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+# Fernet Spec
+
+This document describes version 0x80 (currently the only
+version) of the fernet format.
+
+Conceptually, fernet takes a user-provided *message*, an arbitrary
+sequence of bytes, a *key*, 32 bytes of entropy, and the current
+time, and produces a *token*, which contains the message in a form
+that can't be read or altered without the key.
+
+To facilitate convenient interoperability, this spec defines the
+external format of both tokens and keys.
+
+## Key Format
+
+A fernet *key* is the URL-safe base-64 encoding of the following
+fields:
+
+    Signing-key + Encryption-key
+
+- *Signing-key*, 16 bytes
+- *Encryption-key*, 16 bytes
+
+## Token Format
+
+A fernet *token* is the URL-safe base-64 encoding of the
+concatenation of the following fields:
+
+    Version + Timestamp + IV + Ciphertext + HMAC
+
+- *Version*, 1 byte
+- *Timestamp*, 8 bytes
+- *IV*, 16 bytes
+- *Ciphertext*, variable length, multiple of 16 bytes
+- *HMAC*, 32 bytes
+
+Fernet tokens are not self-delimiting. It is assumed that the
+transport will provide a means of finding the length of each
+complete fernet token.
+
+## Token Fields
+
+### Version
+
+This field denotes which version of the format is being used by
+the token. Currently there is only one version defined, with the
+value 128 (0x80).
+
+### Timestamp
+
+This field is a 64-bit unsigned big-endian integer. It records the
+number of seconds elapsed between January 1, 1970 UTC and the time
+the token was created.
+
+### IV
+
+The 16-byte Initialization Vector used in AES encryption and
+decryption of the Ciphertext.
+
+When generating new fernet tokens, the IV must be chosen uniquely
+for every token. Random selection will do this with high
+probability.
+
+### Ciphertext
+
+This field has variable size, but is always a multiple of 16
+bytes, the AES block size. It contains the original input message,
+padded and encrypted.
+
+### HMAC
+
+This field is the 32-byte SHA256 HMAC, under signing-key, of the
+concatenation of the following fields:
+
+    Version + Timestamp + IV + Ciphertext
+
+Note that the HMAC input is the entire rest of the token verbatim,
+and that this input is not encoded with base 64.
+
+## Generating
+
+Given a key and message, generate a fernet token with the
+following steps, in order:
+
+1. Record the current time for the timestamp field.
+2. Choose a unique IV.
+3. Construct the ciphertext:
+   1. Pad the message to a multiple of 16 bytes using PKCS #7
+   standard block padding.
+   2. Encrypt the padded message using AES-128 with the chosen IV
+   and user-supplied encryption-key.
+4. Compute the HMAC field as described above using the
+user-supplied signing-key.
+5. Concatenate all fields together in the format above.
+6. Base-64 encode the entire token.
+
+## Verifying
+
+Given a key and token, to verify that the token is valid and
+recover the original message, perform the following steps, in
+order:
+
+1. Base-64 decode the token.
+2. Recompute the HMAC from the other fields and the user-supplied
+signing-key.
+3. Ensure the recomputed HMAC matches the HMAC field stored in the
+token, using a constant-time comparison function.
+4. If the user has specified a maximum age (or "time-to-live") for
+the token, ensure the recorded timestamp is not too far in the
+past.
+5. Decrypt the ciphertext field using the IV and user-supplied
+encryption-key.
+6. Unpad the decrypted plaintext, yielding the original message.