diff --git a/CHANGELOG.md b/CHANGELOG.md
index b0c1593cd2..0f93a732ee 100644
--- a/CHANGELOG.md
+++ b/CHANGELOG.md
@@ -1,11 +1,14 @@
 ## main
 
 ### ✨ Features and improvements
+
 - Add support for projection type expression as part of a refactoring of the transfrom and projection classes ([#5139](https://github.com/maplibre/maplibre-gl-js/pull/5139))
 - ⚠️ Support setting WebGL context options on map creation ([#5196](https://github.com/maplibre/maplibre-gl-js/pull/5196)). Previously supported WebGL context options like `antialias`, `preserveDrawingBuffer` and `failIfMajorPerformanceCaveat` must now be defined inside the `canvasContextAttributes` object on `MapOptions`.
+- Dual-Stack WebGL Runtime with WebGL2 to WebGL1 Fallback ([#5198](https://github.com/maplibre/maplibre-gl-js/pull/5198))
 - _...Add new stuff here..._
 
 ### 🐞 Bug fixes
+
 - Fix globe custom layers being supplied incorrect matrices after projection transition to mercator ([#5150](https://github.com/maplibre/maplibre-gl-js/pull/5150))
 - Fix custom 3D models disappearing during projection transition ([#5150](https://github.com/maplibre/maplibre-gl-js/pull/5150))
 - Fix regression in NavigationControl compass on Firefox and Safari browsers ([#5205](https://github.com/maplibre/maplibre-gl-js/pull/5205))
diff --git a/build/generate-shaders.ts b/build/generate-shaders.ts
index 5f3e2409d7..9e652dbe4d 100644
--- a/build/generate-shaders.ts
+++ b/build/generate-shaders.ts
@@ -12,51 +12,9 @@ console.log('Generating shaders');
  * It will also create a simple package.json file to allow importing this package in webpack
  */
 
-const vertex = globSync('./src/shaders/*.vertex.glsl');
-for (const file of vertex) {
-    const code = fs.readFileSync(file, 'utf8');
-    const content = glslToTs(code, 'vertex');
-    const fileName = path.join('.', 'src', 'shaders', `${file.split(path.sep).splice(-1)}.g.ts`);
-    fs.writeFileSync(fileName, content);
-}
-
-console.log(`Finished converting ${vertex.length} vertex shaders`);
-
-const fragment = globSync('./src/shaders/*.fragment.glsl');
-for (const file of fragment) {
-    const code = fs.readFileSync(file, 'utf8');
-    const content = glslToTs(code, 'fragment');
-    const fileName = path.join('.', 'src', 'shaders', `${file.split(path.sep).splice(-1)}.g.ts`);
-    fs.writeFileSync(fileName, content);
-}
-
-console.log(`Finished converting ${fragment.length} fragment shaders`);
-
-function glslToTs(code: string, type: 'fragment'|'vertex'): string {
-    code = code
-        .trim(); // strip whitespace at the start/end
-
-    // WebGL1 Compat -- Start
-
-    if (type === 'fragment') {
-        code = code
-            .replace(/\bin\s/g, 'varying ') // For fragment shaders, replace "in " with "varying "
-            .replace('out highp vec4 fragColor;', '');
-    }
-
-    if (type === 'vertex') {
-        code = code
-            .replace(/\bin\s/g, 'attribute ') // For vertex shaders, replace "in " with "attribute "
-            .replace(/\bout\s/g, 'varying '); // For vertex shaders, replace "out " with "varying "
-    }
-
-    code = code
-        .replace(/fragColor/g, 'gl_FragColor')
-        .replace(/texture\(/g, 'texture2D(');
-
-    // WebGL1 Compat -- End
-
+function glslToTs(code: string): string {
     code = code
+        .trim() // strip whitespace at the start/end
         .replace(/\s*\/\/[^\n]*\n/g, '\n') // strip double-slash comments
         .replace(/\n+/g, '\n') // collapse multi line breaks
         .replace(/\n\s+/g, '\n') // strip indentation
@@ -66,3 +24,13 @@ function glslToTs(code: string, type: 'fragment'|'vertex'): string {
     return `// This file is generated. Edit build/generate-shaders.ts, then run \`npm run codegen\`.
 export default ${JSON.stringify(code).replaceAll('"', '\'')};\n`;
 }
+
+const shaderFiles = globSync('./src/shaders/*.glsl');
+for (const file of shaderFiles) {
+    const glslFile = fs.readFileSync(file, 'utf8');
+    const tsSource = glslToTs(glslFile);
+    const fileName = path.join('.', 'src', 'shaders', `${file.split(path.sep).splice(-1)}.g.ts`);
+    fs.writeFileSync(fileName, tsSource);
+}
+
+console.log(`Finished converting ${shaderFiles.length} shaders`);
diff --git a/src/render/program.ts b/src/render/program.ts
index 78110d0344..efdbe51c45 100644
--- a/src/render/program.ts
+++ b/src/render/program.ts
@@ -1,7 +1,8 @@
-import {type PreparedShader, shaders} from '../shaders/shaders';
+import {type PreparedShader, shaders, transpileVertexShaderToWebGL1, transpileFragmentShaderToWebGL1} from '../shaders/shaders';
 import {type ProgramConfiguration} from '../data/program_configuration';
 import {VertexArrayObject} from './vertex_array_object';
 import {type Context} from '../gl/context';
+import {isWebGL2} from '../gl/webgl2';
 
 import type {SegmentVector} from '../data/segment';
 import type {VertexBuffer} from '../gl/vertex_buffer';
@@ -72,6 +73,9 @@ export class Program<Us extends UniformBindings> {
         }
 
         const defines = configuration ? configuration.defines() : [];
+        if (isWebGL2(gl)) {
+            defines.unshift('#version 300 es');
+        }
         if (showOverdrawInspector) {
             defines.push('#define OVERDRAW_INSPECTOR;');
         }
@@ -82,8 +86,13 @@ export class Program<Us extends UniformBindings> {
             defines.push(projectionDefine);
         }
 
-        const fragmentSource = defines.concat(shaders.prelude.fragmentSource, projectionPrelude.fragmentSource, source.fragmentSource).join('\n');
-        const vertexSource = defines.concat(shaders.prelude.vertexSource, projectionPrelude.vertexSource, source.vertexSource).join('\n');
+        let fragmentSource = defines.concat(shaders.prelude.fragmentSource, projectionPrelude.fragmentSource, source.fragmentSource).join('\n');
+        let vertexSource = defines.concat(shaders.prelude.vertexSource, projectionPrelude.vertexSource, source.vertexSource).join('\n');
+
+        if (!isWebGL2(gl)) {
+            fragmentSource = transpileFragmentShaderToWebGL1(fragmentSource);
+            vertexSource = transpileVertexShaderToWebGL1(vertexSource);
+        }
 
         const fragmentShader = gl.createShader(gl.FRAGMENT_SHADER);
         if (gl.isContextLost()) {
diff --git a/src/shaders/shaders.ts b/src/shaders/shaders.ts
index bc7b88f2ec..d8ad62f0d3 100644
--- a/src/shaders/shaders.ts
+++ b/src/shaders/shaders.ts
@@ -1,4 +1,3 @@
-
 // Disable Flow annotations here because Flow doesn't support importing GLSL files
 
 import preludeFrag from './_prelude.fragment.glsl.g';
@@ -77,52 +76,51 @@ export type PreparedShader = {
 };
 
 export const shaders = {
-    prelude: compile(preludeFrag, preludeVert),
-    projectionMercator: compile('', projectionMercatorVert),
-    projectionGlobe: compile('', projectionGlobeVert),
-    background: compile(backgroundFrag, backgroundVert),
-    backgroundPattern: compile(backgroundPatternFrag, backgroundPatternVert),
-    circle: compile(circleFrag, circleVert),
-    clippingMask: compile(clippingMaskFrag, clippingMaskVert),
-    heatmap: compile(heatmapFrag, heatmapVert),
-    heatmapTexture: compile(heatmapTextureFrag, heatmapTextureVert),
-    collisionBox: compile(collisionBoxFrag, collisionBoxVert),
-    collisionCircle: compile(collisionCircleFrag, collisionCircleVert),
-    debug: compile(debugFrag, debugVert),
-    depth: compile(clippingMaskFrag, depthVert),
-    fill: compile(fillFrag, fillVert),
-    fillOutline: compile(fillOutlineFrag, fillOutlineVert),
-    fillOutlinePattern: compile(fillOutlinePatternFrag, fillOutlinePatternVert),
-    fillPattern: compile(fillPatternFrag, fillPatternVert),
-    fillExtrusion: compile(fillExtrusionFrag, fillExtrusionVert),
-    fillExtrusionPattern: compile(fillExtrusionPatternFrag, fillExtrusionPatternVert),
-    hillshadePrepare: compile(hillshadePrepareFrag, hillshadePrepareVert),
-    hillshade: compile(hillshadeFrag, hillshadeVert),
-    line: compile(lineFrag, lineVert),
-    lineGradient: compile(lineGradientFrag, lineGradientVert),
-    linePattern: compile(linePatternFrag, linePatternVert),
-    lineSDF: compile(lineSDFFrag, lineSDFVert),
-    raster: compile(rasterFrag, rasterVert),
-    symbolIcon: compile(symbolIconFrag, symbolIconVert),
-    symbolSDF: compile(symbolSDFFrag, symbolSDFVert),
-    symbolTextAndIcon: compile(symbolTextAndIconFrag, symbolTextAndIconVert),
-    terrain: compile(terrainFrag, terrainVert),
-    terrainDepth: compile(terrainDepthFrag, terrainVertDepth),
-    terrainCoords: compile(terrainCoordsFrag, terrainVertCoords),
-    projectionErrorMeasurement: compile(projectionErrorMeasurementFrag, projectionErrorMeasurementVert),
-    atmosphere: compile(atmosphereFrag, atmosphereVert),
-    sky: compile(skyFrag, skyVert),
+    prelude: prepare(preludeFrag, preludeVert),
+    projectionMercator: prepare('', projectionMercatorVert),
+    projectionGlobe: prepare('', projectionGlobeVert),
+    background: prepare(backgroundFrag, backgroundVert),
+    backgroundPattern: prepare(backgroundPatternFrag, backgroundPatternVert),
+    circle: prepare(circleFrag, circleVert),
+    clippingMask: prepare(clippingMaskFrag, clippingMaskVert),
+    heatmap: prepare(heatmapFrag, heatmapVert),
+    heatmapTexture: prepare(heatmapTextureFrag, heatmapTextureVert),
+    collisionBox: prepare(collisionBoxFrag, collisionBoxVert),
+    collisionCircle: prepare(collisionCircleFrag, collisionCircleVert),
+    debug: prepare(debugFrag, debugVert),
+    depth: prepare(clippingMaskFrag, depthVert),
+    fill: prepare(fillFrag, fillVert),
+    fillOutline: prepare(fillOutlineFrag, fillOutlineVert),
+    fillOutlinePattern: prepare(fillOutlinePatternFrag, fillOutlinePatternVert),
+    fillPattern: prepare(fillPatternFrag, fillPatternVert),
+    fillExtrusion: prepare(fillExtrusionFrag, fillExtrusionVert),
+    fillExtrusionPattern: prepare(fillExtrusionPatternFrag, fillExtrusionPatternVert),
+    hillshadePrepare: prepare(hillshadePrepareFrag, hillshadePrepareVert),
+    hillshade: prepare(hillshadeFrag, hillshadeVert),
+    line: prepare(lineFrag, lineVert),
+    lineGradient: prepare(lineGradientFrag, lineGradientVert),
+    linePattern: prepare(linePatternFrag, linePatternVert),
+    lineSDF: prepare(lineSDFFrag, lineSDFVert),
+    raster: prepare(rasterFrag, rasterVert),
+    symbolIcon: prepare(symbolIconFrag, symbolIconVert),
+    symbolSDF: prepare(symbolSDFFrag, symbolSDFVert),
+    symbolTextAndIcon: prepare(symbolTextAndIconFrag, symbolTextAndIconVert),
+    terrain: prepare(terrainFrag, terrainVert),
+    terrainDepth: prepare(terrainDepthFrag, terrainVertDepth),
+    terrainCoords: prepare(terrainCoordsFrag, terrainVertCoords),
+    projectionErrorMeasurement: prepare(projectionErrorMeasurementFrag, projectionErrorMeasurementVert),
+    atmosphere: prepare(atmosphereFrag, atmosphereVert),
+    sky: prepare(skyFrag, skyVert),
 };
 
-// Expand #pragmas to #ifdefs.
-
-function compile(fragmentSource: string, vertexSource: string): PreparedShader {
+/** Expand #pragmas to #ifdefs, extract attributes and uniforms */
+function prepare(fragmentSource: string, vertexSource: string): PreparedShader {
     const re = /#pragma mapbox: ([\w]+) ([\w]+) ([\w]+) ([\w]+)/g;
 
-    const staticAttributes = vertexSource.match(/attribute ([\w]+) ([\w]+)/g);
+    const vertexAttributes = vertexSource.match(/in ([\w]+) ([\w]+)/g);
     const fragmentUniforms = fragmentSource.match(/uniform ([\w]+) ([\w]+)([\s]*)([\w]*)/g);
     const vertexUniforms = vertexSource.match(/uniform ([\w]+) ([\w]+)([\s]*)([\w]*)/g);
-    const staticUniforms = vertexUniforms ? vertexUniforms.concat(fragmentUniforms) : fragmentUniforms;
+    const shaderUniforms = vertexUniforms ? vertexUniforms.concat(fragmentUniforms) : fragmentUniforms;
 
     const fragmentPragmas = {};
 
@@ -131,7 +129,7 @@ function compile(fragmentSource: string, vertexSource: string): PreparedShader {
         if (operation === 'define') {
             return `
 #ifndef HAS_UNIFORM_u_${name}
-varying ${precision} ${type} ${name};
+in ${precision} ${type} ${name};
 #else
 uniform ${precision} ${type} u_${name};
 #endif
@@ -154,8 +152,8 @@ uniform ${precision} ${type} u_${name};
                 return `
 #ifndef HAS_UNIFORM_u_${name}
 uniform lowp float u_${name}_t;
-attribute ${precision} ${attrType} a_${name};
-varying ${precision} ${type} ${name};
+in ${precision} ${attrType} a_${name};
+out ${precision} ${type} ${name};
 #else
 uniform ${precision} ${type} u_${name};
 #endif
@@ -185,7 +183,7 @@ uniform ${precision} ${type} u_${name};
                 return `
 #ifndef HAS_UNIFORM_u_${name}
 uniform lowp float u_${name}_t;
-attribute ${precision} ${attrType} a_${name};
+in ${precision} ${attrType} a_${name};
 #else
 uniform ${precision} ${type} u_${name};
 #endif
@@ -213,5 +211,22 @@ uniform ${precision} ${type} u_${name};
         }
     });
 
-    return {fragmentSource, vertexSource, staticAttributes, staticUniforms};
+    return {fragmentSource, vertexSource, staticAttributes: vertexAttributes, staticUniforms: shaderUniforms};
+}
+
+/** Transpile WebGL2 vertex shader source to WebGL1 */
+export function transpileVertexShaderToWebGL1(source: string): string {
+    return source
+        .replace(/\bin\s/g, 'attribute ')
+        .replace(/\bout\s/g, 'varying ')
+        .replace(/texture\(/g, 'texture2D(');
+}
+
+/** Transpile WebGL2 fragment shader source to WebGL1 */
+export function transpileFragmentShaderToWebGL1(source: string): string {
+    return source
+        .replace(/\bin\s/g, 'varying ')
+        .replace('out highp vec4 fragColor;', '')
+        .replace(/fragColor/g, 'gl_FragColor')
+        .replace(/texture\(/g, 'texture2D(');
 }
diff --git a/test/build/shaders.test.ts b/test/build/shaders.test.ts
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..3bf16ff5ae
--- /dev/null
+++ b/test/build/shaders.test.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,48 @@
+import {transpileVertexShaderToWebGL1, transpileFragmentShaderToWebGL1} from '../../src/shaders/shaders';
+import {describe, test, expect} from 'vitest';
+import {globSync} from 'glob';
+import fs from 'fs';
+
+describe('Shaders', () => {
+    test('webgl2 to webgl1 transpiled shaders should be identical', () => {
+        const vertexSourceWebGL2 = `
+            in vec3 aPos;
+            uniform mat4 u_matrix;
+            void main() {
+                gl_Position = u_matrix * vec4(aPos, 1.0);
+                gl_PointSize = 20.0;
+            }`;
+        const fragmentSourceWebGL2 = `
+            out highp vec4 fragColor;
+            void main() {
+                fragColor = vec4(1.0, 0.0, 0.0, 1.0);
+            }`;
+        const vertexSourceWebGL1 = `
+            attribute vec3 aPos;
+            uniform mat4 u_matrix;
+            void main() {
+                gl_Position = u_matrix * vec4(aPos, 1.0);
+                gl_PointSize = 20.0;
+            }`;
+        const fragmentSourceWebGL1 = `
+            void main() {
+                gl_FragColor = vec4(1.0, 0.0, 0.0, 1.0);
+            }`;
+        const vertexSourceTranspiled = transpileVertexShaderToWebGL1(vertexSourceWebGL2);
+        const fragmentSourceTranspiled = transpileFragmentShaderToWebGL1(fragmentSourceWebGL2);
+        expect(vertexSourceTranspiled.trim()).equals(vertexSourceWebGL1.trim());
+        expect(fragmentSourceTranspiled.trim()).equals(fragmentSourceWebGL1.trim());
+    });
+
+    // reference: https://webgl2fundamentals.org/webgl/lessons/webgl1-to-webgl2.html
+    test('built-in shaders should be written in WebGL2', () => {
+        const shaderFiles = globSync('../../src/shaders/*.glsl');
+        for (const shaderFile of shaderFiles) {
+            const shaderSource = fs.readFileSync(shaderFile, 'utf8');
+            expect(shaderSource.includes('attribute')).toBe(false);
+            expect(shaderSource.includes('varying')).toBe(false);
+            expect(shaderSource.includes('gl_FragColor')).toBe(false);
+            expect(shaderSource.includes('texture2D')).toBe(false);
+        }
+    });
+});