diff --git a/package.json b/package.json
index d75951bed..60e32d6e5 100644
--- a/package.json
+++ b/package.json
@@ -98,7 +98,7 @@
     "rollup-plugin-filesize": "^9.1.2",
     "rollup-plugin-node-resolve": "^5.2.0",
     "synchronous-promise": "^2.0.15",
-    "typescript": "^4.7.4"
+    "typescript": "^4.8.4"
   },
   "dependencies": {
     "property-expr": "^2.0.5",
diff --git a/src/Lazy.ts b/src/Lazy.ts
index c6d505c15..41af84c60 100644
--- a/src/Lazy.ts
+++ b/src/Lazy.ts
@@ -13,7 +13,7 @@ import type {
   SchemaFieldDescription,
   SchemaLazyDescription,
 } from './schema';
-import { Flags } from './util/types';
+import { Flags, Maybe } from './util/types';
 import { InferType, Schema } from '.';
 
 export type LazyBuilder<
@@ -23,7 +23,7 @@ export type LazyBuilder<
 
 export function create<
   TSchema extends ISchema<any, TContext>,
-  TContext = AnyObject,
+  TContext extends Maybe<AnyObject> = AnyObject,
 >(builder: (value: any, options: ResolveOptions<TContext>) => TSchema) {
   return new Lazy<InferType<TSchema>, TContext>(builder);
 }
diff --git a/src/array.ts b/src/array.ts
index e1eb99d67..e28a7ad4e 100644
--- a/src/array.ts
+++ b/src/array.ts
@@ -32,7 +32,9 @@ export type RejectorFn = (
   array: readonly any[],
 ) => boolean;
 
-export function create<C = AnyObject, T = any>(type?: ISchema<T, C>) {
+export function create<C extends Maybe<AnyObject> = AnyObject, T = any>(
+  type?: ISchema<T, C>,
+) {
   return new ArraySchema<T[] | undefined, C>(type as any);
 }
 
@@ -120,6 +122,8 @@ export default class ArraySchema<
         {
           value,
           tests,
+          originalValue: options.originalValue ?? _value,
+          options,
         },
         panic,
         (innerTypeErrors) => next(innerTypeErrors.concat(arrayErrors), value),
diff --git a/src/boolean.ts b/src/boolean.ts
index 2b3160270..d68bb3c8b 100644
--- a/src/boolean.ts
+++ b/src/boolean.ts
@@ -17,7 +17,7 @@ import isAbsent from './util/isAbsent';
 export function create(): BooleanSchema;
 export function create<
   T extends boolean,
-  TContext = AnyObject,
+  TContext extends Maybe<AnyObject> = AnyObject,
 >(): BooleanSchema<T | undefined, TContext>;
 export function create() {
   return new BooleanSchema();
diff --git a/src/date.ts b/src/date.ts
index 73ae34cda..1155869f9 100644
--- a/src/date.ts
+++ b/src/date.ts
@@ -21,10 +21,10 @@ let isDate = (obj: any): obj is Date =>
   Object.prototype.toString.call(obj) === '[object Date]';
 
 export function create(): DateSchema;
-export function create<T extends Date, TContext = AnyObject>(): DateSchema<
-  T | undefined,
-  TContext
->;
+export function create<
+  T extends Date,
+  TContext extends Maybe<AnyObject> = AnyObject,
+>(): DateSchema<T | undefined, TContext>;
 export function create() {
   return new DateSchema();
 }
diff --git a/src/number.ts b/src/number.ts
index 8c5d3fc97..3662b0c2e 100644
--- a/src/number.ts
+++ b/src/number.ts
@@ -18,10 +18,10 @@ import Schema from './schema';
 let isNaN = (value: Maybe<number>) => value != +value!;
 
 export function create(): NumberSchema;
-export function create<T extends number, TContext = AnyObject>(): NumberSchema<
-  T | undefined,
-  TContext
->;
+export function create<
+  T extends number,
+  TContext extends Maybe<AnyObject> = AnyObject,
+>(): NumberSchema<T | undefined, TContext>;
 export function create() {
   return new NumberSchema();
 }
diff --git a/src/object.ts b/src/object.ts
index dc5ce2ac0..39e7b56a6 100644
--- a/src/object.ts
+++ b/src/object.ts
@@ -28,7 +28,7 @@ export type { AnyObject };
 
 type MakeKeysOptional<T> = T extends AnyObject ? _<MakePartial<T>> : T;
 
-export type Shape<T extends Maybe<AnyObject>, C = AnyObject> = {
+export type Shape<T extends Maybe<AnyObject>, C = any> = {
   [field in keyof T]-?: ISchema<T[field], C> | Reference;
 };
 
@@ -79,7 +79,10 @@ function unknown(ctx: ObjectSchema<any, any, any>, value: any) {
 
 const defaultSort = sortByKeyOrder([]);
 
-export function create<C = AnyObject, S extends ObjectShape = {}>(spec?: S) {
+export function create<
+  C extends Maybe<AnyObject> = AnyObject,
+  S extends ObjectShape = {},
+>(spec?: S) {
   type TIn = _<TypeFromShape<S, C>>;
   type TDefault = _<DefaultFromShape<S>>;
 
@@ -287,12 +290,19 @@ export default class ObjectSchema<
     return next;
   }
 
-  concat<IIn, IC, ID, IF extends Flags>(
+  concat<IIn extends Maybe<AnyObject>, IC, ID, IF extends Flags>(
     schema: ObjectSchema<IIn, IC, ID, IF>,
   ): ObjectSchema<
     ConcatObjectTypes<TIn, IIn>,
     TContext & IC,
-    Extract<IF, 'd'> extends never ? _<ConcatObjectTypes<TDefault, ID>> : ID,
+    Extract<IF, 'd'> extends never
+      ? // this _attempts_ to cover the default from shape case
+        TDefault extends AnyObject
+        ? ID extends AnyObject
+          ? _<ConcatObjectTypes<TDefault, ID>>
+          : ID
+        : ID
+      : ID,
     TFlags | IF
   >;
   concat(schema: this): this;
diff --git a/src/schema.ts b/src/schema.ts
index 8d0f65d99..91b35228d 100644
--- a/src/schema.ts
+++ b/src/schema.ts
@@ -21,7 +21,6 @@ import {
   Message,
   InternalOptions,
   ExtraParams,
-  AnyObject,
   ISchema,
   NestedTestConfig,
 } from './types';
@@ -55,7 +54,7 @@ export type SchemaOptions<TType, TDefault> = {
 
 export type AnySchema<
   TType = any,
-  C = AnyObject,
+  C = any,
   D = any,
   F extends Flags = Flags,
 > = Schema<TType, C, D, F>;
@@ -134,7 +133,7 @@ export interface SchemaDescription {
 
 export default abstract class Schema<
   TType = any,
-  TContext = AnyObject,
+  TContext = any,
   TDefault = any,
   TFlags extends Flags = '',
 > implements ISchema<TType, TContext, TFlags, TDefault>
@@ -935,7 +934,7 @@ export default abstract class Schema<
 export default interface Schema<
   /* eslint-disable @typescript-eslint/no-unused-vars */
   TType = any,
-  TContext = AnyObject,
+  TContext = any,
   TDefault = any,
   TFlags extends Flags = '',
   /* eslint-enable @typescript-eslint/no-unused-vars */
diff --git a/src/string.ts b/src/string.ts
index beceeb379..8f2e96300 100644
--- a/src/string.ts
+++ b/src/string.ts
@@ -41,10 +41,10 @@ export type MatchOptions = {
 let objStringTag = {}.toString();
 
 function create(): StringSchema;
-function create<T extends string, TContext = AnyObject>(): StringSchema<
-  T | undefined,
-  TContext
->;
+function create<
+  T extends string,
+  TContext extends Maybe<AnyObject> = AnyObject,
+>(): StringSchema<T | undefined, TContext>;
 function create() {
   return new StringSchema();
 }
diff --git a/src/tuple.ts b/src/tuple.ts
index f3a4d6984..7cc796c4b 100644
--- a/src/tuple.ts
+++ b/src/tuple.ts
@@ -136,8 +136,15 @@ export default class TupleSchema<
         });
       }
 
-      this.runTests({ value, tests }, panic, (innerTypeErrors) =>
-        next(innerTypeErrors.concat(tupleErrors), value),
+      this.runTests(
+        {
+          value,
+          tests,
+          originalValue: options.originalValue ?? _value,
+          options,
+        },
+        panic,
+        (innerTypeErrors) => next(innerTypeErrors.concat(tupleErrors), value),
       );
     });
   }
diff --git a/src/types.ts b/src/types.ts
index 4000bbca5..a307257e1 100644
--- a/src/types.ts
+++ b/src/types.ts
@@ -12,7 +12,7 @@ import type { Flags } from './util/types';
 
 export type { AnyObject, AnySchema };
 
-export interface ISchema<T, C = AnyObject, F extends Flags = any, D = any> {
+export interface ISchema<T, C = any, F extends Flags = any, D = any> {
   __flags: F;
   __context: C;
   __outputType: T;
@@ -65,7 +65,7 @@ export interface ValidateOptions<TContext = {}> {
   context?: TContext;
 }
 
-export interface InternalOptions<TContext = {}>
+export interface InternalOptions<TContext = any>
   extends ValidateOptions<TContext> {
   __validating?: boolean;
   originalValue?: any;
diff --git a/yarn.lock b/yarn.lock
index 044d70204..083c31ee2 100644
--- a/yarn.lock
+++ b/yarn.lock
@@ -9930,11 +9930,16 @@ typescript-workspace-plugin@^2.0.1:
   resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/typescript-workspace-plugin/-/typescript-workspace-plugin-2.0.1.tgz#3d88be1c35a7fdf2c0160c8cf569ca8993439a12"
   integrity sha512-xjIYNFlPIA7IWXvnOFJoAeHPbPJSo0AiQDCRJzaAp3+xZwz6maTgeRLB0oEHVtCqz4Q1CDN6U9kh/2z8sxdDBQ==
 
-typescript@>=3.0.1, typescript@^4.5.3, typescript@^4.7.4:
+typescript@>=3.0.1, typescript@^4.5.3:
   version "4.7.4"
   resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/typescript/-/typescript-4.7.4.tgz#1a88596d1cf47d59507a1bcdfb5b9dfe4d488235"
   integrity sha512-C0WQT0gezHuw6AdY1M2jxUO83Rjf0HP7Sk1DtXj6j1EwkQNZrHAg2XPWlq62oqEhYvONq5pkC2Y9oPljWToLmQ==
 
+typescript@^4.8.4:
+  version "4.8.4"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/typescript/-/typescript-4.8.4.tgz#c464abca159669597be5f96b8943500b238e60e6"
+  integrity sha512-QCh+85mCy+h0IGff8r5XWzOVSbBO+KfeYrMQh7NJ58QujwcE22u+NUSmUxqF+un70P9GXKxa2HCNiTTMJknyjQ==
+
 uglify-js@^3.1.4:
   version "3.4.9"
   resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/uglify-js/-/uglify-js-3.4.9.tgz#af02f180c1207d76432e473ed24a28f4a782bae3"