + ( April 17 , 2017 ) . `` The Walking Dead Promotes 3 Actors to Series Regular + Ahead of Season 8 '''' . TV Line . Retrieved October 25 , 2017 .
  6. + Jump up ^ Peters , Megan ( October 30 , 2016 ) . `` Maria Bello Getting Role + In The Walking Dead Season 8 '''' . Comicbook.com . Retrieved July 18 , 2017 + .
  7. Jump up ^ Davis , Brandon ( April 24 , 2017 ) . `` The Walking + Dead Cast And Crew Assemble For Season 8 '''' . Comicbook.com . Retrieved July + 22 , 2017 .
  8. Jump up ^ Otterson , Joe ( July 13 , 2017 ) . `` '' Walking + Dead '' Stuntman Dies After On - Set Accident '''' . Variety . Retrieved July + 22 , 2017 .
  9. Jump up ^ Pedersen , Erik ( July 17 , 2017 ) . `` '' + Walking Dead '' Production Resumes After Stuntman ''s Death '''' . Deadline + . Retrieved July 22 , 2017 .
  10. Jump up ^ Davis , Brandon ( April 25 + , 2017 ) . `` Exclusive : Greg Nicotero To Direct The Walking Dead Episode 100 + , Season 8 Premiere '''' . Comicbook.com . Retrieved July 22 , 2017 .
    11. +
  11. Jump up ^ Ross , Dalton ( November 26 , 2017 ) . `` The Walking Dead : + Lennie James will cross over to Fear The Walking Dead '''' . Entertainment Weekly + . Retrieved November 27 , 2017 .
  12. ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( October + 24 , 2017 ) . `` Sunday cable ratings : '' The Walking Dead '' has lowest - + rated premiere since Season 2 '''' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 24 + , 2017 .
  13. ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( October 31 , 2017 ) . `` + Sunday cable ratings : '' The Walking Dead '' stumbles to 5 - year low '''' + . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 31 , 2017 .
  14. ^ Jump up to + : Porter , Rick ( November 7 , 2017 ) . `` Sunday cable ratings : '' Shameless + '' has its best premiere in 4 - plus years '''' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved + November 7 , 2017 .
  15. ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( November 14 , + 2017 ) . `` Sunday cable ratings : '' The Walking Dead '' improves , '' Shameless + '' dips in week 2 '''' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 14 , 2017 . +
  16. ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( November 21 , 2017 ) . `` Sunday cable + ratings : 6 - year low for '' The Walking Dead '' '''' . TV by the Numbers . + Retrieved November 21 , 2017 .
  17. ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( November + 29 , 2017 ) . `` Sunday cable ratings : Hallmark ''s '' Switched for Christmas + '' hits a high , '' Walking Dead '' rebounds some '''' . TV by the Numbers . + Retrieved November 29 , 2017 .
  18. ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( December + 5 , 2017 ) . `` Sunday cable ratings : '' The Walking Dead '' goes low again + '''' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved December 5 , 2017 .
  19. ^ Jump up + to : Porter , Rick ( December 12 , 2017 ) . `` Sunday cable ratings : '' Walking + Dead '' fall finale ticks up , Season 8 still way down '''' . TV by the Numbers + . Retrieved December 12 , 2017 .
  20. ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( February + 27 , 2017 ) . `` Sunday cable ratings : '' The Walking Dead '' returns a little + higher '''' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 27 , 2017 .
  21. + ^ Jump up to : `` The Walking Dead : Episode Guide '''' . Zap2it . Retrieved + February 6 , 2018 .
  22. Jump up ^ Snierson , Dan ( July 21 , 2017 ) . + `` The Walking Dead season 8 trailer teases surprise flash - forward '''' . + Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved July 22 , 2017 .
  23. ^ Jump up to : + `` The Walking Dead : Season 8 '''' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved November 23 + , 2016 .
  24. Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( November 3 , 2017 ) . `` '' Walking + Dead '' premiere grows a lot , still trails Season 7 debut by a lot : Cable + Live + 7 ratings for Oct. 16 - 22 '''' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November + 3 , 2017 .
  25. Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( November 9 , 2017 ) . `` '' + Walking Dead , '' '' AHS : Cult '' way above everything else in cable Live + + 7 ratings for Oct. 23 - 29 '''' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 9 , + 2017 .
  26. Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( November 17 , 2017 ) . `` '' American + Horror Story : Cult '' triples in cable Live + 7 ratings for Oct. 30 - Nov. + 5 '''' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 17 , 2017 .
  27. Jump + up ^ Porter , Rick ( November 19 , 2017 ) . `` '' The Walking Dead '' keeps + pace in cable Live + 3 ratings for Nov. 6 - 12 '''' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved + November 19 , 2017 .
  28. Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( December 20 , 2017 + ) . `` '' The Walking Dead '' laps the field in cable Live + 7 ratings for Nov. + 20 - 26 '''' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved December 20 , 2017 .
  29. + Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( December 7 , 2017 ) . `` '' The Walking Dead '' laps + the field in cable Live + 7 ratings for Nov. 20 - 26 '''' . TV by the Numbers + . Retrieved December 7 , 2017 .
  30. Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( December + 15 , 2017 ) . `` '' The Walking Dead '' outpaces everything else in cable Live + + 7 ratings for Nov. 27 - Dec. 3 '''' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved December + 15 , 2017 .
  31. Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( December 21 , 2017 ) . `` '' + Top Chef '' premiere more than doubles in cable Live + 7 ratings for Dec. 4 + - 10 '''' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved December 21 , 2017 .

+ External links ( edit )

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Season 2
    +
  • `` What Lies Ahead ''''
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Season 3
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Season 4
  • `` 30 Days + Without an Accident ''''
  • `` Infected ''''
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Season 5
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    • +
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Season 6
  • `` First Time Again ''''
  • `` JSS ''''
  • `` + Thank You ''''
  • `` Here ''s Not Here ''''
  • `` Now ''''
    • +
  • `` Always Accountable ''''
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  • `` Not Tomorrow Yet ''''
  • + `` The Same Boat ''''
  • `` Twice as Far ''''
  • `` East '''' +
  • `` Last Day on Earth ''''
Season + 7
  • `` The Day Will Come When You Wo n''t Be ''''
  • + `` The Well ''''
  • `` The Cell ''''
  • `` Service ''''
    • +
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  • `` Sing Me a Song + ''''
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  • `` Rock in the Road + ''''
  • `` New Best Friends ''''
  • `` Hostiles and Calamities + ''''
  • `` Say Yes ''''
  • `` Bury Me Here ''''
  • `` + The Other Side ''''
  • `` Something They Need ''''
  • `` The + First Day of the Rest of Your Life ''''
Season + 8
  • `` Mercy ''''
  • `` The Damned ''''
  • + `` Monsters ''''
  • `` Some Guy ''''
  • `` The Big Scary U '''' +
  • `` The King , the Widow , and Rick ''''
  • `` Time for After + ''''
  • `` How It ''s Gotta Be ''''
  • `` Honor ''''
+
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+ + when is the last episode of season 8 of the walking dead?' +- - episode_done: true + id: natural_questions + labels: + - 'Persephone ( / pərˈsɛfəni / ; Greek : Περσεφόνη ) , also called Kore ( / ˈkɔːriː + / ; `` the maiden '''' )' + text: 'Persephone - Wikipedia

Persephone

This article is about the + Greek goddess . For other uses , see Persephone ( disambiguation ) . + Persephone Goddess of + the underworld , springtime , flowers and vegetation + Statue of Persephone with a sistrum . Heraklion Archaeological Museum , Crete +
Abode The Underworld , Sicily , Mount Olympus +
Symbol Pomegranate , Seeds of Grain , Torch + , Flowers and Deer
Spouse + Hades
Children Melinoe , Zagreus +
Parents Zeus and Demeter
+ Siblings Aeacus , Amphitheus I , Angelos , Aphrodite , Apollo , Ares + , Arion , Artemis , Athena , Chrysothemis , Despoina , Dionysus , Eileithyia + , Enyo , Eris , Ersa , Eubuleus , Hebe , Helen of Troy , Hephaestus , Heracles + , Hermes , Minos , Pandia , Philomelus , Plutus , Perseus , Rhadamanthus , the + Graces , the Horae , the Litae , the Muses , the Moirai
+ Roman equivalent Proserpina ( Proserpine )
+
This article contains special characters . Without proper + rendering support , you may see question marks , boxes , or other symbols . +
+ +
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In Greek mythology + , Persephone ( / pərˈsɛfəni / ; Greek : Περσεφόνη ) , also called Kore ( / ˈkɔːriː + / ; `` the maiden '''' ) , is the daughter of Zeus and Demeter and is the queen + of the underworld . Homer describes her as the formidable , venerable majestic + princess of the underworld , who carries into effect the curses of men upon + the souls of the dead . Persephone was married to Hades , the god of the underworld + . The myth of her abduction represents her function as the personification of + vegetation , which shoots forth in spring and withdraws into the earth after + harvest ; hence , she is also associated with spring as well as the fertility + of vegetation . Similar myths appear in the Orient , in the cults of male gods + like Attis , Adonis , and Osiris , and in Minoan Crete .

Persephone + as a vegetation goddess and her mother Demeter were the central figures of the + Eleusinian mysteries , which promised the initiated a more enjoyable prospect + after death . In some versions , Persephone is the mother of Zeus ''s sons Dionysus + , Iacchus , or Zagreus . The origins of her cult are uncertain , but it was + based on very old agrarian cults of agricultural communities .

Persephone + was commonly worshipped along with Demeter and with the same mysteries . To + her alone were dedicated the mysteries celebrated at Athens in the month of + Anthesterion . In Classical Greek art , Persephone is invariably portrayed robed + , often carrying a sheaf of grain . She may appear as a mystical divinity with + a sceptre and a little box , but she was mostly represented in the process of + being carried off by Hades .

In Roman mythology , she is called Proserpina + , and her mother , Ceres and her father Jupiter .

Contents

    +
  • 1 Name
    • 1.1 Etymology
    • 1.2 Roman Proserpina
    • + 1.3 Nestis
  • 2 Titles and functions
    • 2.1 Epithets +
  • 3 Origins of the cult
    • 3.1 Near East and Minoan + Crete
    • 3.2 Mycenean Greece
  • 4 Mythology
      +
    • 4.1 Abduction myth
    • 4.2 Interpretation of the myth
    • + 4.3 Arcadian myths
    • 4.4 Queen of the Underworld
    • +
  • 5 Cult of Persephone
    • 5.1 Thesmophoria
    • 5.2 Eleusinian + mysteries
    • 5.3 Local cults
  • 6 Ancient literary + references
  • 7 Modern reception
  • 8 See also
  • 9 + Notes and references
  • 10 Sources
  • 11 External links
    • +

Name ( edit )

Etymology ( edit )

Persephone or `` + the deceased woman '''' holding a pomegranate . Etruscan terracotta cinerary + statue . National archaeological museum in Palermo , Italy

In a Linear B + ( Mycenean Greek ) inscription on a tablet found at Pylos dated 1400 -- 1200 + BC , John Chadwick reconstructed the name of a goddess * Preswa who could be + identified with Persa , daughter of Oceanus and found speculative the further + identification with the first element of Persephone . Persephonē ( Greek : Περσεφόνη + ) is her name in the Ionic Greek of epic literature . The Homeric form of her + name is Persephoneia ( Περσεφονεία , Persephoneia ) . In other dialects , she + was known under variant names : Persephassa ( Περσεφάσσα ) , Persephatta ( Περσεφάττα + ) , or simply Korē ( Κόρη , `` girl , maiden '''' ) . Plato calls her Pherepapha + ( Φερέπαφα ) in his Cratylus , `` because she is wise and touches that which + is in motion '''' . There are also the forms Periphona ( Πηριφόνα ) and Phersephassa + ( Φερσέφασσα ) . The existence of so many different forms shows how difficult + it was for the Greeks to pronounce the word in their own language and suggests + that the name may have a Pre-Greek origin .

Persephatta ( Περσεφάττα + ) is considered to mean `` female thresher of grain '''' ; the first constituent + of the name originates in Proto - Greek `` perso - '''' ( related to Sanskrit + `` parṣa - '''' ) , `` sheaf of grain '''' and the second constituent of the + name originates in Proto - Indo European * - gwn - t - ih , from the root * + gwhen - `` to strike '''' .

An alternative etymology is from φέρειν + φόνον , pherein phonon , `` to bring ( or cause ) death '''' .

Roman + Proserpina ( edit )

Cinerary altar with tabula representing the rape of + Proserpina . White marble , Antonine Era , 2nd century Rome , Baths of Diocletian + Persephone opening a cista containing the infant Adonis , on a pinax from Locri +

The Romans first heard of her from the Aeolian and Dorian cities of Magna + Graecia , who used the dialectal variant Proserpinē ( Προσερπίνη ) . Hence , + in Roman mythology she was called Proserpina , a name erroneously derived by + the Romans from proserpere , `` to shoot forth '''' and as such became an emblematic + figure of the Renaissance .

At Locri , perhaps uniquely , Persephone + was the protector of marriage , a role usually assumed by Hera ; in the iconography + of votive plaques at Locri , her abduction and marriage to Hades served as an + emblem of the marital state , children at Locri were dedicated to Proserpina + , and maidens about to be wed brought their peplos to be blessed .

+ Nestis ( edit )

In a Classical period text ascribed to Empedocles + , c. 490 -- 430 BC , describing a correspondence among four deities and the + classical elements , the name Nestis for water apparently refers to Persephone + : `` Now hear the fourfold roots of everything : enlivening Hera , Hades , shining + Zeus . And Nestis , moistening mortal springs with tears . ''''

Of + the four deities of Empedocles '' elements , it is the name of Persephone alone + that is taboo -- Nestis is a euphemistic cult title -- for she was also the + terrible Queen of the Dead , whose name was not safe to speak aloud , who was + euphemistically named simply as Kore or `` the Maiden '''' , a vestige of her + archaic role as the deity ruling the underworld .

Titles and functions + ( edit )

The epithets of Persephone reveal her double function as + chthonic and vegetation goddess . The surnames given to her by the poets refer + to her character as Queen of the lower world and the dead , or her symbolic + meaning of the power that shoots forth and withdraws into the earth . Her common + name as a vegetation goddess is Kore , and in Arcadia she was worshipped under + the title Despoina , `` the mistress '''' , a very old chthonic divinity . Plutarch + identifies her with spring and Cicero calls her the seed of the fruits of the + fields . In the Eleusinian mysteries , her return is the symbol of immortality + and hence she was frequently represented on sarcophagi .

In the mystical + theories of the Orphics and the Platonists , Kore is described as the all - + pervading goddess of nature who both produces and destroys everything , and + she is therefore mentioned along or identified with other mystic divinities + such as Isis , Rhea , Ge , Hestia , Pandora , Artemis , and Hecate . The Orphic + Persephone is further said to have become by Zeus the mother of Dionysus , Iacchus + , Zagreus , and the little - attested Melinoe .

Epithets ( edit ) +

As a goddess of the underworld , Persephone was given euphemistically + friendly names . However it is possible that some of them were the names of + original goddesses :

  • Despoina ( dems - potnia ) `` the mistress + '''' ( literally `` the mistress of the house '''' ) in Arcadia .
  • + Hagne , `` pure '''' , originally a goddess of the springs in Messenia .
    • +
  • Melindia or Melinoia ( meli , `` honey '''' ) , as the consort of Hades + , in Hermione . ( Compare Hecate , Melinoe )
  • Melivia
  • Melitodes +
  • Aristi cthonia , `` the best chthonic '''' .
  • Praxidike + , the Orphic Hymn to Persephone identifies Praxidike as an epithet of Persephone + : `` Praxidike , subterranean queen . The Eumenides '' source ( mother ) , fair + - haired , whose frame proceeds from Zeus '' ineffable and secret seeds . '''' +

As a vegetation goddess , she was called :

  • Kore + , `` the maiden '''' .
  • Kore Soteira , `` the savior maiden '''' , + in Megalopolis .
  • Neotera , `` the younger '''' , in Eleusis .
    • +
  • Kore of Demeter Hagne in the Homeric hymn .
  • Kore memagmeni , + `` the mixed daughter '''' ( bread ) .

Demeter and her daughter + Persephone were usually called :

  • The goddesses , often distinguished + as `` the older '''' and `` the younger '''' in Eleusis .
  • Demeters + , in Rhodes and Sparta
  • The thesmophoroi , `` the legislators '''' + in the Thesmophoria .
  • The Great Goddesses , in Arcadia .
  • + The mistresses in Arcadia .
  • Karpophoroi , `` the bringers of fruit + '''' , in Tegea of Arcadia .

Origins of the cult ( edit )

+ Gold ring from Isopata tomb , near Knossos , Crete , 1400 -- 1500 BC . Depicted + are female figures dancing among blossoming vegetation ; Heraklion Archaeological + Museum

The myth of a goddess being abducted and taken to the Underworld + is probably Pre-Greek in origin . Samuel Noah Kramer , the renowned scholar + of ancient Sumer , has posited that the Greek story of the abduction of Persephone + may be derived from an ancient Sumerian story in which Ereshkigal , the ancient + Sumerian goddess of the Underworld , is abducted by Kur , the primeval dragon + of Sumerian mythology , and forced to become ruler of the Underworld against + her own will .

The location of Persephone ''s abduction is different + in each local cult . The Homeric Hymn to Demeter mentions the `` plain of Nysa + '''' . The locations of this probably mythical place may simply be conventions + to show that a magically distant chthonic land of myth was intended in the remote + past . Demeter found and met her daughter in Eleusis , and this is the mythical + disguise of what happened in the mysteries .

Persephone is an old chthonic + deity of the agricultural communities , who received the souls of the dead into + the earth , and acquired powers over the fertility of the soil , over which + she reigned . The earliest depiction of a goddess who may be identified with + Persephone growing out of the ground , is on a plate from the Old - Palace period + in Phaistos . The goddess has a vegetable - like appearance , and she is surrounded + by dancing girls between blossoming flowers . A similar representation , where + the goddess appears to come down from the sky , is depicted on the Minoan ring + of Isopata .

Rape of Persephone . Hades with his horses and Persephone + ( down ) . An Apulian red - figure volute krater , c. 340 BC . Antikensammlung + Berlin

In some forms Hades appears with his chthonic horses . The myth of + the rape of Kore was derived from the idea that Hades catches the souls of the + dead and then carries them with his horses into his kingdom . This idea is vague + in Homer , but appears in later Greek depictions , and in Greek folklore . `` + Charos '''' appears with his horse and carries the dead into the underworld + .

The cults of Persephone and Demeter in the Eleusinian mysteries and + in the Thesmophoria were based on old agrarian cults . A lot of ancient beliefs + were based on initiation into jealously - guarded mysteries ( secret rites ) + because they offered prospects after death more enjoyable than the final end + at the gloomy space of the Greek Hades . There is evidence that some practices + were derived from the religious practices of the Mycenaean age . Kerenyi asserts + that these religious practices were introduced from Minoan Crete. , The idea + of immortality which appears in the syncretistic religions of the Near East + did not exist in the Eleusinian mysteries at the very beginning .

+ Near east and Minoan Crete ( edit )

Lady of Auxerre Louvre - An Archaic + ( 640 BC ) image from Crete . A version of a Minoan goddess who may be identified + with Kore

In the Near eastern myth of the early agricultural societies , + every year the fertility goddess bore the `` god of the new year '''' , who + then became her lover , and died immediately in order to be reborn and face + the same destiny . Some findings from Catal Huyuk since the Neolithic age , + indicate the worship of the Great Goddess accompanied by a boyish consort , + who symbolizes the annual decay and return of vegetation . Similar cults of + resurrected gods appear in the Near East and Egypt in the cults of Attis , Adonis + and Osiris .

In Minoan Crete , the `` divine child '''' was related + to the female vegetation divinity Ariadne who died every year . The Minoan religion + had its own characteristics . The most peculiar feature of the Minoan belief + in the divine , is the appearance of the goddess from above in the dance . Dance + floors have been discovered in addition to `` vaulted tombs '''' , and it seems + that the dance was ecstatic . Homer memorializes the dance floor which Daedalus + built for Ariadne in the remote past . On the gold ring from Isopata , four + women in festal attire are performing a dance between blossoming flowers . Above + a figure apparently floating in the air seems to be the goddess herself , appearing + amid the whirling dance . An image plate from the first palace of Phaistos , + seems to be very close to the mythical image of the Anodos ( ascent ) of Persephone + . Two girls dance between blossoming flowers , on each side of a similar but + armless and legless figure which seems to grow out of the ground . The goddess + is bordered by snake lines which give her a vegetable like appearance She has + a large stylized flower turned over her head . The resemblance with the flower + - picking Persephone and her companions is compelling . The depiction of the + goddess is similar to later images of `` Anodos of Pherephata '''' . On the + Dresden vase , Persephone is growing out of the ground , and she is surrounded + by the animal - tailed agricultural gods Silenoi .

Kerenyi suggests + that the name Ariadne ( derived from ἁγνή , hagne , `` pure '''' ) , was an + euphemistical name given by the Greeks to the nameless `` Mistress of the labyrinth + '''' who appears in a Mycenean Greek inscription from Knossos in Crete . The + Greeks used to give friendly names to the deities of the underworld . Cthonic + Zeus was called Eubuleus , `` the good counselor '''' , and the ferryman of + the river of the underworld Charon , `` glad '''' . Despoina and `` Hagne '''' + were probably euphemistic surnames of Persephone , therefore he theorizes that + the cult of Persephone was the continuation of the worship of a Minoan Great + goddess . The labyrinth was both a winding dance - ground and , in the Greek + view , a prison with the dreaded Minotaur at its centre . It is possible that + some religious practices , especially the mysteries , were transferred from + a Cretan priesthood to Eleusis , where Demeter brought the poppy from Crete + . Besides these similarities , Burkert explains that up to now it is not known + to what extent one can and must differentiate between Minoan and Mycenean religion + . In the Anthesteria Dionysos is the `` divine child '''' .

Mycenean + Greece ( edit )

Two women or goddesses on a chariot . Fresco from Tiryns + , 1200 BC . National Archaeological Museum of Athens .

There is evidence + of a cult in Eleusis from the Mycenean period ; however , there are not sacral + finds from this period . The cult was private and there is no information about + it . As well as the names of some Greek gods in the Mycenean Greek inscriptions + , also appear names of goddesses , like `` the divine Mother '''' ( the mother + of the gods ) or `` the Goddess ( or priestess ) of the winds '''' , who do + n''t have Mycenean origin . In historical times , Demeter and Kore were usually + referred to as `` the goddesses '''' or `` the mistresses '''' ( Arcadia ) in + the mysteries . In the Mycenean Greek tablets dated 1400 -- 1200 BC , the `` + two queens and the king '''' are mentioned . John Chadwick believes that these + were the precursor divinities of Demeter , Persephone and Poseidon .

+ Some information can be obtained from the study of the cult of Eileithyia at + Crete , and the cult of Despoina . In the cave of Amnisos at Crete , Eileithyia + is related with the annual birth of the divine child and she is connected with + Enesidaon ( The earth shaker ) , who is the chthonic aspect of the god Poseidon + . Persephone was conflated with Despoina , `` the mistress '''' , a chthonic + divinity in West - Arcadia . The megaron of Eleusis is quite similar with the + `` megaron '''' of Despoina at Lycosura . Demeter is united with the god Poseidon + , and she bears a daughter , the unnameable Despoina . Poseidon appears as a + horse , as it usually happens in Northern European folklore . The goddess of + nature and her companion survived in the Eleusinian cult , where the following + words were uttered `` Mighty Potnia bore a great sun '''' . In Eleusis , in + a ritual , one child ( `` pais '''' ) was initiated from the hearth . The name + pais ( the divine child ) appears in the Mycenean inscriptions , and the ritual + indicates the transition from the old funerary practices to the Greek cremation + .

In Greek mythology Nysa is a mythical mountain with an unknown location + . Nysion ( or Mysion ) , the place of the abduction of Persephone was also probably + a mythical place which did not exist on the map , a magically distant chthonic + land of myth which was intended in the remote past .

Mythology ( edit + )

Abduction myth ( edit )

Sarcophagus with the abduction of + Persephone . Walters Art Museum . Baltimore , Maryland

The story of her + abduction by Hades against her will is traditionally referred to as the Rape + of Persephone . It is mentioned briefly in Hesiod ''s Theogony , and told in + considerable detail in the Homeric Hymn to Demeter . Persephone used to live + far away from the other gods , a goddess within Nature herself before the days + of planting seeds and nurturing plants . In the Olympian telling , the gods + Hermes and Apollo had wooed Persephone ; but Demeter rejected all their gifts + and hid her daughter away from the company of the Olympian gods . Zeus , it + is said , permitted Hades , who was in love with the beautiful Persephone , + to abduct her as her mother Demeter was not likely to allow her daughter to + go down to Hades . Persephone was gathering flowers with the Oceanids along + with Artemis and Athena -- the Homeric Hymn says -- in a field when Hades came + to abduct her , bursting through a cleft in the earth . Demeter , when she found + her daughter had disappeared , searched for her all over the earth with Hecate + ''s torches . In most versions she forbids the earth to produce , or she neglects + the earth and in the depth of her despair she causes nothing to grow . Helios + , the sun , who sees everything , eventually told Demeter what had happened + and at length she discovered the place of her abode . Finally , Zeus , pressed + by the cries of the hungry people and by the other deities who also heard their + anguish , forced Hades to return Persephone .

The Rape of Proserpina by + Gian Lorenzo Bernini at the Galleria Borghese in Rome .

Hades indeed complied + with the request , but first he tricked her , giving her some pomegranate seeds + to eat . Persephone was released by Hermes , who had been sent to retrieve her + , but because she had tasted food in the underworld , she was obliged to spend + a third of each year ( the winter months ) there , and the remaining part of + the year with the gods above . With the later writers Ovid and Hyginus , Persephone + ''s time in the underworld becomes half the year .

Various local traditions + place Persephone ''s abduction in a different location . The Sicilians , among + whom her worship was probably introduced by the Corinthian and Megarian colonists + , believed that Hades found her in the meadows near Enna , and that a well arose + on the spot where he descended with her into the lower world . The Cretans thought + that their own island had been the scene of the rape , and the Eleusinians mentioned + the Nysian plain in Boeotia , and said that Persephone had descended with Hades + into the lower world at the entrance of the western Oceanus . Later accounts + place the rape in Attica , near Athens , or near Eleusis .

The return of + Persephone , by Frederic Leighton ( 1891 )

The Homeric hymn mentions the + Nysion ( or Mysion ) which was probably a mythical place . The location of this + mythical place may simply be a convention to show that a magically distant chthonic + land of myth was intended in the remote past . Before Persephone was abducted + by Hades , the shepherd Eumolpus and the swineherd Eubuleus saw a girl in a + black chariot driven by an invisible driver being carried off into the earth + which had violently opened up . Eubuleus was feeding his pigs at the opening + to the underworld when Persephone was abducted by Plouton . His swine were swallowed + by the earth along with her , and the myth is an etiology for the relation of + pigs with the ancient rites in Thesmophoria , and in Eleusis .

In the + hymn , Persephone returns and she is reunited with her mother near Eleusis . + Demeter as she has been promised established her mysteries ( orgies ) when the + Eleusinians built for her a temple near the spring of Callichorus . These were + awful mysteries which were not allowed to be uttered . The uninitiated would + spend a miserable existence in the gloomy space of Hades after death .

+

In some versions , Ascalaphus informed the other deities that Persephone + had eaten the pomegranate seeds . When Demeter and her daughter were reunited + , the Earth flourished with vegetation and color , but for some months each + year , when Persephone returned to the underworld , the earth once again became + a barren realm . This is an origin story to explain the seasons .

In + an earlier version , Hecate rescued Persephone . On an Attic red - figured bell + krater of c. 440 BC in the Metropolitan Museum of Art , Persephone is rising + as if up stairs from a cleft in the earth , while Hermes stands aside ; Hecate + , holding two torches , looks back as she leads her to the enthroned Demeter + .

The 10th - century Byzantine encyclopedia Suda introduces a goddess + of a blessed afterlife assured to Orphic mystery initiates . This Macaria is + asserted to be the daughter of Hades , but no mother is mentioned .

+ Interpretation of the myth ( edit )

Pinax of Persephone and Hades from + Locri . Reggio Calabria , National Museum of Magna Graecia .

In the myth + Pluto abducts Persephone to be his wife and the queen of his realm . Pluto ( + Πλούτων , Ploutōn ) was a name for the ruler of the underworld ; the god was + also known as Hades , a name for the underworld itself . The name Pluton was + conflated with that of Ploutos ( Πλούτος Ploutos , `` wealth '''' ) , a god + of wealth , because mineral wealth was found underground , and because Pluto + as a chthonic god ruled the deep earth that contained the seeds necessary for + a bountiful harvest . Plouton is lord of the dead , but as Persephone ''s husband + he has serious claims to the powers of fertility .

In the Theogony + of Hesiod , Demeter was united with the hero Iasion in Crete and she bore Ploutos + . This union seems to be a reference to a hieros gamos ( ritual copulation ) + to ensure the earth ''s fertility . This ritual copulation appears in Minoan + Crete , in many Near Eastern agricultural societies , and also in the Anthesteria + .

Nilsson believes that the original cult of Ploutos ( or Pluto ) in + Eleusis was similar with the Minoan cult of the `` divine child '''' , who died + in order to be reborn . The child was abandoned by his mother and then it was + brought up by the powers of nature . Similar myths appear in the cults of Hyakinthos + ( Amyklai ) , Erichthonios ( Athens ) , and later in the cult of Dionysos . +

The Greek version of the abduction myth is related to grain -- important + and rare in the Greek environment -- and the return ( ascent ) of Persephone + was celebrated at the autumn sowing . Pluto ( Ploutos ) represents the wealth + of the grain that was stored in underground silos or ceramic jars ( pithoi ) + , during summer months . Similar subterranean pithoi were used in ancient times + for burials and Pluto is fused with Hades , the King of the realm of the dead + . During summer months , the Greek grain - Maiden ( Kore ) is lying in the grain + of the underground silos in the realm of Hades , and she is fused with Persephone + , the Queen of the Underworld . At the beginning of the autumn , when the seeds + of the old crop are laid on the fields , she ascends and is reunited with her + mother Demeter , for at that time the old crop and the new meet each other . + For the initiated , this union was the symbol of the eternity of human life + that flows from the generations which spring from each other .

Arcadian + myths ( edit )

From L-R , Artemis , Demeter , Veil of Despoina , Anytus + , Tritoness from the throne of Despoina at Lycosura . National Archaeological + Museum of Athens

The primitive myths of isolated Arcadia seem to be related + to the first Greek - speaking people who came from the north - east during the + bronze age . Despoina ( the mistress ) , the goddess of the Arcadian mysteries + , is the daughter of Demeter and Poseidon Hippios ( horse ) , who represents + the river spirit of the underworld that appears as a horse as often happens + in northern - European folklore . He pursues the mare - Demeter and from the + union she bears the horse Arion and a daughter who originally had the form or + the shape of a mare . The two goddesses were not clearly separated and they + were closely connected with the springs and the animals . They were related + with the god of rivers and springs ; Poseidon and especially with Artemis , + the Mistress of the Animals who was the first nymph . According to the Greek + tradition a hunt - goddess preceded the harvest goddess . In Arcadia , Demeter + and Persephone were often called Despoinai ( Δέσποιναι , `` the mistresses '''' + ) in historical times . They are the two Great Goddesses of the Arcadian cults + , and evidently they come from a more primitive religion . The Greek god Poseidon + probably substituted the companion ( Paredros , Πάρεδρος ) of the Minoan Great + goddess in the Arcadian mysteries .

Seated goddess , probably Persephone + on her throne in the underworld , Severe style ca 480 -- 60 , found at Tarentum + , Magna Graecia ( Pergamon Museum , Berlin )

Queen of the underworld ( + edit )

Persephone held an ancient role as the dread queen of the Underworld + , within which tradition it was forbidden to speak her name . This tradition + comes from her conflation with the very old chthonic divinity Despoina ( the + mistress ) , whose real name could not be revealed to anyone except those initiated + to her mysteries . As goddess of death she was also called a daughter of Zeus + and Styx , the river that formed the boundary between Earth and the underworld + . Homer describes her as the formidable , venerable majestic queen of the shades + , who carries into effect the curses of men upon the souls of the dead , along + with her husband Hades . In the reformulation of Greek mythology expressed in + the Orphic Hymns , Dionysus and Melinoe are separately called children of Zeus + and Persephone . Groves sacred to her stood at the western extremity of the + earth on the frontiers of the lower world , which itself was called `` house + of Persephone '''' .

Her central myth served as the context for the + secret rites of regeneration at Eleusis , which promised immortality to initiates + .

Cult of Persephone ( edit )

Persephone was worshipped + along with her mother Demeter and in the same mysteries . Her cults included + agrarian magic , dancing , and rituals . The priests used special vessels and + holy symbols , and the people participated with rhymes . In Eleusis there is + evidence of sacred laws and other inscriptions .

The Cult of Demeter + and the Maiden is found at Attica , in the main festivals Thesmophoria and Eleusinian + mysteries and in a lot of local cults . These festivals were almost always celebrated + at the autumn sowing , and at full - moon according to the Greek tradition . + In some local cults the feasts were dedicated to Demeter .

Thesmophoria + ( edit )

Main article : Thesmophoria Kore , daughter of Demeter , celebrated + with her mother by the Thesmophoriazusae ( women of the festival ) . Acropolis + Museum , Athens

Thesmophoria , were celebrated in Athens , and the festival + was widely spread in Greece . This was a festival of secret women - only rituals + connected with marriage customs and commemorated the third of the year , in + the month Pyanepsion , when Kore was abducted and Demeter abstained from her + role as goddess of harvest and growth . The ceremony involved sinking sacrifices + into the earth by night and retrieving the decaying remains of pigs that had + been placed in the megara of Demeter ( trenches and pits or natural clefts in + rock ) , the previous year . These were placed on altars , mixed with seeds + , then planted . Pits rich in organic matter at Eleusis have been taken as evidence + that the Thesmophoria was held there as well as in other demes of Attica . This + agrarian magic was also used in the cult of the earth - goddesses potniai ( + mistresses ) in the Cabeirian , and in Knidos .

The festival was celebrated + over three days . The first was the `` way up '''' to the sacred space , the + second , the day of feasting when they ate pomegranate seeds and the third was + a meat feast in celebration of Kalligeneia a goddess of beautiful birth . Zeus + penetrated the mysteries as Zeus - Eubuleus which is an euphemistical name of + Hades ( Chthonios Zeus ) . In the original myth which is an etiology for the + ancient rites , Eubuleus was a swineherd who was feeding his pigs at the opening + to the underworld when Persephone was abducted by Plouton . His swine were swallowed + by the earth along with her .

Eleusinian mysteries ( edit )

+ Main article : Eleusinian mysteries The Eleusinian trio : Persephone , Triptolemus + and Demeter on a marble bas - relief from Eleusis , 440 -- 430 BC . National + Archaeological Museum of Athens

The Eleusinian mysteries was a festival + celebrated at the autumn sowing in the city of Eleusis . Inscriptions refer + to `` the Goddesses '''' accompanied by the agricultural god Triptolemos ( probably + son of Ge and Oceanus ) , and `` the God and the Goddess '''' ( Persephone and + Plouton ) accompanied by Eubuleus who probably led the way back from the underworld + . The myth was represented in a cycle with three phases : the `` descent '''' + , the `` search '''' , and the `` ascent '''' , with contrasted emotions from + sorrow to joy which roused the mystae to exultation . The main theme was the + ascent of Persephone and the reunion with her mother Demeter . The festival + activities included dancing , probably across the Rharian field , where according + to the myth the first grain grew .

At the beginning of the feast , + the priests filled two special vessels and poured them out , the one towards + the west , and the other towards the east . The people looking both to the sky + and the earth shouted in a magical rhyme `` rain and conceive '''' . In a ritual + , a child was initiated from the hearth ( the divine fire ) . It was the ritual + of the `` divine child '''' who originally was Ploutos . In the Homeric hymn + the ritual is connected with the myth of the agricultural god Triptolemos The + high point of the celebration was `` an ear of grain cut in silence '''' , which + represented the force of the new life . The idea of immortality did n''t exist + in the mysteries at the beginning , but the initiated believed that they would + have a better fate in the underworld . Death remained a reality , but at the + same time a new beginning like the plant which grows from the buried seed . + In the earliest depictions Persephone is an armless and legless deity , who + grows out of the ground .

Local cults ( edit )

A mosaic of the + Kasta Tomb in Amphipolis depicting the abduction of Persephone by Pluto , 4th + century BC Hades abducting Persephone , wall painting in the small royal tomb + at Vergina . Macedonia , Greece Italy . Renaissance relief , Rape of Persephone + . Brooklyn Museum Archives , Goodyear Archival Collection Fragment of a marble + relief depicting a Kore , 3rd century BC , from Panticapaeum , Taurica ( Crimea + ) , Bosporan Kingdom

Local cults of Demeter and Kore existed in Greece , + Asia Minor , Sicily , Magna Graecia , and Libya .

  • Attica :
      +
    • Athens , in the mysteries of Agrae . This was a local cult near the river + Ilissos . They were celebrated during spring in the month Anthesterion . Later + they became an obligation for the participants of the `` greater '''' Eleusinian + mysteries . There was a temple of Demeter and Kore and an image of Triptolemos + .
Demeter drives her horse - drawn chariot containing + her daughter Persephone at Selinunte , Sicily 6th century BC
    • +
    • Piraeus : The Skirophoria , a festival related to the Thesmophoria .
      • +
    • Megara : Cult of Demeter thesmophoros and Kore . The city was named after + its megara .
    • Aegina : Cult of Demeter thesmophoros and Kore .
      • +
    • Phlya , near Koropi , in the mysteries of Phlya : These have very old roots + and were probably originally dedicated to Demeter Anesidora , Kore , and Zeus + Ktesios , who was the god of the underground stored grain . Pausanias mentions + a temple of Demeter - Anesidora , Kore Protogone , and Zeus Ktesios . The surname + Protogonos , indicates a later Orphic influence . It seems that the mysteries + were related to the mysteries of Andania in Messene .
  • + Boeotia :
    • Thebes , which Zeus is said to have given to her as an acknowledgement + for a favour she had bestowed upon him . Pausanias records a grove of Cabeirian + Demeter and the Maid , three miles outside the gates of Thebes , where a ritual + was performed , so - called on the grounds that Demeter gave it to the Cabeiri + , who established it at Thebes . The Thebans told Pausanias that some inhabitants + of Naupactus had performed the same rituals there , and had met with divine + vengeance . The Cabeirian mysteries were introduced from Asia Minor at the end + of the archaic period . Nothing is known of the older cult , and it seems that + the Cabeiri were originally wine - daemons . Inscriptions from the temple in + Thebes mention the old one as Cabir , and the new one as son ( pais ) , who + are different . According to Pausanias , Pelarge , the daughter of Potnieus + , was connected with the cult of Demeter in the Cabeirian ( potniai ) .
      • +
    • A feast in Boeotia , in the month Demetrios ( Pyanepsion ) , probably similar + with the Thesmophoria .
    • Thebes : Cult of Demeter and Kore in a feast + named Thesmophoria but probably different . It was celebrated in the summer + month Bukatios .
  • Peloponnese ( except Arcadia )
      +
    • Hermione : An old cult of Demeter Chthonia , Kore , and Klymenos ( Hades + ) . Cows were pushed into the temple , and then they were killed by four women + . It is possible that Hermione was a mythical name , the place of the souls + .
    • Asine : Cult of Demeter Chthonia . The cult seems to be related + to the original cult of Demeter in Hermione .
    • Lakonia : Temple of + Demeter Eleusinia near Taygetos . The feast was named Eleuhinia , and the name + was given before the relation of Demeter with the cult of Eleusis .
    • + Lakonia at Aigila : Dedicated to Demeter . Men were excluded .
    • near + Sparta : Cult of Demeter and Kore , the Demeters ( Δαμάτερες , `` Damaters '''' + ) . According to Hesychius , the feast lasted three days ( Thesmophoria ) . +
    • Corinth : Cult of Demeter , Kore , and Pluton .
    • Triphylia + in Elis : Cult of Demeter , Kore , and Hades .
    • Pellene : Dedicated + to the Mysian Demeter . Men were excluded . The next day , men and women became + naked .
    • Andania in Messenia ( near the borders of Arcadia ) : Cult + of the Great goddesses , Demeter and Hagne . Hagne , a goddess of the spring + , was the original deity before Demeter . The temple was built near a spring + .
  • Arcadia
    • Pheneos : Mysteries of Demeter Thesmia + and Demeter Eleusinia . The Eleusinian cult was introduced later . The priest + took the holy book from a natural cleft . He used the mask of Demeter Kidaria + , and he hit his stick on the earth , in a kind of agrarian magic . An Arcadian + dance was named kidaris .
    • Pallantion near Tripoli : Cult of Demeter + and Kore .
    • Karyai : Cult of Kore and Pluton .
    • Tegea : + Cult of Demeter and Kore , the Karpophoroi , `` Fruit givers '''' .
    • + Megalopolis : Cult of the Great goddesses , Demeter and Kore Sotira , `` the + savior '''' .
    • Mantineia : Cult of Demeter and Kore in the fest Koragia + .
    • Trapezus : Mysteries of the Great goddesses , Demeter and Kore + . The temple was built near a spring , and a fire was burning out of the earth + .
    • near Thelpusa in Onkeion : Temple of Demeter Erinys ( vengeful + ) and Demeter Lusia ( bathing ) . In the myth Demeter was united with Poseidon + Hippios ( horse ) and bore the horse Arion and the unnamed . The name Despoina + was given in West Arcadia .
    • Phigalia : Cult of the mare - headed + Demeter ( black ) , and Despoina . Demeter was depicted in her archaic form + , a Medusa type with a horse ''s head with snaky hair , holding a dove and a + dolphin . The temple was built near a spring .
    • Lycosura , Main article + : Despoina Cult of Demeter and Despoina . In the portico of the temple of Despoina + there was a tablet with the inscriptions of the mysteries . In front of the + temple there was an altar to Demeter and another to Despoine , after which was + one of the Great Mother . By the sides stood Artemis and Anytos , the Titan + who brought up Despoine . Besides the temple , there was also a hall where the + Arcadians celebrated the mysteries A fire was always burning in front of the + temple of Pan ( the goat - god ) , the god of the wild , shepherds and flocks + . In a relief appear dancing animal - headed women ( or with animal - masks + ) in a procession . Near the temple have been found terracotta figures with + human bodies , and heads of animals .
  • Islands
    • + Paros : Cult of Demeter , Kore , and Zeus - Eubuleus .
    • Amorgos : + Cult of Demeter , Kore , and Zeus - Eubuleus .
    • Delos : Cult of Demeter + , Kore , and Zeus - Eubuleus . Probably a different feast with the name Thesmophoria + , celebrated in a summer month ( the same month in Thebes ) . Two big loaves + of bread were oferred to the two goddesses . Another feast was named Megalartia + .
    • Mykonos : Cult of Demeter , Kore , and Zeus - Buleus .
    • + Crete : Cult of Demeter and Kore , in the month Thesmophorios .
    • Rhodes + : Cult of Demeter and Kore , in the month Thesmophorios . The two goddesses + are the Damaters in an inscription from Lindos
  • Asia Minor +
    • Knidos : Cult of Demeter , Kore , and Pluton . Agrarian magic similar + to the one used in Thesmophoria and in the cult of the potniai ( Cabeirian ) + .
    • Ephesos : Cult of Demeter and Kore , celebrated at night - time + .
    • Priene : Cult of Demeter and Kore , similar to the Thesmophoria + .
  • Sicily
Head of Persephone . Earthenware + . From Sicily , Centuripae , c. 420 BC . The Burrell Collection , Glasgow , + UK
    • Syracuse : There was a harvest festival of Demeter and + Persephone at Syracuse when the grain was ripe ( about May ) .
    • A + fest Koris katagogi , the descent of Persephone into the underworld .
      • +
  • Magna Graecia
    • Epizephyrian Locri : A temple associated + with childbirth ; its treasure was looted by Pyrrhus .
    • Archaeological + finds suggest that worship of Demeter and Persephone was widespread in Sicily + and Greek Italy .
  • Libya
    • Cyrene : Temple of + Demeter and Kore

Ancient Literary references ( + edit )

  • Homer :
    • Iliad :
      • `` the gods fulfilled + his curse , even Zeus of the nether world and dread Persephone . '''' ( 9 , + line 457 ; A.T. Murray , trans )
      • `` Althea prayed instantly to the + gods , being grieved for her brother ''s slaying ; and furthermore instantly + beat with her hands upon the all - nurturing earth , calling upon Hades and + dread Persephone '''' ( 9 , 569 )
    • Odyssey :
      • + `` And come to the house of Hades and dread Persephone to seek sooth saying + of the spirit of Theban Teiresias . To him even in death Persephone has granted + reason that ... '''' ( book 10 , card 473 )
  • + Hymns to Demeter
    • Hymn 2 :
      • `` Mistress Demeter goddess of + heaven , which God or mortal man has rapt away Persephone and pierced with sorrow + your dear heart ? ( hymn 2 , card 40 )
    • Hymn 13 :
        +
      • `` I start to sing for Demeter the lovely - faced goddess , for her and + her daughter the most beautiful Persephone . Hail goddess keep this city safe + ! '''' ( hymn 13 , card 1 )
  • Pindar
    • + Olympian :
      • `` Now go Echo , to the dark - walled home of Persephone + . '''' ( book O , poem 14 )
    • Isthmean :
      • `` Aecus + showed them the way to the house of Persephone and nymphs , one of them carrying + a ball . '''' ( book 1 , poem 8 )
    • Nemean :
      • + `` Island which Zeus , the lord of Olympus gave to Persephone ; he nodded descent + with his flowers hair . '''' ( book N , poem 1 )
    • Pythian + :
      • `` You splendor - loving city , most beautiful on earth , home of + Persephone . You who inhabit the hill of well - built dwellings . '''' ( book + P , poem 12 )
  • Aeschylus
    • Libation + bearers :
      • Electra : `` O Persephone , grant us indeed a glorious victory + ! '''' ( card 479 )
  • Aristophanes
    • + Thesmophoriazusae :
      • Mnesilochos : `` Thou Mistress Demeter , the most + valuable friend and thou Persephone , grant that I may be able to offer you + ! '''' ( card 266 )
  • Euripides
    • Alcestis + :
      • `` O you brave and best hail , sitting as attendand Beside ''s Hades + bride Persephone ! '''' ( card 741 )
    • Hecuba :
      • + `` It is said that any of the dead that stand beside Persephone , that the Danaids + have left the plains to Troy . '''' ( card 130 )
    • +
  • Bacchylides
    • Epinicians :
      • `` Flashing thunderbolt went + down to the halls of slender - ankled Persephone to bring up into the light + of Hades . '''' ( book Ep . poem 5 )
  • Vergil +
    • The Aeneid :
      • `` For since she had not died through fate + , or by a well - earned death , but wretchedly , before her time , inflamed + with sudden madness , Proserpine had not yet taken a lock of golden hair from + her head , or condemned her soul to Stygian Orcus . '''' ( IV. 696 -- 99 )
        • +

Modern reception ( edit )

Main article + : Persephone in popular culture

In 1934 , Igor Stravinsky based his melodrama + Perséphone on Persephone ''s story . In 1961 , Frederick Ashton of the Royal + Ballet appropriated Stravinsky ''s score , to choreograph a ballet starring + Svetlana Beriosova as Persephone .

Persephone also appears many times + in popular culture . Featured in a variety of young adult novels such as `` + Persephone '''' by Kaitlin Bevis , `` Persephone ''s Orchard '''' by Molly Ringle + , `` The Goddess Test '''' by Aimee Carter , `` The Goddess Letters '''' by + Carol Orlock , and `` Abandon '''' by Meg Cabot , her story has also been treated + by Suzanne Banay Santo in `` Persephone Under the Earth '''' in the light of + women ''s spirituality . Here Santo treats the mythic elements in terms of maternal + sacrifice to the burgeoning sexuality of an adolescent daughter . Accompanied + by the classic , sensual paintings of Frederic Lord Leighton and William - Adolphe + Bouguereau , Santo portrays Persephone not as a victim but as a woman in quest + of sexual depth and power , transcending the role of daughter , though ultimately + returning to it as an awakened Queen .

See also ( edit )

    +
  • Greek mythology portal
  • Hellenismos portal
  • + Eleusinian Mysteries
  • Rape of Persephone
  • Anthesphoria , + festival honoring Proserpina , and Persephone

Notes and references + ( edit )

Notes
  1. Jump up ^ The actual word + in Linear B is 𐀟𐀩𐁚 , pe - re - * 82 or pe - re-swa ; it is found on the PY Tn + 316 tablet .
  2. Jump up ^ Empedocles was a Greek pre-Socratic philosopher + who was a citizen of Agrigentum , a Greek colony in Sicily .
  3. Jump + up ^ Kingsley 1995 identifies Nestis as a cult title of Persephone .
  4. + Jump up ^ Hom . Hymn. to Demeter 470 : `` Awful mysteries which no one may in + any way transgress or pry into or utter , for deep awe of the gods checks the + voice . Happy is he among men upon earth who has seen these mysteries ; but + he who is uninitiate and who has no part in them , never has lot of like good + things once he is dead , down in the darkness and gloom '''' .
  5. Jump + up ^ `` This is the time when Zeus mated with Semele , who is also Persephone + , and Dionysos was conceived . It is also the time when Dionysos took Ariadne + to be His wife , and so we celebrate the marriage of the Basilinna ( religious + Queen ) and the God '''' .
References
    +
  1. ^ Jump up to : Martin Nilsson ( 1967 ) . Die Geschichte der Griechische + Religion Vol I pp 462 -- 463 , 479 -- 480
  2. Jump up ^ Fraser . The + golden bough . Adonis , Attis and Osiris . Martin Nilsson ( 1967 ) . Vol I , + pp. 215
  3. Jump up ^ Raymoure , K.A. `` pe - re - * 82 '''' . Minoan + Linear A & Mycenaean Linear B. Deaditerranean . `` PY 316 Tn ( 44 ) '''' . DĀMOS + : Database of Mycenaean at Oslo . University of Oslo .
  4. Jump up ^ + Chadwick , John ( 1976 ) . The Mycenaean World . Cambridge , UK : Cambridge + University Press . p. 95 . ISBN 0 - 521 - 29037 - 6 . At Google Books .
    5. +
  5. Jump up ^ Comments about the goddess pe - re - * 82 of Pylos tablet Tn + 316 , tentatively reconstructed as * Preswa
    `` It is tempting to see + ... the classical Perse ... daughter of Oceanus ... ; whether it may be further + identified with the first element of Persephone is only speculative . '''' John + Chadwick . Documents in Mycenean Greek . Second Edition
  6. + Jump up ^ Homer ( 1899 ) . Odyssey . Clarendon Press . p. 230 . Retrieved 31 + March 2014 .
  7. Jump up ^ H.G. Liddell and R. Scott , A Greek - English + Lexicon
  8. Jump up ^ Martin P. Nilsson ( 1967 ) , Die Geschichte der + Griechische Religion , Volume I , C.F. Beck Verlag , p. 474 .
  9. Jump + up ^ R.S.P. Beekes , Etymological Dictionary of Greek , Brill , 2009 , pp. 1179 + -- 80 .
  10. ^ Jump up to : Smith , `` Perse''phone ''''
  11. Jump + up ^ Cicero . De Natura Deorum 2.26
  12. Jump up ^ Welch ( 2013 ) , p. + 164
  13. Jump up ^ Christiane Sourvinou - Inwood , `` Persephone '''' + The Journal of Hellenic Studies 98 ( 1978 : 101 -- 121 ) .
  14. Jump up + ^ Peter Kingsley , in Ancient Philosophy , Mystery , and Magic : Empedocles + and Pythagorean Tradition ( Oxford University Press , 1995 ) .
  15. Jump + up ^ Orphic Hymn 29.16
  16. Jump up ^ Schol . ad . Theocritus 2.12
    17. +
  17. Jump up ^ In the Hymn to Melinoe , where the father is Zeus Chthonios , + either Zeus in his chthonic aspect , or Pluto ; Radcliffe G. Edmonds III , `` + Orphic Mythology , '''' in A Companion to Greek Mythology ( Blackwell , 2011 + ) , p. 100 .
  18. ^ Jump up to : Rhode ( 1961 ) , Psyche I , pp. 206 -- + 210
  19. ^ Jump up to : Nilsson ( 1967 ) Vol I , pp. 478 -- 480
    20. +
  20. Jump up ^ Orphic Hymn 29 to Persephone
  21. Jump up ^ `` PERSEPHONE + - Greek Goddess of Spring , Queen of the Underworld ( Roman Proserpina ) '''' + .
  22. ^ Jump up to : Nilsson ( 1967 ) Vol I , pp. 463 -- 466
  23. + ^ Jump up to : Nilsson , pp. 477 -- 480 : `` The Arcadian Great goddesses '''' +
  24. Jump up ^ Pausanias. Description of Greece 5.15. 4 , 5 , 6
    25. +
  25. Jump up ^ Kramer , Samuel Noah . Sumerian Mythology : A Study of Spiritual + and Literary Achievement in the Third Millennium B.C. : Revised Edition . University + of Pennsylvania Press , 1961 , Philadelphia . ISBN 0 - 8122 - 1047 - 6 ( Pages + 76 - 79 ) available at sacred-texts.com . `` Moreover , the crime involved is + probably that of abducting a goddess ; it therefore brings to mind the Greek + story of the rape of Persephone . ''''
  26. Jump up ^ Homeric Hymn to + Demeter , 17 .
  27. Jump up ^ Nilsson ( 1967 ) , Vol I , p. 463
    28. +
  28. ^ Jump up to : `` In Greek mythology Nysa is a mythical mountain with unknown + location , the birthplace of the god Dionysos . '''' : Fox , William Sherwood + ( 1916 ) , The Mythology of All Races , v. 1 , Greek and Roman , General editor + , Louis Herbert Gray , p. 217
  29. ^ Jump up to : Burkert ( 1985 ) , pp. + 285 -- 290 .
  30. ^ Jump up to : Burkert ( 1985 ) p. 42
  31. Jump + up ^ Martin Nilsson ( 1967 ) Vol I , pp. 453 -- 455
  32. ^ Jump up to + : Charon , `` glad '''' , probably euphemistically `` death '''' . Liddell and + Scott , A Greek - English Lexicon ( Oxford : Clarendon Press 1843 , 1985 printing + ) , entries on χαροπός and χάρων , pp. 1980 -- 1981 ; Brill ''s New Pauly ( + Leiden and Boston 2003 ) , vol. 3 , entry on `` Charon '''' , pp. 202 -- 203 + .
  33. Jump up ^ Nilsson , Vol I , p. 470
  34. Jump up ^ Dietrich + `` The origins of the Greek Religion '''' p. 220,221
  35. Jump up ^ `` + Kerenyi ( 1976 ) , Dionysos , archetypal image of indestructible life. Princeton + University Press . p. 24
  36. ^ Jump up to : Karl Kerenyi ( 1967 ) . Eleusis + . Archetypal image of mother and daughter . Princeton University Press . p. + 31f
  37. Jump up ^ Burkert ( 1985 ) p. 289
  38. Jump up ^ `` According + to the Greek popular belief , ἕν ἀνδρῶν , ἕν θεῶν γένος ''''. ( One is the nature + of men , another one the nature of gods ) : Erwin Rhode ( 1961 ) , Psyche Band + I , p. 293
  39. Jump up ^ Burkert p. 12
  40. Jump up ^ J. Frazer + The Golden Bough , Part IV , Adonis , Attis and Osiris
  41. Jump up ^ + F. Schachermeyer ( 1972 ) , Die Minoische Kultur des alten Kreta , W. Kohlhammer + Stuttgart , pp. 141 , 308
  42. Jump up ^ Burkert ( 1985 ) pp. 34 -- 40 +
  43. Jump up ^ Burkert ( 1985 ) p. 40
  44. Jump up ^ `` Hermes and + the Anodos of Pherephata '''' : Nilsson ( 1967 ) p. 509 taf. 39 , 1
  45. + Jump up ^ Karl Kerenyi ( 1976 ) , Dionysos : archetypal image of indestructible + life , pp. 89 , 90 ISBN 0 - 691 - 02915 - 6
  46. Jump up ^ Hesychius , + listing of ἀδνόν , a Cretan - Greek form for ἁγνόν , `` pure ''''
  47. + Jump up ^ Kerenyi ( 1976 ) , p. 24
  48. Jump up ^ `` To what extent one + can and must differentiate between Minoan and Mycenaean religion is a question + which has not yet found a conclusive answer '''' :. Burkert ( 1985 ) . p. 21 + .
  49. Jump up ^ G. Mylonas ( 1932 ) . Eleusiniaka . I , 1 ff
  50. + Jump up ^ Nilsson ( 1967 ) , pp. 463 -- 465
  51. Jump up ^ John Chadwick + ( 1976 ). The Mycenean World . Cambridge University Press
  52. Jump up + ^ `` Wa - na - ssoi , wa - na - ka - te , ( to the two queens and the king ) + . Wanax is best suited to Poseidon , the special divinity of Pylos . The identity + of the two divinities addressed as wanassoi , is uncertain `` : George Mylonas + ( 1966 ) Mycenae and the Mycenean age '''' p. 159 : Princeton University Press +
  53. ^ Jump up to : Dietrich p. 220,221
  54. ^ Jump up to : `` Pausanias + 8.37. 9 '''' . Perseus.tufts.edu . Retrieved 6 July 2012 .
  55. ^ Jump + up to : `` In Greek mythology Achileus becomes immortal by the divine fire . + His heel was his only mortal element , because it was not touched by the fire + : Wunderlich ( 1972 ) , The secret of Crete p. 134
  56. Jump up ^ Nilsson + , Vol I p. 463
  57. ^ Jump up to : Hesiod , Theogony 914 .
  58. + Jump up ^ `` Loves of Hermes : Greek mythology '''' . Theoi.com . Retrieved + 2012 - 07 - 06 .
  59. Jump up ^ Homeric Hymn to Demeter , 4 -- 20 , 414 + -- 434 .
  60. ^ Jump up to : `` Theoi Project - Persephone '''' . Theoi.com + . Retrieved 2012 - 07 - 06 .
  61. Jump up ^ Gantz , p. 65 .
  62. + Jump up ^ Gantz , p. 67 .
  63. ^ Jump up to : Reference to the Thesmophoria + in Lucian ''s Dialogues of the Courtesans 2.1 .
  64. Jump up ^ The figures + are unmistakable , as they are inscribed `` Persophata , Hermes , Hekate , Demeter + '''' ; Gisela M.A. Richter , `` An Athenian Vase with the Return of Persephone + '''' The Metropolitan Museum of Art Bulletin 26. 10 ( October 1931 : 245 -- + 248 )
  65. Jump up ^ Suidas s.v. Makariai , with English translation at + Suda On Line , Adler number mu 51
  66. Jump up ^ William Hansen ( 2005 + ) Classical Mythology : A Guide to the Mythical World of the Greeks and Romans + ( Oxford University Press , 2005 ) , pp. 180 -- 182 .
  67. Jump up ^ Hansen + , Classical Mythology , p. 182 .
  68. ^ Jump up to : Ap . Athanassakis + ( 2004 ) , Hesiod . Theogony , Works and Days , Shield , Johns Hopkins University + Press , p. 56 .
  69. Jump up ^ The Anthesteria Archived 20 August 2007 + at the Wayback Machine . Bibliotheca Arcana ( 1997 )
  70. Jump up ^ Martin + Nilsson ( 1967 ) . Vol I , pp. 215 -- 219
  71. ^ Jump up to : `` Martin + Nilsson , The Greek popular religion , The religion of Eleusis , pp 51 - 54 + '''' . Sacred-texts.com. 2005 - 11 - 08 . Retrieved 2012 - 07 - 06 .
  72. + Jump up ^ Martin Nilsson ( 1967 ) Vol I , pp. 473 -- 474 .
  73. Jump up + ^ Pausanias 2.30. 2
  74. Jump up ^ Nilsson , VoI , p. 444
  75. Jump + up ^ Apollodorus , Library 1.3 .
  76. Jump up ^ Homer . Odyssey , 10.494 +
  77. Jump up ^ Orphica , 26 , 71
  78. Jump up ^ Odyssey 10.491 , + 10.509
  79. Jump up ^ Károly Kerényi , Eleusis : Archetypal Image of Mother + and Daughter , 1967 , passim
  80. Jump up ^ Burkert ( 1985 ) , pp. 285 + -- 289
  81. ^ Jump up to : Burkert ( 1985 ) , pp. 240 -- 243
  82. + Jump up ^ Clinton , Greek Sanctuaries , p. 113 .
  83. ^ Jump up to : Potniai + : Pelarge daughter of Potnieus is connected with the cult of Demeter in the + Cabeirian : Pausanias 9.25 , 8 , Nilsson ( 1967 ) Vol I pp. 151 , 463
    84. +
  84. Jump up ^ Pseudo Apollodorus Biblioteca IV. 2
  85. Jump up ^ Kevin + Klinton ( 1993 ) , Greek Sanctuaries : New Approaches , Routledge , p. 11
    86. +
  86. Jump up ^ Nilsson ( 1967 ) Vol I , pp. 463 -- 465
  87. Jump up ^ + Pausanias 1.14 , 1 : Nilsson ( 1967 ) , Vol I , pp. 668 -- 670
  88. Jump + up ^ Pausanias I 42 , 6 , Nilsson ( 1967 ) , Vol I , p. 463
  89. ^ Jump + up to : Nilsson ( 1967 ) , Vol I , pp. 668 -- 670
  90. Jump up ^ Scholia + ad . Euripides Phoen. 487
  91. Jump up ^ Pausanias 9.25. 5
  92. + ^ Jump up to : Diodorus Siculus ( v. 4.7 ) : `` At Thebes or Delos the festival + occurred two months earlier , so any seed - sowing connection was not intrinsic + . ''''
  93. Jump up ^ For Mantinea , see Brill ''s New Pauly `` Persephone + '''' , II D .
  94. Jump up ^ L.H. Jeffery ( 1976 ) . Archaic Greece : + The Greek city states c. 800 -- 500 B.C ( Ernest Benn Limited ) p. 23 ISBN 0 + - 510 - 03271 - 0
  95. Jump up ^ `` Pausanias 8.37. 1 , 8.38. 2 '''' . + Theoi.com . Retrieved 2012 - 07 - 06 .
  96. Jump up ^ `` Reconstruction + of interior of Sanctuary of Despoina '''' . Perseus.tufts.edu . Retrieved 2012 + - 07 - 06 .
  97. Jump up ^ Herodotus VI , 16 : Nilsson ( 1967 ) , Vol + I , p. 464
  98. Jump up ^ Brill ''s New Pauly , `` Persephone '''' , citing + Diodorus 5.4
  99. Jump up ^ Livy : 29.8 , 29.18
  100. ^ Jump up to + : `` perseus tufts - persephone '''' . Perseus.tufts.edu . Retrieved 2012 - + 07 - 06 .
  101. Jump up ^ `` Virgil : Aeneid IV '''' . Poetryintranslation.com + . Retrieved 2012 - 07 - 06 .
  102. Jump up ^ `` Persephone ( Daughters + of Zeus , # 1 ) '''' .
  103. Jump up ^ `` Persephone ''s Orchard '''' . +
  104. Jump up ^ Santo , Suzanne Banay ( 2012 ) . Persephone Under the Earth + . Red Butterfly Publications . ISBN 0 - 9880914 - 0 - 2 .

Sources + ( edit )

  • Apollodorus , Apollodorus , The Library , with an English + Translation by Sir James George Frazer , F.B.A. , F.R.S. in 2 Volumes , Cambridge + , MA , Harvard University Press ; London , William Heinemann Ltd. 1921 .
    • +
  • Bowra Maurice ( 1957 ) , The Greek experience . The World Publishing Company + , Cleveland and New York .
  • Burkert Walter ( 1985 ) . Greek Religion + . Harvard University Press . ISBN 0 - 674 - 36281 - 0
  • Farnell , Lewis + Richard ( 1906 ) , The Cults of the Greek States , Volume 3 ( Chapters on : + Demeter and Kore - Persephone ; Cult - Monuments of Demeter - Kore ; Ideal Types + of Demeter - Kore ) .
  • Gantz , Early Greek Myth : A Guide to Literary + and Artistic Sources , Johns Hopkins University Press , 1996 , Two volumes : + ISBN 978 - 0 - 8018 - 5360 - 9 ( Vol. 1 ) , ISBN 978 - 0 - 8018 - 5362 - 3 ( + Vol. 2 ) .
  • Homer , The Iliad with an English Translation by A.T. + Murray , Ph. D. in two volumes , Cambridge , MA. , Harvard University Press + ; London , William Heinemann , Ltd. 1924 .
  • Homer , The Odyssey with + an English Translation by A.T. Murray , PH. D. in two volumes . Cambridge , + MA. , Harvard University Press ; London , William Heinemann , Ltd. 1919 .
    • +
  • Janda , Michael ( 2010 ) , Die Musik nach dem Chaos . Innsbruck
  • + Kerenyi Karl ( 1967 ) , Eleusis : Archetypal image of mother and daughter . + Princeton University Press .
  • Kerenyi , Karl ( 1976 ) , Dionysos : + Archetypal Image of Indestructible Life , Princeton : Bollingen , Google Books + preview
  • Nilsson Martin ( 1967 ) , Die Geschichte der Griechischen + Religion , Vol I , C.F Beck Verlag , Muenchen . Revised ed .
  • Nilsson + Martin ( 1950 ) , Minoan - Mycenaean Religion , and its Survival in Greek Religion + , Lund : Gleerup . Revised 2nd ed .
  • Pausanias , Pausanias Description + of Greece with an English Translation by W.H.S. Jones , Litt. D. , and H.A. + Ormerod , M.A. , in 4 Volumes , Cambridge , MA , Harvard University Press ; + London , William Heinemann Ltd. 1918 .
  • Rohde Erwin ( 1961 ) , Psyche + . Seelenkult und Unsterblichkeitsglaube der Griechen . Wissenschaftliche Buchgesellshaft + . Darmstad . ( First edition 1893 ) : full text in German downloadable as pdf + .
  • Rohde Erwin ( 2000 ) , Psyche : The Cult of Souls and the Belief + in Immortality among the Greeks , trans . from the 8th edn . by W.B. Hillis + ( London : Routledge & Kegan Paul , 1925 ; reprinted by Routledge , 2000 ) , + online
  • Schachermeyr Fritz ( 1964 ) , Die Minoische Kultur des alten + Kreta , W. Kohlhammer Verlag Stuttgart .
  • Stephen King ( 2008 ) , + Duma Key
  • Smith , William ; Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography + and Mythology , London ( 1873 ) . `` Perse''phone ''''
  • Anthony Welch + ( 2013 ) , The Renaissance Epic and the Oral Past . Yale University Press . + ISBN 0300178867
  • Zuntz Günther ( 1973 ) , Persephone : Three Essays + on Religion and Thought in Magna Graecia

External links ( edit + )

Wikimedia Commons has media related to + Persephone .
Look up persephone + in Wiktionary , the free dictionary .
  • Martin + Nilsson . The Greek popular religion
  • Adams John Paul . Mycenean divinities +
  • Theoi project : Persephone Goddess
  • Theoi project : The + Rape of Persephone
  • The Princeton Encyclopedia of classical sites + : Despoina
  • Theoi project : Despoine
  • Kore Photographs
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  • Flickr users '' photos tagged with Persephone
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+
Potamoi
  • Achelous
  • Almo +
  • Alpheus
  • Anapos
  • Asopus
  • Asterion
    • +
  • Axius
  • Caanthus
  • Cebren
  • Cephissus
    • +
  • Clitumnus
  • Enipeus
  • Kladeos
  • Meander
    • +
  • Nilus
  • Numicus
  • Phyllis
  • Peneus
  • + Rivers of the Underworld
    • Cocytus
    • Eridanos
    • Lethe +
    • Phlegethon
    • Styx
  • Sangarius
    • +
  • Scamander
  • Simoeis
  • Strymon
Naiads
  • Aegina
  • Achiroe
  • Aganippe +
  • The Anigrides
  • Argyra
  • Bistonis
  • Bolbe +
  • Caliadne
  • Cassotis
  • Castalia
  • Cleocharia +
  • Creusa
  • Daphne
  • Drosera
  • Harpina
    • +
  • The Ionides
  • Ismenis
  • Larunda
  • Lilaea
    • +
  • Liriope
  • Melite
  • Metope
  • Minthe
  • + Moria
  • Nana
  • Nicaea
  • Orseis
  • Pallas +
  • Pirene
  • Salmacis
  • Stilbe
  • The Thriae +
    • Corycia
    • Kleodora
    • Melaina
  • + Tiasa
Chthonic deities + +
Theoi Chthonioi
  • Angelos
    • +
  • Demeter
  • Gaia
  • Hades
  • Hecate
  • The + Lampads
  • Macaria
  • Melinoë
  • Persephone
  • + Zagreus
Erinyes ( Furies )
    +
  • Alecto
  • Megaera
  • Tisiphone
Earthborn
  • Cyclopes
  • Gigantes
    • +
  • Hecatonchires
  • Kouretes
  • Meliae
  • Telchines +
  • Typhon
Apotheothenai +
  • Trophonius
  • Triptolemus
  • Orpheus
  • Aeacus +
  • Minos
  • Rhadamanthus
Personifications
Children of Nyx +
  • Achlys
  • Apate
  • Dolos
  • Eleos +
  • Elpis
  • Epiphron
  • Eris
  • Geras
    • +
  • Hesperides
  • Hybris
  • Hypnos
  • Ker
  • + The Keres
  • The Moirai
    • Aisa
    • Clotho
    • + Lachesis
  • Momus
  • Moros
  • Oizys
    • +
  • The Oneiroi
    • Epiales
    • Morpheus
    • Phantasos +
    • Phobetor
  • Nemesis
  • Philotes
    • +
  • Sophrosyne
  • Thanatos
Children + of Eris
  • Algos
  • Amphillogiai
  • Ate
    • +
  • The Androktasiai
  • Dysnomia
  • Horkos
  • Hysminai +
  • Lethe
  • Limos
  • Machai
  • Phonoi
    • +
  • Ponos
  • Neikea
  • Pseudea
  • Logoi
+
Children of other gods
  • Aergia
    • +
  • Aidos
  • Alala
  • Aletheia
  • Angelia
  • + Arete
  • Bia
  • Caerus
  • The Younger Charites
      +
    • Eucleia
    • Eupheme
    • Euthenia
    • Philophrosyne +
  • Corus
  • Deimos
  • The Erotes
    • + Anteros
    • Eros
    • Hedylogos
    • Hermaphroditus
      • +
    • Hymen
  • Eupraxia
  • Hedone
  • Homonoia +
  • Iacchus
  • Kratos
  • The Litae
  • Homonoia +
  • Nike
  • Peitho
  • Phobos
  • Tyche
  • + Zelos
Others
  • Adephagia +
  • Alala
  • Alke
  • Amechania
  • Anaideia
    • +
  • Alastor
  • Apheleia
  • Aporia
  • The Arae
    • +
  • Dikaiosyne
  • Dyssebeia
  • Ekecheiria
  • Eulabeia +
  • Eusebeia
  • Gelos
  • Heimarmene
  • Homados +
  • Horme
  • Ioke
  • Kakia
  • Kalokagathia
    • +
  • Koalemos
  • Kydoimos
  • Lyssa
  • The Maniae
    • +
  • Methe
  • Nomos
  • Palioxis
  • Peitharchia
    • +
  • Penia
  • Penthus
  • Pepromene
  • Pheme
  • + Philotes
  • Phrike
  • Phthonus
  • Pistis
  • + Poine
  • Polemos
  • Poros
  • Praxidike
  • Proioxis +
  • Prophasis
  • Roma
  • Soter
  • Soteria
    • +
  • Techne
  • Thrasos
Other deities
Sky deities +
  • The Anemoi
  • The Astra Planeti
    • Stilbon
    • + Eosphorus
    • Hesperus
    • Pyroeis
    • Phaethon
    • + Phaenon
  • Aura
  • Chione
  • The Hesperides +
  • The Hyades
  • Nephele
  • The Pleiades
    • Alcyone +
    • Sterope
    • Celaeno
    • Electra
    • Maia
      • +
    • Merope
    • Taygete
+ Agricultural deities
  • Aphaea
  • Ariadne
  • + Carmanor
  • Demeter
  • Despoina
  • Eunostus
  • + Philomelus
  • Plutus
Health deities +
  • Asclepius
  • Aceso
  • Epione
  • + Iaso
  • Hygieia
  • Panacea
  • Telesphorus
+
Rustic deities
  • Aetna
  • The + Alseids
  • The Auloniads
  • Amphictyonis
  • The Anthousai +
  • Aristaeus
  • Attis
  • Britomartis
  • The + Cabeiri
  • Comus
  • The Dryades
    • Erato
    • Eurydice +
    • The Hamadryades
      • Chrysopeleia
    • +
  • The Epimeliades
  • Hecaterus
  • Leuce
  • Ma
    • +
  • The Maenades
  • The Meliae
  • The Napaeae
  • The + Nymphai Hyperboreioi
  • The Oreads
    • Adrasteia
    • Echo +
    • Helike
    • Iynx
    • Nomia
    • Oenone
    • + Pitys
  • The Pegasides
  • Priapus
  • Rhapso +
  • Silenus
  • Telete
Others +
  • Acratopotes
  • Adrasteia
  • Agdistis
    • +
  • Alexiares and Anicetus
  • Aphroditus
  • Astraea
  • + Circe
  • Eiresione
  • Enyalius
  • Harpocrates
    • +
  • Ichnaea
  • Palaestra
    • +
Ancient Greek religion and mythology + + + + +
Classical religious + forms
  • Ancient Greek religion
  • Gnosticism
    • +
  • Paleo - Balkan mythology
  • Proto - Indo - European religion
    • +
  • Hellenistic religion
  • Alchemy
  • Orphism
  • Pythagoreanism +
  • Mycenaean deities
Mystery religions + and sacred mysteries
  • Dionysian Mysteries
  • Eleusinian + Mysteries
  • Imbrian Mysteries
  • Mithraism
  • Samotracian + Mysteries
Main beliefs
  • + Apotheosis
  • Euhemerism
  • Greek Heroic Age
  • Interpretatio + graeca
  • Monism
  • Mythology
  • Nympholepsy
  • + Paganism
  • Paradoxography
  • Polytheism
  • Theism
    • +
Texts / epic poems / odes
  • Aretalogy +
  • Argonautica
  • Bibliotheca
  • Cyranides
  • + Derveni papyrus
  • Ehoiai
  • Greek Magical Papyri
  • + Homeric Hymns
  • Iliad
  • Odyssey
  • Papyrus Graecus + Holmiensis
  • Sibylline Books
  • Telegony
  • The golden + verses of Pythagoras
  • Theogony
  • Works and Days
  • + Epic Cycle
  • Theban Cycle
Rites and + practices
  • Amphictyonic League
  • Amphidromia
    • +
  • Animal sacrifice
  • Apotheosis
  • Baptes
  • Curse + tablet
  • Daduchos
  • Delphinion
  • Funeral and burial + practices
  • Hymns
  • Hero cult
  • Heroon
  • + Hierophany
  • Hierophant
  • Hierophylakes
  • Hieros + gamos
  • Hypsistarians
  • Iatromantis
  • Interpretatio + graeca
  • Libations
  • Mystagogue
  • Nekyia
  • + Necromancy
  • Necromanteion
  • Nymphaeum
  • Panegyris +
  • Pharmakos
  • Prayers
  • Orgia
  • Sacrifices +
  • Temenos
  • Temples
  • Votive offerings
+
Sacred places +
  • Athenian sacred ships
  • Cave of Zeus - Aydın +
  • Cave of Zeus - Crete
  • Cretea
  • Delos
  • + Eleusis
  • Hiera Orgas
  • Olympia
  • Olympus
  • + Psychro Cave
  • Sacred Way
Oracle Sanctuaries + - Necromanteion
  • Aornum
  • Delphi
  • Didymaion +
  • Dodona
  • Oracle of Menestheus
Mythical beings
  • Dragons in Greek mythology
    • +
  • Greek mythological creatures
  • Greek mythological figures
    • +
  • List of minor Greek mythological figures
+ Deities + + + +
Primordial deities
  • + Aether
  • Aion
  • Ananke
  • Chaos
  • Chronos +
  • Erebus
  • Eros
  • Gaia
  • Hemera
  • + Nyx
  • Phanes
  • Pontus
  • Thalassa
  • Tartarus +
  • Uranus
Titans + +
First generation
  • Coeus
  • Crius
    • +
  • Cronus
  • Hyperion
  • Iapetus
  • Mnemosyne
    • +
  • Oceanus
  • Phoebe
  • Rhea
  • Tethys
  • + Theia
  • Themis
Second generation +
  • Asteria
  • Astraeus
  • Atlas
  • + Eos
  • Epimetheus
  • Helios
  • Leto
  • Menoetius +
  • Metis
  • Pallas
  • Perses
  • Prometheus
    • +
  • Selene
Third generation
    +
  • Hecate
  • Hesperus
  • Phosphorus
Twelve Olympians
  • Aphrodite +
  • Apollo
  • Ares
  • Artemis
  • Athena
    • +
  • Demeter
  • Dionysus
  • Hephaestus
  • Hera
    • +
  • Hermes
  • Hestia
  • Poseidon
  • Zeus
+
Aquatic deities
  • Amphitrite
    • +
  • Alpheus
  • Ceto
  • Glaucus
  • The Naiads
    • +
  • The Nereids
  • Nereus
  • The Oceanids
  • Phorcys +
  • Poseidon
  • The Potamoi
  • Potamides
  • Proteus +
  • Scamander
  • Thaumas
  • Thetis
  • Triton +
Love deities
  • Aphrodite
    • +
  • Aphroditus
  • Philotes
  • Peitho
+
+ Erotes
  • Anteros
  • Eros
  • Hedylogos
    • +
  • Hermaphroditus
  • Himeros
  • Hymen / Hymenaeus
  • + Pothos
War deities
  • Adrestia
    • +
  • Alala
  • Alke
  • Amphillogiai
  • Androktasiai
    • +
  • Ares
  • Athena
  • Bia
  • Deimos
  • Enyalius +
  • Enyo
  • Eris
  • Gynaecothoenas
  • Homados +
  • Hysminai
  • Ioke
  • Keres
  • Kratos
    • +
  • Kydoimos
  • Ma
  • Machai
  • Nike
  • Palioxis +
  • Pallas
  • Perses
  • Phobos
  • Phonoi
    • +
  • Polemos
  • Proioxis
Chthonic + deities +
  • Achlys
  • Angelos
  • Hades / Pluto
  • Hecate +
  • Hypnos
  • Keres
  • Lampad
  • Macaria
    • +
  • Melinoe
  • Persephone
Psychopomps
  • Hermanubis +
  • Hermes
  • Thanatos
Health deities
  • Aceso
  • Aegle
  • + Artemis
  • Apollo
  • Asclepius
  • Chiron
  • + Eileithyia
  • Epione
  • Hebe
  • Hygieia
  • Iaso +
  • Paean
  • Panacea
  • Telesphorus
Sleep deities
  • Empusa
  • Epiales +
  • Hypnos
  • Morpheus
  • Pasithea
  • Phantasos +
  • Phobetor
  • Oneiroi
Messenger + deities
  • Angelia
  • Arke
  • Hermes
    • +
  • Iris
Trickster deities
    +
  • Apate
  • Dolos
  • Hermes
  • Momus
Magic deities
  • Circe
  • Hecate
    • +
  • Hermes Trismegistus
  • Triple deity
Other major deities
  • Azone
  • The Erinyes
    • +
  • Harmonia
  • The Muses
  • Nemesis
  • Pan
  • + Unknown God
  • Zelus
Heroes / heroines
  • Abderus
  • Achilles
    • +
  • Actaeon
  • Aeneas
  • Argonauts
  • Ajax the Great +
  • Ajax the Lesser
  • Akademos
  • Amphiaraus
  • + Amphitryon
  • Antilochus
  • Atalanta
  • Autolycus
    • +
  • Bellerophon
  • Bouzyges
  • Cadmus
  • Chrysippus +
  • Cyamites
  • Daedalus
  • Diomedes
  • Dioscuri + ( Castor and Pollux )
  • Echetlus
  • Eleusis
  • Erechtheus +
  • Eunostus
  • Ganymede
  • Hector
  • Heracles +
  • Icarus
  • Iolaus
  • Jason
  • Meleager
    • +
  • Odysseus
  • Oedipus
  • Orpheus
  • Pandion
    • +
  • Peleus
  • Pelops
  • Penthesilea
  • Perseus
    • +
  • Theseus
  • Triptolemus
Mythical + tribes
  • Amazons
  • Anthropophage
  • Atlantians +
  • Bebryces
  • Curetes
  • Dactyls
  • Gargareans +
  • Halizones
  • Korybantes
  • Lapiths
  • Lotus + - eaters
  • Myrmidons
  • Pygmies
  • Telchines
    • +
Oracles / seers
  • Aesacus
    • +
  • Aleuas
  • Amphiaraus
  • Amphilochus
  • Ampyx
    • +
  • Anius
  • Asbolus
  • Bakis
  • Branchus
  • + Calchas
  • Carnus
  • Carya
  • Cassandra
  • Delphic + Sibyl
  • Elatus
  • Ennomus
  • Epimenides
  • + Halitherses
  • Helenus
  • Iamus
  • Idmon
  • + Manto
  • Melampus
  • Mopsus
  • Munichus
  • Phineus +
  • Polyeidos
  • Polypheides
  • Pythia
  • Sibyl +
  • Telemus
  • Theiodamas
  • Theoclymenus
  • + Tiresias
Magic
  • Apotropaic + magic
  • Greek Magical Papyri
  • Pella curse tablet
  • + Philia
Mythical realms
  • + Aethiopia
  • Atlantis
  • Hyperborea
  • Libya
  • + Nysa
  • Ogygia
  • Panchaia
  • Scythia
  • Themiscyra +
Underworld + +
Entrances + to the underworld
Rivers
  • Acheron +
  • Cocytus
  • Eridanos
  • Lethe
  • Phlegethon +
  • Styx
Lakes / swamps +
  • Acherusia
  • Avernus Lake
  • Lerna Lake
+
Caves
  • Cave at Cape Matapan
    • +
  • Cave Charonium
  • Cave at Lake Avernus
  • Cave at Heraclea + Pontica
Ploutonion
  • Pluto + ''s Gate
Places
  • Elysium
  • Erebus
  • Fields of Asphodel
    • +
  • Fields of Punishment
  • Isles of the Blessed
  • Tartarus +
Judges of the underworld
  • + Aeacus
  • Minos
  • Rhadamanthus
Guards
  • Cerberus
+ Ferryman
  • Charon
  • Charon ''s obol
+
Symbols / objects
  • Bident
  • + Cap of invisibility
Animals / daemons / spirits +
  • Ascalaphus
  • Ceuthonymus
  • Eurynomos +
  • Hade ''s cattle
Mythological wars
  • Amazonomachy
  • Attic War +
  • Centauromachy
  • Gigantomachy
  • Cranes - Pygmies + war
  • Theomachy
  • Titanomachy
  • Trojan War
    • +
Mythological and religious objects
    +
  • Adamant
  • Aegis
  • Ambrosia
  • Apple of Discord +
  • Ara
  • Baetylus
  • Caduceus
  • Cornucopia +
  • Dragon ''s teeth
  • Diipetes
  • Galatea
  • + Golden apple
  • Golden Fleece
  • Gorgoneion
  • Greek + terracotta figurines
  • Harpe
  • Ichor
  • Lotus tree +
  • Minoan sealstone
  • Moly
  • Necklace of Harmonia +
  • Omphalos
  • Orichalcum
  • Palladium
  • Panacea +
  • Pandora ''s box
  • Petasos ( Winged helmet )
  • Philosopher + ''s stone
  • Ring of Gyges
  • Rod of Asclepius
  • Sacrificial + tripod
  • Sceptre
  • Shield of Achilles
  • Shirt of + Nessus
  • Sword of Damocles
  • Talaria
  • Thunderbolt +
  • Thymiaterion
  • Thyrsus
  • Trident
  • Trojan + Horse
  • Winnowing Oar
  • Wheel of Fortune
  • Wheel + of fire
  • Xoanon
Symbols +
  • Arkalochori Axe
  • Labrys
  • Ouroboros
  • + Owl of Athena
Mythological powers +
  • Anthropomorphism
  • Divination
  • Eternal youth
    • +
  • Evocation
  • Fortune - telling
  • Immortality
  • + Language of the birds
  • Nympholepsy
  • Magic
  • Ornithomancy +
  • Shamanism
  • Shapeshifting
  • Weather modification +
Storage containers / cups
    +
  • Amphora
  • Calathus
  • Chalice
  • Ciborium
    • +
  • Cotyla
  • Hydria
  • Hydriske
  • Kalpis
  • + Kylix
  • Kantharos
  • Lebes
  • Lekythos
  • Loutrophoros +
  • Oenochoe
  • Pelike
  • Pithos
  • Skyphos
    • +
  • Stamnos
Musical Instruments +
  • Aulos
  • Barbiton
  • Chelys
  • Cithara
    • +
  • Cochilia
  • Crotalum ( Castanets )
  • Epigonion
  • + Kollops
  • Lyre
  • Pan flute
  • Pandura
  • Phorminx +
  • Psaltery
  • Salpinx
  • Sistrum
  • Tambourine +
  • Trigonon
  • Tympanum
  • Water organ
Games
  • + Agon
  • Panathenaic Games
  • Rhieia
+
Panhellenic Games +
  • Olympic Games
  • Pythian Games
  • Nemean Games
    • +
  • Isthmian Games
Festivals / feasts
  • Actia +
  • Adonia
  • Agrionia
  • Amphidromia
  • Anthesteria +
  • Apellai
  • Apaturia
  • Aphrodisia
  • Arrhephoria +
  • Ascolia
  • Bendidia
  • Boedromia
  • Brauronia +
  • Buphonia
  • Chalceia
  • Diasia
  • Delphinia +
  • Dionysia
  • Ecdysia
  • Elaphebolia
  • Gamelia +
  • Haloa
  • Heracleia
  • Hermaea
  • Hieromenia +
  • Iolaia
  • Kronia
  • Lenaia
  • Lykaia
    • +
  • Metageitnia
  • Munichia
  • Oschophoria
  • Pamboeotia +
  • Pandia
  • Plynteria
  • Pyanopsia
  • Skira +
  • Synoikia
  • Soteria
  • Tauropolia
  • Thargelia +
  • Theseia
  • Thesmophoria
+ Vessels
  • Argo
  • Phaeacian ships
Modern offshoot religions
  • Discordianism +
  • Gaianism
  • Greco - Buddhism
  • Hellenismos
    • +
  • Decline of Greco - Roman polytheism
Modern + popular culture
  • Greek mythology in popular culture
    • +

    • +
  • GND : 118511181
  • LCCN : no2014090208
  • VIAF : 25393432 +
Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Persephone&oldid=853636674 + '''' Categories :
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+ + in greek mythology who was the goddess of spring growth?' +- - episode_done: true + id: natural_questions + labels: + - '' + text: 'Colony ( Biology ) - wikipedia

Colony ( Biology )

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In biology , a colony is composed of two or more conspecific + individuals living in close association with , or connected to , one another + . This association is usually for mutual benefit such as stronger defense or + the ability to attack bigger prey . It is a cluster of identical cells ( clones + ) on the surface of ( or within ) a solid medium , usually derived from a single + parent cell , as in bacterial colony . In contrast , a solitary organism is + one in which all individuals live independently and have all of the functions + needed to survive and reproduce .

Colonies , in the context of development + , may be composed of two or more unitary ( or solitary ) organisms or be modular + organisms . Unitary organisms have determinate development ( set life stages + ) from zygote to adult form and individuals or groups of individuals ( colonies + ) are visually distinct . Modular organisms have indeterminate growth forms + ( life stages not set ) through repeated iteration of genetically identical + modules ( or individuals ) , and it can be difficult to distinguish between + the colony as a whole and the modules within . In the latter case , modules + may have specific functions within the colony .

Some organisms are + primarily independent and form facultative colonies in reply to environmental + conditions while others must live in a colony to survive ( obligate ) . For + example , some carpenter bees will form colonies when a dominant hierarchy is + formed between two or more nest foundresses ( facultative colony ) , while corals + are animals that are physically connected by living tissue ( the coenosarc ) + that contains a shared gastrovascular cavity .

Contents

+ ( hide )
  • 1 Colony types
    • 1.1 Social colonies
    • 1.2 + Modular organisms
    • 1.3 Microbial colonies
  • 2 + Life history
  • 3 See also
  • 4 References

+

Colony types ( edit )

Social colonies ( edit )

A breeding + colony of Northern gannets on the Heligoland archipelago in the North Sea . +

Unicellular and multicellular unitary organisms may aggregate to form colonies + . For example ,

  • Protists such as slime molds are many unicellular + organisms that aggregate to form colonies when food resources are hard to come + by , as together they are more reactive to chemical cues released by preferred + prey .
  • Eusocial insects like ants and honey bees are multicellular + animals that live in colonies with a highly organized social structure . Colonies + of some social insects may be deemed superorganisms .
  • Animals such + as humans and rodents form breeding or nesting colonies , potentially for more + successful mating and to better protect offspring .
    • The Bracken Cave + is the summer home to a colony of around 20 million Mexican free - tailed bats + making it the largest known concentration of mammals .
+

Modular organisms ( edit )

Modular organisms are those in which + a genet ( or genetic individual formed from a sexually - produced zygote ) asexually + reproduces to form genetically identical clones called ramets .

A clonal + colony is when the ramets of a genet live in close proximity or are physically + connected . Ramets may have all of the functions needed to survive on their + own or be interdependent on other ramets . For example , some sea anemones go + through the process of pedal laceration in which a genetically identical individual + is asexually produced from tissue broken off from the anemone ''s pedal disc + . In plants , clonal colonies are created through the propagation of genetically + identical trees by stolons or rhizomes .

Colonial organisms are clonal + colonies composed of many physically connected , interdependent individuals + . Colonial organisms can be unicellular , as in the alga Volvox ( a coenobium + ) , or multicellular , as in the phylum Bryozoa . The former type may have been + the first step toward multicellular organisms . Individuals within a multicellular + colonial organism may be called ramets , modules , or zooids . Structural and + functional variation ( polymorphism ) , when present , designates ramet responsibilities + such as feeding , reproduction , and defense . To that end , being physically + connected allows the colonial organism to distribute nutrients and energy obtained + by feeding zooids throughout the colony . An example of colonial organisms that + is well known are hydrozoans , like Portuguese man o '' wars .

Microbial + colonies ( edit )

A microbial colony is defined as a visible cluster + of microorganisms growing on the surface of or within a solid medium , presumably + cultured from a single cell . Because the colony is clonal , with all organisms + in it descending from a single ancestor ( assuming no contamination ) , they + are genetically identical , except for any mutations ( which occur at low frequencies + ) . Obtaining such genetically identical organisms ( or pure strains ) can be + useful ; this is done by spreading organisms on a culture plate and starting + a new stock from a single resulting colony .

A biofilm is a colony + of microorganisms often comprising several species , with properties and capabilities + greater than the aggregate of capabilities of the individual organisms .

+

Life history ( edit )

Individuals in social colonies and modular + organisms receive benefit to such a lifestyle . For example , it may be easier + to seek out food , defend a nesting site , or increase competitive ability against + other species . Modular organisms '' ability to reproduce asexually in addition + to sexually allows them unique benefits that social colonies do not have .

+

The energy required for sexual reproduction varies based on the frequency + and length of reproductive activity , number and size of offspring , and parental + care . While solitary individuals bear all of those energy costs , individuals + in some social colonies share a portion of those costs .

Modular organisms + save energy by using asexual reproduction during their life . Energy reserved + in this way allows them to put more energy towards colony growth , regenerating + lost modules ( due to predation or other cause of death ) , or response to environmental + conditions .

See also ( edit )

+ Look up colony in Wiktionary , the free dictionary .
    +
  • Ant colony
  • Beehive ( beekeeping )
  • Bird colony
    • +
  • Clonal colony
  • Colonisation ( biology )
  • Coral reef +
  • Eusociality
  • Superorganism
  • Swarm
  • + Birth colony
  • Austroplatypus incompertus

References + ( edit )

  1. Jump up ^ Jackson , J.B.C. ( 1977 ) . `` Competition + on Marine Hard Substrata : The Adaptive Significance of Solitary and Colonial + Strategies '''' . The American Naturalist. 111 ( 980 ) : 743 -- 767 . doi : + 10.1086 / 283203 .
  2. Jump up ^ `` Colony -- Biology - Online Dictionary + '''' . www.biology-online.org . Retrieved 2017 - 05 - 06 .
  3. Jump up + ^ Begon , Michael ; et al. ( 2014 ) . Essentials of Ecology ( 4th ed . ) . Wiley + . ISBN 0 - 470 - 90913 - 7 .
  4. Jump up ^ Dunn , T. ; Richards , M.H. + ( 2003 ) . `` When to bee social : interactions among environmental constraints + , incentives , guarding , and relatedness in a facultatively social carpenter + bee '''' . Behavioral Ecology. 14 ( 3 ) : 417 -- 424 . doi : 10.1093 / beheco + / 14.3. 417 .
  5. Jump up ^ Grove , Noel ( December 1988 ) . `` Quietly + Conserving Nature '''' . National Geographic . 174 ( 6 ) : 822 .
  6. + ^ Jump up to : Winston , J. ( 2010 ) . `` Life in the Colonies : Learning the + Alien Ways of Colonial Organisms '''' . Integrative and Comparative Biology + . 50 ( 6 ) : 919 -- 933 . doi : 10.1093 / icb / icq146 . PMID 21714171 .
    7. +
  7. Jump up ^ Alberts , Bruce ; et al. ( 1994 ) . Molecular Biology of the + Cell ( 3rd ed . ) . New York : Garland Science . ISBN 0 - 8153 - 1620 - 8 . + Retrieved 2014 - 06 - 11 .
  8. Jump up ^ `` Hydrozoa '''' . Animal Diversity + Web . Retrieved 2017 - 05 - 06 .
  9. Jump up ^ Tortora , Gerard J. ; + Berdell R. , Funke ; Christine L. , Case ( 2009 ) . Microbiology , An Introduction + . Berlin : Benjamin Cummings . pp. 170 -- 171 . ISBN 0 - 321 - 58420 - 1 .
    10. +
  10. Jump up ^ Kunz , T.H. ; Orrell , K.S. ( 2004 ) . `` Energy Costs of Reproduction + '''' . Encyclopedia of Energy . 5 : 423 -- 442 .
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+ + benefits of colonial life for single celled organisms?' +- - episode_done: true + id: natural_questions + labels: + - '' + text: 'The Man in the High Castle ( TV series ) - Wikipedia

The Man in the + High Castle ( TV series )

Jump to : navigation , search + The Man in the High Castle + + + + + + Production + Release External + links
Genre
  • Alternate history
  • Drama
  • + Dystopia
  • Thriller
  • Science fiction
Created by Frank Spotnitz
Based on + The Man in the High Castle by Philip K. Dick
+ Starring
  • Alexa Davalos
  • Rupert Evans
  • + Luke Kleintank
  • DJ Qualls
  • Joel de la Fuente
  • + Cary - Hiroyuki Tagawa
  • Rufus Sewell
  • Brennan Brown
    • +
  • Callum Keith Rennie
  • Bella Heathcote
Opening theme `` Edelweiss '''' , performed by Jeanette + Olsson
Composer ( s )
  • Henry Jackman +
  • Dominic Lewis
Country of origin + United States
Original language ( s ) English
No. of seasons
No. of episodes 20 ( list of episodes )
Executive producer ( s )
  • + Ridley Scott
  • Frank Spotnitz
  • Christian Baute
  • + Isa Dick Hackett
  • Stewart Mackinnon
  • Christopher Tricarico +
Producer ( s )
  • Michael + Cedar
  • Jean Higgins
  • Jordan Sheehan
  • David W. + Zucker
Location ( s )
  • + Seattle , Washington
  • Monroe , Washington
  • Vancouver , British + Columbia
Cinematography James Hawkinson + Gonzalo Amat
Editor ( s ) Kathrynn Himoff
Running time 48 -- 60 minutes
+ Production company ( s )
  • Amazon Studios
  • Scott + Free Productions
  • Electric Shepherd Productions
  • Headline + Pictures
  • Big Light Productions
  • Picrow
  • Reunion + Pictures
Distributor Amazon.com +
Original network + Amazon Video
Original release January + 15 , 2015 ( 2015 - 01 - 15 ) -- present
Website www.amazon.com/The-Man-High-Castle/dp/B00RSGFRY8 +

The Man in the High Castle is an American dystopian + alternative history television series produced by Amazon Studios , Scott Free + Productions , Headline Pictures , Electric Shepherd Productions and Big Light + Productions . The series is loosely based on the 1962 novel of the same name + by science fiction author Philip K. Dick . In the series '' alternate version + of 1962 America , the Axis powers have won World War II and divided the United + States into two puppet states : the Greater Nazi Reich and the Japanese Pacific + States . The series follows characters whose destinies intertwine after coming + into contact with a series of propaganda films that show a vastly different + history from that of their own .

Premiering in January 2015 , the pilot + was Amazon ''s `` most - watched since the original series development program + began . '''' The next month Amazon ordered episodes to fill out a ten - episode + season , which was released in November , to positive reviews . A second season + of ten episodes premiered in December 2016 , with a third season announced a + few weeks later to be released in 2018 .

Contents

( + hide )
  • 1 Synopsis
    • 1.1 Season one
    • 1.2 Season two +
  • 2 Cast
    • 2.1 Main
    • 2.2 Recurring
        +
      • 2.2. 1 John Smith ''s family
      • 2.2. 2 Juliana Crain ''s family +
      • 2.2. 3 Nobusuke Tagomi ''s family
      • 2.2. 4 Historical figures +
  • 3 Episodes
    • 3.1 Season 1 ( 2015 + )
    • 3.2 Season 2 ( 2016 )
  • 4 Production
    • +
  • 5 Reception
    • 5.1 Accolades
    • 5.2 Advertising controversy +
  • 6 See also
  • 7 References
  • 8 External + links

Synopsis ( edit )

Season one ( edit + )

The central characters are Juliana Crain , Frank Frink , Joe Blake + , John Smith , Nobusuke Tagomi , and Takeshi Kido . The series takes place in + an alternate 1962 .

Flag of the Greater Nazi Reich in America Flag of the + Japanese Pacific States

Juliana Crain is a San Francisco woman who becomes + entangled with the resistance when her half - sister Trudy is killed by the + Kempeitai , just after giving Juliana a film reel that contains newsreel - style + footage depicting an alternate history in which the Allies won World War II + and Germany and Japan were defeated . The film is entitled The Grasshopper Lies + Heavy , and is part of a series of similar newsreels being collected by someone + referred to as `` The Man in the High Castle '''' . Juliana believes the newsreel + reflects some sort of alternate reality and that it is part of some kind of + larger truth about how the world should be . Her boyfriend , Frank Frink ( who + keeps his Jewish roots hidden in order to avoid extradition and death at the + hands of the Nazis ) , believes that the newsreel has no relation to real - + life events . Juliana learns Trudy was carrying the film to Canon City , Colorado + , in the Neutral Zone , where she was going to meet someone . Juliana decides + to travel there in Trudy ''s place to find out what her half - sister ''s mission + was . When she arrives in Canon City , she encounters Joe Blake .

Blake + is a 27 - year - old New Yorker who is a double agent working for the Nazis + under Obergruppenführer John Smith , a former US Army officer who joined the + Nazis and rose through the ranks to become a senior officer in the SS . Blake + is pretending to be a member of the resistance while he searches for the resistance + contact in Canon City , which is Juliana , substituting for Trudy .

+ Nobusuke Tagomi is a high - ranking Japanese official ( the Trade Minister ) + in San Francisco . He meets in secret with Nazi official Rudolph Wegener , who + is traveling incognito as Swedish businessman Victore Baynes . Tagomi and Wegener + are concerned about the power vacuum that will exist when the Reich ''s Führer + Adolf Hitler dies , or is forced to step down due to his worsening Parkinson + ''s disease . Wegener explains that Hitler ''s successor will want to use the + Reich ''s nuclear bombs against Japan to gain control of the rest of the former + United States . Currently , however , Japan and the Third Reich are engaged + in a cold war full of tension but no open warfare , with the Japanese lagging + behind the Germans technologically .

Frank Frink ends up being arrested + when the Japanese and the Nazis become suspicious of Juliana ''s activities + . Not having the information they seek , he is unable to give the Japanese what + they are looking for , and they kill Frink ''s sister and her two children in + retaliation , using their Jewish heritage as an excuse for their executions + . This leads Frink to plan to kill the visiting Japanese Crown Prince and Princess + , but he ultimately decides against going through with his plan .

+ Season two ( edit )

Season Two of the show broadly encompasses Frank + Frink deciding to forgo his hesitancy and relative pacifism and choosing to + become a committed member of the American Resistance to the Japanese Empire + inside the Pacific States , eventually participating in a successful terrorist + bombing of a central - command building of the Pacific States government in + downtown San Francisco . The attack kills many members of the Japanese military + and other top - level leadership .

Juliana Crain claims asylum in the + Nazi Reich using their San Francisco Embassy so she can escape Japanese soldiers + who hold her responsible for at least one murder . John Smith , seeing that + her asylum claim is unlikely to succeed , steps in to the interrogation room + and assumes command of her claim himself , ensuring it goes through , and he + takes her to New York without Joe Blake ''s knowledge . Joe Blake himself discovers + he was a product of the Lebensborn programme , and also that he is the sole + biological son of a top - ranking Nazi official in Berlin , Martin Heusmann + . Eventually Blake reconciles with Heusmann on the personal level and , in so + doing , becomes second - in - command of the Chancellorship after Adolf Hitler + dies and the Nazi leadership in Berlin grants Heusmann the Reich ''s Acting + Chancellor title , which they do quickly and almost by default .

Hitler + ''s death is abruptly pinned upon Japanese spies , and Heusmann suddenly announces + on television that the Japanese agents whom he claims assassinated the Führer + will be brought to justice by any means necessary , including war . John Smith + is the only high - ranking Nazi official to be suspicious of the nature of Heusmann + ''s sudden announcement . To gain insight in to why it has happened , he interrogates + another high - ranking Nazi , Reinhard Heydrich , who reveals a far - reaching + conspiracy led by Heusmann designed to result in a Nazi nuclear onslaught against + the Japanese Empire that will kill tens of millions of Japanese , decimate their + Empire , level Tokyo , kill their Emperor , and force the surviving Japanese + to permanently absorb themselves in to a global Nazi Reich . John Smith undertakes + carefully - calculated stealth actions to disrupt and dismantle the Heusmann + conspiracy and , as a final act , travels to Berlin and informs Heinrich Himmler + -- the Nazi Reichsführer and not involved in the conspiracy -- of the existence + of the conspiracy . Audiotapes , together with physical and written evidence + reaching too deep within the existing Reich ''s power structure to be dismissed + as hearsay , are handed personally by John Smith over to the Reichsführer , + who then angrily leads Smith and several of his closest Berlin subordinates + in to the late Führer ''s office occupied by the Acting Chancellor . He arrests + Heusmann for high treason and the murder of Adolf Hitler , detains Joe Blake + along with Heusmann , and then addresses the Volkshalle packed with hundreds + of thousands of Reich civilians and uniformed stormtroopers , nixing the war + - declaration speech meant to have been delivered by Heusmann and instead informing + the Reich of Heusmann ''s conspiracy and John Smith ''s exposing of it . Upon + learning this , the entire Volkshalle erupts in to a celebratory mood marked + by repeated mass Nazi salutes of Himmler ''s men in general and then John Smith + in particular .

The second season ends with Himmler and John Smith + implicitly assuming command of the Reich , and an implied new era of peace and + tranquility between the Japanese Empire and the Greater Nazi Reich . Juliana + Crain continues to live out her asylum claim inside New York Nazi territory + , and the final few minutes of the final episode of the second season show Trudy + ( or an alternate - universe version of her ) alive and well . In a basement + somewhere , John Smith is given access to a room filled to bursting with reels + of films watched by the late Führer .

Cast ( edit )

Main + ( edit )

  • Alexa Davalos as Juliana Crain , a young woman from + San Francisco who is outwardly happy living under Japanese control ; she has + become an expert in aikido and is friendly with Japanese people living in San + Francisco . Her mother harbors hatred of the Japanese , as they killed Juliana + ''s father during the war .
  • Rupert Evans as Frank Frink , Juliana + ''s boyfriend . He works in a factory , creating replicas of pre-war American + pistols that are prized by the Japanese , while on his own time he creates original + jewelry and sketches . When Juliana vanishes just after the police kill her + sister , Frank is taken into custody , which is particularly dangerous since + he had a Jewish grandfather and would face execution if this fact were exposed + . His experience with the Japanese causes him to turn against the state .
    • +
  • Luke Kleintank as Joe Blake , a new recruit to the underground American + resistance who is actually an agent working for the SS under Obergruppenführer + John Smith . He transports a copy of a reel of the forbidden film The Grasshopper + Lies Heavy to the neutral Rocky Mountain States as part of his mission to infiltrate + the American resistance .
  • DJ Qualls as Ed McCarthy , Frank ''s co-worker + and friend . He closely follows politics and cares very much about Juliana and + Frank ''s well being .
  • Cary - Hiroyuki Tagawa as Nobusuke Tagomi + , the Trade Minister of the Pacific States of America . His true loyalties are + ambiguous throughout the first season .
  • Rufus Sewell as John Smith + , an SS Obergruppenführer investigating the Resistance in New York . He is a + natural - born American who previously served in the U.S. Army Signal Corps + and lives a comfortable suburban life with a wife and three children . It is + implied that he embraced Nazism because he grew up in poverty as a result of + the Great Depression .
  • Joel de la Fuente as Chief Inspector Takeshi + Kido , the ruthless head of the Kempeitai stationed in San Francisco .
    • +
  • Brennan Brown as Robert Childan , an antique store owner who makes secret + deals with Frank . ( recurring , season 1 ; main , season 2 )
  • Callum + Keith Rennie as Gary Connell , leader of the West Coast Resistance movement + and enforcer for Abendsen . ( season 2 )
  • Bella Heathcote as Nicole + Dörmer , a young Berlin - born filmmaker who will cross paths with Joe . ( season + 2 )

Recurring ( edit )

  • Carsten Norgaard as + Rudolph Wegener , a disillusioned high - ranking Nazi official who trades secrets + with Tagomi .
  • Rick Worthy as Lemuel `` Lem '''' Washington , owner + of the Sunrise Diner in Canon City and member of the Resistance .
  • + Camille Sullivan as Karen Vecchione , a leader of the Pacific States branch + of the Resistance .
  • Lee Shorten as Sergeant Hiroyuki Yoshida , Inspector + Kido ''s right - hand man .
  • Arnold Chun as Kotomichi , Tagomi ''s + assistant .
  • Hank Harris as Randall Becker , a member of the Pacific + States branch of the Resistance
  • Christine Chatelain as Laura Crothers + , Frank ''s sister .
  • Allan Havey as the Origami Man , a Nazi spy + sent to Canon City to eliminate members of the Resistance .
  • Burn + Gorman as the Marshal , a bounty hunter searching for concentration camp escapees + .
  • Shaun Ross as the Shoe Shine Boy , a young albino man living in + Canon City .
  • Rob LaBelle as Carl , a bookstore clerk in Canon City + who is revealed to be a concentration camp escapee named David P. Frees .
    • +
  • Geoffrey Blake as Jason Meyer , a Jewish member of the Resistance .
    • +
  • Michael Gaston as Mark Sampson , a Jew living in the Pacific States ; he + is Frank ''s friend
  • Louis Ozawa Changchien as Paul Kasoura , a wealthy + lawyer who collects pre-war American memorabilia .
  • Tao Okamoto as + Betty , Paul ''s wife .
  • Daisuke Tsui as the Crown Prince of Japan +
  • Mayumi Yoshida as the Crown Princess of Japan
  • Amy Okuda + as Christine Tanaka , an office worker in the Nippon building .
  • Hiro + Kanagawa as Taishi Okamura , the leader of a Yakuza based in the Pacific States + .
  • Stephen Root as Hawthorne Abendsen / The Man in the High Castle + . ( season 2 )
  • Sebastian Roché as Reichsminister Martin Heusmann + , Joe Blake ''s estranged father and high - ranking member of the Reich . ( + season 2 )
  • Cara Mitsuko as Sarah , a Japanese American Resistance + member , confidante of Frank and survivor of the Manzanar concentration camp + . ( season 2 )
  • Tate Donovan as George Dixon , a mysterious friend + of the Crains ( season 2 ) .
  • Michael Hogan as Hagan , an ex-preacher + and leader in the San Francisco resistance . ( season 2 )
  • Tzi Ma + as General Hidehisa Onoda , a leading member of the Japanese military . ( season + 2 )
John Smith ''s family ( edit )
  • Chelah Horsdal as Helen + Smith , John ''s wife .
  • Quinn Lord as Thomas Smith , John and Helen + ''s son and the eldest child . A member of the Hitler Youth , it is later revealed + that he has inherited a form of muscular dystrophy from his father ''s side + of the family .
  • Gracyn Shinyei as Amy Smith , John and Helen ''s + daughter .
  • Genea Charpentier as Jennifer Smith , John and Helen ''s + daughter .
Juliana Crain ''s family ( edit )
  • Daniel Roebuck + as Arnold Walker , Juliana ''s stepfather and Trudy ''s father .
  • + Macall Gordon as Anne Crain Walker , Juliana ''s mother who is still bitter + about losing her husband in World War II .
  • Conor Leslie as Trudy + Walker , Juliana ''s half sister who is shot dead by the Kempeitai . However + , she is shown alive at the end of the second season .
Nobusuke + Tagomi ''s family ( edit )
  • Yukari Komatsu as Michiko Tagomi , Nobusuke + ''s wife . ( season 2 )
  • Eddie Shin as Noriaki Tagomi , Nobusuke and + Michiko ''s son . ( season 2 )
Historical Figures ( edit )
    +
  • Wolf Muser as Adolf Hitler .
  • Ray Proscia as SS - Oberst - Gruppenführer + Reinhard Heydrich .
  • Kenneth Tigar as SS - Reichsführer Heinrich Himmler + ( season 2 )
  • Peter Anderson as Joseph Goebbels , Nazi Minister of + Propaganda ( season 2 )
  • Lisa Paxton as Eva Braun , Hitler ''s wife + ( season 2 )

Episodes ( edit )

Season 1 ( 2015 ) + ( edit )

The pilot and the second episode were screened at a special + Comic - Con event . The season premiered on November 20 , 2015 .

+ + + A young man , Joe Blake , volunteers to serve the + resistance by driving a truck from Nazi New York to the neutral zone in the + Rockies . In Japan - occupied San Francisco , Juliana Crain receives a package + from her sister Trudy , only to see her get shot by the Japanese police . She + returns home where her boyfriend Frank urges her to go to the police and tell + them she had nothing to do with Trudy ''s treason . The package contains film + of the Allies winning World War II , which Juliana watches . She boards a bus + to the Neutral Zone to deliver the film in Trudy ''s place . A female agent + on the bus attempts to steal the film but only escapes with decoys . Joe befriends + Juliana in Canon City while in San Francisco , Frank is arrested by the Kempeitai + , who want to know Juliana ''s destination . Joe calls a Nazi commandant , Smith + , revealing that he is working for them . + + + In the Canon City diner , Juliana meets a man she assumes is her contact . Smith + tells Joe that the contact is a Sicherheitsdienst ( SD ) agent trying to stop + the resistance , and orders him not to intervene . However , when the SD agent + tries to kill Juliana , Joe drives up , and she is able to throw the agent over + the railing to his death . In New York , Smith is attacked by resistance fighters + . In prison , Frank meets a resistance fighter who convinces him not to inform + on Juliana . The Kempeitai kill Frank ''s sister and her children , but do not + kill him when the woman who stole Juliana ''s bag is found with fake film reels + . Joe spots a Nazi + bounty hunter in town , looking for the man Juliana killed . They go to dispose + of his body and car , but find a map which leads them to a cave where they find + a dead woman and list of names . They realize that Juliana ''s boss from the + diner was her actual contact . Frank breaks the news of his sister and her children + ''s deaths to his brother - in - law . Frank returns to work where he makes + a real gun . The bounty hunter realizes Juliana ''s identity and tries to kill + her . + Joe quickly saves + Juliana from the Marshal . Joe and Juliana confront Lemuel who leads them into + the woods , where they are surrounded by resistance fighters , who force them + to give them the films and leave . Joe and Juliana are attacked again by the + Marshal , causing Joe to reveal to the Marshal that he is a Nazi agent . The + Marshal pursues Juliana on the highway . When Juliana gets far enough , she + burns her car and hides . When the Marshal reaches the car , he assumes that + she has died . Back in the Reich , SS Captain Connolly is suspected by Smith + for telling the resistance members who attacked him , which route he was taking + to work . In the Pacific States , Frank heads to the Crown Prince ''s speech + with a gun to assassinate him , but hesitates to do so . The Crown Prince is + then shot by an unseen gunman . + + The Crown Prince is rushed to the hospital after the attack , and the captain + of the Imperial Guard is ordered to commit seppuku , for not protecting the + Crown Prince . Kido then states that if he can not find the gunman , he will + do the same . Meanwhile , Juliana returns home to find an angry Frank , who + alludes to his time in prison . Juliana visits her parents and learns the Japanese + killed Frank ''s sister and children . When she later reports to the Japanese + military , she is interrogated and asked about Trudy ''s partner Randall but + is ultimately let go . She then visits Simone and meets an agent of the resistance + who gives her a visitor ''s card to the government building . Joe returns to + New York from the Neutral Zone and is kidnapped by Gestapo agents and brought + to Smith ''s office . He is then forced to tell Smith what happened in Canon + City . Smith tells Joe he has failed in his mission because the leader of the + resistance escaped . Smith believes Joe is being truthful and invites him over + for VA day ( Victory in America day ) . + Joe celebrates VA day at Smith ''s house . Juliana accepts a job working for + Tagomi as she continues her search for answers . Smith , who has received intelligence + about Wegener ''s activities but also happens to be an old friend , intercepts + him at the airport and invites him for dinner hoping to probe Wegener for answers + . Smith has Wegener arrested . Smith catches Joe sneaking through his files + . Juliana makes a startling discovery about + her sister ''s death . Frank reflects on recent events and makes an important + decision about his future , and Tagomi gains greater insight into Juliana ''s + past . Smith catches Joe in his home office and interrogates him about Juliana + and Canon City . Juliana and Frank + make plans to escape the Pacific States , only to be dragged back into danger + by Joe as he tries to retrieve a new film , and walks directly into the Kempeitai + ''s ambush . Meanwhile , Smith ''s loyalty is put to the ultimate test when + confronted with a startling family discovery . The episode is named after the + song of the same name , which is performed by Lini Evans during the episode + with Japanese lyrics she co-wrote . + + + With time running out , a desperate Frank is forced to put his life on the line + to help Joe . The pieces finally fall into place for Smith as he uncovers who + was behind the assassination attempt . Tagomi is devastated when he is confronted + with the consequences of his scheming , and Kido ''s investigation takes a dramatic + turn when he makes an important discovery . Meanwhile , Frank and Juliana , + after taking possession of the new film , decide to watch it , but they are + shocked to find out that the film describes , apparently in the near future + , a nuclear - bombed San Francisco where the SS are rounding up and executing + survivors ; Frank is shown being executed by Joe , who is wearing an SS uniform + . + Frank and Juliana angrily + confront Joe as a Nazi agent . He goes to the Nazi embassy with the film . Joe + learns that Heydrich is preparing a trap . Kido acts on the information from + the Yakuza and kills the Nazi sniper that shot the Crown Prince . Ed is caught + with Frank ''s gun and is used as a scapegoat for the attempted assassination + of the Crown Prince , averting the need for Kido to commit seppuku . Heydrich + demands Smith ''s loyalty ahead of Wegener assassinating Hitler . Wegener says + goodbye to his family and travels to Hitler ''s alpine castle ( filmed at Hohenwerfen + Castle ) , but after confronting Hitler ( who is watching the alternate newsreels + in his huge film vault saying that he learns something every time he watches + ) , kills himself instead . Smith captures the traitor Heydrich and reports + such to Hitler . Joe evades Lem ''s ambush and boards a boat to Mexico in Juliana + ''s place . Frank finds out that Ed has been arrested and returns to the Kempeitai + headquarters to find him being detained . Tagomi goes to Union Square to meditate + with Juliana ''s charm and opens his eyes to find himself in an alternate 1962 + where the Allies won World War II and America is in the midst of the Cuban Missile + Crisis .
No . overall No. in season Title + Directed by Written by Original release date
`` The New World '''' David Semel + Frank Spotnitz January 15 , 2015 ( 2015 - 01 - 15 )
`` Sunrise '''' Daniel Percival Frank Spotnitz October 23 , 2015 ( 2015 - 10 - 23 )
`` The Illustrated Woman '''' + Ken Olin Thomas Schnauz and Evan Wright November + 20 , 2015 ( 2015 - 11 - 20 )
`` Revelations '''' Michael Rymer Thomas Schnauz and Jace Richdale November + 20 , 2015 ( 2015 - 11 - 20 )
5 5 + `` The New Normal '''' Bryan Spicer Rob Williams November 20 , 2015 ( 2015 - 11 - 20 )
6 6 + `` Three Monkeys '''' Nelson McCormick Rob + Williams November 20 , 2015 ( 2015 - 11 - 20 )
7 7 `` Truth '''' Brad + Anderson Emma Frost November 20 , 2015 ( 2015 - 11 - 20 + )
8 8 `` End of the + World '''' Karyn Kusama Walon Green November + 20 , 2015 ( 2015 - 11 - 20 )
9 9 `` Kindness '''' Michael Slovis Jace Richdale November 20 , 2015 ( 2015 - 11 - 20 )
10 10 `` A Way Out '''' Daniel Percival Rob Williams November 20 , 2015 ( + 2015 - 11 - 20 )

Season 2 ( 2016 ) ( edit )

The + second season was released on December 16 , 2016 .

+ + + + Joe returns to New York to hand over the film to Smith + and request for his resignation , but Smith denies his request before delivering + the film to Hitler . Karen and Lem confront Juliana for not shooting Joe before + she is tranquilized . She wakes up in the home of Hawthorne Abendsen , The Man + in the High Castle , and his vast film collection . Meanwhile , General Onoda + reveals to Tagomi and his staff that the capsule Science Minister Shimada found + in his pocket contains the plans for a nuclear weapon that the Empire intends + to use to crush the Nazis , much to Tagomi ''s dismay . Frank confronts Arnold + about spying over his own family . Desperate to clear Ed ''s name , Frank goes + to Childan and asks for his help . Juliana attempts to get answers from an evasive + Abendsen and receives a clue which may help to avert nuclear war . Gary Connell + , leader of the West Coast Resistance , goes against orders and tries to kill + Juliana , but she escapes at a Kempeitai checkpoint . A gunfight ensues between + the Resistance members and the Japanese soldiers . Karen is killed in the crossfire + . Kido investigates the shootout + at the checkpoint and suspects Juliana is involved . Frank decides to get Paul + Kasoura , who is a defense lawyer , to help Ed . In desperation , he reveals + to Kasoura that the antique goods he and Childan sold him are fake , leading + the pair to be imprisoned by the Yakuza , to whom Kasoura has a connection . + Frank is almost killed by Okamura , the Yakuza leader , in the previous incident + with Joe . However , he manages to convince Okamura to allow him to repay his + debt for the forgery , with a condition that Ed is to work with him as his assistant + . Kido is forced by Okamura to release Ed . He later pins the assassination + of the Crown Prince on the deceased Karen . Joe is ordered by Smith to visit + his father , a Reichminister named Heusmann , in Berlin . Smith tells Joe that + Juliana is possibly dead . Meanwhile , Juliana evades Gary and Lem and tries + to convince her parents to leave San Francisco , to no avail . Using the clue + on a mysterious man that Abendsen is fixated on , Juliana discovers the man + is a family friend named George Dixon , who is Trudy ''s real father . Learning + he may be in Brooklyn , Juliana risks her life to reach the Nazi embassy and + request asylum , while leaving a letter to Frank . + Smith is warned by Dr. Adler , the family physician , to end + his son Thomas ''s life , as the boy ''s incurable illness prevents him from + being accepted in the Reich . Juliana makes it to New York and is questioned + by Smith , who is notified of her arrival and arranges her stay . He keeps this + a secret from Joe . Frank learns of Juliana ''s defection to the Nazi states + , though he does not believe Gary on her betrayal . While he works with Ed and + Childan to create forgeries for the Yakuza to repay his debt , Frank is convinced + by the Resistance to help them liberate innocent citizens from the Kempeitai + in retaliation for the checkpoint murders . While saving a Resistance member + named Sarah , Frank commits his first kill against the Japanese . Juliana looks + for Joe but is told by his ex-lover that he has rejoined the Nazis , leading + her to think he may have betrayed her . Joe travels to Berlin and meets with + his father but is distant due to the latter ''s treatment of his mother . He + crosses paths with Nicole Becker , a filmmaker. Smith is unable to kill his + son when given the chance to do so . He meets with Dr. Adler and kills him to + ensure his silence . Juliana adjusts + to life in the Reich under the tutelage of Smith ''s wife Helen and Thomas . + While looking for George Dixon at his old apartment , she is pursued by two + unknown agents and almost killed . General Onoda has the Kempeitai execute numerous + citizens for the murder of the Japanese soldiers during the Resistance rescue + . Enraged , Frank starts to neglect his debt with the Yakuza and accepts a risky + assignment to siphon materials from an unexploded Japanese bomb for a Resistance + mission , much to Ed ''s dismay . Frank begins to get close with Sarah during + the assignment . Smith reveals to a suspecting Helen that he killed Dr. Adler + to keep their son ''s illness a secret . Kido gets Onoda drunk and tricks him + into approving an unknown order . After escaping from her pursuers , Juliana + is approached by Dixon . Tagomi travels to the alternate timeline once again + and sees his still - living wife Michiko , who is deceased in his own timeline + . + Dixon is revealed + to be a Resistance leader and meets up with Juliana after she tells him that + the Man in the High Castle sent her . Juliana tells him he may be somehow involved + in the possible San Francisco bombing as he has appeared several times in the + films . Dixon forces Juliana to spy on Smith and his family to redeem her betrayal + when she allowed Joe to escape with the film . Joe is upset when his father + brings him to his place of birth and reveals he is one of the Lebensborn , an + experiment to perfect racial purity . Despite this , he takes up his father + ''s offer to remain in Berlin for a few more days . Kido attempts to use Onoda + ''s approval to extradite Juliana from the Nazi states , though he fails and + reveals his motive for visiting Smith for an unknown reason . Frank becomes + further involved with the Resistance while Ed is revealed to be under the control + of the Kempeitai to report on the Yakuza ''s counterfeiting activities in exchange + for his and Frank ''s lives . Lem assists Abendsen in moving to a new location + under the possibility the location of the High Castle is compromised and Abendsen + destroys most of the films before leaving . Tagomi reveals himself to the alternate + Michiko and his son Noriyuke , but discovers the alternate Tagomi ''s relationship + with them is estranged . He is shocked to see Noriyuke married to an alternate + Juliana with their son . Juliana + starts to socialize with the Ladies Committee as planned and gains the support + of one of the members , Lucy . Helen discovers Thomas has been selected by the + Hitler Youth group to go for an expedition in South America . She forbids her + son to go until she finds out that Smith arranged to have their son disappear + from society by staging a fake abduction and live a life of anonymity . Joe + starts to get closer to Nicole , who reveals herself as one of the Lebensborn + and brings him to meet with some of the others . After spending the night with + Nicole , Joe begins to embrace his real heritage . Tagomi attempts to mend his + alternate self ''s relationship with his family , and is dismayed by the alternate + Noriyuke ''s foregoing of the Japanese culture . Kido is informed by his right + hand man , Yoshida , that they have found Abendsen ''s burnt hideout and learns + the Yakuza is also looking for the films . + Ed and Childan go to Okamura to repay their debt with the sale from Frank ''s + forgery but are locked up in a storage room when Kido and his men pay a visit + . Kido kills Okamura and the Yakuza members present for treason as he has deduced + the Yakuza are working with the Nazis . Yoshida discovers Ed and Childan but + lets them go . Frank is tasked to plant a bomb at the harbor where General Onoda + is visiting . However , Frank aborts the mission when he discovers that the + Japanese are secretly building an atomic bomb there and alerts the Resistance + of this information . While at Adler ''s funeral , Smith is dismayed when Adler + ''s wife Alice raises her suspicion on her husband ''s sudden death and plans + to have an autopsy performed . Juliana also attends the funeral and while talking + to Thomas , she notices he has a seizure and covers for him . Later , she promises + Helen that she will not reveal Thomas ''s condition . Smith has further troubles + when Heinrich Himmler informs him that Hitler has suffered a collapse . + Smith questions Juliana about Joe + ''s film and learns of San Francisco ''s impending destruction . Lucy tells + Juliana she knows that supposedly live footage of Hitler is actually archival + because her husband manages the TV broadcast . Juliana shares with Dixon her + belief that Hitler may be dead . The Resistance decide it is time to stage an + uprising , leaving Juliana concerned that she may have caused the nuclear catastrophe + she is trying to prevent . Heusmann is made Acting Chancellor while Joe decides + to support his father . Frank learns from Arnold that Juliana has warned them + to leave San Francisco and has not betrayed him . Enraged , he confronts Gary + but the Resistance is determined to go ahead with the uprising . Armed with + the knowledge from Juliana and Kido , Smith misleads a secretly imprisoned Heydrich + into thinking Germany and Japan are already at war , leading Heydrich to confirm + what Smith has suspected : a conspiracy to create a pretext for war with the + Japanese exists among the Nazi ranks . Smith executes Heydrich , but not before + learning he is not the mastermind behind the rush to war . Hitler passes away + , leaving Heusmann in charge , and the new Chancellor is revealed to have orchestrated + the looming conflict . Tagomi watches a film + with his alternate family showing the recent test detonation of a hydrogen bomb + at Bikini Atoll . Finally resolved to stop war between Japan and the Nazis , + Tagomi takes the film and returns to his reality . Thomas confides to Juliana + about his condition , unaware that their conversation is being recorded . Smith + later learns of the tape and takes it to protect Thomas '' secret . In a televised + address , Heusmann frames the Japanese for Hitler ''s death by poison and promises + retaliation much to Joe ''s horror . Frank decides to assist the Resistance + in assassinating Onoda using their homemade bombs . Before the operation , he + convinces Ed and Childan to leave San Francisco . Frank and Sarah smuggle a + car bomb into the Kempeitai HQ underground parking garage . They set the bomb + timer and attempt to leave the building , but are spotted by Kido , which starts + a gunfight in the lobby . Just as Tagomi arrives , the bomb detonates , killing + General Onoda and his staff and collapsing most of the building . Frank and + Sarah ''s fate is not shown . Tagomi + and Kido , who survived the bombing , deal with the aftermath of the destruction + of the Kempeitai HQ . Afterwards , Kido travels to New York and plays the film + for Smith appearing to provide evidence that the Japanese possess a hydrogen + bomb . The resistance attempts to avenge Karen ''s death by killing Juliana + , but she escapes and kills Susan in the process . She then confronts and kills + Dixon , who was threatening to expose Smith by broadcasting the tape of her + conversation with Thomas . Smith travels to Berlin with the film to convince + the Nazi higher - ups not to attack Japan out of fear of nuclear retaliation + and meets privately with Himmler , exposing Heusmann as the traitor . After + arresting Heusmann and Joe , Himmler addresses the worldwide public from the + Volkshalle , possibly assuming control of the Reich , and rewards Smith for + his service . The recognition Smith receives inspires Thomas to turn himself + over to the Public Health Department to be euthanized . After traveling to the + Neutral Zone , a bereft Juliana learns from Abendsen that hope remains and that + her sister is alive . Finally , Lem hands over Abendsen ''s remaining films + to Tagomi .
No + . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original release date
11 `` The Tiger ''s Cave '''' Daniel Percival Frank Spotnitz December 16 , 2016 ( 2016 - 12 - 16 )
12 `` The Road Less Traveled '''' + Colin Bucksey Rob Williams December 16 , 2016 + ( 2016 - 12 - 16 )
13 + `` Travelers '''' Daniel Sackheim + Erik Oleson December 16 , 2016 ( 2016 - 12 - 16 )
14 `` Escalation + '''' David Petrarca Wesley Strick December + 16 , 2016 ( 2016 - 12 - 16 )
15 5 `` Duck and Cover '''' John Fawcett Erik Oleson & Rick Cleveland December + 16 , 2016 ( 2016 - 12 - 16 )
16 6 `` + Kintsugi '''' Paul Holahan Francesca Gardiner + December 16 , 2016 ( 2016 - 12 - 16 )
17 + 7 `` Land O '' Smiles '''' Karyn Kusama Rob + Williams December 16 , 2016 ( 2016 - 12 - 16 )
18 8 `` Loose Lips '''' Alex + Zakrzewski Rick Cleveland December 16 , 2016 ( 2016 - + 12 - 16 )
19 9 `` Detonation + '''' Chris Long Wesley Strick December 16 , + 2016 ( 2016 - 12 - 16 )
20 10 + `` Fallout '''' Daniel Percival Erik Oleson + December 16 , 2016 ( 2016 - 12 - 16 )

Production ( edit )

In 2010 + , it was announced that the BBC would co-produce a four - part TV adaptation + of The Man in the High Castle for BBC One together with Headline Pictures , + FremantleMedia Enterprises and Scott Free Films . Director Ridley Scott was + to act as executive producer of the adaptation by Howard Brenton .

+ On February 11 , 2013 , Variety reported that Syfy was adapting the book as + a four - part miniseries , with Ridley Scott and Frank Spotnitz as executive + producers , co-produced with Scott Free Prods. , Headline Pictures and Electric + Shepherd Prods .

On October 1 , 2014 , Amazon.com began filming the + pilot episode in Roslyn , Washington , for a new television drama to be aired + on their Prime web video streaming service . This has been adapted by Frank + Spotnitz and is being produced for Amazon by Ridley Scott , David Zucker and + Jordan Sheehan for Scott Free , Stewart Mackinnon and Christian Baute for Headline + Pictures , Isa Hackett and Kalen Egan for Electric Shepherd and Spotnitz ''s + Big Light Productions . The pilot episode was released by Amazon Studios on + January 15 , 2015 . Amazon Studios '' production process is somewhat different + from those of other conventional television channels . They produce pilot episodes + of a number of different prospective programs , then release them and gather + data on their success . The most promising shows are then picked up as regular + series . On February 18 , 2015 , Amazon.com announced that The Man in the High + Castle was given the green - light along with four other series , and a full + season would be produced .

Production for the pilot episode began in + October 2014 . Principal filming took place in Seattle , with the city standing + in for San Francisco and locations in New York City , as well as Roslyn , Washington + , which was the long - time shooting location for Northern Exposure . Sites + used in Seattle include the Seattle Center Monorail , the Paramount Theatre + , a newspaper office in the Pike Place Market area , as well as various buildings + in the city ''s Capitol Hill , International District , and Georgetown neighborhoods + . In Roslyn , the production used external shots of the Roslyn Cafe which featured + prominently in Northern Exposure along with several local businesses and scenery + .

In April 2015 , filming took place in Vancouver , British Columbia + , in the downtown area of West Georgia Street , along the promenade of the Coast + Capital Savings building . In May and June 2015 filming also took place at the + University of British Columbia . Exterior shots of Hohenwerfen Castle in Werfen + , Austria , were filmed in September 2015 for the tenth episode of the first + season .

Amazon announced that they were bringing on new executive + producer and showrunner Eric Overmyer for season three to replace Frank Spotnitz + after his sudden departure from the show during the middle of season two .

+

Reception ( edit )

The first season of The Man in the High Castle + received acclaim from critics . Rotten Tomatoes gives season 1 an approval rating + of 95 % based on reviews from 58 critics , with an average rating of 7.54 out + of 10 . The site ''s critical consensus states , `` By executive producer Ridley + Scott , The Man in the High Castle is unlike anything else on TV , with an immediately + engrossing plot driven by quickly developed characters in a fully realized post-WWII + dystopia . '''' Metacritic gives the first season a score of 77 out of 100 , + based on reviews from 30 critics , indicating `` generally favorable reviews + '''' .

Meredith Woerner from io9 wrote , `` I can honestly say I loved + this pilot . It ''s an impressive , streamlined undertaking of a fairly complicated + and very beloved novel . '''' Matt Fowler from IGN gave 9.2 out of 10 and described + the series as a `` a superb , frightening experience filled with unexpected + twists and ( some sci - fi ) turns . '''' Brian Moylan of The Guardian was positive + and praised the convincing depiction as well as the complex , and gripping , + plot . The Los Angeles Times described the pilot as `` provocative '''' and + `` smartly adapted by The X-Files '' Frank Spotnitz . '''' The Daily Telegraph + said it was `` absorbing '''' and Wired called it `` must - see viewing . '''' + Entertainment Weekly said it was `` engrossing '''' and `` a triumph in world + - building , '''' cheering , `` The Man in the High Castle is king . ''''

+

After its first season , Rolling Stone included it on a list of the forty + best science fiction television shows of all time .

Amazon subsequently + announced it was the service ''s most - streamed original series and had been + renewed for a second season . Season 2 was met with mixed reviews . Rotten Tomatoes + gives the second season an approval rating of 63 % based on reviews from 19 + critics , with an average rating of 6.86 out of 10 . The site ''s critical consensus + states , `` Although its plot is admittedly unwieldy , The Man in the High Castle + ''s second season expands its fascinating premise in powerful new directions + , bolstered by stunning visuals , strong performances , and intriguing new possibilities + . '''' Metacritic gives season 2 a score of 62 out of 100 , based on reviews + from ten critics .

Accolades ( edit )

+ + + + + + + + + +
Year + Award Nominee ( s ) Result
2015 IGN Awards Best New TV Series The Man in the High Castle Nominated
South + by Southwest Awards Excellence in Title Design Patrick + Clair Nominated
2016 American Society + of Cinematographers Awards Outstanding Achievement in Cinematography + in Television Movie , Mini-Series or Pilot James Hawkinson ( Episode + : `` The New World '''' ) Nominated
Creative + Arts Emmy Awards Outstanding Cinematography for a Single - Camera + Series James Hawkinson Won
Outstanding + Main Title Design Patrick Clair , Paul Kim , Jose Limon , Raoul Marks + Won
Outstanding Production Design for a Narrative + Contemporary or Fantasy Program ( One Hour or More ) Drew Boughton + , Linda King , Brenda Meyers - Ballard Nominated
Outstanding Special Visual Effects The Man in the High Castle + Nominated
Critics '' Choice Television Awards + Best Supporting Actor in a Drama Series Rufus Sewell Nominated
Monte - Carlo Television Festival Best TV Series Drama The Man in the High Castle Nominated +
Saturn Awards Best New Media Television Series + The Man in the High Castle Nominated
USC Scripter Awards Best Television Script Frank + Spotnitz and Philip K. Dick Nominated
Visual + Effects Society Awards Outstanding Created Environment in an Episode + , Commercial , or Real - Time Project Casi Blume , David Andrade + , Nick Chamberlain , Lawson Deming Nominated
+ Outstanding Supporting Visual Effects in a Photoreal Episode Lawson + Deming , Cory Jamieson , Casi Blume , Nick Chamberlain Nominated +
Young Artist Awards Best Performance in a TV + Series -- Recurring Young Actor ( 14 -- 21 ) Quinn Lord + Nominated
2017 Artios Awards Television + Pilot And First Season - Drama Denise Chamian , Liz Ludwitzke , Candice + Elzinga , Patti Kalles Nominated
Creative Arts + Emmy Awards Outstanding Cinematography for a Single - Camera Series + ( One Hour ) James Hawkinson Nominated
Outstanding Original Creative Achievement in Interactive Media within a + Scripted Program `` Resistance Radio '''' Nominated
Outstanding Production Design for a Narrative Period Program + ( One Hour or More ) Drew Boughton , Dawn Swiderski , Jon Lancaster + Nominated
Outstanding Special Visual Effects + Lawson Deming , Cory Jamieson , Casi Blume , Nick Chamberlain , David + Andrade , Bill Parker , Justin Fox , Danielle Malambri Nominated +
Costume Designers Guild Awards Outstanding + Fantasy Television Series J.R. Hawbaker Nominated
Leo Awards Best Guest Performance by a Male in a + Dramatic Series Kurt Evans Nominated
Best Supporting Performance by a Female in a Dramatic Series + Chelah Horsdal Won
Location Managers Guild + Awards Outstanding Locations in a Period TV Series Nicole + Noelle Chartrand , Robert Murdoch Nominated
+ Saturn Awards Best New Media Television Series The Man + in the High Castle Nominated

Advertising + controversy ( edit )

As part of an advertising campaign for the release + of the first season , one entire New York City Subway car was covered with Nazi + and Imperial Japanese imagery as seen in the show , including multiple American + flags with the Nazi eagle emblem in place of the 50 stars and multiple flags + of the fictional Pacific States . In response to criticism from `` state lawmakers + and city leaders '''' , the Metropolitan Transportation Authority ( MTA ) released + a statement saying that there were no grounds to reject the ads due to the fact + that neutral content subway ad standards only prohibit advertising that is a + political advertisement or disparages an individual or group . MTA spokesperson + Kevin Ortiz stated that , `` The MTA is a government agency and ca n''t accept + or reject ads based on how we feel about them ; we have to follow the standards + approved by our board . Please note they ''re commercial ads . '''' Spokesperson + Adam Lisberg said , `` This advertising , whether you find it distasteful or + not , obviously they ''re not advertising Nazism ; they ''re advertising a TV + show . '''' After complaints from New York State Governor Andrew Cuomo and New + York City Mayor Bill de Blasio , initial reports indicated that Amazon pulled + the advertisement from the subway . It was later announced that it was the MTA + , not Amazon , that pulled the ad , due to pressure from Governor Cuomo .

+

See also ( edit )

  • SS - GB , 2017 TV series
  • Fatherland + , 1994 TV movie

References ( edit )

  1. ^ Jump + up to : `` TV Review : The Man in the High Castle '''' . Variety . November + 18 , 2015 . Retrieved November 18 , 2015 .
  2. Jump up ^ `` The Man in + the High Castle '''' . Amazon Prime .
  3. Jump up ^ `` The Man in the + High Castle '''' . Internet Movie Database . Retrieved January 18 , 2015 .
    4. +
  4. Jump up ^ Tartaglione , Nancy . `` Amazon orders 5 original series including + Man in the High Castle , Mad Dogs '''' . Deadline.com . Retrieved January 18 + , 2015 .
  5. Jump up ^ Spotnitz , Frank ( @ FrankSpotnitz ) ( August + 17 , 2015 ) . `` @ dlairman @ HighCastleTV Ten '''' ( Tweet ) -- via Twitter + .
  6. Jump up ^ Fienberg , Daniel ( @ TheFienPrint ) ( August 3 , 2015 + ) . `` Time for '' Man in the High Castle , '' which premieres on November 20 + on # Amazon . # TCA15 '''' ( Tweet ) -- via Twitter .
  7. Jump up ^ `` + '' The Man in the High Castle '' season 2 premiere date : Season releases Dec. + 16 '''' . Den of Geek . August 12 , 2016 .
  8. Jump up ^ Trendacosta + , Katharine ( January 3 , 2017 ) . `` '' The Man in the High Castle '' Gets + Another Season and Another Showrunner '''' . Gizmodo . Retrieved May 30 , 2017 + .
  9. Jump up ^ https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VP9wkTEgORI
  10. + Jump up ^ Petski , Denise ( April 15 , 2016 ) . `` Callum Keith Rennie joins + Amazon ''s Man in the High Castle ; Rafael de la Fuente in When We Rise ABC + Miniseries '''' . Deadline.com . Retrieved April 17 , 2016 .
  11. Jump + up ^ Petski , Denise ( April 6 , 2016 ) . `` Bella Heathcote joins Man in the + High Castle ; Warren Christie in Eyewitness '''' . Deadline.com . Retrieved + April 8 , 2016 .
  12. Jump up ^ `` FX ''s Tyrant casts Annet Mahendru + ; Sebastian Roché in Amazon ''s Man in the High Castle '''' . Deadline.com . +
  13. Jump up ^ `` A New Trailer for The Man in the High Castle and Episode + Two Preview '''' . Newsweek . July 13 , 2015 . Retrieved August 19 , 2015 . +
  14. Jump up ^ Jarvey , Natalie ( August 3 , 2015 ) . `` The Man in the + High Castle Creator Frank Spotnitz on Creating Alternate Histories '''' . The + Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved August 19 , 2015 .
  15. Jump up ^ `` The + Man in the High Castle Season 2 Release Date , Trailer , and Review '''' . Den + of Geek . December 12 , 2016 . Retrieved December 19 , 2016 .
  16. Jump + up ^ Sweney , Mark ( October 7 , 2010 ) . `` Ridley Scott to return to work + of sci - fi icon for BBC mini-series '''' . The Guardian . Retrieved October + 7 , 2010 .
  17. Jump up ^ Marechal , A.J. ( February 10 , 2013 ) . `` + Syfy , Ridley Scott , Frank Spotnitz set miniseries '''' . Variety . Retrieved + August 17 , 2015 .
  18. ^ Jump up to : Muir , Pat ( October 6 , 2014 ) + . `` Roslyn hopes new TV show brings 15 more minutes of fame : The Man in the + High Castle '''' . Yakima Herald - Republic . Archived from the original on + December 13 , 2015 .
  19. Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( July 24 , 2014 + ) . `` Amazon Studios adds drama The Man in the High Castle , comedy Just Add + Magic to pilot slate '''' . Deadline.com . Retrieved August 17 , 2015 .
    20. +
  20. Jump up ^ `` The Man in the High Castle : Season 1 , Episode 1 '''' . Amazon.com + . January 15 , 2015 . Retrieved January 17 , 2015 .
  21. Jump up ^ `` + Amazon greenlights full seasons of Mad Dogs , The Man in the High Castle , The + New Yorker Presents , and children ''s shows Just Add Magic and The Stinky & + Dirty Show '''' ( Press release ) . Amazon.com . February 18 , 2015 . Retrieved + February 18 , 2015 .
  22. Jump up ^ `` Amazon builds film sets around + DJC Building '''' . Daily Journal of Commerce . October 9 , 2014 . Retrieved + August 17 , 2015 .
  23. Jump up ^ `` Shoot : The Man in the High Castle + ''s American Nazi John Smith ( Rufus Sewell ) films at Vancouver ''s Arthur + Erickson - designed concrete tower '''' . YVRShoots.com. April 21 , 2015 . Retrieved + August 17 , 2015 .
  24. Jump up ^ Hauen , Jack ( June 1 , 2015 ) . `` + The Man in the High Castle is filming at UBC '''' . The Ubyssey . Retrieved + August 17 , 2015 .
  25. Jump up ^ `` Hakenkreuzflagge flatterte auf der + Burg Hohenwerfen '''' ( Swastika flag flutters on Hohenwerfen Castle ) . Salzburger + Nachrichten ( in German ) . September 16 , 2015 . Archived from the original + on November 19 , 2015 .
  26. Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( January 3 , + 2017 ) . `` '' The Man In the High Castle '' Renewed For Season 3 By Amazon + , Gets A Showrunner '''' . Deadline.com . Retrieved May 22 , 2017 .
  27. + Jump up ^ `` The Man in the High Castle Season 1 '''' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved + January 8 , 2017 .
  28. Jump up ^ `` The Man in the High Castle : Season + 1 reviews '''' . Metacritic . Retrieved January 8 , 2017 .
  29. Jump up + ^ Woerner , Meredith ( January 16 , 2015 ) . `` Man in the High Castle is wildly + different from the book but still great '''' . io9 . Retrieved January 18 , + 2015 .
  30. Jump up ^ `` The Man in the High Castle : Series 1 review + '''' . IGN . November 20 , 2015 . Retrieved November 22 , 2015 .
  31. + Jump up ^ `` The Man in the High Castle : the Nazis win , but so do viewers + '''' . The Guardian . November 20 , 2015 . Retrieved November 22 , 2015 .
    32. +
  32. Jump up ^ Adams , Sam ; Collins , Sean T. ; Fear , David ; Murray , Noel + ; Scherer , Jenna ; Tobias , Scott ( May 26 , 2016 ) . `` 40 Best Science Fiction + TV Shows of All Time '''' . Rolling Stone . Retrieved May 26 , 2016 .
    33. +
  33. Jump up ^ `` The Man in the High Castle is Amazon ''s most - watched Original + '''' . The Hollywood Reporter . December 21 , 2015 . Retrieved December 21 , + 2015 .
  34. Jump up ^ `` Amazon Original Series The Man in the High Castle + , Recently Renewed for Season Two , Marks Biggest Launch Month in Prime Video + History '''' ( Press release ) . Amazon Studios . December 21 , 2015 . Retrieved + June 1 , 2016 .
  35. Jump up ^ `` The Man in the High Castle Season 2 + '''' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved January 8 , 2017 .
  36. Jump up ^ `` + The Man in the High Castle : Season 2 reviews '''' . Metacritic . Retrieved + January 8 , 2017 .
  37. Jump up ^ `` Best New Series - IGN ''s Best of + 2015 - IGN '''' . IGN . Retrieved 4 July 2017 .
  38. Jump up ^ `` The + ASC -- Past ASC Awards '''' . www.theasc.com . Retrieved March 10 , 2017 .
    39. +
  39. Jump up ^ `` The Man in the High Castle '''' . Emmys . Retrieved September + 11 , 2016 .
  40. Jump up ^ `` Best Picture - Critics '' Choice Awards + : The Complete Winners List '''' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved March + 10 , 2017 .
  41. Jump up ^ Bryant , Jacob ( February 24 , 2016 ) . `` + '' Star Wars , '' '' Mad Max , '' '' Walking Dead '' Lead Saturn Awards Nominations + '''' . Variety . Retrieved March 10 , 2017 .
  42. Jump up ^ `` USC Scripter + Awards Nominations '''' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved March 10 , 2017 + .
  43. Jump up ^ Giardina , Carolyn ( January 10 , 2017 ) . `` '' Rogue + One '' Leads Visual Effects Society Feature Competition With 7 Nominations As + '' Doctor Strange , '' '' Jungle Book '' Grab 6 Each '''' . The Hollywood Reporter + . Retrieved January 10 , 2017 .
  44. Jump up ^ `` 2016 Young Artist Awards + '''' Young Artist Awards `` . web.archive.org. 30 October 2016 . Retrieved 4 + July 2017 .
  45. Jump up ^ `` The Casting Society of America '''' . www.castingsociety.com + . Retrieved March 10 , 2017 .
  46. Jump up ^ `` The Man in the High Castle + '''' . Emmys . Retrieved September 11 , 2016 .
  47. Jump up ^ `` Outstanding + Fantasy Television Series '''' . costumedesignersguild.com . Retrieved February + 18 , 2017 .
  48. Jump up ^ `` Leo Awards , Nominees by Name 2017 '''' + . www.leoawards.com . Retrieved May 2 , 2017 .
  49. Jump up ^ `` Outstanding + Locations in a Period TV Series - '' Hidden Figures , '' '' La La Land '' Among + Location Managers Guild Award Nominees '''' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved + February 26 , 2017 .
  50. Jump up ^ McNary , Dave ( March 2 , 2017 ) . + `` Saturn Awards Nominations 2017 : '' Rogue One , '' '' Walking Dead '' Lead + '''' . Variety . Retrieved March 2 , 2017 .
  51. Jump up ^ `` New York + Subway pulls Nazi - themed ads for new show , Man in the High Castle '''' . + NPR . November 25 , 2015 .
  52. Jump up ^ `` Man in the High Castle subway + ads , featuring Nazi symbols , removed from trains '''' . CBS New York . November + 24 , 2015 . Retrieved December 5 , 2015 .

External links ( + edit )

Wikiquote has quotations related to + : The Man in the High Castle ( TV series )
  • Official + website
  • The Man in the High Castle on IMDb
+
Wikimedia Commons has media related to The Man in the High Castle + .
    • +
Amazon Video original programming + +
Original + series
Current
  • Bosch ( 2014 + -- present )
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  • + Transparent ( 2014 -- present )
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  • The Man in the High Castle ( 2015 -- present )
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  • Kamen Rider Amazons ( 2016 -- present ) +
  • The Collection ( 2016 -- present )
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  • + Goliath ( 2016 -- present )
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    • +
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Former
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  • Z : The Beginning + of Everything ( 2015 -- 17 )
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    • +
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+
Children ''s programming
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    • +
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    • +
Works by Philip K. Dick +
Novels
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    • +
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    • +
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  • Confessions + of a Crap Artist ( 1959 )
  • The Man Whose Teeth Were All Exactly Alike + ( 1960 )
  • Humpty Dumpty in Oakland ( 1960 )
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  • Dr. Futurity ( 1960 )
  • The Man in the High + Castle ( 1961 )
  • We Can Build You ( 1962 )
  • Martian Time + - Slip ( 1962 )
  • Dr. Bloodmoney , or How We Got Along After the Bomb + ( 1963 )
  • The Game - Players of Titan ( 1963 )
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    • +
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  • + The Unteleported Man ( 1964 )
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    • +
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  • Do Androids Dream of Electric Sheep + ? ( 1966 )
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  • Our Friends from Frolix + 8 ( 1969 )
  • Flow My Tears , the Policeman Said ( 1974 )
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  • VALIS ( 1981 )
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Collections
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  • + The Book of Philip K. Dick ( 1973 )
  • The Best of Philip K. Dick ( + 1977 )
  • The Golden Man ( 1980 )
  • Robots , Androids , and + Mechanical Oddities ( 1984 )
  • I Hope I Shall Arrive Soon ( 1985 ) +
  • The Collected Stories of Philip K. Dick ( 1987 )
  • Beyond + Lies the Wub ( 1988 )
  • The Dark Haired Girl ( 1989 )
  • The + Father - Thing ( 1989 )
  • Second Variety ( 1989 )
  • The Days + of Perky Pat ( 1990 )
  • The Little Black Box ( 1990 )
  • The + Short Happy Life of the Brown Oxford ( 1990 )
  • We Can Remember It + for You Wholesale ( 1990 )
  • The Minority Report ( 1991 )
  • + Second Variety ( 1991 )
  • The Eye of the Sibyl ( 1992 )
  • + The Philip K. Dick Reader ( 1997 )
  • Minority Report ( 2002 )
    • +
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  • Paycheck ( 2004 + )
  • Vintage PKD ( 2006 )
Short stories +
  • `` Beyond Lies the Wub '''' ( 1952 )
  • `` The + Gun '''' ( 1952 )
  • `` The Skull '''' ( 1952 )
  • `` The Little + Movement '''' ( 1952 )
  • `` The Defenders '''' ( 1953 )
  • + `` Mr. Spaceship '''' ( 1953 )
  • `` Piper in the Woods '''' ( 1953 + )
  • `` Roog '''' ( 1953 )
  • `` The Infinites '''' ( 1953 ) +
  • `` Second Variety '''' ( 1953 )
  • `` Colony '''' ( 1953 + )
  • `` The Cookie Lady '''' ( 1953 )
  • `` Impostor '''' ( + 1953 )
  • `` Paycheck '''' ( 1953 )
  • `` The Preserving Machine + '''' ( 1953 )
  • `` Expendable '''' ( 1953 )
  • `` The Indefatigable + Frog '''' ( 1953 )
  • `` The Commuter '''' ( 1953 )
  • `` Out + in the Garden '''' ( 1953 )
  • `` The Great C '''' ( 1953 )
  • + `` The King of the Elves '''' ( 1953 )
  • `` The Trouble with Bubbles + '''' ( 1953 )
  • `` The Variable Man '''' ( 1953 )
  • `` Planet + for Transients '''' ( 1953 )
  • `` The Builder '''' ( 1953 )
  • + `` Tony and the Beetles '''' ( 1953 )
  • `` Prize Ship '''' ( 1954 ) +
  • `` Beyond the Door '''' ( 1954 )
  • `` The Crystal Crypt + '''' ( 1954 )
  • `` The Short Happy Life of the Brown Oxford '''' ( + 1954 )
  • `` The Golden Man '''' ( 1954 )
  • `` Sales Pitch + '''' ( 1954 )
  • `` Breakfast at Twilight '''' ( 1954 )
  • `` + The Crawlers '''' ( 1954 )
  • `` Exhibit Piece '''' ( 1954 )
  • + `` Adjustment Team '''' ( 1954 )
  • `` Shell Game '''' ( 1954 )
    • +
  • `` Meddler '''' ( 1954 )
  • `` A World of Talent '''' ( 1954 ) +
  • `` The Last of the Masters '''' ( 1954 )
  • `` Upon the Dull + Earth '''' ( 1954 )
  • `` The Father - thing '''' ( 1954 )
  • + `` Strange Eden '''' ( 1954 )
  • `` The Turning Wheel '''' ( 1954 ) +
  • `` Foster , You ''re Dead ! '''' ( 1955 )
  • `` Human Is + '''' ( 1955 )
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  • `` + Psi - man Heal My Child ! '''' ( 1955 )
  • `` The Minority Report '''' + ( 1956 )
  • `` Pay for the Printer '''' ( 1956 )
  • `` A Glass + of Darkness '''' ( 1956 )
  • `` The Unreconstructed M '''' ( 1957 ) +
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  • `` Explorers We '''' ( 1959 + )
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  • `` War Game '''' ( 1959 )
  • `` All We Marsmen '''' + ( 1963 )
  • `` What ''ll We Do with Ragland Park ? '''' ( 1963 )
    • +
  • `` The Days of Perky Pat '''' ( 1963 )
  • `` If There Were No Benny + Cemoli '''' ( 1963 )
  • `` Waterspider '''' ( 1964 )
  • `` Novelty + Act '''' ( 1964 )
  • `` Oh , to Be a Blobel ! '''' ( 1964 )
  • + `` The War with the Fnools '''' ( 1964 )
  • `` What the Dead Men Say + '''' ( 1964 )
  • `` Orpheus with Clay Feet '''' ( 1964 )
  • + `` Cantata 140 '''' ( 1964 )
  • `` The Unteleported Man '''' ( 1964 + )
  • `` Retreat Syndrome '''' ( 1965 )
  • `` Project Plowshare + '''' ( 1965 )
  • `` We Can Remember It for You Wholesale '''' ( 1966 + )
  • `` Faith of Our Fathers '''' ( 1967 )
  • `` Not by Its + Cover '''' ( 1968 )
  • `` The Electric Ant '''' ( 1969 )
  • + `` A. Lincoln , Simulacrum '''' ( 1969 )
  • `` The Pre-persons '''' + ( 1974 )
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    • +
  • `` The Exit Door Leads In '''' ( 1979 )
  • `` Rautavaara ''s Case + '''' ( 1980 )
  • `` I Hope I Shall Arrive Soon '''' ( 1980 )
  • + `` The Eye of the Sibyl '''' ( 1987 )
  • `` Stability '''' ( 1987 ) +
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  • Next ( 2007 )
    • +
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TV series
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  • Minority Report ( 2015 )
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+ + how many season of the man in the high castle?' +- - episode_done: true + id: natural_questions + labels: + - '' + text: 'List of heads of state of Nigeria - wikipedia

List of heads of state + of Nigeria

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Nigeria
This article is part of a series on the + politics and government of Nigeria
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This is a list of the heads of state + of Nigeria , from independence in 1960 to the present day .

From 1960 + to 1963 the head of state under the Nigeria Independence Act 1960 was the Queen + of Nigeria , Elizabeth II , who was also monarch of the United Kingdom and the + other Commonwealth realms . The Queen was represented in Nigeria by a Governor + - General . Nigeria became a federal republic under the Constitution of 1963 + and the monarch and Governor - General were replaced by a ceremonial President + . In 1979 , under the 1979 Constitution , the President gained executive powers + , becoming head of both state and government . Since 1994 , under the 1993 Constitution + and the current 1999 Constitution , the head of state and government has been + called the President .

Contents

( hide )
  • + 1 Monarchs ( 1960 -- 1963 )
    • 1.1 Governors - General
    • +
  • 2 First Republic ( 1963 -- 1966 )
  • 3 Military rule ( 1966 -- + 1979 )
  • 4 Second Republic ( 1979 -- 1983 )
  • 5 Military rule + ( 1983 -- 1993 )
  • 6 Third Republic ( 1993 )
  • 7 Military + rule ( 1993 -- 1999 )
  • 8 Fourth Nigerian Republic
  • 9 Living + former heads of state
  • 10 References
  • 11 External links +

Monarchs ( 1960 -- 1963 ) ( edit )

The succession + to the throne was the same as the succession to the British throne .

+ Queen Reign + +
Royal House + Prime Minister
No Portrait Name Start End Duration
Elizabeth II ( 1926 -- ) 1 October 1960 + 1 October 1963 7003109500000000000 ♠ 3 years , 0 days + Windsor Balewa

Governors - General + ( edit )

Standard of the Governor - General of Nigeria

The Governor + - General was the representative of the monarch in Nigeria and exercised most + of the powers of the monarch . The Governor - General was appointed for an indefinite + term , serving at the pleasure of the monarch . Since Nigeria was granted independence + by the Nigeria Independence Act 1960 , rather than being first established as + a semi-autonomous Dominion and later promoted to independence by the Statute + of Westminster 1931 , the Governor - General was appointed solely on the advice + of the Nigerian cabinet without the involvement of the British government , + with the sole of exception of James Robertson , the former colonial governor + , who served as Governor - General temporarily until he was replaced by Nnamdi + Azikiwe . In the event of a vacancy the Chief Justice would have served as Officer + Administering the Government .

Governor - + General Term of office + +
Monarch + Prime Minister
No Portrait Name + Took office Left office Duration
Sir James Robertson ( 1899 -- 1983 ) + 1 October 1960 16 November 1960 7001460000000000000 ♠ + 46 days Elizabeth II Balewa
Nnamdi Azikiwe ( 1904 -- 1996 ) 16 November 1960 + 1 October 1963 7003104900000000000 ♠ 2 years , 319 days + Elizabeth II Balewa

First Republic + ( 1963 -- 1966 ) ( edit )

Under the 1963 Constitution , the first + constitution of the Republic of Nigeria , the President replaced the monarch + as ceremonial head of state . The President was elected by Parliament for a + five - year term . In the event of a vacancy the President of the Senate would + have served as Acting President .

President + Term of office +
Political party ( at time of + election ) Prime Minister ( s )
No + Portrait Name Took office Left office Duration
Nnamdi Azikiwe ( 1904 + -- 1996 ) 1 October 1963 16 January 1966 ( deposed . ) + 7002838000000000000 ♠ 2 years , 107 days National Council + of Nigeria and the Cameroons Balewa

Military + rule ( 1966 -- 1979 ) ( edit )

Major Chukwuma Kaduna Nzeogwu led a + coup d''état in 1966 which overthrew President Azikiwe and his government . +

Head of State Term + of Office +
Military
No Portrait Name Took Office Left Office Duration +
Major - General Johnson Aguiyi - + Ironsi ( 1924 -- 1966 ) 16 January 1966 12 July 1966 ( + assassinated . ) 7002177000000000000 ♠ 177 days Federal + Military Government
General Yakubu + Gowon ( 1934 -- ) 1 August 1966 29 July 1975 ( deposed + . ) 7003328400000000000 ♠ 8 years , 362 days Federal Military + Government
General Murtala Mohammed + ( 1938 -- 1976 ) 29 July 1975 13 February 1976 ( assassinated + . ) 7002199000000000000 ♠ 199 days Federal Military Government +
5 Major - General Olusegun Obasanjo + ( 1937 -- ) 13 February 1976 1 October 1979 ( resigned + . ) 7003135400000000000 ♠ 3 years , 258 days Federal Military + Government

Second Republic ( 1979 -- 1983 ) ( edit + )

Under the 1979 Constitution , the second constitution of the Republic + of Nigeria , the President was head of both state and government . The President + was elected by for a four - year term . In the event of a vacancy the Vice President + would have served as Acting President .

President + Term of office + +
Political party ( at time of + election )
No Portrait Name Took office Left office Duration
6 Shehu Shagari ( 1925 -- ) 1 October + 1979 31 December 1983 ( deposed . ) 7003155200000000000 + ♠ 4 years , 91 days National Party of Nigeria
+

Military rule ( 1983 -- 1993 ) ( edit )

Major - General Muhammadu + Buhari led a coup d''état which overthrew President Shagari and his government + .

Head of State Term + of Office + + +
Military
No Portrait Name Took Office Left Office Duration +
7 Major - General Muhammadu Buhari + ( 1942 -- ) 31 December 1983 27 August 1985 ( deposed + . ) 1 year , 239 days Supreme Military Council
8 General Ibrahim Babangida ( 1941 -- ) 27 August 1985 26 August 1993 ( resigned . ) 7003292100000000000 + ♠ 7 years , 364 days Armed Forces Ruling Council
+

Third Republic ( 1993 ) ( edit )

The Third Republic was the planned + republican government of Nigeria in 1993 which was to be governed by the Third + Republican constitution .

The constitution of the Third Republic was + drafted in 1989 , when General Ibrahim Badamasi Babangida ( IBB ) , the military + Head of State , promised to terminate military rule by 1990 -- a date which + was subsequently pushed back to 1993 . IBB lifted the ban on political activity + in the spring of 1989 , and his government established two political parties + : the center - right National Republican Convention ( NRC ) and the center - + left Social Democratic Party ( SDP ) . Gubernatorial and state legislative elections + were conducted in December 1991 , while the presidential election was postponed + till 12 June 1993 -- due to political unrest . M.K.O. Abiola , a wealthy Yoruba + businessman , won a decisive victory in the presidential elections on the SDP + platm .

President + Term of office + + +
Political party ( at time of election )
No Portrait Name Took office Left office Duration
9 Ernest Shonekan ( 1936 -- ) 26 August 1993 17 November + 1993 ( deposed . ) 7001830000000000000 ♠ 83 days Independent +

Military rule ( 1993 -- 1999 ) ( edit )

+ General Sani Abacha led a coup d''état which overthrew President Shonekan and + his government .

Head of State + Term of Office
Military
No Portrait + Name Took Office Left Office Duration +
10 General Sani Abacha ( 1943 -- + 1998 ) 17 November 1993 8 June 1998 ( died in office . + ) 7003166400000000000 ♠ 4 years , 203 days Provisional + Ruling Council
11 General Abdulsalami + Abubakar ( 1942 -- ) 8 June 1998 29 May 1999 ( resigned + . ) 7002355000000000000 ♠ 355 days Provisional Ruling + Council

Fourth Nigerian Republic ( edit )

+ Under the fourth Constitution of the Republic of Nigeria , the President is + head of both state and government . The President is elected by for a four - + year term . In the event of a vacancy the Vice President serves as Acting President + .

Status
Denotes Vice President acting as President + President Term of office + + +
Political party ( at time of election )
No + Portrait Name Took office Left office + Duration
12 Olusegun + Obasanjo ( 1937 -- ) 29 May 1999 29 May 2007 + 7003292200000000000 ♠ 8 years , 0 days People ''s Democratic Party +
13 Umaru Musa Yar''Adua ( 1951 -- + 2010 ) 29 May 2007 5 May 2010 ( died in office . ) 7003107200000000000 ♠ 2 years , 341 days People ''s Democratic + Party
14 Goodluck Jonathan ( 1957 + -- ) 5 May 2010 29 May 2015 7003185100000000000 + ♠ 5 years , 25 days People ''s Democratic Party
15 Muhammadu Buhari ( 1942 -- ) 29 May + 2015 Incumbent 7002886000000000000 ♠ 2 years , 155 days + All Progressives Congress

Living former + heads of state ( edit )

Name Term / Reign + Office Date of birth
Elizabeth II + 1952 -- 1961 Queen of Nigeria ( 1926 - 04 - + 21 ) April 21 , 1926 ( age 91 )
Yakubu Gowon + 1966 -- 1975 Military ruler ( 1934 - 10 - 19 ) October + 19 , 1934 ( age 83 )
Olusegun Obasanjo 1976 + -- 1979 1999 -- 2007 Military ruler President of Nigeria + ( 1937 - 03 - 05 ) March 5 , 1937 ( age 80 )
Shehu Shagari + 1979 -- 1983 President of Nigeria ( 1925 - + 02 - 25 ) February 25 , 1925 ( age 92 )
Ibrahim Babangida + 1985 -- 1993 Military ruler ( 1941 - 08 - 17 + ) August 17 , 1941 ( age 76 )
Ernest Shonekan + President of Nigeria ( 1936 - 05 - 09 ) May 9 , 1936 ( + age 81 )
Abdulsalami Abubakar 1998 -- 1999 + Military ruler ( 1942 - 06 - 13 ) June 13 , 1942 ( age + 75 )
Goodluck Jonathan 2010 -- 2015 + President of Nigeria ( 1957 - 11 - 20 ) November 20 , 1957 ( age + 59 )

References ( edit )

  1. Jump up ^ + `` Past Presidents & Heads of State '''' . StateHouse , Federal Republic of + Nigeria .
  2. Jump up ^ Goodluck Jonathan was Acting President from 9 + February to 5 May 2010

External links ( edit )

  • + State House of the Federal Republic of Nigeria
+
Heads of State of Nigeria + + * civilian ; headed transition to abortive Third Republic
Queen ( 1960 -- 1963 )
  • Elizabeth II
    • +
President of the First Republic ( 1963 + -- 1966 )
  • Azikiwe
Military + regime ( 1966 -- 1979 )
  • Aguiyi - Ironsi
  • Gowon +
  • Mohammed
  • Obasanjo
President + of the Second Republic ( 1979 -- 1983 )
  • Shehu Shagari
    • +
Military regime ( 1983 -- 1999 )
    +
  • Buhari
  • Babangida
  • Shonekan ( interim ) *
  • + Abacha
  • Abubakar
President of the + Fourth Republic ( from 1999 )
  • Obasanjo
  • Yar''Adua +
  • Jonathan
  • Buhari
+
Representatives + of the monarch in Commonwealth realms and Dominions +
National +
  • Counsellors of State
    • United Kingdom
    +
  • Governors - general
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      • +
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    • New Zealand
    • Papua New + Guinea
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    • Saint Lucia
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    • Solomon Islands
    • Tuvalu
      • +
Sub-national + +
Australia
  • Governors
    • New South Wales
      • +
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Canada +
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Realm of New Zealand
  • Governor - general
    • + Niue , New Zealand
  • Queen ''s Representative
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  • Administrator
    • Tokelau
    +
United Kingdom
  • Lords + lieutenant
    • England , Wales , Scotland , Northern Ireland ( list
      • +
Former +
  • Governors general
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+ + who was the first ministry head of state in nigeria?' +num_episodes: 200 +num_examples: 200 diff --git a/parlai/tasks/natural_questions/test/natural_questions_NaturalQuestionsSampleTeacher_valid.yml b/parlai/tasks/natural_questions/test/natural_questions_NaturalQuestionsSampleTeacher_valid.yml new file mode 100644 index 00000000000..f8df9ca4826 --- /dev/null +++ b/parlai/tasks/natural_questions/test/natural_questions_NaturalQuestionsSampleTeacher_valid.yml @@ -0,0 +1,2922 @@ +acts: +- - episode_done: true + eval_labels: + - enabled European empire expansion into the Americas and trade routes to become + established across the Atlantic and Pacific oceans + id: natural_questions + text: 'Trade winds - wikipedia

Trade winds

Jump to : navigation , search + This article is about the weather phenomenon . For other uses , see Tradewind + . The westerlies ( blue arrows ) and trade winds ( yellow and brown arrows ) +

The trade winds are the prevailing pattern of easterly surface winds found + in the tropics , within the lower portion of the Earth ''s atmosphere , in the + lower section of the troposphere near the Earth ''s equator . The trade winds + blow predominantly from the northeast in the Northern Hemisphere and from the + southeast in the Southern Hemisphere , strengthening during the winter and when + the Arctic oscillation is in its warm phase . Trade winds have been used by + captains of sailing ships to cross the world ''s oceans for centuries , and + enabled European empire expansion into the Americas and trade routes to become + established across the Atlantic and Pacific oceans .

In meteorology + , the trade winds act as the steering flow for tropical storms that form over + the Atlantic , Pacific , and southern Indian Oceans and make landfall in North + America , Southeast Asia , and Madagascar and eastern Africa , respectively + . Trade winds also transport African dust westward across the Atlantic Ocean + into the Caribbean Sea , as well as portions of southeastern North America . + Shallow cumulus clouds are seen within trade wind regimes , and are capped from + becoming taller by a trade wind inversion , which is caused by descending air + aloft from within the subtropical ridge . The weaker the trade winds become + , the more rainfall can be expected in the neighboring landmasses .

+

Contents

( hide )
  • 1 History
  • 2 Cause
    • +
  • 3 Weather effects
  • 4 See also
  • 5 References
+

History ( edit )

A Spanish galleon See also : Age of Discovery + , Volta do Mar , and Age of sail

The term trade winds originally derives + from the early fourteenth century late Middle English word '' trade , '' meaning + `` path '''' or `` track . '''' The Portuguese recognized the importance of + the trade winds ( then the Volta do mar , meaning in Portuguese `` turn of the + sea '''' but also `` return from the sea '''' ) in navigation in both the north + and south Atlantic ocean as early as the 15th century . From West Africa , the + Portuguese had to sail away from continental Portugal , that is , to west and + northwest . They could then turn northeast , to the area around the Azores islands + , and finally east to mainland Europe . They also learned that to reach South + Africa , they needed to go far out in the ocean , head for Brazil , and around + 30 ° S go east again . Following the African coast southbound means upwind in + the Southern hemisphere . In the Pacific ocean , the full wind circulation , + which included both the trade wind easterlies and higher - latitude Westerlies + , was unknown to Europeans until Andres de Urdaneta ''s voyage in 1565 .

+

The captain of a sailing ship seeks a course along which the winds can be + expected to blow in the direction of travel . During the Age of Sail , the pattern + of prevailing winds made various points of the globe easy or difficult to access + , and therefore had a direct effect on European empire - building and thus on + modern political geography . For example , Manila galleons could not sail into + the wind at all .

By the 18th century the importance of the trade winds + to England ''s merchant fleet for crossing the Atlantic Ocean had led both the + general public and etymologists to identify the name with a later meaning of + '' trade '' , `` ( foreign ) commerce '''' . Between 1847 and 1849 , Matthew + Fontaine Maury collected enough information to create wind and current charts + for the world ''s oceans .

Cause ( edit )

3D map showing Hadley + cells in relationship to trade winds on the surface . See also : Air mass , + Hadley cell , Humidity , Intertropical Convergence Zone , Monsoon , Monsoon + trough , Near - equatorial trough , and Prevailing winds

As part of the + Hadley cell circulation , surface air flows toward the equator while the flow + aloft is towards the poles . A low - pressure area of calm , light variable + winds near the equator is known as the doldrums , near - equatorial trough , + intertropical front , or the Intertropical Convergence Zone . When located within + a monsoon region , this zone of low pressure and wind convergence is also known + as the monsoon trough . Around 30 ° in both hemispheres , air begins to descend + toward the surface in subtropical high - pressure belts known as subtropical + ridges . The subsident ( sinking ) air is relatively dry because as it descends + , the temperature increases , but the absolute humidity remains constant , which + lowers the relative humidity of the air mass . This warm , dry air is known + as a superior air mass and normally resides above a maritime tropical ( warm + and moist ) air mass . An increase of temperature with height is known as a + temperature inversion . When it occurs within a trade wind regime , it is known + as a trade wind inversion .

The surface air that flows from these subtropical + high - pressure belts toward the Equator is deflected toward the west in both + hemispheres by the Coriolis effect . These winds blow predominantly from the + northeast in the Northern Hemisphere and from the southeast in the Southern + Hemisphere . Because winds are named for the direction from which the wind is + blowing , these winds are called the northeasterly trade winds in the Northern + Hemisphere and the southeasterly trade winds in the Southern Hemisphere . The + trade winds of both hemispheres meet at the doldrums .

As they blow + across tropical regions , air masses heat up over lower latitudes due to more + direct sunlight . Those that develop over land ( continental ) are drier and + hotter than those that develop over oceans ( maritime ) , and travel northward + on the western periphery of the subtropical ridge . Maritime tropical air masses + are sometimes referred to as trade air masses . The one region of the Earth + which has an absence of trade winds is the north Indian ocean .

Weather + effects ( edit )

Clouds which form above regions within trade wind + regimes are typically composed of cumulus which extend no more than 4 kilometres + ( 13,000 ft ) in height , and are capped from being taller by the trade wind + inversion . Trade winds originate more from the direction of the poles ( northeast + in the Northern Hemisphere , southeast in the Southern Hemisphere ) during the + cold season , and are stronger in the winter than the summer . As an example + , the windy season in the Guianas , which lie at low latitudes in South America + , occurs between January and April . When the phase of the Arctic oscillation + ( AO ) is warm , trade winds are stronger within the tropics . The cold phase + of the AO leads to weaker trade winds . When the trade winds are weaker , more + extensive areas of rain fall upon landmasses within the tropics , such as Central + America .

During mid-summer in the Northern Hemisphere ( July ) , the + westward - moving trade winds south of the northward - moving subtropical ridge + expand northwestward from the Caribbean sea into southeastern North America + ( Florida and Gulf Coast ) . When dust from the Sahara moving around the southern + periphery of the ridge travels over land , rainfall is suppressed and the sky + changes from a blue to a white appearance which leads to an increase in red + sunsets . Its presence negatively impacts air quality by adding to the count + of airborne particulates . Although the Southeast USA has some of the cleanest + air in North America , much of the African dust that reaches the United States + affects Florida . Since 1970 , dust outbreaks have worsened due to periods of + drought in Africa . There is a large variability in the dust transport to the + Caribbean and Florida from year to year . Dust events have been linked to a + decline in the health of coral reefs across the Caribbean and Florida , primarily + since the 1970s .

See also ( edit )

  • Intertropical + Convergence Zone
  • Winds in the Age of Sail
  • Westerly wind + burst
  • Volta do mar

References ( edit )

    +
  1. Jump up ^ Carol G. Braham ; Enid Pearsons ; Deborah M. Posner ; Georgia + S. Maas & Richard Goodman ( 2001 ) . Random House Webster ''s College Dictionary + ( second ed . ) . Random House . p. 1385 . ISBN 0 - 375 - 42560 - 8 .
    2. +
  2. Jump up ^ Hermann R. Muelder ( 2007 ) . Years of This Land - A Geographical + History of the United States . Read Books . p. 38 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4067 - 7740 + - 6 . Retrieved 2009 - 11 - 09 .
  3. ^ Jump up to : Derek Hayes ( 2001 + ) . Historical atlas of the North Pacific Ocean : maps of discovery and scientific + exploration , 1500 - 2000 . Douglas & McIntyre . p. 18 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 55054 + - 865 - 5 . Retrieved 2009 - 11 - 08 .
  4. Jump up ^ Cyrus Cornelius + Adams ( 1904 ) . A text - book of commercial geography . D. Appleton and company + . p. 19 . Retrieved 2009 - 11 - 07 .
  5. Jump up ^ Oxford English Dictionary + ( 2 ed . ) . p. 225 .
  6. Jump up ^ Derek Hayes ( 2001 ) . Historical + atlas of the North Pacific Ocean : maps of discovery and scientific exploration + , 1500 - 2000 . Douglas & McIntyre . p. 152 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 55054 - 865 - 5 + . Retrieved 2009 - 11 - 08 .
  7. ^ Jump up to : Sverre Petterssen ( 1941 + ) . Introduction to Meteorology . Mcgraw - Hill Book Company , Inc. p. 110 . + ISBN 978 - 1 - 4437 - 2300 - 8 . Retrieved 2009 - 11 - 09 .
  8. Jump + up ^ Glossary of Meteorology ( June 2000 ) . `` Doldrums '''' . American Meteorological + Society . Retrieved 2009 - 11 - 09 .
  9. Jump up ^ Glossary of Meteorology + ( June 2000 ) . `` Intertropical Convergence Zone '''' . American Meteorological + Society . Retrieved 2009 - 11 - 09 .
  10. Jump up ^ Glossary of Meteorology + ( June 2000 ) . `` Monsoon Trough '''' . American Meteorological Society . Archived + from the original on 2009 - 06 - 17 . Retrieved 2009 - 11 - 09 .
  11. + Jump up ^ Glossary of Meteorology ( June 2000 ) . `` Superior air '''' . American + Meteorological Society . Retrieved 2009 - 10 - 28 .
  12. Jump up ^ Glossary + of Meteorology ( 2009 ) . `` trade winds '''' . Glossary of Meteorology . American + Meteorological Society . Archived from the original on 2008 - 12 - 11 . Retrieved + 2008 - 09 - 08 .
  13. Jump up ^ Ralph Stockman Tarr and Frank Morton McMurry + ( 1909 ). Advanced geography . W.W. Shannon , State Printing , pp. 246 . Retrieved + on 2009 - 04 - 15 .
  14. Jump up ^ JetStream ( 2008 ) . `` How to read + weather maps '''' . National Weather Service . Retrieved 2007 - 05 - 16 .
    15. +
  15. Jump up ^ Glossary of Meteorology ( June 2000 ) . `` Tropical air '''' + . American Meteorological Society . Retrieved 2009 - 10 - 28 .
  16. Jump + up ^ Glossary of Meteorology ( June 2000 ) . `` Trade air '''' . American Meteorological + Society . Retrieved 2009 - 10 - 28 .
  17. Jump up ^ John E. Oliver ( 2005 + ) . Encyclopedia of world climatology . Springer . p. 128 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4020 + - 3264 - 6 . Retrieved 2009 - 11 - 09 .
  18. Jump up ^ Bob Rauber ( 2009 + - 05 - 22 ) . `` Research - The Rain in Cumulus over the Ocean Campaign '''' + . Retrieved 2009 - 11 - 08 .
  19. Jump up ^ James P. Terry ( 2007 ) . + Tropical cyclones : climatology and impacts in the South Pacific . Springer + . p. 8 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 387 - 71542 - 1 . Retrieved 2009 - 11 - 08 .
  20. + Jump up ^ G.E. Pieter & F. Augustinus . `` The influence of the trade winds + on the coastal development of the Guianas at various scale levels : a synthesis + '''' . Marine Geology. 208 ( 2 - 4 ) : 145 -- 151 . Bibcode : 2004MGeol. 208 + ... 145A . doi : 10.1016 / j. margeo. 2004.04. 007 .
  21. Jump up ^ Robert + R. Steward ( 2005 ) . `` The Ocean ''s Influence on North American Drought '''' + . Texas A&M University . Retrieved 2009 - 11 - 08 .
  22. Jump up ^ John + E. Oliver ( 2005 ) . Encyclopedia of world climatology . Springer . p. 185 . + ISBN 978 - 1 - 4020 - 3264 - 6 . Retrieved 2009 - 11 - 08 .
  23. Jump + up ^ Science Daily ( 1999 - 07 - 14 ) . African Dust Called A Major Factor Affecting + Southeast U.S. Air Quality . Retrieved on 2007 - 06 - 10 .
  24. Jump up + ^ Science Daily ( 2001 - 06 - 15 ) . Microbes And The Dust They Ride In On Pose + Potential Health Risks . Retrieved on 2007 - 06 - 10 .
  25. Jump up ^ + Usinfo.state.gov ( 2003 ) . Study Says African Dust Affects Climate in U.S. + , Caribbean . Archived 2007 - 06 - 20 at the Wayback Machine . Retrieved on + 2007 - 06 - 10 .
  26. Jump up ^ U.S. Geological Survey ( 2006 ) . Coral + Mortality and African Dust . Retrieved on 2007 - 06 - 10 .
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+ + what purpose did seasonal monsoon winds have on trade?' +- - episode_done: true + eval_labels: + - '' + id: natural_questions + text: 'High School Musical 2 - Wikipedia

High School Musical 2

Jump + to : navigation , search High School Musical 2 + Promotional poster Production + + + Release + Chronology + + +
Written + by Peter Barsocchini
Directed by + Kenny Ortega
Starring Zac Efron Vanessa Hudgens + Ashley Tisdale Lucas Grabeel Corbin Bleu Monique Coleman
+ Theme music composer David Nessim Lawrence
+ Country of origin United States
Original language + ( s ) English
Producer ( s ) Bill Borden Kenny Ortega
Cinematography Daniel Aranyó
Editor + ( s ) Seth Flaum
Running time 104 + minutes
Production company ( s ) Salty Pictures + First Street Films
Distributor Disney - ABC + Domestic Television
Budget $7 million
Original network Disney Channel
Original release August + 17 , 2007 ( 2007 - 08 - 17 )
Preceded by High School Musical
Followed by High School Musical 3 : Senior Year

High School Musical 2 is the second film in the High School Musical + series . The World Premiere took place on August 14 , 2007 , at Disneyland , + in Anaheim , California . The primary cast , including Zac Efron , Vanessa Hudgens + , Ashley Tisdale , Lucas Grabeel , and Corbin Bleu attended the event . The + film debuted on television on August 17 , 2007 , on Disney Channel in the U.S. + , and on Family in Canada .

In the second installment of the Disney + franchise , high school student Troy Bolton stresses over getting a job , with + the price of college expenses looming on his mind , as well as trying to make + sure he and Gabriella Montez are able to stay together all summer . This situation + attracts the attention of Sharpay Evans , who attempts to steal Troy for herself + by hiring him at her family ''s country club .

The premiere was seen + by a total of over 17.2 million viewers in the United States which is almost + 10 million more than its predecessor , making it the highest - rated Disney + Channel Movie of all time as well as the highest - rated basic cable telecast + at the time .

Contents

( hide )
  • 1 Plot
    • +
  • 2 Cast
  • 3 Release
  • 4 Songs
  • 5 Reception
    • +
  • 6 High School Musical 2 : On Stage !
  • 7 Awards
  • 8 References +
  • 9 External links

Plot

The school + year ends with everyone at East High School looking forward to summer vacation + ( `` What Time Is It '''' ) . Troy Bolton is still dating Gabriella Montez , + who decides to stay in Albuquerque with her mother . Troy eventually decides + to look for a summer job to gain money for college .

Sharpay and Ryan + Evans plan to spend part of the summer at their family ''s country club , Lava + Springs ( `` Fabulous '''' ) , but Sharpay ''s summer plans also include pursuing + Troy , whom she has arranged to be hired at the club . However , Troy convinces + the club ''s manager , Mr. Fulton , into hiring Gabriella and their close group + of friends as well ; including Taylor and Chad . Sharpay is enraged upon learning + that Gabriella is working as one of the lifeguards , but is unable to get her + fired . So she orders Fulton to give them difficult tasks so they would be best + to quit . Fulton attempts to intimidate the group , but Troy rebuilds their + confidence and convinces them that they can persevere ( `` Work This Out '''' + ) .

Troy continues to worry about funding for college . Sharpay senses + his need and arranges for Troy to be promoted , hoping that this will convince + him to sing with her at the talent show . Meanwhile , Kelsi writes a ballad + for Troy and Gabriella . Troy agrees to sing with his friends in the show ( + `` You Are The Music In Me '''' ) , not knowing that Sharpay is vying for his + attention . ( In the extended version , Sharpay and Ryan trap Troy as he prepares + for a date with Gabriella , and perform their potential show - stopper ( `` + Humuhumunukunukuapua''a '''' ) . )

Ryan realizes he does not mean much + to Sharpay anymore , as she is ready to blow her brother aside for the opportunity + to perform with Troy . This leads to tension between the twin siblings and Ryan + angrily informs Sharpay that he will no longer obey her orders . Taylor and + Gabriella invite Ryan to the baseball game , where he persuades the Wildcats + to take part in the talent show ( `` I Do n''t Dance '''' ) .

Troy + and Gabriella ''s relationship is strained when Troy sees Ryan with Gabriella + , sparking jealousy . Owing to a `` promise '''' from Troy , he and Sharpay + practice their song for the Midsummer Night ''s Talent Show ( `` You Are The + Music In Me ( Sharpay Version ) '''' ) .

When Sharpay discovers that + Ryan and the Wildcats are putting together their own performance in the show + , she orders Mr. Fulton to ban all junior staff members from performing . Gabriella + angrily confronts Sharpay about her interference and quits her job at Lava Springs + . Troy overhears the exchange and tries to persuade Gabriella to change her + mind . Gabriella expresses her loss of trust with Troy ( `` Gotta Go My Own + Way '''' ) and leaves Lava Springs , and gives him the necklace back . It also + seems that they broke up .

Troy returns to work the next day to find + that his friends refuse to talk to him . Kelsi silently shows Troy the notice + from Mr. Fulton , causing Troy to question his own motivations ( `` Bet On It + '''' ) . He begins to reconcile with Chad and his other friends . Then Troy + confronts Sharpay , informing her that he will not sing with her . The Wildcats + and Chad forgive Troy for his absence and convince him to sing in the talent + show , which he does only under the condition that they are all allowed to perform + as well .

At Sharpay ''s supposed instruction , Ryan gives Troy a new + song to learn moments before the show . As Troy goes onstage , he asks Sharpay + why she switched the song , and Sharpay is shocked to find that her brother + tricked her . Troy sings the song ( `` Everyday '''' ) alone until Gabriella + surprisingly joins him onstage . In the end , Sharpay proudly presents her brother + , Ryan , with the award for the talent show . After the talent show , all the + Wildcats go to the golf course to enjoy the fireworks .

Everyone celebrates + the end of the summer with a pool party ( `` All for One '''' ) which features + a cameo appearance by Miley Cyrus .

Cast

Main article : List + of High School Musical characters
  • Troy Bolton ( Zac Efron ) is Gabriella + ''s boyfriend , the most popular male student at East High School and the captain + of the varsity basketball team . For this movie , Efron did all of his own singing + , whereas , in the first High School Musical , his singing was blended with + singer Drew Seeley ''s voice .
  • Gabriella Montez ( Vanessa Hudgens + ) is Troy ''s girlfriend who is relieved that she will still be attending East + High . She is the lifeguard at the Lava Springs Country Club until Sharpay ''s + actions cause her to quit and break up with Troy .
  • Ryan Evans ( Lucas + Grabeel ) is Sharpay ''s twin brother who lives in the shadow of his primadonna + sister .
  • Sharpay Evans ( Ashley Tisdale ) is Ryan ''s primadonna + twin sister determined to win the talent show while also vying for Troy ''s + attention and doing anything to help him .
  • Chad Danforth ( Corbin + Bleu ) is Troy ''s best friend and is very good friends with Jason and Zeke + .
  • Taylor McKessie ( Monique Coleman ) is Gabriella ''s best friend + . She is also friends with Kelsi Nielsen and Martha Cox and is dating Chad . + She is captain of the school Scholastic Decathlon team . She has a summer job + at Lava Springs as an Activities Coordinator .
  • Thomas Fulton ( Mark + L. Taylor ) is the manager of Lava Springs .
  • Coach Jack Bolton ( + Bart Johnson ) is Troy ''s father and East High ''s basketball coach .
    • +
  • Darby Evans ( Jessica Tuck ) is Sharpay and Ryan ''s mother and president + of the Lava Springs Board .
  • Vance Evans ( Robert Curtis Brown ) is + Sharpay and Ryan ''s father .
  • Ms. Darbus ( Alyson Reed ) is the stern + drama teacher at East High .
  • Zeke Baylor ( Chris Warren Jr . ) is + friends with Troy and Chad and plays for the basketball team .
  • Jason + Cross ( Ryne Sanborn ) is friends with Troy , Chad , and Zeke and plays on the + basketball team .
  • Kelsi Nielsen ( Olesya Rulin ) is friends with + Gabriella and Taylor and a pianist and composer .
  • Martha Cox ( Kaycee + Stroh ) is friends with Gabriella , Kelsi , and Taylor .
  • Jackie ( + Tanya Chisholm ) is one of Sharpay ''s friends ( a.k.a. The Sharpettes ) .
    • +
  • Lucille Bolton ( Leslie Wing Pomeroy ) is Troy ''s mother .
  • + Lea ( Kelli Baker ) is another Sharpette .
  • Emma ( McCall Clark ) + is another Sharpette .
  • Unknown Wildcats player ( Shane Harper ) is + the principal dancer .
  • Girl At Pool ( Miley Cyrus ) is an unknown + dancer at the end ( cameo ) .

Release

The premiere + of High School Musical 2 aired at 8 PM Eastern Time on August 17 , 2007 , and + included a telecast hosted by Kenny Ortega and the movie ''s cast . On Saturday + , August 18 , Disney Channel aired `` High School Musical 2 : Wildcat Chat '''' + , in which the stars of the movie answered questions posed by fans . On August + 19 , Disney aired a sing - along version of the movie . On May 23 , DirecTV + announced that they would be hosting an exclusive high - definition airing of + the movie a few days after the August 17 premiere on its network - only channel + , The 101 .

Disney Channel aired a weekly program called Road to High + School Musical 2 , beginning on June 8 , 2007 , and leading up to the premiere + of High School Musical 2 in August . The show offered viewers a behind - the + - scenes look into the production of the movie . The world premiere of the opening + number `` What Time Is It '''' was on Radio Disney May 25 , 2007 , and similarly + `` You Are The Music In Me '''' premiered on July 13 , 2007 .

On December + 11 , 2007 , the movie was released on DVD and Blu - ray titled High School Musical + 2 : Extended Edition . On September 15 , 2008 , a 2 - disc special edition of + the movie was released titled High School Musical 2 : Deluxe Dance Edition . +

Songs

See also : High School Musical 2 ( soundtrack ) + + + + + + + +
Song Chiefly sung by Other singers + Scene
What Time Is It ? Troy , Gabriella , + Sharpay , Ryan , Chad , Taylor Wildcats East High ''s + Classroom , Hallways , Cafeteria
What Time Is It ( Reprise + ) Troy , Gabriella , Sharpay , Ryan , Chad , Taylor Wildcats + East High ''s School Grounds
Fabulous Sharpay Ryan & Sharpettes Lava Springs Pool
Work This Out Troy , Gabriella , Chad , Taylor , + Kelsi , Zeke , Martha , Jason Wildcats and Kitchen Workers Lava Springs Kitchen
You Are the Music in Me Troy and Gabriella Kelsi and Wildcats Lava Springs + Dining Room
Humuhumunukunukuapua''a Sharpay + and Ryan Sharpettes Lava Springs Backstage Room
I Do n''t Dance Chad and Ryan Baseball + Players , Wildcats , and Company Lava Springs Baseball Field
You Are the Music in Me ( Reprise ) Sharpay and Troy + Sharpettes Lava Springs Stage
Gotta + Go My Own Way Gabriella Troy Lava Springs Pool + , Locker Room , Grounds
Bet On It Troy None Lava Springs Golf Course
Everyday + Troy and Gabriella Wildcats and Company Lava + Springs Stage
All for One Troy , Gabriella + , Sharpay , Ryan , Chad , Taylor Kelsi , Zeke , Martha , Jason , + Wildcats , Company Lava Springs Pool

Reception +

A performance of musical numbers from High School Musical 2 at Disney + ''s Hollywood Studios .

The first broadcast of the film on August 17 , 2007 + broke records , receiving 17.2 million viewers . This number made it , at the + time , the most - watched basic - cable telecast in history ( the previous record + was held by an edition of ESPN ''s Monday Night Football between the New York + Giants and the Dallas Cowboys on October 23 , 2006 , which attracted 16 million + viewers ) , the most - watched made - for - cable movie ever ( the previous + record was held by TNT ''s January 21 , 2001 airing of Crossfire Trail , which + brought in 12.5 million viewers ) , and the largest audience of any program + on broadcast or cable in the 2007 summer television season , along with Friday + nights for the past five years . Ratings for the second showing of the movie + fell to 8.4 million , and the third showing fell to 7.4 million , totaling the + premiere weekend to 33.04 million viewers .

In Latin America , the + premiere of High School Musical 2 was seen by 3.3 million viewers in the north + region . The film was the most - watched in its schedule , among all cable channels + , and produced the highest rating of the channel , surpassing all original films + of Disney Channel . Among other records , the premiere in Argentina surpassed + the debut of High School Musical the last year , in a 107 percent , while in + Brazil the sequel reached 208 percent , and Mexico did so with 61 percent . + In the United Kingdom , the movie became Disney Channel UK ''s most viewed program + ever , totaling 1.2 million viewers in its first showing .

The film + received mixed to positive reviews from critics , gaining a score of 57 % on + Rotten Tomatoes while gaining a score of 72 / 100 at Metacritic . USA Today + ''s Robert Bianco awarded the film three stars out of four , saying High School + Musical 2 was `` sweet , smart , bursting with talent and energy , and awash + in innocence '''' . While critics enjoyed the film , they noted that the timing + of the movie ''s premiere seemed odd , premiering just when school was about + to start up again , while the movie ''s plot involved the gang going on summer + vacation . High School Musical 2 won the `` So Hot Right Now '''' award at the + Nickelodeon Australian Kids '' Choice Awards 2007 , in which High School Musical + castmate Zac Efron hosted with The Veronicas .

High School Musical + 2 : on stage !

Main article : High School Musical 2 : On Stage ! Pacific + Repertory Theatre ''s School of Dramatic Arts High School Musical Act 1 Finale + .

Like the original High School Musical , the sequel has been adapted into + two different theatrical productions : a one - act , 70 - minute version and + a two - act full - length production . This stage production includes the song + `` Hummuhummunukunukuapua''a '''' that was left out of the original movie but + included in the DVD . Through Music Theater International , Disney Theatrical + began licensing the theatrical rights in October 2008 . MTI had originally recruited + 7 schools to serve as tests for the new full - length adaptation , but due to + complications with multiple drafts of both the script and the score , all but + two schools were forced to drop out of the pilot program .

  • On + May 18 , 2008 , Woodlands High School became the first school to produce High + School Musical 2 .
  • From July 17 - August 3 , 2008 , Harrell Theatre + , in Collierville , Tennessee , was the first community theatre to perform the + production , which featured both a senior cast and a junior cast .
  • + From January 15 - February 15 , 2009 , the West Coast premiere production was + presented by Pacific Repertory Theatre ''s School of Dramatic Arts . The production + was directed by PacRep founder Stephen Moorer , who previously directed the + California premiere of the first High School Musical .
  • From 6 -- + 18 April 2009 , the UK Premiere was performed by StageDaze Theatre Company in + Cardiff .

Awards

+ + + + +
Year Award + Result
2007 American + Music Award Favorite Soundtrack ( High School Musical 2 ( soundtrack + ) ) Won
Bravo Magazine Award Bravo + Otto for TV Star -- Male ( Zac Efron ) Won
+ CMA Wild and Young Awards Best Single International ( You Are the + Music in Me by Zac Efron and Vanessa Hudgens and written by Jamie Houston ) + Won
Family Television Awards Best + Actor ( Zac Efron ) Won
Nickelodeon Australian + Kids '' Choice Awards Fave Movie Star ( Zac Efron ) Won +
So Hot Right Now ! Won
+ Nickelodeon UK Kids '' Choice Awards Best TV Actress ( Ashley Tisdale + ) Won
Best TV Actor ( Zac Efron ) + Nominated
People ''s Choice Awards Favorite + Star Under 35 ( Zac Efron ) Won
Teen Choice + Awards Choice TV : Movie Won
2008 + ALMA Award Outstanding Director of a Made -- for -- TV + Movie ( Kenny Ortega ) Won
ASTRA Awards Favourite International Program Won
Favourite + International Personality or Actor ( Zac Efron ) Nominated
Cinema Audio Society Awards Outstanding Achievement + in Sound Mixing for Television Movies and Miniseries ( Douglas Cameron , Terry + O''Bright and Keith Rogers ) Nominated
Directors + Guild of America Award Outstanding Directorial Achievement in Children + ''s Program ( Kenny Ortega ) Nominated
Golden + Reel Award Best Sound Editing -- Music for Long Form Television ( + Michael Dittrick and Amber Funk ) Won
Image + Award Outstanding Children ''s Program Nominated
PGA Awards Outstanding Producer for Long -- Form + Television ( Bill Borden and Barry Rosenbush ) Nominated
Primetime Emmy Award Outstanding Choreography ( Kenny Ortega + , Bonnie Story and Charles Klapow ) Nominated
+ Outstanding Children ''s Program ( Don Schain , Bill Borden and Barry Rosenbush + ) Nominated
Television Critics Association + Awards Outstanding Achievement in Children ''s Programming Nominated

References

  1. Jump up + ^ Thedisneyblog.com
  2. Jump up ^ Kissell , Rick ; Schneider , Michael + ( August 18 , 2007 ) . `` '' High School Musical 2 '' aces test '''' . Variety + .
  3. Jump up ^ `` Patriots - Ravens game sets cable TV viewership record + '''' . Providence Journal . Retrieved 2007 - 12 - 06 .
  4. ^ Jump up + to : Kissell , Rick ; Schneider , Michael ( August 18 , 2007 ) . `` '' High + School Musical 2 '' huge hit '''' . Variety . Retrieved 2007 - 08 - 18 .
    5. +
  5. Jump up ^ `` DisneyChannelFacts '''' ( PDF ) . Archived from the original + ( PDF ) on 2009 - 07 - 31 . Retrieved 2009 - 06 - 13 .
  6. Jump up ^ + Reuters.com , `` High School Musical 2 '''' enters interactive semester
    7. +
  7. Jump up ^ DirecTV.com , Press Release
  8. Jump up ^ `` '' High School + Musical 2 '' Debuts First Song '''' . Access Hollywood . Archived from the original + on 2007 - 05 - 28 . Retrieved 2007 - 08 - 18 .
  9. Jump up ^ `` High + School Musical 2 enters interactive semester '''' . Reuters . July 16 , 2007 + . Retrieved 2007 - 08 - 18 .
  10. Jump up ^ `` Nielsen ratings for week + of April 19 '''' . USA Today . April 28 , 2010 . Retrieved May 4 , 2010 .
    11. +
  11. Jump up ^ Farandoo.com Archived 2008 - 02 - 02 at the Wayback Machine. + , HSM 2 alcanzó cifras récord en Latinoamérica ! ( in Spanish )
  12. Jump + up ^ Digitalspy.co.uk , `` High School Musical '''' proves UK ratings hit
    13. +
  13. Jump up ^ High School Musical 2 ( 2007 )
  14. Jump up ^ `` High School + Musical 2 ( Disney ) - Reviews from Metacritic '''' . Retrieved 2007 - 08 - + 19 .
  15. Jump up ^ Robert Bianco , `` '' High School Musical '' sequel + holds onto note of innocence '''' , August 16 , 2007 .
  16. Jump up ^ + Timeout.com , Time Out New York : High School Musical 2 .
  17. Jump up + ^ Pacrep.org Archived 2011 - 07 - 27 at the Wayback Machine .
  18. Jump + up ^ HSM2onstage.co.uk

External links

+
+ Wikiquote has quotations related to : High School Musical 2
Wikimedia Commons has media related + to High School Musical .
  • Official website
    • +
  • High School Musical 2 on IMDb
  • High School Musical 2 at AllMovie +
  • Disneychannel-asia.com , Official Asia site .
  • Adisney.go.com + , Official Aggregate site
  • +
High School Musical + + + +
+ Films
  • High School Musical ( 2006 )
  • High School + Musical 2 ( 2007 )
  • High School Musical 3 : Senior Year ( 2008 )
    • +
  • Sharpay ''s Fabulous Adventure ( 2011 )
+ Soundtrack albums
  • High School Musical
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  • High School Musical 3 : Senior Year
  • Sharpay + ''s Fabulous Adventure
Other albums
  • Hits Remixed
  • Non-Stop Dance Party
Songs + + +
High School Musical
  • `` What I ''ve Been Looking For ''''
  • `` Stick to the + Status Quo ''''
  • `` Breaking Free ''''
High School Musical 2
  • `` What Time Is It ? ''''
    • +
  • `` Fabulous ''''
  • `` Work This Out ''''
  • `` You Are + the Music in Me ''''
  • `` I Do n''t Dance ''''
High School Musical 3 : Senior Year
  • `` Now or + Never ''''
  • `` Right Here , Right Now ''''
  • `` I Want It + All ''''
  • `` A Night to Remember ''''
+
Video games
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+
Films directed by Kenny Ortega +
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+ + where did they film high school musical two?' +- - episode_done: true + eval_labels: + - Wilhelm Conrad Röntgen , of Germany + - Wilhelm Conrad Röntgen , of Germany + - Wilhelm Conrad Röntgen + - Wilhelm Conrad Röntgen + id: natural_questions + text: 'List of Nobel laureates in Physics - wikipedia

List of Nobel laureates + in Physics

Jump to : navigation , search Front side ( obverse ) of the + Nobel Prize Medal for Physics presented to Edward Victor Appleton in 1947

+ The Nobel Prize in Physics ( Swedish : Nobelpriset i fysik ) is awarded annually + by the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences to scientists in the various fields + of physics . It is one of the five Nobel Prizes established by the 1895 will + of Alfred Nobel ( who died in 1896 ) , awarded for outstanding contributions + in physics . As dictated by Nobel ''s will , the award is administered by the + Nobel Foundation and awarded by a committee that consists of five members elected + by the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences . The award is presented in Stockholm + at an annual ceremony on December 10 , the anniversary of Nobel ''s death . + Each recipient receives a medal , a diploma and a monetary award prize that + has varied throughout the years .

Contents

( hide ) +
  • 1 Statistics
  • 2 Laureates
  • 3 See also
  • + 4 References
    • 4.1 Notes
    • 4.2 Citations
    • 4.3 Sources +
  • 5 External links

Statistics + ( edit )

The first Nobel Prize in Physics was awarded in 1901 to Wilhelm + Conrad Röntgen , of Germany , who received 150,782 SEK , which is equal to 7,731,004 + SEK in December 2007 . John Bardeen is the only laureate to win the prize twice + -- in 1956 and 1972 . Maria Skłodowska - Curie also won two Nobel Prizes , for + physics in 1903 and chemistry in 1911 . William Lawrence Bragg was , until October + 2014 , the youngest ever Nobel laureate ; he won the prize in 1915 at the age + of 25 . Two women have won the prize : Curie and Maria Goeppert - Mayer ( 1963 + ) . As of 2017 , the prize has been awarded to 206 individuals . There have + been six years in which the Nobel Prize in Physics was not awarded ( 1916 , + 1931 , 1934 , 1940 -- 1942 ) .

Laureates ( edit )

+ Laureate + + + + + + + + + + + Not awarded World + War I + + + + Not awarded + Not awarded + + + + + + + Not awarded World War II + Not awarded World War II + Not awarded World War II + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
Year Country Rationale +
1901 Wilhelm Conrad Röntgen Germany `` in recognition of the extraordinary services he has + rendered by the discovery of the remarkable rays subsequently named after him + ''''
1902 Hendrik Lorentz Netherlands `` in recognition of the extraordinary service they + rendered by their researches into the influence of magnetism upon radiation + phenomena ''''
Pieter Zeeman Netherlands +
1903 Antoine Henri Becquerel France `` for his discovery of spontaneous radioactivity '''' +
Pierre Curie France `` + for their joint researches on the radiation phenomena discovered by Professor + Henri Becquerel ''''
Maria Skłodowska - Curie + Poland France
1904 Lord + Rayleigh United Kingdom `` for his investigations of the + densities of the most important gases and for his discovery of argon in connection + with these studies ''''
1905 Philipp + Eduard Anton von Lenard Austria - Hungary Germany `` for + his work on cathode rays ''''
1906 + Joseph John Thomson United Kingdom `` for his theoretical + and experimental investigations on the conduction of electricity by gases '''' +
1907 Albert Abraham Michelson United States Poland `` for his optical precision instruments + and the spectroscopic and metrological investigations carried out with their + aid ''''
1908 Gabriel Lippmann France `` for his method of reproducing colours photographically + based on the phenomenon of interference ''''
1909 Guglielmo Marconi Italy `` for their contributions + to the development of wireless telegraphy ''''
+ Karl Ferdinand Braun Germany
1910 + Johannes Diderik van der Waals Netherlands + `` for his work on the equation of state for gases and liquids ''''
1911 Wilhelm Wien Germany + `` for his discoveries regarding the laws governing the radiation of heat '''' +
1912 Nils Gustaf Dalén + Sweden `` for his invention of automatic valves designed to be used + in combination with gas accumulators in lighthouses and buoys ''''
1913 Heike Kamerlingh - Onnes Netherlands + `` for his investigations on the properties of matter at low temperatures + which led , inter alia , to the production of liquid helium ''''
1914 Max von Laue Germany + `` For his discovery of the diffraction of X-rays by crystals '''' , an important + step in the development of X-ray spectroscopy .
1915 William Henry Bragg United Kingdom `` + For their services in the analysis of crystal structure by means of X-rays '''' + , an important step in the development of X-ray crystallography
William Lawrence Bragg Australia

United + Kingdom

1916
1917 Charles Glover Barkla + United Kingdom `` For his discovery of the characteristic + Röntgen radiation of the elements '''' , another important step in the development + of X-ray spectroscopy
1918 Max Planck + Germany `` for the services he rendered to the advancement + of physics by his discovery of energy quanta ''''
1919 + Johannes Stark Germany `` for his + discovery of the Doppler effect in canal rays and the splitting of spectral + lines in electric fields ''''
1920 + Charles Édouard Guillaume Switzerland `` for the service + he has rendered to precision measurements in physics by his discovery of anomalies + in nickel - steel alloys ''''
1921 + Albert Einstein Germany Switzerland `` for his services + to theoretical physics , and especially for his discovery of the law of the + photoelectric effect ''''
1922 Niels + Bohr Denmark `` for his services in the investigation + of the structure of atoms and of the radiation emanating from them ''''
1923 Robert Andrews Millikan + United States `` for his work on the elementary charge of electricity + and on the photoelectric effect ''''
1924 Manne Siegbahn Sweden `` for his discoveries and + research in the field of X-ray spectroscopy ''''
1925 + James Franck Germany `` for their + discovery of the laws governing the impact of an electron upon an atom '''' +
Gustav Hertz Germany
1926 Jean Baptiste Perrin France + `` for his work on the discontinuous structure of matter , and especially + for his discovery of sedimentation equilibrium ''''
1927 + Arthur Holly Compton United States + `` for his discovery of the effect named after him ''''
+ Charles Thomson Rees Wilson United Kingdom + `` for his method of making the paths of electrically charged particles visible + by condensation of vapour ''''
1928 + Owen Willans Richardson United Kingdom `` for his work + on the thermionic phenomenon and especially for the discovery of the law named + after him ''''
1929 Louis Victor + Pierre Raymond , 7th Duc de Broglie France `` for his + discovery of the wave nature of electrons ''''
1930 Chandrasekhara Venkata Raman India `` + for his work on the scattering of light and for the discovery of the effect + named after him ''''
1931
1932 Werner Heisenberg + Germany `` for the creation of quantum mechanics , the application + of which has , inter alia , led to the discovery of the allotropic forms of + hydrogen ''''
1933 Erwin Schrödinger + Austria `` for the discovery of new productive forms of + atomic theory ''''
Paul Dirac United + Kingdom
1934
1935 James Chadwick United + Kingdom `` for the discovery of the neutron ''''
1936 Victor Francis Hess Austria `` for his discovery of cosmic radiation ''''
Carl David Anderson United States `` for his discovery + of the positron ''''
1937 Clinton + Joseph Davisson United States `` for their experimental + discovery of the diffraction of electrons by crystals ''''
George Paget Thomson United Kingdom
1938 Enrico Fermi Italy `` + for his demonstrations of the existence of new radioactive elements produced + by neutron irradiation , and for his related discovery of nuclear reactions + brought about by slow neutrons ''''
1939 Ernest Lawrence United States `` for the invention + and development of the cyclotron and for results obtained with it , especially + with regard to artificial radioactive elements ''''
1940 +
1941
1942
1943 Otto + Stern United States `` for his contribution to the development + of the molecular ray method and his discovery of the magnetic moment of the + proton ''''
1944 Isidor Isaac Rabi + United States Poland `` for his resonance method for recording + the magnetic properties of atomic nuclei ''''
1945 Wolfgang Pauli Austria `` for the discovery + of the Exclusion Principle , also called the Pauli principle ''''
1946 Percy Williams Bridgman United + States `` for the invention of an apparatus to produce extremely + high pressures , and for the discoveries he made there within the field of high + pressure physics ''''
1947 Edward + Victor Appleton United Kingdom `` for his investigations + of the physics of the upper atmosphere especially for the discovery of the so + - called Appleton layer ''''
1948 + Patrick Maynard Stuart Blackett United Kingdom `` for + his development of the Wilson cloud chamber method , and his discoveries therewith + in the fields of nuclear physics and cosmic radiation ''''
1949 Hideki Yukawa Japan `` + for his prediction of the existence of mesons on the basis of theoretical work + on nuclear forces ''''
1950 Cecil + Frank Powell United Kingdom `` for his development of + the photographic method of studying nuclear processes and his discoveries regarding + mesons made with this method ''''
1951 John Douglas Cockcroft United Kingdom `` for their + pioneer work on the transmutation of atomic nuclei by artificially accelerated + atomic particles ''''
Ernest Thomas Sinton + Walton Ireland
1952 Felix + Bloch Switzerland United States `` for their development + of new methods for nuclear magnetic precision measurements and discoveries in + connection therewith ''''
Edward Mills Purcell + United States
1953 Frits + Zernike Netherlands `` for his demonstration of the phase + contrast method , especially for his invention of the phase contrast microscope + ''''
1954 Max Born West + Germany `` for his fundamental research in quantum mechanics , especially + for his statistical interpretation of the wavefunction ''''
Walther Bothe West Germany `` for the + coincidence method and his discoveries made therewith ''''
1955 Willis Eugene Lamb United States + `` for his discoveries concerning the fine structure of the hydrogen + spectrum ''''
Polykarp Kusch United + States Germany `` for his precision determination of the magnetic + moment of the electron ''''
1956 + John Bardeen United States `` for their researches on + semiconductors and their discovery of the transistor effect ''''
Walter Houser Brattain United States
William Bradford Shockley United States
1957 Tsung - Dao Lee Republic + of China `` for their penetrating investigation of the so - called + parity laws which has led to important discoveries regarding the elementary + particles ''''
Chen Ning Yang Republic + of China
1958 Pavel Alekseyevich + Cherenkov Soviet Union `` for the discovery and the interpretation + of the Cherenkov effect ''''
Ilya Frank Soviet Union
Igor Yevgenyevich Tamm Soviet Union
1959 Emilio Gino + Segrè Italy United States `` for their discovery of the + antiproton ''''
Owen Chamberlain + United States
1960 Donald Arthur + Glaser United States `` for the invention of the bubble + chamber ''''
1961 Robert Hofstadter + United States `` for his pioneering studies of electron + scattering in atomic nuclei and for his thereby achieved discoveries concerning + the structure of the nucleons ''''
Rudolf Ludwig + Mössbauer West Germany `` for his researches concerning + the resonance absorption of gamma radiation and his discovery in this connection + of the effect which bears his name ''''
1962 + Lev Davidovich Landau Soviet Union `` for his + pioneering theories for condensed matter , especially liquid helium ''''
1963 Eugene Paul Wigner Hungary + United States `` for his contributions to the theory of the atomic + nucleus and the elementary particles , particularly through the discovery and + application of fundamental symmetry principles ''''
Maria Goeppert - Mayer United States `` for their + discoveries concerning nuclear shell structure ''''
J. Hans D. Jensen West Germany
1964 Nicolay Gennadiyevich Basov Soviet Union + `` for fundamental work in the field of quantum electronics , which has led + to the construction of oscillators and amplifiers based on the maser -- laser + principle ''''
Alexander Prokhorov + Soviet Union
Charles Hard Townes + United States
1965 Richard Phillips + Feynman United States `` for their fundamental work in + quantum electrodynamics ( QED ) , with deep - ploughing consequences for the + physics of elementary particles ''''
Julian + Schwinger United States
Shin''ichirō + Tomonaga Japan
1966 Alfred + Kastler France `` for the discovery and development of + optical methods for studying Hertzian resonances in atoms ''''
1967 Hans Albrecht Bethe United States + `` for his contributions to the theory of nuclear reactions , especially + his discoveries concerning the energy production in stars ''''
1968 Luis Walter Alvarez United States + `` for his decisive contributions to elementary particle physics + , in particular the discovery of a large number of resonance states , made possible + through his development of the technique of using hydrogen bubble chamber and + data analysis ''''
1969 Murray Gell + - Mann United States `` for his contributions and discoveries + concerning the classification of elementary particles and their interactions + ''''
1970 Hannes Olof Gösta Alfvén + Sweden `` for fundamental work and discoveries in magneto + - hydrodynamics with fruitful applications in different parts of plasma physics + ''''
Louis Néel France + `` for fundamental work and discoveries concerning antiferromagnetism and ferrimagnetism + which have led to important applications in solid state physics ''''
1971 Dennis Gabor Hungary United + Kingdom `` for his invention and development of the holographic method + ''''
1972 John Bardeen + United States `` for their jointly developed theory of superconductivity + , usually called the BCS - theory ''''
Leon + Neil Cooper United States
John Robert + Schrieffer United States
1973 Leo Esaki Japan `` for their experimental discoveries + regarding tunneling phenomena in semiconductors and superconductors , respectively + ''''
Ivar Giaever United States + Norway
Brian David Josephson United + Kingdom `` for his theoretical predictions of the properties of a + supercurrent through a tunnel barrier , in particular those phenomena which + are generally known as the Josephson effect ''''
Martin Ryle United Kingdom `` for their + pioneering research in radio astrophysics : Ryle for his observations and inventions + , in particular of the aperture synthesis technique , and Hewish for his decisive + role in the discovery of pulsars ''''
Antony + Hewish United Kingdom
+ Aage Bohr Denmark `` for the discovery of the connection + between collective motion and particle motion in atomic nuclei and the development + of the theory of the structure of the atomic nucleus based on this connection + ''''
Ben Roy Mottelson Denmark
Leo James Rainwater United States
1976 Burton Richter United + States `` for their pioneering work in the discovery of a heavy elementary + particle of a new kind ''''
Samuel Chao Chung + Ting United States
1977 + Philip Warren Anderson United States `` for their fundamental + theoretical investigations of the electronic structure of magnetic and disordered + systems ''''
Nevill Francis Mott + United Kingdom
John Hasbrouck Van Vleck United States
1978 Pyotr Leonidovich + Kapitsa Soviet Union `` for his basic inventions and discoveries + in the area of low - temperature physics ''''
+ Arno Allan Penzias United States `` for their discovery + of cosmic microwave background radiation ''''
+ Robert Woodrow Wilson United States
1979 Sheldon Lee Glashow United States `` for + their contributions to the theory of the unified weak and electromagnetic interaction + between elementary particles , including , inter alia , the prediction of the + weak neutral current ''''
Abdus Salam Pakistan
Steven Weinberg United + States
1980 James Watson Cronin + United States `` for the discovery of violations of fundamental + symmetry principles in the decay of neutral K - mesons ''''
Val Logsdon Fitch United States
1981 Nicolaas Bloembergen Netherlands + United States `` for their contribution to the development of laser + spectroscopy ''''
Arthur Leonard Schawlow United States
Kai Manne Börje Siegbahn + Sweden `` for his contribution to the development of high + - resolution electron spectroscopy ''''
1982 + Kenneth G. Wilson United States `` for his + theory for critical phenomena in connection with phase transitions ''''
Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar + India United States `` for his theoretical studies of the physical + processes of importance to the structure and evolution of the stars ''''
William Alfred Fowler United States `` for his theoretical and experimental studies of the nuclear reactions + of importance in the formation of the chemical elements in the universe '''' +
1984 Carlo Rubbia Italy + `` for their decisive contributions to the large project , which + led to the discovery of the field particles W and Z , communicators of weak + interaction ''''
Simon van der Meer + Netherlands
1985 Klaus von Klitzing + West Germany `` for the discovery of the quantized Hall + effect ''''
1986 Ernst Ruska West Germany `` for his fundamental work in electron optics + , and for the design of the first electron microscope ''''
Gerd Binnig West Germany `` for their + design of the scanning tunneling microscope ''''
Heinrich Rohrer Switzerland
+ Johannes Georg Bednorz West Germany `` for + their important break - through in the discovery of superconductivity in ceramic + materials ''''
Karl Alexander Müller Switzerland
1988 Leon Max Lederman + United States `` for the neutrino beam method and the + demonstration of the doublet structure of the leptons through the discovery + of the muon neutrino ''''
Melvin Schwartz United States
Jack Steinberger + United States
1989 Norman Foster + Ramsey United States `` for the invention of the separated + oscillatory fields method and its use in the hydrogen maser and other atomic + clocks ''''
Hans Georg Dehmelt United + States Germany `` for the development of the ion trap technique '''' +
Wolfgang Paul West Germany
1990 Jerome I. Friedman United + States `` for their pioneering investigations concerning deep inelastic + scattering of electrons on protons and bound neutrons , which have been of essential + importance for the development of the quark model in particle physics ''''
Henry Way Kendall United States
Richard E. Taylor Canada
1991 Pierre - Gilles de Gennes France + `` for discovering that methods developed for studying order phenomena + in simple systems can be generalized to more complex forms of matter , in particular + to liquid crystals and polymers ''''
1992 Georges Charpak France Poland `` for his invention + and development of particle detectors , in particular the multiwire proportional + chamber ''''
1993 Russell Alan Hulse + United States `` for the discovery of a new type of pulsar + , a discovery that has opened up new possibilities for the study of gravitation + ''''
Joseph Hooton Taylor , Jr . + United States
1994 Bertram Brockhouse + Canada `` for the development of neutron spectroscopy + '''' and `` for pioneering contributions to the development of neutron scattering + techniques for studies of condensed matter ''''
Clifford Glenwood Shull United States `` for the + development of the neutron diffraction technique '''' and `` for pioneering + contributions to the development of neutron scattering techniques for studies + of condensed matter ''''
1995 Martin + Lewis Perl United States `` for the discovery of the tau + lepton '''' and `` for pioneering experimental contributions to lepton physics + ''''
Frederick Reines United States + `` for the detection of the neutrino '''' and `` for pioneering experimental + contributions to lepton physics ''''
David Morris Lee United States `` for their discovery + of superfluidity in helium - 3 ''''
Douglas + D. Osheroff United States
Robert + Coleman Richardson United States
1997 Steven Chu United States `` for development + of methods to cool and trap atoms with laser light . ''''
+ Claude Cohen - Tannoudji France
+ William Daniel Phillips United States
1998 Robert B. Laughlin United States + `` for their discovery of a new form of quantum fluid with fractionally + charged excitations ''''
Horst Ludwig Störmer + Germany
Daniel Chee Tsui + Republic of China United States
1999 Gerard '' t Hooft Netherlands `` for elucidating + the quantum structure of electroweak interactions in physics ''''
Martinus J.G. Veltman Netherlands
2000 Zhores Ivanovich Alferov Russia + `` for developing semiconductor heterostructures used in high - speed + - and optoelectronics ''''
Herbert Kroemer + Germany
Jack St. Clair Kilby United States `` for his part in the invention of the integrated + circuit ''''
2001 Eric Allin Cornell + United States `` for the achievement of Bose -- Einstein + condensation in dilute gases of alkali atoms , and for early fundamental studies + of the properties of the condensates ''''
Carl + Edwin Wieman United States
Wolfgang + Ketterle Germany
2002 + Raymond Davis , Jr . United States `` for pioneering contributions + to astrophysics , in particular for the detection of cosmic neutrinos ''''
Masatoshi Koshiba Japan
Riccardo Giacconi Italy United States + `` for pioneering contributions to astrophysics , which have led to the discovery + of cosmic X-ray sources ''''
2003 + Alexei Alexeyevich Abrikosov Russia United States `` for + pioneering contributions to the theory of superconductors and superfluids '''' +
Vitaly Lazarevich Ginzburg Russia +
Anthony James Leggett United Kingdom + United States
David J. Gross United States `` for the discovery of asymptotic freedom in + the theory of the strong interaction ''''
Hugh + David Politzer United States
Frank + Wilczek United States
2005 Roy J. Glauber United States `` for his contribution + to the quantum theory of optical coherence ''''
John L. Hall United States `` for their contributions + to the development of laser - based precision spectroscopy , including the optical + frequency comb technique ''''
Theodor W. Hänsch + Germany
2006 John C. + Mather United States `` for their discovery of the blackbody + form and anisotropy of the cosmic microwave background radiation ''''
George F. Smoot United States
2007 Albert Fert France + `` for the discovery of giant magnetoresistance ''''
Peter Grünberg Germany
2008 + Makoto Kobayashi Japan `` for the discovery + of the origin of the broken symmetry which predicts the existence of at least + three families of quarks in nature ''''
Toshihide + Maskawa Japan
Yoichiro Nambu Japan United States `` for the discovery of the mechanism of + spontaneous broken symmetry in subatomic physics ''''
+ 2009 Charles K. Kao Hong Kong United Kingdom + United States `` for groundbreaking achievements concerning the transmission + of light in fibers for optical communication ''''
Willard S. Boyle Canada United States `` for the + invention of an imaging semiconductor circuit -- the CCD sensor ''''
George E. Smith United States
Andre Geim Russia United Kingdom Netherlands + `` for groundbreaking experiments regarding the two - dimensional + material graphene ''''
Konstantin Novoselov + Russia United Kingdom
2011 Saul Perlmutter United States `` for the discovery + of the accelerating expansion of the Universe through observations of distant + supernovae ''''
Brian P. Schmidt + Australia United States
Adam G. Riess United States
2012 Serge Haroche + France `` for ground - breaking experimental methods that + enable measuring and manipulation of individual quantum systems . ''''
David J. Wineland United States
2013 François Englert Belgium + `` for the theoretical discovery of a mechanism that contributes + to our understanding of the origin of mass of subatomic particles , and which + recently was confirmed through the discovery of the predicted fundamental particle + , by the ATLAS and CMS experiments at CERN ''s Large Hadron Collider ''''
Peter Higgs United Kingdom
2014 Isamu Akasaki Japan + `` for the invention of efficient blue light - emitting diodes which has enabled + bright and energy - saving white light sources ''''
Hiroshi Amano Japan
Shuji Nakamura + Japan United States
2015 + Takaaki Kajita Japan `` for the discovery of neutrino + oscillations , which shows that neutrinos have mass ''''
+ Arthur B. McDonald Canada
2016 David J. Thouless United Kingdom United States `` for theoretical discoveries of topological phase transitions and topological + phases of matter ''''
F. Duncan M. Haldane + United Kingdom United States
John + M. Kosterlitz United Kingdom United States
+ 2017 Rainer Weiss Germany United States `` for decisive contributions to the LIGO detector and the observation + of gravitational waves ''''
Kip Thorne United States
Barry Barish + United States

See also ( edit )

  • List + of Nobel laureates
  • List of Nobel laureates by country
  • + List of physicists

References ( edit )

Notes ( edit + )

^ A . The form and spelling of the names in the name column is according + to nobelprize.org , the official website of the Nobel Foundation . Alternative + spellings and name forms , where they exist , are given at the articles linked + from this column . Where available , an image of each Nobel laureate is provided + . For the official pictures provided by the Nobel Foundation , see the pages + for each Nobel laureate at nobelprize.org .

^ B . The information in + the country column is according to nobelprize.org , the official website of + the Nobel Foundation . This information may not necessarily reflect the recipient + ''s birthplace or citizenship .

^ C. The citation for each award is + quoted ( not always in full ) from nobelprize.org , the official website of + the Nobel Foundation . The links in this column are to articles ( or sections + of articles ) on the history and areas of physics for which the awards were + presented . The links are intended only as a guide and explanation . For a full + account of the work done by each Nobel laureate , please see the biography articles + linked from the name column .

Citations ( edit )

  1. Jump + up ^ `` Alfred Nobel -- The Man Behind the Nobel Prize '''' . Nobel Foundation + . Retrieved 2008 - 10 - 29 .
  2. Jump up ^ `` The Nobel Prize Awarders + '''' . Nobel Foundation . Archived from the original on 2008 - 10 - 15 . Retrieved + 2008 - 10 - 29 .
  3. Jump up ^ `` The Nobel Prize Award Ceremonies '''' + . Nobel Foundation . Archived from the original on 2008 - 08 - 22 . Retrieved + 2008 - 10 - 29 .
  4. Jump up ^ `` The Nobel Prize '''' . Nobel Foundation + . Retrieved 2008 - 10 - 29 .
  5. Jump up ^ `` Nobel Laureates Facts '''' + . Nobel Foundation . Archived from the original on 2007 - 02 - 02 . Retrieved + 2008 - 10 - 29 .
  6. Jump up ^ `` Women Nobel Laureates '''' . Nobel + Foundation . Retrieved 2008 - 10 - 29 .
  7. Jump up ^ `` The Nobel Prize + in Physics 1901 '''' . Nobel Foundation . Retrieved 2008 - 10 - 09 .
  8. + Jump up ^ `` The Nobel Prize in Physics 1902 '''' . Nobel Foundation . Retrieved + 2008 - 10 - 09 .
  9. ^ Jump up to : `` The Nobel Prize in Physics 1903 + '''' . Nobel Foundation . Retrieved 2008 - 10 - 09 .
  10. Jump up ^ `` + The Nobel Prize in Physics 1904 '''' . Nobel Foundation . Retrieved 2008 - 10 + - 09 .
  11. Jump up ^ `` The Nobel Prize in Physics 1905 '''' . Nobel + Foundation . Retrieved 2008 - 10 - 09 .
  12. Jump up ^ `` The Nobel Prize + in Physics 1906 '''' . Nobel Foundation . Retrieved 2008 - 10 - 09 .
  13. + Jump up ^ `` The Nobel Prize in Physics 1907 '''' . Nobel Foundation . Retrieved + 2008 - 10 - 09 .
  14. Jump up ^ `` The Nobel Prize in Physics 1908 '''' + . Nobel Foundation . Retrieved 2008 - 10 - 09 .
  15. Jump up ^ `` The + Nobel Prize in Physics 1909 '''' . Nobel Foundation . Retrieved 2008 - 10 - + 09 .
  16. Jump up ^ `` The Nobel Prize in Physics 1910 '''' . Nobel Foundation + . Retrieved 2008 - 10 - 09 .
  17. Jump up ^ `` The Nobel Prize in Physics + 1911 '''' . Nobel Foundation . Retrieved 2008 - 10 - 09 .
  18. Jump up + ^ `` The Nobel Prize in Physics 1912 '''' . Nobel Foundation . Retrieved 2008 + - 10 - 09 .
  19. Jump up ^ `` The Nobel Prize in Physics 1913 '''' . Nobel + Foundation . Retrieved 2008 - 10 - 09 .
  20. Jump up ^ `` The Nobel Prize + in Physics 1914 '''' . Nobel Foundation . Retrieved 2008 - 10 - 09 .
  21. + Jump up ^ `` The Nobel Prize in Physics 1915 '''' . Nobel Foundation . Retrieved + 2008 - 10 - 09 .
  22. Jump up ^ `` The Nobel Prize in Physics 1917 '''' + . Nobel Foundation . Retrieved 2008 - 10 - 09 .
  23. Jump up ^ `` The + Nobel Prize in Physics 1918 '''' . Nobel Foundation . Retrieved 2008 - 10 - + 09 .
  24. Jump up ^ `` The Nobel Prize in Physics 1919 '''' . Nobel Foundation + . Retrieved 2008 - 10 - 09 .
  25. Jump up ^ `` The Nobel Prize in Physics + 1920 '''' . Nobel Foundation . Retrieved 2008 - 10 - 09 .
  26. Jump up + ^ `` The Nobel Prize in Physics 1921 '''' . Nobel Foundation . Retrieved 2008 + - 10 - 09 .
  27. Jump up ^ `` The Nobel Prize in Physics 1922 '''' . Nobel + Foundation . Retrieved 2008 - 10 - 09 .
  28. Jump up ^ `` The Nobel Prize + in Physics 1923 '''' . Nobel Foundation . Retrieved 2008 - 10 - 09 .
  29. + Jump up ^ `` The Nobel Prize in Physics 1924 '''' . Nobel Foundation . Retrieved + 2008 - 10 - 09 .
  30. Jump up ^ `` The Nobel Prize in Physics 1925 '''' + . Nobel Foundation . Retrieved 2008 - 10 - 09 .
  31. Jump up ^ `` The + Nobel Prize in Physics 1926 '''' . Nobel Foundation . Retrieved 2008 - 10 - + 09 .
  32. ^ Jump up to : `` The Nobel Prize in Physics 1927 '''' . Nobel + Foundation . Retrieved 2008 - 10 - 09 .
  33. Jump up ^ `` The Nobel Prize + in Physics 1928 '''' . Nobel Foundation . Retrieved 2008 - 10 - 09 .
  34. + Jump up ^ `` The Nobel Prize in Physics 1929 '''' . Nobel Foundation . Retrieved + 2008 - 10 - 09 .
  35. Jump up ^ `` The Nobel Prize in Physics 1930 '''' + . Nobel Foundation . Retrieved 2008 - 10 - 09 .
  36. Jump up ^ `` The + Nobel Prize in Physics 1932 '''' . Nobel Foundation . Retrieved 2008 - 10 - + 09 .
  37. Jump up ^ `` The Nobel Prize in Physics 1933 '''' . Nobel Foundation + . Retrieved 2008 - 10 - 09 .
  38. Jump up ^ `` The Nobel Prize in Physics + 1935 '''' . Nobel Foundation . Retrieved 2008 - 10 - 09 .
  39. ^ Jump + up to : `` The Nobel Prize in Physics 1936 '''' . Nobel Foundation . Retrieved + 2008 - 10 - 09 .
  40. Jump up ^ `` The Nobel Prize in Physics 1937 '''' + . Nobel Foundation . Retrieved 2008 - 10 - 09 .
  41. Jump up ^ `` The + Nobel Prize in Physics 1938 '''' . Nobel Foundation . Retrieved 2008 - 10 - + 09 .
  42. Jump up ^ `` The Nobel Prize in Physics 1939 '''' . Nobel Foundation + . Retrieved 2008 - 10 - 09 .
  43. Jump up ^ `` The Nobel Prize in Physics + 1943 '''' . Nobel Foundation . Retrieved 2008 - 10 - 09 .
  44. Jump up + ^ `` The Nobel Prize in Physics 1944 '''' . Nobel Foundation . Retrieved 2008 + - 10 - 09 .
  45. Jump up ^ `` The Nobel Prize in Physics 1945 '''' . Nobel + Foundation . Retrieved 2008 - 10 - 09 .
  46. Jump up ^ `` The Nobel Prize + in Physics 1946 '''' . Nobel Foundation . Retrieved 2008 - 10 - 09 .
  47. + Jump up ^ `` The Nobel Prize in Physics 1947 '''' . Nobel Foundation . Retrieved + 2008 - 10 - 09 .
  48. Jump up ^ `` The Nobel Prize in Physics 1948 '''' + . Nobel Foundation . Retrieved 2008 - 10 - 09 .
  49. Jump up ^ `` The + Nobel Prize in Physics 1949 '''' . Nobel Foundation . Retrieved 2008 - 10 - + 09 .
  50. Jump up ^ `` The Nobel Prize in Physics 1950 '''' . Nobel Foundation + . Retrieved 2008 - 10 - 09 .
  51. Jump up ^ `` The Nobel Prize in Physics + 1951 '''' . Nobel Foundation . Retrieved 2008 - 10 - 09 .
  52. Jump up + ^ `` The Nobel Prize in Physics 1952 '''' . Nobel Foundation . Retrieved 2008 + - 10 - 09 .
  53. Jump up ^ `` The Nobel Prize in Physics 1953 '''' . Nobel + Foundation . Retrieved 2008 - 10 - 09 .
  54. ^ Jump up to : `` The Nobel + Prize in Physics 1954 '''' . Nobel Foundation . Retrieved 2008 - 10 - 09 .
    55. +
  55. ^ Jump up to : `` The Nobel Prize in Physics 1955 '''' . Nobel Foundation + . Retrieved 2008 - 10 - 09 .
  56. Jump up ^ `` The Nobel Prize in Physics + 1956 '''' . Nobel Foundation . Retrieved 2008 - 10 - 09 .
  57. Jump up + ^ `` The Nobel Prize in Physics 1957 '''' . Nobel Foundation . Retrieved 2008 + - 10 - 09 .
  58. Jump up ^ `` The Nobel Prize in Physics 1958 '''' . Nobel + Foundation . Retrieved 2008 - 10 - 09 .
  59. Jump up ^ `` The Nobel Prize + in Physics 1959 '''' . Nobel Foundation . Retrieved 2008 - 10 - 09 .
  60. + Jump up ^ `` The Nobel Prize in Physics 1960 '''' . Nobel Foundation . Retrieved + 2008 - 10 - 09 .
  61. ^ Jump up to : `` The Nobel Prize in Physics 1961 + '''' . Nobel Foundation . Retrieved 2008 - 10 - 09 .
  62. Jump up ^ `` + The Nobel Prize in Physics 1962 '''' . Nobel Foundation . Retrieved 2008 - 10 + - 09 .
  63. ^ Jump up to : `` The Nobel Prize in Physics 1963 '''' . Nobel + Foundation . Retrieved 2008 - 10 - 09 .
  64. Jump up ^ `` The Nobel Prize + in Physics 1964 '''' . Nobel Foundation . Retrieved 2008 - 10 - 09 .
  65. + Jump up ^ `` The Nobel Prize in Physics 1965 '''' . Nobel Foundation . Retrieved + 2008 - 10 - 09 .
  66. Jump up ^ `` The Nobel Prize in Physics 1966 '''' + . Nobel Foundation . Retrieved 2008 - 10 - 09 .
  67. Jump up ^ `` The + Nobel Prize in Physics 1967 '''' . Nobel Foundation . Retrieved 2008 - 10 - + 09 .
  68. Jump up ^ `` The Nobel Prize in Physics 1968 '''' . Nobel Foundation + . Retrieved 2008 - 10 - 09 .
  69. Jump up ^ `` The Nobel Prize in Physics + 1969 '''' . Nobel Foundation . Retrieved 2008 - 10 - 09 .
  70. ^ Jump + up to : `` The Nobel Prize in Physics 1970 '''' . Nobel Foundation . Retrieved + 2008 - 10 - 09 .
  71. Jump up ^ `` The Nobel Prize in Physics 1971 '''' + . Nobel Foundation . Retrieved 2008 - 10 - 09 .
  72. Jump up ^ `` The + Nobel Prize in Physics 1972 '''' . Nobel Foundation . Retrieved 2008 - 10 - + 09 .
  73. ^ Jump up to : `` The Nobel Prize in Physics 1973 '''' . Nobel + Foundation . Archived from the original on 2011 - 06 - 27 . Retrieved 2008 - + 10 - 09 .
  74. Jump up ^ `` The Nobel Prize in Physics 1974 '''' . Nobel + Foundation . Retrieved 2008 - 10 - 09 .
  75. Jump up ^ `` The Nobel Prize + in Physics 1975 '''' . Nobel Foundation . Retrieved 2008 - 10 - 09 .
  76. + Jump up ^ `` The Nobel Prize in Physics 1976 '''' . Nobel Foundation . Retrieved + 2008 - 10 - 09 .
  77. Jump up ^ `` The Nobel Prize in Physics 1977 '''' + . Nobel Foundation . Retrieved 2008 - 10 - 09 .
  78. ^ Jump up to : `` + The Nobel Prize in Physics 1978 '''' . Nobel Foundation . Retrieved 2008 - 10 + - 09 .
  79. Jump up ^ `` The Nobel Prize in Physics 1979 '''' . Nobel + Foundation . Retrieved 2008 - 10 - 09 .
  80. Jump up ^ `` The Nobel Prize + in Physics 1980 '''' . Nobel Foundation . Retrieved 2008 - 10 - 09 .
  81. + ^ Jump up to : `` The Nobel Prize in Physics 1981 '''' . Nobel Foundation . + Retrieved 2008 - 10 - 09 .
  82. Jump up ^ `` The Nobel Prize in Physics + 1982 '''' . Nobel Foundation . Retrieved 2008 - 10 - 09 .
  83. ^ Jump + up to : `` The Nobel Prize in Physics 1983 '''' . Nobel Foundation . Retrieved + 2008 - 10 - 09 .
  84. Jump up ^ `` The Nobel Prize in Physics 1984 '''' + . Nobel Foundation . Retrieved 2008 - 10 - 09 .
  85. Jump up ^ `` The + Nobel Prize in Physics 1985 '''' . Nobel Foundation . Retrieved 2008 - 10 - + 09 .
  86. ^ Jump up to : `` The Nobel Prize in Physics 1986 '''' . Nobel + Foundation . Retrieved 2008 - 10 - 09 .
  87. Jump up ^ `` The Nobel Prize + in Physics 1987 '''' . Nobel Foundation . Retrieved 2008 - 10 - 09 .
  88. + Jump up ^ `` The Nobel Prize in Physics 1988 '''' . Nobel Foundation . Retrieved + 2008 - 10 - 09 .
  89. ^ Jump up to : `` The Nobel Prize in Physics 1989 + '''' . Nobel Foundation . Retrieved 2008 - 10 - 09 .
  90. Jump up ^ `` + The Nobel Prize in Physics 1990 '''' . Nobel Foundation . Retrieved 2008 - 10 + - 09 .
  91. Jump up ^ `` The Nobel Prize in Physics 1991 '''' . Nobel + Foundation . Retrieved 2008 - 10 - 09 .
  92. Jump up ^ `` The Nobel Prize + in Physics 1992 '''' . Nobel Foundation . Retrieved 2008 - 10 - 09 .
  93. + Jump up ^ `` The Nobel Prize in Physics 1993 '''' . Nobel Foundation . Retrieved + 2008 - 10 - 09 .
  94. ^ Jump up to : `` The Nobel Prize in Physics 1994 + '''' . Nobel Foundation . Retrieved 2008 - 10 - 09 .
  95. ^ Jump up to + : `` The Nobel Prize in Physics 1995 '''' . Nobel Foundation . Retrieved 2008 + - 10 - 09 .
  96. Jump up ^ `` The Nobel Prize in Physics 1996 '''' . Nobel + Foundation . Retrieved 2008 - 10 - 09 .
  97. Jump up ^ `` The Nobel Prize + in Physics 1997 '''' . Nobel Foundation . Retrieved 2008 - 10 - 09 .
  98. + Jump up ^ `` The Nobel Prize in Physics 1998 '''' . Nobel Foundation . Retrieved + 2008 - 10 - 09 .
  99. Jump up ^ `` The Nobel Prize in Physics 1999 '''' + . Nobel Foundation . Retrieved 2008 - 10 - 09 .
  100. ^ Jump up to : `` + The Nobel Prize in Physics 2000 '''' . Nobel Foundation . Retrieved 2008 - 10 + - 09 .
  101. Jump up ^ `` The Nobel Prize in Physics 2001 '''' . Nobel + Foundation . Retrieved 2008 - 10 - 09 .
  102. ^ Jump up to : `` The Nobel + Prize in Physics 2002 '''' . Nobel Foundation . Retrieved 2008 - 10 - 09 .
    103. +
  103. Jump up ^ `` The Nobel Prize in Physics 2003 '''' . Nobel Foundation . + Retrieved 2008 - 10 - 09 .
  104. Jump up ^ `` The Nobel Prize in Physics + 2004 '''' . Nobel Foundation . Retrieved 2008 - 10 - 09 .
  105. ^ Jump + up to : `` The Nobel Prize in Physics 2005 '''' . Nobel Foundation . Retrieved + 2008 - 10 - 09 .
  106. Jump up ^ `` The Nobel Prize in Physics 2006 '''' + . Nobel Foundation . Retrieved 2008 - 10 - 09 .
  107. Jump up ^ `` The + Nobel Prize in Physics 2007 '''' . Nobel Foundation . Archived from the original + on 2011 - 08 - 10 . Retrieved 2008 - 10 - 09 .
  108. ^ Jump up to : `` + The Nobel Prize in Physics 2008 '''' . Nobel Foundation . Retrieved 2008 - 10 + - 09 .
  109. ^ Jump up to : `` The Nobel Prize in Physics 2009 '''' . Nobel + Foundation . Retrieved 2009 - 10 - 06 .
  110. Jump up ^ `` The Nobel Prize + in Physics 2010 '''' . Nobel Foundation . Retrieved 2010 - 10 - 05 .
  111. + Jump up ^ `` The Nobel Prize in Physics 2011 '''' . Nobel Foundation . Retrieved + 2011 - 10 - 04 .
  112. Jump up ^ `` The Nobel Prize in Physics 2012 '''' + . Nobel Foundation . Retrieved 9 October 2012 .
  113. Jump up ^ `` The + Nobel Prize in Physics 2013 Press Release '''' ( PDF ) . Nobel Foundation . + Retrieved 2013 - 10 - 08 .
  114. Jump up ^ `` The Nobel Prize in Physics + 2014 '''' . Nobel Foundation . Retrieved 2014 - 10 - 07 .
  115. Jump up + ^ `` The Nobel Prize in Physics 2015 '''' . Nobel Foundation . Retrieved 2015 + - 10 - 05 .
  116. Jump up ^ `` The Nobel Prize in Physics 2016 '''' . Nobel + Foundation . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 04 .
  117. Jump up ^ `` The Nobel Prize + in Physics 2017 '''' . Nobel Foundation . Retrieved 2017 - 10 - 03 .
+

Sources ( edit )

  • `` All Nobel Laureates in Physics '''' + . Nobel Foundation . Retrieved 2008 - 10 - 08 .

External links + ( edit )

Wikimedia Commons has media related + to Nobel laureates in Physics .
  • Official website + of the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences
  • Official website of the + Nobel Foundation
  • +
Laureates of the Nobel Prize in Physics +
1901 -- 1925
  • 1901 Röntgen
  • 1902 Lorentz + / Zeeman
  • 1903 Becquerel / P. Curie / M. Curie
  • 1904 Rayleigh +
  • 1905 Lenard
  • 1906 J.J. Thomson
  • 1907 Michelson +
  • 1908 Lippmann
  • 1909 Marconi / Braun
  • 1910 Van + der Waals
  • 1911 Wien
  • 1912 Dalén
  • 1913 Kamerlingh + Onnes
  • 1914 Laue
  • 1915 W.L. Bragg / W.H. Bragg
  • + 1916
  • 1917 Barkla
  • 1918 Planck
  • 1919 Stark
    • +
  • 1920 Guillaume
  • 1921 Einstein
  • 1922 N. Bohr
  • + 1923 Millikan
  • 1924 M. Siegbahn
  • 1925 Franck / Hertz
    • +
1926 -- 1950
  • 1926 + Perrin
  • 1927 Compton / C. Wilson
  • 1928 O. Richardson
    • +
  • 1929 De Broglie
  • 1930 Raman
  • 1931
  • 1932 Heisenberg +
  • 1933 Schrödinger / Dirac
  • 1934
  • 1935 Chadwick +
  • 1936 Hess / C.D. Anderson
  • 1937 Davisson / G.P. Thomson +
  • 1938 Fermi
  • 1939 Lawrence
  • 1940
  • 1941 +
  • 1942
  • 1943 Stern
  • 1944 Rabi
  • 1945 Pauli +
  • 1946 Bridgman
  • 1947 Appleton
  • 1948 Blackett
    • +
  • 1949 Yukawa
  • 1950 Powell
1951 + -- 1975
  • 1951 Cockcroft / Walton
  • 1952 Bloch / + Purcell
  • 1953 Zernike
  • 1954 Born / Bothe
  • 1955 + Lamb / Kusch
  • 1956 Shockley / Bardeen / Brattain
  • 1957 C.N. + Yang / T.D. Lee
  • 1958 Cherenkov / Frank / Tamm
  • 1959 Segrè + / Chamberlain
  • 1960 Glaser
  • 1961 Hofstadter / Mössbauer +
  • 1962 Landau
  • 1963 Wigner / Goeppert - Mayer / Jensen
    • +
  • 1964 Townes / Basov / Prokhorov
  • 1965 Tomonaga / Schwinger / + Feynman
  • 1966 Kastler
  • 1967 Bethe
  • 1968 Alvarez +
  • 1969 Gell - Mann
  • 1970 Alfvén / Néel
  • 1971 Gabor +
  • 1972 Bardeen / Cooper / Schrieffer
  • 1973 Esaki / Giaever + / Josephson
  • 1974 Ryle / Hewish
  • 1975 A. Bohr / Mottelson + / Rainwater
1976 -- 2000
  • + 1976 Richter / Ting
  • 1977 P.W. Anderson / Mott / Van Vleck
  • + 1978 Kapitsa / Penzias / R. Wilson
  • 1979 Glashow / Salam / Weinberg +
  • 1980 Cronin / Fitch
  • 1981 Bloembergen / Schawlow / K. Siegbahn +
  • 1982 K. Wilson
  • 1983 Chandrasekhar / Fowler
  • + 1984 Rubbia / Van der Meer
  • 1985 von Klitzing
  • 1986 Ruska + / Binnig / Rohrer
  • 1987 Bednorz / Müller
  • 1988 Lederman + / Schwartz / Steinberger
  • 1989 Ramsey / Dehmelt / Paul
  • + 1990 Friedman / Kendall / R. Taylor
  • 1991 de Gennes
  • 1992 + Charpak
  • 1993 Hulse / J. Taylor
  • 1994 Brockhouse / Shull +
  • 1995 Perl / Reines
  • 1996 D. Lee / Osheroff / R. Richardson +
  • 1997 Chu / Cohen - Tannoudji / Phillips
  • 1998 Laughlin + / Störmer / Tsui
  • 1999 '' t Hooft / Veltman
  • 2000 Alferov + / Kroemer / Kilby
2001 -- present +
  • 2001 Cornell / Ketterle / Wieman
  • 2002 Davis / Koshiba / + Giacconi
  • 2003 Abrikosov / Ginzburg / Leggett
  • 2004 Gross + / Politzer / Wilczek
  • 2005 Glauber / Hall / Hänsch
  • 2006 + Mather / Smoot
  • 2007 Fert / Grünberg
  • 2008 Nambu / Kobayashi + / Maskawa
  • 2009 Kao / Boyle / Smith
  • 2010 Geim / Novoselov +
  • 2011 Perlmutter / Riess / Schmidt
  • 2012 Wineland / Haroche +
  • 2013 Englert / Higgs
  • 2014 Akasaki / Amano / Nakamura
    • +
  • 2015 Kajita / McDonald
  • 2016 Thouless / Haldane / Kosterlitz +
  • 2017 Weiss / Barish / Thorne
+
Nobel Prizes +
  • Lists of Nobel laureates
+ + Nobel Memorial Prize ( not one of the original Nobel Prizes + ) .
Prizes
  • Chemistry
  • Economics +
  • Literature
  • Peace
  • Physics
  • Physiology + or Medicine
Laureates +
by subject
  • Chemistry
  • Economics
  • + Literature
  • Peace
  • Physics
  • Physiology or Medicine +
by criterion
  • African +
  • Arab
  • Asian
  • Black
  • Female
  • + Latino and Hispanic
  • Jewish
by country +
  • Argentine
  • Australian
  • Belgian
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Alice in Wonderland + ( 1951 film )

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Alice + in Wonderland 1951 original theatrical release + poster + + + + + + +
Directed by
  • Clyde Geronimi +
  • Wilfred Jackson
  • Hamilton Luske
Produced by Walt Disney
Story by +
  • Milt Banta
  • Del Connell
  • William Cottrell +
  • Joe Grant
  • Winston Hibler
  • Dick Huemer
    • +
  • Dick Kelsey
  • Tom Oreb
  • Bill Peet
  • Erdman + Penner
  • Joe Rinaldi
  • Ted Sears
  • John Walbridge +
Based on Alice ''s Adventures in + Wonderland and Through the Looking - Glass by Lewis Carroll
Starring
  • Kathryn Beaumont
  • Ed Wynn
    • +
  • Richard Haydn
  • Sterling Holloway
  • Jerry Colonna
    • +
  • Verna Felton
  • J. Pat O''Malley
  • Bill Thompson
    • +
  • Heather Angel
Music by Oliver + Wallace
Edited by Lloyd Richardson
Production company Walt Disney Productions
Distributed by RKO Radio Pictures
+ Release date
  • July 26 , 1951 ( 1951 - 07 - 26 ) ( World + premiere - London )
  • July 28 , 1951 ( 1951 - 07 - 28 ) ( US )
    • +
Running time 75 minutes
Country United States
Language English
Budget $3 million
Box office $5.2 million ( US + , 1951 )

Alice in Wonderland is a 1951 American animated + musical fantasy - adventure film produced by Walt Disney Productions and based + on the Alice books by Lewis Carroll . The 13th of Disney ''s animated features + , the film premiered in New York City and London on July 26 , 1951 . The film + features the voices of Kathryn Beaumont as Alice , Sterling Holloway as the + Cheshire Cat , Verna Felton as the Queen of Hearts , and Ed Wynn as the Mad + Hatter .

Walt Disney first attempted unsuccessfully to adapt Alice + into an animated feature film during the 1930s . However , he finally revived + the idea in the 1940s . The film was originally intended to be a live - action + / animated film ; however , Disney decided to make it an all - animated feature + in 1946 . The theme song of the same name has since become a jazz standard . + While the film was critically panned on its initial release , the movie proved + to be ahead of its time and has since been regarded as one of Disney ''s greatest + animated classics , notably one of the biggest cult classics in the animation + medium , as well as one of the best film adaptations of Alice .

+

Contents

( hide )
  • 1 Plot
  • 2 Cast
  • 3 + Directing animators
  • 4 Production
    • 4.1 Development
      • +
    • 4.2 Writing
    • 4.3 Music
  • 5 Release and reception +
  • 6 Soundtrack
    • 6.1 Audio CD track listing
    • +
  • 7 Media and merchandise
    • 7.1 Stage version
    • 7.2 References + in other Disney films
    • 7.3 Theme parks
    • 7.4 Video games +
  • 8 References
  • 9 External links
+

Plot ( edit )

On a riverbank , Alice spots a White Rabbit + in a waistcoat passing by , exclaiming that he is `` late for a very important + date '''' . She gives chase , following him into a large rabbit hole . She sees + him leave through a tiny door , whose talking knob advises her to shrink to + an appropriate height by drinking from a bottle marked `` Drink Me '''' . She + does so and floats out through the keyhole in a sea of her own tears , which + she cried after eating a biscuit marked `` Eat Me '''' caused her to grow very + large . As she continues to follow the Rabbit , she meets numerous characters + , including Tweedledum and Tweedledee , who recount the tale of `` The Walrus + and the Carpenter '''' .

Alice tracks the Rabbit to his house ; he + sends her to retrieve his gloves after mistaking her for his housemaid . While + searching for them , she eats another cookie marked `` Eat Me '''' from his + cookie canister and grows large again , getting stuck in the house . Thinking + she is a monster , he brings the Dodo over to help him get rid of her . When + the Dodo decides to burn the house down , Alice escapes by eating a carrot from + the Rabbit ''s garden , which causes her to shrink to three inches tall , and + continues following him . Along the way , she meets a garden of talking flowers + who initially welcome her with a song , but then mistake her for a weed and + order her to leave , followed by a Caterpillar , who becomes enraged after she + tells him she is distressed at her current height , as he is the same height + , and turns into a butterfly . Before leaving , he advises her to eat a piece + of his mushroom to alter her size . She does so and manages to return to her + original height , and continues following the Rabbit .

In the woods + , Alice meets the Cheshire Cat , who advises her to visit the Mad Hatter or + the March Hare to find out where the Rabbit is . She encounters both , along + with the Dormouse , at the Hare ''s house having a mad tea party and celebrating + their `` unbirthday '''' . They celebrate her unbirthday too , but she becomes + frustrated at them interrupting her every time she tries to speak . As she is + about to leave , the Rabbit appears , continuing to exclaim that he is late + ; the Hatter examines his pocket watch and says it is `` two days slow '''' + , and attempts to `` fix '''' it by filling it with food and tea but ends up + having to destroy it after it goes `` mad '''' . The Rabbit laments that his + watch was an `` unbirthday present '''' , and the Hatter and Hare sing `` The + Unbirthday Song '''' to him before throwing him back into the woods . Fed up + with the nonsense , Alice decides to go home , but her surroundings have completely + changed and she gets lost . Fearing she is lost forever , she sits on a rock + sobbing .

The Cheshire Cat reappears and advises Alice to ask the Queen + of Hearts for directions home , showing her a `` shortcut '''' to the King and + tyrannical Queen ''s castle . The Queen orders the beheading of a trio of playing + card gardeners who mistakenly planted white roses instead of red ones , and + invites ( or rather forces ) Alice to play against her in a croquet match , + in which live flamingos , card guards and hedgehogs are used as equipment . + The animals and card guards rig the game in favor of the Queen . The Cat appears + again and plays a trick on the Queen , causing her to fall over . The Cat disappears + in time to make it look like Alice was the prankster , but before the Queen + can order her execution , the King suggests they have a trial .

At + Alice ''s trial , the Mad Hatter , March Hare and Dormouse are called to the + stand as witnesses , briefly celebrating the Queen ''s unbirthday and giving + her a headpiece as a present , which turns into the Cat . Chaos ensues when + the frightened Dormouse runs around the courtroom . As the Queen orders Alice + ''s execution , Alice eats the pieces of the Caterpillar ''s mushroom she saved + and grows large again . The King and Queen order her to leave the courthouse + , but she refuses and insults the Queen . As she does so , she returns to her + normal size , and the Queen orders her execution . Alice flees , and the Queen + , King , card guards and other characters give chase . When she reaches the + small door she encountered at the beginning of the film , he shows her that + she is actually already outside , asleep . She yells at herself to wake up ; + she does and leaves the riverbank to go home for tea .

Cast ( edit + )

  • Kathryn Beaumont as Alice
  • Ed Wynn as Mad Hatter +
  • Jerry Colonna as March Hare
  • Richard Haydn as Caterpillar +
  • Sterling Holloway as Cheshire Cat
  • Verna Felton as Queen + of Hearts
  • J. Pat O''Malley as Tweedledum and Tweedledee / The Walrus + and the Carpenter / Mother Oyster
  • Bill Thompson as White Rabbit / + The Dodo
  • Heather Angel as Alice ''s sister
  • Joseph Kearns + as Doorknob
  • Larry Grey as Bill the Lizard / Card Painter
  • + Queenie Leonard as A Bird in a Tree / Snooty Flower
  • Dink Trout as + King of Hearts
  • Doris Lloyd as The Rose
  • Jimmy MacDonald + as The Dormouse
  • The Mellomen ( Thurl Ravenscroft , Bill Lee , Max + Smith , and Bob Hamlin ) as Card Painters
  • Don Barclay as Other Cards +
  • Lucille Bliss as Flowers
  • Pinto Colvig as Flamingos
    • +
  • Tommy Luske as Young Pansy
  • Marni Nixon as Singing Flowers
    • +
  • Norma Zimmer as White Rose
  • Mel Blanc as Dinah

+ Directing animators ( edit )

  • Marc Davis ( Alice and the eyeglasses + creature )
  • Milt Kahl ( The Dodo , Alice , Flamingo , Hedgehog , White + Rabbit )
  • Eric Larson ( Alice , Dinah , Caterpillar , Cheshire Cat + , Queen of Hearts , Flamingo )
  • Frank Thomas ( Doorknob , Queen of + Hearts , Wonderland Creatures )
  • Ollie Johnston ( Alice , King of + Hearts )
  • Ward Kimball ( Tweedledee and Tweedledum , The Walrus and + The Carpenter , Oysters , Cheshire Cat , Mad Hatter , March Hare , Dormouse + )
  • John Lounsbery ( Flowers , Caterpillar , Cheshire Cat , Mad Hatter + , March Hare , Wonderland creatures )
  • Wolfgang Reitherman ( White + Rabbit , The Carpenter , The Dodo , Mad Hatter , March Hare )
  • Les + Clark ( Alice , Wonderland creatures )
  • Norm Ferguson ( The Walrus + and The Carpenter )

Production ( edit )

Development + ( edit )

The history of Walt Disney ''s association with Lewis Carroll + ''s Alice books ( Alice ''s Adventures in Wonderland and Through the Looking + - Glass ) stretches all the way back to his childhood . Like many children of + the time he was familiar with the Alice books and had read them as a school + boy .

In 1923 , Disney was still a 21 - year - old filmmaker trying + to make a name for himself by working at the Laugh - O - Gram Studio in Kansas + City , making the unsuccessful short cartoon series by the name of Newman Laugh + - O - Grams . The last of Newman Laugh - O - Grams was called Alice ''s Wonderland + , which was loosely inspired by the Alice books . The short featured a live + - action girl ( Virginia Davis ) interacting in an animated world . Faced with + business problems , however , the Laugh - O - Gram Studio went bankrupt in July + 1923 , and the film was never released to the general public . However , Disney + left for Hollywood and used the film as a sort of pilot to show to potential + distributors . Margaret J. Winkler of Winkler Pictures agreed to distribute + the Alice Comedies , and Disney partnered with his older brother Roy O. Disney + and re-hired Kansas City co-workers including Ub Iwerks , Rudolph Ising , Friz + Freleng , Carman Maxwell and Hugh Harman to form Disney Bros. Studios ( later + Walt Disney Productions ) . The series began in 1924 before being retired in + 1927 .

In 1932 , Disney began playing with the idea of making an animated + feature film and repeatedly turned to the idea of making a feature - length + animated / live - action version of Alice starring Mary Pickford , and even + purchased the rights to Sir John Tenniel ''s illustrations ( still under copyright + at the time ) . However , these plans were eventually scrapped in favor of Snow + White and the Seven Dwarfs , mainly because Disney was put off by Paramount + ''s 1933 live - action adaptation . However , Disney did not completely abandon + the idea of adapting Alice , and in 1936 made the Mickey Mouse cartoon Thru + the Mirror .

In 1938 , after the enormous success of Snow White , Disney + revived the idea of making an Alice feature and officially registered the title + Alice in Wonderland with the Motion Picture Association of America and hired + storyboard artist Al Perkins and art director David S. Hall to develop the story + and concept art for the film . A storyreel was complete in 1939 , but Walt was + not pleased as he felt that Hall ''s drawings resembled Tenniel ''s drawings + too closely making them too difficult to animate and that the overall tone of + Perkins '' script was too grotesque and dark . Realising the amount of work + needed for Alice in Wonderland , as well as the economic devastation of the + World War II and the production demands of Pinocchio , Fantasia , and Bambi + , Walt shelved production on Alice in Wonderland shortly after the screening + .

In 1945 , shortly after the war ended , Disney once again revived + Alice in Wonderland and assigned British author Aldous Huxley to re-write the + script . However , Walt felt that Huxley ''s version was too much of a literal + adaptation of Carroll ''s book . Background artist Mary Blair submitted some + concept drawings for Alice in Wonderland . Blair ''s paintings moved away from + Tenniel ''s sketchy illustrations by taking a modernist stance , using bold + and unreal colors . Walt liked Blair ''s designs , and the script was re-written + to focus on comedy , music , and the whimsical side to Carroll ''s book .

+

Disney toyed with the idea of having a live - action / animated version + of Alice in Wonderland ( in a similar fashion to his Alice Comedies ) that would + star Ginger Rogers and would utilize the recently developed sodium vapor process + . Lisa Davis Waltz ( who would later voice Anita Radcliffe in One Hundred and + One Dalmatians ) and Luana Patten were also considered for the role of Alice + . However , Walt soon realized that he could only do justice to the book by + making an all - animated feature , and in 1946 , work began on an all - animated + version of Alice in Wonderland .

Writing ( edit )

Through + various drafts of the script , many sequences that were present in Caroll ''s + book drifted in and out of the story . However , Walt insisted that the scenes + themselves keep close to those in the novel since most of its humor is in the + writing .

One omitted scene from the 1939 treatment of the film occurred + outside the Duchess '' manor , where The Fish Footman is giving a message to + The Frog Footman to take to the Duchess saying that she is invited to play croquet + with The Queen of Hearts . Alice overhears this and sneaks into the kitchen + of the manor , where she finds the Duchess '' Cook maniacally cooking and the + Duchess nursing her baby . The cook is spraying pepper all over the room causing + the Duchess and Alice to sneeze and the Baby to cry . After a quick conversation + between Alice and the Duchess , the quick - tempered Cook starts throwing pots + and pans at the noisy baby . Alice rescues the baby , but as she leaves the + house the baby turns into a pig and runs away . The scene was scrapped for pacing + reasons .

Another scene that was deleted from a later draft occurred + in Tulgey Wood , where Alice encountered what appeared to be a sinister - looking + Jabberwock hiding in the dark , before revealing himself as a comical looking + dragon - like beast with bells and factory whistles on his head . A song , `` + Beware the Jabberwock '''' , was also written . However , the scene was scrapped + in favor of The Walrus and the Carpenter poem . Out of a desire to keep the + Jabberwocky poem in the film , it was made to replace an original song for the + Cheshire Cat , `` I ''m Odd '''' .

Another deleted scene in Tulgey + Wood shows Alice consulting with The White Knight , who was meant to be somewhat + of a caricature of Walt Disney . Although Walt liked the scene , he felt it + was better if Alice learned her lesson by herself , hence the song `` Very Good + Advice '''' .

Other characters , such as The Mock Turtle and the Gryphon + were discarded for pacing reasons .

Music ( edit )

In an + effort to retain some of Carroll ''s imaginative verses and poems , Disney commissioned + top songwriters to compose songs built around them for use in the film . A record + number of potential songs were written for the film , based on Carroll ''s verses + -- over 30 -- and many of them found a way into the film , if only for a few + brief moments . Alice in Wonderland would boast the greatest number of songs + included in any Disney film , but because some of them last for mere seconds + ( like `` How Do You Do and Shake Hands '''' , `` We ''ll Smoke the Monster + Out '''' , `` '' Twas Brillig '''' , `` The Caucus Race '''' , and others ) + , this fact is frequently overlooked . The original song that Alice was to sing + in the beginning was titled `` Beyond the Laughing Sky '''' . The song , like + so many other dropped songs , was not used by the producers . However , the + composition was kept and the lyrics were changed . It later became the title + song for Peter Pan ( which was in production at the same time ) , `` The Second + Star to the Right '''' .

The title song , composed by Sammy Fain , + has become a jazz standard , first adopted by jazz pianist Dave Brubeck ; featured + first in 1952 , then on his 1957 Columbia album Dave Digs Disney .

+ Izumi Yukimura sang her own theme song for the Japanese release of the film + .

The song , `` In a World of My Own , '''' is included on the orange + disc of Classic Disney : 60 Years of Musical Magic .

Release and reception + ( edit )

At the time , these creative decisions were met with great + criticism from Carroll fans , as well as from British film and literary critics + who accused Disney of `` Americanizing '''' a great work of English literature + . Disney was not surprised by the critical reception to Alice in Wonderland + -- his version of Alice was intended for large family audiences , not literary + critics -- but despite all the long years of thought and effort , the film met + with a lukewarm response at the box office and was a sharp disappointment in + its initial release , earning an estimated $2.4 million at the US box office + in 1951 .

Though not an outright disaster , the film was never re-released + theatrically in Disney ''s lifetime , airing instead every so often on network + television . In fact , Alice in Wonderland aired as the second episode of Walt + Disney ''s Disneyland TV series on ABC in 1954 , in a severely edited version + cut down to less than an hour . In The Disney Films , Leonard Maltin relates + animator Ward Kimball felt the film failed because `` it suffered from too many + cooks -- directors . Here was a case of five directors each trying to top the + other guy and make his sequence the biggest and craziest in the show . This + had a self - canceling effect on the final product . '''' Walt Disney himself + felt that the film failed because there was no `` warmth '''' in Alice ''s character + .

Almost two decades after its original release , after the North American + success of George Dunning ''s animated film Yellow Submarine ( 1968 ) , Disney + ''s version of Alice in Wonderland suddenly found itself in vogue with the times + . In fact , because of Mary Blair ''s art direction and the long - standing + association of Carroll ''s Alice in Wonderland with the drug culture , the feature + was re-discovered as something of a `` head film '''' ( along with Fantasia + and The Three Caballeros ) among the college - aged and was shown in various + college towns across the country . Disney resisted this association , and even + withdrew prints of the film from universities , but then , in 1974 , Disney + gave Alice in Wonderland its first theatrical re-release ever , and the company + even promoted it as a film in tune with the `` psychedelic '''' times ( mostly + from the hit song `` White Rabbit '''' performed by Jefferson Airplane ) . This + re-release was so successful it warranted a subsequent re-release in 1981 . + Its first UK re-release was on July 26 , 1979 .

Later , with the advent + of the home video market , Disney chose to make Alice in Wonderland one of the + first titles available for the rental market on VHS and Beta and for retail + sale on RCA ''s short - lived CED Videodisc format . The film was released on + October 15 , 1981 on VHS , CED Videodisc , and Betamax and May 28 , 1986 on + VHS , Betamax , and Laserdisc in the Walt Disney Classics , ( though it was + mastered for tape in 1985 ) , staying in general release ever since , with a + 40th Anniversary video release in 1991 ( this and the 1986 video release were + in Disney ''s Classics Collection ) , followed by an October 28 , 1994 October + 14 , 1997 VHS and Laserdisc release as a part of the Walt Disney Masterpiece + Collection. VHS and Laserdisc release as a part of the Walt Disney Masterpiece + Collection . It was released on Region 1 DVD on July 4 , 2000 ( under the Gold + Classic Collection DVD series ) . A fully restored two - disc `` Masterpiece + Edition '''' was released on January 27 , 2004 , including the full hour - long + episode of the Disney television show with Kathryn Beaumont , Edgar Bergen , + Charlie McCarthy and Mortimer Snerd , Bobby Driscoll and others that promoted + the film , computer games , deleted scenes , songs and related materials , which + went back on moratorium in January 2009 . Disney released a 2 - disc special + `` Un-Anniversary '''' edition DVD on March 30 , 2010 in order to promote the + then - new Tim Burton film . The movie was released in a Blu - ray / DVD combo + on February 1 , 2011 to celebrate its 60th anniversary featuring a new HD restoration + of the movie and many released bonus features . Disney re-released the film + on Blu - ray and DVD on April 26 , 2016 to celebrate the film ''s 65th anniversary + .

On the film aggregator website , Rotten Tomatoes , the overall rating + of the film is a `` fresh '''' 79 % from 28 critical reviews with an average + rating of 6.4 / 10 . Its consensus states that `` A good introduction to Lewis + Carroll ''s classic , Alice in Wonderland boasts some of the Disney canon ''s + most surreal and twisted images . ''''

The film was nominated for an + Academy Award for Best Scoring of a Musical Picture , but lost to An American + in Paris .

Soundtrack ( edit )

The film soundtrack was first + released on LP record on July 28 , 1951 . The soundtrack was re-released on + Audio CD by Walt Disney Records on February 3 , 1998. ; Songs in the film

+
  • `` Alice in Wonderland '''' -- The Jud Conlon Chorus and The Mellomen +
  • `` In a World of My Own '''' -- Alice
  • `` I ''m Late '''' + -- White Rabbit
  • `` The Sailor ''s Hornpipe '''' -- Dodo
  • + `` The Caucus Race '''' -- Dodo and Animals
  • `` How Do You Do and + Shake Hands ? '''' -- Tweedledee and Tweedledum
  • `` The Walrus and + the Carpenter '''' -- Tweedledee and Tweedledum
  • `` Old Father William + '''' -- Tweedledee and Tweedledum
  • `` We ''ll Smoke the Blighter Out + '''' -- Dodo and White Rabbit
  • `` All in the Golden Afternoon '''' + -- The Flowers and Alice
  • `` A-E-I-O-U '''' -- Caterpillar
  • + `` '' Twas Brillig '''' -- Cheshire Cat
  • `` The Unbirthday Song '''' + -- Mad Hatter , March Hare , and Alice
  • `` Very Good Advice '''' -- + Alice
  • `` Painting the Roses Red '''' -- The Playing Cards ( The Jud + Conlon Chorus ) and Alice / `` Who ''s Been Painting My Roses Red ? '''' ( Reprise + ) -- Queen of Hearts and The Playing Cards
  • `` The Unbirthday Song + '''' ( Reprise ) -- Mad Hatter , March Hare , The Queen of Hearts , and The + Playing Cards
  • `` The Caucus Race '''' ( Reprise ) -- The Entire Cast + Minus Alice
  • `` Alice in Wonderland '''' ( Reprise ) -- The Jud Conlon + Chorus and The Mellomen
Songs written for film but did + not appear
  • `` Beyond the Laughing Sky '''' -- Alice ( + replaced by `` In a World of My Own '''' ; this melody was later used for `` + The Second Star to the Right '''' in Peter Pan )
  • `` Dream Caravan + '''' -- Caterpillar ( replaced by `` A-E-I-O-U '''' )
  • `` I ''m Odd + '''' -- Cheshire Cat ( replaced by `` '' Twas Brillig '''' )
  • `` Beware + the Jabberwock '''' -- Chorus ( Stan Freberg , Daws Butler , and the Rhythmaires + ) , referring to deleted character
  • `` So They Say '''' -- Alice
    • +
  • `` If You ''ll Believe in Me '''' -- The Lion and The Unicorn ( deleted + characters )
  • `` Beautiful Soup '''' -- The Mock Turtle and The Gryphon + ( almost yet deleted characters ) set to the tune of the Blue Danube ( the Walt + Disney company also used Blue Danube in the two cartoons , Jungle Rhythm and + Night ) .
  • `` Everything Has a Useness '''' -- Meant for Caterpillar + , in which he explains to Alice that everything has a purpose -- in this case + , the use of the mushroom .
  • `` Curiosity '''' -- unknown purpose +
  • `` Humpty Dumpty ''''
  • `` Speak Roughly to Your Little + Boy '''' -- The Duchess ( deleted character )
  • `` Will You Join the + Dance ? ''''

Audio cd track listing ( edit )

  1. + `` Main Title ( Alice in Wonderland ) ''''
  2. `` Pay Attention / In + a World of My Own ''''
  3. `` I ''m Late ''''
  4. `` Curiosity + Leads to Trouble / Simply Impassable ''''
  5. `` The Sailor ''s Hornpipe + / The Caucus Race ''''
  6. `` We ''re Not Waxworks ''''
  7. `` + How D''Ye Do and Shake Hands / Curious ? ''''
  8. `` The Walrus and the + Carpenter ''''
  9. `` Old Father William ''''
  10. `` Mary Ann + ! / A Lizard with a Ladder / We ''ll Smoke the Blighter Out ''''
  11. + `` The Garden / All in the Golden Afternoon ''''
  12. `` What Genus Are + You ? ''''
  13. `` A-E-I-O-U ( Ray the Caterpillar Song / Who RU ? ) '''' +
  14. `` A Serpent ! ''''
  15. `` Alone Again / '' Twas Brillig / + Lose Something ''''
  16. `` The Mad Tea Party / The Unbirthday Song '''' +
  17. `` The Tulgey Wood '''' ( Music incomplete on audio CD )
  18. + `` Very Good Advice ''''
  19. `` Whom Did You Expect ''''
  20. `` + Painting the Roses Red / March of the Cards ''''
  21. `` Marie the Queen + of Hearts / Who ''s Been Painting My Roses Red ? ''''
  22. `` A Little + Girl / Let the Game Begin / I Warn You Child ''''
  23. `` The Trial / + The Unbirthday Song ( Reprise ) / Rule 42 / Off with Her Head / The Caucus Race + ''''

Media and merchandise ( edit )

Stage version + ( edit )

Alice in Wonderland has been condensed into a one act stage + version entitled , Alice in Wonderland , Jr ... The stage version is solely + meant for middle and high school productions and includes the majority of the + film ''s songs and others including Song of the South ''s `` Zip - a-Dee - Doo + - Dah '''' , two new reprises of `` I ''m Late ! '''' , and three new numbers + entitled `` Ocean of Tears '''' , `` Simon Says '''' , and `` Who Are You ? + '''' respectively . This 60 -- 80 minute version is licensed by Music Theatre + International in the Broadway , Jr . Collection along with other Disney Theatrical + shows such as Disney ''s Aladdin , Jr. , Disney ''s Mulan , Jr. , Beauty and + the Beast , Disney ''s High School Musical : On Stage ! , Elton John and Tim + Rice ''s Aida , and many more .

References in other Disney films ( + edit )

  • In Donald in Mathmagic Land , Donald Duck wears Alice + ''s dress and has her hairstyle but brown not blond . A larger pencil bird is + in the film as well .
  • Bill the Lizard appears as one of Professor + Ratigan ''s henchmen in The Great Mouse Detective .
  • Alice and several + other characters from the film were featured as guests in House of Mouse , and + the Queen of Hearts was one of the villains featured in Mickey ''s House of + Villains . The Mad Hatter was also featured in Mickey ''s Magical Christmas + : Snowed in at the House of Mouse .
  • The Mad Hatter and the March + Hare were also featured in several episodes of Bonkers .
  • Bill the + Lizard , Tweedledum , Cheshire Cat and the doorknob also appear in the 1988 + Disney film Who Framed Roger Rabbit .
  • In the opening of Aladdin , + the peddler tries to sell a hookah much like the one the Caterpillar used . +
  • In Aladdin and the King of Thieves , the Genie turns into the White + Rabbit .
  • On Darkwing Duck , there is a villain called Tuskernini + , a character that somewhat resembles the walrus .
  • Weebo shows clips + of the film on her screen in Flubber .
  • An episode of Mickey Mouse + Clubhouse , entitled `` Mickey ''s Adventures in Wonderland '''' , is based + on the film .
  • During the song When You Wish upon a Star in Disney + ''s Pinocchio , the book for Alice in Wonderland can be seen on the bookshelf + where Jiminy Cricket is singing from . This reference can be considered indirect + as the film was released 11 years prior to Alice in Wonderland .
+

Theme parks ( edit )

Alice at Disneyland , 2012 .

Costumed versions + of Alice , The Mad Hatter , The White Rabbit , The Queen of Hearts , Tweedledum + , and Tweedledee make regular appearances at the Disney theme parks and resorts + , and other characters from the film ( including the Walrus and the March Hare + ) have featured in the theme parks . More famously , all five Disneyland - style + theme parks feature Mad Tea Party , a teacups ride based on Disney ''s adaptation + of Alice in Wonderland .

Alice in Wonderland is also frequently featured + in many parades and shows in the Disney Theme Parks , including The Main Street + Electrical Parade , SpectroMagic , Fantasmic ! , Dreamlights , The Move It ! + Shake It ! Celebrate It ! Street Party and Walt Disney ''s Parade of Dreams + . Disneyland contains a dark ride based on the film in addition to the teacups + , and Disneyland Paris also contains a hedge maze called Alice ''s Curious Labyrinth + , which takes its inspiration from the film . The now - defunct Mickey Mouse + Revue , shown at Walt Disney World and later at Tokyo Disneyland , contained + characters and scenes from the film .

The 2010 Tim Burton adaptation + had much less of an effect on the park , only inspiring Mad T Party , a nighttime + event at Disney California Adventure .

Video games ( edit )

+

In Disney ''s Villains '' Revenge , the Queen of Hearts is one of the villains + who tries to turn the ending to her story to where she finally cuts off Alice + ''s head . Mickey Mousecapade features various characters from the film . The + Japanese version , in fact , is based very heavily on the film , with almost + every reference in the game coming from the film .

A video game version + of the film was released on Game Boy Color by Nintendo of America on October + 4 , 2000 in North America . Additionally , in the video games Kingdom Hearts + and Kingdom Hearts : Chain of Memories , Wonderland is a playable world . Alice + is also a major character in the overall plot of the first game due to her role + as one of seven `` Princesses of Heart '''' . Other characters from the movie + that appear include the Queen of Hearts , the Cheshire Cat , the White Rabbit + , the Doorknob , the Caterpillar ( V Cast only ) , and the Deck of Cards . The + Mad Hatter and the March Hare appear in portrait form as well . All except the + Doorknob also appear in Chain of Memories , albeit in the form of illusions + made from the main character ''s memory . While the world is absent in Kingdom + Hearts II , it returns in Kingdom Hearts 358 / 2 Days and Kingdom Hearts coded + , the latter featuring a digitized version of the world originating from data + in Jiminy Cricket ''s royal journal .

In Toy Story 3 : The Video Game + , the Mad Hatter ''s hat is one of the hats you can have the townsfolk wear + . In Kinect Disneyland Adventures , Alice , Mad Hatter , White Rabbit , and + the Queen of Hearts make appearances .

In Disney Infinity there are + power discs based on Alice in Wonderland .

Several characters of the + movie make appearances throughout the Epic Mickey - games . For example , the + cards are seen throughout Mickeyjunk Mountain in the original Epic Mickey , + Alice appears as a statue carrying a projector screen in Epic Mickey 2 and Alice + , the Mad Hatter , the Cheshire Cat and the Queen of Hearts appear as unlockable + characters in Epic Mickey : Power of Illusion .

References ( edit + )

  1. ^ Jump up to : `` Alice in Wonderland : Detail View '''' . + American Film Institute . Retrieved May 18 , 2014 .
  2. Jump up ^ `` + ALICE IN WONDERLAND ( U ) '''' . British Board of Film Classification . July + 3 , 1951 . Retrieved June 18 , 2015 .
  3. Jump up ^ Magical Kingdoms +
  4. Jump up ^ http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0043274/business
  5. + Jump up ^ http://voicechasers.com/database/showprod.php?prodid=56
  6. + Jump up ^ `` A. Film L.A '''' .
  7. ^ Jump up to : Through the Keyhole + : A Companion ''s Guide to Alice in Wonderland , Alice in Wonderland : 60th + Anniversary Edition , 2011 Blu - Ray
  8. ^ Jump up to : Barrier , Michael + , 1999 , Hollywood Cartons , Oxford University Press , United Kingdom
    9. +
  9. ^ Jump up to : Reflections on Alice , Alice in Wonderland : 50th Universary + Edition , 2005 DVD
  10. Jump up ^ Gabler , Neal , 2006 , Walt Disney : + The Triumph of American Imagination , Alfred A. Knoff , New York City , USA +
  11. Jump up ^ UltimateDisney. com ''s Interview with Lisa Davis , the + voice and model for 101 Dalmatians '' Anita Radcliff
  12. Jump up ^ Deleted + Scene : The Pig and Pepper , Alice in Wonderland , 2011 Blu - Ray
  13. + Jump up ^ Thomas , Bob ( 1976 ) . Walt Disney : An American Original . New York + : Hyperion Press . pp. 220 -- 221 . ISBN 0 - 7868 - 6027 - 8 .
  14. Jump + up ^ `` Alice in Wonderland : The Aftermath '''' .
  15. Jump up ^ '' The + Top Box Office Hits of 1951 '' , Variety , January 2 , 1952
  16. Jump + up ^ Maltin , Leonard ( 1973 ) . The Disney Films . New York : Crown . p. 103 + . ISBN 0 - 7868 - 8527 - 0 .
  17. Jump up ^ Disney , Tim Burton & Linda + Woolverton deliver an `` Alice '''' for the ages
  18. Jump up ^ `` Official + DVD website '''' . Disney.Go.com . Archived from the original on July 25 , 2010 + . Retrieved July 13 , 2010 .
  19. Jump up ^ Justin Sluss ( July 28 , 2010 + ) . `` A Hi - Def sneak peek at Disney ''s planned 2011 Blu - ray titles '''' + . highdefdiscnews.com . Retrieved October 7 , 2010 .
  20. Jump up ^ `` + Alice in Wonderland Movie Reviews , Pictures '''' . Rotten Tomatoes . Flixster + . Retrieved July 13 , 2010 .
  21. Jump up ^ `` Romanization '''' . Retrieved + July 13 , 2010 .
  22. Jump up ^ `` Walt Disney ''s Alice In Wonderland + : Classic Soundtrack Series : Sammy Fain , Bob Hilliard '''' . Amazon.com . + Retrieved July 13 , 2010 .
  23. Jump up ^ http://www.mtishows.com/show_detail.asp?showid=000277 +
  24. Jump up ^ `` Disneyland ''s Mad Tea Party Page '''' . Archived from + the original on June 20 , 2010 . Retrieved July 13 , 2010 .
  25. Jump + up ^ `` Disneyland Paris '' Alice ''s Curious Labyrinth Page '''' . Archived + from the original on January 5 , 2009 . Retrieved July 13 , 2010 .
  26. + Jump up ^ `` Kingdom Hearts Official Page '''' . Retrieved July 13 , 2010 . +

External links ( edit )

  • Film in the United + States portal
  • Fantasy portal
  • Comedy portal
  • + 1950s portal
Wikimedia Commons has + media related to Alice in Wonderland ( 1951 film ) .
+
Wikiquote has quotations related to : Alice in wonderland + ( 1951 film )
  • Official website
  • Alice + in Wonderland on IMDb
  • Alice in Wonderland at the TCM Movie Database +
  • Alice in Wonderland at AllMovie
  • Alice in Wonderland at + The Big Cartoon DataBase
  • Alice in Wonderland at Rotten Tomatoes
    • +
+ Lewis Carroll ''s Alice
  • Alice ''s + Adventures in Wonderland
  • Through the Looking - Glass
  • `` + The Hunting of the Snark ''''
+ +
  • Book
    • +
Characters +
Alice ''s Adventures in Wonderland
  • + Alice
  • The White Rabbit
  • The Mouse
  • The Dodo
    • +
  • The Duck
  • The Lory
  • Eaglet
  • Pat
  • + Bill the Lizard
  • Puppy
  • The Caterpillar
  • The Duchess +
  • The Cheshire Cat
  • The March Hare
  • The Hatter +
    • Tarrant Hightopp
  • The Dormouse
  • The + Queen of Hearts
  • The King of Hearts
  • The Knave of Hearts +
  • The Gryphon
  • The Mock Turtle
Through the Looking - Glass
  • The Red Queen
  • + The White Queen
  • The Red King
  • The White King
  • + The White Knight
  • Tweedledum and Tweedledee
  • The Sheep
    • +
  • Humpty Dumpty
  • The Lion and the Unicorn
  • Bandersnatch +
  • Jubjub Bird
+ Locations +
Alice ''s Adventures in Wonderland
  • Wonderland
Through the Looking + - Glass
  • Looking - Glass Land
  • The Old Sheep Shop +
Related topics
  • Alice Liddell
  • Alice ''s Shop
  • John Tenniel +
  • Theophilus Carter
  • The Annotated Alice
  • Mischmasch +
  • Works based on Alice in Wonderland
    • Films and television +
    • Disney franchise
  • Translations of Alice ''s + Adventures in Wonderland
  • Translations of Through the Looking - Glass +
Adaptations + + + +
Poems +
  • `` All in the golden afternoon ... ''''
  • `` How + Doth the Little Crocodile ''''
  • `` The Mouse ''s Tale ''''
  • + `` Twinkle , Twinkle , Little Bat ''''
  • `` You Are Old , Father William + ''''
  • `` '' Tis the Voice of the Lobster ''''
  • `` Jabberwocky + ''''
  • `` The Walrus and the Carpenter ''''
  • `` Haddocks + '' Eyes ''''
  • `` They told me you had been to her ... ''''
  • + `` The Mock Turtle ''s Song ''''
  • `` The Hunting of the Snark '''' +
Sequels
  • A New Alice in + the Old Wonderland ( 1895 )
  • New Adventures of Alice ( 1917 )
    • +
  • Alice of Wonderland in Paris ( 1966 )
  • Alice Through the Needle + ''s Eye ( 1984 )
  • Automated Alice ( 1996 )
  • Wonderland Revisited + and the Games Alice Played There ( 2009 )
+ Retellings
  • The Nursery `` Alice '''' ( 1890 )
  • + Alice ''s Adventures in Wonderland retold in words of one syllable ( 1905 ) +
  • Alice in Verse : The Lost Rhymes of Wonderland ( 2010 )
+
Parodies
  • The Westminster Alice ( + 1902 )
  • Clara in Blunderland ( 1902 )
  • Lost in Blunderland + ( 1903 )
  • John Bull ''s Adventures in the Fiscal Wonderland ( 1904 + )
  • Alice in Blunderland : An Iridescent Dream ( 1904 )
+
Imitations
  • Mopsa the Fairy ( 1869 + )
  • Davy and the Goblin ( 1884 )
  • The Admiral ''s Caravan + ( 1891 )
  • Gladys in Grammarland ( 1896 )
  • A New Wonderland + ( 1898 )
  • Rollo in Emblemland ( 1902 )
  • Justnowland ( 1912 + )
  • Alice in Orchestralia ( 1925 )
+ Reimagining
  • Alice in Wonderland or What ''s a Nice Kid + Like You Doing in a Place Like This ? ( 1966 )
  • Alice or the Last + Escapade ( 1977 )
  • Adventures in Wonderland ( 1991 )
  • The + Looking Glass Wars ( 2006 )
  • Alice ( 2009 )
  • Malice in Wonderland + ( 2009 )
  • Alice in Wonderland ( 2010 )
  • Alice Through the + Looking Glass ( 2016 )
Film
    +
  • 1903
  • 1910
  • 1915
  • 1931
  • 1933
    • +
  • 1949
  • 1951
  • 1966
  • 1972
  • 1976
    • +
  • 1982
  • 1985
  • 1988 ( Czechoslovak )
    • +
  • 1988 ( Australian )
  • 1995
  • 1999
Stage
  • Alice ''s Adventures in Wonderland ( ballet + )
  • Alice in Wonderland ( musical )
  • Alice in Wonderland + ( opera )
  • Wonderland ( Wildhorn musical )
  • Peter and Alice + ( 2013 play )
  • Wonder. land ( Albarn musical )
Television
  • Fushigi no Kuni no Alice
  • + Once Upon a Time
  • Once Upon a Time in Wonderland
Literary
  • Alice in Murderland
  • + Alice in the Country of Hearts
  • Miyuki - chan in Wonderland
    • +
Video games
  • Alice no Paint + Adventure ( 1995 )
  • Alice in Wonderland ( 2000 )
  • American + McGee ''s Alice ( 2000 )
  • Alice in Wonderland ( 2010 )
  • + Alice : Madness Returns ( 2011 )
  • Kingdom Hearts
  • +
Films directed by Clyde Geronimi +
  • Victory Through Air Power ( 1943 )
  • The Three Caballeros + ( 1944 )
  • Make Mine Music ( 1946 )
  • Melody Time ( 1948 ) +
  • The Adventures of Ichabod and Mr. Toad ( 1949 )
  • Cinderella + ( 1950 )
  • Alice in Wonderland ( 1951 )
  • Peter Pan ( 1953 + )
  • Lady and the Tramp ( 1955 )
  • Sleeping Beauty ( 1959 ) +
  • One Hundred and One Dalmatians ( 1961 )
+
Films + directed by Hamilton Luske
  • Pinocchio + ( 1940 )
  • Fantasia ( 1940 )
  • The Reluctant Dragon ( 1941 + )
  • Saludos Amigos ( 1942 )
  • Make Mine Music ( 1946 )
    • +
  • Fun and Fancy Free ( 1947 )
  • Melody Time ( 1948 )
  • + So Dear to My Heart ( 1948 )
  • Cinderella ( 1950 )
  • Alice + in Wonderland ( 1951 )
  • Peter Pan ( 1953 )
  • Ben and Me ( + 1953 )
  • Lady and the Tramp ( 1955 )
  • Donald in Mathmagic + Land ( 1959 )
  • One Hundred and One Dalmatians ( 1961 )
+
    • +
Films directed by Wilfred Jackson +
  • Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs ( 1937 )
  • Pinocchio ( 1940 + )
  • Fantasia ( 1940 )
  • Dumbo ( 1941 )
  • Saludos + Amigos ( 1942 )
  • Song of the South ( 1946 )
  • Melody Time + ( 1948 )
  • Cinderella ( 1950 )
  • Alice in Wonderland ( 1951 + )
  • Peter Pan ( 1953 )
  • Lady and the Tramp ( 1955 )
    • +
  • +
Disney theatrical animated features + +
  • Book
+
Walt Disney Animation Studios films
  • Snow White and + the Seven Dwarfs ( 1937 )
  • Pinocchio ( 1940 )
  • Fantasia + ( 1940 )
  • Dumbo ( 1941 )
  • Bambi ( 1942 )
  • Saludos + Amigos ( 1942 )
  • The Three Caballeros ( 1944 )
  • Make Mine + Music ( 1946 )
  • Fun and Fancy Free ( 1947 )
  • Melody Time + ( 1948 )
  • The Adventures of Ichabod and Mr. Toad ( 1949 )
  • + Cinderella ( 1950 )
  • Alice in Wonderland ( 1951 )
  • Peter + Pan ( 1953 )
  • Lady and the Tramp ( 1955 )
  • Sleeping Beauty + ( 1959 )
  • One Hundred and One Dalmatians ( 1961 )
  • The Sword + in the Stone ( 1963 )
  • The Jungle Book ( 1967 )
  • The Aristocats + ( 1970 )
  • Robin Hood ( 1973 )
  • The Many Adventures of Winnie + the Pooh ( 1977 )
  • The Rescuers ( 1977 )
  • The Fox and the + Hound ( 1981 )
  • The Black Cauldron ( 1985 )
  • The Great Mouse + Detective ( 1986 )
  • Oliver & Company ( 1988 )
  • The Little + Mermaid ( 1989 )
  • The Rescuers Down Under ( 1990 )
  • Beauty + and the Beast ( 1991 )
  • Aladdin ( 1992 )
  • The Lion King + ( 1994 )
  • Pocahontas ( 1995 )
  • The Hunchback of Notre Dame + ( 1996 )
  • Hercules ( 1997 )
  • Mulan ( 1998 )
  • Tarzan + ( 1999 )
  • Fantasia 2000 ( 1999 )
  • Dinosaur ( 2000 )
    • +
  • The Emperor ''s New Groove ( 2000 )
  • Atlantis : The Lost Empire + ( 2001 )
  • Lilo & Stitch ( 2002 )
  • Treasure Planet ( 2002 + )
  • Brother Bear ( 2003 )
  • Home on the Range ( 2004 )
    • +
  • Chicken Little ( 2005 )
  • Meet the Robinsons ( 2007 )
  • + Bolt ( 2008 )
  • The Princess and the Frog ( 2009 )
  • Tangled + ( 2010 )
  • Winnie the Pooh ( 2011 )
  • Wreck - It Ralph ( 2012 + )
  • Frozen ( 2013 )
  • Big Hero 6 ( 2014 )
  • Zootopia + ( 2016 )
  • Moana ( 2016 )
  • Ralph Breaks the Internet : Wreck + - It Ralph 2 ( 2018 )
  • Frozen 2 ( 2019 )
Live - action films with animation
  • The Reluctant Dragon + ( 1941 )
  • Victory Through Air Power ( 1943 )
  • Song of the + South ( 1946 )
  • So Dear to My Heart ( 1948 )
  • Mary Poppins + ( 1964 )
  • Bedknobs and Broomsticks ( 1971 )
  • Pete ''s Dragon + ( 1977 )
  • Who Framed Roger Rabbit ( 1988 )
  • Enchanted ( + 2007 )
DisneyToon Studios films +
  • DuckTales the Movie : Treasure of the Lost Lamp ( 1990 )
  • + A Goofy Movie ( 1995 )
  • The Tigger Movie ( 2000 )
  • Return + to Never Land ( 2002 )
  • The Jungle Book 2 ( 2003 )
  • Piglet + ''s Big Movie ( 2003 )
  • Pooh ''s Heffalump Movie ( 2005 )
  • + Bambi II ( 2006 )
  • Planes ( 2013 )
  • Planes : Fire & Rescue + ( 2014 )
Other Disney units films +
  • The Nightmare Before Christmas ( 1993 )
  • James and the Giant + Peach ( 1996 )
  • Doug ''s 1st Movie ( 1999 )
  • Recess : School + ''s Out ( 2001 )
  • Teacher ''s Pet ( 2004 )
  • A Christmas + Carol ( 2009 )
  • Gnomeo & Juliet ( 2011 )
  • Mars Needs Moms + ( 2011 )
  • Frankenweenie ( 2012 )
  • Strange Magic ( 2015 ) +
Related lists
  • Unproduced + films
    • +
Walt Disney Animation Studios +
List of feature films +
+
Released
  • Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs + ( 1937 )
  • Pinocchio ( 1940 )
  • Fantasia ( 1940 )
  • + Dumbo ( 1941 )
  • Bambi ( 1942 )
  • Saludos Amigos ( 1942 ) +
  • The Three Caballeros ( 1944 )
  • Make Mine Music ( 1946 ) +
  • Fun and Fancy Free ( 1947 )
  • Melody Time ( 1948 )
    • +
  • The Adventures of Ichabod and Mr. Toad ( 1949 )
  • Cinderella ( + 1950 )
  • Alice in Wonderland ( 1951 )
  • Peter Pan ( 1953 ) +
  • Lady and the Tramp ( 1955 )
  • Sleeping Beauty ( 1959 )
    • +
  • One Hundred and One Dalmatians ( 1961 )
  • The Sword in the Stone + ( 1963 )
  • The Jungle Book ( 1967 )
  • The Aristocats ( 1970 + )
  • Robin Hood ( 1973 )
  • The Many Adventures of Winnie the + Pooh ( 1977 )
  • The Rescuers ( 1977 )
  • The Fox and the Hound + ( 1981 )
  • The Black Cauldron ( 1985 )
  • The Great Mouse Detective + ( 1986 )
  • Oliver & Company ( 1988 )
  • The Little Mermaid + ( 1989 )
  • The Rescuers Down Under ( 1990 )
  • Beauty and the + Beast ( 1991 )
  • Aladdin ( 1992 )
  • The Lion King ( 1994 ) +
  • Pocahontas ( 1995 )
  • The Hunchback of Notre Dame ( 1996 + )
  • Hercules ( 1997 )
  • Mulan ( 1998 )
  • Tarzan ( + 1999 )
  • Fantasia 2000 ( 1999 )
  • Dinosaur ( 2000 )
    • +
  • The Emperor ''s New Groove ( 2000 )
  • Atlantis : The Lost Empire + ( 2001 )
  • Lilo & Stitch ( 2002 )
  • Treasure Planet ( 2002 + )
  • Brother Bear ( 2003 )
  • Home on the Range ( 2004 )
    • +
  • Chicken Little ( 2005 )
  • Meet the Robinsons ( 2007 )
  • + Bolt ( 2008 )
  • The Princess and the Frog ( 2009 )
  • Tangled + ( 2010 )
  • Winnie the Pooh ( 2011 )
  • Wreck - It Ralph ( 2012 + )
  • Frozen ( 2013 )
  • Big Hero 6 ( 2014 )
  • Zootopia + ( 2016 )
  • Moana ( 2016 )
Upcoming + films
  • Ralph Breaks the Internet : Wreck - It Ralph 2 ( + 2018 )
  • Frozen 2 ( 2019 )
Associated + productions
  • The Reluctant Dragon ( 1941 )
  • Victory + Through Air Power ( 1943 )
  • Song of the South ( 1946 )
  • + So Dear to My Heart ( 1949 )
  • Mary Poppins ( 1964 )
  • Bedknobs + and Broomsticks ( 1971 )
  • Pete ''s Dragon ( 1977 )
  • Who + Framed Roger Rabbit ( 1988 )
  • Enchanted ( 2007 )
+ People
+
Executives
  • Edwin Catmull
  • Roy Conli
    • +
  • Roy E. Disney
  • Walt Disney
  • Don Hahn
  • Jeffrey + Katzenberg
  • John Lasseter
  • Peter Schneider
  • Thomas + Schumacher
  • David Stainton
Disney + ''s Nine Old Men
  • Les Clark
  • Marc Davis
    • +
  • Ollie Johnston
  • Milt Kahl
  • Ward Kimball
  • + Eric Larson
  • John Lounsbery
  • Wolfgang Reitherman
  • + Frank Thomas
+ Related topics +
+ +
History
  • Disney + animators '' strike
  • Disney Renaissance
Methods and technologies
  • 12 basic principles of animation +
  • Computer Animation Production System
  • Disney Animation + : The Illusion of Life
  • Multiplane camera
Documentaries
  • Frank and Ollie ( 1995 )
    • +
  • The Sweatbox ( 2001 )
  • Dream On Silly Dreamer ( 2005 )
    • +
  • Waking Sleeping Beauty ( 2009 )
Other + Disney animation units
  • Disney Television Animation
    • +
  • DisneyToon Studios ( WDAS unit )
  • Lucasfilm Animation
  • + Marvel Animation
  • Pixar Animation Studios
  • Circle 7 ( defunct + )
Miscellaneous
  • Alice + Comedies
  • Laugh - O - Gram Studio
  • List of Disney animated + shorts
  • List of Disney theatrical animated features
    • unproduced +
  • Oswald the Lucky Rabbit
  • Mickey Mouse ( film + series )
  • Silly Symphonies
  • Once Upon a Time
+
+
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+ Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Alice_in_Wonderland_(1951_film)&oldid=819153790 + '''' Categories :
  • 1951 films
  • English - language films
    • +
  • 1951 animated films
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  • 1950s fantasy films
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  • American children ''s animated fantasy + films
  • American coming - of - age films
  • American musical + fantasy films
  • Animated coming - of - age films
  • Animated + films based on Alice in Wonderland
  • Children ''s fantasy films
    • +
  • Alice in Wonderland ( franchise )
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    • +
  • Films set in castles
  • Films about children
  • Films about + dreams
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  • Films + directed by Clyde Geronimi
  • Films directed by Hamilton Luske
    • +
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  • Films produced by Walt Disney +
  • Films featuring anthropomorphic characters
  • Films set in + the Victorian era
  • Films set in the 1860s
  • Films set in + England
  • Films based on Alice in Wonderland
  • Films scored + by Oliver Wallace
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    • +
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  • Walt Disney Pictures films
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+ + who has the rights to alice in wonderland?' +- - episode_done: true + eval_labels: + - May 18 , 2018 + - May 18 , 2018 + - May 18 , 2018 + - May 18 , 2018 + - May 18 , 2018 + id: natural_questions + text: 'Deadpool 2 - wikipedia

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Directed by David Leitch
Produced by
  • Simon Kinberg
  • Ryan Reynolds +
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Written by +
  • Rhett Reese
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Based on Deadpool by
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Starring +
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Edited + by
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    • +
Production company
  • Marvel Entertainment +
  • The Donners '' Company
  • Genre Films
Distributed by 20th Century Fox
Release + date
  • May 18 , 2018 ( 2018 - 05 - 18 ) ( United States ) +
+ Country United States
Language English +

Deadpool 2 is an upcoming American superhero film based + on the Marvel Comics character Deadpool , distributed by 20th Century Fox . + It is intended to be the eleventh installment in the X-Men film series , and + a sequel to the 2016 film Deadpool . The film is directed by David Leitch from + a script by Rhett Reese , Paul Wernick , and Ryan Reynolds , with Reynolds starring + in the title role alongside Josh Brolin , Morena Baccarin , Julian Dennison + , Zazie Beetz , T.J. Miller , Brianna Hildebrand , Jack Kesy , and Stefan Kapičić + . In Deadpool 2 , Deadpool forms the team X-Force to protect a young mutant + from Cable .

Plans for a sequel to Deadpool began before that film + ''s release , and were confirmed in February 2016 . Though the original creative + team of Reynolds , Reese , Wernick , and director Tim Miller were quickly set + to return for the second film , Miller left the project in October 2016 due + to creative differences with Reynolds , and was soon replaced by Leitch . An + extensive casting search took place to fill the role of Cable , with Brolin + ultimately cast ; the casting of Beetz as Domino was also noteworthy . Filming + took place in British Columbia , Canada , from June to October 2017 . During + filming , stunt woman Joi `` SJ '''' Harris died in a motorcycle accident . +

Deadpool 2 is scheduled to be released in the United States on May + 18 , 2018 . A sequel , Deadpool 3 , is in development .

Contents +

( hide )
  • 1 Premise
  • 2 Cast
  • 3 Production +
    • 3.1 Development
    • 3.2 Pre-production
    • 3.3 Filming +
    • 3.4 Post-production
  • 4 Music
  • 5 Release +
    • 5.1 Marketing
  • 6 Box office projection
    • +
  • 7 Sequel
  • 8 References
  • 9 External links
+

Premise

Deadpool forms a team of mutants called the + X-Force to protect young mutant Russell from the time - traveling soldier Cable + .

Cast

  • Ryan Reynolds as Wade Wilson / Deadpool : A + wisecracking mercenary with accelerated healing but severe scarring over his + body after undergoing an experimental regenerative mutation . He forms the X-Force + , a team of mutants .
  • Josh Brolin as Nathan Summers / Cable : A time + travelling cybernetic mutant soldier , `` in many ways the opposite of Deadpool + '''' . Director David Leitch called the dynamic between Cable and Deadpool `` + sort of classic buddy - cop fare '''' , and compared them to the characters + portrayed by Nick Nolte and Eddie Murphy , respectively , in 48 Hrs. ( 1982 + ) . Brolin signed a four - film deal to play the character , and described his + appearance here as just the introduction for the character , with `` three more + movies to reveal more . ''''
  • Morena Baccarin as Vanessa : An escort + and Wilson ''s fiancée .
  • Julian Dennison as Russell : A young mutant + being hunted by Cable . Dennison was the only actor that the creative team considered + for the role , with Russell `` sort of a tailor - made character '''' for the + actor .
  • Zazie Beetz as Neena Thurman / Domino : A mercenary with + the mutant ability to manipulate luck , who joins Deadpool ''s X-Force team + . Leitch described the film ''s version of the character as Beetz '' own `` + real fun interesting take '''' . Beetz began `` doing strength conditioning + , so that ''s like working out everyday '''' when she got the role , for which + she has to `` be shooting guns , I fight and a lot of that movement is full + body and physical . ''''
  • T.J. Miller as Weasel : Wilson ''s best + friend , the owner of a bar frequented by mercenaries .
  • Brianna Hildebrand + as Negasonic Teenage Warhead : A teenage X-Man with the mutant power to detonate + atomic bursts from her body , she is now a `` new level of X-Men '''' after + being a trainee in the first film . Hildebrand felt that `` it ''s cool that + she ''s grown and matured and she still has so much of this essence of a punk + kid '''' from the first film , and added that the character would have a `` + cooler '''' costume in the sequel .
  • Jack Kesy as Black Tom Cassidy + : A mutant who can manipulate energy through plants .
  • Stefan Kapičić + as the voice of Colossus : An X-Man with the mutant ability to transform his + entire body into organic steel . Kapičić described Colossus as one of the most + important characters in the film , requiring a more intense process for Kapičić + during recording for the character . He explained that Colossus would continue + to try make Deadpool a better person and potential X-Man after doing so in the + first film .

Leslie Uggams and Karan Soni return from the first + film as Deadpool ''s elderly roommate Blind Al and the taxi driver Dopinder + , respectively . The X-Force team also includes Terry Crews as Bedlam , Lewis + Tan as Shatterstar , and Rob Delaney as Peter . Shioli Kutsuna , Eddie Marsan + , and Bill Skarsgård have been cast in undisclosed roles .

Production +

Development

Producer Simon Kinberg revealed in September + 2015 that discussions had begun regarding ideas for a sequel to Deadpool , which + was set to be released in February 2016 . One idea was for the film to introduce + the character Cable , who had previously been looked at to appear in the first + Deadpool , and X-Men : Days of Future Past before that . Cable ''s inclusion + in the potential sequel was confirmed by the character Deadpool , breaking the + fourth wall , in the post-credit scene of the first film . Domino , a character + with connections to Cable in the comics , was also believed to be featured in + the sequel . By the first film ''s release , 20th Century Fox had green - lit + a sequel , with writers Rhett Reese and Paul Wernick returning to write the + screenplay . Though director Tim Miller and producer / star Ryan Reynolds were + not confirmed for the sequel at the time , Fox was `` intent on keeping the + creative team together '''' . Miller and Reynolds '' involvement was confirmed + at the 2016 CinemaCon that April , though Miller had still not formally signed + on to direct the sequel yet . He began work developing the script with the writers + , while Reynolds had signed a new contract granting him `` casting approval + and other creative controls '''' .

It has to tonally and stylistically + be as fresh and original ( as the first film ) . That ''s a big challenge especially + because they had 10 years to gestate on the first movie and we do n''t have + that kind of time on the second movie . That ''s the biggest mandate going ( + into ) the second film ... we have to resist the temptation to make it bigger + .

-- Producer Simon Kinberg on approaching Deadpool 2

In June 2016 + , Kinberg said that a completed draft from Wernick and Rheese was expected `` + soon '''' , and that they were looking to begin filming the sequel at the beginning + of 2017 . By August , Kyle Chandler was believed to be in the running to portray + Cable . Testing of actresses for Domino had also begun by October , with the + shortlist of actresses under consideration including Lizzy Caplan , Mary Elizabeth + Winstead , Sienna Miller , Sofia Boutella , Stephanie Sigman , Sylvia Hoeks + , Mackenzie Davis , Ruby Rose , Eve Hewson , and Kelly Rohrbach . The producers + were particularly interested in casting a black or Latina actress in the role + .

At the end of October , Miller left the film over `` mutual creative + differences '''' with Reynolds . The rift between the pair was reportedly based + on several factors , including Reynolds '' expanded creative control over the + sequel ; Miller ''s wish for a more stylized follow - up than the first film + , versus Reynolds '' focus `` on the raunchy comedy style that earned the first + movie its R rating '''' ; and Miller ''s intention to cast Chandler as Cable + , which Reynolds opposed . Fox ultimately backed `` its marketable star '''' + over Miller , who had made his directorial debut with the first film . Miller + denied these reported reasons , while Reynolds said , `` All I can really add + is that I ''m sad to see him off the film . Tim ''s brilliant and nobody worked + harder on Deadpool than he did . '''' A week after Miller ''s departure , Fox + was looking at David Leitch , Drew Goddard , Magnus Martens , and Rupert Sanders + as potential replacements for the director . Leitch was the `` strong frontrunner + '''' for the role , and signed on to direct a month later . Reynolds , a fan + of Leitch ''s John Wick , said the director `` really understands those Deadpool + sensibilities and where we need to take the franchise from here . '''' He added + that Leitch `` can make a movie on an ultra tight minimal budget look like it + was shot for 10 -- 15 times what it cost . ''''

Pre-production

+

Reese and Wernick had completed multiple drafts of the script by January + 2017 , saying , `` It ''s taken different twists and turns , but it ''s really + coalescing '''' ; the film was still on track to begin filming that year . The + pair felt a responsibility to explore the team X-Force , which includes Deadpool + , Cable , and Domino in the comics , with Reese saying the sequel ''s purpose + `` is not to set up X-Force ( but ) it will likely set up X-Force . '''' He + did clarify that though the film will be `` populated with a lot of characters + ... it is still Deadpool ''s movie '''' . The pair confirmed that Stefan Kapičić + ''s Colossus , Brianna Hildebrand ''s Negasonic Teenage Warhead , and Karan + Soni ''s Dopinder would be returning from the first film to `` make at least + an appearance '''' , and that the film would not be exploring the details of + Cable ''s convoluted comic origins . By the next month , it had been noted that + there had been few announcements from Fox regarding the film , and that a release + date had not yet been set which was seen as unusual for sequels to popular films + ( often studios `` announce sequels far too soon and with no idea what will + happen '''' ) , with the issue deemed to be the film ''s script . Reynolds , + Reese , and Wernick had been `` bunkered down , working on the script together + , trying to cross the finish line and create something everyone is excited to + make '''' . At that time , Goddard joined the project to consult on the script + .

By the beginning of March 2017 , Michael Shannon had been in the + running to portray Cable , but no longer could due to a scheduling conflict + . David Harbour had screen - tested for the role , and Pierce Brosnan was believed + to be in negotiations for a part in the film , potentially Cable . Reynolds + announced shortly after that Zazie Beetz had been cast as Domino . Later in + the month , Shannon was in the running to portray Cable again , and was considered + the frontrunner , with Fox also looking at a shortlist of other actors that + included Harbour . Brad Pitt had also been considered for the role , and expressed + interest in taking it , but had `` moved on '''' . Leitch soon addressed the + potential casting of these actors , saying Shannon `` would make an incredible + Cable ... If that happens , I would be through the roof '''' ; and on Pitt , + `` We had a great meeting with Brad , he was incredibly interested in the property + . Things did n''t work out schedule-wise . He ''s a fan , and we love him , + and I think he would ''ve made an amazing Cable . '''' At the end of March , + Morena Baccarin confirmed her return from the first film as Vanessa , and expressed + interest in exploring the character ''s Copycat persona from the comics in the + sequel . Josh Brolin emerged as a `` surprise contender '''' to play Cable in + April , ahead of Shannon and Harbour , and was officially cast in the role . + Brolin also portrays the Marvel Comics character Thanos , in the Marvel Cinematic + Universe . Leslie Uggams confirmed that she would be reprising her role of Blind + Al from the first film , while Fox gave the sequel a June 1 , 2018 release date + .

Noting the release date , Leitch wanted to ensure that the film `` + was worthy of a summer tentpole movie , and we knew we were going to be wedged + in between some big films '''' , specifically wanting to expand the action and + make the general feeling of the film `` bigger '''' than the first one . However + , he wanted the film to have the same DNA as the original `` in terms of the + tone , and the fun ... I love that challenge '''' of combining that with the + increased scope . The film uses Deadpool ''s fourth wall - breaking to reference + this release period , with Leitch calling these comments `` definitely fresh + and timely when they come up . '''' In May 2017 , Fox was reportedly looking + to use a post-credits scene at the end of Deadpool 2 to introduce several other + members of X-Force who would go on to star alongside Reynolds , Brolin , and + Beetz in an X-Force film . Casting for the characters -- Sunspot , Feral , and + Shatterstar -- would take place over the coming months , though Reese denied + the accuracy of this report . Later , T.J. Miller confirmed that he would return + from the first film as Weasel , and described the sequel as `` even more weaselicious + '''' than the first . He noted that Reynolds and the writers had `` really put + the time in on the script '''' to meet their own expectations for the sequel + as well as those of fans . Jack Kesy also joined the cast , as Black Tom Cassidy + . In June , Shioli Kutsuna was cast in a key role for the film .

Filming +

Initial filming had begun by June 17 , 2017 , at Hatley Castle in + Victoria , Canada , which is used to portray the X-Mansion in the X-Men films + . Principal photography began in Vancouver on June 26 , under the working title + Love Machine . Jonathan Sela served as cinematographer for the film . At the + end of June , Reynolds revealed that Julian Dennison had been cast in the film + . The next month , T.J. Miller said that he found the sequel to be funnier than + the first film , and that `` it ''s not going to be the same movie in a different + location ( like The Hangover Part II ) . It ''s got different stakes , different + things happen , some pretty tragic , dark shit happens in the first part of + the film , in the beginning , and the rest of the film is kind of dealing with + that . '''' By then , Kapičić had been working with Leitch on the set , and + expected to continue contributing to Colossus through to April 2018 .

+ On August 14 , stunt woman Joi `` SJ '''' Harris died in a motorcycle accident + after losing control and crashing into Shaw Tower . Harris , the first African + - American female professional road racer , was working on the film as a stunt + performer for the first time and had only joined the production a week before + . Harris was not wearing a helmet because the character she was portraying , + Domino , does not wear one in the scene , and there had not been time since + she joined the film to create one for her to fit underneath the Domino wig . + She had two full days of rehearsing the stunt as well as five more attempts + on the day of the accident . Veteran stunt double Melissa Stubbs had been available + and willing to do the stunt , but the inexperienced Harris was preferred due + to her skin color being a match for Beetz . This decision was criticized by + multiple stunt professionals , with many noting that Harris '' experiences racing + motorcycles did not necessarily qualify her as an able stunt performer . Production + on the film was shut down immediately after the incident , but resumed two days + later . With this news also came reports that the film ''s crew were `` enduring + very long hours '''' and were `` exhausted by the schedule '''' , with a member + of the studio confirming that some days had gone beyond the scheduled 12 -- + 13 hours filming , up to 15 -- plus hours .

Earlier in August , Reynolds + revealed that Rob Delaney was at the film ''s set , and Eddie Marsan revealed + that he was also on set for a role in the film later in the month . Filming + in Vancouver was expected to last until October 6 , with production on Deadpool + 2 being officially completed on October 14 . Discussing the film ''s action + , having previously worked as a stunt coordinator , Leitch said that all stunts + are `` variations on a theme '''' with the same basic elements , but Deadpool + allows you to `` subvert those basics , and there ''s an expectation for a classic + gag , but oops , maybe you get something else . '''' He also felt that introducing + Domino gave the film unique opportunities for action sequences taking advantage + of her luck - based abilities , as well as focusing on Deadpool ''s healing + abilities and trying to use those to create interesting action .

Post-production +

Fox revealed in November that the film was technically untitled at + that point , and not officially known as Deadpool 2 as had been assumed ; the + studio was temporarily referring to the film as The Untitled Deadpool Sequel + . In January 2018 , the film ''s release was moved up to May 18 , 2018 . A month + later , Terry Crews was revealed to have a role in the film , the character + Shatterstar was confirmed to be appearing , and the production returned to Vancouver + for six days of reshoots under a new working title , Daisy .

While + some reports emerged by mid-March claiming that the reshoots were due to poor + audience responses during test screenings of the film , and consisted of sweeping + changes , the film was soon confirmed to be testing better than the original + did , up to 98 out of 100 over three different tests ( compared to a maximum + score of 91 during tests of the first film ) . Because of this , the reshoots + were adding more of the elements that audiences responded positively to , including + additional material featuring Cable and Domino . By the end of the month , two + hours - worth of filming had taken place in Los Angeles for a then - secret + cameo appearance , and the film ''s first full trailer was released . Officially + titling the film Deadpool 2 , the trailer also revealed that Crews was portraying + Bedlam ; that Delaney was in the film , portraying Peter ; and that Bill Skarsgård + also had a role . The film ''s final trailer , released a month later , confirmed + that Lewis Tan would portray Shatterstar , joining Domino , Bedlam , and Peter + as members of the X-Force in the film .

Music

Deadpool composer + Junkie XL chose not to return for the sequel due to Miller ''s departure . In + October 2017 , Tyler Bates was hired to write the score for the film .

+

Release

Deadpool 2 is set to be released in the United States + on May 18 , 2018 . It was previously scheduled for release on June 1 of that + year .

Marketing

For the Fox presentation at CineEurope + 2017 in June , Reynolds made a video message featuring himself in costume as + Deadpool from the film ''s set . The first teaser poster , which pays homage + to Norman Rockwell ''s 1943 painting Freedom from Want , was released that November + . Justin Carter of Comic Book Resources found it `` oddly appropriate for Deadpool + 2 to co-opt ( this ) iconic work for a modern pop culture audience '''' as it + is `` true to Deadpool ''s incredibly referential nature . '''' Eric Diaz of + Nerdist said , `` It strikes exactly the irreverent tone you ''d expect for + the Deadpool sequel . '''' The first footage from the film debuted the following + week , at the end of a video where Reynolds ( in - character as Deadpool ) parodies + Bob Ross and his television show The Joy of Painting . The video was described + by The Hollywood Reporter ''s Ryan Parker as `` completely out of left field + '''' and setting the tone perfectly for the film , though his colleague Graeme + McMillan was less positive due to not knowing of Ross ( Deadpool co-creator + Fabian Nicieza thought the fact that many in the audience would n''t know of + Ross made the video `` exactly the kind of quirky pop culture choice that works + perfectly for Deadpool '''' ) . Parker added , `` This trailer only showed a + few seconds from the film , but fans will be talking about it all day '''' because + of the presentation , unlike `` any other trailer which would have shown so + little of the product . ''''

Rather than pay for an expensive advertisement + spot during Super Bowl LII , the film ''s official Twitter account was used + to `` live tweet '''' the event with commentary as if the character Deadpool + was watching it . A new trailer for the film was released later that week , + focusing on introducing Cable . Parker felt that `` Reynolds and company have + completely changed the trailer game . The formula of just showing some of the + actual movie , but with a tiny story thrown in is such an incredible marketing + idea . '''' McMillan and their colleague Aaron Couch praised the trailer playing + on the visual effects for Cable ''s arm not being finished , noting it as a + joke about the visual effects to remove Henry Cavill ''s mustache from Justice + League . The group collectively praised the overall marketing for the franchise + , with McMillan suggesting that the campaign for the sequel may surpass that + of the first Deadpool . A full trailer for the film , explaining its general + plot , was released at the end of March . Forbes contributor Scott Mendelson + called it `` pretty funny and mostly entertaining '''' , but was disappointed + in it being a `` conventional '''' trailer compared to the more out - there + videos previously released for the film . He explained that he thought the first + film `` had a winning lead character and fine character - centric jokes , but + a pretty generic origin story plot that eventually became the thing it was critiquing + '''' , and was concerned that the sequel would turn out to be `` a more standard + '' superhero sequel '' sell '''' . Mendelson also noted the inclusion of T.J. + Miller in the trailer following the reveal of sexual misconduct allegations + against the actor in late 2017 , calling it `` inevitable no matter how tarnished + his reputation might be these days . '''' The Hollywood Reporter group also + noted the more traditional style of the trailer , but remained generally positive + about the film and highlighted the supporting cast for the film as appearing + in the trailer , including Brolin , Beetz , Kutsuna , and Crews .

Also + in March , a Twitter account was established for the character Peter and began + to be regularly updated with `` tweets '''' about his interests , including + photos of the character beekeeping and preparing for his work as part of the + X-Force team ( as seen in the film ) . A month later , Fox released the final + trailer for the film , with Mendelson lamenting that it was as `` conventional + '''' as the previous trailer but finding it understandable that Fox not be seen + to be hiding the film , and ultimately felt that the trailer indicated the film + would be `` a pretty solid comic book sequel '''' . The group at The Hollywood + Reporter praised the final trailer as well , highlighting its references to + X-Men Origins : Wolverine and the DC universe as well as its introduction of + Peter . At the end of April , Leitch stated that alternate versions of jokes + that had been cut from the film were included in the trailers , since `` only + one can live in the movie , so we might have snuck a couple in sort of additional + materials that people can discover . '''' As part of a promotion for the film + with beverage company Mike ''s Harder , Sister Margaret ''s School for Wayward + Girls -- the fictional bar featured in the films -- will be emulated in pop + - ups at the Alligator Lounge in New York from April 26 -- 28 and the Slipper + Clutch in Los Angeles from May 10 -- 12 . The pop - ups will respectively serve + pizza and chimichangas , traditionally Deadpool ''s favorite food , as well + as Deadpool - inspired Harder drinks . The campaign also includes the chance + to win a trip to the film ''s premiere through Harder , and the Los Angeles + pop - up will benefit the nonprofit DTLA Film Festival .

Box office + projection

Initial box office projections for the film in March 2018 + expected it to gross $100 million over its opening weekend in the United States + and Canada , with a final domestic total expected to be lower than that of the + first film ( $363 million ) at around $242 million . On April 20 , 2018 , both + Fandango and Regal Cinemas announced that Deadpool 2 was the best pre-selling + R - rated film in their respective histories . By April 26 , opening weekend + industry projections had reached upwards of $150 million .

Sequel +

By November 2016 , with development underway on Deadpool 2 , Fox was + also planning Deadpool 3 , which was said to include the team X-Force . With + the confirmation that Leitch would direct Deadpool 2 , it was revealed that + Fox was looking for a separate filmmaker to direct Deadpool 3 . In March 2017 + , Reese clarified that though Deadpool 2 sets - up the X-Force team , a future + film focused on the team would be separate from Deadpool 3 , `` so I think we + ''ll be able to take two paths . ( X-Force ) is where we ''re launching something + bigger , but then ( Deadpool 3 is ) where we ''re contracting and staying personal + and small . '''' After the proposed acquisition of 21st Century Fox by Disney + was announced in December 2017 , Disney CEO Bob Iger said that Deadpool would + be integrated with the Marvel Cinematic Universe under Disney , and that the + company would be willing to make future R - rated Deadpool films `` as long + as we let the audiences know what ''s coming '''' .

References

+
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  31. Jump up ^ Popcorn Talk ( August 12 , 2016 ) . Ghostbusters / MIB + Crossover ? , Sausage Party Reviewed and More Headlines Meet the Movie Press + . YouTube . Retrieved May 24 , 2017 .
  32. Jump up ^ Fleming Jr. , Mike + ( October 22 , 2016 ) . `` Director Tim Miller , Ryan Reynolds Part Company + On '' Deadpool 2 '' '''' . Deadline.com . Archived from the original on May + 24 , 2017 . Retrieved October 22 , 2016 .
  33. Jump up ^ Foutch , Haleigh + ( December 9 , 2016 ) . `` '' Deadpool 2 '' : Tim Miller Speaks Out About Leaving + the Sequel '''' . Collider.com . Archived from the original on May 24 , 2017 + . Retrieved May 24 , 2017 .
  34. Jump up ^ Peele , Anna ( November 14 + , 2016 ) . `` Ryan Reynolds Explains Why Deadpool Nearly Gave Him a Nervous + Breakdown '''' . GQ . Archived from the original on May 24 , 2017 . Retrieved + May 24 , 2017 .
  35. Jump up ^ Fleming Jr. , Mike ; Pedersen , Erik ( + October 28 , 2016 ) . `` '' Deadpool 2 '' Director Search Ongoing , But No Offers + Yet '''' . Deadline.com . Archived from the original on May 24 , 2017 . Retrieved + October 31 , 2016 .
  36. ^ Jump up to : Kit , Borys ; Galuppo , Mia ( + November 18 , 2016 ) . `` It ''s Official : '' John Wick '' Director David Leitch + to Helm '' Deadpool 2 '' '''' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original + on May 24 , 2017 . Retrieved November 19 , 2016 .
  37. Jump up ^ Sneider + , Jeff ( October 28 , 2016 ) . `` '' Deadpool 2 '' eyes '' John Wick '' director + David Leitch to replace Tim Miller ( Exclusive ) '''' . Mashable . Archived + from the original on May 24 , 2017 . Retrieved October 28 , 2016 .
  38. + ^ Jump up to : Grobar , Matt ( January 11 , 2017 ) . `` '' Deadpool '' Scribes + Rhett Reese & Paul Wernick On This Awards Season ''s Biggest Surprise Candidate + '''' . Deadline.com . Archived from the original on May 24 , 2017 . Retrieved + May 24 , 2017 .
  39. Jump up ^ Goldberg , Matt ( January 13 , 2017 ) . + `` '' Deadpool 2 '' Writers on Laying the Foundation for '' X-Force '' '''' + . Collider.com . Archived from the original on May 24 , 2017 . Retrieved May + 24 , 2017 .
  40. Jump up ^ Goldberg , Matt ( January 13 , 2017 ) . `` + '' Deadpool 2 '' Writers Explain How They ''ll Handle Cable ''s Convoluted Origin + '''' . Collider.com . Archived from the original on May 24 , 2017 . Retrieved + May 24 , 2017 .
  41. Jump up ^ Weintraub , Steve ( February 22 , 2017 + ) . `` Exclusive : Drew Goddard Is Working on the '' Deadpool 2 '' Script '''' + . Collider.com . Archived from the original on May 24 , 2017 . Retrieved February + 22 , 2017 .
  42. Jump up ^ Chitwood , Adam ( March 2 , 2017 ) . `` '' + Deadpool 2 '' : '' Stranger Things '' Star David Harbour in the Mix for Cable + '''' . Collider.com . Archived from the original on May 24 , 2017 . Retrieved + May 24 , 2017 .
  43. Jump up ^ Gonzales , Umberto ( March 2 , 2017 ) . + `` '' Stranger Things '' Star David Harbour Eyed to Play Cable in '' Deadpool + 2 '' ( Exclusive ) '''' . TheWrap . Archived from the original on May 24 , 2017 + . Retrieved May 24 , 2017 .
  44. Jump up ^ Popcorn Talk ( February 3 , + 2016 ) . Justin Kroll Guests , Affleck No Longer Directing The Batman , & More + -- Meet the Movie Press . YouTube . Retrieved May 24 , 2017 .
  45. Jump + up ^ Kit , Borys ( March 22 , 2017 ) . `` '' Deadpool 2 '' : Michael Shannon + Frontrunner to Play Cable ( Exclusive ) '''' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived + from the original on May 24 , 2017 . Retrieved May 24 , 2017 .
  46. Jump + up ^ Chitwood , Adam ( March 23 , 2017 ) . `` Exclusive : Brad Pitt Considered + Playing Cable in '' Deadpool 2 '' '''' . Collider.com . Archived from the original + on May 24 , 2017 . Retrieved May 24 , 2017 .
  47. Jump up ^ Fraser , Kevin + ( March 29 , 2017 ) . `` Exclusive : David Leitch on Michael Shannon Potentially + Playing Cable '''' . JoBlo.com . Archived from the original on May 24 , 2017 + . Retrieved May 24 , 2017 .
  48. Jump up ^ Ridgley , Charlie ( March 29 + , 2017 ) . `` Deadpool 2 : Brad Pitt Officially Out Of The Running For Cable + Role '''' . ComicBook.com . Archived from the original on May 24 , 2017 . Retrieved + May 24 , 2017 .
  49. ^ Jump up to : McClintock , Pamela ( April 22 , 2017 + ) . `` '' Deadpool 2 '' Lands June 2018 Release Date '''' . The Hollywood Reporter + . Archived from the original on May 24 , 2017 . Retrieved April 27 , 2017 . +
  50. Jump up ^ Hood , Cooper ( May 9 , 2017 ) . `` Deadpool 2 Reportedly + Casting Three X-Force Characters ( Updated ) '''' . Screen Rant . Archived from + the original on May 24 , 2017 . Retrieved May 25 , 2017 .
  51. Jump up + ^ Couto , Anthony ( June 17 , 2017 ) . `` Deadpool 2 Filming X-Mansion Scenes + with Reynolds in Victoria , BC '''' . Comic Book Resources . Archived from the + original on June 17 , 2017 . Retrieved June 16 , 2017 .
  52. ^ Jump up + to : `` DGC BC Production List '''' ( PDF ) . dgc.ca . Directors Guild of Canada + . Retrieved June 14 , 2017 .
  53. Jump up ^ Siegel , Lucas ( October 26 + , 2016 ) . `` Deadpool 2 Working Title Revealed '''' . Deadline.com . Archived + from the original on June 14 , 2017 . Retrieved June 14 , 2017 .
  54. + ^ Jump up to : Reynolds , Ryan ( June 26 , 2017 ) . `` Day one . Maximum Effort + 2.0 '''' . Facebook . Retrieved June 28 , 2017 .
  55. Jump up ^ Freeman + , Molly ( July 18 , 2017 ) . `` T.J. Miller Promises Deadpool 2 Is n''t a Hangover + 2 - Style Sequel '''' . Screen Rant . Archived from the original on July 20 + , 2017 . Retrieved July 20 , 2017 .
  56. Jump up ^ Couch , Aaron ( July + 25 , 2017 ) . `` '' Deadpool 2 '' Star Stefan Kapicic Really Wants to Tell You + the Plot '''' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on July + 25 , 2017 . Retrieved July 26 , 2017 .
  57. ^ Jump up to : Patten , Dominic + ; Busch , Anita ; Robb , David ( August 14 , 2017 ) . `` '' Deadpool 2 '' Stunt + Crash Victim ID ''d As First African - American Female Pro Road Racer ; Director + & Fox `` Deeply Saddened '''' -- Update `` . Deadline.com . Archived from the + original on August 15 , 2017 . Retrieved August 15 , 2017 .
  58. ^ Jump + up to : Patten , Dominic ; Busch , Anita ( August 15 , 2017 ) . `` '' Deadpool + 2 '' To Start Production 48 Hours After Stunt Driver Killed '''' . Deadline.com + . Archived from the original on August 16 , 2017 . Retrieved August 16 , 2017 + .
  59. Jump up ^ Johnson , Scott ( August 16 , 2017 ) . `` '' Deadpool + 2 '' Motorcycle Death Leaves Stunt Community Asking Tough Questions '''' . Deadline.com + . Archived from the original on August 17 , 2017 . Retrieved August 17 , 2017 + .
  60. Jump up ^ Reynolds , Ryan ( @ VancityReynolds ) ( August 1 , 2017 + ) . `` Enjoyed running into @ robdelaney at the 1956 Saskatchewan Men ''s Conference + . # deadpool2 '''' ( Tweet ) . Archived from the original on March 23 , 2018 + . Retrieved March 22 , 2018 -- via Twitter .
  61. Jump up ^ Reese , Rhett + ( @ RhettReese ) ( October 14 , 2017 ) . `` That ''s a wrap ! Deadpool 2 is + in the can ! '''' ( Tweet ) . Archived from the original on October 15 , 2017 + . Retrieved October 15 , 2017 -- via Twitter .
  62. ^ Jump up to : Freeman + , Molly ( November 15 , 2017 ) . `` Deadpool Sequel May Not Be Titled '' Deadpool + 2 '' '''' . Screen Rant . Archived from the original on November 16 , 2017 . + Retrieved November 16 , 2017 .
  63. ^ Jump up to : Foutch , Haleigh ( + January 11 , 2018 ) . `` '' Deadpool 2 '' to Hit Theaters Early , But '' New + Mutants '' Delayed to 2019 '''' . Collider . Archived from the original on January + 12 , 2018 . Retrieved January 12 , 2018 .
  64. Jump up ^ Marc , Christopher + ( February 15 , 2018 ) . `` '' Deadpool 2 '' Heading Back To Vancouver For Reshoots + Under The Working Title '' Daisy '' '''' . Omega Underground . Archived from + the original on February 23 , 2018 . Retrieved February 23 , 2018 .
  65. + ^ Jump up to : Parker , Ryan ( March 20 , 2018 ) . `` '' Deadpool 2 '' Outscores + Original in Test Screenings ( Exclusive ) '''' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived + from the original on March 21 , 2018 . Retrieved March 21 , 2018 .
  66. + ^ Jump up to : Chitwood , Adam ( March 13 , 2018 ) . `` '' Deadpool 2 '' : Here + ''s What They Added in Reshoots '''' . Collider . Archived from the original + on March 14 , 2018 . Retrieved March 14 , 2018 .
  67. Jump up ^ 20th Century + Fox ( March 22 , 2018 ) . Deadpool 2 The Trailer . YouTube . Retrieved March + 24 , 2018 .
  68. Jump up ^ Evry , Max ( November 3 , 2016 ) . `` Deadpool + 2 Loses Composer Junkie XL '''' . ComingSoon.net . Archived from the original + on May 24 , 2017 . Retrieved November 5 , 2016 .
  69. Jump up ^ `` Tyler + Bates to Score '' Deadpool 2 '' '''' . Film Music Reporter . October 30 , 2017 + . Archived from the original on October 31 , 2017 . Retrieved October 31 , 2017 + .
  70. Jump up ^ Ritman , Alex ( June 20 , 2017 ) . `` Hugh Jackman , + Colin Firth , '' Avatar '' and '' Deadpool 2 '' Give Firepower to Fox ''s CineEurope + Show '''' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on June 21 , + 2017 . Retrieved June 22 , 2017 .
  71. Jump up ^ Carter , Justin ( November + 9 , 2017 ) . `` Deadpool 2 : Wade & Cable Stuff The Bird on Sequel ''s First + Poster '''' . Comic Book Resources . Archived from the original on November + 16 , 2017 . Retrieved November 16 , 2017 .
  72. Jump up ^ Diaz , Eric + ( November 9 , 2017 ) . `` DEADPOOL 2 Poster Gets in the Holiday Spirit '''' + . Nerdist . Archived from the original on November 16 , 2017 . Retrieved November + 16 , 2017 .
  73. Jump up ^ Ong , Thuy ( November 17 , 2017 ) . `` Watch + Deadpool paint and shoot things in the new teaser trailer '''' . The Verge . + Archived from the original on November 21 , 2017 . Retrieved November 21 , 2017 + .
  74. Jump up ^ Couch , Aaron ; McMillan , Graeme ; Parker , Ryan ; Nicieza + , Fabian ( November 15 , 2017 ) . `` '' Deadpool 2 '' Delivered Something Completely + Out of Left Field '''' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original + on November 16 , 2017 . Retrieved November 16 , 2017 .
  75. Jump up ^ + Haring , Bruce ( February 4 , 2018 ) . `` '' Deadpool 2 '' Skips Expensive Trailer + , Live Tweets Through The Super Bowl '''' . Deadline.com . Archived from the + original on February 5 , 2018 . Retrieved February 5 , 2018 .
  76. Jump + up ^ Mendelson , Scott ( March 22 , 2018 ) . `` Witty ( But Generic ) '' Deadpool + 2 '' Trailer Finally Spills The Beans '''' . Forbes . Archived from the original + on March 23 , 2018 . Retrieved March 23 , 2018 .
  77. Jump up ^ Couch + , Aaron ; Kilkenny , Katie ; Liefeld , Rob ; Shanley , Patrick ; Parker , Ryan + ; McMillan , Graeme ( March 22 , 2018 ) . `` A Deep Dive into the '' Deadpool + 2 '' Trailer '''' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on March + 23 , 2018 . Retrieved March 23 , 2018 .
  78. Jump up ^ `` Peter W '''' + . Twitter . Archived from the original on April 20 , 2018 . Retrieved April + 20 , 2018 .
  79. Jump up ^ Elderkin , Beth ( April 19 , 2018 ) . `` Peter + , the New Star of Deadpool 2 , Has a Real Twitter That ''s an Absolute Delight + '''' . io9 . Archived from the original on April 20 , 2018 . Retrieved April + 20 , 2018 .
  80. Jump up ^ Mendelson , Scott ( April 19 , 2018 ) . `` + Fox Saved The Best '' Deadpool 2 '' Trailer For Last '''' . Forbes . Archived + from the original on April 20 , 2018 . Retrieved April 20 , 2018 .
  81. + Jump up ^ Couch , Aaron ; Parker , Ryan ; Perez , Lexy ; McMillan , Graeme ; + Shanley , Patrick ( April 19 , 2018 ) . `` '' Deadpool 2 '' Trailer Has One + Clear Winner '''' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on April + 20 , 2018 . Retrieved April 20 , 2018 .
  82. Jump up ^ Couch , Aaron ( + April 16 , 2018 ) . `` '' Deadpool '' Pop - Up Bar Coming to New York and L.A. + '''' The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on April 17 , 2018 + . Retrieved April 17 , 2018 .
  83. Jump up ^ Robbins , Shawn ( March 23 + , 2018 ) . `` Long Range Tracking : '' Deadpool 2 , '' '' Book Club , '' & '' + Show Dogs '' '''' . BoxOffice . Retrieved March 23 , 2018 .
  84. Jump + up ^ D''Alessandro , Anthony ( April 20 , 2018 ) . `` '' Deadpool 2 '' Advance + Ticket Sales Records : Fandango ''s Best R - Rated Preseller Ever In First 24 + Hours '''' . Deadline Hollywood . Penske Business Media . Retrieved April 20 + , 2018 .
  85. Jump up ^ D''Alessandro , Anthony ( April 26 , 2018 ) . + `` '' Deadpool 2 '' Tracking Suggests Raunchy Superhero Headed For $150 M+ Opening + '''' . Deadline Hollywood . Penske Business Media . Retrieved April 26 , 2018 + .
  86. Jump up ^ Kit , Borys ( November 9 , 2016 ) . `` Fox ''s X-Men + Issues : Jennifer Lawrence Unsigned , '' Deadpool '' Defections , '' Gambit + '' on Hold '''' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on May + 24 , 2017 . Retrieved May 24 , 2017 .
  87. Jump up ^ Eisenberg , Eric + ( March 21 , 2017 ) . `` Why Deadpool 3 And X-Force Will Be Very Different Projects + '''' . CinemaBlend . Archived from the original on May 24 , 2017 . Retrieved + May 24 , 2017 .
  88. Jump up ^ White , Peter ; Hayes , Dade ( December + 14 , 2017 ) . `` Disney - Fox Deal : Bob Iger Discusses Digital Future , James + Murdoch , Hulu and $2 B Cost Savings '''' . Deadline.com . Archived from the + original on December 16 , 2017 . Retrieved December 16 , 2017 .
  89. Jump + up ^ Couch , Aaron ( December 14 , 2017 ) . `` '' Deadpool '' Can Stay R - Rated + at Disney , Says Bob Iger '''' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the + original on December 16 , 2017 . Retrieved December 16 , 2017 .
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+ + when is the next deadpool movie being released?' +num_episodes: 200 +num_examples: 200 diff --git a/requirements.txt b/requirements.txt index fc443732181..35d72198d47 100644 --- a/requirements.txt +++ b/requirements.txt @@ -56,3 +56,4 @@ websocket-server==0.4 jsonlines==1.2.0 numpy<=1.21 # Used to be `==1.17.5` before but tests -- pulling in latest at 1.22 not happy markdown<=3.3.2 # Pin to something that works so tests are happy +jinja==3.0.3 From f8249d7d603159ba39e36223c360886b57c07bb4 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: klshuster Date: Tue, 29 Mar 2022 13:59:42 -0400 Subject: [PATCH 08/13] black' --- parlai/tasks/natural_questions/test.py | 12 ++++-------- projects/seeker/agents/gpt2_seeker_modules.py | 15 +++++++++++++-- 2 files changed, 17 insertions(+), 10 deletions(-) diff --git a/parlai/tasks/natural_questions/test.py b/parlai/tasks/natural_questions/test.py index 2dd9b4c6993..8861d1f20fa 100644 --- a/parlai/tasks/natural_questions/test.py +++ b/parlai/tasks/natural_questions/test.py @@ -10,22 +10,18 @@ class NQAutoTeacherTest(AutoTeacherTest): def test_train_stream_ordered(self, data_regression): """ - Test --datatype train:stream:ordered. + Ignore train set because it's so large. """ pass class TestNaturalQuestionsTeacher(NQAutoTeacherTest): - task = 'natural_questions' # replace with your teacher name + task = 'natural_questions' class TestNaturalQuestionsSampleTeacher(AutoTeacherTest): - task = ( - 'natural_questions:NaturalQuestionsSampleTeacher' - ) # replace with your teacher name + task = 'natural_questions:NaturalQuestionsSampleTeacher' class TestNaturalQuestionsOpenTeacher(AutoTeacherTest): - task = ( - 'natural_questions:NaturalQuestionsOpenTeacher' - ) # replace with your teacher name + task = 'natural_questions:NaturalQuestionsOpenTeacher' diff --git a/projects/seeker/agents/gpt2_seeker_modules.py b/projects/seeker/agents/gpt2_seeker_modules.py index 2c0dc993fd6..7eaa9ae07da 100644 --- a/projects/seeker/agents/gpt2_seeker_modules.py +++ b/projects/seeker/agents/gpt2_seeker_modules.py @@ -526,7 +526,13 @@ def encoder( return output assert all(t is None for t in [input_turns_cnt, positions, segments]) # Encode with `super()` call for non-skip-retrieval inputs - enc_out_retrieval, mask_retrieval, _, top_docs, top_doc_scores = super().encoder( + ( + enc_out_retrieval, + mask_retrieval, + _, + top_docs, + top_doc_scores, + ) = super().encoder( input[~skip_retrieval_vec], # type: ignore input_lengths[~skip_retrieval_vec], # type: ignore query_vec[~skip_retrieval_vec], # type: ignore @@ -539,7 +545,12 @@ def encoder( enc_out_skip_retrieval, mask_skip_retrieval = self.seq2seq_encoder( input[skip_retrieval_vec] ) - new_out, new_mask, new_top_docs, new_top_doc_scores = interleave_fid_combo_outputs( + ( + new_out, + new_mask, + new_top_docs, + new_top_doc_scores, + ) = interleave_fid_combo_outputs( enc_out_retrieval, enc_out_skip_retrieval.unsqueeze(-1), mask_retrieval, From b22bdf72756aa1aa23de3bc7a75aaab6dc722a7e Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: klshuster Date: Tue, 29 Mar 2022 14:07:08 -0400 Subject: [PATCH 09/13] noqa --- projects/seeker/tasks/dialogue.py | 2 +- 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-) diff --git a/projects/seeker/tasks/dialogue.py b/projects/seeker/tasks/dialogue.py index 5e07b2cc9f7..2e6d68261b9 100644 --- a/projects/seeker/tasks/dialogue.py +++ b/projects/seeker/tasks/dialogue.py @@ -21,7 +21,7 @@ import parlai.utils.logging as logging -import projects.seeker.tasks.mutators # type: ignore +import projects.seeker.tasks.mutators # type: ignore # noqa: F401 class WoiDialogueTeacher(woi.DefaultTeacher): From 4977b92c743dc572d1c9c0ef2e9c226e696bf554 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: klshuster Date: Tue, 29 Mar 2022 14:15:23 -0400 Subject: [PATCH 10/13] right versino of jinja --- requirements.txt | 2 +- 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-) diff --git a/requirements.txt b/requirements.txt index 35d72198d47..cd117d1ffb5 100644 --- a/requirements.txt +++ b/requirements.txt @@ -56,4 +56,4 @@ websocket-server==0.4 jsonlines==1.2.0 numpy<=1.21 # Used to be `==1.17.5` before but tests -- pulling in latest at 1.22 not happy markdown<=3.3.2 # Pin to something that works so tests are happy -jinja==3.0.3 +jinja2==3.0.3 From 911468be4b592eba3c83d5b6f4be00bfb25621b9 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: klshuster Date: Tue, 29 Mar 2022 15:17:08 -0400 Subject: [PATCH 11/13] remove normal teachers --- parlai/tasks/natural_questions/test.py | 14 +------------- 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 13 deletions(-) diff --git a/parlai/tasks/natural_questions/test.py b/parlai/tasks/natural_questions/test.py index 8861d1f20fa..b0bf4014d46 100644 --- a/parlai/tasks/natural_questions/test.py +++ b/parlai/tasks/natural_questions/test.py @@ -4,19 +4,7 @@ # This source code is licensed under the MIT license found in the # LICENSE file in the root directory of this source tree. -from parlai.utils.testing import AutoTeacherTest # noqa: F401 - - -class NQAutoTeacherTest(AutoTeacherTest): - def test_train_stream_ordered(self, data_regression): - """ - Ignore train set because it's so large. - """ - pass - - -class TestNaturalQuestionsTeacher(NQAutoTeacherTest): - task = 'natural_questions' +from parlai.utils.testing import AutoTeacherTest class TestNaturalQuestionsSampleTeacher(AutoTeacherTest): From cbcb0c8c8b51e42a6a550116794abec1e3db1ef8 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: klshuster Date: Tue, 29 Mar 2022 15:41:14 -0400 Subject: [PATCH 12/13] correct dpath --- parlai/tasks/natural_questions/agents.py | 4 ++-- 1 file changed, 2 insertions(+), 2 deletions(-) diff --git a/parlai/tasks/natural_questions/agents.py b/parlai/tasks/natural_questions/agents.py index ce4724110f8..fedee697501 100644 --- a/parlai/tasks/natural_questions/agents.py +++ b/parlai/tasks/natural_questions/agents.py @@ -315,7 +315,7 @@ def compute(guess: str, answers: List[str]) -> Optional["InMetric"]: class NaturalQuestionsOpenTeacher(DialogTeacher): def __init__(self, opt: Opt, shared=None): self.fold = opt["datatype"].split(":")[0] - self.dpath = os.path.join(opt["datapath"], "NaturalQuestions_retrieval") + self.dpath = os.path.join(opt["datapath"], "NaturalQuestionsOpen") self.opt = opt self.opt['datafile'] = os.path.join(self.dpath, self.fold + ".csv") if shared is None: @@ -327,7 +327,7 @@ def add_cmdline_args( cls, parser: ParlaiParser, partial_opt: Optional[Opt] = None ) -> ParlaiParser: super().add_cmdline_args(parser, partial_opt) - group = parser.add_argument_group("Natural Questions retrieval") + group = parser.add_argument_group("Natural Questions Open") group.add_argument( "--normalize-everything", default=False, From a0a0121cb39e637edc1741449ad2928c24e36a75 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: klshuster Date: Tue, 29 Mar 2022 16:29:27 -0400 Subject: [PATCH 13/13] fix teacher test --- .../natural_questions_NaturalQuestionsOpenTeacher_valid.yml | 4 ++-- 1 file changed, 2 insertions(+), 2 deletions(-) diff --git a/parlai/tasks/natural_questions/test/natural_questions_NaturalQuestionsOpenTeacher_valid.yml b/parlai/tasks/natural_questions/test/natural_questions_NaturalQuestionsOpenTeacher_valid.yml index d7d7ccd8f57..078f4297135 100644 --- a/parlai/tasks/natural_questions/test/natural_questions_NaturalQuestionsOpenTeacher_valid.yml +++ b/parlai/tasks/natural_questions/test/natural_questions_NaturalQuestionsOpenTeacher_valid.yml @@ -127,5 +127,5 @@ acts: id: natural_questions:NaturalQuestionsOpenTeacher text: what is the smallest prime number that is greater than 30 title: List of prime numbers -num_episodes: 1223 -num_examples: 1223 +num_episodes: 8757 +num_examples: 8757