diff --git a/src/mcp/shared/session.py b/src/mcp/shared/session.py
index 05fd3ce3..535432bc 100644
--- a/src/mcp/shared/session.py
+++ b/src/mcp/shared/session.py
@@ -14,6 +14,7 @@
 
 from mcp.shared.exceptions import McpError
 from mcp.types import (
+    CONNECTION_CLOSED,
     CancelledNotification,
     ClientNotification,
     ClientRequest,
@@ -359,6 +360,13 @@ async def _receive_loop(self) -> None:
                             )
                         )
 
+            # after the read stream is closed, we need to send errors
+            # to any pending requests
+            for id, stream in self._response_streams.items():
+                error = ErrorData(code=CONNECTION_CLOSED, message="Connection closed")
+                await stream.send(JSONRPCError(jsonrpc="2.0", id=id, error=error))
+                await stream.aclose()
+
     async def _received_request(
         self, responder: RequestResponder[ReceiveRequestT, SendResultT]
     ) -> None:
diff --git a/src/mcp/types.py b/src/mcp/types.py
index bd71d51f..57028442 100644
--- a/src/mcp/types.py
+++ b/src/mcp/types.py
@@ -140,6 +140,10 @@ class JSONRPCResponse(BaseModel):
     model_config = ConfigDict(extra="allow")
 
 
+# SDK error codes
+CONNECTION_CLOSED = -32000
+# REQUEST_TIMEOUT = -32001  # the typescript sdk uses this
+
 # Standard JSON-RPC error codes
 PARSE_ERROR = -32700
 INVALID_REQUEST = -32600
diff --git a/tests/shared/test_session.py b/tests/shared/test_session.py
index 59cb30c8..eb4e004a 100644
--- a/tests/shared/test_session.py
+++ b/tests/shared/test_session.py
@@ -7,7 +7,10 @@
 from mcp.client.session import ClientSession
 from mcp.server.lowlevel.server import Server
 from mcp.shared.exceptions import McpError
-from mcp.shared.memory import create_connected_server_and_client_session
+from mcp.shared.memory import (
+    create_client_server_memory_streams,
+    create_connected_server_and_client_session,
+)
 from mcp.types import (
     CancelledNotification,
     CancelledNotificationParams,
@@ -124,3 +127,57 @@ async def make_request(client_session):
             # Give cancellation time to process
             with anyio.fail_after(1):
                 await ev_cancelled.wait()
+
+
+@pytest.mark.anyio
+async def test_connection_closed():
+    """
+    Test that pending requests are cancelled when the connection is closed remotely.
+    """
+
+    ev_closed = anyio.Event()
+    ev_response = anyio.Event()
+
+    async with create_client_server_memory_streams() as (
+        client_streams,
+        server_streams,
+    ):
+        client_read, client_write = client_streams
+        server_read, server_write = server_streams
+
+        async def make_request(client_session):
+            """Send a request in a separate task"""
+            nonlocal ev_response
+            try:
+                # any request will do
+                await client_session.initialize()
+                pytest.fail("Request should have errored")
+            except McpError as e:
+                # Expected - request errored
+                assert "Connection closed" in str(e)
+                ev_response.set()
+
+        async def mock_server():
+            """Wait for a request, then close the connection"""
+            nonlocal ev_closed
+            # Wait for a request
+            await server_read.receive()
+            # Close the connection, as if the server exited
+            server_write.close()
+            server_read.close()
+            ev_closed.set()
+
+        async with (
+            anyio.create_task_group() as tg,
+            ClientSession(
+                read_stream=client_read,
+                write_stream=client_write,
+            ) as client_session,
+        ):
+            tg.start_soon(make_request, client_session)
+            tg.start_soon(mock_server)
+
+            with anyio.fail_after(1):
+                await ev_closed.wait()
+            with anyio.fail_after(1):
+                await ev_response.wait()