feat(common): add pattern matchers

[kszucs]

Converted the previous validator system into a pattern matching system.

The previously used validator system had the following problems:

• Used curried functions which was error prone to missing arguments and was hard to debug.
• Used exceptions for control flow which raising exceptions from the innermost function call giving cryptic error messages.
• While it was similarly composable it was hard to see whether the validator was fully constructed or not.
• We wasn't able traverse the nested validators due to the curried functions.

In addition to those the new approach has the following advantages:

• The pattern matching system is fully composable.
• Not we support syntax sugar for combining patterns using & and |.
• We can capture values at mutiple levels using either >> or @ syntax.
• Support structural pattern matching for sequences, mappings and objects.
• We will be able to cache the pattern matches more easily.

The following TODOs are left:

• refactor the validators to provide a backward compatibility API but using the new patterns under the hood
• switch to use the new patterns everywhere in ibis core

but going to handle them in #5899

[kszucs]

Closing in favor #5899