diff --git a/cairo/kakarot-ssj/blockchain-tests-skip.yml b/cairo/kakarot-ssj/blockchain-tests-skip.yml
index 6d06e0129..e706de2f4 100644
--- a/cairo/kakarot-ssj/blockchain-tests-skip.yml
+++ b/cairo/kakarot-ssj/blockchain-tests-skip.yml
@@ -287,6 +287,8 @@ testname:
     - CallEcrecover_Overflow_d4g0v0_Cancun
     - CallEcrecover_Overflow_d5g0v0_Cancun
     - CallRipemd160_5_d0g0v0_Cancun
+    - modexpRandomInput_d0g0v0_Cancun
+    - modexpRandomInput_d0g1v0_Cancun
   stPreCompiledContracts:
     - idPrecomps_d2g0v0_Cancun
     - idPrecomps_d7g0v0_Cancun
@@ -333,46 +335,6 @@ testname:
     - precompsEIP2929Cancun_d81g0v0_Cancun
     - precompsEIP2929Cancun_d92g0v0_Cancun
     - precompsEIP2929Cancun_d99g0v0_Cancun
-    - modexp_d11g0v0_Cancun
-    - modexp_d11g1v0_Cancun
-    - modexp_d11g2v0_Cancun
-    - modexp_d11g3v0_Cancun
-    - modexp_d14g0v0_Cancun
-    - modexp_d14g1v0_Cancun
-    - modexp_d14g2v0_Cancun
-    - modexp_d14g3v0_Cancun
-    - modexp_d16g0v0_Cancun
-    - modexp_d16g1v0_Cancun
-    - modexp_d16g2v0_Cancun
-    - modexp_d16g3v0_Cancun
-    - modexp_d17g0v0_Cancun
-    - modexp_d17g1v0_Cancun
-    - modexp_d17g2v0_Cancun
-    - modexp_d17g3v0_Cancun
-    - modexp_d25g0v0_Cancun
-    - modexp_d25g1v0_Cancun
-    - modexp_d25g2v0_Cancun
-    - modexp_d25g3v0_Cancun
-    - modexp_d26g0v0_Cancun
-    - modexp_d26g1v0_Cancun
-    - modexp_d26g2v0_Cancun
-    - modexp_d26g3v0_Cancun
-    - modexp_d27g0v0_Cancun
-    - modexp_d27g1v0_Cancun
-    - modexp_d27g2v0_Cancun
-    - modexp_d27g3v0_Cancun
-    - modexp_d29g0v0_Cancun
-    - modexp_d29g1v0_Cancun
-    - modexp_d29g2v0_Cancun
-    - modexp_d29g3v0_Cancun
-    - modexp_d30g0v0_Cancun
-    - modexp_d30g1v0_Cancun
-    - modexp_d30g2v0_Cancun
-    - modexp_d30g3v0_Cancun
-    - modexp_d33g0v0_Cancun
-    - modexp_d33g1v0_Cancun
-    - modexp_d33g2v0_Cancun
-    - modexp_d33g3v0_Cancun
     - precompsEIP2929Cancun_d10g0v0_Cancun
     - precompsEIP2929Cancun_d115g0v0_Cancun
     - precompsEIP2929Cancun_d133g0v0_Cancun
@@ -385,6 +347,18 @@ testname:
     - precompsEIP2929Cancun_d313g0v0_Cancun
     - precompsEIP2929Cancun_d79g0v0_Cancun
     - precompsEIP2929Cancun_d97g0v0_Cancun
+    - modexp_d27g0v0_Cancun
+    - modexp_d27g1v0_Cancun
+    - modexp_d27g2v0_Cancun
+    - modexp_d27g3v0_Cancun
+    - modexp_d29g0v0_Cancun
+    - modexp_d29g1v0_Cancun
+    - modexp_d29g2v0_Cancun
+    - modexp_d29g3v0_Cancun
+    - modexp_d30g0v0_Cancun
+    - modexp_d30g1v0_Cancun
+    - modexp_d30g2v0_Cancun
+    - modexp_d30g3v0_Cancun
   stQuadraticComplexityTest:
     - Call20KbytesContract50_1_d0g0v0_Cancun
     - Call20KbytesContract50_2_d0g0v0_Cancun
@@ -422,6 +396,7 @@ testname:
     - randomStatetest645_d0g0v0_Cancun
     - randomStatetest645_d0g0v1_Cancun
     - randomStatetest476_d0g0v0_Cancun
+    - randomStatetest650_d0g0v0_Cancun
   stRandom:
     - randomStatetest111_d0g0v0_Cancun
     - randomStatetest14_d0g0v0_Cancun
@@ -476,6 +451,10 @@ testname:
     - revertRetDataSize_d7g0v0_Cancun
     - revertRetDataSize_d8g0v0_Cancun
     - revertRetDataSize_d9g0v0_Cancun
+    # Next three tests are skipped because the input size is > 48 bits
+    - modexp_modsize0_returndatasize_d2g0v0_Cancun
+    - modexp_modsize0_returndatasize_d3g0v0_Cancun
+    - modexp_modsize0_returndatasize_d4g0v0_Cancun
   stRevertTest:
     - LoopCallsDepthThenRevert2_d0g0v0_Cancun
     - LoopCallsDepthThenRevert3_d0g0v0_Cancun
diff --git a/cairo/kakarot-ssj/crates/evm/src/precompiles/modexp.cairo b/cairo/kakarot-ssj/crates/evm/src/precompiles/modexp.cairo
index d2b35b73e..e6455433b 100644
--- a/cairo/kakarot-ssj/crates/evm/src/precompiles/modexp.cairo
+++ b/cairo/kakarot-ssj/crates/evm/src/precompiles/modexp.cairo
@@ -1,26 +1,25 @@
+use core::circuit::CircuitElement as CE;
+use core::circuit::CircuitInput as CI;
+use core::circuit::{
+    u384, circuit_add, circuit_sub, circuit_mul, EvalCircuitTrait, CircuitOutputsTrait,
+    CircuitModulus, CircuitInputs, AddInputResultTrait
+};
 use core::cmp::{min, max};
-
 use core::num::traits::Bounded;
-use core::num::traits::OverflowingAdd;
-// CREDITS: The implementation has take reference from
-// [revm](https://github.com/bluealloy/revm/blob/main/crates/precompile/src/modexp.rs)
-
-use core::option::OptionTrait;
+use core::num::traits::Zero;
 use core::starknet::EthAddress;
-use core::traits::TryInto;
 
 use crate::errors::EVMError;
-
 use crate::precompiles::Precompile;
-use utils::crypto::modexp::lib::modexp;
-use utils::traits::bytes::{U8SpanExTrait, FromBytes};
+
+use utils::traits::bytes::{U8SpanExTrait, FromBytes, ToBytes};
 use utils::traits::integer::BitsUsed;
 
+const MAX_INPUT_BYTE_SIZE: usize = 48; // Supports input up to 384 bits
 const HEADER_LENGTH: usize = 96;
 const MIN_GAS: u64 = 200;
 
 pub impl ModExp of Precompile {
-    #[inline(always)]
     fn address() -> EthAddress {
         0x5.try_into().unwrap()
     }
@@ -57,69 +56,205 @@ pub impl ModExp of Precompile {
             }
         };
 
+        // We only support inputs up to 48 bytes. We can early return with an empty span if any size
+        // is larger than that.
+        if base_len > MAX_INPUT_BYTE_SIZE
+            || exp_len > MAX_INPUT_BYTE_SIZE
+            || mod_len > MAX_INPUT_BYTE_SIZE {
+            return Result::Err(EVMError::InvalidParameter('input greater than 48 bytes'));
+        }
+
         // Handle a special case when both the base and mod length is zero
         if base_len == 0 && mod_len == 0 {
             return Result::Ok((MIN_GAS, [].span()));
         }
 
         // Used to extract ADJUSTED_EXPONENT_LENGTH.
-        let exp_highp_len = min(exp_len, 32);
+        let exp_start = HEADER_LENGTH + base_len;
+        let exp_head = input
+            .slice_right_padded(exp_start, min(32, exp_len))
+            .from_be_bytes_partial()
+            .expect('exp_head parsing failed');
+
+        let gas = calc_gas(base_len.into(), exp_len.into(), mod_len.into(), exp_head);
 
-        let input = if input.len() >= HEADER_LENGTH {
-            input.slice(HEADER_LENGTH, input.len() - HEADER_LENGTH)
+        // OPERATION
+
+        // Padding is needed if the input does not contain all 3 values.
+        let mod_start_idx = exp_start + exp_len;
+        let base = input
+            .slice_right_padded(HEADER_LENGTH, base_len)
+            .pad_left_with_zeroes(MAX_INPUT_BYTE_SIZE);
+        let exponent = input
+            .slice_right_padded(exp_start, exp_len)
+            .pad_left_with_zeroes(MAX_INPUT_BYTE_SIZE);
+        let modulus = input
+            .slice_right_padded(mod_start_idx, mod_len)
+            .pad_left_with_zeroes(MAX_INPUT_BYTE_SIZE);
+
+        // inputs are guaranteed to be 48 bytes by the previous checks. safe unwraps.
+        let base: u384 = base.from_be_bytes().unwrap();
+        let exponent: u384 = exponent.from_be_bytes().unwrap();
+        let modulus: u384 = modulus.from_be_bytes().unwrap();
+
+        let output = modexp_circuit(base, exponent, modulus);
+        let limb0_128: u128 = Into::<_, felt252>::into(output.limb0).try_into().unwrap();
+        let limb1_128: u128 = Into::<_, felt252>::into(output.limb1).try_into().unwrap();
+        let limb2_128: u128 = Into::<_, felt252>::into(output.limb2).try_into().unwrap();
+        let limb3_128: u128 = Into::<_, felt252>::into(output.limb3).try_into().unwrap();
+
+        let mut result_bytes = array![];
+        if mod_len > 12 * 3 {
+            result_bytes
+                .append_span(limb3_128.to_be_bytes().pad_left_with_zeroes(mod_len - 12 * 3));
+            result_bytes.append_span(limb2_128.to_be_bytes().pad_left_with_zeroes(12));
+            result_bytes.append_span(limb1_128.to_be_bytes().pad_left_with_zeroes(12));
+            result_bytes.append_span(limb0_128.to_be_bytes().pad_left_with_zeroes(12));
+        } else if mod_len > 12 * 2 {
+            result_bytes
+                .append_span(limb2_128.to_be_bytes().pad_left_with_zeroes(mod_len - 12 * 2));
+            result_bytes.append_span(limb1_128.to_be_bytes().pad_left_with_zeroes(12));
+            result_bytes.append_span(limb0_128.to_be_bytes().pad_left_with_zeroes(12));
+        } else if mod_len > 12 * 1 {
+            result_bytes
+                .append_span(limb1_128.to_be_bytes().pad_left_with_zeroes(mod_len - 12 * 1));
+            result_bytes.append_span(limb0_128.to_be_bytes().pad_left_with_zeroes(12));
         } else {
-            [].span()
-        };
+            result_bytes.append_span(limb0_128.to_be_bytes().pad_left_with_zeroes(mod_len));
+        }
 
-        let exp_highp = {
-            // get right padded bytes so if data.len is less then exp_len we will get right padded
-            // zeroes.
-            let right_padded_highp = input.slice_right_padded(base_len, 32);
-            // If exp_len is less then 32 bytes get only exp_len bytes and do left padding.
-            let out = right_padded_highp.slice(0, exp_highp_len).pad_left_with_zeroes(32);
-            match out.from_be_bytes() {
-                Option::Some(result) => result,
-                Option::None => {
-                    return Result::Err(EVMError::InvalidParameter('failed to extract exp_highp'));
-                }
-            }
-        };
+        Result::Ok((gas.into(), result_bytes.span()))
+    }
+}
 
-        let gas = calc_gas(base_len.into(), exp_len.into(), mod_len.into(), exp_highp);
 
-        // Padding is needed if the input does not contain all 3 values.
-        let base = input.slice_right_padded(0, base_len);
-        let exponent = input.slice_right_padded(base_len, exp_len);
+fn mod_exp_loop_inner(n: u384, bit: u384, base: u384, res: u384) -> (u384, u384) {
+    let (_one, _base, _bit, _res) = (
+        CE::<CI<0>> {}, CE::<CI<1>> {}, CE::<CI<2>> {}, CE::<CI<3>> {}
+    );
+
+    // Circuit
+    // base_if_bit_else_one = (1 - bit)*(one) + bit*base
+    // new_res = res * base_if_bit_else_one
+    // new_base = base * base
+    let base_if_bit_else_one = circuit_add(
+        circuit_mul(circuit_sub(_one, _bit), _one), circuit_mul(_bit, _base)
+    );
+    let new_res = circuit_mul(base_if_bit_else_one, _res);
+    let new_base = circuit_mul(_base, _base);
+
+    let modulus = TryInto::<_, CircuitModulus>::try_into([n.limb0, n.limb1, n.limb2, n.limb3])
+        .unwrap();
+
+    let mut circuit_inputs = (new_res, new_base,).new_inputs();
+    // Fill inputs:
+    circuit_inputs = circuit_inputs.next([1, 0, 0, 0]);
+    circuit_inputs = circuit_inputs.next(base);
+    circuit_inputs = circuit_inputs.next(bit);
+    circuit_inputs = circuit_inputs.next(res);
+
+    let outputs = circuit_inputs.done().eval(modulus).unwrap();
+    (outputs.get_output(new_res), outputs.get_output(new_base))
+}
 
-        let (mod_start_idx, _) = base_len.overflowing_add(exp_len);
+/// Computes the modular exponentiation x^y mod n up to 384 bits.
+/// The algorithm uses the binary expansion of the exponent from right to left,
+/// and use iterated squaring-and-multiply implemented using a circuit.
+/// Resource: <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modular_exponentiation#Right-to-left-binary-method>
+///
+/// # Arguments
+///
+/// * `x` a `u384` value representing the base.
+/// * `y` a `u384` value representing the exponent.
+/// * `n` a `u384` value representing the modulus.
+///
+/// # Returns
+///
+/// * `u384` - The result of the modular exponentiation x^y mod n.
+pub fn modexp_circuit(x: u384, y: u384, n: u384) -> u384 {
+    if n.is_zero() || n == 1.into() {
+        return 0.into();
+    }
+    if y.is_zero() {
+        return 1.into();
+    }
+    if x.is_zero() {
+        return 0.into();
+    }
 
-        let modulus = input.slice_right_padded(mod_start_idx, mod_len);
+    let bits = get_u384_bits_little(y);
+    let mut res = 1.into();
+    let mut base = x;
+    for bit in bits {
+        let (_res, _base) = mod_exp_loop_inner(n, bit.into(), base, res);
+        res = _res;
+        base = _base;
+    };
 
-        let output = modexp(base, exponent, modulus);
+    res
+}
 
-        let return_data = output.pad_left_with_zeroes(mod_len);
-        Result::Ok((gas.into(), return_data))
+
+// Returns the bits of the 384 bit integer in little endian format.
+fn get_u384_bits_little(s: u384) -> Array<felt252> {
+    let mut bits = array![];
+    let mut s_limb0: u128 = Into::<_, felt252>::into(s.limb0).try_into().unwrap();
+    while s_limb0 != 0 {
+        let (q, r) = core::traits::DivRem::div_rem(s_limb0, 2);
+        bits.append(r.into());
+        s_limb0 = q;
+    };
+    let mut s_limb1: u128 = Into::<_, felt252>::into(s.limb1).try_into().unwrap();
+    if s_limb1 != 0 {
+        while bits.len() != 96 {
+            bits.append(0);
+        }
     }
+    while s_limb1 != 0 {
+        let (q, r) = core::traits::DivRem::div_rem(s_limb1, 2);
+        bits.append(r.into());
+        s_limb1 = q;
+    };
+    let mut s_limb2: u128 = Into::<_, felt252>::into(s.limb2).try_into().unwrap();
+    if s_limb2 != 0 {
+        while bits.len() != 192 {
+            bits.append(0);
+        }
+    }
+    while s_limb2 != 0 {
+        let (q, r) = core::traits::DivRem::div_rem(s_limb2, 2);
+        bits.append(r.into());
+        s_limb2 = q;
+    };
+    let mut s_limb3: u128 = Into::<_, felt252>::into(s.limb3).try_into().unwrap();
+    if s_limb3 != 0 {
+        while bits.len() != 288 {
+            bits.append(0);
+        }
+    }
+    while s_limb3 != 0 {
+        let (q, r) = core::traits::DivRem::div_rem(s_limb3, 2);
+        bits.append(r.into());
+        s_limb3 = q;
+    };
+    bits
 }
 
 // Calculate gas cost according to EIP 2565:
 // https://eips.ethereum.org/EIPS/eip-2565
-fn calc_gas(base_length: u64, exp_length: u64, mod_length: u64, exp_highp: u256) -> u64 {
+fn calc_gas(base_length: u64, exp_length: u64, mod_length: u64, exp_head: u256) -> u64 {
     let multiplication_complexity = calculate_multiplication_complexity(base_length, mod_length);
-
-    let iteration_count = calculate_iteration_count(exp_length, exp_highp);
-
+    let iteration_count = calculate_iteration_count(exp_length, exp_head);
     let gas = (multiplication_complexity * iteration_count.into()) / 3;
     let gas: u64 = gas.try_into().unwrap_or(Bounded::<u64>::MAX);
 
-    max(gas, 200)
+    max(gas, MIN_GAS)
 }
 
 fn calculate_multiplication_complexity(base_length: u64, mod_length: u64) -> u256 {
     let max_length = max(base_length, mod_length);
 
-    let _8: NonZero<u64> = 8_u64.try_into().unwrap();
-    let (words, rem) = DivRem::div_rem(max_length, _8);
+    let (words, rem) = DivRem::div_rem(max_length, 8);
 
     let words: u256 = if rem != 0 {
         (words + 1).into()
@@ -130,17 +265,17 @@ fn calculate_multiplication_complexity(base_length: u64, mod_length: u64) -> u25
     words * words
 }
 
-fn calculate_iteration_count(exp_length: u64, exp_highp: u256) -> u64 {
+fn calculate_iteration_count(exp_length: u64, exp_head: u256) -> u64 {
     let mut iteration_count: u64 = if exp_length < 33 {
-        if exp_highp == 0 {
+        if exp_head == 0 {
             0
         } else {
-            (exp_highp.bits_used() - 1).into()
+            (exp_head.bits_used() - 1).into()
         }
     } else {
         let length_part = 8 * (exp_length - 32);
-        let bits_part = if exp_highp != 0 {
-            exp_highp.bits_used() - 1
+        let bits_part = if exp_head != 0 {
+            exp_head.bits_used() - 1
         } else {
             0
         };
@@ -151,152 +286,1007 @@ fn calculate_iteration_count(exp_length: u64, exp_highp: u256) -> u64 {
     max(iteration_count, 1)
 }
 
-#[cfg(tests)]
+#[cfg(test)]
 mod tests {
+    use core::circuit::u384;
     use core::result::ResultTrait;
-    use core::starknet::EthAddress;
-    use core::starknet::testing::set_contract_address;
 
-    use crate::instructions::SystemOperationsTrait;
-
-    use crate::memory::MemoryTrait;
-    use crate::precompiles::Precompiles;
-    use crate::stack::StackTrait;
-    use crate::test_utils::{VMBuilderTrait, native_token, other_starknet_address};
-    use evm_tests::test_precompiles::test_data::test_data_modexp::{
+    use crate::precompiles::modexp::ModExp;
+    use crate::test_data::test_data_modexp::{
         test_modexp_modsize0_returndatasizeFiller_data,
         test_modexp_create2callPrecompiles_test0_berlin_data, test_modexp_eip198_example_1_data,
         test_modexp_eip198_example_2_data, test_modexp_nagydani_1_square_data,
         test_modexp_nagydani_1_qube_data
     };
-    use snforge_std::{start_mock_call, test_address};
-    use utils::helpers::U256Trait;
+    use super::modexp_circuit;
+    use utils::traits::bytes::{U8SpanExTrait, ToBytes};
+
+    const TWO_31: u256 = 2147483648;
+    const PREV_PRIME_384: u384 =
+        u384 {
+            limb0: 0xfffffffffffffffffffffec3,
+            limb1: 0xffffffffffffffffffffffff,
+            limb2: 0xffffffffffffffffffffffff,
+            limb3: 0xffffffffffffffffffffffff
+        };
+    const PREV_PRIME_384_MINUS_1: u384 =
+        u384 {
+            limb0: 0xfffffffffffffffffffffec2,
+            limb1: 0xffffffffffffffffffffffff,
+            limb2: 0xffffffffffffffffffffffff,
+            limb3: 0xffffffffffffffffffffffff
+        };
+    const PREV_PRIME_384_MINUS_2: u384 =
+        u384 {
+            limb0: 0xfffffffffffffffffffffec1,
+            limb1: 0xffffffffffffffffffffffff,
+            limb2: 0xffffffffffffffffffffffff,
+            limb3: 0xffffffffffffffffffffffff
+        };
 
-    // the tests are taken from
-    // [revm](https://github.com/bluealloy/revm/blob/0629883f5a40e913a5d9498fa37886348c858c70/crates/precompile/src/modexp.rs#L175)
+    #[test]
+    fn test_modexp_circuit() {
+        let TWO_31_MINUS_1: u384 = 2147483647.into();
+        let TWO_31_MINUS_2: u384 = 2147483646.into();
+        assert_eq!(modexp_circuit(2.into(), TWO_31_MINUS_2, TWO_31_MINUS_1), 1.into(), "wrong result");
+        assert_eq!(modexp_circuit(3.into(), TWO_31_MINUS_2, TWO_31_MINUS_1), 1.into(), "wrong result");
+        assert_eq!(modexp_circuit(5.into(), TWO_31_MINUS_2, TWO_31_MINUS_1), 1.into(), "wrong result");
+        assert_eq!(modexp_circuit(7.into(), TWO_31_MINUS_2, TWO_31_MINUS_1), 1.into(), "wrong result");
+        assert_eq!(modexp_circuit(11.into(), TWO_31_MINUS_2, TWO_31_MINUS_1), 1.into(), "wrong result");
+        assert_eq!(modexp_circuit(2.into(), TWO_31_MINUS_2, TWO_31_MINUS_1.into()), 1.into(), "wrong result");
+        assert_eq!(modexp_circuit(2.into(), 5.into(), 30.into()), 2.into(), "wrong result");
+        assert_eq!(
+            modexp_circuit(
+                123456789.into(), 987654321.into(), 11111111111111111111111111111111.into()
+            ),
+            6929919895158922141640454333396.into(),
+            "wrong result"
+        );
+    }
 
     #[test]
-    fn test_modexp_modsize0_returndatasizeFiller_filler() {
-        let mut vm = VMBuilderTrait::new_with_presets().build();
+    fn test_modexp_circuit_worst_case() {
+        assert_eq!(
+            modexp_circuit(PREV_PRIME_384_MINUS_2, PREV_PRIME_384_MINUS_1, PREV_PRIME_384),
+            1.into(),
+            "wrong result"
+        );
+    }
 
-        let (calldata, expected) = test_modexp_modsize0_returndatasizeFiller_data();
+    #[test]
+    fn test_modexp_edge_case_circuit() {
+        assert_eq!(modexp_circuit(12.into(), 42.into(), 0.into()), 0.into());
+        assert_eq!(modexp_circuit(12.into(), 42.into(), 1.into()), 0.into());
+        assert_eq!(modexp_circuit(0.into(), 42.into(), 42.into()), 0.into());
+        assert_eq!(modexp_circuit(42.into(), 0.into(), 42.into()), 1.into());
+        assert_eq!(modexp_circuit(0.into(), 0.into(), 42.into()), 1.into());
+    }
 
-        vm.message.target.evm = EthAddress { address: 5 };
-        vm.message.data = calldata;
+    #[test]
+    fn test_modexp_precompile_input_output_worst() {
+        let mut calldata = array![];
+        let l0f: u128 = Into::<_, felt252>::into(PREV_PRIME_384_MINUS_2.limb0).try_into().unwrap();
+        let l1f: u128 = Into::<_, felt252>::into(PREV_PRIME_384_MINUS_2.limb1).try_into().unwrap();
+        let size = array![48_u8].span().pad_left_with_zeroes(32);
+        calldata.append_span(size);
+        calldata.append_span(size);
+        calldata.append_span(size);
+
+        calldata.append_span(l1f.to_be_bytes());
+        calldata.append_span(l1f.to_be_bytes());
+        calldata.append_span(l1f.to_be_bytes());
+        calldata.append_span(l0f.to_be_bytes());
+
+        calldata.append_span(l1f.to_be_bytes());
+        calldata.append_span(l1f.to_be_bytes());
+        calldata.append_span(l1f.to_be_bytes());
+        calldata.append_span((l0f + 1).to_be_bytes());
+
+        calldata.append_span(l1f.to_be_bytes());
+        calldata.append_span(l1f.to_be_bytes());
+        calldata.append_span(l1f.to_be_bytes());
+        calldata.append_span((l0f + 2).to_be_bytes());
+
+        let (gas, result) = ModExp::exec(calldata.span()).unwrap();
+        let expected_result = array![1].span().pad_left_with_zeroes(48);
+        let expected_gas = 4596;
+        assert_eq!(result, expected_result);
+        assert_eq!(gas, expected_gas);
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_modexp_precompile_size_gt_48_should_err() {
+        let mut calldata = array![];
+        let size = array![49_u8].span().pad_left_with_zeroes(32);
+        calldata.append_span(size);
+        calldata.append_span(size);
+        calldata.append_span(size);
+
+        let result = ModExp::exec(calldata.span());
+        assert!(result.is_err());
+    }
 
-        let expected_gas = 44_954;
+    #[test]
+    fn test_modexp_precompile_base_and_exp_zero_should_return_empty() {
+        let mut calldata = array![];
+        let size_zero = array![0].span().pad_left_with_zeroes(32);
+        let size_not_zero = array![48].span().pad_left_with_zeroes(32);
 
-        let gas_before = vm.gas_left;
-        Precompiles::exec_precompile(ref vm).unwrap();
-        let gas_after = vm.gas_left;
+        calldata.append_span(size_zero);
+        calldata.append_span(size_not_zero);
+        calldata.append_span(size_zero);
 
-        assert_eq!(gas_before - gas_after, expected_gas);
-        assert_eq!(vm.return_data, expected);
+        let (gas, result) = ModExp::exec(calldata.span()).unwrap();
+        let expected_result = [].span();
+        let expected_gas = 200;
+        assert_eq!(result, expected_result);
+        assert_eq!(gas, expected_gas);
     }
 
+    // To test all input sizes, we use the fact that:
+    // For prime p, a^(p-1) mod p = 1, for all a. (Fermat's little theorem)
+    // Using prime_deltas we get a p = 256^(i+1) + prime_deltas[i]
+    // The array prime_delta has been computed such that p is prime.
+    // That way, p is a prime of size m bytes for all 2 <= m <= 48.
+    // We use a = p - 2 to do the modexp check: (p-2)^(p-1) = 1 mod p
+    // We construct p as the u8 array [1, 0, 0, 0, ... , 0, 0, 0, prime_delta[i]]
+    //                                    |-----  i zeros  ----|
     #[test]
-    fn test_modexp_create2callPrecompiles_test0_berlin() {
-        let mut vm = VMBuilderTrait::new_with_presets().build();
+    fn test_modexp_precompile_input_output_all_sizes() {
+        #[cairofmt::skip]
+        let prime_deltas = array![7_u16, 3, 43, 15, 15, 21, 81, 13, 15, 13, 7, 61, 111, 25, 451,
+        51, 85, 175, 253, 7, 87, 427, 27, 133, 235, 375, 423, 735, 357, 115, 81, 297, 175,
+         57, 45, 127, 61, 37, 91, 27, 15, 241, 231, 55, 105, 127, 115];
+
+        let mut size = 2_u32;
+        for delta in prime_deltas {
+            let mut modulus: Array<u8> = array![];
+            modulus.append(1);
+            for _i in 2..size - 1 {
+                modulus.append(0);
+            };
+            if size > 2 {
+                modulus.append((delta.into() / 256_u16).try_into().unwrap());
+            }
+            modulus.append((delta % 256).try_into().unwrap());
+
+            let mut base: Array<u8> = Default::default();
+            let delta_base = delta - 2;
+            base.append(1);
+            for _i in 2..size - 1 {
+                base.append(0);
+            };
+            if size > 2 {
+                base.append((delta_base.into() / 256_u16).try_into().unwrap());
+            }
+            base.append((delta_base % 256).try_into().unwrap());
+
+            let delta_exponent = delta - 1;
+            let mut exponent: Array<u8> = Default::default();
+            exponent.append(1);
+            for _i in 2..size - 1 {
+                exponent.append(0);
+            };
+            if size > 2 {
+                exponent.append((delta_exponent.into() / 256_u16).try_into().unwrap());
+            }
+            exponent.append((delta_exponent % 256).try_into().unwrap());
 
-        let (calldata, expected) = test_modexp_create2callPrecompiles_test0_berlin_data();
+            let size_bytes = size.to_be_bytes().pad_left_with_zeroes(32);
+            let mut calldata = array![];
+            calldata.append_span(size_bytes);
+            calldata.append_span(size_bytes);
+            calldata.append_span(size_bytes);
+            calldata.append_span(base.span());
+            calldata.append_span(exponent.span());
+            calldata.append_span(modulus.span());
 
-        vm.message.data = calldata;
-        vm.message.target.evm = EthAddress { address: 5 };
-        let expected_gas = 1_360;
+            let (_, result) = ModExp::exec(calldata.span()).unwrap();
+            let expected_result_bytes = 1_u8.to_be_bytes();
 
-        let gas_before = vm.gas_left;
-        Precompiles::exec_precompile(ref vm).unwrap();
-        let gas_after = vm.gas_left;
+            assert_eq!(result, expected_result_bytes.pad_left_with_zeroes(size));
 
-        assert_eq!(gas_before - gas_after, expected_gas);
-        assert_eq!(vm.return_data, expected);
+            size = size + 1;
+        }
     }
 
     #[test]
     fn test_modexp_eip198_example_1() {
-        let mut vm = VMBuilderTrait::new_with_presets().build();
-
         let (calldata, expected) = test_modexp_eip198_example_1_data();
+        let expected_gas = 1_360;
+        let (gas, result) = ModExp::exec(calldata).unwrap();
+        assert_eq!(result, expected);
+        assert_eq!(gas, expected_gas);
+    }
 
-        vm.message.target.evm = EthAddress { address: 5 };
-        vm.message.data = calldata;
+    #[test]
+    fn test_modexp_eip198_example_2() {
+        let (calldata, expected) = test_modexp_eip198_example_2_data();
         let expected_gas = 1_360;
+        let (gas, result) = ModExp::exec(calldata).unwrap();
+        assert_eq!(result, expected);
+        assert_eq!(gas, expected_gas);
+    }
 
-        let gas_before = vm.gas_left;
-        Precompiles::exec_precompile(ref vm).unwrap();
-        let gas_after = vm.gas_left;
+    #[test]
+    fn test_modexp_berlin_empty_input() {
+        let calldata = [].span();
+        let expected = [].span();
+        let expected_gas = 200;
+        let (gas, result) = ModExp::exec(calldata).unwrap();
+        assert_eq!(result, expected);
+        assert_eq!(gas, expected_gas);
+    }
 
-        assert_eq!(gas_before - gas_after, expected_gas);
-        assert_eq!(vm.return_data, expected);
+
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_modexp_random_inputs_0_0_0__46700b4d40ac5c35af2c22dda2787a91eb567b06() {
+        #[cairofmt::skip]
+        let input = array![0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00];
+        #[cairofmt::skip]
+        let expected_result = array![];
+        let expected_gas = 200;
+
+        let (gas, result) = ModExp::exec(input.span()).unwrap();
+        assert_eq!(result, expected_result.span());
+        assert_eq!(gas, expected_gas);
     }
 
+        #[test]
+        fn test_modexp_random_inputs_228_122_121__c8da329a38766a62e69170c92eada1ef6e774b25() {
+            #[cairofmt::skip]
+            let input = array![0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0xe4, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x7a, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x79, 0xcd, 0x76, 0x6f, 0xac, 0xc4, 0xc1, 0xeb, 0xe7, 0x8a, 0x37, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x56, 0xf2, 0x00, 0x6e, 0x62, 0x12, 0x7a, 0xe4, 0xae, 0xd5, 0xdc, 0x99, 0x3d, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00];
+            let result = ModExp::exec(input.span());
+            assert!(result.is_err());
+        }
+
+
+        #[test]
+        fn test_modexp_random_inputs_111_131_70__f3c197f8a398ad9b42c7f6ee74e625bba3d77f2e() {
+            #[cairofmt::skip]
+            let input = array![0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x6f, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x83, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x46, 0xfb, 0xbe, 0x41, 0x03, 0xc4, 0xa8, 0x0f, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0xe4, 0x01, 0x9e, 0x11, 0xd1, 0x02, 0x41, 0x00, 0x20, 0xc3, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0xfe, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00];
+            let result = ModExp::exec(input.span());
+            assert!(result.is_err());
+        }
+
+
+        #[test]
+        fn test_modexp_random_inputs_15_124_164__3736531daeddf220e62f5c5957fa8aef2850acbc() {
+            #[cairofmt::skip]
+            let input = array![0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x0f, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x7c, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0xa4, 0x77, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0xfb, 0xa7, 0x77, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00];
+            let result = ModExp::exec(input.span());
+            assert!(result.is_err());
+        }
+
+
+        #[test]
+        fn test_modexp_random_inputs_192_63_83__d17d6182863e3e5c093849d65f735087b81f1d7b() {
+            #[cairofmt::skip]
+            let input = array![0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0xc0, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x3f, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x53, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0xbb, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x7d, 0x01, 0xa0, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00];
+            let result = ModExp::exec(input.span());
+            assert!(result.is_err());
+        }
+
+
+        #[test]
+        fn test_modexp_random_inputs_203_128_45__df5f8981b7f8117c138c5a526251389ff43d7b5a() {
+            #[cairofmt::skip]
+            let input = array![0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0xcb, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x80, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x2d, 0x90, 0x71, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x02, 0xb6, 0x9c, 0x00, 0x73, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00];
+            let result = ModExp::exec(input.span());
+            assert!(result.is_err());
+        }
+
+
+        #[test]
+        fn test_modexp_random_inputs_203_256_53__30b5bf6e6046013296d804fec3b4ece7fc016910() {
+            #[cairofmt::skip]
+            let input = array![0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0xcb, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x01, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x35, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x71, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00];
+            let result = ModExp::exec(input.span());
+            assert!(result.is_err());
+        }
+
+
+        #[test]
+        fn test_modexp_random_inputs_203_256_53__445d0c3f9559396cbc2de2b570fd2a55aad4d0ef() {
+            #[cairofmt::skip]
+            let input = array![0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0xcb, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x01, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x35, 0x71, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x71, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00];
+            let result = ModExp::exec(input.span());
+            assert!(result.is_err());
+        }
+
+
+        #[test]
+        fn test_modexp_random_inputs_203_256_53__703505c21d3e7679ab742bfce4b0971fced2d050() {
+            #[cairofmt::skip]
+            let input = array![0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0xcb, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x01, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x35, 0x71, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x71, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x71, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00];
+            let result = ModExp::exec(input.span());
+            assert!(result.is_err());
+        }
+
+
+        #[test]
+        fn test_modexp_random_inputs_195_130_93__320a8a5f7dee17677f5b77c8914d4aeb9556070e() {
+            #[cairofmt::skip]
+            let input = array![0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0xc3, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x82, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x5d, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x50, 0xa4, 0xb3, 0x6a, 0x0f, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x36, 0x81, 0xb1, 0x77, 0x93, 0x97, 0x1c, 0x89, 0xc5, 0x3d, 0x0c, 0x36, 0x26, 0xe5, 0x86, 0x04, 0xff, 0x8e, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00];
+            let result = ModExp::exec(input.span());
+            assert!(result.is_err());
+        }
+
+
+        #[test]
+        fn test_modexp_random_inputs_195_130_93__c052da0d0d0d4131dd4a4f83c835121c7da1db3b() {
+            #[cairofmt::skip]
+            let input = array![0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0xc3, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x82, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x5d, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x36, 0x81, 0xb1, 0x77, 0x93, 0x97, 0x1c, 0x89, 0xc5, 0x3d, 0x0c, 0x36, 0x26, 0xe5, 0x86, 0x04, 0xff, 0x8e, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x36, 0x81, 0xb1, 0x77, 0x93, 0x97, 0x1c, 0x89, 0xc5, 0x3d, 0x0c, 0x36, 0x26, 0xe5, 0x86, 0x04, 0xff, 0x8e, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00];
+            let result = ModExp::exec(input.span());
+            assert!(result.is_err());
+        }
+
+
+        #[test]
+        fn test_modexp_random_inputs_195_130_93__7c603e3e0e065ca63bf8cc896d5c847d61c59c2c() {
+            #[cairofmt::skip]
+            let input = array![0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0xc3, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x82, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x5d, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x36, 0x81, 0xb1, 0x77, 0x93, 0x97, 0x1c, 0x89, 0xc5, 0x3d, 0x0c, 0x36, 0x26, 0xe5, 0x86, 0x04, 0xff, 0x8e, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00];
+            let result = ModExp::exec(input.span());
+            assert!(result.is_err());
+        }
+
+
+        #[test]
+        fn test_modexp_random_inputs_195_256_256__0fc1f505c295042258dcaf05ab3f21686a077344() {
+            #[cairofmt::skip]
+            let input = array![0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0xc3, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x01, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x01, 0x00, 0x00, 0x36, 0x81, 0xb1, 0x77, 0x93, 0x97, 0x1c, 0x89, 0xc5, 0x3d, 0x0c, 0x36, 0x26, 0xe5, 0x86, 0x04, 0xff, 0x8e, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0xab, 0x97, 0x6a, 0x14, 0xcb, 0xb0, 0xf3, 0x5d, 0x59, 0xee, 0xd0, 0xfc, 0x9a, 0x87, 0x33, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x0e, 0xa7, 0x1b, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00];
+            let result = ModExp::exec(input.span());
+            assert!(result.is_err());
+        }
+
+
+        #[test]
+        fn test_modexp_random_inputs_1_1_256__908947385b2480867064cbc5a0c466a530cdad1c() {
+            #[cairofmt::skip]
+            let input = array![0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x01, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x01, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x01, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x0e, 0xa7, 0x1b, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00];
+            let result = ModExp::exec(input.span());
+            assert!(result.is_err());
+        }
+
+
+        #[test]
+        fn test_modexp_random_inputs_153_226_133__d4bd68fd5073a41dbbde6c08ba049b888ecd2ad3() {
+            #[cairofmt::skip]
+            let input = array![0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x99, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0xe2, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x85, 0x4a, 0xc4, 0x00, 0xea, 0x5d, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x8b, 0xb1, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x22, 0x2c, 0xf2, 0x4a, 0x59, 0x22, 0x07, 0xb9, 0x28, 0x9c, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00];
+            let result = ModExp::exec(input.span());
+            assert!(result.is_err());
+        }
+
+
+        #[test]
+        fn test_modexp_random_inputs_153_226_133__525b0fe69af0a680deb36a49539aeda01279eaa5() {
+            #[cairofmt::skip]
+            let input = array![0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x99, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0xe2, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x85, 0x4a, 0xc4, 0x00, 0xea, 0x5d, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x8b, 0xb1, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x22, 0x2c, 0xf2, 0x4a, 0x22, 0x22, 0x07, 0xb9, 0x28, 0x9c, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00];
+            let result = ModExp::exec(input.span());
+            assert!(result.is_err());
+        }
+
+
+        #[test]
+        fn test_modexp_random_inputs_153_226_133__c27d38c2e26b80213f5e72b8c169c03d07b69e28() {
+            #[cairofmt::skip]
+            let input = array![0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x99, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0xe2, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x85, 0x4a, 0xc4, 0x00, 0xea, 0x5d, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x8b, 0xb1, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x22, 0x2c, 0xf2, 0x4a, 0x22, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00];
+            let result = ModExp::exec(input.span());
+            assert!(result.is_err());
+        }
+
+
+        #[test]
+        fn test_modexp_random_inputs_153_226_133__c5fffa3e2ccf2c338d2802e1e057007060bbc10c() {
+            #[cairofmt::skip]
+            let input = array![0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x99, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0xe2, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x85, 0x4a, 0xc4, 0x00, 0xea, 0x5d, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x8b, 0xb1, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x8b, 0xb1, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00];
+            let result = ModExp::exec(input.span());
+            assert!(result.is_err());
+        }
+
+
+        #[test]
+        fn test_modexp_random_inputs_153_256_0__06189e8781259cd15dcae0d329578d260a1f4c4b() {
+            #[cairofmt::skip]
+            let input = array![0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x99, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x01, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x12, 0x24, 0x7a, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0xea, 0x5d, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00];
+            let result = ModExp::exec(input.span());
+            assert!(result.is_err());
+        }
+
+
+        #[test]
+        fn test_modexp_random_inputs_153_0_3__a1ddd0ab4a281889c4d8c4ac5352c823c09c80d6() {
+            #[cairofmt::skip]
+            let input = array![0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x99, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x03, 0x02, 0x07, 0xea, 0x5d, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x12, 0x31, 0xa5];
+            let result = ModExp::exec(input.span());
+            assert!(result.is_err());
+        }
+
+
+        #[test]
+        fn test_modexp_random_inputs_53_211_36__5a312b1c23eb4c794f427a1b6d9bebc93bd88089() {
+            #[cairofmt::skip]
+            let input = array![0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x35, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0xd3, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x24, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0xb1, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0xef, 0xc2, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00];
+            let result = ModExp::exec(input.span());
+            assert!(result.is_err());
+        }
+
+
+        #[test]
+        fn test_modexp_random_inputs_53_36_36__94805d4cb0222911ec996b081069b06cb8a66b17() {
+            #[cairofmt::skip]
+            let input = array![0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x35, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x24, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x24, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0xb1, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0xef, 0xc2, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00];
+            let result = ModExp::exec(input.span());
+            assert!(result.is_err());
+        }
+
+
+        #[test]
+        fn test_modexp_random_inputs_53_36_53__f43b13d6e8953ca38ea312a628b99511bc1d58d4() {
+            #[cairofmt::skip]
+            let input = array![0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x35, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x24, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x35, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0xb1, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0xef, 0xc2, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00];
+            let result = ModExp::exec(input.span());
+            assert!(result.is_err());
+        }
+
+
+        #[test]
+        fn test_modexp_random_inputs_53_53_53__7a6f3ac3012eab744911ad44e0c143f78dc70bb7() {
+            #[cairofmt::skip]
+            let input = array![0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x35, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x35, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x35, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0xb1, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0xef, 0xc2, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00];
+            let result = ModExp::exec(input.span());
+            assert!(result.is_err());
+        }
+
+
+        #[test]
+        fn test_modexp_random_inputs_53_53_53__d3e8d008c4f3139316631be6a17e23ec1782f3fc() {
+            #[cairofmt::skip]
+            let input = array![0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x35, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x35, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x35, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0xb1, 0xef, 0xef, 0xc2, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0xcd, 0xf1, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00];
+            let result = ModExp::exec(input.span());
+            assert!(result.is_err());
+        }
+
+
+        #[test]
+        fn test_modexp_random_inputs_53_0_0__60403adc5084f54ddd5bcb6244091bee6f5606bf() {
+            #[cairofmt::skip]
+            let input = array![0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x35, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x04, 0x05, 0x07, 0xef, 0xc2, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00];
+            let result = ModExp::exec(input.span());
+            assert!(result.is_err());
+        }
+
+
+        #[test]
+        fn test_modexp_random_inputs_53_0_4__e9aed1f9f5b4978b227466aae3a97c20bc009b82() {
+            #[cairofmt::skip]
+            let input = array![0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x35, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x04, 0x05, 0x07, 0xef, 0xc2, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00];
+            let result = ModExp::exec(input.span());
+            assert!(result.is_err());
+        }
+
+
+        #[test]
+        fn test_modexp_random_inputs_0_62_13__7b23519bf720a22e909439addbcb7e3bb32a4fb9() {
+            #[cairofmt::skip]
+            let input = array![0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x3e, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x0d, 0x7c, 0x00, 0xbf, 0x32, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x87, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00];
+            let result = ModExp::exec(input.span());
+            assert!(result.is_err());
+        }
+
+
+        #[test]
+        fn test_modexp_random_inputs_0_62_13__64d05097b8bdc48827c3ebecf3785d0c7a4839f1() {
+            #[cairofmt::skip]
+            let input = array![0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x3e, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x0d, 0x7c, 0x00, 0xbf, 0x32, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00];
+            let result = ModExp::exec(input.span());
+            assert!(result.is_err());
+        }
+
+
+        #[test]
+        fn test_modexp_random_inputs_0_62_13__78c469607d17f54d99dbcd1111d3395662dff56f() {
+            #[cairofmt::skip]
+            let input = array![0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x3e, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x0d, 0x7c, 0xbf, 0xbf, 0x32, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00];
+            let result = ModExp::exec(input.span());
+            assert!(result.is_err());
+        }
+
+
+        #[test]
+        fn test_modexp_random_inputs_0_62_0__a9e84e095185194823d489d16b30e9422b5c7d7a() {
+            #[cairofmt::skip]
+            let input = array![0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x3e, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x7c, 0xbf, 0xbf, 0x32, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00];
+            let result = ModExp::exec(input.span());
+            assert!(result.is_err());
+        }
+
+
+        #[test]
+        fn test_modexp_random_inputs_114_62_141__8b0305981f08f76f0fb89e3e970a12214dc4c720() {
+            #[cairofmt::skip]
+            let input = array![0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x72, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x3e, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x8d, 0xb4, 0x00, 0x59, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x78, 0x00, 0x3c, 0x17, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x57, 0x52, 0xb2, 0x18, 0xd8, 0x1e, 0x56, 0x20, 0xb3, 0xc4, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00];
+            let result = ModExp::exec(input.span());
+            assert!(result.is_err());
+        }
+
+
+        #[test]
+        fn test_modexp_random_inputs_62_62_141__b7a92da401f429913c145faa0421a0f65e5a305f() {
+            #[cairofmt::skip]
+            let input = array![0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x3e, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x3e, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x8d, 0xb4, 0x00, 0x59, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x78, 0x00, 0x3c, 0x17, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x57, 0x52, 0xb2, 0x18, 0xd8, 0x1e, 0x56, 0x20, 0xb3, 0xc4, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00];
+            let result = ModExp::exec(input.span());
+            assert!(result.is_err());
+        }
+
+
+        #[test]
+        fn test_modexp_random_inputs_62_62_141__363ae3bd166fa513958db13ba9fcd5ae28277c4f() {
+            #[cairofmt::skip]
+            let input = array![0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x3e, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x3e, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x8d, 0xb4, 0x00, 0x59, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x78, 0x00, 0x3c, 0x17, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0xb4, 0x00, 0x59, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00];
+            let result = ModExp::exec(input.span());
+            assert!(result.is_err());
+        }
+
+
+        #[test]
+        fn test_modexp_random_inputs_62_62_141__66331ac2ce6b0e3254b54f8fe754595433951643() {
+            #[cairofmt::skip]
+            let input = array![0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x3e, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x3e, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x8d, 0xb4, 0x00, 0x59, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x78, 0x00, 0x3c, 0x17, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x78, 0x00, 0x3c, 0x17, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00];
+            let result = ModExp::exec(input.span());
+            assert!(result.is_err());
+        }
+
+
+        #[test]
+        fn test_modexp_random_inputs_62_62_141__590745efb856e01e8acce2bf1bb8290398601edc() {
+            #[cairofmt::skip]
+            let input = array![0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x3e, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x3e, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x8d, 0xb4, 0x00, 0x7a, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x78, 0x00, 0x3c, 0x17, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x78, 0x00, 0x3c, 0x17, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00];
+            let result = ModExp::exec(input.span());
+            assert!(result.is_err());
+        }
+
+
     #[test]
-    fn test_modexp_eip198_example_2() {
-        let mut vm = VMBuilderTrait::new_with_presets().build();
+    fn test_modexp_non_empty_outputs_28_7_18() {
+        #[cairofmt::skip]
+        let input = array![0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x1c, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x07, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x12, 0xc1, 0x63, 0x70, 0x0f, 0x80, 0x67, 0xda, 0x2a, 0xf7, 0xd3, 0xb0, 0xe1, 0x97, 0x08, 0xd8, 0x96, 0xa7, 0x96, 0xc9, 0xa5, 0xcc, 0x49, 0x4e, 0x1a, 0x35, 0xe5, 0x57, 0x06, 0xf4, 0xdf, 0xc5, 0x36, 0xaf, 0x47, 0x0e, 0x75, 0xfa, 0x64, 0x3f, 0x04, 0xb1, 0xb3, 0xeb, 0xda, 0x1e, 0x2c, 0xb2, 0x9a, 0x78, 0x76, 0x94, 0xe4, 0xa9];
+        #[cairofmt::skip]
+        let expected_result = array![0x07, 0x4f, 0x1b, 0xd7, 0x15, 0x36, 0x09, 0xb9, 0xaf, 0x37, 0xf9, 0xe4, 0x33, 0x15, 0x08, 0x3c, 0x9a, 0xd4];
+        let expected_gas = 293;
+
+        let (gas, result) = ModExp::exec(input.span()).unwrap();
+        assert_eq!(result, expected_result.span());
+        assert_eq!(gas, expected_gas);
+    }
 
-        let (calldata, expected) = test_modexp_eip198_example_2_data();
+    #[test]
+    fn test_modexp_non_empty_outputs_26_16_10() {
+        #[cairofmt::skip]
+        let input = array![0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x1a, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x10, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x0a, 0x63, 0x9e, 0x21, 0x82, 0x6f, 0xed, 0xfb, 0x58, 0x3f, 0x44, 0x0d, 0xd9, 0x8b, 0xb7, 0x1e, 0x33, 0xa9, 0xfe, 0x89, 0x7b, 0xeb, 0x81, 0x12, 0xb0, 0xb4, 0x7c, 0x34, 0xe4, 0xbf, 0x05, 0x98, 0xe3, 0x34, 0xa4, 0xbf, 0xa2, 0x03, 0x49, 0x50, 0xfe, 0xd7, 0xdc, 0xc3, 0x61, 0x3f, 0x1c, 0xac, 0xb5, 0x31, 0xc3, 0xb0, 0x64];
+        #[cairofmt::skip]
+        let expected_result = array![0xb2, 0x7a, 0xd9, 0x50, 0xa1, 0x4c, 0x19, 0xb8, 0x41, 0x18];
+        let expected_gas = 666;
+
+        let (gas, result) = ModExp::exec(input.span()).unwrap();
+        assert_eq!(result, expected_result.span());
+        assert_eq!(gas, expected_gas);
+    }
 
-        vm.message.target.evm = EthAddress { address: 5 };
-        vm.message.data = calldata;
-        let expected_gas = 1_360;
+    #[test]
+    fn test_modexp_non_empty_outputs_2_39_4() {
+        #[cairofmt::skip]
+        let input = array![0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x02, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x27, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x04, 0x1b, 0x29, 0x1d, 0x44, 0x69, 0xe1, 0x34, 0x92, 0xad, 0x43, 0x29, 0xa3, 0x1a, 0xc6, 0x1b, 0x24, 0x4e, 0x9e, 0xc8, 0xe3, 0x3b, 0x5c, 0x32, 0x3b, 0x46, 0xc8, 0x71, 0xcb, 0xc9, 0x75, 0xd7, 0x30, 0xb1, 0x58, 0xf0, 0x23, 0x79, 0x5e, 0x92, 0x0c, 0xc7, 0x95, 0x00, 0x0b, 0x2a];
+        #[cairofmt::skip]
+        let expected_result = array![0x1e, 0xaa, 0x64, 0x9f];
+        let expected_gas = 200;
+
+        let (gas, result) = ModExp::exec(input.span()).unwrap();
+        assert_eq!(result, expected_result.span());
+        assert_eq!(gas, expected_gas);
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_modexp_non_empty_outputs_24_17_15() {
+        #[cairofmt::skip]
+        let input = array![0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x18, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x11, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x0f, 0xed, 0x9b, 0x26, 0x87, 0x3c, 0x7a, 0xce, 0x44, 0x59, 0x36, 0x40, 0x1a, 0xdb, 0x27, 0x37, 0x1a, 0xf8, 0xed, 0x9e, 0x2c, 0x91, 0x2f, 0x0e, 0x56, 0xaf, 0xa6, 0x49, 0x23, 0x8e, 0x6a, 0x03, 0xd8, 0xa2, 0x3d, 0xf6, 0x7b, 0xc9, 0xd6, 0xa3, 0xcd, 0x29, 0xee, 0x86, 0xfd, 0x74, 0x9f, 0xde, 0x9b, 0x0d, 0x46, 0xf8, 0x03, 0xd3, 0xa1, 0x52, 0xdb];
+        #[cairofmt::skip]
+        let expected_result = array![0xdd, 0x2c, 0xfd, 0x56, 0x5e, 0xae, 0x04, 0x99, 0xdc, 0x3b, 0xd7, 0xe4, 0x46, 0xd9, 0x7c];
+        let expected_gas = 405;
+
+        let (gas, result) = ModExp::exec(input.span()).unwrap();
+        assert_eq!(result, expected_result.span());
+        assert_eq!(gas, expected_gas);
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_modexp_non_empty_outputs_46_15_1() {
+        #[cairofmt::skip]
+        let input = array![0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x2e, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x0f, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x01, 0x4c, 0xcf, 0x18, 0x8d, 0x29, 0xd4, 0x57, 0x93, 0xf5, 0xa3, 0xaa, 0xa9, 0xfa, 0x02, 0xc8, 0x56, 0xde, 0xb3, 0x3a, 0x21, 0x54, 0xc6, 0x63, 0x8f, 0xfd, 0x93, 0x35, 0x1d, 0xa1, 0xaa, 0xf9, 0x91, 0xbd, 0x9d, 0x61, 0x0d, 0xb8, 0x1d, 0xf8, 0xc6, 0x64, 0x30, 0x43, 0x1e, 0xf2, 0x49, 0x81, 0x52, 0xf0, 0x4f, 0x11, 0xaa, 0xec, 0xeb, 0xea, 0xa5, 0x26, 0xc9, 0xaf, 0x2d, 0xa0, 0x14];
+        #[cairofmt::skip]
+        let expected_result = array![0x01];
+        let expected_gas = 1428;
+
+        let (gas, result) = ModExp::exec(input.span()).unwrap();
+        assert_eq!(result, expected_result.span());
+        assert_eq!(gas, expected_gas);
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_modexp_non_empty_outputs_21_43_7() {
+        #[cairofmt::skip]
+        let input = array![0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x15, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x2b, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x07, 0x6e, 0x2c, 0x9d, 0x83, 0x7f, 0xe8, 0x61, 0x5f, 0x07, 0x32, 0xb9, 0x08, 0xc0, 0x01, 0xf6, 0x4d, 0xc7, 0x5d, 0xf5, 0xfa, 0xe9, 0x69, 0xfe, 0xc8, 0x2f, 0x85, 0x2b, 0xff, 0xa0, 0x21, 0xf6, 0xfa, 0x13, 0xdf, 0x33, 0x73, 0xa5, 0xb1, 0x80, 0xec, 0x35, 0x80, 0x78, 0xb3, 0xff, 0xa8, 0xa3, 0xa5, 0x78, 0x60, 0x30, 0x8d, 0xcb, 0xc9, 0xe0, 0xb1, 0x74, 0x8b, 0x05, 0x8f, 0xb6, 0x64, 0xb5, 0xf5, 0xae, 0x32, 0x96, 0x4e, 0x22, 0xa1, 0x30];
+        #[cairofmt::skip]
+        let expected_result = array![0x69, 0xb0, 0xaa, 0x64, 0x19, 0x65, 0xd9];
+        let expected_gas = 1026;
+
+        let (gas, result) = ModExp::exec(input.span()).unwrap();
+        assert_eq!(result, expected_result.span());
+        assert_eq!(gas, expected_gas);
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_modexp_non_empty_outputs_8_1_8() {
+        #[cairofmt::skip]
+        let input = array![0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x08, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x01, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x08, 0x53, 0x09, 0x51, 0x83, 0xd4, 0x47, 0x99, 0xee, 0xc4, 0x8f, 0x39, 0xe6, 0xbd, 0x00, 0x79, 0x91, 0xb7];
+        #[cairofmt::skip]
+        let expected_result = array![0x8b, 0x00, 0xa8, 0x96, 0xeb, 0xe7, 0x06, 0xf4];
+        let expected_gas = 200;
+
+        let (gas, result) = ModExp::exec(input.span()).unwrap();
+        assert_eq!(result, expected_result.span());
+        assert_eq!(gas, expected_gas);
+    }
 
-        let gas_before = vm.gas_left;
-        Precompiles::exec_precompile(ref vm).unwrap();
-        let gas_after = vm.gas_left;
+    #[test]
+    fn test_modexp_non_empty_outputs_28_42_48() {
+        #[cairofmt::skip]
+        let input = array![0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x1c, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x2a, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x30, 0x8f, 0x4b, 0x7e, 0xa4, 0x43, 0x1c, 0x00, 0x58, 0x8e, 0xec, 0x8c, 0x55, 0xc1, 0xb2, 0x08, 0x11, 0x19, 0xbd, 0x88, 0xa1, 0xc0, 0x5c, 0x9a, 0xad, 0x21, 0xab, 0x83, 0xca, 0xe9, 0xdd, 0xe6, 0x94, 0xd3, 0xc5, 0x95, 0xce, 0x25, 0x1d, 0x69, 0xeb, 0xb8, 0x23, 0xaa, 0xd3, 0x4e, 0x74, 0x70, 0xa9, 0xc9, 0x17, 0x88, 0x87, 0x1d, 0x3c, 0x0e, 0x02, 0x03, 0xfb, 0x17, 0x1c, 0xbc, 0xa0, 0xd0, 0xee, 0xef, 0x4d, 0xba, 0x0e, 0x41, 0x33, 0xcc, 0x02, 0x20, 0xc8, 0x3f, 0xa8, 0x22, 0xf2, 0x23, 0x6a, 0xde, 0x8c, 0xab, 0x2d, 0x5a, 0x83, 0xe4, 0xa7, 0x09, 0x19, 0x33, 0xa8, 0xb4, 0x48, 0xfb, 0x1b, 0x0c, 0x46, 0x0d, 0x64, 0x63, 0xe5, 0xdd, 0xd7, 0xc2, 0x33, 0xe6, 0x19, 0x81, 0x33, 0xba, 0x3c, 0xf5, 0x3f, 0x98, 0x04, 0xee, 0x79];
+        #[cairofmt::skip]
+        let expected_result = array![0x4c, 0x94, 0x8a, 0xae, 0xe7, 0x91, 0x5c, 0xe0, 0x96, 0xb0, 0x1e, 0xed, 0x81, 0xb1, 0xc4, 0x87, 0x18, 0x3a, 0x63, 0x8d, 0x7b, 0xce, 0xaa, 0x2c, 0xf9, 0x5d, 0x78, 0xf6, 0xe9, 0x9f, 0x9b, 0xb7, 0x3f, 0x61, 0x20, 0x2f, 0xa3, 0xd0, 0x3e, 0xca, 0x50, 0x4e, 0x04, 0xd7, 0xd3, 0x7f, 0x0c, 0x8e];
+        let expected_gas = 4020;
+
+        let (gas, result) = ModExp::exec(input.span()).unwrap();
+        assert_eq!(result, expected_result.span());
+        assert_eq!(gas, expected_gas);
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_modexp_non_empty_outputs_39_5_16() {
+        #[cairofmt::skip]
+        let input = array![0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x27, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x05, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x10, 0xf0, 0xec, 0xbc, 0x9b, 0xe9, 0x07, 0x7a, 0x1a, 0x88, 0x2c, 0x49, 0xcb, 0x2a, 0xb4, 0xda, 0x9e, 0xcd, 0x08, 0xf3, 0xd3, 0x64, 0x76, 0xb7, 0x67, 0x3d, 0xbb, 0xb1, 0x74, 0xbc, 0x97, 0x3c, 0x68, 0xb3, 0xc0, 0x78, 0xad, 0xd4, 0x38, 0xc4, 0x57, 0x57, 0x59, 0x58, 0xa0, 0x30, 0x51, 0x0d, 0x67, 0xbf, 0x79, 0xef, 0xda, 0x28, 0x99, 0x03, 0x22, 0xaf, 0x98, 0xf2, 0x33];
+        #[cairofmt::skip]
+        let expected_result = array![0x1d, 0xe5, 0x9e, 0x9f, 0xf6, 0x64, 0x6e, 0x2a, 0x4b, 0x40, 0xed, 0xa9, 0xf5, 0x14, 0x81, 0x05];
+        let expected_gas = 316;
+
+        let (gas, result) = ModExp::exec(input.span()).unwrap();
+        assert_eq!(result, expected_result.span());
+        assert_eq!(gas, expected_gas);
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_modexp_non_empty_outputs_30_32_14() {
+        #[cairofmt::skip]
+        let input = array![0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x1e, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x20, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x0e, 0x86, 0xd7, 0x0f, 0x75, 0x4d, 0x38, 0x76, 0xa1, 0x31, 0xda, 0x03, 0xbc, 0x00, 0xa2, 0x6f, 0x76, 0xc0, 0x43, 0xc4, 0x45, 0xd2, 0xd9, 0xae, 0x07, 0x8a, 0x93, 0x50, 0xa4, 0xa6, 0xb0, 0x86, 0xd7, 0x0f, 0x75, 0x4d, 0x38, 0x76, 0xa1, 0x31, 0xda, 0x03, 0xbc, 0x00, 0xa2, 0x6f, 0x76, 0xc0, 0x43, 0xc4, 0x45, 0xd2, 0xd9, 0xae, 0x07, 0x8a, 0x93, 0x50, 0xa4, 0xa6, 0xb0, 0x3a, 0x43, 0x51, 0x67, 0xb0, 0x53, 0x75, 0xd9, 0xb5, 0x86, 0xa0, 0x99, 0x9b, 0x69, 0x7f, 0x20];
+        #[cairofmt::skip]
+        let expected_result = array![0x23, 0xf0, 0x67, 0x50, 0x68, 0x07, 0x13, 0xef, 0x63, 0x46, 0x95, 0xee, 0x25, 0x60];
+        let expected_gas = 1360;
+
+        let (gas, result) = ModExp::exec(input.span()).unwrap();
+        assert_eq!(result, expected_result.span());
+        assert_eq!(gas, expected_gas);
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_modexp_non_empty_outputs_30_32_30() {
+        #[cairofmt::skip]
+        let input = array![0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x1e, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x20, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x1e, 0x86, 0xd7, 0x0f, 0x75, 0x4d, 0x38, 0x76, 0xa1, 0x31, 0xda, 0x03, 0xbc, 0x00, 0xa2, 0x6f, 0x76, 0xc0, 0x43, 0xc4, 0x45, 0xd2, 0xd9, 0xae, 0x07, 0x8a, 0x93, 0x50, 0xa4, 0xa6, 0xb0, 0x86, 0xd7, 0x0f, 0x75, 0x4d, 0x38, 0x76, 0xa1, 0x31, 0xda, 0x03, 0xbc, 0x00, 0xa2, 0x6f, 0x76, 0xc0, 0x43, 0xc4, 0x45, 0xd2, 0xd9, 0xae, 0x07, 0x8a, 0x93, 0x50, 0xa4, 0xa6, 0xb0, 0x3a, 0x43, 0x51, 0x67, 0xb0, 0x53, 0x75, 0xd9, 0xb5, 0x86, 0xa0, 0x99, 0x9b, 0x69, 0x7f, 0x20, 0xa0, 0x53, 0x89, 0x00, 0xb6, 0xfb, 0x07, 0xf0, 0xe9, 0x05, 0xba, 0xbf, 0x88, 0x04, 0x3c, 0x45];
+        #[cairofmt::skip]
+        let expected_result = array![0x2b, 0xf0, 0x82, 0x43, 0x2d, 0x79, 0x51, 0x0e, 0xe5, 0x2c, 0x1e, 0x02, 0x4f, 0x5f, 0x0d, 0x70, 0x1a, 0x3a, 0x05, 0xe3, 0x16, 0x49, 0x79, 0xeb, 0xaf, 0x53, 0x83, 0x2d, 0x83, 0x5a];
+        let expected_gas = 1360;
+
+        let (gas, result) = ModExp::exec(input.span()).unwrap();
+        assert_eq!(result, expected_result.span());
+        assert_eq!(gas, expected_gas);
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_modexp_non_empty_outputs_30_32_32() {
+        #[cairofmt::skip]
+        let input = array![0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x1e, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x20, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x20, 0x86, 0xd7, 0x0f, 0x75, 0x4d, 0x38, 0x76, 0xa1, 0x31, 0xda, 0x03, 0xbc, 0x00, 0xa2, 0x6f, 0x76, 0xc0, 0x43, 0xc4, 0x45, 0xd2, 0xd9, 0xae, 0x07, 0x8a, 0x93, 0x50, 0xa4, 0xa6, 0xb0, 0x86, 0xd7, 0x0f, 0x75, 0x4d, 0x38, 0x76, 0xa1, 0x31, 0xda, 0x03, 0xbc, 0x00, 0xa2, 0x6f, 0x76, 0xc0, 0x43, 0xc4, 0x45, 0xd2, 0xd9, 0xae, 0x07, 0x8a, 0x93, 0x50, 0xa4, 0xa6, 0xb0, 0x3a, 0x43, 0x51, 0x67, 0xb0, 0x53, 0x75, 0xd9, 0xb5, 0x86, 0xa0, 0x99, 0x9b, 0x69, 0x7f, 0x20, 0xa0, 0x53, 0x89, 0x00, 0xb6, 0xfb, 0x07, 0xf0, 0xe9, 0x05, 0xba, 0xbf, 0x88, 0x04, 0x3c, 0x45, 0x9f, 0x57];
+        #[cairofmt::skip]
+        let expected_result = array![0x27, 0x78, 0x4b, 0x28, 0x3d, 0xbf, 0x91, 0x47, 0xf2, 0x42, 0x73, 0x89, 0xe1, 0xb0, 0xfe, 0xa0, 0x0f, 0x23, 0xd0, 0xfc, 0xba, 0x22, 0x4c, 0x3f, 0xae, 0xfe, 0x2e, 0x59, 0xc9, 0x77, 0xf5, 0x39];
+        let expected_gas = 1360;
+
+        let (gas, result) = ModExp::exec(input.span()).unwrap();
+        assert_eq!(result, expected_result.span());
+        assert_eq!(gas, expected_gas);
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_modexp_non_empty_outputs_30_30_32() {
+        #[cairofmt::skip]
+        let input = array![0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x1e, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x1e, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x20, 0x86, 0xd7, 0x0f, 0x75, 0x4d, 0x38, 0x76, 0xa1, 0x31, 0xda, 0x03, 0xbc, 0x00, 0xa2, 0x6f, 0x76, 0xc0, 0x43, 0xc4, 0x45, 0xd2, 0xd9, 0xae, 0x07, 0x8a, 0x93, 0x50, 0xa4, 0xa6, 0xb0, 0x86, 0xd7, 0x0f, 0x75, 0x4d, 0x38, 0x76, 0xa1, 0x31, 0xda, 0x03, 0xbc, 0x00, 0xa2, 0x6f, 0x76, 0xc0, 0x43, 0xc4, 0x45, 0xd2, 0xd9, 0xae, 0x07, 0x8a, 0x93, 0x50, 0xa4, 0xa6, 0xb0, 0x3a, 0x43, 0x51, 0x67, 0xb0, 0x53, 0x75, 0xd9, 0xb5, 0x86, 0xa0, 0x99, 0x9b, 0x69, 0x7f, 0x20, 0xa0, 0x53, 0x89, 0x00, 0xb6, 0xfb, 0x07, 0xf0, 0xe9, 0x05, 0xba, 0xbf, 0x88, 0x04, 0x3c, 0x45];
+        #[cairofmt::skip]
+        let expected_result = array![0x19, 0xd3, 0x08, 0x71, 0xe3, 0xe2, 0xe7, 0x69, 0xe2, 0x0c, 0x28, 0x8d, 0x10, 0x27, 0x10, 0xaf, 0xb2, 0xf9, 0xee, 0x71, 0x31, 0x8a, 0xb8, 0xd8, 0xe3, 0x9f, 0xae, 0x5e, 0x07, 0xb3, 0x81, 0x37];
+        let expected_gas = 1274;
+
+        let (gas, result) = ModExp::exec(input.span()).unwrap();
+        assert_eq!(result, expected_result.span());
+        assert_eq!(gas, expected_gas);
+    }
 
-        assert_eq!(gas_before - gas_after, expected_gas);
-        assert_eq!(vm.return_data, expected);
+    #[test]
+    fn test_modexp_non_empty_outputs_32_30_32() {
+        #[cairofmt::skip]
+        let input = array![0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x20, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x1e, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x20, 0x86, 0xd7, 0x0f, 0x75, 0x4d, 0x38, 0x76, 0xa1, 0x31, 0xda, 0x03, 0xbc, 0x00, 0xa2, 0x6f, 0x76, 0xc0, 0x43, 0xc4, 0x45, 0xd2, 0xd9, 0xae, 0x07, 0x8a, 0x93, 0x50, 0xa4, 0xa6, 0xb0, 0x86, 0xd7, 0x0f, 0x75, 0x4d, 0x38, 0x76, 0xa1, 0x31, 0xda, 0x03, 0xbc, 0x00, 0xa2, 0x6f, 0x76, 0xc0, 0x43, 0xc4, 0x45, 0xd2, 0xd9, 0xae, 0x07, 0x8a, 0x93, 0x50, 0xa4, 0xa6, 0xb0, 0x3a, 0x43, 0x51, 0x67, 0xb0, 0x53, 0x75, 0xd9, 0xb5, 0x86, 0xa0, 0x99, 0x9b, 0x69, 0x7f, 0x20, 0xa0, 0x53, 0x89, 0x00, 0xb6, 0xfb, 0x07, 0xf0, 0xe9, 0x05, 0xba, 0xbf, 0x88, 0x04, 0x3c, 0x45, 0xdf, 0x90];
+        #[cairofmt::skip]
+        let expected_result = array![0x13, 0x72, 0xc9, 0x3a, 0x9c, 0x8a, 0x70, 0x34, 0xc6, 0xcd, 0xb2, 0x4d, 0x98, 0xa3, 0x74, 0xf3, 0x23, 0x14, 0x6c, 0x9f, 0x6e, 0xad, 0x80, 0x5d, 0x66, 0x85, 0x68, 0x91, 0x73, 0x77, 0xc0, 0x47];
+        let expected_gas = 1253;
+
+        let (gas, result) = ModExp::exec(input.span()).unwrap();
+        assert_eq!(result, expected_result.span());
+        assert_eq!(gas, expected_gas);
     }
 
+    #[test]
+    fn test_modexp_non_empty_outputs_32_32_32() {
+        #[cairofmt::skip]
+        let input = array![0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x20, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x20, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x20, 0x86, 0xd7, 0x0f, 0x75, 0x4d, 0x38, 0x76, 0xa1, 0x31, 0xda, 0x03, 0xbc, 0x00, 0xa2, 0x6f, 0x76, 0xc0, 0x43, 0xc4, 0x45, 0xd2, 0xd9, 0xae, 0x07, 0x8a, 0x93, 0x50, 0xa4, 0xa6, 0xb0, 0x86, 0xd7, 0x0f, 0x75, 0x4d, 0x38, 0x76, 0xa1, 0x31, 0xda, 0x03, 0xbc, 0x00, 0xa2, 0x6f, 0x76, 0xc0, 0x43, 0xc4, 0x45, 0xd2, 0xd9, 0xae, 0x07, 0x8a, 0x93, 0x50, 0xa4, 0xa6, 0xb0, 0x3a, 0x43, 0x51, 0x67, 0xb0, 0x53, 0x75, 0xd9, 0xb5, 0x86, 0xa0, 0x99, 0x9b, 0x69, 0x7f, 0x20, 0xa0, 0x53, 0x89, 0x00, 0xb6, 0xfb, 0x07, 0xf0, 0xe9, 0x05, 0xba, 0xbf, 0x88, 0x04, 0x3c, 0x45, 0xdf, 0x90, 0xb2, 0xac];
+        #[cairofmt::skip]
+        let expected_result = array![0x27, 0xd1, 0x08, 0x1f, 0x46, 0xe1, 0x33, 0x4e, 0x1b, 0xf4, 0x3d, 0x41, 0x43, 0x62, 0x0d, 0x45, 0x2e, 0x16, 0x48, 0x51, 0x4c, 0x3e, 0x3e, 0x56, 0xae, 0x55, 0x36, 0xbe, 0x6e, 0xdb, 0x75, 0xff];
+        let expected_gas = 1338;
+
+        let (gas, result) = ModExp::exec(input.span()).unwrap();
+        assert_eq!(result, expected_result.span());
+        assert_eq!(gas, expected_gas);
+    }
 
     #[test]
-    fn test_modexp_nagydani_1_square() {
-        let mut vm = VMBuilderTrait::new_with_presets().build();
+    fn test_modexp_non_empty_outputs_9_35_9() {
+        #[cairofmt::skip]
+        let input = array![0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x09, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x23, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x09, 0xe8, 0x18, 0x28, 0xd0, 0x11, 0xb4, 0x48, 0x7e, 0x3c, 0xd9, 0xa5, 0x8d, 0xa9, 0x29, 0xcb, 0xb5, 0x58, 0xfd, 0x0d, 0x71, 0x76, 0x6d, 0x44, 0x82, 0x79, 0xc3, 0xa7, 0x85, 0x4e, 0xc6, 0x38, 0xf5, 0x17, 0xce, 0x03, 0x0c, 0x40, 0xfc, 0xb5, 0x9e, 0x44, 0x76, 0x0e, 0xca, 0xd5, 0x73, 0x6d, 0x9a, 0xc2, 0xcf, 0x01, 0xc1, 0x7a];
+        #[cairofmt::skip]
+        let expected_result = array![0x15, 0xf7, 0xa0, 0xaf, 0x8d, 0x4f, 0xac, 0x3e, 0xf6];
+        let expected_gas = 372;
+
+        let (gas, result) = ModExp::exec(input.span()).unwrap();
+        assert_eq!(result, expected_result.span());
+        assert_eq!(gas, expected_gas);
+    }
 
-        let (calldata, expected) = test_modexp_nagydani_1_square_data();
+    #[test]
+    fn test_modexp_non_empty_outputs_35_9_35() {
+        #[cairofmt::skip]
+        let input = array![0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x23, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x09, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x23, 0x08, 0xe8, 0x18, 0x28, 0xd0, 0x11, 0xb4, 0x48, 0x7e, 0x3c, 0xd9, 0xa5, 0x8d, 0xa9, 0x29, 0xcb, 0xb5, 0x58, 0xfd, 0x0d, 0x71, 0x76, 0x6d, 0x44, 0x82, 0x79, 0xc3, 0xa7, 0x85, 0x4e, 0xc6, 0x38, 0xf5, 0x17, 0xce, 0x08, 0xe8, 0x18, 0x28, 0xd0, 0x11, 0xb4, 0x48, 0x7e, 0x3c, 0xd9, 0xa5, 0x8d, 0xa9, 0x29, 0xcb, 0xb5, 0x58, 0xfd, 0x0d, 0x71, 0x76, 0x6d, 0x44, 0x82, 0x79, 0xc3, 0xa7, 0x85, 0x4e, 0xc6, 0x38, 0xf5, 0x17, 0xce, 0xca, 0xd5, 0x73, 0x6d, 0x9a, 0xc2, 0xcf, 0x01, 0xc1];
+        #[cairofmt::skip]
+        let expected_result = array![0x29, 0xc8, 0xdc, 0x5a, 0x4e, 0xbe, 0xd9, 0x00, 0x09, 0x47, 0x7f, 0x88, 0xe8, 0x35, 0x50, 0xa8, 0x28, 0x96, 0xc4, 0x04, 0x05, 0x36, 0x45, 0x42, 0x4e, 0x8f, 0x6a, 0xfa, 0x6b, 0x83, 0x0e, 0x81, 0xb9, 0x5e, 0xaf];
+        let expected_gas = 558;
+
+        let (gas, result) = ModExp::exec(input.span()).unwrap();
+        assert_eq!(result, expected_result.span());
+        assert_eq!(gas, expected_gas);
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_modexp_non_empty_outputs_9_9_35() {
+        #[cairofmt::skip]
+        let input = array![0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x09, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x09, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x23, 0x08, 0xe8, 0x18, 0x28, 0xd0, 0x11, 0xb4, 0x48, 0x7e, 0x3c, 0xd9, 0xa5, 0x8d, 0xa9, 0x29, 0xcb, 0xb5, 0x58, 0xfd, 0x0d, 0x71, 0x76, 0x6d, 0x44, 0x82, 0x79, 0xc3, 0xa7, 0x85, 0x4e, 0xc6, 0x38, 0xf5, 0x17, 0xce, 0x08, 0xe8, 0x18, 0x28, 0xd0, 0x11, 0xb4, 0x48, 0x7e, 0x3c, 0xd9, 0xa5, 0x8d, 0xa9, 0x29, 0xcb, 0xb5, 0x58];
+        #[cairofmt::skip]
+        let expected_result = array![0xb1, 0xf8, 0xc0, 0xe3, 0xe9, 0xf5, 0x5e, 0x16, 0x14, 0xd4, 0xdb, 0xae, 0xc3, 0x2d, 0x57, 0x18, 0x68, 0x52, 0xc0, 0x2e, 0x16, 0x09, 0x07, 0x6b, 0xde, 0x62, 0xdd, 0xed, 0xfb, 0x03, 0x82, 0x18, 0x93, 0x67, 0x10];
+        let expected_gas = 575;
+
+        let (gas, result) = ModExp::exec(input.span()).unwrap();
+        assert_eq!(result, expected_result.span());
+        assert_eq!(gas, expected_gas);
+    }
 
-        vm.message.target.evm = EthAddress { address: 5 };
-        vm.message.data = calldata;
+    #[test]
+    fn test_modexp_non_empty_outputs_9_9_9() {
+        #[cairofmt::skip]
+        let input = array![0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x09, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x09, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x09, 0x08, 0xe8, 0x18, 0x28, 0xd0, 0x11, 0xb4, 0x48, 0x7e, 0x08, 0xe8, 0x18, 0x28, 0xd0, 0x11, 0xb4, 0x48, 0x7e, 0xfd, 0x0d, 0x71, 0x76, 0x6d, 0x44, 0x82, 0x79, 0xc3];
+        #[cairofmt::skip]
+        let expected_result = array![0xe1, 0xed, 0xf1, 0x76, 0x32, 0x33, 0x3a, 0x17, 0x6f];
         let expected_gas = 200;
 
-        let gas_before = vm.gas_left;
-        Precompiles::exec_precompile(ref vm).unwrap();
-        let gas_after = vm.gas_left;
+        let (gas, result) = ModExp::exec(input.span()).unwrap();
+        assert_eq!(result, expected_result.span());
+        assert_eq!(gas, expected_gas);
+    }
 
-        assert_eq!(gas_before - gas_after, expected_gas);
-        assert_eq!(vm.return_data, expected);
+    #[test]
+    fn test_modexp_non_empty_outputs_27_21_37() {
+        #[cairofmt::skip]
+        let input = array![0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x1b, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x15, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x25, 0x39, 0xd4, 0xa4, 0x9b, 0x78, 0xd3, 0xbd, 0x79, 0x52, 0xc8, 0xbd, 0x4a, 0x41, 0x98, 0x23, 0x74, 0x71, 0x91, 0x1e, 0x07, 0x94, 0x39, 0xd4, 0xa4, 0x9b, 0x78, 0xd3, 0xbd, 0x79, 0x52, 0xc8, 0xbd, 0x4a, 0x41, 0x98, 0x23, 0x74, 0x71, 0x91, 0x1e, 0x07, 0x94, 0xa2, 0x6e, 0x92, 0x29, 0xe0, 0x56, 0xd4, 0x31, 0xd8, 0xd2, 0xb7, 0x0a, 0xd1, 0xc7, 0x27, 0x7e, 0x8f, 0xee, 0x27, 0x48, 0x10, 0xc2, 0x33, 0xb4, 0xa2, 0x45, 0x59, 0x29, 0x79, 0x1c, 0x12, 0x55, 0x7e, 0x87, 0x87, 0x92, 0xa9, 0xe4, 0xbb, 0x09, 0x9b, 0x04, 0xcd];
+        #[cairofmt::skip]
+        let expected_result = array![0x77, 0x21, 0x41, 0xb8, 0xf3, 0x33, 0xc3, 0x5b, 0x12, 0x8e, 0xea, 0x92, 0x1e, 0x78, 0xb9, 0x05, 0x74, 0x02, 0xd8, 0x07, 0xea, 0x5c, 0x80, 0x1d, 0x59, 0x9e, 0x3e, 0xd1, 0xfd, 0x1b, 0x20, 0x3b, 0xee, 0x4a, 0x16, 0x95, 0x6a];
+        let expected_gas = 1391;
+
+        let (gas, result) = ModExp::exec(input.span()).unwrap();
+        assert_eq!(result, expected_result.span());
+        assert_eq!(gas, expected_gas);
     }
 
     #[test]
-    fn test_modexp_nagydani_1_qube() {
-        let mut vm = VMBuilderTrait::new_with_presets().build();
+    fn test_modexp_non_empty_outputs_27_21_21() {
+        #[cairofmt::skip]
+        let input = array![0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x1b, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x15, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x15, 0x39, 0xd4, 0xa4, 0x9b, 0x78, 0xd3, 0xbd, 0x79, 0x52, 0xc8, 0xbd, 0x4a, 0x41, 0x98, 0x23, 0x74, 0x71, 0x91, 0x1e, 0x07, 0x94, 0x39, 0xd4, 0xa4, 0x9b, 0x78, 0xd3, 0xbd, 0x79, 0x52, 0xc8, 0xbd, 0x4a, 0x41, 0x98, 0x23, 0x74, 0x71, 0x91, 0x1e, 0x07, 0x94, 0xa2, 0x6e, 0x92, 0x29, 0xe0, 0x56, 0xd4, 0x31, 0xd8, 0xd2, 0xb7, 0x0a, 0xd1, 0xc7, 0x27, 0x7e, 0x8f, 0xee, 0x27, 0x48, 0x10, 0xc2, 0x33, 0xb4, 0xa2, 0x45, 0x59];
+        #[cairofmt::skip]
+        let expected_result = array![0xa6, 0xf3, 0x83, 0x39, 0xee, 0x8b, 0x9c, 0xea, 0x48, 0xb9, 0x06, 0x43, 0x33, 0x30, 0x83, 0x81, 0x52, 0x7e, 0x90, 0x04, 0x30];
+        let expected_gas = 890;
+
+        let (gas, result) = ModExp::exec(input.span()).unwrap();
+        assert_eq!(result, expected_result.span());
+        assert_eq!(gas, expected_gas);
+    }
 
-        let (calldata, expected) = test_modexp_nagydani_1_qube_data();
+    #[test]
+    fn test_modexp_non_empty_outputs_21_21_21() {
+        #[cairofmt::skip]
+        let input = array![0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x15, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x15, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x15, 0x39, 0xd4, 0xa4, 0x9b, 0x78, 0xd3, 0xbd, 0x79, 0x52, 0xc8, 0xbd, 0x4a, 0x41, 0x98, 0x23, 0x74, 0x71, 0x91, 0x1e, 0x07, 0x94, 0x39, 0xd4, 0xa4, 0x9b, 0x78, 0xd3, 0xbd, 0x79, 0x52, 0xc8, 0xbd, 0x4a, 0x41, 0x98, 0x23, 0x74, 0x71, 0x91, 0x1e, 0x07, 0x94, 0xa2, 0x6e, 0x92, 0x29, 0xe0, 0x56, 0xd4, 0x31, 0xd8, 0xd2, 0xb7, 0x0a, 0xd1, 0xc7, 0x27, 0x7e, 0x8f, 0xee, 0x27, 0x48, 0x10];
+        #[cairofmt::skip]
+        let expected_result = array![0x50, 0x29, 0x1d, 0x4d, 0x0f, 0xa5, 0x5d, 0x2b, 0x9e, 0x89, 0x96, 0xc2, 0x89, 0x75, 0x7a, 0x70, 0xc3, 0x08, 0xf9, 0xdd, 0x70];
+        let expected_gas = 495;
+
+        let (gas, result) = ModExp::exec(input.span()).unwrap();
+        assert_eq!(result, expected_result.span());
+        assert_eq!(gas, expected_gas);
+    }
 
-        vm.message.target.evm = EthAddress { address: 5 };
-        vm.message.data = calldata;
+    #[test]
+    fn test_modexp_non_empty_outputs_41_5_5() {
+        #[cairofmt::skip]
+        let input = array![0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x29, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x05, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x05, 0xd7, 0x47, 0x6a, 0xe6, 0xb4, 0xd7, 0x47, 0x6a, 0xe6, 0xb4, 0x75, 0x76, 0xca, 0xfe, 0x92, 0x88, 0xdd, 0x9f, 0xee, 0xbc, 0x1f, 0xbf, 0xd9, 0x27, 0x16, 0x0d, 0xf8, 0x9e, 0x95, 0x4e, 0x8f, 0x18, 0x58, 0xd4, 0x39, 0xf3, 0x0b, 0xc0, 0x53, 0x1a, 0xe1, 0x72, 0x3c, 0xf0, 0x89, 0xff, 0x4d, 0xe5, 0xe2, 0x85, 0xab];
+        #[cairofmt::skip]
+        let expected_result = array![0x2d, 0x57, 0x69, 0xa6, 0xa2];
+        let expected_gas = 456;
+
+        let (gas, result) = ModExp::exec(input.span()).unwrap();
+        assert_eq!(result, expected_result.span());
+        assert_eq!(gas, expected_gas);
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_modexp_non_empty_outputs_5_5_24() {
+        #[cairofmt::skip]
+        let input = array![0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x05, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x05, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x18, 0x47, 0x6a, 0xe6, 0xb4, 0x75, 0x47, 0x6a, 0xe6, 0xb4, 0x75, 0x76, 0xca, 0xfe, 0x92, 0x88, 0xdd, 0x9f, 0xee, 0xbc, 0x1f, 0xbf, 0xd9, 0x27, 0x16, 0x0d, 0xf8, 0x9e, 0x95, 0x4e, 0x8f, 0x18, 0x58, 0xd4, 0x39];
+        #[cairofmt::skip]
+        let expected_result = array![0x19, 0xd9, 0xbd, 0x67, 0x91, 0xb3, 0x8c, 0x18, 0x66, 0x41, 0xdf, 0x8e, 0x3b, 0x16, 0x68, 0x67, 0x81, 0xa5, 0xa9, 0x86, 0x44, 0x5d, 0x63, 0xec];
         let expected_gas = 200;
 
-        let gas_before = vm.gas_left;
-        Precompiles::exec_precompile(ref vm).unwrap();
-        let gas_after = vm.gas_left;
+        let (gas, result) = ModExp::exec(input.span()).unwrap();
+        assert_eq!(result, expected_result.span());
+        assert_eq!(gas, expected_gas);
+    }
 
-        assert_eq!(gas_before - gas_after, expected_gas);
-        assert_eq!(vm.return_data, expected);
+    #[test]
+    fn test_modexp_non_empty_outputs_24_5_24() {
+        #[cairofmt::skip]
+        let input = array![0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x18, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x05, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x18, 0x47, 0x6a, 0xe6, 0xb4, 0x75, 0x47, 0x6a, 0xe6, 0xb4, 0x75, 0x76, 0xca, 0xfe, 0x92, 0x88, 0xdd, 0x9f, 0xee, 0xbc, 0x1f, 0xbf, 0xd9, 0x27, 0x16, 0x0d, 0xf8, 0x9e, 0x95, 0x4e, 0x8f, 0x18, 0x58, 0xd4, 0x39, 0x58, 0xc1, 0xea, 0xcc, 0x45, 0x98, 0xef, 0xa9, 0x76, 0x42, 0x83, 0xbe, 0x19, 0xcb, 0xb5, 0x59, 0xe3, 0xd4, 0xa7];
+        #[cairofmt::skip]
+        let expected_result = array![0x1d, 0x70, 0xcf, 0x07, 0xf0, 0x22, 0xac, 0xa4, 0x14, 0x1e, 0x8d, 0x73, 0xda, 0x24, 0x85, 0x2b, 0x8b, 0xa0, 0xde, 0x85, 0xb0, 0x4d, 0x8b, 0x42];
+        let expected_gas = 200;
+
+        let (gas, result) = ModExp::exec(input.span()).unwrap();
+        assert_eq!(result, expected_result.span());
+        assert_eq!(gas, expected_gas);
     }
 
     #[test]
-    fn test_modexp_berlin_empty_input() {
-        let mut vm = VMBuilderTrait::new_with_presets().build();
+    fn test_modexp_non_empty_outputs_39_27_2() {
+        #[cairofmt::skip]
+        let input = array![0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x27, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x1b, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x02, 0x60, 0x47, 0x02, 0x9e, 0x6b, 0x16, 0x19, 0xd3, 0x62, 0xd6, 0x80, 0x57, 0xe7, 0xc5, 0x54, 0x7e, 0x40, 0x58, 0xdf, 0x83, 0x2f, 0xc5, 0x3d, 0x9f, 0x94, 0xd9, 0xe5, 0x76, 0x43, 0x7b, 0xef, 0x2c, 0x61, 0xd9, 0xba, 0x21, 0xbd, 0xe9, 0xdb, 0x60, 0x47, 0x02, 0x9e, 0x6b, 0x16, 0x19, 0xd3, 0x62, 0xd6, 0x80, 0x57, 0xe7, 0xc5, 0x54, 0x7e, 0x40, 0x58, 0xdf, 0x83, 0x2f, 0xc5, 0x3d, 0x9f, 0x94, 0xd9, 0xe5, 0x76, 0x43];
+        #[cairofmt::skip]
+        let expected_result = array![0x44, 0xf8];
+        let expected_gas = 1783;
+
+        let (gas, result) = ModExp::exec(input.span()).unwrap();
+        assert_eq!(result, expected_result.span());
+        assert_eq!(gas, expected_gas);
+    }
 
-        let calldata = [].span();
-        let expected = [].span();
+    #[test]
+    fn test_modexp_non_empty_outputs_2_27_2() {
+        #[cairofmt::skip]
+        let input = array![0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x02, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x1b, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x02, 0x02, 0x9e, 0x6b, 0x16, 0x19, 0xd3, 0x62, 0xd6, 0x80, 0x57, 0xe7, 0xc5, 0x54, 0x7e, 0x40, 0x58, 0xdf, 0x83, 0x2f, 0xc5, 0x3d, 0x9f, 0x94, 0xd9, 0xe5, 0x76, 0x43, 0x02, 0x9e, 0x6b, 0x16];
+        #[cairofmt::skip]
+        let expected_result = array![0x26, 0xc2];
+        let expected_gas = 200;
+
+        let (gas, result) = ModExp::exec(input.span()).unwrap();
+        assert_eq!(result, expected_result.span());
+        assert_eq!(gas, expected_gas);
+    }
 
-        vm.message.target.evm = EthAddress { address: 5 };
-        vm.message.data = calldata;
+    #[test]
+    fn test_modexp_non_empty_outputs_2_2_2() {
+        #[cairofmt::skip]
+        let input = array![0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x02, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x02, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x02, 0x6b, 0x16, 0x6b, 0x16, 0x19, 0xd3];
+        #[cairofmt::skip]
+        let expected_result = array![0x11, 0xda];
+        let expected_gas = 200;
 
-        Precompiles::exec_precompile(ref vm).unwrap();
+        let (gas, result) = ModExp::exec(input.span()).unwrap();
+        assert_eq!(result, expected_result.span());
+        assert_eq!(gas, expected_gas);
+    }
 
-        assert_eq!(vm.return_data, expected);
+    #[test]
+    fn test_modexp_non_empty_outputs_31_29_16() {
+        #[cairofmt::skip]
+        let input = array![0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x1f, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x1d, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x10, 0x0b, 0x2d, 0xb7, 0x2d, 0x2e, 0xcc, 0xe8, 0x07, 0x1c, 0x30, 0x01, 0x57, 0x2c, 0x06, 0x08, 0x8b, 0x37, 0xc3, 0xae, 0xf5, 0xb9, 0xf4, 0xca, 0x8b, 0x06, 0xbe, 0xcd, 0xfb, 0x6e, 0xcd, 0x5b, 0x0b, 0x2d, 0xb7, 0x2d, 0x2e, 0xcc, 0xe8, 0x07, 0x1c, 0x30, 0x01, 0x57, 0x2c, 0x06, 0x08, 0x8b, 0x37, 0xc3, 0xae, 0xf5, 0xb9, 0xf4, 0xca, 0x8b, 0x06, 0xbe, 0xcd, 0xfb, 0x6e, 0xcd, 0x5b, 0xe6, 0x24, 0x27, 0x8f, 0x87, 0x44, 0x81, 0x84, 0x5e, 0x73, 0x92, 0x99, 0xf6, 0x81];
+        #[cairofmt::skip]
+        let expected_result = array![0x98, 0x66, 0x83, 0x23, 0x4a, 0x28, 0x2e, 0xcb, 0x12, 0x26, 0xaf, 0x52, 0x40, 0x08, 0x86, 0xca];
+        let expected_gas = 1210;
+
+        let (gas, result) = ModExp::exec(input.span()).unwrap();
+        assert_eq!(result, expected_result.span());
+        assert_eq!(gas, expected_gas);
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_modexp_non_empty_outputs_29_29_16() {
+        #[cairofmt::skip]
+        let input = array![0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x1d, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x1d, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x10, 0x0b, 0x2d, 0xb7, 0x2d, 0x2e, 0xcc, 0xe8, 0x07, 0x1c, 0x30, 0x01, 0x57, 0x2c, 0x06, 0x08, 0x8b, 0x37, 0xc3, 0xae, 0xf5, 0xb9, 0xf4, 0xca, 0x8b, 0x06, 0xbe, 0xcd, 0xfb, 0x6e, 0xcd, 0x5b, 0x0b, 0x2d, 0xb7, 0x2d, 0x2e, 0xcc, 0xe8, 0x07, 0x1c, 0x30, 0x01, 0x57, 0x2c, 0x06, 0x08, 0x8b, 0x37, 0xc3, 0xae, 0xf5, 0xb9, 0xf4, 0xca, 0x8b, 0x06, 0xbe, 0xcd, 0xfb, 0x6e, 0xcd, 0x5b, 0xe6, 0x24, 0x27, 0x8f, 0x87, 0x44, 0x81, 0x84, 0x5e, 0x73, 0x92, 0x99];
+        #[cairofmt::skip]
+        let expected_result = array![0x91, 0x1c, 0xb6, 0xd1, 0x16, 0x18, 0xf2, 0xba, 0x3f, 0xa3, 0x40, 0xf7, 0xa4, 0x90, 0x90, 0x6a];
+        let expected_gas = 1232;
+
+        let (gas, result) = ModExp::exec(input.span()).unwrap();
+        assert_eq!(result, expected_result.span());
+        assert_eq!(gas, expected_gas);
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_modexp_non_empty_outputs_29_29_29() {
+        #[cairofmt::skip]
+        let input = array![0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x1d, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x1d, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x1d, 0x3a, 0x1c, 0xcd, 0x5b, 0x0b, 0x2d, 0xb7, 0x2d, 0x2e, 0xcc, 0xe8, 0x07, 0x1c, 0x30, 0x01, 0x57, 0x2c, 0x06, 0x08, 0x8b, 0x37, 0xc3, 0xae, 0xf5, 0xb9, 0xf4, 0xca, 0x8b, 0x06, 0xbe, 0xcd, 0xcd, 0x5b, 0x0b, 0x2d, 0xb7, 0x2d, 0x2e, 0xcc, 0xe8, 0x07, 0x1c, 0x30, 0x01, 0x57, 0x2c, 0x06, 0x08, 0x8b, 0x37, 0xc3, 0xae, 0xf5, 0xb9, 0xf4, 0xca, 0x8b, 0x06, 0xbe, 0xcd, 0xfb, 0x6e, 0xcd, 0x5b, 0xe6, 0x24, 0x27, 0x8f, 0x87, 0x44, 0x81, 0x84, 0x5e, 0x73, 0x92, 0x99, 0x4c, 0xeb, 0x81, 0x91, 0x40, 0x43, 0x8c, 0x0c, 0x6a, 0x1a, 0x46];
+        #[cairofmt::skip]
+        let expected_result = array![0x33, 0xbb, 0xf6, 0x82, 0x7b, 0x3a, 0x90, 0xdf, 0xea, 0x53, 0x05, 0xeb, 0x31, 0xb2, 0xa6, 0x47, 0xd9, 0xe4, 0xc2, 0x3b, 0x30, 0x7c, 0x0c, 0x05, 0xcb, 0x7b, 0xce, 0x6f, 0x6c];
+        let expected_gas = 1232;
+
+        let (gas, result) = ModExp::exec(input.span()).unwrap();
+        assert_eq!(result, expected_result.span());
+        assert_eq!(gas, expected_gas);
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_modexp_non_empty_outputs_5_25_39() {
+        #[cairofmt::skip]
+        let input = array![0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x05, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x19, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x27, 0x28, 0xf4, 0x1a, 0xba, 0xcf, 0x35, 0xe8, 0x54, 0x92, 0x7f, 0xd8, 0xbc, 0x5c, 0xe1, 0x37, 0xa2, 0x2e, 0x39, 0x15, 0x26, 0x85, 0x1a, 0x1e, 0xea, 0x77, 0xb0, 0x29, 0x70, 0xe8, 0xe8, 0xce, 0x0e, 0xc8, 0xc8, 0x67, 0x35, 0x64, 0x59, 0xd9, 0xd8, 0xdf, 0x96, 0xd7, 0xf3, 0x5b, 0xb4, 0x15, 0x2e, 0x42, 0x8f, 0x24, 0x48, 0x6b, 0x25, 0x60, 0x9f, 0x7a, 0xfc, 0x03, 0x35, 0xb4, 0x42, 0x9c, 0xba, 0xb8, 0x98, 0x42, 0xce, 0x4b];
+        #[cairofmt::skip]
+        let expected_result = array![0xc4, 0xa9, 0xbd, 0x9f, 0x62, 0x48, 0x51, 0x65, 0x27, 0xc8, 0xd2, 0xf7, 0x22, 0xda, 0x5b, 0x41, 0x4e, 0x6d, 0x29, 0xab, 0xbc, 0x18, 0x59, 0x7d, 0x89, 0x10, 0x80, 0x38, 0x48, 0xea, 0x78, 0x7f, 0x36, 0xcf, 0xe2, 0x05, 0x76, 0xb9, 0xd1];
+        let expected_gas = 1641;
+
+        let (gas, result) = ModExp::exec(input.span()).unwrap();
+        assert_eq!(result, expected_result.span());
+        assert_eq!(gas, expected_gas);
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_modexp_non_empty_outputs_39_25_39() {
+        #[cairofmt::skip]
+        let input = array![0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x27, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x19, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x27, 0x28, 0xf4, 0x1a, 0xba, 0xcf, 0x35, 0xe8, 0x54, 0x92, 0x7f, 0xd8, 0xbc, 0x5c, 0xe1, 0x37, 0xa2, 0x2e, 0x39, 0x15, 0x26, 0x85, 0x1a, 0x1e, 0xea, 0x77, 0xb0, 0x29, 0x70, 0xe8, 0xe8, 0xce, 0x0e, 0xc8, 0xc8, 0x67, 0x35, 0x64, 0x59, 0xd9, 0xd8, 0xdf, 0x96, 0xd7, 0xf3, 0x5b, 0xb4, 0x15, 0x2e, 0x42, 0x8f, 0x24, 0x48, 0x6b, 0x25, 0x60, 0x9f, 0x7a, 0xfc, 0x03, 0x35, 0xb4, 0x42, 0x9c, 0xba, 0xb8, 0x98, 0x42, 0xce, 0x4b, 0xaf, 0x7f, 0x50, 0xee, 0x9a, 0x29, 0x8d, 0xf8, 0x3a, 0xa9, 0x09, 0xf3, 0x78, 0x56, 0x70, 0xd8, 0xc6, 0x4b, 0x11, 0x51, 0x6d, 0x1d, 0x63, 0x29, 0x75, 0x71, 0x95, 0x11, 0x17, 0xc7, 0x89, 0x7c, 0xb5, 0x76];
+        #[cairofmt::skip]
+        let expected_result = array![0x7c, 0x44, 0x9d, 0xbf, 0x6e, 0x6f, 0xa1, 0xd1, 0x8b, 0x3d, 0x5f, 0xab, 0xd7, 0x61, 0x27, 0x62, 0x39, 0x81, 0xcc, 0x19, 0xf6, 0x69, 0x24, 0xc7, 0xb5, 0x55, 0x41, 0x7d, 0x63, 0x86, 0x29, 0x6b, 0x13, 0x24, 0x13, 0xed, 0xd4, 0x01, 0x11];
+        let expected_gas = 1658;
+
+        let (gas, result) = ModExp::exec(input.span()).unwrap();
+        assert_eq!(result, expected_result.span());
+        assert_eq!(gas, expected_gas);
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_modexp_non_empty_outputs_39_25_25() {
+        #[cairofmt::skip]
+        let input = array![0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x27, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x19, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x19, 0x28, 0xf4, 0x1a, 0xba, 0xcf, 0x35, 0xe8, 0x54, 0x92, 0x7f, 0xd8, 0xbc, 0x5c, 0xe1, 0x37, 0xa2, 0x2e, 0x39, 0x15, 0x26, 0x85, 0x1a, 0x1e, 0xea, 0x77, 0xb0, 0x29, 0x70, 0xe8, 0xe8, 0xce, 0x0e, 0xc8, 0xc8, 0x67, 0x35, 0x64, 0x59, 0xd9, 0xd8, 0xdf, 0x96, 0xd7, 0xf3, 0x5b, 0xb4, 0x15, 0x2e, 0x42, 0x8f, 0x24, 0x48, 0x6b, 0x25, 0x60, 0x9f, 0x7a, 0xfc, 0x03, 0x35, 0xb4, 0x42, 0x9c, 0xba, 0xb8, 0x98, 0x42, 0xce, 0x4b, 0xaf, 0x7f, 0x50, 0xee, 0x9a, 0x29, 0x8d, 0xf8, 0x3a, 0xa9, 0x09, 0xf3, 0x78, 0x56, 0x70, 0xd8, 0xc6, 0x4b, 0x11, 0x51];
+        #[cairofmt::skip]
+        let expected_result = array![0x16, 0xc6, 0x02, 0xb3, 0x15, 0x80, 0xfc, 0x84, 0x92, 0x05, 0x58, 0xf1, 0xca, 0xb8, 0x9d, 0x86, 0x1b, 0x66, 0xcf, 0xa4, 0x2d, 0x42, 0x8d, 0x9d, 0xc9];
+        let expected_gas = 1658;
+
+        let (gas, result) = ModExp::exec(input.span()).unwrap();
+        assert_eq!(result, expected_result.span());
+        assert_eq!(gas, expected_gas);
     }
 }
diff --git a/cairo/kakarot-ssj/crates/evm/src/test_data/test_data_modexp.cairo b/cairo/kakarot-ssj/crates/evm/src/test_data/test_data_modexp.cairo
index c11e97103..ad3ec13a0 100644
--- a/cairo/kakarot-ssj/crates/evm/src/test_data/test_data_modexp.cairo
+++ b/cairo/kakarot-ssj/crates/evm/src/test_data/test_data_modexp.cairo
@@ -1,1552 +1,122 @@
-fn test_modexp_modsize0_returndatasizeFiller_data() -> (Span<u8>, Span<u8>) {
-    let calldata = [
-        0,
-        0,
-        0,
-        0,
-        0,
-        0,
-        0,
-        0,
-        0,
-        0,
-        0,
-        0,
-        0,
-        0,
-        0,
-        0,
-        0,
-        0,
-        0,
-        0,
-        0,
-        0,
-        0,
-        0,
-        0,
-        0,
-        0,
-        0,
-        0,
-        0,
-        0,
-        100,
-        0,
-        0,
-        0,
-        0,
-        0,
-        0,
-        0,
-        0,
-        0,
-        0,
-        0,
-        0,
-        0,
-        0,
-        0,
-        0,
-        0,
-        0,
-        0,
-        0,
-        0,
-        0,
-        0,
-        0,
-        0,
-        0,
-        0,
-        0,
-        0,
-        0,
-        0,
-        100,
-        0,
-        0,
-        0,
-        0,
-        0,
-        0,
-        0,
-        0,
-        0,
-        0,
-        0,
-        0,
-        0,
-        0,
-        0,
-        0,
-        0,
-        0,
-        0,
-        0,
-        0,
-        0,
-        0,
-        0,
-        0,
-        0,
-        0,
-        0,
-        0,
-        0,
-        0,
-        100,
-        84,
-        66,
-        221,
-        194,
-        183,
-        15,
-        102,
-        193,
-        246,
-        210,
-        178,
-        150,
-        192,
-        168,
-        117,
-        190,
-        126,
-        221,
-        208,
-        168,
-        9,
-        88,
-        203,
-        199,
-        66,
-        95,
-        24,
-        153,
-        204,
-        249,
-        5,
-        17,
-        165,
-        195,
-        24,
-        34,
-        110,
-        72,
-        238,
-        35,
-        241,
-        48,
-        180,
-        77,
-        193,
-        122,
-        105,
-        28,
-        230,
-        107,
-        229,
-        218,
-        24,
-        184,
-        94,
-        215,
-        148,
-        53,
-        53,
-        178,
-        5,
-        170,
-        18,
-        94,
-        159,
-        89,
-        41,
-        74,
-        0,
-        240,
-        81,
-        85,
-        194,
-        62,
-        151,
-        218,
-        198,
-        179,
-        160,
-        11,
-        12,
-        99,
-        200,
-        65,
-        27,
-        248,
-        21,
-        252,
-        24,
-        59,
-        66,
-        11,
-        77,
-        157,
-        197,
-        247,
-        21,
-        4,
-        13,
-        92,
-        96,
-        149,
-        127,
-        82,
-        211,
-        52,
-        184,
-        67,
-        25,
-        122,
-        222,
-        197,
-        140,
-        19,
-        28,
-        144,
-        124,
-        217,
-        96,
-        89,
-        252,
-        90,
-        220,
-        233,
-        221,
-        163,
-        81,
-        181,
-        223,
-        61,
-        102,
-        111,
-        207,
-        62,
-        182,
-        60,
-        70,
-        133,
-        28,
-        24,
-        22,
-        227,
-        35,
-        242,
-        17,
-        158,
-        189,
-        245,
-        239,
-        53
+pub fn test_modexp_modsize0_returndatasizeFiller_data() -> (Span<u8>, Span<u8>) {
+    #[cairofmt::skip]
+    let calldata = [ 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0,
+    100, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 100, 0, 0,
+    0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 100, 84, 66, 221, 194,
+    183, 15, 102, 193, 246, 210, 178, 150, 192, 168, 117, 190, 126, 221, 208, 168, 9, 88, 203, 199, 66, 95, 24,
+    153, 204, 249, 5, 17, 165, 195, 24, 34, 110, 72, 238, 35, 241, 48, 180, 77, 193, 122, 105, 28, 230, 107, 229,
+    218, 24, 184, 94, 215, 148, 53, 53, 178, 5, 170, 18, 94, 159, 89, 41, 74, 0, 240, 81, 85, 194, 62, 151, 218,
+    198, 179, 160, 11, 12, 99, 200, 65, 27, 248, 21, 252, 24, 59, 66, 11, 77, 157, 197, 247, 21, 4, 13, 92, 96,
+    149, 127, 82, 211, 52, 184, 67, 25, 122, 222, 197, 140, 19, 28, 144, 124, 217, 96, 89, 252, 90, 220, 233, 221,
+    163, 81, 181, 223, 61, 102, 111, 207, 62, 182, 60, 70, 133, 28, 24, 22, 227, 35, 242, 17, 158, 189, 245, 239, 53
     ].span();
-
+    #[cairofmt::skip]
     let expected = [
-        0,
-        0,
-        0,
-        0,
-        0,
-        0,
-        0,
-        0,
-        0,
-        0,
-        0,
-        0,
-        0,
-        0,
-        0,
-        0,
-        0,
-        0,
-        0,
-        0,
-        0,
-        0,
-        0,
-        0,
-        0,
-        0,
-        0,
-        0,
-        0,
-        0,
-        0,
-        0,
-        0,
-        0,
-        0,
-        0,
-        0,
-        0,
-        0,
-        0,
-        0,
-        0,
-        0,
-        0,
-        0,
-        0,
-        0,
-        0,
-        0,
-        0,
-        0,
-        0,
-        0,
-        0,
-        0,
-        0,
-        0,
-        0,
-        0,
-        0,
-        0,
-        0,
-        0,
-        0,
-        0,
-        0,
-        0,
-        0,
-        0,
-        0,
-        0,
-        0,
-        0,
-        0,
-        0,
-        0,
-        0,
-        0,
-        0,
-        0,
-        0,
-        0,
-        0,
-        0,
-        0,
-        0,
-        0,
-        0,
-        0,
-        0,
-        0,
-        0,
-        0,
-        0,
-        0,
-        0,
-        0,
-        0,
-        0,
-        0
-    ].span();
+    0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0,
+    0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0,
+    0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0 ].span();
 
     (calldata, expected)
 }
 
-fn test_modexp_create2callPrecompiles_test0_berlin_data() -> (Span<u8>, Span<u8>) {
+pub fn test_modexp_create2callPrecompiles_test0_berlin_data() -> (Span<u8>, Span<u8>) {
+    #[cairofmt::skip]
     let calldata = [
-        0,
-        0,
-        0,
-        0,
-        0,
-        0,
-        0,
-        0,
-        0,
-        0,
-        0,
-        0,
-        0,
-        0,
-        0,
-        0,
-        0,
-        0,
-        0,
-        0,
-        0,
-        0,
-        0,
-        0,
-        0,
-        0,
-        0,
-        0,
-        0,
-        0,
-        0,
-        1,
-        0,
-        0,
-        0,
-        0,
-        0,
-        0,
-        0,
-        0,
-        0,
-        0,
-        0,
-        0,
-        0,
-        0,
-        0,
-        0,
-        0,
-        0,
-        0,
-        0,
-        0,
-        0,
-        0,
-        0,
-        0,
-        0,
-        0,
-        0,
-        0,
-        0,
-        0,
-        32,
-        0,
-        0,
-        0,
-        0,
-        0,
-        0,
-        0,
-        0,
-        0,
-        0,
-        0,
-        0,
-        0,
-        0,
-        0,
-        0,
-        0,
-        0,
-        0,
-        0,
-        0,
-        0,
-        0,
-        0,
-        0,
-        0,
-        0,
-        0,
-        0,
-        0,
-        0,
-        32,
-        3,
-        255,
-        255,
-        255,
-        255,
-        255,
-        255,
-        255,
-        255,
-        255,
-        255,
-        255,
-        255,
-        255,
-        255,
-        255,
-        255,
-        255,
-        255,
-        255,
-        255,
-        255,
-        255,
-        255,
-        255,
-        255,
-        255,
-        255,
-        254,
-        255,
-        255,
-        252,
-        46,
-        255,
-        255,
-        255,
-        255,
-        255,
-        255,
-        255,
-        255,
-        255,
-        255,
-        255,
-        255,
-        255,
-        255,
-        255,
-        255,
-        255,
-        255,
-        255,
-        255,
-        255,
-        47
+        0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0,
+        1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0,
+        0, 32, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0,
+        0, 0, 32, 3, 255, 255, 255, 255, 255, 255, 255, 255, 255, 255, 255, 255, 255, 255, 255, 255, 255, 255,
+        255, 255, 255, 255, 255, 255, 255, 255, 255, 254, 255, 255, 252, 46, 255, 255, 255, 255, 255, 255, 255,
+        255, 255, 255, 255, 255, 255, 255, 255, 255, 255, 255, 255, 255, 255, 47
     ].span();
-
+    #[cairofmt::skip]
     let expected = [
-        22,
-        46,
-        173,
-        130,
-        202,
-        222,
-        250,
-        234,
-        246,
-        233,
-        40,
-        50,
-        72,
-        253,
-        242,
-        242,
-        132,
-        95,
-        99,
-        150,
-        246,
-        241,
-        124,
-        77,
-        90,
-        57,
-        248,
-        32,
-        182,
-        246,
-        181,
+        22, 46, 173, 130, 202, 222, 250, 234, 246, 233, 40, 50, 72, 253, 242, 242, 132, 95, 99, 150, 246, 241, 124, 77, 90, 57, 248, 32, 182, 246, 181,
         249
     ].span();
 
     (calldata, expected)
 }
 
-fn test_modexp_eip198_example_1_data() -> (Span<u8>, Span<u8>) {
+pub fn test_modexp_eip198_example_1_data() -> (Span<u8>, Span<u8>) {
+    #[cairofmt::skip]
     let calldata = [
-        0,
-        0,
-        0,
-        0,
-        0,
-        0,
-        0,
-        0,
-        0,
-        0,
-        0,
-        0,
-        0,
-        0,
-        0,
-        0,
-        0,
-        0,
-        0,
-        0,
-        0,
-        0,
-        0,
-        0,
-        0,
-        0,
-        0,
-        0,
-        0,
-        0,
-        0,
-        1,
-        0,
-        0,
-        0,
-        0,
-        0,
-        0,
-        0,
-        0,
-        0,
-        0,
-        0,
-        0,
-        0,
-        0,
-        0,
-        0,
-        0,
-        0,
-        0,
-        0,
-        0,
-        0,
-        0,
-        0,
-        0,
-        0,
-        0,
-        0,
-        0,
-        0,
-        0,
-        32,
-        0,
-        0,
-        0,
-        0,
-        0,
-        0,
-        0,
-        0,
-        0,
-        0,
-        0,
-        0,
-        0,
-        0,
-        0,
-        0,
-        0,
-        0,
-        0,
-        0,
-        0,
-        0,
-        0,
-        0,
-        0,
-        0,
-        0,
-        0,
-        0,
-        0,
-        0,
-        32,
+        0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1,
+        0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 32,
+        0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 32,
         3,
-        255,
-        255,
-        255,
-        255,
-        255,
-        255,
-        255,
-        255,
-        255,
-        255,
-        255,
-        255,
-        255,
-        255,
-        255,
-        255,
-        255,
-        255,
-        255,
-        255,
-        255,
-        255,
-        255,
-        255,
-        255,
-        255,
-        255,
-        254,
-        255,
-        255,
-        252,
-        46,
-        255,
-        255,
-        255,
-        255,
-        255,
-        255,
-        255,
-        255,
-        255,
-        255,
-        255,
-        255,
-        255,
-        255,
-        255,
-        255,
-        255,
-        255,
-        255,
-        255,
-        255,
-        255,
-        255,
-        255,
-        255,
-        255,
-        255,
-        254,
-        255,
-        255,
-        252,
-        47
+        255, 255, 255, 255, 255, 255, 255, 255, 255, 255, 255, 255, 255, 255, 255, 255, 255, 255, 255, 255, 255, 255, 255, 255, 255, 255, 255, 254, 255, 255, 252, 46,
+        255, 255, 255, 255, 255, 255, 255, 255, 255, 255, 255, 255, 255, 255, 255, 255, 255, 255, 255, 255, 255, 255, 255, 255, 255, 255, 255, 254, 255, 255, 252, 47
     ].span();
-
+    #[cairofmt::skip]
     let expected = [
-        0,
-        0,
-        0,
-        0,
-        0,
-        0,
-        0,
-        0,
-        0,
-        0,
-        0,
-        0,
-        0,
-        0,
-        0,
-        0,
-        0,
-        0,
-        0,
-        0,
-        0,
-        0,
-        0,
-        0,
-        0,
-        0,
-        0,
-        0,
-        0,
-        0,
-        0,
-        1
+        0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1
     ].span();
 
     (calldata, expected)
 }
 
 
-fn test_modexp_eip198_example_2_data() -> (Span<u8>, Span<u8>) {
+pub fn test_modexp_eip198_example_2_data() -> (Span<u8>, Span<u8>) {
+    #[cairofmt::skip]
     let calldata = [
-        0,
-        0,
-        0,
-        0,
-        0,
-        0,
-        0,
-        0,
-        0,
-        0,
-        0,
-        0,
-        0,
-        0,
-        0,
-        0,
-        0,
-        0,
-        0,
-        0,
-        0,
-        0,
-        0,
-        0,
-        0,
-        0,
-        0,
-        0,
-        0,
-        0,
-        0,
-        0,
-        0,
-        0,
-        0,
-        0,
-        0,
-        0,
-        0,
-        0,
-        0,
-        0,
-        0,
-        0,
-        0,
-        0,
-        0,
-        0,
-        0,
-        0,
-        0,
-        0,
-        0,
-        0,
-        0,
-        0,
-        0,
-        0,
-        0,
-        0,
-        0,
-        0,
-        0,
-        32,
-        0,
-        0,
-        0,
-        0,
-        0,
-        0,
-        0,
-        0,
-        0,
-        0,
-        0,
-        0,
-        0,
-        0,
-        0,
-        0,
-        0,
-        0,
-        0,
-        0,
-        0,
-        0,
-        0,
-        0,
-        0,
-        0,
-        0,
-        0,
-        0,
-        0,
-        0,
-        32,
-        255,
-        255,
-        255,
-        255,
-        255,
-        255,
-        255,
-        255,
-        255,
-        255,
-        255,
-        255,
-        255,
-        255,
-        255,
-        255,
-        255,
-        255,
-        255,
-        255,
-        255,
-        255,
-        255,
-        255,
-        255,
-        255,
-        255,
-        254,
-        255,
-        255,
-        252,
-        46,
-        255,
-        255,
-        255,
-        255,
-        255,
-        255,
-        255,
-        255,
-        255,
-        255,
-        255,
-        255,
-        255,
-        255,
-        255,
-        255,
-        255,
-        255,
-        255,
-        255,
-        255,
-        255,
-        255,
-        255,
-        255,
-        255,
-        255,
-        254,
-        255,
-        255,
-        252,
-        47
+        0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0,
+        0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 32,
+        0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 32,
+        255, 255, 255, 255, 255, 255, 255, 255, 255, 255, 255, 255, 255, 255, 255, 255, 255, 255, 255, 255, 255, 255, 255, 255, 255, 255, 255, 254, 255, 255, 252, 46, 255,
+        255, 255, 255, 255, 255, 255, 255, 255, 255, 255, 255, 255, 255, 255, 255, 255, 255, 255, 255, 255, 255, 255, 255, 255, 255, 255, 254, 255, 255, 252, 47
     ].span();
-
+    #[cairofmt::skip]
     let expected = [
-        0,
-        0,
-        0,
-        0,
-        0,
-        0,
-        0,
-        0,
-        0,
-        0,
-        0,
-        0,
-        0,
-        0,
-        0,
-        0,
-        0,
-        0,
-        0,
-        0,
-        0,
-        0,
-        0,
-        0,
-        0,
-        0,
-        0,
-        0,
-        0,
-        0,
-        0,
-        0
+        0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0,
+        0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0
     ].span();
 
     (calldata, expected)
 }
 
 
-fn test_modexp_nagydani_1_square_data() -> (Span<u8>, Span<u8>) {
+pub fn test_modexp_nagydani_1_square_data() -> (Span<u8>, Span<u8>) {
+    #[cairofmt::skip]
     let calldata = [
-        0,
-        0,
-        0,
-        0,
-        0,
-        0,
-        0,
-        0,
-        0,
-        0,
-        0,
-        0,
-        0,
-        0,
-        0,
-        0,
-        0,
-        0,
-        0,
-        0,
-        0,
-        0,
-        0,
-        0,
-        0,
-        0,
-        0,
-        0,
-        0,
-        0,
-        0,
-        64,
-        0,
-        0,
-        0,
-        0,
-        0,
-        0,
-        0,
-        0,
-        0,
-        0,
-        0,
-        0,
-        0,
-        0,
-        0,
-        0,
-        0,
-        0,
-        0,
-        0,
-        0,
-        0,
-        0,
-        0,
-        0,
-        0,
-        0,
-        0,
-        0,
-        0,
-        0,
-        1,
-        0,
-        0,
-        0,
-        0,
-        0,
-        0,
-        0,
-        0,
-        0,
-        0,
-        0,
-        0,
-        0,
-        0,
-        0,
-        0,
-        0,
-        0,
-        0,
-        0,
-        0,
-        0,
-        0,
-        0,
-        0,
-        0,
-        0,
-        0,
-        0,
-        0,
-        0,
-        64,
-        224,
-        154,
-        217,
-        103,
-        84,
-        101,
-        197,
-        58,
-        16,
-        159,
-        172,
-        102,
-        164,
-        69,
-        201,
-        27,
-        41,
-        45,
-        43,
-        178,
-        197,
-        38,
-        138,
-        221,
-        179,
-        12,
-        216,
-        47,
-        128,
-        252,
-        176,
-        3,
-        63,
-        249,
-        124,
-        128,
-        165,
-        252,
-        111,
-        57,
-        25,
-        58,
-        233,
-        105,
-        198,
-        237,
-        230,
-        113,
-        10,
-        107,
-        122,
-        194,
-        112,
-        120,
-        160,
-        109,
-        144,
-        239,
-        28,
-        114,
-        229,
-        200,
-        95,
-        181,
-        2,
-        252,
-        158,
-        31,
-        107,
-        235,
-        129,
-        81,
-        101,
-        69,
-        151,
-        82,
-        24,
-        7,
-        94,
-        194,
-        175,
-        17,
-        140,
-        216,
-        121,
-        141,
-        246,
-        224,
-        138,
-        20,
-        124,
-        96,
-        253,
-        96,
-        149,
-        172,
-        43,
-        176,
-        44,
-        41,
-        8,
-        207,
-        77,
-        215,
-        200,
-        31,
-        17,
-        194,
-        137,
-        228,
-        188,
-        233,
-        143,
-        53,
-        83,
-        118,
-        143,
-        57,
-        42,
-        128,
-        206,
-        34,
-        191,
-        92,
-        79,
-        74,
-        36,
-        140,
-        107
+        0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0,
+        0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 64, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0,
+        0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0,
+        0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 64, 224, 154, 217, 103, 84, 101, 197, 58,
+        16, 159, 172, 102, 164, 69, 201, 27, 41, 45, 43, 178, 197, 38, 138, 221, 179, 12, 216, 47, 128, 252, 176, 3, 63, 249,
+        124, 128, 165, 252, 111, 57, 25, 58, 233, 105, 198, 237, 230, 113, 10, 107, 122, 194, 112, 120, 160, 109, 144, 239, 28, 114,
+        229, 200, 95, 181, 2, 252, 158, 31, 107, 235, 129, 81, 101, 69, 151, 82, 24, 7, 94, 194, 175, 17, 140, 216, 121, 141,
+        246, 224, 138, 20, 124, 96, 253, 96, 149, 172, 43, 176, 44, 41, 8, 207, 77, 215, 200, 31, 17, 194, 137, 228, 188, 233,
+        143, 53, 83, 118, 143, 57, 42, 128, 206, 34, 191, 92, 79, 74, 36, 140, 107
     ].span();
-
+    #[cairofmt::skip]
     let expected = [
-        96,
-        0,
-        143,
-        22,
-        20,
-        204,
-        1,
-        220,
-        251,
-        107,
-        251,
-        9,
-        198,
-        37,
-        207,
-        144,
-        180,
-        125,
-        68,
-        104,
-        219,
-        129,
-        181,
-        248,
-        183,
-        163,
-        157,
-        66,
-        243,
-        50,
-        234,
-        185,
-        178,
-        218,
-        143,
-        45,
-        149,
-        49,
-        22,
-        72,
-        168,
-        242,
-        67,
-        244,
-        187,
-        19,
-        207,
-        179,
-        216,
-        247,
-        242,
-        163,
-        192,
-        20,
-        18,
-        46,
-        187,
-        62,
-        212,
-        27,
-        2,
-        120,
-        58,
-        220
+        96, 0, 143, 22, 20, 204, 1, 220, 251, 107, 251, 9, 198, 37, 207, 144, 180, 125, 68, 104, 219, 129, 181, 248, 183, 163,
+        157, 66, 243, 50, 234, 185, 178, 218, 143, 45, 149, 49, 22, 72, 168, 242, 67, 244, 187, 19, 207, 179, 216, 247, 242, 163,
+        192, 20, 18, 46, 187, 62, 212, 27, 2, 120, 58, 220
     ].span();
 
     (calldata, expected)
 }
 
-fn test_modexp_nagydani_1_qube_data() -> (Span<u8>, Span<u8>) {
+pub fn test_modexp_nagydani_1_qube_data() -> (Span<u8>, Span<u8>) {
+    #[cairofmt::skip]
     let calldata = [
-        0,
-        0,
-        0,
-        0,
-        0,
-        0,
-        0,
-        0,
-        0,
-        0,
-        0,
-        0,
-        0,
-        0,
-        0,
-        0,
-        0,
-        0,
-        0,
-        0,
-        0,
-        0,
-        0,
-        0,
-        0,
-        0,
-        0,
-        0,
-        0,
-        0,
-        0,
-        64,
-        0,
-        0,
-        0,
-        0,
-        0,
-        0,
-        0,
-        0,
-        0,
-        0,
-        0,
-        0,
-        0,
-        0,
-        0,
-        0,
-        0,
-        0,
-        0,
-        0,
-        0,
-        0,
-        0,
-        0,
-        0,
-        0,
-        0,
-        0,
-        0,
-        0,
-        0,
-        1,
-        0,
-        0,
-        0,
-        0,
-        0,
-        0,
-        0,
-        0,
-        0,
-        0,
-        0,
-        0,
-        0,
-        0,
-        0,
-        0,
-        0,
-        0,
-        0,
-        0,
-        0,
-        0,
-        0,
-        0,
-        0,
-        0,
-        0,
-        0,
-        0,
-        0,
-        0,
-        64,
-        224,
-        154,
-        217,
-        103,
-        84,
-        101,
-        197,
-        58,
-        16,
-        159,
-        172,
-        102,
-        164,
-        69,
-        201,
-        27,
-        41,
-        45,
-        43,
-        178,
-        197,
-        38,
-        138,
-        221,
-        179,
-        12,
-        216,
-        47,
-        128,
-        252,
-        176,
-        3,
-        63,
-        249,
-        124,
-        128,
-        165,
-        252,
-        111,
-        57,
-        25,
-        58,
-        233,
-        105,
-        198,
-        237,
-        230,
-        113,
-        10,
-        107,
-        122,
-        194,
-        112,
-        120,
-        160,
-        109,
-        144,
-        239,
-        28,
-        114,
-        229,
-        200,
-        95,
-        181,
-        3,
-        252,
-        158,
-        31,
-        107,
-        235,
-        129,
-        81,
-        101,
-        69,
-        151,
-        82,
-        24,
-        7,
-        94,
-        194,
-        175,
-        17,
-        140,
-        216,
-        121,
-        141,
-        246,
-        224,
-        138,
-        20,
-        124,
-        96,
-        253,
-        96,
-        149,
-        172,
-        43,
-        176,
-        44,
-        41,
-        8,
-        207,
-        77,
-        215,
-        200,
-        31,
-        17,
-        194,
-        137,
-        228,
-        188,
-        233,
-        143,
-        53,
-        83,
-        118,
-        143,
-        57,
-        42,
-        128,
-        206,
-        34,
-        191,
-        92,
-        79,
-        74,
-        36,
-        140,
-        107
+        0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0,
+        0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 64, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0,
+        0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0,
+        0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 64, 224, 154, 217, 103, 84, 101, 197, 58,
+        16, 159, 172, 102, 164, 69, 201, 27, 41, 45, 43, 178, 197, 38, 138, 221, 179, 12, 216, 47, 128, 252, 176, 3, 63, 249,
+        124, 128, 165, 252, 111, 57, 25, 58, 233, 105, 198, 237, 230, 113, 10, 107, 122, 194, 112, 120, 160, 109, 144, 239, 28, 114,
+        229, 200, 95, 181, 3, 252, 158, 31, 107, 235, 129, 81, 101, 69, 151, 82, 24, 7, 94, 194, 175, 17, 140, 216, 121, 141,
+        246, 224, 138, 20, 124, 96, 253, 96, 149, 172, 43, 176, 44, 41, 8, 207, 77, 215, 200, 31, 17, 194, 137, 228, 188, 233,
+        143, 53, 83, 118, 143, 57, 42, 128, 206, 34, 191, 92, 79, 74, 36, 140, 107
     ].span();
-
+    #[cairofmt::skip]
     let expected = [
-        72,
-        52,
-        164,
-        107,
-        165,
-        101,
-        219,
-        39,
-        144,
-        59,
-        28,
-        114,
-        12,
-        157,
-        89,
-        62,
-        132,
-        228,
-        203,
-        214,
-        173,
-        46,
-        100,
-        179,
-        24,
-        133,
-        217,
-        68,
-        246,
-        140,
-        216,
-        1,
-        249,
-        34,
-        37,
-        168,
-        150,
-        28,
-        149,
-        45,
-        223,
-        39,
-        151,
-        250,
-        71,
-        1,
-        179,
-        48,
-        200,
-        92,
-        75,
-        54,
-        55,
-        152,
-        16,
-        11,
-        146,
-        26,
-        26,
-        34,
-        164,
-        106,
-        127,
-        236
+        72, 52, 164, 107, 165, 101, 219, 39, 144, 59, 28, 114, 12, 157, 89, 62, 132, 228, 203, 214, 173, 46, 100, 179, 24, 133,
+        217, 68, 246, 140, 216, 1, 249, 34, 37, 168, 150, 28, 149, 45, 223, 39, 151, 250, 71, 1, 179, 48, 200, 92, 75, 54,
+        55, 152, 16, 11, 146, 26, 26, 34, 164, 106, 127, 236
     ].span();
 
     (calldata, expected)
diff --git a/cairo/kakarot-ssj/crates/utils/src/crypto.cairo b/cairo/kakarot-ssj/crates/utils/src/crypto.cairo
index 261fd6b16..a4b6fd47f 100644
--- a/cairo/kakarot-ssj/crates/utils/src/crypto.cairo
+++ b/cairo/kakarot-ssj/crates/utils/src/crypto.cairo
@@ -1,2 +1 @@
 pub mod blake2_compress;
-pub mod modexp;
diff --git a/cairo/kakarot-ssj/crates/utils/src/crypto/modexp.cairo b/cairo/kakarot-ssj/crates/utils/src/crypto/modexp.cairo
deleted file mode 100644
index 0fde2f4c2..000000000
--- a/cairo/kakarot-ssj/crates/utils/src/crypto/modexp.cairo
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,3 +0,0 @@
-pub mod arith;
-pub mod lib;
-pub mod mpnat;
diff --git a/cairo/kakarot-ssj/crates/utils/src/crypto/modexp/arith.cairo b/cairo/kakarot-ssj/crates/utils/src/crypto/modexp/arith.cairo
deleted file mode 100644
index 95a53bd37..000000000
--- a/cairo/kakarot-ssj/crates/utils/src/crypto/modexp/arith.cairo
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,2524 +0,0 @@
-// CREDITS: The implementation has been take from
-// [aurora-engine](https://github.com/aurora-is-near/aurora-engine/tree/develop/engine-modexp)
-use alexandria_data_structures::vec::{Felt252Vec, Felt252VecImpl};
-
-use core::num::traits::{WideMul, OverflowingAdd, OverflowingSub, WrappingMul};
-use core::option::OptionTrait;
-use crate::felt_vec::{Felt252VecTrait};
-use crate::helpers::{u128_split};
-use crate::math::WrappingBitshift;
-use crate::math::{Bitshift};
-use crate::traits::BoolIntoNumeric;
-use crate::traits::integer::U128Trait;
-use super::mpnat::{MPNat, Word, DoubleWord, WORD_BITS, BASE, DOUBLE_WORD_MAX, WORD_MAX};
-
-// Computes the "Montgomery Product" of two numbers.
-// See Coarsely Integrated Operand Scanning (CIOS) Method in
-// https://www.microsoft.com/en-us/research/wp-content/uploads/1996/01/j37acmon.pdf
-// In short, computes `xy (r^-1) mod n`, where `r = 2^(8*4*s)` and `s` is the number of
-// digits needs to represent `n`. `n_prime` has the property that `r(r^(-1)) - nn' = 1`.
-// Note: This algorithm only works if `xy < rn` (generally we will either have both `x < n`, `y < n`
-// or we will have `x < r`, `y < n`).
-pub fn monpro(ref x: MPNat, ref y: MPNat, ref n: MPNat, n_prime: Word, ref out: Felt252Vec<Word>) {
-    let s = out.len() - 2;
-
-    let mut i = 0;
-    loop {
-        if i == s {
-            break;
-        }
-
-        let mut c = 0;
-        let mut j = 0;
-
-        loop {
-            if j == s {
-                break;
-            }
-
-            let (prod, carry) = shifted_carrying_mul(
-                out[j], x.digits.get(j).unwrap_or(0), y.digits.get(i).unwrap_or(0), c,
-            );
-            out.set(j, prod);
-            c = carry;
-
-            j += 1;
-        };
-
-        let (sum, carry) = carrying_add(out[s], c, false);
-        out.set(s, sum);
-        out.set(s + 1, carry.into());
-
-        let m = out[0].wrapping_mul(n_prime);
-        let (_, carry) = shifted_carrying_mul(out[0], m, n.digits.get(0).unwrap_or(0), 0);
-        c = carry;
-
-        let mut j = 1;
-        loop {
-            if j == s {
-                break;
-            }
-
-            let (prod, carry) = shifted_carrying_mul(out[j], m, n.digits.get(j).unwrap_or(0), c);
-            out.set(j - 1, prod);
-            c = carry;
-
-            j += 1;
-        };
-
-        let (sum, carry) = carrying_add(out[s], c, false);
-        out.set(s - 1, sum);
-        out.set(s, out[s + 1] + (carry.into())); // overflow impossible at this stage
-
-        i += 1;
-    };
-
-    // Result is only in the first s + 1 words of the output.
-    out.set(s + 1, 0);
-
-    let mut j = s + 1;
-    let should_return = loop {
-        if j == 0 {
-            break false;
-        }
-
-        let i = j - 1;
-
-        if out[i] > n.digits.get(i).unwrap_or(0) {
-            break false;
-        } else if out[i] < n.digits.get(i).unwrap_or(0) {
-            break true;
-        }
-
-        j -= 1;
-    };
-
-    if should_return {
-        return;
-    }
-
-    let mut b = false;
-    let mut i: u32 = 0;
-    loop {
-        if i == s || i == out.len {
-            break;
-        }
-
-        let out_digit = out[i];
-
-        let (diff, borrow) = borrowing_sub(out_digit, n.digits.get(i).unwrap_or(0), b);
-        out.set(i, diff);
-        b = borrow;
-
-        i += 1;
-    };
-
-    let (diff, _) = borrowing_sub(out[s], 0, b);
-    out.set(s, diff);
-}
-
-// Equivalent to `monpro(x, x, n, n_prime, out)`, but more efficient.
-pub fn monsq(ref x: MPNat, ref n: MPNat, n_prime: Word, ref out: Felt252Vec<Word>) {
-    let s = n.digits.len();
-
-    big_sq(ref x, ref out);
-    let mut i = 0;
-
-    loop {
-        if i == s {
-            break false;
-        }
-
-        let mut c: Word = 0;
-        let m = out[i].wrapping_mul(n_prime);
-
-        let mut j = 0;
-        loop {
-            if j == s {
-                break;
-            }
-
-            let (prod, carry) = shifted_carrying_mul(
-                out[i + j], m, n.digits.get(j).unwrap_or(0), c
-            );
-            out.set(i + j, prod);
-            c = carry;
-
-            j += 1;
-        };
-
-        let mut j = i + s;
-        loop {
-            if c == 0 {
-                break;
-            }
-            let (sum, carry) = carrying_add(out[j], c, false);
-            out.set(j, sum);
-            c = carry.into();
-
-            j += 1;
-        };
-
-        i += 1;
-    };
-
-    // Only keep the last `s + 1` digits in `out`.
-    let mut new_vec: Felt252Vec<u64> = out.clone_slice(s, s + 1);
-
-    // safe unwrap, since new_vec.len <= out.len
-    new_vec.expand(out.len).unwrap();
-    out = new_vec;
-
-    let mut k = s + 1;
-    let should_return = loop {
-        if k == 0 {
-            break false;
-        }
-
-        let i = k - 1;
-
-        if out[i] < n.digits.get(i).unwrap_or(0) {
-            break true;
-        }
-        if out[i] > n.digits.get(i).unwrap_or(0) {
-            break false;
-        }
-
-        k -= 1;
-    };
-
-    if should_return {
-        return;
-    }
-
-    let mut b = false;
-    let mut i = 0;
-    loop {
-        if i == s || i == out.len {
-            break;
-        }
-
-        let out_digit = out[i];
-        let (diff, borrow) = borrowing_sub(out_digit, n.digits.get(i).unwrap_or(0), b);
-        out.set(i, diff);
-        b = borrow;
-
-        i += 1;
-    };
-
-    let (diff, _) = borrowing_sub(out[s], 0, b);
-    out.set(s, diff);
-}
-
-
-/// Computes `base ^ exp`, ignoring overflow.
-pub fn big_wrapping_pow(
-    ref base: MPNat, exp: Span<u8>, ref scratch_space: Felt252Vec<Word>
-) -> MPNat {
-    let mut digits = Felt252VecImpl::new();
-    digits.expand(scratch_space.len()).unwrap();
-    let mut result = MPNat { digits };
-    result.digits.set(0, 1);
-
-    let mut i = 0;
-    loop {
-        if i == exp.len() {
-            break;
-        }
-
-        let b = *exp[i];
-        let mut mask: u8 = 128;
-
-        loop {
-            if mask == 0 {
-                break;
-            }
-
-            // TODO: investigae if deep clone can be avoided
-            let digits = result.digits.duplicate();
-            let mut tmp = MPNat { digits };
-
-            big_wrapping_mul(ref result, ref tmp, ref scratch_space);
-            result.digits.copy_from_vec_le(ref scratch_space).unwrap();
-            scratch_space.reset(); // zero-out the scratch space
-
-            if (b & mask) != 0 {
-                big_wrapping_mul(ref result, ref base, ref scratch_space);
-                result.digits.copy_from_vec_le(ref scratch_space).unwrap();
-                scratch_space.reset(); // zero-out the scratch space
-            }
-
-            mask = mask.shr(1);
-        };
-
-        i += 1;
-    };
-
-    result
-}
-
-/// Computes `(x * y) mod 2^(WORD_BITS*out.len())`.
-pub fn big_wrapping_mul(ref x: MPNat, ref y: MPNat, ref out: Felt252Vec<Word>) {
-    let s = out.len();
-    let mut i = 0;
-
-    loop {
-        if i == s {
-            break;
-        }
-
-        let mut c: Word = 0;
-
-        let mut j = 0;
-        let stop_condition = s - i;
-        loop {
-            if j == stop_condition {
-                break;
-            }
-
-            let (prod, carry) = shifted_carrying_mul(
-                out[i + j], x.digits.get(j).unwrap_or(0), y.digits.get(i).unwrap_or(0), c
-            );
-            c = carry;
-            out.set(i + j, prod);
-
-            j += 1;
-        };
-
-        i += 1;
-    }
-}
-
-// Given x odd, computes `x^(-1) mod 2^32`.
-// See `MODULAR-INVERSE` in https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/3-540-46877-3_21.pdf
-pub fn mod_inv(x: Word) -> Word {
-    let mut y = 1;
-    let mut i = 2;
-
-    loop {
-        if i == WORD_BITS {
-            break;
-        }
-
-        let mask: u64 = 1_u64.shl(i) - 1;
-        let xy = x.wrapping_mul(y) & mask;
-        let q = (mask + 1) / 2;
-        if xy >= q {
-            y += q;
-        }
-        i += 1;
-    };
-
-    let xy = x.wrapping_mul(y);
-    let q = 1_u64.wrapping_shl((WORD_BITS - 1));
-    if xy >= q {
-        y += q;
-    }
-    y
-}
-
-/// Computes R mod n, where R = 2^(WORD_BITS*k) and k = n.digits.len()
-/// Note that if R = qn + r, q must be smaller than 2^WORD_BITS since `2^(WORD_BITS) * n > R`
-/// (adding a whole additional word to n is too much).
-/// Uses the two most significant digits of n to approximate the quotient,
-/// then computes the difference to get the remainder. It is possible that this
-/// quotient is too big by 1; we can catch that case by looking for overflow
-/// in the subtraction.
-pub fn compute_r_mod_n(ref n: MPNat, ref out: Felt252Vec<Word>) {
-    let k = n.digits.len();
-
-    if k == 1 {
-        let r = BASE;
-        let result = r % (n.digits[0].into());
-        out.set(0, result.as_u64());
-        return;
-    }
-
-    let approx_n = join_as_double(n.digits[k - 1], n.digits[k - 2]);
-    let approx_q = DOUBLE_WORD_MAX / approx_n;
-    let mut approx_q: Word = approx_q.as_u64();
-
-    loop {
-        let mut c = 0;
-        let mut b = false;
-
-        let mut i: usize = 0;
-        loop {
-            if i == n.digits.len || i == out.len {
-                break;
-            }
-
-            let n_digit = n.digits[i];
-
-            let (prod, carry) = carrying_mul(approx_q, n_digit, c);
-            c = carry;
-
-            let (diff, borrow) = borrowing_sub(0, prod, b);
-            b = borrow;
-            out.set(i, diff);
-
-            i += 1;
-        };
-
-        let (_, borrow) = borrowing_sub(1, c, b);
-        if borrow {
-            // approx_q was too large so `R - approx_q*n` overflowed.
-            // try again with approx_q -= 1
-            approx_q -= 1;
-        } else {
-            break;
-        }
-    }
-}
-
-/// Computes `a + xy + c` where any overflow is captured as the "carry",
-/// the second part of the output. The arithmetic in this function is
-/// guaranteed to never overflow because even when all 4 variables are
-/// equal to `WORD_MAX` the output is smaller than `DOUBLEWORD_MAX`.
-pub fn shifted_carrying_mul(a: Word, x: Word, y: Word, c: Word) -> (Word, Word) {
-    let res: DoubleWord = a.into() + x.wide_mul(y) + c.into();
-    let (top_word, bottom_word) = u128_split(res);
-    (bottom_word, top_word)
-}
-
-/// Computes `xy + c` where any overflow is captured as the "carry",
-/// the second part of the output. The arithmetic in this function is
-/// guaranteed to never overflow because even when all 3 variables are
-/// equal to `Word::MAX` the output is smaller than `DoubleWord::MAX`.
-pub fn carrying_mul(x: Word, y: Word, c: Word) -> (Word, Word) {
-    let wide = x.wide_mul(y) + c.into();
-    let (top_word, bottom_word) = u128_split(wide);
-    (bottom_word, top_word)
-}
-
-/// computes x + y accounting for any carry from a previous addition
-pub fn carrying_add(x: Word, y: Word, carry: bool) -> (Word, bool) {
-    let (a, b) = x.overflowing_add(y);
-    let (c, d) = a.overflowing_add(carry.into());
-    (c, b | d)
-}
-
-// Computes `x - y` accounting for any borrow from a previous subtraction
-pub fn borrowing_sub(x: Word, y: Word, borrow: bool) -> (Word, bool) {
-    let (a, b) = x.overflowing_sub(y);
-    let (c, d) = a.overflowing_sub(borrow.into());
-    (c, b | d)
-}
-
-/// Takes 2 words and joins them into a double word
-///
-/// # Arguments
-/// `hi` is the most significant word
-/// `lo` is the least significant word
-///
-/// # Returns
-/// The double word obtained by joining `hi` and `lo`
-pub fn join_as_double(hi: Word, lo: Word) -> DoubleWord {
-    let hi: DoubleWord = hi.into();
-    hi.shl(WORD_BITS).into() + lo.into()
-}
-
-/// Computes `x^2`, storing the result in `out`.
-fn big_sq(ref x: MPNat, ref out: Felt252Vec<Word>) {
-    let s = x.digits.len();
-    let mut i = 0;
-
-    loop {
-        if i == s {
-            break;
-        }
-
-        let (product, carry) = shifted_carrying_mul(out[i + i], x.digits[i], x.digits[i], 0);
-        out.set(i + i, product);
-        let mut c: DoubleWord = carry.into();
-
-        let mut j = i + 1;
-
-        loop {
-            if j == s {
-                break;
-            }
-
-            let mut new_c: DoubleWord = 0;
-            let res: DoubleWord = (x.digits[i].into()) * (x.digits[j].into());
-            let (res, overflow) = res.overflowing_add(res);
-            if overflow {
-                new_c += BASE;
-            }
-
-            let (res, overflow) = out[i + j].into().overflowing_add(res);
-            if overflow {
-                new_c += BASE;
-            }
-
-            let (res, overflow) = res.overflowing_add(c);
-            if overflow {
-                new_c += BASE;
-            }
-
-            out.set(i + j, res.as_u64());
-            c = new_c + res.shr(WORD_BITS);
-
-            j += 1;
-        };
-
-        let (sum, carry) = carrying_add(out[i + s], c.as_u64(), false);
-        out.set(i + s, sum);
-        out.set(i + s + 1, (c.shr(WORD_BITS) + (carry.into())).as_u64());
-
-        i += 1;
-    }
-}
-
-// Performs `a <<= shift`, returning the overflow
-pub fn in_place_shl(ref a: Felt252Vec<Word>, shift: u32) -> Word {
-    let mut c: Word = 0;
-    let carry_shift = WORD_BITS - shift;
-
-    let mut i = 0;
-    loop {
-        if i == a.len {
-            break;
-        }
-
-        let mut a_digit = a[i];
-        let carry = a_digit.wrapping_shr(carry_shift);
-        a_digit = a_digit.wrapping_shl(shift) | c;
-        a.set(i, a_digit);
-
-        c = carry;
-
-        i += 1;
-    };
-
-    c
-}
-
-// Performs `a >>= shift`, returning the overflow
-pub fn in_place_shr(ref a: Felt252Vec<Word>, shift: u32) -> Word {
-    let mut b: Word = 0;
-    let borrow_shift = WORD_BITS - shift;
-
-    let mut i = a.len;
-    loop {
-        if i == 0 {
-            break;
-        }
-
-        let j = i - 1;
-
-        let mut a_digit = a[j];
-        let borrow = a_digit.wrapping_shl(borrow_shift);
-        a_digit = a_digit.wrapping_shr(shift) | b;
-        a.set(j, a_digit);
-
-        b = borrow;
-
-        i -= 1;
-    };
-
-    b
-}
-
-// Performs a += b, returning if there was overflow
-pub fn in_place_add(ref a: Felt252Vec<Word>, ref b: Felt252Vec<Word>) -> bool {
-    let mut c = false;
-
-    let mut i = 0;
-
-    loop {
-        if i == a.len() || i == b.len() {
-            break;
-        }
-
-        let a_digit = a[i];
-        let b_digit = b[i];
-
-        let (sum, carry) = carrying_add(a_digit, b_digit, c);
-        a.set(i, sum);
-        c = carry;
-
-        i += 1;
-    };
-
-    c
-}
-
-// Performs `a -= xy`, returning the "borrow".
-pub fn in_place_mul_sub(ref a: Felt252Vec<Word>, ref x: Felt252Vec<Word>, y: Word) -> Word {
-    // a -= x*0 leaves a unchanged, so return early
-    if y == 0 {
-        return 0;
-    }
-
-    // carry is between -big_digit::MAX and 0, so to avoid overflow we store
-    // offset_carry = carry + big_digit::MAX
-    let mut offset_carry = WORD_MAX;
-
-    let mut i = 0;
-
-    loop {
-        if i == a.len() || i == x.len() {
-            break;
-        }
-
-        let a_digit = a[i];
-        let x_digit = x[i];
-
-        // We want to calculate sum = x - y * c + carry.
-        // sum >= -(big_digit::MAX * big_digit::MAX) - big_digit::MAX
-        // sum <= big_digit::MAX
-        // Offsetting sum by (big_digit::MAX << big_digit::BITS) puts it in DoubleBigDigit range.
-        let offset_sum = join_as_double(WORD_MAX, a_digit)
-            - WORD_MAX.into()
-            + offset_carry.into()
-            - ((x_digit.into()) * (y.into()));
-
-        let new_offset_carry = (offset_sum.shr(WORD_BITS)).as_u64();
-        let new_x = offset_sum.as_u64();
-        offset_carry = new_offset_carry;
-        a.set(i, new_x);
-
-        i += 1;
-    };
-
-    // Return the borrow.
-    WORD_MAX - offset_carry
-}
-
-
-#[cfg(test)]
-mod tests {
-    use alexandria_data_structures::vec::VecTrait;
-    use alexandria_data_structures::vec::{Felt252Vec, Felt252VecImpl};
-    use core::num::traits::{WrappingSub, WrappingMul};
-    use core::result::ResultTrait;
-    use core::traits::Into;
-
-    use crate::crypto::modexp::arith::{
-        mod_inv, monsq, monpro, compute_r_mod_n, in_place_shl, in_place_shr, big_wrapping_pow,
-        big_wrapping_mul, big_sq, borrowing_sub, shifted_carrying_mul
-    };
-    use crate::crypto::modexp::mpnat::{
-        MPNat, MPNatTrait, WORD_MAX, DOUBLE_WORD_MAX, BASE, Word, WORD_BYTES
-    };
-    use crate::crypto::modexp::mpnat::{mp_nat_to_u128};
-    use crate::felt_vec::{Felt252VecTrait};
-    use crate::math::{WrappingBitshift, WrappingExponentiation};
-    use crate::traits::bytes::ToBytes;
-
-    // the tests are taken from
-    // [aurora-engine](https://github.com/aurora-is-near/aurora-engine/blob/1213f2c7c035aa523601fced8f75bef61b4728ab/engine-modexp/src/arith.rs#L401)
-
-    fn check_monsq(x: u128, n: u128) {
-        let mut a = MPNatTrait::from_big_endian(x.to_be_bytes_padded());
-        let mut m = MPNatTrait::from_big_endian(n.to_be_bytes_padded());
-        let n_prime = WORD_MAX - mod_inv(m.digits[0]) + 1;
-
-        let mut output = Felt252VecImpl::new();
-        output.expand(2 * m.digits.len() + 1).unwrap();
-
-        monsq(ref a, ref m, n_prime, ref output);
-        let mut result = MPNat { digits: output };
-
-        let mut output = Felt252VecImpl::new();
-        output.expand(m.digits.len() + 2).unwrap();
-        let mut tmp = MPNat { digits: a.digits.duplicate() };
-        monpro(ref a, ref tmp, ref m, n_prime, ref output);
-
-        let mut expected = MPNat { digits: output };
-
-        assert!(result.digits.equal_remove_trailing_zeroes(ref expected.digits));
-    }
-
-    fn check_monpro(x: u128, y: u128, n: u128, ref expected: MPNat) {
-        let mut a = MPNatTrait::from_big_endian(x.to_be_bytes_padded());
-        let mut b = MPNatTrait::from_big_endian(y.to_be_bytes_padded());
-        let mut m = MPNatTrait::from_big_endian(n.to_be_bytes());
-        let n_prime = WORD_MAX - mod_inv(m.digits[0]) + 1;
-
-        let mut output = Felt252VecImpl::new();
-        output.expand(m.digits.len() + 2).unwrap();
-        monpro(ref a, ref b, ref m, n_prime, ref output);
-        let mut result = MPNat { digits: output };
-
-        assert!(result.digits.equal_remove_trailing_zeroes(ref expected.digits));
-    }
-
-
-    fn check_r_mod_n(n: u128, ref expected: MPNat) {
-        let mut x = MPNatTrait::from_big_endian(n.to_be_bytes_padded());
-        let mut out: Felt252Vec<Word> = Felt252VecImpl::new();
-        out.expand(x.digits.len()).unwrap();
-        compute_r_mod_n(ref x, ref out);
-        let mut result = MPNat { digits: out };
-        assert!(result.digits.equal_remove_trailing_zeroes(ref expected.digits));
-    }
-
-    fn check_in_place_shl(n: u128, shift: u32) {
-        let mut x = MPNatTrait::from_big_endian(n.to_be_bytes_padded());
-        in_place_shl(ref x.digits, shift);
-        let mut result = mp_nat_to_u128(ref x);
-
-        let mask = BASE.wrapping_pow(x.digits.len().into()).wrapping_sub(1);
-        assert_eq!(result, n.wrapping_shl(shift) & mask);
-    }
-
-    fn check_in_place_shr(n: u128, shift: u32) {
-        let mut x = MPNatTrait::from_big_endian(n.to_be_bytes_padded());
-        in_place_shr(ref x.digits, shift);
-        let mut result = mp_nat_to_u128(ref x);
-
-        assert_eq!(result, n.wrapping_shr(shift));
-    }
-
-    fn check_mod_inv(n: Word) {
-        let n_inv = mod_inv(n);
-        assert_eq!(n.wrapping_mul(n_inv), 1);
-    }
-
-    fn check_big_wrapping_pow(a: u128, b: u32, expected_bytes: Span<u8>) {
-        let mut x = MPNatTrait::from_big_endian(a.to_be_bytes_padded());
-        let mut y = b.to_be_bytes_padded();
-
-        let mut scratch = Felt252VecImpl::new();
-        scratch.expand(1 + (expected_bytes.len() / WORD_BYTES)).unwrap();
-
-        let mut result = big_wrapping_pow(ref x, y, ref scratch);
-
-        let mut expected = MPNatTrait::from_big_endian(expected_bytes);
-        assert!(result.digits.equal_remove_trailing_zeroes(ref expected.digits));
-    }
-
-    fn check_big_wrapping_mul(a: u128, b: u128, output_digits: usize, ref expected: MPNat) {
-        let mut x = MPNatTrait::from_big_endian(a.to_be_bytes_padded());
-        let mut y = MPNatTrait::from_big_endian(b.to_be_bytes_padded());
-
-        let mut out = Felt252VecImpl::new();
-        out.expand(output_digits).unwrap();
-
-        big_wrapping_mul(ref x, ref y, ref out);
-        let mut result = MPNat { digits: out };
-
-        assert!(result.digits.equal_remove_trailing_zeroes(ref expected.digits));
-    }
-
-    fn check_big_sq(a: u128, ref expected: MPNat) {
-        let mut x = MPNatTrait::from_big_endian(a.to_be_bytes_padded());
-        let mut out = Felt252VecImpl::new();
-        out.expand(2 * x.digits.len() + 1).unwrap();
-
-        big_sq(ref x, ref out);
-
-        let mut result = MPNat { digits: out };
-        assert!(result.digits.equal_remove_trailing_zeroes(ref expected.digits));
-    }
-
-    #[test]
-    fn test_monsq_alpha() {
-        let mut x = Felt252VecImpl::new();
-        x.push(0xf72fc634c83435bc);
-        x.push(0xa6b0ce70ac511873);
-        let mut x = MPNat { digits: x };
-
-        let mut y = Felt252VecImpl::new();
-        y.push(0xf3e77eceb2ecfce5);
-        y.push(0xc4550871a1cfc67a);
-        let mut y = MPNat { digits: y };
-
-        let n_prime = 0xa51080a4eb8b9f13;
-        let mut scratch = Felt252VecImpl::new();
-        scratch.expand(5).unwrap();
-
-        monsq(ref x, ref y, n_prime, ref scratch);
-    }
-
-
-    #[test]
-    fn test_monsq_0() {
-        check_monsq(1, 31);
-    }
-
-    #[test]
-    fn test_monsq_1() {
-        check_monsq(6, 31);
-    }
-
-    #[test]
-    fn test_monsq_2() {
-        // This example is intentionally chosen because 5 * 5 = 25 = 0 mod 25,
-        // therefore it requires the final subtraction step in the algorithm.
-        check_monsq(5, 25);
-    }
-
-    #[test]
-    fn test_monsq_3() {
-        check_monsq(0x1FFF_FFFF_FFFF_FFF0, 0x1FFF_FFFF_FFFF_FFF1);
-    }
-
-    #[test]
-    fn test_monsq_4() {
-        check_monsq(0x16FF_221F_CB7D, 0x011E_842B_6BAA_5017_EBF2_8293);
-    }
-
-    #[test]
-    fn test_monsq_5() {
-        check_monsq(0x0A2D_63F5_CFF9, 0x1F3B_3BD9_43EF);
-    }
-
-    #[test]
-    fn test_monsq_6() {
-        check_monsq(0xa6b0ce71a380dea7c83435bc, 0xc4550871a1cfc67af3e77eceb2ecfce5,);
-    }
-
-    #[test]
-    fn test_monpro_0() {
-        let mut expected_digits: Felt252Vec<u64> = Felt252VecImpl::new();
-        expected_digits.push(2);
-        let mut expected = MPNat { digits: expected_digits };
-
-        check_monpro(1, 1, 31, ref expected);
-    }
-
-    #[test]
-    fn test_monpro_1() {
-        let mut expected_digits: Felt252Vec<u64> = Felt252VecImpl::new();
-        expected_digits.push(22);
-        let mut expected = MPNat { digits: expected_digits };
-
-        check_monpro(6, 7, 31, ref expected);
-    }
-
-    #[test]
-    fn test_monpro_2() {
-        let mut expected_digits: Felt252Vec<u64> = Felt252VecImpl::new();
-        expected_digits.push(0);
-        let mut expected = MPNat { digits: expected_digits };
-
-        // This example is intentionally chosen because 5 * 7 = 35 = 0 mod 35,
-        // therefore it requires the final subtraction step in the algorithm.
-        check_monpro(5, 7, 35, ref expected);
-    }
-
-    #[test]
-    fn test_monpro_3() {
-        let mut expected_digits: Felt252Vec<u64> = Felt252VecImpl::new();
-        expected_digits.push(384307168202282284);
-
-        let mut expected = MPNat { digits: expected_digits };
-
-        // This example is intentionally chosen because 5 * 7 = 35 = 0 mod 35,
-        // therefore it requires the final subtraction step in the algorithm.
-        check_monpro(0x1FFF_FFFF_FFFF_FFF0, 0x1234, 0x1FFF_FFFF_FFFF_FFF1, ref expected);
-    }
-
-    #[test]
-    fn test_monpro_4() {
-        let mut expected_digits: Felt252Vec<u64> = Felt252VecImpl::new();
-        expected_digits.push(0);
-        let mut expected = MPNat { digits: expected_digits };
-
-        // This example is intentionally chosen because 5 * 7 = 35 = 0 mod 35,
-        // therefore it requires the final subtraction step in the algorithm.
-        check_monpro(
-            0x16FF_221F_CB7D, 0x0C75_8535_434F, 0x011E_842B_6BAA_5017_EBF2_8293, ref expected
-        );
-    }
-
-    #[test]
-    fn test_monpro_5() {
-        let mut expected_digits: Felt252Vec<u64> = Felt252VecImpl::new();
-        expected_digits.push(4425093052866);
-        let mut expected = MPNat { digits: expected_digits };
-
-        // This example is intentionally chosen because 5 * 7 = 35 = 0 mod 35,
-        // therefore it requires the final subtraction step in the algorithm.
-        check_monpro(0x0A2D_63F5_CFF9, 0x1B21_FF3C_FA8E, 0x1F3B_3BD9_43EF, ref expected);
-    }
-
-    #[test]
-    fn test_r_mod_n_0() {
-        let mut expected_digits: Felt252Vec<u64> = Felt252VecImpl::new();
-        expected_digits.push(1);
-        let mut expected = MPNat { digits: expected_digits };
-
-        check_r_mod_n(0x01_00_00_00_01, ref expected);
-    }
-
-    #[test]
-    fn test_r_mod_n_1() {
-        let mut expected_digits: Felt252Vec<u64> = Felt252VecImpl::new();
-        expected_digits.push(549722259457);
-        let mut expected = MPNat { digits: expected_digits };
-
-        check_r_mod_n(0x80_00_00_00_01, ref expected);
-    }
-
-    #[test]
-    fn test_r_mod_n_2() {
-        let mut expected_digits: Felt252Vec<u64> = Felt252VecImpl::new();
-        expected_digits.push(1);
-        let mut expected = MPNat { digits: expected_digits };
-
-        check_r_mod_n(0xFFFF_FFFF_FFFF_FFFF, ref expected);
-    }
-
-    #[test]
-    fn test_r_mod_n_3() {
-        let mut expected_digits: Felt252Vec<u64> = Felt252VecImpl::new();
-        expected_digits.push(1);
-        let mut expected = MPNat { digits: expected_digits };
-
-        check_r_mod_n(0x0001_0000_0000_0000_0001, ref expected);
-    }
-
-    #[test]
-    fn test_r_mod_n_4() {
-        let mut expected_digits: Felt252Vec<u64> = Felt252VecImpl::new();
-        expected_digits.push(18446181123756130305);
-        expected_digits.push(32767);
-
-        let mut expected = MPNat { digits: expected_digits };
-
-        check_r_mod_n(0x8000_0000_0000_0000_0001, ref expected);
-    }
-
-    #[test]
-    fn test_r_mod_n_5() {
-        let mut expected_digits: Felt252Vec<u64> = Felt252VecImpl::new();
-        expected_digits.push(3491005389787767287);
-        expected_digits.push(2668502225);
-
-        let mut expected = MPNat { digits: expected_digits };
-
-        check_r_mod_n(0xbf2d_c9a3_82c5_6e85_b033_7651, ref expected);
-    }
-
-    #[test]
-    fn test_r_mod_n_6() {
-        let mut expected_digits: Felt252Vec<u64> = Felt252VecImpl::new();
-        expected_digits.push(4294967296);
-
-        let mut expected = MPNat { digits: expected_digits };
-
-        check_r_mod_n(0xFFFF_FFFF_FFFF_FFFF_FFFF_FFFF, ref expected);
-    }
-
-    #[test]
-    fn test_in_place_shl() {
-        check_in_place_shl(0, 0);
-        check_in_place_shl(1, 10);
-        check_in_place_shl(WORD_MAX.into(), 5);
-        check_in_place_shl(DOUBLE_WORD_MAX.into(), 16);
-    }
-
-    #[test]
-    fn test_in_place_shr() {
-        check_in_place_shr(0, 0);
-        check_in_place_shr(1, 10);
-        check_in_place_shr(0x1234_5678, 10);
-        check_in_place_shr(WORD_MAX.into(), 5);
-        check_in_place_shr(DOUBLE_WORD_MAX, 16);
-    }
-
-    #[test]
-    #[available_gas(10000000000000)]
-    fn test_mod_inv_0() {
-        let mut i = 1;
-        loop {
-            if i == 1025 {
-                break;
-            };
-
-            check_mod_inv(2 * i - 1);
-            i += 1;
-        }
-    }
-
-    #[test]
-    #[available_gas(10000000000000)]
-    fn test_mod_inv_1() {
-        let mut i = 0;
-        loop {
-            if i == 1025 {
-                break;
-            };
-
-            check_mod_inv(0xFF_FF_FF_FF - 2 * i);
-            i += 1;
-        }
-    }
-
-    #[test]
-    fn test_big_wrapping_pow_0() {
-        let expected_bytes: Span<u8> = [1].span();
-        check_big_wrapping_pow(1, 1, expected_bytes);
-    }
-
-    #[test]
-    fn test_big_wrapping_pow_1() {
-        let expected_bytes: Span<u8> = [100].span();
-
-        check_big_wrapping_pow(10, 2, expected_bytes);
-    }
-
-    #[test]
-    fn test_big_wrapping_pow_2() {
-        let expected_bytes: Span<u8> = [1, 0, 0, 0, 0].span();
-
-        check_big_wrapping_pow(2, 32, expected_bytes);
-    }
-
-    #[test]
-    fn test_big_wrapping_pow_3() {
-        let expected_bytes: Span<u8> = [1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0].span();
-        check_big_wrapping_pow(2, 64, expected_bytes);
-    }
-
-    #[test]
-    #[available_gas(10000000000000)]
-    fn test_big_wrapping_pow_4() {
-        let expected_bytes: Span<u8> = [
-            3,
-            218,
-            116,
-            252,
-            230,
-            21,
-            167,
-            46,
-            59,
-            185,
-            199,
-            194,
-            149,
-            140,
-            133,
-            157,
-            60,
-            102,
-            160,
-            27,
-            104,
-            79,
-            16,
-            104,
-            20,
-            104,
-            116,
-            207,
-            214,
-            100,
-            237,
-            159,
-            0,
-            245,
-            249,
-            156,
-            52,
-            33,
-            217,
-            113,
-            130,
-            6,
-            65,
-            78,
-            49,
-            141,
-            141,
-            160,
-            29,
-            125,
-            168,
-            236,
-            88,
-            174,
-            146,
-            81,
-            137,
-            165,
-            242,
-            90,
-            251,
-            115,
-            144,
-            169,
-            141,
-            66,
-            207,
-            230,
-            56,
-            199,
-            140,
-            109,
-            7,
-            99,
-            35,
-            155,
-            88,
-            29,
-            90,
-            192,
-            55,
-            127,
-            112,
-            26,
-            176,
-            181,
-            13,
-            72,
-            107,
-            209,
-            1,
-            210,
-            88,
-            233,
-            185,
-            87,
-            108,
-            122,
-            168,
-            137,
-            255,
-            36,
-            201,
-            185,
-            31,
-            36,
-            51,
-            208,
-            64,
-            154,
-            113,
-            233,
-            71,
-            95,
-            35,
-            253,
-            0,
-            3,
-            159,
-            183,
-            10,
-            83,
-            233,
-            88,
-            96,
-            19,
-            104,
-            229,
-            132,
-            73,
-            219,
-            152,
-            126,
-            215,
-            249,
-            46,
-            110,
-            157,
-            234,
-            2,
-            100,
-            178,
-            150,
-            110,
-            217,
-            246,
-            128,
-            219,
-            121,
-            21,
-            234,
-            55,
-            101,
-            81,
-            207,
-            191,
-            200,
-            201,
-            2,
-            40,
-            13,
-            80,
-            107,
-            226,
-            143,
-            164,
-            254,
-            91,
-            54,
-            46,
-            254,
-            7,
-            14,
-            136,
-            149,
-            194,
-            6,
-            191,
-            14,
-            49,
-            140,
-            193,
-            40,
-            1,
-            138,
-            165,
-            82,
-            34,
-            33,
-            169,
-            41,
-            136,
-            130,
-            47,
-            84,
-            173,
-            58,
-            121,
-            192,
-            247,
-            98,
-            237,
-            165,
-            215,
-            161,
-            198,
-            87,
-            228,
-            76,
-            160,
-            66,
-            78,
-            169,
-            139,
-            234,
-            169,
-            83,
-            15,
-            16,
-            192,
-            170,
-            71,
-            227,
-            232,
-            116,
-            189,
-            81,
-            64,
-            104,
-            182,
-            129,
-            203,
-            191,
-            210,
-            151,
-            132,
-            254,
-            239,
-            19,
-            138,
-            49,
-            113,
-            140,
-            77,
-            38,
-            49,
-            117,
-            127,
-            203,
-            123,
-            127,
-            49,
-            32,
-            61,
-            108,
-            120,
-            133,
-            119,
-            8,
-            232,
-            84,
-            57,
-            103,
-            197,
-            160,
-            65,
-            191,
-            82,
-            253,
-            60,
-            191,
-            209,
-            63,
-            176,
-            43,
-            33,
-            54,
-            75,
-            17,
-            73,
-            222,
-            198,
-            80,
-            5,
-            14,
-            50,
-            117,
-            156,
-            77,
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-        check_big_wrapping_pow(2766, 844, expected_bytes);
-    }
-
-    #[test]
-    fn test_big_wrapping_mul_0() {
-        let mut expected_digits: Felt252Vec<u64> = Felt252VecImpl::new();
-        expected_digits.push(0);
-
-        let mut expected = MPNat { digits: expected_digits };
-
-        check_big_wrapping_mul(0, 0, 1, ref expected);
-    }
-
-
-    #[test]
-    fn test_big_wrapping_mul_1() {
-        let mut expected_digits: Felt252Vec<u64> = Felt252VecImpl::new();
-        expected_digits.push(1);
-
-        let mut expected = MPNat { digits: expected_digits };
-
-        check_big_wrapping_mul(1, 1, 1, ref expected);
-    }
-
-    #[test]
-    fn test_big_wrapping_mul_2() {
-        let mut expected_digits: Felt252Vec<u64> = Felt252VecImpl::new();
-        expected_digits.push(42);
-
-        let mut expected = MPNat { digits: expected_digits };
-
-        check_big_wrapping_mul(7, 6, 1, ref expected);
-    }
-
-    #[test]
-    fn test_big_wrapping_mul_3() {
-        let mut expected_digits: Felt252Vec<u64> = Felt252VecImpl::new();
-        expected_digits.push(1);
-        expected_digits.push(18446744073709551614);
-
-        let mut expected = MPNat { digits: expected_digits };
-
-        check_big_wrapping_mul(WORD_MAX.into(), WORD_MAX.into(), 2, ref expected);
-    }
-
-    #[test]
-    fn test_big_wrapping_mul_4() {
-        let mut expected_digits: Felt252Vec<u64> = Felt252VecImpl::new();
-        expected_digits.push(1);
-
-        let mut expected = MPNat { digits: expected_digits };
-
-        check_big_wrapping_mul(WORD_MAX.into(), WORD_MAX.into(), 1, ref expected);
-    }
-
-    #[test]
-    fn test_big_wrapping_mul_5() {
-        let mut expected_digits: Felt252Vec<u64> = Felt252VecImpl::new();
-        expected_digits.push(42);
-
-        let mut expected = MPNat { digits: expected_digits };
-
-        check_big_wrapping_mul(DOUBLE_WORD_MAX - 5, DOUBLE_WORD_MAX - 6, 2, ref expected);
-    }
-
-    #[test]
-    fn test_big_wrapping_mul_6() {
-        let mut expected_digits: Felt252Vec<u64> = Felt252VecImpl::new();
-        expected_digits.push(6727192404480162174);
-        expected_digits.push(3070707315540124665);
-
-        let mut expected = MPNat { digits: expected_digits };
-
-        check_big_wrapping_mul(0xa945_aa5e_429a_6d1a, 0x4072_d45d_3355_237b, 3, ref expected);
-    }
-
-    #[test]
-    fn test_big_wrapping_mul_7() {
-        let mut expected_digits: Felt252Vec<u64> = Felt252VecImpl::new();
-        expected_digits.push(2063196614268007784);
-        expected_digits.push(7048986299143829482);
-        expected_digits.push(14065833420641261004);
-
-        let mut expected = MPNat { digits: expected_digits };
-
-        check_big_wrapping_mul(
-            0x8ae1_5515_fc92_b1c0_b473_8ce8_6bbf_7218,
-            0x43e9_8b77_1f7c_aa93_6c4c_85e9_7fd0_504f,
-            3,
-            ref expected
-        );
-    }
-
-    #[test]
-    fn test_big_sq_0() {
-        let mut expected_digits: Felt252Vec<u64> = Felt252VecImpl::new();
-        expected_digits.push(0);
-
-        let mut expected = MPNat { digits: expected_digits };
-
-        check_big_sq(0, ref expected);
-    }
-
-    #[test]
-    fn test_big_sq_1() {
-        let mut expected_digits: Felt252Vec<u64> = Felt252VecImpl::new();
-        expected_digits.push(1);
-
-        let mut expected = MPNat { digits: expected_digits };
-
-        check_big_sq(1, ref expected);
-    }
-
-    #[test]
-    fn test_big_sq_2() {
-        let mut expected_digits: Felt252Vec<u64> = Felt252VecImpl::new();
-        expected_digits.push(1);
-        expected_digits.push(18446744073709551614);
-
-        let mut expected = MPNat { digits: expected_digits };
-
-        check_big_sq(WORD_MAX.into(), ref expected);
-    }
-
-    #[test]
-    fn test_big_sq_3() {
-        let mut expected_digits: Felt252Vec<u64> = Felt252VecImpl::new();
-        expected_digits.push(4);
-        expected_digits.push(18446744073709551608);
-        expected_digits.push(3);
-
-        let mut expected = MPNat { digits: expected_digits };
-
-        check_big_sq(2 * WORD_MAX.into(), ref expected);
-    }
-
-    #[test]
-    fn test_big_sq_4() {
-        let mut expected_digits: Felt252Vec<u64> = Felt252VecImpl::new();
-        expected_digits.push(0);
-
-        let mut expected = MPNat { digits: expected_digits };
-
-        check_big_sq(0, ref expected);
-    }
-
-    #[test]
-    fn test_big_sq_5() {
-        let mut expected_digits: Felt252Vec<u64> = Felt252VecImpl::new();
-        expected_digits.push(2532367871917050473);
-        expected_digits.push(16327525306720758713);
-        expected_digits.push(15087745550001425684);
-        expected_digits.push(5708046406239628566);
-
-        let mut expected = MPNat { digits: expected_digits };
-
-        check_big_sq(0x8e67904953db9a2bf6da64bf8bda866d, ref expected);
-    }
-
-
-    #[test]
-    fn test_big_sq_6() {
-        let mut expected_digits: Felt252Vec<u64> = Felt252VecImpl::new();
-        expected_digits.push(15092604974397072849);
-        expected_digits.push(3791921091882282235);
-        expected_digits.push(12594445234582458012);
-        expected_digits.push(7165619740963215273);
-
-        let mut expected = MPNat { digits: expected_digits };
-
-        check_big_sq(0x9f8dc1c3fc0bf50fe75ac3bbc03124c9, ref expected);
-    }
-
-    #[test]
-    fn test_big_sq_7() {
-        let mut expected_digits: Felt252Vec<u64> = Felt252VecImpl::new();
-        expected_digits.push(5163998055150312593);
-        expected_digits.push(8460506958278925118);
-        expected_digits.push(17089393176389340230);
-        expected_digits.push(6902937458884066534);
-
-        let mut expected = MPNat { digits: expected_digits };
-
-        check_big_sq(0x9c9a17378f3d064e5eaa80eeb3850cd7, ref expected);
-    }
-
-
-    #[test]
-    fn test_big_sq_8() {
-        let mut expected_digits: Felt252Vec<u64> = Felt252VecImpl::new();
-        expected_digits.push(2009857620356723108);
-        expected_digits.push(5657228334642978155);
-        expected_digits.push(88889113116670247);
-        expected_digits.push(12075559273075793199);
-
-        let mut expected = MPNat { digits: expected_digits };
-
-        check_big_sq(0xcf2025cee03025d247ad190e9366d926, ref expected);
-    }
-
-    #[test]
-    fn test_big_sq_9() {
-        let mut expected_digits: Felt252Vec<u64> = Felt252VecImpl::new();
-        expected_digits.push(1);
-        expected_digits.push(0);
-        expected_digits.push(18446744073709551614);
-        expected_digits.push(18446744073709551615);
-
-        let mut expected = MPNat { digits: expected_digits };
-
-        check_big_sq(DOUBLE_WORD_MAX, ref expected);
-    }
-
-    // Test for addition overflows in the big_sq inner loop */
-    #[test]
-    fn test_big_sq_10() {
-        let mut x = MPNatTrait::from_big_endian(
-            [
-                0xff,
-                0xff,
-                0xff,
-                0xff,
-                0x80,
-                0x00,
-                0x00,
-                0x00,
-                0x80,
-                0x00,
-                0x00,
-                0x00,
-                0x40,
-                0x00,
-                0x00,
-                0x00,
-                0xff,
-                0xff,
-                0xff,
-                0xff,
-                0x80,
-                0x00,
-                0x00,
-                0x00,
-            ].span()
-        );
-
-        let mut out = Felt252VecImpl::new();
-        out.expand(2 * x.digits.len() + 1).unwrap();
-
-        big_sq(ref x, ref out);
-        let mut result = MPNat { digits: out };
-
-        let mut expected = MPNatTrait::from_big_endian(
-            [
-                0xff,
-                0xff,
-                0xff,
-                0xff,
-                0x00,
-                0x00,
-                0x00,
-                0x01,
-                0x40,
-                0x00,
-                0x00,
-                0x00,
-                0x00,
-                0x00,
-                0x00,
-                0x01,
-                0xff,
-                0xff,
-                0xff,
-                0xfe,
-                0x40,
-                0x00,
-                0x00,
-                0x01,
-                0x90,
-                0x00,
-                0x00,
-                0x00,
-                0x00,
-                0x00,
-                0x00,
-                0x00,
-                0xbf,
-                0xff,
-                0xff,
-                0xff,
-                0x00,
-                0x00,
-                0x00,
-                0x00,
-                0x40,
-                0x00,
-                0x00,
-                0x00,
-                0x00,
-                0x00,
-                0x00,
-                0x00,
-            ].span()
-        );
-
-        assert!(result.digits.equal_remove_trailing_zeroes(ref expected.digits));
-    }
-
-    #[test]
-    fn test_borrowing_sub() {
-        assert_eq!(borrowing_sub(0, 0, false), (0, false));
-        assert_eq!(borrowing_sub(1, 0, false), (1, false));
-        assert_eq!(borrowing_sub(47, 5, false), (42, false));
-        assert_eq!(borrowing_sub(101, 7, true), (93, false));
-        assert_eq!(borrowing_sub(0x00_00_01_00, 0x00_00_02_00, false), (WORD_MAX - 0xFF, true));
-        assert_eq!(borrowing_sub(0x00_00_01_00, 0x00_00_10_00, true), (WORD_MAX - 0x0F_00, true));
-    }
-
-
-    #[test]
-    fn test_shifted_carrying_mul() {
-        assert_eq!(shifted_carrying_mul(0, 0, 0, 0), (0, 0));
-        assert_eq!(shifted_carrying_mul(0, 6, 7, 0), (42, 0));
-        assert_eq!(shifted_carrying_mul(0, 6, 7, 8), (50, 0));
-        assert_eq!(shifted_carrying_mul(5, 6, 7, 8), (55, 0));
-        assert_eq!(
-            shifted_carrying_mul(
-                WORD_MAX - 0x11, WORD_MAX - 0x1234, WORD_MAX - 0xABCD, WORD_MAX - 0xFF
-            ),
-            (0x0C_38_0C_94, WORD_MAX - 0xBE00)
-        );
-        assert_eq!(
-            shifted_carrying_mul(WORD_MAX, WORD_MAX, WORD_MAX, WORD_MAX), (WORD_MAX, WORD_MAX)
-        );
-    }
-}
diff --git a/cairo/kakarot-ssj/crates/utils/src/crypto/modexp/lib.cairo b/cairo/kakarot-ssj/crates/utils/src/crypto/modexp/lib.cairo
deleted file mode 100644
index a904bf8af..000000000
--- a/cairo/kakarot-ssj/crates/utils/src/crypto/modexp/lib.cairo
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,19 +0,0 @@
-// CREDITS: The implementation has been take from
-// [aurora-engine](https://github.com/aurora-is-near/aurora-engine/tree/develop/engine-modexp)
-
-use crate::crypto::modexp::mpnat::MPNatTrait;
-use crate::felt_vec::{Felt252VecTrait};
-
-/// Computes `(base ^ exp) % modulus`, where all values are given as big-endian
-/// encoded bytes.
-pub fn modexp(base: Span<u8>, exp: Span<u8>, modulus: Span<u8>) -> Span<u8> {
-    let mut x = MPNatTrait::from_big_endian(base);
-    let mut m = MPNatTrait::from_big_endian(modulus);
-
-    if m.digits.len == 1 && m.digits[0] == 0 {
-        return [].span();
-    }
-
-    let mut result = x.modpow(exp, ref m);
-    result.digits.to_be_bytes()
-}
diff --git a/cairo/kakarot-ssj/crates/utils/src/crypto/modexp/mpnat.cairo b/cairo/kakarot-ssj/crates/utils/src/crypto/modexp/mpnat.cairo
deleted file mode 100644
index 2fdefeca3..000000000
--- a/cairo/kakarot-ssj/crates/utils/src/crypto/modexp/mpnat.cairo
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,1033 +0,0 @@
-// CREDITS: The implementation has been take from
-// [aurora-engine](https://github.com/aurora-is-near/aurora-engine/tree/develop/engine-modexp)
-use alexandria_data_structures::vec::VecTrait;
-use alexandria_data_structures::vec::{Felt252Vec, Felt252VecImpl};
-use core::array::SpanTrait;
-use core::num::traits::CheckedMul;
-use core::option::OptionTrait;
-use core::result::ResultTrait;
-use crate::felt_vec::{Felt252VecTrait};
-use crate::math::Bitshift;
-use crate::traits::bytes::FromBytes;
-use crate::traits::integer::{U64Trait, U128Trait, BitsUsed, ByteSize};
-
-use super::arith::{
-    big_wrapping_pow, mod_inv, compute_r_mod_n, join_as_double, in_place_shl, in_place_shr,
-    in_place_add, in_place_mul_sub, big_wrapping_mul, monsq, monpro, borrowing_sub, carrying_add
-};
-
-pub type Word = u64;
-pub type DoubleWord = u128;
-pub const WORD_BYTES: usize = 8;
-pub const WORD_BITS: usize = 64;
-pub const WORD_MAX: Word = 18446744073709551615;
-// 2**64
-pub const BASE: DoubleWord = 18446744073709551616;
-pub const DOUBLE_WORD_MAX: DoubleWord = 340282366920938463463374607431768211455;
-/// Multi-precision natural number, represented in base `Word::MAX + 1 = 2^WORD_BITS`.
-/// The digits are stored in little-endian order, i.e. digits[0] is the least
-/// significant digit.
-#[derive(Destruct)]
-pub struct MPNat {
-    pub digits: Felt252Vec<u64>
-}
-
-
-#[generate_trait]
-pub impl MPNatTraitImpl of MPNatTrait {
-    fn from_big_endian(bytes: Span<u8>) -> MPNat {
-        if bytes.is_empty() {
-            let mut digits = Default::default();
-            digits.expand(1).unwrap();
-            return MPNat { digits };
-        }
-
-        // Remainder on division by WORD_BYTES
-        let r = bytes.len() & (WORD_BYTES - 1);
-        let n_digits: usize = if r == 0 {
-            bytes.len() / WORD_BYTES
-        } else {
-            // Need an extra digit for the remainder
-            (bytes.len() / WORD_BYTES) + 1
-        };
-
-        let mut digits: Felt252Vec<u64> = Felt252VecImpl::new();
-        // safe unwrap, since n_digits >= 0;
-        digits.expand(n_digits).unwrap();
-
-        // buffer to hold Word-sized slices of the input bytes
-        // TODO: optimize, see if we can avoid using this Felt252Vec
-        let mut buf: Felt252Vec<u8> = Felt252VecImpl::new();
-        // safe unwrap, since WORD_BYTES > 0
-        buf.expand(WORD_BYTES).unwrap();
-
-        let mut i = n_digits - 1;
-        if r != 0 {
-            // safe unwrap, since we know index is in bound + no overflow
-            buf.copy_from_bytes_le((WORD_BYTES - r), bytes.slice(0, r)).unwrap();
-
-            // safe unwrap, since we know that bytes won't overflow
-            let word = buf.to_le_bytes().from_be_bytes().expect('mpnat_from_big_endian_word');
-            digits.set(i, word);
-
-            if i == 0 {
-                // Special case where there is just one digit
-                return MPNat { digits };
-            }
-
-            i -= 1;
-        };
-
-        let mut j = r;
-        loop {
-            let next_j = j + WORD_BYTES;
-            // safe unwrap, since we know index is in bound + no overflow
-            buf.copy_from_bytes_le(0, bytes.slice(j, next_j - j)).unwrap();
-
-            // safe unwrap, since we know that bytes won't overflow
-            let word: u64 = buf.to_le_bytes().from_be_bytes().expect('mpnat_from_big_endian_word');
-            digits.set(i, word);
-
-            if i == 0 {
-                break;
-            }
-
-            i -= 1;
-            j = next_j;
-        };
-
-        digits.remove_trailing_zeroes();
-
-        if digits.len() == 0 {
-            digits.expand(1).unwrap();
-        }
-
-        MPNat { digits }
-    }
-
-    /// Makes `self` have the same number of digits as `other` by
-    /// pushing 0s or dropping higher order digits as needed.
-    /// This is equivalent to reducing `self` modulo `2^(WORD_BITS*k)` where
-    /// `k` is the number of digits in `other`.
-    fn sub_to_same_size(ref self: MPNat, ref other: MPNat) {
-        self.digits.remove_trailing_zeroes();
-        if (self.digits.len() == 0) {
-            self.digits.expand(1).unwrap();
-        }
-
-        let n = other.digits.len();
-        let s = self.digits.len();
-        let m = if n >= s {
-            return;
-        } else {
-            s - n
-        };
-
-        let other_most_sig: DoubleWord = other.digits[other.digits.len() - 1].into();
-
-        if self.digits.len() == 2 { // This is the smallest case since `n >= 1` and `m > 0`
-            // implies that `self.digits.len() >= 2`.
-            // In this case we can use DoubleWord-sized arithmetic
-            // to get the answer directly.
-            let self_most_sig = self.digits.pop().unwrap();
-            let a = join_as_double(self_most_sig, self.digits[0]);
-            let b = other_most_sig;
-            self.digits.set(0, (a % b).as_u64());
-            return;
-        };
-
-        if n == 1 {
-            // The divisor is only 1 digit, so the long-division
-            // algorithm is easy.
-            let k = self.digits.len() - 1;
-            let mut i = k;
-            loop {
-                if i == 0 {
-                    break;
-                };
-
-                i -= 1;
-
-                let self_most_sig = self.digits.pop().unwrap();
-                let self_second_sig = self.digits[i];
-                let r = join_as_double(self_most_sig, self_second_sig) % other_most_sig;
-                self.digits.set(i, r.as_u64());
-            };
-
-            return;
-        }
-
-        // At this stage we know that `n >= 2` and `self.digits.len() >= 3`.
-        // The smaller cases are covered in the if-statements above.
-
-        // The algorithm below only works well when the divisor's
-        // most significant digit is at least `BASE / 2`.
-        // If it is too small then we "normalize" by multiplying
-        // both numerator and denominator by a common factor
-        // and run the algorithm on those numbers.
-        // See Knuth The Art of Computer Programming vol. 2 section 4.3 for details.
-        let shift: u32 = other_most_sig.as_u64().count_leading_zeroes().into();
-        if shift > 0 {
-            // Normalize self
-            let overflow = in_place_shl(ref self.digits, shift);
-            self.digits.push(overflow);
-
-            // Normalize other
-            let mut normalized = other.digits.duplicate();
-            in_place_shl(ref normalized, shift);
-
-            let mut v = MPNat { digits: normalized };
-            // Run algorithm on normalized values
-            self.sub_to_same_size(ref v);
-
-            // need to de-normalize to get the correct result
-            in_place_shr(ref self.digits, shift);
-
-            return;
-        };
-
-        let other_second_sig: DoubleWord = other.digits[n - 2].into();
-        let mut self_most_sig: Word = 0;
-
-        let mut j = m + 1;
-
-        loop {
-            if j == 0 {
-                break;
-            }
-
-            j -= 1;
-
-            let self_second_sig = self.digits[self.digits.len() - 1];
-            let self_third_sig = self.digits[self.digits.len() - 2];
-
-            let a = join_as_double(self_most_sig, self_second_sig);
-            let mut q_hat = a / other_most_sig;
-            let mut r_hat = a % other_most_sig;
-
-            loop {
-                let a = q_hat * other_second_sig;
-                let b = join_as_double(r_hat.as_u64(), self_third_sig);
-                if q_hat >= BASE || a > b {
-                    q_hat -= 1;
-                    r_hat += other_most_sig;
-                    if BASE <= r_hat {
-                        break;
-                    }
-                } else {
-                    break;
-                }
-            };
-
-            //TODO: optimize with [#720](https://github.com/kkrt-labs/kakarot-ssj/issues/720)
-            let mut a = self.digits.clone_slice(j, self.digits.len() - j);
-
-            let mut borrow = in_place_mul_sub(ref a, ref other.digits, q_hat.as_u64());
-            self.digits.insert_vec(j, ref a).unwrap();
-            if borrow > self_most_sig {
-                // q_hat was too large, add back one multiple of the modulus
-                //TODO: optimize with [#720](https://github.com/kkrt-labs/kakarot-ssj/issues/720)
-                let mut a = self.digits.clone_slice(j, self.digits.len() - j);
-                in_place_add(ref a, ref other.digits);
-                self.digits.insert_vec(j, ref a).unwrap();
-                borrow -= 1;
-            }
-
-            self_most_sig = self.digits.pop().unwrap();
-        };
-
-        self.digits.push(self_most_sig);
-    }
-
-    fn is_power_of_two(ref self: MPNat) -> bool {
-        // A multi-precision number is a power of 2 iff exactly one digit
-        // is a power of 2 and all others are zero.
-
-        let mut found_power_of_two = false;
-
-        let mut i = 0;
-        loop {
-            if i == self.digits.len() {
-                break found_power_of_two;
-            }
-
-            let d = self.digits[i];
-            let is_p2 = if d != 0 {
-                (d & (d - 1)) == 0
-            } else {
-                false
-            };
-
-            if ((!is_p2 && d != 0) || (is_p2 && found_power_of_two)) {
-                break false;
-            } else if is_p2 {
-                found_power_of_two = true;
-            }
-
-            i += 1;
-        }
-    }
-
-    fn is_odd(ref self: MPNat) -> bool {
-        // when the value is 0
-        if self.digits.len() == 0 {
-            return false;
-        };
-
-        // A binary number is odd iff its lowest order bit is set.
-        self.digits[0] & 1 == 1
-    }
-
-    // Koç's algorithm for inversion mod 2^k
-    // https://eprint.iacr.org/2017/411.pdf
-    fn koc_2017_inverse(ref aa: MPNat, k: usize) -> MPNat {
-        let length = k / WORD_BITS;
-        let mut digits = Felt252VecImpl::new();
-        digits.expand(length + 1).unwrap();
-        let mut b = MPNat { digits };
-
-        b.digits.set(0, 1);
-
-        let mut a = MPNat { digits: aa.digits.duplicate(), };
-        a.digits.resize(length + 1);
-
-        let mut neg: bool = false;
-
-        let mut digits = Felt252VecImpl::new();
-        digits.expand(length + 1).unwrap();
-        let mut res = MPNat { digits };
-
-        let (mut wordpos, mut bitpos) = (0, 0);
-
-        let mut i = 0;
-        loop {
-            if i == k {
-                break;
-            }
-
-            let x = b.digits[0] & 1;
-            if x != 0 {
-                if !neg {
-                    // b = a - b
-                    //TODO: optimize with
-                    //[#720](https://github.com/kkrt-labs/kakarot-ssj/issues/720)
-                    let mut tmp = MPNat { digits: a.digits.duplicate(), };
-                    in_place_mul_sub(ref tmp.digits, ref b.digits, 1);
-                    b = tmp;
-                    neg = true;
-                } else {
-                    // b = b - a
-                    in_place_add(ref b.digits, ref a.digits);
-                }
-            }
-
-            in_place_shr(ref b.digits, 1);
-
-            res.digits.set(wordpos, res.digits[wordpos] | (x.shl(bitpos)));
-
-            bitpos += 1;
-            if bitpos == WORD_BITS {
-                bitpos = 0;
-                wordpos += 1;
-            }
-
-            i += 1;
-        };
-
-        res
-    }
-
-
-    /// Computes `self ^ exp mod modulus`. `exp` must be given as big-endian bytes.
-    fn modpow(ref self: MPNat, exp: Span<u8>, ref modulus: MPNat) -> MPNat {
-        // exp must be stripped because it is iterated over in
-        // big_wrapping_pow and modpow_montgomery, and a large
-        // zero-padded exp leads to performance issues.
-        let (exp, exp_is_zero) = Self::strip_leading_zeroes(exp);
-
-        // base^0 is always 1, regardless of base.
-        // Hence the result is 0 for (base^0) % 1, and 1
-        // for every modulus larger than 1.
-        //
-        // The case of modulus being 0 should have already been
-        // handled in modexp().
-        if exp_is_zero {
-            if modulus.digits.len() == 1 && modulus.digits[0] == 1 {
-                let mut digits = Felt252VecImpl::new();
-                digits.expand(1).unwrap();
-
-                return MPNat { digits };
-            } else {
-                let mut digits = Felt252VecImpl::new();
-                digits.push(1);
-
-                return MPNat { digits };
-            }
-        }
-
-        if exp.len() <= (ByteSize::<usize>::byte_size()) {
-            let exp_as_number: usize = exp.from_le_bytes_partial().expect('modpow_exp_as_number');
-
-            match self.digits.len().checked_mul(exp_as_number) {
-                Option::Some(max_output_digits) => {
-                    if (modulus.digits.len() > max_output_digits) {
-                        // Special case: modulus is larger than `base ^ exp`, so division is not
-                        // relevant
-                        let mut scratch_space: Felt252Vec<Word> = Felt252VecImpl::new();
-                        scratch_space.expand(max_output_digits).unwrap();
-
-                        return big_wrapping_pow(ref self, exp, ref scratch_space);
-                    }
-                },
-                Option::None => {}
-            };
-        }
-
-        if modulus.is_power_of_two() { // return
-            return self.modpow_with_power_of_two(exp, ref modulus);
-        } else if modulus.is_odd() {
-            return self.modpow_montgomery(exp, ref modulus);
-        }
-
-        // If the modulus is not a power of two and not an odd number then
-        // it is a product of some power of two with an odd number. In this
-        // case we will use the Chinese remainder theorem to get the result.
-        // See http://www.people.vcu.edu/~jwang3/CMSC691/j34monex.pdf
-
-        let trailing_zeros = modulus.digits.count_leading_zeroes();
-        let additional_zero_bits: usize = modulus
-            .digits[trailing_zeros]
-            .count_trailing_zeroes()
-            .into();
-
-        let mut power_of_two = {
-            let mut digits = Felt252VecImpl::new();
-            digits.expand(trailing_zeros + 1).unwrap();
-            let mut tmp = MPNat { digits };
-            tmp.digits.set(trailing_zeros, 1_u64.shl(additional_zero_bits));
-            tmp
-        };
-
-        let power_of_two_mask = power_of_two.digits[power_of_two.digits.len() - 1] - 1;
-        let mut odd = {
-            let num_digits = modulus.digits.len() - trailing_zeros;
-            let mut digits = Felt252VecImpl::new();
-            digits.expand(num_digits).unwrap();
-            let mut tmp = MPNat { digits };
-            if additional_zero_bits > 0 {
-                tmp.digits.set(0, modulus.digits[trailing_zeros].shr(additional_zero_bits));
-                let mut i = 1;
-                loop {
-                    if i == num_digits {
-                        break;
-                    }
-
-                    let d = modulus.digits[trailing_zeros + i];
-                    tmp
-                        .digits
-                        .set(
-                            i - 1,
-                            tmp.digits[i
-                                - 1]
-                                + (d & power_of_two_mask).shl(WORD_BITS - additional_zero_bits)
-                        );
-                    tmp.digits.set(i, d.shr(additional_zero_bits));
-
-                    i += 1;
-                };
-            } else {
-                // TODO: explore if we can avoid this clone and just use a copy to avoid deep
-                // cloning
-                let mut slice = modulus
-                    .digits
-                    .clone_slice(trailing_zeros, modulus.digits.len() - trailing_zeros);
-                tmp.digits.insert_vec(0, ref slice).unwrap();
-            }
-            if tmp.digits.len() > 0 {
-                loop {
-                    if tmp.digits[tmp.digits.len() - 1] != 0 {
-                        break;
-                    };
-
-                    tmp.digits.pop().unwrap();
-                };
-            };
-            tmp
-        };
-
-        let mut base_copy = MPNat { digits: self.digits.duplicate(), };
-        let mut x1 = base_copy.modpow_montgomery(exp, ref odd);
-        let mut x2 = self.modpow_with_power_of_two(exp, ref power_of_two);
-
-        let mut odd_inv = Self::koc_2017_inverse(
-            ref odd, trailing_zeros * WORD_BITS + additional_zero_bits
-        );
-
-        let s = power_of_two.digits.len();
-        let mut scratch: Felt252Vec<Word> = Felt252VecImpl::new();
-        scratch.expand(s).unwrap();
-
-        let mut diff = {
-            let mut b = false;
-            let mut i = 0;
-            loop {
-                if i == scratch.len() || i == s {
-                    break;
-                }
-
-                let (diff, borrow) = borrowing_sub(
-                    x2.digits.get(i).unwrap_or(0), x1.digits.get(i).unwrap_or(0), b,
-                );
-
-                scratch.set(i, diff);
-                b = borrow;
-
-                i += 1;
-            };
-
-            MPNat { digits: scratch }
-        };
-
-        let mut y = {
-            let mut out: Felt252Vec<Word> = Felt252VecImpl::new();
-            out.expand(s).unwrap();
-            big_wrapping_mul(ref diff, ref odd_inv, ref out);
-
-            out.set(out.len() - 1, out[out.len() - 1] & power_of_two_mask);
-            MPNat { digits: out }
-        };
-
-        // Reuse allocation for efficiency
-        let mut digits = diff.digits;
-        let s = modulus.digits.len();
-        digits.reset();
-        digits.resize(s);
-        big_wrapping_mul(ref odd, ref y, ref digits);
-        let mut c = false;
-
-        let mut i = 0;
-        loop {
-            if i == digits.len() {
-                break;
-            };
-
-            let out_digit = digits[i];
-
-            let (sum, carry) = carrying_add(x1.digits.get(i).unwrap_or(0), out_digit, c);
-            c = carry;
-            digits.set(i, sum);
-
-            i += 1;
-        };
-
-        MPNat { digits }
-    }
-
-    // Computes `self ^ exp mod modulus` using Montgomery multiplication.
-    // See https://www.microsoft.com/en-us/research/wp-content/uploads/1996/01/j37acmon.pdf
-    fn modpow_montgomery(ref self: MPNat, exp: Span<u8>, ref modulus: MPNat) -> MPNat {
-        // n_prime satisfies `r * (r^(-1)) - modulus * n' = 1`, where
-        // `r = 2^(WORD_BITS*modulus.digits.len())`.
-        let n_prime = WORD_MAX - mod_inv(modulus.digits[0]) + 1;
-        let s = modulus.digits.len;
-
-        let mut digits = Felt252VecImpl::new();
-        // safe unwrap, since initial length is 0;
-        digits.expand(s).unwrap();
-        let mut x_bar = MPNat { digits };
-        // Initialize result as `r mod modulus` (Montgomery form of 1)
-        compute_r_mod_n(ref modulus, ref x_bar.digits);
-
-        // Reduce base mod modulus
-        self.sub_to_same_size(ref modulus);
-
-        // Need to compute a_bar = base * r mod modulus;
-        // First directly multiply base * r to get a 2s-digit number,
-        // then reduce mod modulus.
-        let mut a_bar = {
-            let mut digits = Felt252VecImpl::new();
-            digits.expand(2 * s).unwrap();
-            let mut tmp = MPNat { digits };
-            big_wrapping_mul(ref self, ref x_bar, ref tmp.digits);
-
-            tmp.sub_to_same_size(ref modulus);
-            tmp
-        };
-
-        // scratch space for monpro algorithm
-        let mut scratch: Felt252Vec<Word> = Felt252VecImpl::new();
-        scratch.expand(2 * s + 1).unwrap();
-        let monpro_len = s + 2;
-
-        let mut i = 0;
-        loop {
-            if i == exp.len() {
-                break;
-            }
-
-            let b = *exp[i];
-
-            let mut mask: u8 = 128;
-
-            loop {
-                if mask == 0 {
-                    break;
-                };
-
-                monsq(ref x_bar, ref modulus, n_prime, ref scratch);
-                //TODO: optimize
-                let mut slice = scratch.clone_slice(0, s);
-                x_bar.digits.copy_from_vec_le(ref slice).unwrap();
-                scratch.reset();
-
-                if b & mask != 0 {
-                    let mut slice = scratch.clone_slice(0, monpro_len);
-                    monpro(ref x_bar, ref a_bar, ref modulus, n_prime, ref slice);
-                    scratch.insert_vec(0, ref slice).unwrap();
-
-                    //TODO: optimize
-                    let mut slice = scratch.clone_slice(0, s);
-                    x_bar.digits.copy_from_vec_le(ref slice).unwrap();
-                    scratch.reset();
-                }
-                mask = mask.shr(1);
-            };
-
-            i += 1;
-        };
-
-        // Convert out of Montgomery form by computing monpro with 1
-        let mut one = {
-            // We'll reuse the memory space from a_bar for efficiency.
-            let mut digits = a_bar.digits;
-            digits.reset();
-            digits.set(0, 1);
-            MPNat { digits }
-        };
-
-        let mut slice = scratch.clone_slice(0, monpro_len);
-        monpro(ref x_bar, ref one, ref modulus, n_prime, ref slice);
-        scratch.insert_vec(0, ref slice).unwrap();
-
-        scratch.resize(s);
-        MPNat { digits: scratch }
-    }
-
-    fn modpow_with_power_of_two(ref self: MPNat, exp: Span<u8>, ref modulus: MPNat) -> MPNat {
-        // We know `modulus` is a power of 2. So reducing is as easy as bit shifting.
-        // We also know the modulus is non-zero because 0 is not a power of 2.
-
-        // First reduce self to be the same size as the modulus
-        self.force_same_size(ref modulus);
-
-        // The modulus is a power of 2 but that power may not be a multiple of a whole word.
-        // We can clear out any higher order bits to fix this.
-        let modulus_mask = modulus.digits[modulus.digits.len() - 1] - 1;
-        self.digits.set(self.digits.len() - 1, self.digits[self.digits.len() - 1] & modulus_mask);
-
-        // We know that `totient(2^k) = 2^(k-1)`, therefore by Euler's theorem
-        // we can also reduce the exponent mod `2^(k-1)`. Effectively this means
-        // throwing away bytes to make `exp` shorter. Note: Euler's theorem only applies
-        // if the base and modulus are coprime (which in this case means the base is odd).
-        let exp = if self.is_odd() && (exp.len() > WORD_BYTES * modulus.digits.len()) {
-            let i = exp.len() - WORD_BYTES * modulus.digits.len();
-            exp.slice(i, exp.len() - i)
-        } else {
-            exp
-        };
-
-        let mut scratch_space = Felt252VecImpl::new();
-        // safe unwrap, since the initial length is 0
-        scratch_space.expand(modulus.digits.len()).unwrap();
-
-        let mut result = big_wrapping_pow(ref self, exp, ref scratch_space);
-
-        // The modulus is a power of 2 but that power may not be a multiple of a whole word.
-        // We can clear out any higher order bits to fix this.
-
-        result
-            .digits
-            .set(result.digits.len() - 1, result.digits[result.digits.len() - 1] & modulus_mask);
-
-        result
-    }
-
-
-    /// Makes `self` have the same number of digits as `other` by
-    /// pushing 0s or dropping higher order digits as needed.
-    /// This is equivalent to reducing `self` modulo `2^(WORD_BITS*k)` where
-    /// `k` is the number of digits in `other`.
-    fn force_same_size(ref self: MPNat, ref other: MPNat) {
-        self.digits.resize(other.digits.len);
-    }
-
-    /// stips leading zeroes from little endian bytes
-    /// # Arguments
-    /// * `input` a Span<u8> in little endian
-    /// # Returns
-    /// * (Span<8>, bool), where span is the resulting Span after removing leading zeroes, and the
-    /// boolean indicates if all bytes were zero
-    fn strip_leading_zeroes(mut v: Span<u8>) -> (Span<u8>, bool) {
-        loop {
-            let stripped_span = v;
-            match v.pop_front() {
-                Option::Some(v) => { if (*v != 0) {
-                    break (stripped_span, false);
-                } },
-                Option::None => { break (v, true); }
-            }
-        }
-    }
-}
-
-pub fn mp_nat_to_u128(ref x: MPNat) -> u128 {
-    let result = x.digits.to_le_bytes();
-    let mut i: usize = 0;
-    loop {
-        if i == result.len() {
-            break;
-        };
-
-        i += 1;
-    };
-    result.from_le_bytes_partial().expect('mpnat_to_u128')
-}
-
-#[cfg(test)]
-mod tests {
-    use alexandria_data_structures::vec::Felt252VecImpl;
-    use alexandria_data_structures::vec::VecTrait;
-    use crate::crypto::modexp::mpnat::MPNatTrait;
-    use crate::math::{Bitshift, WrappingBitshift};
-    use crate::traits::bytes::ToBytes;
-    use super::mp_nat_to_u128;
-
-    // the tests are taken from
-    // [aurora-engine](https://github.com/aurora-is-near/aurora-engine/blob/1213f2c7c035aa523601fced8f75bef61b4728ab/engine-modexp/src/mpnat.rs#L825)
-
-    fn check_modpow_even(base: u128, exp: u128, modulus: u128, expected: u128) {
-        let mut x = MPNatTrait::from_big_endian(base.to_be_bytes());
-        let mut m = MPNatTrait::from_big_endian(modulus.to_be_bytes());
-        let mut result = x.modpow(exp.to_be_bytes_padded(), ref m);
-        let result = mp_nat_to_u128(ref result);
-        assert_eq!(result, expected);
-    }
-
-    fn check_modpow_with_power_of_two(base: u128, exp: u128, modulus: u128, expected: u128) {
-        let mut x = MPNatTrait::from_big_endian(base.to_be_bytes());
-        let mut m = MPNatTrait::from_big_endian(modulus.to_be_bytes());
-        let mut result = x.modpow_with_power_of_two(exp.to_be_bytes(), ref m);
-        let result = mp_nat_to_u128(ref result);
-        assert_eq!(result, expected);
-    }
-
-    fn check_modpow_montgomery(base: u128, exp: u128, modulus: u128, expected: u128) {
-        let mut x = MPNatTrait::from_big_endian(base.to_be_bytes());
-        let mut m = MPNatTrait::from_big_endian(modulus.to_be_bytes());
-        let mut result = x.modpow_montgomery(exp.to_be_bytes(), ref m);
-        let result = mp_nat_to_u128(ref result);
-        assert_eq!(result, expected, "({base} ^ {exp}) % {modulus} failed check_modpow_montgomery");
-    }
-
-    fn check_sub_to_same_size(a: u128, n: u128) {
-        let mut x = MPNatTrait::from_big_endian(a.to_be_bytes());
-        let mut y = MPNatTrait::from_big_endian(n.to_be_bytes());
-        x.sub_to_same_size(ref y);
-
-        assert!(x.digits.len() <= y.digits.len());
-        let result = mp_nat_to_u128(ref x);
-        assert_eq!(result % n, a % n, "{a} % {n} failed sub_to_same_size check");
-    }
-
-
-    fn check_is_odd(n: u128) {
-        let mut mp = MPNatTrait::from_big_endian(n.to_be_bytes());
-        assert_eq!(mp.is_odd(), n % 2 == 1, "{n} failed is_odd test");
-    }
-
-    fn check_is_p2(n: u128, expected_result: bool) {
-        let mut mp = MPNatTrait::from_big_endian(n.to_be_bytes());
-        assert_eq!(mp.is_power_of_two(), expected_result, "{n} failed is_power_of_two test");
-    }
-
-    #[test]
-    #[available_gas(100000000000000)]
-    fn test_modpow_even() {
-        check_modpow_even(3, 5, 500, 243);
-        check_modpow_even(3, 5, 20, 3);
-        check_modpow_even(
-            0x2ff4f4df4c518867207c84b57a77aa50,
-            0xca83c2925d17c577c9a03598b6f360,
-            0xf863d4f17a5405d84814f54c92f803c8,
-            0x8d216c9a1fb275ed18eb340ed43cacc0,
-        );
-        check_modpow_even(
-            0x13881e1614244c56d15ac01096b070e7,
-            0x336df5b4567cbe4c093271dc151e6c72,
-            0x7540f399a0b6c220f1fc60d2451a1ff0,
-            0x1251d64c552e8f831f5b841d2811f9c1,
-        );
-        check_modpow_even(
-            0x774d5b2494a449d8f22b22ea542d4ddf,
-            0xd2f602e1688f271853e7794503c2837e,
-            0xa80d20ebf75f92192159197b60f36e8e,
-            0x3fbbba42489b27fc271fb39f54aae2e1,
-        );
-        check_modpow_even(
-            0x756e409cc3583a6b68ae27ccd9eb3d50,
-            0x16dafb38a334288954d038bedbddc970,
-            0x1f9b2237f09413d1fc44edf9bd02b8bc,
-            0x9347445ac61536a402723cd07a3f5a4,
-        );
-        check_modpow_even(
-            0x6dcb8405e2cc4dcebee3e2b14861b47d,
-            0xe6c1e5251d6d5deb8dddd0198481d671,
-            0xe34a31d814536e8b9ff6cc5300000000,
-            0xaa86af638386880334694967564d0c3d,
-        );
-        check_modpow_even(
-            0x9c12fe4a1a97d17c1e4573247a43b0e5,
-            0x466f3e0a2e8846b8c48ecbf612b96412,
-            0x710d7b9d5718acff0000000000000000,
-            0x569bf65929e71cd10a553a8623bdfc99,
-        );
-        check_modpow_even(
-            0x6d018fdeaa408222cb10ff2c36124dcf,
-            0x8e35fc05d490bb138f73c2bc284a67a7,
-            0x6c237160750d78400000000000000000,
-            0x3fe14e11392c6c6be8efe956c965d5af,
-        );
-    }
-
-    #[test]
-    fn test_modpow_with_power_of_two() {
-        check_modpow_with_power_of_two(3, 2, 1.wrapping_shl(30), 9);
-        check_modpow_with_power_of_two(3, 5, 1.wrapping_shl(30), 243);
-        check_modpow_with_power_of_two(3, 1_000_000, 1.wrapping_shl(30), 641836289);
-        check_modpow_with_power_of_two(3, 1_000_000, 1.wrapping_shl(31), 1715578113);
-        check_modpow_with_power_of_two(3, 1_000_000, 1.wrapping_shl(32), 3863061761);
-        check_modpow_with_power_of_two(
-            0xabcd_ef01_2345_6789_1111, 0x1234_5678_90ab_cdef, 1.wrapping_shl(5), 17,
-        );
-        check_modpow_with_power_of_two(
-            0x3f47_9dc0_d5b9_6003,
-            0xa180_e045_e314_8581,
-            1.wrapping_shl(118),
-            0x0028_3d19_e6cc_b8a0_e050_6abb_b9b1_1a03,
-        );
-    }
-
-    #[test]
-    #[available_gas(100000000000000)]
-    fn test_modpow_montgomery() {
-        check_modpow_montgomery(3, 5, 0x9346_9d50_1f74_d1c1, 243);
-        check_modpow_montgomery(3, 5, 19, 15);
-        check_modpow_montgomery(
-            0x5c4b74ec760dfb021499f5c5e3c69222,
-            0x62b2a34b21cf4cc036e880b3fb59fe09,
-            0x7b799c4502cd69bde8bb12601ce3ff15,
-            0x10c9d9071d0b86d6a59264d2f461200,
-        );
-        check_modpow_montgomery(
-            0xadb5ce8589030e3a9112123f4558f69c,
-            0xb002827068f05b84a87431a70fb763ab,
-            0xc4550871a1cfc67af3e77eceb2ecfce5,
-            0x7cb78c0e1c1b43f6412e9d1155ea96d2,
-        );
-        check_modpow_montgomery(
-            0x26eb51a5d9bf15a536b6e3c67867b492,
-            0xddf007944a79bf55806003220a58cc6,
-            0xc96275a80c694a62330872b2690f8773,
-            0x23b75090ead913def3a1e0bde863eda7,
-        );
-        check_modpow_montgomery(
-            0xb93fa81979e597f548c78f2ecb6800f3,
-            0x5fad650044963a271898d644984cb9f0,
-            0xbeb60d6bd0439ea39d447214a4f8d3ab,
-            0x354e63e6a5e007014acd3e5ea88dc3ad,
-        );
-        check_modpow_montgomery(
-            0x1993163e4f578869d04949bc005c878f,
-            0x8cb960f846475690259514af46868cf5,
-            0x52e104dc72423b534d8e49d878f29e3b,
-            0x2aa756846258d5cfa6a3f8b9b181a11c,
-        );
-    }
-
-    #[test]
-    fn test_sub_to_same_size() {
-        check_sub_to_same_size(0x10_00_00_00_00, 0xFF_00_00_00);
-        check_sub_to_same_size(0x10_00_00_00_00, 0x01_00_00_00);
-        check_sub_to_same_size(0x35_00_00_00_00, 0x01_00_00_00);
-        check_sub_to_same_size(0xEF_00_00_00_00_00_00, 0x02_FF_FF_FF);
-
-        let n = 10;
-        let a = 57 + 2 * n + 0x1234_0000_0000 * n + 0x000b_0000_0000_0000_0000 * n;
-        check_sub_to_same_size(a, n);
-
-        // Test that borrow equals self_most_sig at end of sub_to_same_size */
-        {
-            let mut x = MPNatTrait::from_big_endian(
-                [
-                    0x00,
-                    0x00,
-                    0x00,
-                    0x00,
-                    0x00,
-                    0x00,
-                    0x00,
-                    0x00,
-                    0xae,
-                    0x5f,
-                    0xf0,
-                    0x8b,
-                    0xfc,
-                    0x02,
-                    0x71,
-                    0xa4,
-                    0xfe,
-                    0xe0,
-                    0x49,
-                    0x02,
-                    0xc9,
-                    0xd9,
-                    0x12,
-                    0x61,
-                    0x8e,
-                    0xf5,
-                    0x02,
-                    0x2c,
-                    0xa0,
-                    0x00,
-                    0x00,
-                    0x00,
-                ].span()
-            );
-            let mut y = MPNatTrait::from_big_endian(
-                [
-                    0xae,
-                    0x5f,
-                    0xf0,
-                    0x8b,
-                    0xfc,
-                    0x02,
-                    0x71,
-                    0xa4,
-                    0xfe,
-                    0xe0,
-                    0x49,
-                    0x0f,
-                    0x70,
-                    0x00,
-                    0x00,
-                    0x00,
-                ].span()
-            );
-            x.sub_to_same_size(ref y);
-        }
-
-        // Additional test for sub_to_same_size q_hat/r_hat adjustment logic */
-        {
-            let mut x = MPNatTrait::from_big_endian(
-                [
-                    0x00,
-                    0x00,
-                    0x00,
-                    0x00,
-                    0x00,
-                    0x00,
-                    0x00,
-                    0x00,
-                    0x00,
-                    0x00,
-                    0x00,
-                    0xff,
-                    0xff,
-                    0xff,
-                    0xff,
-                    0x00,
-                    0x00,
-                    0x00,
-                    0x00,
-                    0x01,
-                    0x00,
-                    0x00,
-                    0x00,
-                    0x00,
-                    0x00,
-                    0x00,
-                    0x00,
-                    0x00,
-                    0x00,
-                    0x00,
-                    0x00,
-                    0x00,
-                ].span()
-            );
-            let mut y = MPNatTrait::from_big_endian(
-                [
-                    0xff,
-                    0xff,
-                    0xff,
-                    0xff,
-                    0x00,
-                    0x00,
-                    0x00,
-                    0x00,
-                    0xff,
-                    0xff,
-                    0xff,
-                    0xff,
-                    0xff,
-                    0x00,
-                    0x00,
-                    0x00,
-                ].span()
-            );
-            x.sub_to_same_size(ref y);
-        }
-    }
-
-    #[test]
-    #[available_gas(100000000000000)]
-    fn test_mp_nat_is_odd() {
-        let mut n = 0;
-        loop {
-            if n == 1025 {
-                break;
-            };
-            check_is_odd(n);
-
-            n += 1;
-        };
-
-        let mut n = 0xFF_FF_FF_FF_00_00_00_00;
-
-        loop {
-            if n == 0xFF_FF_FF_FF_00_00_04_01 {
-                break;
-            }
-
-            check_is_odd(n);
-            n += 1;
-        };
-    }
-
-    #[test]
-    fn test_mp_nat_is_power_of_two() {
-        check_is_p2(0, false);
-        check_is_p2(1, true);
-        check_is_p2(1327, false);
-        check_is_p2((1.shl(1)) + (1.shl(35)), false);
-        check_is_p2(1.shl(1), true);
-        check_is_p2(1.shl(2), true);
-        check_is_p2(1.shl(3), true);
-        check_is_p2(1.shl(4), true);
-        check_is_p2(1.shl(5), true);
-        check_is_p2(1.shl(31), true);
-        check_is_p2(1.shl(32), true);
-        check_is_p2(1.shl(64), true);
-        check_is_p2(1.shl(65), true);
-        check_is_p2(1.shl(127), true);
-    }
-}
diff --git a/cairo/kakarot-ssj/crates/utils/src/traits/bytes.cairo b/cairo/kakarot-ssj/crates/utils/src/traits/bytes.cairo
index 177b60a79..6e51bd9e8 100644
--- a/cairo/kakarot-ssj/crates/utils/src/traits/bytes.cairo
+++ b/cairo/kakarot-ssj/crates/utils/src/traits/bytes.cairo
@@ -1,8 +1,9 @@
+use core::circuit::{u384, u96};
 use core::cmp::min;
 use core::keccak::{cairo_keccak};
 use core::num::traits::{Zero, One, Bounded, BitSize, SaturatingAdd};
 use core::traits::{BitAnd};
-use crate::constants::{POW_2, POW_256_1, POW_256_REV};
+use crate::constants::POW_256_1;
 use crate::math::{Bitshift};
 use crate::traits::integer::{BytesUsedTrait, ByteSize, U256Trait};
 
@@ -458,6 +459,39 @@ pub impl FromBytesImpl<
 }
 
 
+/// An implementation of `FromBytes` specific to the `u384` circuit types.
+/// Only `from_be_bytes` is used in the codebase; as such, other methods panic with `not
+/// implemented`
+impl U384FromBytes of FromBytes<u384> {
+    fn from_be_bytes(self: Span<u8>) -> Option<u384> {
+        if self.len() != 48 {
+            return Option::None;
+        }
+        let limb3_128: u128 = self.slice(0, 12).pad_left_with_zeroes(16).from_be_bytes().unwrap();
+        let limb2_128: u128 = self.slice(12, 12).pad_left_with_zeroes(16).from_be_bytes().unwrap();
+        let limb1_128: u128 = self.slice(24, 12).pad_left_with_zeroes(16).from_be_bytes().unwrap();
+        let limb0_128: u128 = self.slice(36, 12).pad_left_with_zeroes(16).from_be_bytes().unwrap();
+        let limb0: u96 = Into::<_, felt252>::into(limb0_128).try_into().unwrap();
+        let limb1: u96 = Into::<_, felt252>::into(limb1_128).try_into().unwrap();
+        let limb2: u96 = Into::<_, felt252>::into(limb2_128).try_into().unwrap();
+        let limb3: u96 = Into::<_, felt252>::into(limb3_128).try_into().unwrap();
+        Option::Some(u384 { limb0, limb1, limb2, limb3 })
+    }
+
+    fn from_be_bytes_partial(self: Span<u8>) -> Option<u384> {
+        panic!("not implemented")
+    }
+
+    fn from_le_bytes(self: Span<u8>) -> Option<u384> {
+        panic!("not implemented")
+    }
+
+    fn from_le_bytes_partial(self: Span<u8>) -> Option<u384> {
+        panic!("not implemented")
+    }
+}
+
+
 #[generate_trait]
 pub impl ByteArrayExt of ByteArrayExTrait {
     /// Appends a span of bytes to the ByteArray
@@ -766,4 +800,92 @@ mod tests {
             assert_eq!(result, expected);
         }
     }
+
+    mod u384_test {
+        use core::circuit::{u384};
+        use super::super::{FromBytes};
+        #[test]
+        fn test_u384_from_be_bytes() {
+            let span = [
+                0x30,
+                0x2f,
+                0x2e,
+                0x2d,
+                0x2c,
+                0x2b,
+                0x2a,
+                0x29,
+                0x28,
+                0x27,
+                0x26,
+                0x25,
+                0x24,
+                0x23,
+                0x22,
+                0x21,
+                0x20,
+                0x1f,
+                0x1e,
+                0x1d,
+                0x1c,
+                0x1b,
+                0x1a,
+                0x19,
+                0x18,
+                0x17,
+                0x16,
+                0x15,
+                0x14,
+                0x13,
+                0x12,
+                0x11,
+                0x10,
+                0x0f,
+                0x0e,
+                0x0d,
+                0x0c,
+                0x0b,
+                0x0a,
+                0x09,
+                0x08,
+                0x07,
+                0x06,
+                0x05,
+                0x04,
+                0x03,
+                0x02,
+                0x01
+            ].span();
+            let u384 = FromBytes::<u384>::from_be_bytes(span);
+            assert_eq!(
+                u384,
+                Option::Some(
+                    u384 {
+                        limb0: 0x0c0b0a090807060504030201,
+                        limb1: 0x1817161514131211100f0e0d,
+                        limb2: 0x24232221201f1e1d1c1b1a19,
+                        limb3: 0x302f2e2d2c2b2a2928272625
+                    }
+                )
+            );
+        }
+
+        #[test]
+        #[should_panic(expected: "not implemented")]
+        fn test_u384_from_be_bytes_partial() {
+            let u384 = FromBytes::<u384>::from_be_bytes_partial([].span());
+        }
+
+        #[test]
+        #[should_panic(expected: "not implemented")]
+        fn test_u384_from_le_bytes() {
+            let u384 = FromBytes::<u384>::from_le_bytes([].span());
+        }
+
+        #[test]
+        #[should_panic(expected: "not implemented")]
+        fn test_u384_from_le_bytes_partial() {
+            let u384 = FromBytes::<u384>::from_le_bytes_partial([].span());
+        }
+    }
 }
diff --git a/cairo_zero/tests/src/kakarot/precompiles/generate_modexp_data.py b/cairo_zero/tests/src/kakarot/precompiles/generate_modexp_data.py
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..b27478a56
--- /dev/null
+++ b/cairo_zero/tests/src/kakarot/precompiles/generate_modexp_data.py
@@ -0,0 +1,219 @@
+from typing import Dict, List, Tuple
+
+from ethereum.base_types import U256, Bytes, Uint
+from ethereum.cancun.vm.memory import buffer_read
+from ethereum.cancun.vm.precompiled_contracts.modexp import gas_cost
+from ethereum.crypto.hash import keccak256
+from hypothesis import given, settings
+from hypothesis import strategies as st
+
+# Store test cases
+test_cases: List[Dict] = []
+
+
+def modexp_384_bits(data: Bytes) -> Tuple[Uint, Bytes]:
+    """
+    Calculate `(base**exp) % modulus` for arbitrary sized `base`, `exp` and.
+    `modulus`. The return value is the same length as the modulus.
+
+    Modified version of EELS modexp implementation that only accepts up to 384-bit inputs.
+    Reference: https://github.com/ethereum/execution-specs/blob/master/src/ethereum/cancun/vm/precompiled_contracts/modexp.py#L23-L64
+    """
+    MAX_INPUT_BYTES = 48
+
+    # GAS
+    base_length = U256.from_be_bytes(buffer_read(data, U256(0), U256(32)))
+    exp_length = U256.from_be_bytes(buffer_read(data, U256(32), U256(32)))
+    modulus_length = U256.from_be_bytes(buffer_read(data, U256(64), U256(32)))
+
+    if (
+        base_length > MAX_INPUT_BYTES
+        or exp_length > MAX_INPUT_BYTES
+        or modulus_length > MAX_INPUT_BYTES
+    ):
+        raise ValueError("Input length exceeds maximum allowed length")
+
+    exp_start = U256(96) + base_length
+
+    exp_head = Uint.from_be_bytes(
+        buffer_read(data, exp_start, min(U256(32), exp_length))
+    )
+
+    gas = gas_cost(base_length, modulus_length, exp_length, exp_head)
+
+    # OPERATION
+    if base_length == 0 and modulus_length == 0:
+        output = Bytes()
+        return gas, output
+
+    base = Uint.from_be_bytes(buffer_read(data, U256(96), base_length))
+    exp = Uint.from_be_bytes(buffer_read(data, exp_start, exp_length))
+
+    modulus_start = exp_start + exp_length
+    modulus = Uint.from_be_bytes(buffer_read(data, modulus_start, modulus_length))
+
+    if modulus == 0:
+        output = Bytes(b"\x00") * modulus_length
+    else:
+        output = Uint(pow(base, exp, modulus)).to_bytes(modulus_length, "big")
+
+    return gas, output
+
+
+def create_input_data(
+    base_len: int,
+    exp_len: int,
+    modulus_len: int,
+    base: bytes,
+    exp: bytes,
+    modulus: bytes,
+) -> Bytes:
+    encoded_base_len = U256(base_len).to_be_bytes32()
+    encoded_exp_len = U256(exp_len).to_be_bytes32()
+    encoded_modulus_len = U256(modulus_len).to_be_bytes32()
+
+    return Bytes(
+        encoded_base_len + encoded_exp_len + encoded_modulus_len + base + exp + modulus
+    )
+
+
+def add_test_case(name: str, input_data: Bytes, is_err: bool = False) -> None:
+    """Add a test case to the global test cases list."""
+    try:
+        result = modexp_384_bits(input_data)
+        gas, output = result
+        test_cases.append(
+            {
+                "name": name,
+                "input": input_data,
+                "output_gas": gas,
+                "output_data": output,
+                "is_err": is_err,
+            }
+        )
+    except ValueError:
+        test_cases.append(
+            {
+                "name": name,
+                "input": input_data,
+                "output_gas": 0,
+                "output_data": Bytes(),
+                "is_err": True,
+            }
+        )
+
+
+@given(
+    data=st.data(),
+    base_len=st.integers(min_value=0, max_value=256),
+    exp_len=st.integers(min_value=0, max_value=256),
+    modulus_len=st.integers(min_value=0, max_value=256),
+    base_bytes=st.binary(min_size=0, max_size=256),
+    exp_bytes=st.binary(min_size=0, max_size=256),
+    modulus_bytes=st.binary(min_size=0, max_size=256),
+)
+@settings(max_examples=50)
+def generate_test_modexp_384_bits_random_inputs(
+    data, base_len, exp_len, modulus_len, base_bytes, exp_bytes, modulus_bytes
+):
+    # Ensure the actual data matches the specified length
+    base = base_bytes[:base_len].ljust(base_len, b"\x00")
+    exp = exp_bytes[:exp_len].ljust(exp_len, b"\x00")
+    modulus = modulus_bytes[:modulus_len].ljust(modulus_len, b"\x00")
+
+    input_data = create_input_data(base_len, exp_len, modulus_len, base, exp, modulus)
+    test_id = keccak256(input_data)[0:20].hex()
+
+    add_test_case(
+        f"modexp_random_inputs_{base_len}_{exp_len}_{modulus_len}__{test_id}",
+        input_data,
+    )
+
+
+@given(
+    data=st.data(),
+    base_len=st.integers(min_value=1, max_value=48),  # At least 1 byte
+    exp_len=st.integers(min_value=1, max_value=48),  # At least 1 byte
+    modulus_len=st.integers(min_value=1, max_value=48),  # At least 1 byte
+)
+@settings(max_examples=50)
+def generate_test_modexp_384_bits_non_empty_outputs(
+    data, base_len, exp_len, modulus_len
+):
+    base = data.draw(st.binary(min_size=base_len, max_size=base_len))
+    exp = data.draw(st.binary(min_size=exp_len, max_size=exp_len))
+    # Ensure modulus is not zero by requiring at least one non-zero byte
+    modulus = data.draw(
+        st.binary(min_size=modulus_len, max_size=modulus_len).filter(
+            lambda x: any(b != 0 for b in x)
+        )
+    )
+
+    input_data = create_input_data(base_len, exp_len, modulus_len, base, exp, modulus)
+
+    add_test_case(
+        f"modexp_non_empty_outputs_{base_len}_{exp_len}_{modulus_len}", input_data
+    )
+
+
+def generate_cairo_tests() -> str:
+    """Generate Cairo test code from collected test cases."""
+    cairo_tests = []
+
+    # Remove duplicate test cases based on the name
+    filtered_test_cases = [
+        dict(t) for t in {case["name"]: case for case in test_cases}.values()
+    ]
+
+    for case in filtered_test_cases:
+        # Convert bytes to hex array format
+        input_bytes = [f"0x{b:02x}" for b in case["input"]]
+        test_name = f"test_{case['name']}"
+        test_input = f"let input = array![{', '.join(input_bytes)}];"
+
+        if not case["is_err"]:
+            output_bytes = [f"0x{b:02x}" for b in case["output_data"]]
+
+            test = f"""
+    #[test]
+    fn {test_name}() {{
+        #[cairofmt::skip]
+        {test_input}
+        #[cairofmt::skip]
+        let expected_result = array![{', '.join(output_bytes)}];
+        let expected_gas = {case['output_gas']};
+
+        let (gas, result) = ModExp::exec(input.span()).unwrap();
+        assert_eq!(result, expected_result.span());
+        assert_eq!(gas, expected_gas);
+    }}"""
+            cairo_tests.append(test)
+            continue
+
+        # In case the test errors, due to an input length too large
+        # just assert result.is_err()
+        test = f"""
+        #[test]
+        fn {test_name}() {{
+            #[cairofmt::skip]
+            {test_input}
+            let result = ModExp::exec(input.span());
+            assert!(result.is_err());
+        }}
+        """
+        cairo_tests.append(test)
+
+    return "\n".join(cairo_tests)
+
+
+if __name__ == "__main__":
+    # Run the Hypothesis test
+    generate_test_modexp_384_bits_random_inputs()
+    generate_test_modexp_384_bits_non_empty_outputs()
+
+    # Generate and save the Cairo tests
+    print(f"Generated {len(test_cases)} test cases")
+    with open("generated_modexp_tests.cairo", "w") as f:
+        f.write(generate_cairo_tests())
+
+    print("Saved Cairo tests to generated_modexp_tests.cairo")