diff --git a/bntseq.c b/bntseq.c
index 465e3832..65f7e93a 100644
--- a/bntseq.c
+++ b/bntseq.c
@@ -299,9 +299,9 @@ int64_t bns_fasta2bntseq(gzFile fp_fa, const char *prefix, int for_only)
 	// read sequences
 	while (kseq_read(seq) >= 0) pac = add1(seq, bns, pac, &m_pac, &m_seqs, &m_holes, &q);
 	if (!for_only) { // add the reverse complemented sequence
-		m_pac = (bns->l_pac * 2 + 3) / 4 * 4;
-		pac = realloc(pac, m_pac/4);
-		memset(pac + (bns->l_pac+3)/4, 0, (m_pac - (bns->l_pac+3)/4*4) / 4);
+		int64_t ll_pac = (bns->l_pac * 2 + 3) / 4 * 4;
+		if (ll_pac > m_pac) pac = realloc(pac, ll_pac/4);
+		memset(pac + (bns->l_pac+3)/4, 0, (ll_pac - (bns->l_pac+3)/4*4) / 4);
 		for (l = bns->l_pac - 1; l >= 0; --l, ++bns->l_pac)
 			_set_pac(pac, bns->l_pac, 3-_get_pac(pac, l));
 	}
diff --git a/bwa.1 b/bwa.1
index b9a65f16..4df58800 100644
--- a/bwa.1
+++ b/bwa.1
@@ -277,6 +277,14 @@ If ARG starts with @, it is interpreted as a string and gets inserted into the
 output SAM header; otherwise, ARG is interpreted as a file with all lines
 starting with @ in the file inserted into the SAM header. [null]
 .TP
+.BI -o \ FILE
+Write the output SAM file to
+.IR FILE .
+For compatibility with other BWA commands, this option may also be given as
+.B -f
+.IR FILE .
+[standard ouptut]
+.TP
 .BI -T \ INT
 Don't output alignment with score lower than
 .IR INT .
diff --git a/bwa.c b/bwa.c
index c78ebb67..bc9d3732 100644
--- a/bwa.c
+++ b/bwa.c
@@ -30,13 +30,23 @@ static inline void trim_readno(kstring_t *s)
 		s->l -= 2, s->s[s->l] = 0;
 }
 
+static inline char *dupkstring(const kstring_t *str, int dupempty)
+{
+	char *s = (str->l > 0 || dupempty)? malloc(str->l + 1) : NULL;
+	if (!s) return NULL;
+
+	memcpy(s, str->s, str->l);
+	s[str->l] = '\0';
+	return s;
+}
+
 static inline void kseq2bseq1(const kseq_t *ks, bseq1_t *s)
 { // TODO: it would be better to allocate one chunk of memory, but probably it does not matter in practice
-	s->name = strdup(ks->name.s);
-	s->comment = ks->comment.l? strdup(ks->comment.s) : 0;
-	s->seq = strdup(ks->seq.s);
-	s->qual = ks->qual.l? strdup(ks->qual.s) : 0;
-	s->l_seq = strlen(s->seq);
+	s->name = dupkstring(&ks->name, 1);
+	s->comment = dupkstring(&ks->comment, 0);
+	s->seq = dupkstring(&ks->seq, 1);
+	s->qual = dupkstring(&ks->qual, 0);
+	s->l_seq = ks->seq.l;
 }
 
 bseq1_t *bseq_read(int chunk_size, int *n_, void *ks1_, void *ks2_)
@@ -144,9 +154,9 @@ uint32_t *bwa_gen_cigar2(const int8_t mat[25], int o_del, int e_del, int o_ins,
 		max_del = (int)((double)(((l_query+1)>>1) * mat[0] - o_del) / e_del + 1.);
 		max_gap = max_ins > max_del? max_ins : max_del;
 		max_gap = max_gap > 1? max_gap : 1;
-		w = (max_gap + abs(rlen - l_query) + 1) >> 1;
+		w = (max_gap + abs((int)rlen - l_query) + 1) >> 1;
 		w = w < w_? w : w_;
-		min_w = abs(rlen - l_query) + 3;
+		min_w = abs((int)rlen - l_query) + 3;
 		w = w > min_w? w : min_w;
 		// NW alignment
 		if (bwa_verbose >= 4) {
diff --git a/bwape.c b/bwape.c
index f2d3d8e0..fa4f7f7c 100644
--- a/bwape.c
+++ b/bwape.c
@@ -624,7 +624,8 @@ ubyte_t *bwa_paired_sw(const bntseq_t *bns, const ubyte_t *_pacseq, int n_seqs,
 void bwa_sai2sam_pe_core(const char *prefix, char *const fn_sa[2], char *const fn_fa[2], pe_opt_t *popt, const char *rg_line)
 {
 	extern bwa_seqio_t *bwa_open_reads(int mode, const char *fn_fa);
-	int i, j, n_seqs, tot_seqs = 0;
+	int i, j, n_seqs;
+	long long tot_seqs = 0;
 	bwa_seq_t *seqs[2];
 	bwa_seqio_t *ks[2];
 	clock_t t;
@@ -711,7 +712,7 @@ void bwa_sai2sam_pe_core(const char *prefix, char *const fn_sa[2], char *const f
 
 		for (j = 0; j < 2; ++j)
 			bwa_free_read_seq(n_seqs, seqs[j]);
-		fprintf(stderr, "[bwa_sai2sam_pe_core] %d sequences have been processed.\n", tot_seqs);
+		fprintf(stderr, "[bwa_sai2sam_pe_core] %lld sequences have been processed.\n", tot_seqs);
 		last_ii = ii;
 	}
 
diff --git a/bwase.c b/bwase.c
index 77c50db9..18e86718 100644
--- a/bwase.c
+++ b/bwase.c
@@ -173,13 +173,15 @@ bwa_cigar_t *bwa_refine_gapped_core(bwtint_t l_pac, const ubyte_t *pacseq, int l
 	ubyte_t *rseq;
 	int64_t k, rb, re, rlen;
 	int8_t mat[25];
+	int w;
 
 	bwa_fill_scmat(1, 3, mat);
 	rb = *_rb; re = rb + len + ref_shift;
 	assert(re <= l_pac);
 	rseq = bns_get_seq(l_pac, pacseq, rb, re, &rlen);
 	assert(re - rb == rlen);
-	ksw_global(len, seq, rlen, rseq, 5, mat, 5, 1, SW_BW > abs(rlen - len) * 1.5? SW_BW : abs(rlen - len) * 1.5, n_cigar, &cigar32);
+	w = abs((int)rlen - len) * 1.5;
+	ksw_global(len, seq, rlen, rseq, 5, mat, 5, 1, SW_BW > w? SW_BW : w, n_cigar, &cigar32);
 	assert(*n_cigar > 0);
 	if ((cigar32[*n_cigar - 1]&0xf) == 1) cigar32[*n_cigar - 1] = (cigar32[*n_cigar - 1]>>4<<4) | 3; // change endding ins to soft clipping
 	if ((cigar32[0]&0xf) == 1) cigar32[0] = (cigar32[0]>>4<<4) | 3; // change beginning ins to soft clipping
@@ -505,7 +507,8 @@ void bwase_initialize()
 void bwa_sai2sam_se_core(const char *prefix, const char *fn_sa, const char *fn_fa, int n_occ, const char *rg_line)
 {
 	extern bwa_seqio_t *bwa_open_reads(int mode, const char *fn_fa);
-	int i, n_seqs, tot_seqs = 0, m_aln;
+	int i, n_seqs, m_aln;
+	long long tot_seqs = 0;
 	bwt_aln1_t *aln = 0;
 	bwa_seq_t *seqs;
 	bwa_seqio_t *ks;
@@ -563,7 +566,7 @@ void bwa_sai2sam_se_core(const char *prefix, const char *fn_sa, const char *fn_f
 		fprintf(stderr, "%.2f sec\n", (float)(clock() - t) / CLOCKS_PER_SEC);
 
 		bwa_free_read_seq(n_seqs, seqs);
-		fprintf(stderr, "[bwa_aln_core] %d sequences have been processed.\n", tot_seqs);
+		fprintf(stderr, "[bwa_aln_core] %lld sequences have been processed.\n", tot_seqs);
 	}
 
 	// destroy
diff --git a/bwt_gen.c b/bwt_gen.c
index f06c1a3e..acea99b6 100644
--- a/bwt_gen.c
+++ b/bwt_gen.c
@@ -338,6 +338,7 @@ BWT *BWTCreate(const bgint_t textLength, unsigned int *decodeTable)
 		bwt->decodeTable = (unsigned*)calloc(DNA_OCC_CNT_TABLE_SIZE_IN_WORD, sizeof(unsigned int));
 		GenerateDNAOccCountTable(bwt->decodeTable);
 	} else {
+		// FIXME Prevent BWTFree() from freeing decodeTable in this case
 		bwt->decodeTable = decodeTable;
 	}
 
@@ -1538,6 +1539,8 @@ BWTInc *BWTIncConstructFromPacked(const char *inputFileName, bgint_t initialMaxB
 					(long)bwtInc->numberOfIterationDone, (long)processedTextLength);
 		}
 	}
+
+	fclose(packedFile);
 	return bwtInc;
 }
 
@@ -1545,8 +1548,6 @@ void BWTFree(BWT *bwt)
 {
 	if (bwt == 0) return;
 	free(bwt->cumulativeFreq);
-	free(bwt->bwtCode);
-	free(bwt->occValue);
 	free(bwt->occValueMajor);
 	free(bwt->decodeTable);
 	free(bwt);
@@ -1555,8 +1556,10 @@ void BWTFree(BWT *bwt)
 void BWTIncFree(BWTInc *bwtInc)
 {
 	if (bwtInc == 0) return;
-	free(bwtInc->bwt);
+	BWTFree(bwtInc->bwt);
 	free(bwtInc->workingMemory);
+	free(bwtInc->cumulativeCountInCurrentBuild);
+	free(bwtInc->packedShift);
 	free(bwtInc);
 }
 
diff --git a/bwt_lite.c b/bwt_lite.c
index f7946f54..eb16da64 100644
--- a/bwt_lite.c
+++ b/bwt_lite.c
@@ -48,7 +48,7 @@ bwtl_t *bwtl_seq2bwtl(int len, const uint8_t *seq)
 	}
 	{ // generate cnt_table
 		for (i = 0; i != 256; ++i) {
-			u_int32_t j, x = 0;
+			uint32_t j, x = 0;
 			for (j = 0; j != 4; ++j)
 				x |= (((i&3) == j) + ((i>>2&3) == j) + ((i>>4&3) == j) + (i>>6 == j)) << (j<<3);
 			b->cnt_table[i] = x;
diff --git a/bwtaln.c b/bwtaln.c
index 20b01cd3..a348fdfa 100644
--- a/bwtaln.c
+++ b/bwtaln.c
@@ -158,7 +158,8 @@ bwa_seqio_t *bwa_open_reads(int mode, const char *fn_fa)
 
 void bwa_aln_core(const char *prefix, const char *fn_fa, const gap_opt_t *opt)
 {
-	int i, n_seqs, tot_seqs = 0;
+	int i, n_seqs;
+	long long tot_seqs = 0;
 	bwa_seq_t *seqs;
 	bwa_seqio_t *ks;
 	clock_t t;
@@ -218,7 +219,7 @@ void bwa_aln_core(const char *prefix, const char *fn_fa, const gap_opt_t *opt)
 		fprintf(stderr, "%.2f sec\n", (float)(clock() - t) / CLOCKS_PER_SEC);
 
 		bwa_free_read_seq(n_seqs, seqs);
-		fprintf(stderr, "[bwa_aln_core] %d sequences have been processed.\n", tot_seqs);
+		fprintf(stderr, "[bwa_aln_core] %lld sequences have been processed.\n", tot_seqs);
 	}
 
 	// destroy
diff --git a/bwtgap.c b/bwtgap.c
index 08bc1f48..7dde443d 100644
--- a/bwtgap.c
+++ b/bwtgap.c
@@ -58,7 +58,7 @@ static inline void gap_push(gap_stack_t *stack, int i, bwtint_t k, bwtint_t l, i
 		q->stack = (gap_entry_t*)realloc(q->stack, sizeof(gap_entry_t) * q->m_entries);
 	}
 	p = q->stack + q->n_entries;
-	p->info = (u_int32_t)score<<21 | i; p->k = k; p->l = l;
+	p->info = (uint32_t)score<<21 | i; p->k = k; p->l = l;
 	p->n_mm = n_mm; p->n_gapo = n_gapo; p->n_gape = n_gape;
 	p->n_ins = n_ins; p->n_del = n_del;
 	p->state = state; 
diff --git a/bwtgap.h b/bwtgap.h
index 7dd61659..9085b626 100644
--- a/bwtgap.h
+++ b/bwtgap.h
@@ -5,9 +5,9 @@
 #include "bwtaln.h"
 
 typedef struct { // recursion stack
-	u_int32_t info; // score<<21 | i
-	u_int32_t n_mm:8, n_gapo:8, n_gape:8, state:2, n_seed_mm:6;
-	u_int32_t n_ins:16, n_del:16;
+	uint32_t info; // score<<21 | i
+	uint32_t n_mm:8, n_gapo:8, n_gape:8, state:2, n_seed_mm:6;
+	uint32_t n_ins:16, n_del:16;
 	int last_diff_pos;
 	bwtint_t k, l; // (k,l) is the SA region of [i,n-1]
 } gap_entry_t;
diff --git a/bwtindex.c b/bwtindex.c
index fb322313..e1322f8e 100644
--- a/bwtindex.c
+++ b/bwtindex.c
@@ -119,7 +119,7 @@ bwt_t *bwt_pac2bwt(const char *fn_pac, int use_is)
 		}
 		rope_destroy(r);
 	}
-	bwt->bwt = (u_int32_t*)calloc(bwt->bwt_size, 4);
+	bwt->bwt = (uint32_t*)calloc(bwt->bwt_size, 4);
 	for (i = 0; i < bwt->seq_len; ++i)
 		bwt->bwt[i>>4] |= buf[i] << ((15 - (i&15)) << 1);
 	free(buf);
@@ -175,7 +175,7 @@ void bwt_bwtupdate_core(bwt_t *bwt)
 int bwa_bwtupdate(int argc, char *argv[]) // the "bwtupdate" command
 {
 	bwt_t *bwt;
-	if (argc < 2) {
+	if (argc != 2) {
 		fprintf(stderr, "Usage: bwa bwtupdate <the.bwt>\n");
 		return 1;
 	}
diff --git a/bwtsw2_pair.c b/bwtsw2_pair.c
index fe8489cb..f50b25bd 100644
--- a/bwtsw2_pair.c
+++ b/bwtsw2_pair.c
@@ -242,7 +242,7 @@ void bsw2_pair(const bsw2opt_t *opt, int64_t l_pac, const uint8_t *pac, int n, b
 					double diff;
 					G[0] = hits[i]->hits[0].G + a[1].G;
 					G[1] = hits[i+1]->hits[0].G + a[0].G;
-					diff = fabs(G[0] - G[1]) / (opt->a + opt->b) / ((hits[i]->hits[0].len + a[1].len + hits[i+1]->hits[0].len + a[0].len) / 2.);
+					diff = fabs((double)(G[0] - G[1])) / (opt->a + opt->b) / ((hits[i]->hits[0].len + a[1].len + hits[i+1]->hits[0].len + a[0].len) / 2.);
 					if (diff > 0.05) a[G[0] > G[1]? 0 : 1].G = 0;
 				}
 				if (a[0].G == 0 || a[1].G == 0) { // one proper pair only
diff --git a/fastmap.c b/fastmap.c
index 7b7145d9..06199991 100644
--- a/fastmap.c
+++ b/fastmap.c
@@ -130,7 +130,7 @@ int main_mem(int argc, char *argv[])
 
 	aux.opt = opt = mem_opt_init();
 	memset(&opt0, 0, sizeof(mem_opt_t));
-	while ((c = getopt(argc, argv, "51paMCSPVYjk:c:v:s:r:t:R:A:B:O:E:U:w:L:d:T:Q:D:m:I:N:W:x:G:h:y:K:X:H:")) >= 0) {
+	while ((c = getopt(argc, argv, "51paMCSPVYjk:c:v:s:r:t:R:A:B:O:E:U:w:L:d:T:Q:D:m:I:N:o:f:W:x:G:h:y:K:X:H:")) >= 0) {
 		if (c == 'k') opt->min_seed_len = atoi(optarg), opt0.min_seed_len = 1;
 		else if (c == '1') no_mt_io = 1;
 		else if (c == 'x') mode = optarg;
@@ -158,6 +158,7 @@ int main_mem(int argc, char *argv[])
 		else if (c == 's') opt->split_width = atoi(optarg), opt0.split_width = 1;
 		else if (c == 'G') opt->max_chain_gap = atoi(optarg), opt0.max_chain_gap = 1;
 		else if (c == 'N') opt->max_chain_extend = atoi(optarg), opt0.max_chain_extend = 1;
+		else if (c == 'o' || c == 'f') xreopen(optarg, "wb", stdout);
 		else if (c == 'W') opt->min_chain_weight = atoi(optarg), opt0.min_chain_weight = 1;
 		else if (c == 'y') opt->max_mem_intv = atol(optarg), opt0.max_mem_intv = 1;
 		else if (c == 'C') aux.copy_comment = 1;
@@ -257,7 +258,7 @@ int main_mem(int argc, char *argv[])
 		fprintf(stderr, "       -E INT[,INT]  gap extension penalty; a gap of size k cost '{-O} + {-E}*k' [%d,%d]\n", opt->e_del, opt->e_ins);
 		fprintf(stderr, "       -L INT[,INT]  penalty for 5'- and 3'-end clipping [%d,%d]\n", opt->pen_clip5, opt->pen_clip3);
 		fprintf(stderr, "       -U INT        penalty for an unpaired read pair [%d]\n\n", opt->pen_unpaired);
-		fprintf(stderr, "       -x STR        read type. Setting -x changes multiple parameters unless overriden [null]\n");
+		fprintf(stderr, "       -x STR        read type. Setting -x changes multiple parameters unless overridden [null]\n");
 		fprintf(stderr, "                     pacbio: -k17 -W40 -r10 -A1 -B1 -O1 -E1 -L0  (PacBio reads to ref)\n");
 		fprintf(stderr, "                     ont2d: -k14 -W20 -r10 -A1 -B1 -O1 -E1 -L0  (Oxford Nanopore 2D-reads to ref)\n");
 		fprintf(stderr, "                     intractg: -B9 -O16 -L5  (intra-species contigs to ref)\n");
@@ -265,6 +266,7 @@ int main_mem(int argc, char *argv[])
 		fprintf(stderr, "       -p            smart pairing (ignoring in2.fq)\n");
 		fprintf(stderr, "       -R STR        read group header line such as '@RG\\tID:foo\\tSM:bar' [null]\n");
 		fprintf(stderr, "       -H STR/FILE   insert STR to header if it starts with @; or insert lines in FILE [null]\n");
+		fprintf(stderr, "       -o FILE       sam file to output results to [stdout]\n");
 		fprintf(stderr, "       -j            treat ALT contigs as part of the primary assembly (i.e. ignore <idxbase>.alt file)\n");
 		fprintf(stderr, "       -5            always take the leftmost alignment on a read as primary\n");
 		fprintf(stderr, "\n");
diff --git a/kthread.c b/kthread.c
index 1b13494f..780de19c 100644
--- a/kthread.c
+++ b/kthread.c
@@ -1,4 +1,5 @@
 #include <pthread.h>
+#include <stdint.h>
 #include <stdlib.h>
 #include <limits.h>
 
diff --git a/malloc_wrap.c b/malloc_wrap.c
index 100b8cb6..6165e043 100644
--- a/malloc_wrap.c
+++ b/malloc_wrap.c
@@ -13,7 +13,7 @@ void *wrap_calloc(size_t nmemb, size_t size,
 	void *p = calloc(nmemb, size);
 	if (NULL == p) {
 		fprintf(stderr,
-				"[%s] Failed to allocate %zd bytes at %s line %u: %s\n",
+				"[%s] Failed to allocate %zu bytes at %s line %u: %s\n",
 				func, nmemb * size, file, line, strerror(errno));
 		exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
 	}
@@ -25,7 +25,7 @@ void *wrap_malloc(size_t size,
 	void *p = malloc(size);
 	if (NULL == p) {
 		fprintf(stderr,
-				"[%s] Failed to allocate %zd bytes at %s line %u: %s\n",
+				"[%s] Failed to allocate %zu bytes at %s line %u: %s\n",
 				func, size, file, line, strerror(errno));
 		exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
 	}
@@ -37,7 +37,7 @@ void *wrap_realloc(void *ptr, size_t size,
 	void *p = realloc(ptr, size);
 	if (NULL == p) {
 		fprintf(stderr,
-				"[%s] Failed to allocate %zd bytes at %s line %u: %s\n",
+				"[%s] Failed to allocate %zu bytes at %s line %u: %s\n",
 				func, size, file, line, strerror(errno));
 		exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
 	}
@@ -49,7 +49,7 @@ char *wrap_strdup(const char *s,
 	char *p = strdup(s);
 	if (NULL == p) {
 		fprintf(stderr,
-				"[%s] Failed to allocate %zd bytes at %s line %u: %s\n",
+				"[%s] Failed to allocate %zu bytes at %s line %u: %s\n",
 				func, strlen(s), file, line, strerror(errno));
 		exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
 	}