diff --git a/include/mbgl/map/map_observer.hpp b/include/mbgl/map/map_observer.hpp
index 0ebed53d1f0..6f29a0b2d68 100644
--- a/include/mbgl/map/map_observer.hpp
+++ b/include/mbgl/map/map_observer.hpp
@@ -42,7 +42,8 @@ class MapObserver {
         RenderMode mode;
         bool needsRepaint; // In continous mode, shows that there are ongoig transitions.
         bool placementChanged;
-        double frameTime;
+        double frameEncodingTime;
+        double frameRenderingTime;
     };
 
     virtual void onCameraWillChange(CameraChangeMode) {}
diff --git a/include/mbgl/renderer/renderer_observer.hpp b/include/mbgl/renderer/renderer_observer.hpp
index 990c03081e2..29968d896ba 100644
--- a/include/mbgl/renderer/renderer_observer.hpp
+++ b/include/mbgl/renderer/renderer_observer.hpp
@@ -36,7 +36,11 @@ class RendererObserver {
     virtual void onDidFinishRenderingFrame(RenderMode, bool /*repaint*/, bool /*placementChanged*/) {}
 
     /// End of frame, booleans flags that a repaint is required and that placement changed.
-    virtual void onDidFinishRenderingFrame(RenderMode mode, bool repaint, bool placementChanged, double /*frameTime*/) {
+    virtual void onDidFinishRenderingFrame(RenderMode mode,
+                                           bool repaint,
+                                           bool placementChanged,
+                                           double /*frameEncodingTime*/,
+                                           double /*frameRenderingTime*/) {
         onDidFinishRenderingFrame(mode, repaint, placementChanged);
     }
 
diff --git a/platform/BUILD.bazel b/platform/BUILD.bazel
index 71ae8fe7976..284e461d7b3 100644
--- a/platform/BUILD.bazel
+++ b/platform/BUILD.bazel
@@ -232,7 +232,7 @@ objc_library(
 
 objc_library(
     name = "ios-benchapp",
-    copts = MAPLIBRE_FLAGS,
+    copts = CPP_FLAGS + MAPLIBRE_FLAGS,
     srcs = ["//platform/ios/benchmark:ios_benchmark_srcs"],
     hdrs = ["//platform/ios/benchmark:ios_benchmark_hdrs"],
     includes = [
diff --git a/platform/android/MapboxGLAndroidSDK/src/cpp/android_renderer_frontend.cpp b/platform/android/MapboxGLAndroidSDK/src/cpp/android_renderer_frontend.cpp
index 840e4404aac..481e8122151 100644
--- a/platform/android/MapboxGLAndroidSDK/src/cpp/android_renderer_frontend.cpp
+++ b/platform/android/MapboxGLAndroidSDK/src/cpp/android_renderer_frontend.cpp
@@ -34,9 +34,11 @@ class ForwardingRendererObserver : public RendererObserver {
     void onDidFinishRenderingFrame(RenderMode mode,
                                    bool repaintNeeded,
                                    bool placementChanged,
-                                   double frameTime) override {
-        void (RendererObserver::*f)(RenderMode, bool, bool, double) = &RendererObserver::onDidFinishRenderingFrame;
-        delegate.invoke(f, mode, repaintNeeded, placementChanged, frameTime);
+                                   double frameEncodingTime,
+                                   double frameRenderingTime) override {
+        void (RendererObserver::*f)(
+            RenderMode, bool, bool, double, double) = &RendererObserver::onDidFinishRenderingFrame;
+        delegate.invoke(f, mode, repaintNeeded, placementChanged, frameEncodingTime, frameRenderingTime);
     }
 
     void onDidFinishRenderingMap() override { delegate.invoke(&RendererObserver::onDidFinishRenderingMap); }
diff --git a/platform/default/include/mbgl/gfx/headless_frontend.hpp b/platform/default/include/mbgl/gfx/headless_frontend.hpp
index 1e1f1c14030..ff961ffc1d1 100644
--- a/platform/default/include/mbgl/gfx/headless_frontend.hpp
+++ b/platform/default/include/mbgl/gfx/headless_frontend.hpp
@@ -31,7 +31,8 @@ class HeadlessFrontend : public RendererFrontend {
                      float pixelRatio_,
                      gfx::HeadlessBackend::SwapBehaviour swapBehavior = gfx::HeadlessBackend::SwapBehaviour::NoFlush,
                      gfx::ContextMode mode = gfx::ContextMode::Unique,
-                     const std::optional<std::string>& localFontFamily = std::nullopt);
+                     const std::optional<std::string>& localFontFamily = std::nullopt,
+                     bool invalidateOnUpdate_ = true);
     ~HeadlessFrontend() override;
 
     void reset() override;
@@ -56,6 +57,7 @@ class HeadlessFrontend : public RendererFrontend {
     PremultipliedImage readStillImage();
     RenderResult render(Map&);
     void renderOnce(Map&);
+    void renderFrame();
 
     std::optional<TransformState> getTransformState() const;
 
@@ -66,6 +68,7 @@ class HeadlessFrontend : public RendererFrontend {
     std::atomic<double> frameTime;
     std::unique_ptr<gfx::HeadlessBackend> backend;
     util::AsyncTask asyncInvalidate;
+    bool invalidateOnUpdate;
 
     std::unique_ptr<Renderer> renderer;
     std::shared_ptr<UpdateParameters> updateParameters;
diff --git a/platform/default/src/mbgl/gfx/headless_frontend.cpp b/platform/default/src/mbgl/gfx/headless_frontend.cpp
index a2a03a5e625..8efe4cb5bab 100644
--- a/platform/default/src/mbgl/gfx/headless_frontend.cpp
+++ b/platform/default/src/mbgl/gfx/headless_frontend.cpp
@@ -21,7 +21,8 @@ HeadlessFrontend::HeadlessFrontend(Size size_,
                                    float pixelRatio_,
                                    gfx::HeadlessBackend::SwapBehaviour swapBehavior,
                                    const gfx::ContextMode contextMode,
-                                   const std::optional<std::string>& localFontFamily)
+                                   const std::optional<std::string>& localFontFamily,
+                                   bool invalidateOnUpdate_)
     : size(size_),
       pixelRatio(pixelRatio_),
       frameTime(0),
@@ -29,23 +30,8 @@ HeadlessFrontend::HeadlessFrontend(Size size_,
           {static_cast<uint32_t>(size.width * pixelRatio), static_cast<uint32_t>(size.height * pixelRatio)},
           swapBehavior,
           contextMode)),
-      asyncInvalidate([this] {
-          if (renderer && updateParameters) {
-              auto startTime = mbgl::util::MonotonicTimer::now();
-              gfx::BackendScope guard{*getBackend()};
-
-              // onStyleImageMissing might be called during a render. The user
-              // implemented method could trigger a call to
-              // MLNRenderFrontend#update which overwrites `updateParameters`.
-              // Copy the shared pointer here so that the parameters aren't
-              // destroyed while `render(...)` is still using them.
-              auto updateParameters_ = updateParameters;
-              renderer->render(updateParameters_);
-
-              auto endTime = mbgl::util::MonotonicTimer::now();
-              frameTime = (endTime - startTime).count();
-          }
-      }),
+      asyncInvalidate([this] { renderFrame(); }),
+      invalidateOnUpdate(invalidateOnUpdate_),
       renderer(std::make_unique<Renderer>(*getBackend(), pixelRatio, localFontFamily)) {}
 
 HeadlessFrontend::~HeadlessFrontend() = default;
@@ -57,7 +43,9 @@ void HeadlessFrontend::reset() {
 
 void HeadlessFrontend::update(std::shared_ptr<UpdateParameters> updateParameters_) {
     updateParameters = updateParameters_;
-    asyncInvalidate.send();
+    if (invalidateOnUpdate) {
+        asyncInvalidate.send();
+    }
 }
 
 void HeadlessFrontend::setObserver(RendererObserver& observer_) {
@@ -169,6 +157,24 @@ void HeadlessFrontend::renderOnce(Map&) {
     util::RunLoop::Get()->runOnce();
 }
 
+void HeadlessFrontend::renderFrame() {
+    if (renderer && updateParameters) {
+        auto startTime = mbgl::util::MonotonicTimer::now();
+        gfx::BackendScope guard{*getBackend()};
+
+        // onStyleImageMissing might be called during a render. The user
+        // implemented method could trigger a call to
+        // MLNRenderFrontend#update which overwrites `updateParameters`.
+        // Copy the shared pointer here so that the parameters aren't
+        // destroyed while `render(...)` is still using them.
+        auto updateParameters_ = updateParameters;
+        renderer->render(updateParameters_);
+
+        auto endTime = mbgl::util::MonotonicTimer::now();
+        frameTime = (endTime - startTime).count();
+    }
+}
+
 std::optional<TransformState> HeadlessFrontend::getTransformState() const {
     if (updateParameters) {
         return updateParameters->transformState;
diff --git a/platform/default/src/mbgl/map/map_snapshotter.cpp b/platform/default/src/mbgl/map/map_snapshotter.cpp
index eab4baa1ef1..56da5d787c4 100644
--- a/platform/default/src/mbgl/map/map_snapshotter.cpp
+++ b/platform/default/src/mbgl/map/map_snapshotter.cpp
@@ -39,9 +39,11 @@ class ForwardingRendererObserver final : public RendererObserver {
     void onDidFinishRenderingFrame(RenderMode mode,
                                    bool repaintNeeded,
                                    bool placementChanged,
-                                   double frameTime) override {
-        void (RendererObserver::*f)(RenderMode, bool, bool, double) = &RendererObserver::onDidFinishRenderingFrame;
-        delegate.invoke(f, mode, repaintNeeded, placementChanged, frameTime);
+                                   double frameEncodingTime,
+                                   double frameRenderingTime) override {
+        void (RendererObserver::*f)(
+            RenderMode, bool, bool, double, double) = &RendererObserver::onDidFinishRenderingFrame;
+        delegate.invoke(f, mode, repaintNeeded, placementChanged, frameEncodingTime, frameRenderingTime);
     }
 
     void onStyleImageMissing(const std::string& image, const StyleImageMissingCallback& cb) override {
@@ -84,11 +86,13 @@ class SnapshotterRenderer final : public RendererObserver {
     void onDidFinishRenderingFrame(RenderMode mode,
                                    bool repaintNeeded,
                                    bool placementChanged,
-                                   double frameTime) override {
+                                   double frameEncodingTime,
+                                   double frameRenderingTime) override {
         if (mode == RenderMode::Full && hasPendingStillImageRequest) {
             stillImage = frontend.readStillImage();
         }
-        rendererObserver->onDidFinishRenderingFrame(mode, repaintNeeded, placementChanged, frameTime);
+        rendererObserver->onDidFinishRenderingFrame(
+            mode, repaintNeeded, placementChanged, frameEncodingTime, frameRenderingTime);
     }
 
     void onStyleImageMissing(const std::string& id, const StyleImageMissingCallback& done) override {
diff --git a/platform/ios/app/MBXViewController.m b/platform/ios/app/MBXViewController.m
index 37247a23632..1eb9f60fe04 100644
--- a/platform/ios/app/MBXViewController.m
+++ b/platform/ios/app/MBXViewController.m
@@ -2478,9 +2478,9 @@ - (void)updateHUD {
     return features;
 }
 
-- (void)mapViewDidFinishRenderingFrame:(MLNMapView *)mapView fullyRendered:(BOOL)fullyRendered frameTime:(double)frameTime {
+- (void)mapViewDidFinishRenderingFrame:(MLNMapView *)mapView fullyRendered:(BOOL)fullyRendered frameEncodingTime:(double)frameEncodingTime frameRenderingTime:(double)frameRenderingTime {
     if (self.frameTimeGraphEnabled) {
-        [self.frameTimeGraphView updatePathWithFrameDuration:frameTime];
+        [self.frameTimeGraphView updatePathWithFrameDuration:frameEncodingTime];
     }
 }
 
diff --git a/platform/ios/benchmark/BUILD.bazel b/platform/ios/benchmark/BUILD.bazel
index 5094e7566a6..af5d09d07bb 100644
--- a/platform/ios/benchmark/BUILD.bazel
+++ b/platform/ios/benchmark/BUILD.bazel
@@ -3,8 +3,8 @@ load("//platform/ios/bazel:macros.bzl", "info_plist")
 filegroup(
     name = "ios_benchmark_srcs",
     srcs = [
-        "main.m",
-        "MBXBenchAppDelegate.m",
+        "main.mm",
+        "MBXBenchAppDelegate.mm",
         "MBXBenchViewController.mm",
         "locations.cpp",
     ],
diff --git a/platform/ios/benchmark/MBXBenchAppDelegate.m b/platform/ios/benchmark/MBXBenchAppDelegate.mm
similarity index 100%
rename from platform/ios/benchmark/MBXBenchAppDelegate.m
rename to platform/ios/benchmark/MBXBenchAppDelegate.mm
diff --git a/platform/ios/benchmark/MBXBenchViewController.mm b/platform/ios/benchmark/MBXBenchViewController.mm
index 43309d325c9..b01be05c24f 100644
--- a/platform/ios/benchmark/MBXBenchViewController.mm
+++ b/platform/ios/benchmark/MBXBenchViewController.mm
@@ -1,15 +1,52 @@
 #import "MBXBenchViewController.h"
 #import "MBXBenchAppDelegate.h"
 #import "MLNMapView_Private.h"
-#import "MLNMapViewDelegate.h"
+#import "MLNOfflineStorage_Private.h"
+#import "MLNSettings_Private.h"
 
 #include "locations.hpp"
 
 #include <chrono>
 
-@interface MBXBenchViewController () <MLNMapViewDelegate>
+#include <mbgl/gfx/backend_scope.hpp>
+#include <mbgl/gfx/headless_frontend.hpp>
+#include <mbgl/map/map.hpp>
+#include <mbgl/style/style.hpp>
+
+@protocol BenchMapDelegate <NSObject>
+- (void)mapDidFinishRenderingFrameFullyRendered:(BOOL)fullyRendered
+                              frameEncodingTime:(double)frameEncodingTime
+                             frameRenderingTime:(double)frameRenderingTime;
+@end
 
-@property (nonatomic) MLNMapView *mapView;
+
+class BenchMapObserver : public mbgl::MapObserver {
+public:
+    BenchMapObserver() = delete;
+    BenchMapObserver(id<BenchMapDelegate> mapDelegate_) : mapDelegate(mapDelegate_) {}
+    virtual ~BenchMapObserver() = default;
+    
+    void onDidFinishRenderingFrame(RenderFrameStatus status) override final {
+        //NSLog(@"Frame encoding time: %4.1f ms", status.frameEncodingTime * 1e3);
+        //NSLog(@"Frame rendering time: %4.1f ms", status.frameRenderingTime * 1e3);
+        
+        bool fullyRendered = status.mode == mbgl::MapObserver::RenderMode::Full;
+        [mapDelegate mapDidFinishRenderingFrameFullyRendered:fullyRendered 
+                                           frameEncodingTime:status.frameEncodingTime
+                                          frameRenderingTime:status.frameRenderingTime];
+    }
+    
+protected:
+    __weak id<BenchMapDelegate> mapDelegate = nullptr;
+};
+
+@interface MBXBenchViewController () <BenchMapDelegate> {
+    std::unique_ptr<BenchMapObserver> observer;
+    std::unique_ptr<mbgl::HeadlessFrontend> frontend;
+    std::unique_ptr<mbgl::Map> map;
+}
+
+@property (nonatomic) UIImageView *imageView;
 
 @end
 
@@ -32,6 +69,15 @@ + (void)initialize
 - (void)viewDidLoad
 {
     [super viewDidLoad];
+}
+
+- (void)viewDidAppear:(BOOL)animated
+{
+    [super viewDidAppear:animated];
+    
+    #ifdef LOG_TO_DOCUMENTS_DIR
+    [self setAndRedirectLogFileToDocuments];
+    #endif
     
     // Use a local style and local assets if they’ve been downloaded.
     NSURL *tile = [[NSBundle mainBundle] URLForResource:@"11" withExtension:@"pbf" subdirectory:@"tiles/tiles/v3/5/7"];
@@ -42,28 +88,50 @@ - (void)viewDidLoad
     constexpr auto styleIndex = 0;
     NSURL *url = [NSURL URLWithString:tile ? @"asset://styles/streets.json" : [NSString stringWithCString:styles[styleIndex].c_str() encoding:NSUTF8StringEncoding]];
     NSLog(@"Using style URL: \"%@\"", [url absoluteString]);
-    
-    self.mapView = [[MLNMapView alloc] initWithFrame:self.view.bounds styleURL:url];
-    self.mapView.autoresizingMask = UIViewAutoresizingFlexibleWidth | UIViewAutoresizingFlexibleHeight;
-    self.mapView.delegate = self;
-    self.mapView.opaque = YES;
-    self.mapView.zoomEnabled = NO;
-    self.mapView.scrollEnabled = NO;
-    self.mapView.rotateEnabled = NO;
-    self.mapView.userInteractionEnabled = YES;
-    self.mapView.preferredFramesPerSecond = MLNMapViewPreferredFramesPerSecondMaximum;
-
-    [self.view addSubview:self.mapView];
-}
 
-- (void)viewDidAppear:(BOOL)animated
-{
-    [super viewDidAppear:animated];
+    self.imageView = [[UIImageView alloc] initWithFrame:self.view.bounds];
+    self.imageView.autoresizingMask = UIViewAutoresizingFlexibleWidth | UIViewAutoresizingFlexibleHeight;
+    [self.view addSubview:self.imageView];
+    
+    mbgl::Size viewSize = { static_cast<uint32_t>(self.view.bounds.size.width),
+                            static_cast<uint32_t>(self.view.bounds.size.height) };
+    auto pixelRatio = [[UIScreen mainScreen] scale];
+    
+    observer = std::make_unique<BenchMapObserver>(self);
+    frontend = std::make_unique<mbgl::HeadlessFrontend>(
+        viewSize,
+        pixelRatio,
+        mbgl::gfx::HeadlessBackend::SwapBehaviour::Flush,
+        mbgl::gfx::ContextMode::Unique,
+        /* localFontFamily */ std::nullopt,
+        /* invalidateOnUpdate */ false
+    );
+    
+    mbgl::MapOptions mapOptions;
+    mapOptions.withMapMode(mbgl::MapMode::Continuous)
+              .withSize(viewSize)
+              .withPixelRatio(pixelRatio)
+              .withConstrainMode(mbgl::ConstrainMode::None)
+              .withViewportMode(mbgl::ViewportMode::Default)
+              .withCrossSourceCollisions(true);
+    
+    mbgl::TileServerOptions* tileServerOptions = [[MLNSettings sharedSettings] tileServerOptionsInternal];
+    mbgl::ResourceOptions resourceOptions;
+    resourceOptions.withCachePath(MLNOfflineStorage.sharedOfflineStorage.databasePath.UTF8String)
+                   .withAssetPath([NSBundle mainBundle].resourceURL.path.UTF8String)
+                   .withTileServerOptions(*tileServerOptions);
+    mbgl::ClientOptions clientOptions;
+    
+    auto apiKey = [[MLNSettings sharedSettings] apiKey];
+    if (apiKey) {
+        resourceOptions.withApiKey([apiKey UTF8String]);
+    }
+    
+    map = std::make_unique<mbgl::Map>(*frontend, *observer, mapOptions, resourceOptions, clientOptions);
+    map->setSize(viewSize);
+    map->setDebug(mbgl::MapDebugOptions::NoDebug);
+    map->getStyle().loadURL([url.absoluteString UTF8String]);
     
-    #ifdef LOG_TO_DOCUMENTS_DIR
-    [self setAndRedirectLogFileToDocuments];
-    #endif
-
     [self startBenchmarkIteration];
 }
 
@@ -110,9 +178,10 @@ - (void)redirectLogToDocuments: (NSString*) fileName
 size_t idx = 0;
 enum class State { None, WaitingForAssets, WarmingUp, Benchmarking } state = State::None;
 int frames = 0;
-double totalFrameTime = 0;
+double totalFrameEncodingTime = 0;
+double totalFrameRenderingTime = 0;
 std::chrono::steady_clock::time_point started;
-std::vector<std::pair<std::string, double> > result;
+std::vector<std::pair<std::string, std::pair<double, double>> > result;
 
 static const int warmupDuration = 20; // frames
 static const int benchmarkDuration = 200; // frames
@@ -121,31 +190,70 @@ - (void)redirectLogToDocuments: (NSString*) fileName
     extern std::size_t uploadCount, uploadBuildCount, uploadVertextAttrsDirty, uploadInvalidSegments;
 }
 
+- (void)renderFrame
+{
+    mbgl::gfx::BackendScope guard{*(frontend->getBackend())};
+    
+    frontend->renderFrame();
+    
+    auto image = frontend->readStillImage();
+    
+    CGColorSpaceRef colorSpace = CGColorSpaceCreateDeviceRGB();
+    CGContextRef bitmapContext = CGBitmapContextCreate(
+       image.data.get(),
+       image.size.width,
+       image.size.height,
+       8,
+       4 * image.size.width,
+       colorSpace,
+       kCGImageAlphaPremultipliedLast | kCGBitmapByteOrderDefault
+    );
+    CFRelease(colorSpace);
+    CGImageRef cgImage = CGBitmapContextCreateImage(bitmapContext);
+    CGContextRelease(bitmapContext);
+    
+    self.imageView.image = [UIImage imageWithCGImage:cgImage];
+    CGImageRelease(cgImage);
+}
+
 - (void)startBenchmarkIteration
 {
     if (mbgl::bench::locations.size() > idx) {
         const auto& location = mbgl::bench::locations[idx];
-        [self.mapView setCenterCoordinate:CLLocationCoordinate2DMake(location.latitude, location.longitude) zoomLevel:location.zoom animated:NO];
-        self.mapView.direction = location.bearing;
+        
+        mbgl::CameraOptions cameraOptions;
+        cameraOptions.center = mbgl::LatLng(location.latitude, location.longitude);
+        cameraOptions.zoom = location.zoom;
+        cameraOptions.bearing = location.bearing;
+        map->jumpTo(cameraOptions);
+        
         state = State::WaitingForAssets;
         NSLog(@"Benchmarking \"%s\"", location.name.c_str());
         NSLog(@"- Loading assets...");
+        
+        dispatch_async(dispatch_get_main_queue(), ^{
+            [self renderFrame];
+        });
     } else {
         // Do nothing. The benchmark is completed.
         NSLog(@"Benchmark completed.");
+        
         NSLog(@"Result:");
-        double totalFrameTime = 0;
         size_t colWidth = 0;
         for (const auto& row : result) {
             colWidth = std::max(row.first.size(), colWidth);
         }
+        
+        double totalFrameEncodingTime = 0;
+        double totalFrameRenderingTime = 0;
         for (const auto& row : result) {
-            NSLog(@"| %-*s | %4.1f ms | %4.1f fps |", int(colWidth), row.first.c_str(), 1e3 * row.second, 1.0 / row.second);
-            totalFrameTime += row.second;
+            NSLog(@"| %-*s | %4.1f ms | %4.1f ms |", int(colWidth), row.first.c_str(), 1e3 * row.second.first, 1e3 * row.second.second);
+            totalFrameEncodingTime += row.second.first;
+            totalFrameRenderingTime += row.second.second;
         }
 
-        NSLog(@"Average frame time: %4.1f ms", totalFrameTime * 1e3 / result.size());
-        NSLog(@"Average FPS: %4.1f", result.size() / totalFrameTime);
+        NSLog(@"Average frame encoding time: %4.1f ms", totalFrameEncodingTime * 1e3 / result.size());
+        NSLog(@"Average frame rendering time: %4.1f ms", totalFrameRenderingTime * 1e3 / result.size());
         
         // NSLog(@"Total uploads: %zu", mbgl::uploadCount);
         // NSLog(@"Total uploads with dirty vattr: %zu", mbgl::uploadVertextAttrsDirty);
@@ -165,21 +273,18 @@ - (void)startBenchmarkIteration
         {
             [app performSelector:@selector(suspend)];
         }
-        else if ([app respondsToSelector:@selector(terminate)])
-        {
-            [app performSelector:@selector(terminate)];
-        }
     }
 }
 
-- (void)mapViewDidFinishRenderingFrame:(MLNMapView *)mapView
-                         fullyRendered:(__unused BOOL)fullyRendered
-                        frameTime:(double)frameTime
+- (void)mapDidFinishRenderingFrameFullyRendered:(__unused BOOL)fullyRendered
+                              frameEncodingTime:(double)frameEncodingTime
+                             frameRenderingTime:(double)frameRenderingTime
 {
     if (state == State::Benchmarking)
     {
         frames++;
-        totalFrameTime += frameTime;
+        totalFrameEncodingTime += frameEncodingTime;
+        totalFrameRenderingTime += frameRenderingTime;
         if (frames >= benchmarkDuration)
         {
             state = State::None;
@@ -187,45 +292,49 @@ - (void)mapViewDidFinishRenderingFrame:(MLNMapView *)mapView
             // Report FPS
             const auto duration = std::chrono::duration_cast<std::chrono::microseconds>(std::chrono::steady_clock::now() - started).count();
             const auto wallClockFPS = double(frames * 1e6) / duration;
-            const auto frameTime = static_cast<double>(totalFrameTime) / frames;
-            const auto potentialFPS = 1.0 / frameTime;
-            result.emplace_back(mbgl::bench::locations[idx].name, frameTime);
-            NSLog(@"- Frame time: %.1f ms, FPS: %.1f (%.1f sync FPS)", frameTime * 1e3, potentialFPS, wallClockFPS);
+            const auto frameEncodingTime = static_cast<double>(totalFrameEncodingTime) / frames;
+            const auto frameRenderingTime = static_cast<double>(totalFrameRenderingTime) / frames;
+            result.emplace_back(mbgl::bench::locations[idx].name, std::make_pair(frameEncodingTime, frameRenderingTime));
+            NSLog(@"- Frame encoding time: %.1f ms, Frame rendering time: %.1f ms (%.1f sync FPS)", frameEncodingTime * 1e3, frameRenderingTime * 1e3, wallClockFPS);
 
             // Start benchmarking the next location.
             idx++;
             [self startBenchmarkIteration];
         } else {
-            [mapView setNeedsRerender];
+            dispatch_async(dispatch_get_main_queue(), ^{
+                [self renderFrame];
+            });
         }
         return;
     }
-
     else if (state == State::WarmingUp)
     {
         frames++;
         if (frames >= warmupDuration)
         {
             frames = 0;
-            totalFrameTime = 0;
+            totalFrameEncodingTime = 0;
+            totalFrameRenderingTime = 0;
             state = State::Benchmarking;
             started = std::chrono::steady_clock::now();
             NSLog(@"- Benchmarking for %d frames...", benchmarkDuration);
         }
-        [mapView setNeedsRerender];
+        dispatch_async(dispatch_get_main_queue(), ^{
+            [self renderFrame];
+        });
         return;
     }
-
     else if (state == State::WaitingForAssets)
     {
-        if ([mapView isFullyLoaded])
+        if (map->isFullyLoaded())
         {
             // Start the benchmarking timer.
             state = State::WarmingUp;
-            [self.mapView didReceiveMemoryWarning];
             NSLog(@"- Warming up for %d frames...", warmupDuration);
-            [mapView setNeedsRerender];
         }
+        dispatch_async(dispatch_get_main_queue(), ^{
+            [self renderFrame];
+        });
         return;
     }
 }
diff --git a/platform/ios/benchmark/main.m b/platform/ios/benchmark/main.mm
similarity index 100%
rename from platform/ios/benchmark/main.m
rename to platform/ios/benchmark/main.mm
diff --git a/platform/ios/src/MLNMapView+Impl.mm b/platform/ios/src/MLNMapView+Impl.mm
index 21d47a21cd7..901a542f714 100644
--- a/platform/ios/src/MLNMapView+Impl.mm
+++ b/platform/ios/src/MLNMapView+Impl.mm
@@ -81,7 +81,7 @@
 
 void MLNMapViewImpl::onDidFinishRenderingFrame(mbgl::MapObserver::RenderFrameStatus status) {
     bool fullyRendered = status.mode == mbgl::MapObserver::RenderMode::Full;
-    [mapView mapViewDidFinishRenderingFrameFullyRendered:fullyRendered frameTime:status.frameTime];
+    [mapView mapViewDidFinishRenderingFrameFullyRendered:fullyRendered frameEncodingTime:status.frameEncodingTime frameRenderingTime:status.frameRenderingTime];
 }
 
 void MLNMapViewImpl::onWillStartRenderingMap() {
diff --git a/platform/ios/src/MLNMapView.mm b/platform/ios/src/MLNMapView.mm
index 939c4db6a5c..ef0e4ff6fd7 100644
--- a/platform/ios/src/MLNMapView.mm
+++ b/platform/ios/src/MLNMapView.mm
@@ -6813,7 +6813,8 @@ - (void)mapViewWillStartRenderingFrame {
 }
 
 - (void)mapViewDidFinishRenderingFrameFullyRendered:(BOOL)fullyRendered
-                                          frameTime:(double)frameTime {
+                                  frameEncodingTime:(double)frameEncodingTime
+                                 frameRenderingTime:(double)frameRenderingTime {
     if (!_mbglMap)
     {
         return;
@@ -6825,9 +6826,9 @@ - (void)mapViewDidFinishRenderingFrameFullyRendered:(BOOL)fullyRendered
         [self.style didChangeValueForKey:@"layers"];
     }
 
-    if ([self.delegate respondsToSelector:@selector(mapViewDidFinishRenderingFrame:fullyRendered:frameTime:)])
+    if ([self.delegate respondsToSelector:@selector(mapViewDidFinishRenderingFrame:fullyRendered:frameEncodingTime:frameRenderingTime:)])
     {
-        [self.delegate mapViewDidFinishRenderingFrame:self fullyRendered:fullyRendered frameTime:frameTime];
+        [self.delegate mapViewDidFinishRenderingFrame:self fullyRendered:fullyRendered frameEncodingTime:frameEncodingTime frameRenderingTime:frameRenderingTime];
     }
     else if ([self.delegate respondsToSelector:@selector(mapViewDidFinishRenderingFrame:fullyRendered:)])
     {
diff --git a/platform/ios/src/MLNMapViewDelegate.h b/platform/ios/src/MLNMapViewDelegate.h
index 451cd06ccbf..ca48aab711e 100644
--- a/platform/ios/src/MLNMapViewDelegate.h
+++ b/platform/ios/src/MLNMapViewDelegate.h
@@ -254,7 +254,8 @@ NS_ASSUME_NONNULL_BEGIN
  */
 - (void)mapViewDidFinishRenderingFrame:(MLNMapView *)mapView
                          fullyRendered:(BOOL)fullyRendered
-                             frameTime:(double)frameTime;
+                     frameEncodingTime:(double)frameEncodingTime
+                    frameRenderingTime:(double)frameRenderingTime;
 
 /**
  Tells the delegate that the map view is entering an idle state, and no more
diff --git a/platform/ios/src/MLNMapView_Private.h b/platform/ios/src/MLNMapView_Private.h
index 90343b6df9a..de090836777 100644
--- a/platform/ios/src/MLNMapView_Private.h
+++ b/platform/ios/src/MLNMapView_Private.h
@@ -38,7 +38,8 @@ FOUNDATION_EXTERN MLN_EXPORT MLNExceptionName const _Nonnull MLNUnderlyingMapUna
 - (void)mapViewDidFailLoadingMapWithError:(nonnull NSError *)error;
 - (void)mapViewWillStartRenderingFrame;
 - (void)mapViewDidFinishRenderingFrameFullyRendered:(BOOL)fullyRendered
-                                     frameTime:(double)frameTime;
+                                  frameEncodingTime:(double)frameEncodingTime
+                                 frameRenderingTime:(double)frameRenderingTime;
 - (void)mapViewWillStartRenderingMap;
 - (void)mapViewDidFinishRenderingMapFullyRendered:(BOOL)fullyRendered;
 - (void)mapViewDidBecomeIdle;
diff --git a/platform/ios/test/MLNMapViewDelegateIntegrationTests.swift b/platform/ios/test/MLNMapViewDelegateIntegrationTests.swift
index 4192598fb9e..3742db89fa7 100644
--- a/platform/ios/test/MLNMapViewDelegateIntegrationTests.swift
+++ b/platform/ios/test/MLNMapViewDelegateIntegrationTests.swift
@@ -61,7 +61,7 @@ extension MLNMapViewDelegateIntegrationTests: MLNMapViewDelegate {
 
     func mapViewDidFinishRenderingFrame(_ mapView: MLNMapView, fullyRendered: Bool) {}
 
-    func mapViewDidFinishRenderingFrame(_ mapView: MLNMapView, fullyRendered: Bool, frameTime: Double) {}
+    func mapViewDidFinishRenderingFrame(_ mapView: MLNMapView, fullyRendered: Bool, frameEncodingTime: Double, frameRenderingTime: Double) {}
     
     func mapView(_ mapView: MLNMapView, shapeAnnotationIsEnabled annotation: MLNShape) -> Bool { return false }
 
diff --git a/platform/qt/src/utils/renderer_observer.hpp b/platform/qt/src/utils/renderer_observer.hpp
index 785c3ce8a06..f226910fbe2 100644
--- a/platform/qt/src/utils/renderer_observer.hpp
+++ b/platform/qt/src/utils/renderer_observer.hpp
@@ -33,10 +33,11 @@ class RendererObserver : public mbgl::RendererObserver {
     void onDidFinishRenderingFrame(RenderMode mode,
                                    bool repaintNeeded,
                                    bool placementChanged,
-                                   double frameTime) override {
+                                   double frameEncodingTime,
+                                   double frameRenderingTime) override {
         void (mbgl::RendererObserver::*f)(
-            RenderMode, bool, bool, double) = &mbgl::RendererObserver::onDidFinishRenderingFrame;
-        delegate.invoke(f, mode, repaintNeeded, placementChanged, frameTime);
+            RenderMode, bool, bool, double, double) = &mbgl::RendererObserver::onDidFinishRenderingFrame;
+        delegate.invoke(f, mode, repaintNeeded, placementChanged, frameEncodingTime, frameRenderingTime);
     }
 
     void onDidFinishRenderingMap() final { delegate.invoke(&mbgl::RendererObserver::onDidFinishRenderingMap); }
diff --git a/src/mbgl/map/map_impl.cpp b/src/mbgl/map/map_impl.cpp
index 9f901c3a505..789adc8e3b8 100644
--- a/src/mbgl/map/map_impl.cpp
+++ b/src/mbgl/map/map_impl.cpp
@@ -131,12 +131,16 @@ void Map::Impl::onWillStartRenderingFrame() {
 void Map::Impl::onDidFinishRenderingFrame(RenderMode renderMode,
                                           bool needsRepaint,
                                           bool placemenChanged,
-                                          double frameTime) {
+                                          double frameEncodingTime,
+                                          double frameRenderingTime) {
     rendererFullyLoaded = renderMode == RenderMode::Full;
 
     if (mode == MapMode::Continuous) {
-        observer.onDidFinishRenderingFrame(
-            {MapObserver::RenderMode(renderMode), needsRepaint, placemenChanged, frameTime});
+        observer.onDidFinishRenderingFrame({MapObserver::RenderMode(renderMode),
+                                            needsRepaint,
+                                            placemenChanged,
+                                            frameEncodingTime,
+                                            frameRenderingTime});
 
         if (needsRepaint || transform.inTransition()) {
             onUpdate();
diff --git a/src/mbgl/map/map_impl.hpp b/src/mbgl/map/map_impl.hpp
index 025d0f9d6f2..2d7794f5dad 100644
--- a/src/mbgl/map/map_impl.hpp
+++ b/src/mbgl/map/map_impl.hpp
@@ -45,7 +45,7 @@ class Map::Impl final : public style::Observer, public RendererObserver {
     void onInvalidate() final;
     void onResourceError(std::exception_ptr) final;
     void onWillStartRenderingFrame() final;
-    void onDidFinishRenderingFrame(RenderMode, bool, bool, double) final;
+    void onDidFinishRenderingFrame(RenderMode, bool, bool, double, double) final;
     void onWillStartRenderingMap() final;
     void onDidFinishRenderingMap() final;
     void onStyleImageMissing(const std::string&, const std::function<void()>&) final;
diff --git a/src/mbgl/renderer/renderer_impl.cpp b/src/mbgl/renderer/renderer_impl.cpp
index ece37357228..e1f65a2b8da 100644
--- a/src/mbgl/renderer/renderer_impl.cpp
+++ b/src/mbgl/renderer/renderer_impl.cpp
@@ -382,16 +382,22 @@ void Renderer::Impl::render(const RenderTree& renderTree,
 
     // Ends the RenderPass
     parameters.renderPass.reset();
+
+    const auto startRendering = util::MonotonicTimer::now().count();
     parameters.encoder->present(parameters.backend.getDefaultRenderable());
+    const auto renderingTime = util::MonotonicTimer::now().count() - startRendering;
 
     // CommandEncoder destructor submits render commands.
     parameters.encoder.reset();
 
+    const auto encodingTime = renderTree.getElapsedTime() - renderingTime;
+
     observer->onDidFinishRenderingFrame(
         renderTreeParameters.loaded ? RendererObserver::RenderMode::Full : RendererObserver::RenderMode::Partial,
         renderTreeParameters.needsRepaint,
         renderTreeParameters.placementChanged,
-        renderTree.getElapsedTime());
+        encodingTime,
+        renderingTime);
 
     if (!renderTreeParameters.loaded) {
         renderState = RenderState::Partial;