vmime: prevent loss of a space during text::createFromString (#306)

```
mailbox(text("Test München West", charsets::UTF_8), "a@b.de").generate();
```

produces

```
=?us-ascii?Q?Test_?= =?utf-8?Q?M=C3=BCnchen?= =?us-ascii?Q?West?= <test@example.com>
```

The first space between ``Test`` and ``München`` is encoded as an
underscore along with the first word: ``Test_``. The second space
between ``München`` and ``West`` is encoded with neither of the two
words and thus lost. Decoding the text results in ``Test
MünchenWest`` instead of ``Test München West``.

This is caused by how ``vmime::text::createFromString()`` handles
transitions between 7-bit and 8-bit words: If an 8-bit word follows a
7-bit word, a space is appended to the previous word. The opposite
case of a 7-bit word following an 8-bit word *misses* this behaviour.

When one fixes this problem, a follow-up issue appears:

``text::createFromString("a b\xFFc d")`` tokenizes the input into
``m_words={word("a "), word("b\xFFc ", utf8), word("d")}``. This
"right-side alignment" nature of the whitespace is a problem for
word::generate():

As per RFC 2047, spaces between adjacent encoded words are just
separators but not meant to be displayed. A space between an encoded
word and a regular ASCII text is not just a separator but also meant
to be displayed.

When word::generate() outputs the b-word, it would have to strip one
space, but only when there is a transition from encoded-word to
unencoded word. word::generate() does not know whether d will be
encoded or unencoded.

The idea now is that we could change the tokenization of
``text::createFromString`` such that whitespace is at the *start* of
words rather than at the end. With that, word::generate() need not
know anything about the next word, but rather only the *previous*
one.

Thus, in this patch,

1. The tokenization of ``text::createFromString`` is changed to
   left-align spaces and the function is fixed to account for
   the missing space on transition.
2. ``word::generate`` learns how to steal a space character.
3. Testcases are adjusted to account for the shifted
   position of the space.

Fixes: #283, #284

Co-authored-by: Vincent Richard <vincent@vincent-richard.net>

src/vmime/text.cpp

@@ -285,84 +285,53 @@ void text::createFromString(const string& in, const charset& ch) {
 		asciiPercent = (in.length() == 0 ? 100 : (100 * asciiCount) / in.length());
 	}
 
-	// If there are "too much" non-ASCII chars, encode everything
+	// If there are "too much" non-ASCII chars, produce just one
+	// vmime::word. Because encoding happens word-wise, all of the input
+	// gets encoded.
+
 	if (alwaysEncode || asciiPercent < 60) {  // less than 60% ASCII chars
 
 		appendWord(make_shared <word>(in, ch));
+		return;
 
-	// Else, only encode words which need it
-	} else {
-
-		bool is8bit = false;     // is the current word 8-bit?
-		bool prevIs8bit = false; // is previous word 8-bit?
-		unsigned int count = 0;  // total number of words
-
-		for (size_t end = in.size(), pos = 0, start = 0 ; ; ) {
-
-			if (pos == end || parserHelpers::isSpace(in[pos])) {
-
-				const string chunk(in.begin() + start, in.begin() + pos);
-
-				if (pos != end) {
-					++pos;
-				}
-
-				if (is8bit) {
-
-					if (count && prevIs8bit) {
-
-						// No need to create a new encoded word, just append
-						// the current word to the previous one.
-						shared_ptr <word> w = getWordAt(getWordCount() - 1);
-						w->getBuffer() += " " + chunk;
-
-					} else {
-
-						if (count) {
-							shared_ptr <word> w = getWordAt(getWordCount() - 1);
-							w->getBuffer() += ' ';
-						}
-
-						appendWord(make_shared <word>(chunk, ch));
+	}
 
-						prevIs8bit = true;
-						++count;
-					}
+	// Else, only encode words which need it
 
-				} else {
+	size_t end = in.size(), pos = 0;
+	bool is8bit = false;     // is the current word 8-bit?
+	bool prevIs8bit = false; // is previous word 8-bit?
+	unsigned int count = 0;  // total number of words
 
-					if (count && !prevIs8bit) {
+	do {
+		size_t start = pos;
 
-						shared_ptr <word> w = getWordAt(getWordCount() - 1);
-						w->getBuffer() += " " + chunk;
+		for (; parserHelpers::isSpace(in[pos]); )
+			++pos;
 
-					} else {
+		for (; pos < end && !parserHelpers::isSpace(in[pos]); ++pos)
+			is8bit |= !parserHelpers::isAscii(in[pos]);
 
-						appendWord(make_shared <word>(chunk, charset(charsets::US_ASCII)));
+		// All chunks will have whitespace (if any) at front, never at the end
+		const string chunk(in.begin() + start, in.begin() + pos);
 
-						prevIs8bit = false;
-						++count;
-					}
-				}
+		if (prevIs8bit == is8bit && count > 0) {
 
-				if (pos == end) {
-					break;
-				}
+			// same bitness as previous word; merge
+			auto w = getWordAt(getWordCount() - 1);
+			w->getBuffer() += chunk;
 
-				is8bit = false;
-				start = pos;
+		} else {
 
-			} else if (!parserHelpers::isAscii(in[pos])) {
+			appendWord(make_shared <word>(chunk, charset(is8bit ? ch : charsets::US_ASCII)));
+			++count;
 
-				is8bit = true;
-				++pos;
+		}
 
-			} else {
+		prevIs8bit = is8bit;
+		is8bit = false;
 
-				++pos;
-			}
-		}
-	}
+	} while (pos < end);
 }
 
 

src/vmime/word.cpp

@@ -755,6 +755,9 @@ void word::generate(
 		if (!startNewLine && !state->isFirstWord && !state->lastCharIsSpace) {
 
 			os << " "; // Separate from previous word
+			if (!state->prevWordIsEncoded && m_buffer[0] == ' ')
+				wordEnc.getNextChunk(1);
+
 			++curLineLength;
 
 			state->lastCharIsSpace = true;

tests/parser/mailboxTest.cpp

@@ -32,6 +32,7 @@ VMIME_TEST_SUITE_BEGIN(mailboxTest)
 		VMIME_TEST(testSeparatorInComment)
 		VMIME_TEST(testMalformations)
 		VMIME_TEST(testExcessiveQuoting)
+		VMIME_TEST(testSpacing)
 	VMIME_TEST_LIST_END
 
 
@@ -184,4 +185,13 @@ VMIME_TEST_SUITE_BEGIN(mailboxTest)
 		VASSERT_EQ("generate", "=?utf-8?Q?Foo_B=40r?= <a@b.com>", a->generate());
 	}
 
+	void testSpacing() {
+
+		vmime::text t("Foo B\xc3\xa4renstark Baz", vmime::charsets::UTF_8);
+		vmime::mailbox m(t, "a@b.de");
+		VASSERT_EQ("1", "Foo =?utf-8?Q?B=C3=A4renstark?= Baz", t.generate());
+		VASSERT_EQ("2", "=?us-ascii?Q?Foo?= =?utf-8?Q?_B=C3=A4renstark?= =?us-ascii?Q?_Baz?= <a@b.de>", m.generate());
+
+	}
+
 VMIME_TEST_SUITE_END

tests/parser/textTest.cpp

@@ -189,11 +189,11 @@ VMIME_TEST_SUITE_BEGIN(textTest)
 		t2.createFromString(s2, c2);
 
 		VASSERT_EQ("2.1", 3, t2.getWordCount());
-		VASSERT_EQ("2.2", "some ASCII characters and special chars: ", t2.getWordAt(0)->getBuffer());
+		VASSERT_EQ("2.2", "some ASCII characters and special chars:", t2.getWordAt(0)->getBuffer());
 		VASSERT_EQ("2.3", vmime::charset(vmime::charsets::US_ASCII), t2.getWordAt(0)->getCharset());
 		VASSERT_EQ("2.4", "\xc3\xa4\xd0\xb0", t2.getWordAt(1)->getBuffer());
 		VASSERT_EQ("2.5", c2, t2.getWordAt(1)->getCharset());
-		VASSERT_EQ("2.6", "and then more ASCII chars.", t2.getWordAt(2)->getBuffer());
+		VASSERT_EQ("2.6", " and then more ASCII chars.", t2.getWordAt(2)->getBuffer());
 		VASSERT_EQ("2.7", vmime::charset(vmime::charsets::US_ASCII), t2.getWordAt(2)->getCharset());
 	}
 
@@ -512,9 +512,9 @@ VMIME_TEST_SUITE_BEGIN(textTest)
 		text.createFromString("Achim Br\xc3\xa4ndt", vmime::charsets::UTF_8);
 
 		VASSERT_EQ("1", 2, text.getWordCount());
-		VASSERT_EQ("2", "Achim ", text.getWordAt(0)->getBuffer());
+		VASSERT_EQ("2", "Achim", text.getWordAt(0)->getBuffer());
 		VASSERT_EQ("3", "us-ascii", text.getWordAt(0)->getCharset());
-		VASSERT_EQ("4", "Br\xc3\xa4ndt", text.getWordAt(1)->getBuffer());
+		VASSERT_EQ("4", " Br\xc3\xa4ndt", text.getWordAt(1)->getBuffer());
 		VASSERT_EQ("5", "utf-8", text.getWordAt(1)->getCharset());
 
 		// Generate
@@ -534,7 +534,7 @@ VMIME_TEST_SUITE_BEGIN(textTest)
 
 		// Space MUST be encoded inside a word
 		vmime::mailbox mbox(vmime::text("Achim Br\xc3\xa4ndt", vmime::charsets::UTF_8), "me@vmime.org");
-		VASSERT_EQ("generate1", "=?us-ascii?Q?Achim_?= =?utf-8?Q?Br=C3=A4ndt?= <me@vmime.org>", mbox.generate());
+		VASSERT_EQ("generate1", "=?us-ascii?Q?Achim?= =?utf-8?Q?_Br=C3=A4ndt?= <me@vmime.org>", mbox.generate());
 
 		vmime::text txt;
 		txt.appendWord(vmime::make_shared <vmime::word>("Achim ", "us-ascii"));