diff --git a/chainable_api.go b/chainable_api.go
index 3dc7256e6..1ec9b865f 100644
--- a/chainable_api.go
+++ b/chainable_api.go
@@ -367,33 +367,12 @@ func (db *DB) Scopes(funcs ...func(*DB) *DB) (tx *DB) {
 }
 
 func (db *DB) executeScopes() (tx *DB) {
-	tx = db.getInstance()
 	scopes := db.Statement.scopes
-	if len(scopes) == 0 {
-		return tx
-	}
-	tx.Statement.scopes = nil
-
-	conditions := make([]clause.Interface, 0, 4)
-	if cs, ok := tx.Statement.Clauses["WHERE"]; ok && cs.Expression != nil {
-		conditions = append(conditions, cs.Expression.(clause.Interface))
-		cs.Expression = nil
-		tx.Statement.Clauses["WHERE"] = cs
-	}
-
+	db.Statement.scopes = nil
 	for _, scope := range scopes {
-		tx = scope(tx)
-		if cs, ok := tx.Statement.Clauses["WHERE"]; ok && cs.Expression != nil {
-			conditions = append(conditions, cs.Expression.(clause.Interface))
-			cs.Expression = nil
-			tx.Statement.Clauses["WHERE"] = cs
-		}
-	}
-
-	for _, condition := range conditions {
-		tx.Statement.AddClause(condition)
+		db = scope(db)
 	}
-	return tx
+	return db
 }
 
 // Preload preload associations with given conditions
diff --git a/clause/where.go b/clause/where.go
index a29401cfe..46d0b3193 100644
--- a/clause/where.go
+++ b/clause/where.go
@@ -21,6 +21,12 @@ func (where Where) Name() string {
 
 // Build build where clause
 func (where Where) Build(builder Builder) {
+    if len(where.Exprs) == 1 {
+        if andCondition, ok := where.Exprs[0].(AndConditions); ok {
+           where.Exprs = andCondition.Exprs
+        }
+    }
+
 	// Switch position if the first query expression is a single Or condition
 	for idx, expr := range where.Exprs {
 		if v, ok := expr.(OrConditions); !ok || len(v.Exprs) > 1 {
@@ -147,6 +153,11 @@ func Not(exprs ...Expression) Expression {
 	if len(exprs) == 0 {
 		return nil
 	}
+	if len(exprs) == 1 {
+		if andCondition, ok := exprs[0].(AndConditions); ok {
+			exprs = andCondition.Exprs
+		}
+	}
 	return NotConditions{Exprs: exprs}
 }
 
diff --git a/clause/where_test.go b/clause/where_test.go
index 35e3dbeeb..aa9d06ebf 100644
--- a/clause/where_test.go
+++ b/clause/where_test.go
@@ -63,7 +63,7 @@ func TestWhere(t *testing.T) {
 			[]clause.Interface{clause.Select{}, clause.From{}, clause.Where{
 				Exprs: []clause.Expression{clause.And(clause.Eq{Column: "age", Value: 18}, clause.Or(clause.Neq{Column: "name", Value: "jinzhu"}))},
 			}},
-			"SELECT * FROM `users` WHERE (`age` = ? OR `name` <> ?)",
+			"SELECT * FROM `users` WHERE `age` = ? OR `name` <> ?",
 			[]interface{}{18, "jinzhu"},
 		},
 		{
@@ -94,7 +94,7 @@ func TestWhere(t *testing.T) {
 						clause.And(clause.Expr{SQL: "`score` <= ?", Vars: []interface{}{100}, WithoutParentheses: false})),
 				},
 			}},
-			"SELECT * FROM `users` WHERE (`users`.`id` <> ? AND `score` <= ?)",
+			"SELECT * FROM `users` WHERE `users`.`id` <> ? AND `score` <= ?",
 			[]interface{}{"1", 100},
 		},
 		{
diff --git a/finisher_api.go b/finisher_api.go
index f80aa6c04..f97571ed0 100644
--- a/finisher_api.go
+++ b/finisher_api.go
@@ -376,8 +376,12 @@ func (db *DB) FirstOrCreate(dest interface{}, conds ...interface{}) (tx *DB) {
 	} else if len(db.Statement.assigns) > 0 {
 		exprs := tx.Statement.BuildCondition(db.Statement.assigns[0], db.Statement.assigns[1:]...)
 		assigns := map[string]interface{}{}
-		for _, expr := range exprs {
-			if eq, ok := expr.(clause.Eq); ok {
+		for i := 0; i < len(exprs); i++ {
+			expr := exprs[i]
+
+			if eq, ok := expr.(clause.AndConditions); ok {
+				exprs = append(exprs, eq.Exprs...)
+			} else if eq, ok := expr.(clause.Eq); ok {
 				switch column := eq.Column.(type) {
 				case string:
 					assigns[column] = eq.Value
diff --git a/statement.go b/statement.go
index b24228b2c..ae79aa321 100644
--- a/statement.go
+++ b/statement.go
@@ -326,7 +326,7 @@ func (stmt *Statement) BuildCondition(query interface{}, args ...interface{}) []
 		case *DB:
 			v.executeScopes()
 
-			if cs, ok := v.Statement.Clauses["WHERE"]; ok && cs.Expression != nil {
+			if cs, ok := v.Statement.Clauses["WHERE"]; ok {
 				if where, ok := cs.Expression.(clause.Where); ok {
 					if len(where.Exprs) == 1 {
 						if orConds, ok := where.Exprs[0].(clause.OrConditions); ok {
@@ -334,13 +334,9 @@ func (stmt *Statement) BuildCondition(query interface{}, args ...interface{}) []
 						}
 					}
 					conds = append(conds, clause.And(where.Exprs...))
-				} else {
+				} else if cs.Expression != nil {
 					conds = append(conds, cs.Expression)
 				}
-				if v.Statement == stmt {
-					cs.Expression = nil
-					stmt.Statement.Clauses["WHERE"] = cs
-				}
 			}
 		case map[interface{}]interface{}:
 			for i, j := range v {
@@ -451,8 +447,9 @@ func (stmt *Statement) BuildCondition(query interface{}, args ...interface{}) []
 
 						if len(values) > 0 {
 							conds = append(conds, clause.IN{Column: clause.PrimaryColumn, Values: values})
+							return []clause.Expression{clause.And(conds...)}
 						}
-						return conds
+						return nil
 					}
 				}
 
@@ -461,7 +458,10 @@ func (stmt *Statement) BuildCondition(query interface{}, args ...interface{}) []
 		}
 	}
 
-	return conds
+	if len(conds) > 0 {
+		return []clause.Expression{clause.And(conds...)}
+	}
+	return nil
 }
 
 // Build build sql with clauses names
diff --git a/tests/go.mod b/tests/go.mod
index 710790504..07fedc45f 100644
--- a/tests/go.mod
+++ b/tests/go.mod
@@ -3,7 +3,7 @@ module gorm.io/gorm/tests
 go 1.18
 
 require (
-	github.com/google/uuid v1.4.0
+	github.com/google/uuid v1.5.0
 	github.com/jinzhu/now v1.1.5
 	github.com/lib/pq v1.10.9
 	gorm.io/driver/mysql v1.5.2
@@ -18,12 +18,12 @@ require (
 	github.com/golang-sql/civil v0.0.0-20220223132316-b832511892a9 // indirect
 	github.com/golang-sql/sqlexp v0.1.0 // indirect
 	github.com/jackc/pgpassfile v1.0.0 // indirect
-	github.com/jackc/pgservicefile v0.0.0-20221227161230-091c0ba34f0a // indirect
-	github.com/jackc/pgx/v5 v5.5.0 // indirect
+	github.com/jackc/pgservicefile v0.0.0-20231201235250-de7065d80cb9 // indirect
+	github.com/jackc/pgx/v5 v5.5.1 // indirect
 	github.com/jinzhu/inflection v1.0.0 // indirect
-	github.com/mattn/go-sqlite3 v1.14.18 // indirect
+	github.com/mattn/go-sqlite3 v1.14.19 // indirect
 	github.com/microsoft/go-mssqldb v1.6.0 // indirect
-	golang.org/x/crypto v0.15.0 // indirect
+	golang.org/x/crypto v0.18.0 // indirect
 	golang.org/x/text v0.14.0 // indirect
 )
 
diff --git a/tests/query_test.go b/tests/query_test.go
index 5728378dd..cadf7164e 100644
--- a/tests/query_test.go
+++ b/tests/query_test.go
@@ -1118,12 +1118,12 @@ func TestSearchWithStruct(t *testing.T) {
 	}
 
 	result = dryRunDB.Where(User{Name: "jinzhu", Age: 18}).Find(&User{})
-	if !regexp.MustCompile(`WHERE .users.\..name. = .{1,3} AND .users.\..age. = .{1,3} AND .users.\..deleted_at. IS NULL`).MatchString(result.Statement.SQL.String()) {
+	if !regexp.MustCompile(`WHERE \(.users.\..name. = .{1,3} AND .users.\..age. = .{1,3}\) AND .users.\..deleted_at. IS NULL`).MatchString(result.Statement.SQL.String()) {
 		t.Errorf("invalid query SQL, got %v", result.Statement.SQL.String())
 	}
 
 	result = dryRunDB.Where(User{Name: "jinzhu"}, "name", "Age").Find(&User{})
-	if !regexp.MustCompile(`WHERE .users.\..name. = .{1,3} AND .users.\..age. = .{1,3} AND .users.\..deleted_at. IS NULL`).MatchString(result.Statement.SQL.String()) {
+	if !regexp.MustCompile(`WHERE \(.users.\..name. = .{1,3} AND .users.\..age. = .{1,3}\) AND .users.\..deleted_at. IS NULL`).MatchString(result.Statement.SQL.String()) {
 		t.Errorf("invalid query SQL, got %v", result.Statement.SQL.String())
 	}
 
diff --git a/tests/scopes_test.go b/tests/scopes_test.go
index 52c6b37b1..84aeb990c 100644
--- a/tests/scopes_test.go
+++ b/tests/scopes_test.go
@@ -84,7 +84,9 @@ func TestComplexScopes(t *testing.T) {
 			queryFn: func(tx *gorm.DB) *gorm.DB {
 				return tx.Scopes(
 					func(d *gorm.DB) *gorm.DB { return d.Where("a = 1") },
-					func(d *gorm.DB) *gorm.DB { return d.Where(d.Or("b = 2").Or("c = 3")) },
+					func(d *gorm.DB) *gorm.DB {
+						return d.Where(DB.Or("b = 2").Or("c = 3"))
+					},
 				).Find(&Language{})
 			},
 			expected: `SELECT * FROM "languages" WHERE a = 1 AND (b = 2 OR c = 3)`,
@@ -93,7 +95,9 @@ func TestComplexScopes(t *testing.T) {
 			queryFn: func(tx *gorm.DB) *gorm.DB {
 				return tx.Where("z = 0").Scopes(
 					func(d *gorm.DB) *gorm.DB { return d.Where("a = 1") },
-					func(d *gorm.DB) *gorm.DB { return d.Or(d.Where("b = 2").Or("c = 3")) },
+					func(d *gorm.DB) *gorm.DB {
+						return d.Or(DB.Where("b = 2").Or("c = 3"))
+					},
 				).Find(&Language{})
 			},
 			expected: `SELECT * FROM "languages" WHERE z = 0 AND a = 1 OR (b = 2 OR c = 3)`,
@@ -104,7 +108,7 @@ func TestComplexScopes(t *testing.T) {
 					func(d *gorm.DB) *gorm.DB { return d.Model(&Language{}) },
 					func(d *gorm.DB) *gorm.DB {
 						return d.
-							Or(d.Scopes(
+							Or(DB.Scopes(
 								func(d *gorm.DB) *gorm.DB { return d.Where("a = 1") },
 								func(d *gorm.DB) *gorm.DB { return d.Where("b = 2") },
 							)).
diff --git a/tests/sql_builder_test.go b/tests/sql_builder_test.go
index 022e0495e..0c204db49 100644
--- a/tests/sql_builder_test.go
+++ b/tests/sql_builder_test.go
@@ -388,7 +388,7 @@ func TestToSQL(t *testing.T) {
 	sql = DB.ToSQL(func(tx *gorm.DB) *gorm.DB {
 		return tx.Model(&User{}).Where(&User{Name: "foo", Age: 20}).Limit(10).Offset(5).Order("name ASC").First(&User{})
 	})
-	assertEqualSQL(t, `SELECT * FROM "users" WHERE "users"."name" = 'foo' AND "users"."age" = 20 AND "users"."deleted_at" IS NULL ORDER BY name ASC,"users"."id" LIMIT 1 OFFSET 5`, sql)
+	assertEqualSQL(t, `SELECT * FROM "users" WHERE ("users"."name" = 'foo' AND "users"."age" = 20) AND "users"."deleted_at" IS NULL ORDER BY name ASC,"users"."id" LIMIT 1 OFFSET 5`, sql)
 
 	// last and unscoped
 	sql = DB.ToSQL(func(tx *gorm.DB) *gorm.DB {