diff --git a/rust/lance-datafusion/src/exec.rs b/rust/lance-datafusion/src/exec.rs
index c61ff26419a..9eed7f92bfc 100644
--- a/rust/lance-datafusion/src/exec.rs
+++ b/rust/lance-datafusion/src/exec.rs
@@ -6,7 +6,7 @@
 use std::{
     collections::HashMap,
     fmt::{self, Formatter},
-    sync::{Arc, LazyLock, Mutex},
+    sync::{Arc, Mutex, OnceLock},
     time::Duration,
 };
 
@@ -385,28 +385,80 @@ pub fn new_session_context(options: &LanceExecutionOptions) -> SessionContext {
     ctx
 }
 
-static DEFAULT_SESSION_CONTEXT: LazyLock<SessionContext> =
-    LazyLock::new(|| new_session_context(&LanceExecutionOptions::default()));
+/// Cache key for session contexts based on resolved configuration values.
+#[derive(Clone, Debug, PartialEq, Eq, Hash)]
+struct SessionContextCacheKey {
+    mem_pool_size: u64,
+    max_temp_directory_size: u64,
+    target_partition: Option<usize>,
+    use_spilling: bool,
+}
+
+impl SessionContextCacheKey {
+    fn from_options(options: &LanceExecutionOptions) -> Self {
+        Self {
+            mem_pool_size: options.mem_pool_size(),
+            max_temp_directory_size: options.max_temp_directory_size(),
+            target_partition: options.target_partition,
+            use_spilling: options.use_spilling(),
+        }
+    }
+}
 
-static DEFAULT_SESSION_CONTEXT_WITH_SPILLING: LazyLock<SessionContext> = LazyLock::new(|| {
-    new_session_context(&LanceExecutionOptions {
-        use_spilling: true,
-        ..Default::default()
+struct CachedSessionContext {
+    context: SessionContext,
+    last_access: std::time::Instant,
+}
+
+fn get_session_cache() -> &'static Mutex<HashMap<SessionContextCacheKey, CachedSessionContext>> {
+    static SESSION_CACHE: OnceLock<Mutex<HashMap<SessionContextCacheKey, CachedSessionContext>>> =
+        OnceLock::new();
+    SESSION_CACHE.get_or_init(|| Mutex::new(HashMap::new()))
+}
+
+fn get_max_cache_size() -> usize {
+    const DEFAULT_CACHE_SIZE: usize = 4;
+    static MAX_CACHE_SIZE: OnceLock<usize> = OnceLock::new();
+    *MAX_CACHE_SIZE.get_or_init(|| {
+        std::env::var("LANCE_SESSION_CACHE_SIZE")
+            .ok()
+            .and_then(|v| v.parse().ok())
+            .unwrap_or(DEFAULT_CACHE_SIZE)
     })
-});
+}
 
 pub fn get_session_context(options: &LanceExecutionOptions) -> SessionContext {
-    if options.mem_pool_size() == DEFAULT_LANCE_MEM_POOL_SIZE
-        && options.max_temp_directory_size() == DEFAULT_LANCE_MAX_TEMP_DIRECTORY_SIZE
-        && options.target_partition.is_none()
-    {
-        return if options.use_spilling() {
-            DEFAULT_SESSION_CONTEXT_WITH_SPILLING.clone()
-        } else {
-            DEFAULT_SESSION_CONTEXT.clone()
-        };
+    let key = SessionContextCacheKey::from_options(options);
+    let mut cache = get_session_cache()
+        .lock()
+        .unwrap_or_else(|e| e.into_inner());
+
+    // If key exists, update access time and return
+    if let Some(entry) = cache.get_mut(&key) {
+        entry.last_access = std::time::Instant::now();
+        return entry.context.clone();
+    }
+
+    // Evict least recently used entry if cache is full
+    if cache.len() >= get_max_cache_size() {
+        if let Some(lru_key) = cache
+            .iter()
+            .min_by_key(|(_, v)| v.last_access)
+            .map(|(k, _)| k.clone())
+        {
+            cache.remove(&lru_key);
+        }
     }
-    new_session_context(options)
+
+    let context = new_session_context(options);
+    cache.insert(
+        key,
+        CachedSessionContext {
+            context: context.clone(),
+            last_access: std::time::Instant::now(),
+        },
+    );
+    context
 }
 
 fn get_task_context(
@@ -889,3 +941,111 @@ impl ExecutionPlan for StrictBatchSizeExec {
         true
     }
 }
+
+#[cfg(test)]
+mod tests {
+    use super::*;
+
+    // Serialize cache tests since they share global state
+    static CACHE_TEST_LOCK: std::sync::Mutex<()> = std::sync::Mutex::new(());
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_session_context_cache() {
+        let _lock = CACHE_TEST_LOCK.lock().unwrap();
+        let cache = get_session_cache();
+
+        // Clear any existing entries from other tests
+        cache.lock().unwrap().clear();
+
+        // Create first session with default options
+        let opts1 = LanceExecutionOptions::default();
+        let _ctx1 = get_session_context(&opts1);
+
+        {
+            let cache_guard = cache.lock().unwrap();
+            assert_eq!(cache_guard.len(), 1);
+        }
+
+        // Same options should reuse cached session (no new entry)
+        let _ctx1_again = get_session_context(&opts1);
+        {
+            let cache_guard = cache.lock().unwrap();
+            assert_eq!(cache_guard.len(), 1);
+        }
+
+        // Different options should create new entry
+        let opts2 = LanceExecutionOptions {
+            use_spilling: true,
+            ..Default::default()
+        };
+        let _ctx2 = get_session_context(&opts2);
+        {
+            let cache_guard = cache.lock().unwrap();
+            assert_eq!(cache_guard.len(), 2);
+        }
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_session_context_cache_lru_eviction() {
+        let _lock = CACHE_TEST_LOCK.lock().unwrap();
+        let cache = get_session_cache();
+
+        // Clear any existing entries from other tests
+        cache.lock().unwrap().clear();
+
+        // Create 4 different configurations to fill the cache
+        let configs: Vec<LanceExecutionOptions> = (0..4)
+            .map(|i| LanceExecutionOptions {
+                mem_pool_size: Some((i + 1) as u64 * 1024 * 1024),
+                ..Default::default()
+            })
+            .collect();
+
+        for config in &configs {
+            let _ctx = get_session_context(config);
+        }
+
+        {
+            let cache_guard = cache.lock().unwrap();
+            assert_eq!(cache_guard.len(), 4);
+        }
+
+        // Access config[0] to make it more recently used than config[1]
+        // (config[0] was inserted first, so without this access it would be evicted)
+        std::thread::sleep(std::time::Duration::from_millis(1));
+        let _ctx = get_session_context(&configs[0]);
+
+        // Add a 5th configuration - should evict config[1] (now least recently used)
+        let opts5 = LanceExecutionOptions {
+            mem_pool_size: Some(5 * 1024 * 1024),
+            ..Default::default()
+        };
+        let _ctx5 = get_session_context(&opts5);
+
+        {
+            let cache_guard = cache.lock().unwrap();
+            assert_eq!(cache_guard.len(), 4);
+
+            // config[0] should still be present (was accessed recently)
+            let key0 = SessionContextCacheKey::from_options(&configs[0]);
+            assert!(
+                cache_guard.contains_key(&key0),
+                "config[0] should still be cached after recent access"
+            );
+
+            // config[1] should be evicted (was least recently used)
+            let key1 = SessionContextCacheKey::from_options(&configs[1]);
+            assert!(
+                !cache_guard.contains_key(&key1),
+                "config[1] should have been evicted"
+            );
+
+            // New config should be present
+            let key5 = SessionContextCacheKey::from_options(&opts5);
+            assert!(
+                cache_guard.contains_key(&key5),
+                "new config should be cached"
+            );
+        }
+    }
+}