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+# Stateful Session Affinity in gRPC: A Deep Dive
+
+## Overview
+
+Stateful session affinity is a load balancing technique that ensures all RPCs
+belonging to a specific session are routed to the same backend. This is achieved
+by using HTTP cookies as an identifier, which the gRPC client's xDS load
+balancing logic uses to consistently route RPCs to a specific backend.
+
+This is helpful in many cases:
+
+- Caching data per session: Where each backend caches data specific to a user's
+  session.
+- Maintaining application state: Where a backend needs to maintain an active
+  context for a specific user session.
+- Real-time interaction: For example, gaming servers where users need
+  to be connected to the same instance.
+
+## How it Works: A Step-by-Step Breakdown
+
+1. The first RPC in a new session does not include a session cookie. The gRPC
+  client uses a configured load balancing policy to select a backend to service
+  the RPC. Upon receiving the response, a client-side gRPC filter generates
+  a session cookie containing information about the selected backend (such as
+  base64-encoded address and cluster name). This cookie is then included in
+  the response metadata provided back to the user application. Users should
+  treat the cookie's content as an opaque implementation detail and not rely on
+  its specific format.
+2. User code obtains the cookie from the response initial metadata. The client
+  application is responsible for managing and storing this cookie value, for
+  example, by implementing a 'cookie jar'. 
+3. For all subsequent RPCs that belong to the same session, the client includes
+  the stored cookie in the request metadata (in the cookie header). It is
+  the client application's responsibility to manage cookie expiration
+  (by checking its `Max-Age` attribute) and to avoid sending expired cookies. 
+4. The gRPC client's load balancing logic reads the cookie and attempts to route
+  the RPC to the previously identified backend using the information contained
+  within the cookie.
+
+### Behind the scenes
+
+The gRPC load balancing logic will prioritize sending the request to the
+backend indicated by the cookie as long as it is healthy and available according
+to the xDS configuration. gRPC's load balancing logic will automatically fall
+back to the configured load balancing policy (e.g., round robin) to select
+a new healthy backend if the backend specified in the cookie becomes unhealthy
+or unreachable. The client may receive a new session cookie (generated by
+the client-side filter for that new backend) upon successful connection to a new
+backend - establishing affinity to the new backend.
+
+### Draining Backends:
+
+When a backend needs to be taken offline, it can enter a 'draining' state,
+orchestrated via the xDS control plane. The gRPC client-side load balancer will
+continue to route existing sticky sessions to the draining backend, allowing
+those sessions to finish gracefully. New sessions (requests without an existing
+affinity cookie) will not be routed to draining backends, enabling a controlled
+shutdown.
+
+## Configuration
+Stateful session affinity is configured through xDS. The key components of
+the configuration are:
+
+- HttpConnectionManager:
+  The `HttpConnectionManager` is a core network filter within the xDS Listener
+  configuration that processes HTTP/2 (and HTTP/3) traffic. It includes
+  a `stateful_session` HTTP filter, which is responsible for managing
+  the cookie handling logic for SSA.
+- CookieBasedSessionState:
+  This configuration within the `stateful_session` filter specifies:
+  - The cookie name.
+  - The cookie TTL (time to live), which corresponds to the `Max-Age` HTTP
+    cookie attribute.
+- `override_host_status` field within the xDS Cluster configuration:
+   Specifies which backend health statuses are considered valid for routing for
+   existing sticky sessions, even if the backend is generally marked as
+   unhealthy for new traffic. This is essential for enabling graceful draining,
+   as it allows the load balancer to continue directing already-established
+   sessions to a backend that is in a draining state, preventing new sessions
+   while allowing current ones to complete.
+
+## xDS configuration Example
+Here's an example of an LDS (Listener Discovery Service) configuration snippet.
+It illustrates the HttpConnectionManager with the stateful_session HTTP filter
+and its CookieBasedSessionState configuration, which are key for enabling SSA:
+
+```protobuf
+version_info: "2"
+resources {
+  [type.googleapis.com/envoy.config.listener.v3.Listener] {
+    name: "server.example.com"
+    api_listener {
+      api_listener {
+        [type.googleapis.com/envoy.extensions.filters.network.http_connection_manager.v3.HttpConnectionManager] {
+          route_config { /* Omitted for brevity */ }
+
+          http_filters {
+            name: "envoy.stateful_session"
+            typed_config {
+              [type.googleapis.com/envoy.extensions.filters.http.stateful_session.v3.StatefulSession] {
+                session_state {
+                  typed_config {
+                    [type.googleapis.com/envoy.extensions.http.stateful_session.cookie.v3.CookieBasedSessionState] {
+                      cookie {
+                        name: "grpc_session_cookie"
+                      }
+                    }
+                  }
+                }
+              }
+            }
+          }
+
+          http_filters { /* Omitted for brevity */ }
+        }
+      }
+    }
+  }
+}
+```
+
+## Client-Side Implementation
+
+The gRPC client application needs to implement the following logic:
+
+- Check for the `Set-Cookie` header, which contains the session cookie generated
+  by the client-side gRPC SSA filter, in the response metadata when a response
+  is received.
+- Before sending a new RPC, check if a cookie exists for the current session.
+  Include the cookie in the request headers using the `Cookie` header if
+  it exists and if it is current considering the `Max-Age` attribute value.
+
+## Conclusion
+
+Stateful session affinity is a powerful feature for gRPC applications that need
+to maintain session-specific state. By leveraging HTTP cookies and
+the xDS protocol, it ensures that requests belonging to a given session
+are consistently routed to the same backend, leading to improved performance
+(e.g., reduced latency due to caching or pre-loaded state), simplified
+application logic on the backend, and enhanced reliability through graceful
+backend draining.
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