diff --git a/python/pyarrow/__init__.py b/python/pyarrow/__init__.py
index da2fe966475..6d2fae99e44 100644
--- a/python/pyarrow/__init__.py
+++ b/python/pyarrow/__init__.py
@@ -41,7 +41,7 @@
 except ImportError:
     # Package is not installed, parse git tag at runtime
     try:
-        import setuptools_scm
+        import setuptools_scm  # type: ignore[import-untyped]
         # Code duplicated from setup.py to avoid a dependency on each other
 
         def parse_git(root, **kwargs):
@@ -49,16 +49,16 @@ def parse_git(root, **kwargs):
             Parse function for setuptools_scm that ignores tags for non-C++
             subprojects, e.g. apache-arrow-js-XXX tags.
             """
-            from setuptools_scm.git import parse
+            from setuptools_scm.git import parse  # type: ignore[import-untyped]
             kwargs['describe_command'] = \
                 "git describe --dirty --tags --long --match 'apache-arrow-[0-9]*.*'"
             return parse(root, **kwargs)
         __version__ = setuptools_scm.get_version('../',
                                                  parse=parse_git)
     except ImportError:
-        __version__ = None
+        __version__ = ""
 
-import pyarrow.lib as _lib
+import pyarrow.lib as _lib  # type: ignore[import-not-found]
 from pyarrow.lib import (BuildInfo, CppBuildInfo, RuntimeInfo, set_timezone_db_path,
                          MonthDayNano, VersionInfo, build_info, cpp_build_info,
                          cpp_version, cpp_version_info, runtime_info,
diff --git a/python/pyarrow/compute.py b/python/pyarrow/compute.py
index fe0afdb0a87..feaafe37323 100644
--- a/python/pyarrow/compute.py
+++ b/python/pyarrow/compute.py
@@ -15,7 +15,7 @@
 # specific language governing permissions and limitations
 # under the License.
 
-from pyarrow._compute import (  # noqa
+from pyarrow._compute import (  # type: ignore[import-not-found] # noqa
     Function,
     FunctionOptions,
     FunctionRegistry,
@@ -251,7 +251,7 @@ def wrapper(*args, memory_pool=None):
                 return Expression._call(func_name, list(args))
             return func.call(args, None, memory_pool)
     else:
-        def wrapper(*args, memory_pool=None, options=None, **kwargs):
+        def wrapper(*args, memory_pool=None, options=None, **kwargs):  # type: ignore
             if arity is not Ellipsis:
                 if len(args) < arity:
                     raise TypeError(
diff --git a/python/pyarrow/fs.py b/python/pyarrow/fs.py
index 157dbdf9380..089bb1473b4 100644
--- a/python/pyarrow/fs.py
+++ b/python/pyarrow/fs.py
@@ -21,7 +21,7 @@
 
 from pyarrow.util import _is_path_like, _stringify_path
 
-from pyarrow._fs import (  # noqa
+from pyarrow._fs import (  # type: ignore[import-not-found] # noqa
     FileSelector,
     FileType,
     FileInfo,
@@ -40,22 +40,22 @@
 
 _not_imported = []
 try:
-    from pyarrow._azurefs import AzureFileSystem  # noqa
+    from pyarrow._azurefs import AzureFileSystem  # type: ignore[import-not-found] # noqa
 except ImportError:
     _not_imported.append("AzureFileSystem")
 
 try:
-    from pyarrow._hdfs import HadoopFileSystem  # noqa
+    from pyarrow._hdfs import HadoopFileSystem  # type: ignore[import-not-found] # noqa
 except ImportError:
     _not_imported.append("HadoopFileSystem")
 
 try:
-    from pyarrow._gcsfs import GcsFileSystem  # noqa
+    from pyarrow._gcsfs import GcsFileSystem  # type: ignore[import-not-found] # noqa
 except ImportError:
     _not_imported.append("GcsFileSystem")
 
 try:
-    from pyarrow._s3fs import (  # noqa
+    from pyarrow._s3fs import (  # type: ignore[import-not-found] # noqa
         AwsDefaultS3RetryStrategy, AwsStandardS3RetryStrategy,
         S3FileSystem, S3LogLevel, S3RetryStrategy, ensure_s3_initialized,
         finalize_s3, ensure_s3_finalized, initialize_s3, resolve_s3_region)
@@ -111,7 +111,7 @@ def _ensure_filesystem(filesystem, *, use_mmap=False):
     else:
         # handle fsspec-compatible filesystems
         try:
-            import fsspec
+            import fsspec  # type: ignore[import-untyped]
         except ImportError:
             pass
         else:
diff --git a/python/pyarrow/interchange/column.py b/python/pyarrow/interchange/column.py
index ddbceabcb00..b2631a5736e 100644
--- a/python/pyarrow/interchange/column.py
+++ b/python/pyarrow/interchange/column.py
@@ -22,7 +22,6 @@
     Any,
     Dict,
     Iterable,
-    Optional,
     Tuple,
 )
 
@@ -122,13 +121,13 @@ class ColumnBuffers(TypedDict):
     # first element is a buffer containing mask values indicating missing data;
     # second element is the mask value buffer's associated dtype.
     # None if the null representation is not a bit or byte mask
-    validity: Optional[Tuple[_PyArrowBuffer, Dtype]]
+    validity: Tuple[_PyArrowBuffer, Dtype] | None
 
     # first element is a buffer containing the offset values for
     # variable-size binary data (e.g., variable-length strings);
     # second element is the offsets buffer's associated dtype.
     # None if the data buffer does not have an associated offsets buffer
-    offsets: Optional[Tuple[_PyArrowBuffer, Dtype]]
+    offsets: Tuple[_PyArrowBuffer, Dtype] | None
 
 
 class CategoricalDescription(TypedDict):
@@ -139,7 +138,7 @@ class CategoricalDescription(TypedDict):
     is_dictionary: bool
     # Python-level only (e.g. ``{int: str}``).
     # None if not a dictionary-style categorical.
-    categories: Optional[_PyArrowColumn]
+    categories: _PyArrowColumn | None
 
 
 class Endianness:
@@ -314,13 +313,20 @@ def _dtype_from_arrowdtype(
             kind = DtypeKind.CATEGORICAL
             arr = self._col
             indices_dtype = arr.indices.type
-            _, f_string = _PYARROW_KINDS.get(indices_dtype)
+            indices_dtype_tuple = _PYARROW_KINDS.get(indices_dtype)
+            if indices_dtype_tuple is None:
+                raise ValueError(
+                    f"Data type {indices_dtype} not supported by interchange protocol"
+                )
+            _, f_string = indices_dtype_tuple
             return kind, bit_width, f_string, Endianness.NATIVE
         else:
-            kind, f_string = _PYARROW_KINDS.get(dtype, (None, None))
-            if kind is None:
+            optional_kind, f_string = _PYARROW_KINDS.get(dtype, (None, ""))
+            if optional_kind is None:
                 raise ValueError(
-                    f"Data type {dtype} not supported by interchange protocol")
+                    f"Data type {dtype} not supported by interchange protocol"
+                )
+            kind = optional_kind
 
             return kind, bit_width, f_string, Endianness.NATIVE
 
@@ -379,7 +385,7 @@ def describe_null(self) -> Tuple[ColumnNullType, Any]:
             return ColumnNullType.USE_BITMASK, 0
 
     @property
-    def null_count(self) -> int:
+    def null_count(self) -> int | None:
         """
         Number of null elements, if known.
 
@@ -394,7 +400,7 @@ def metadata(self) -> Dict[str, Any]:
         """
         The metadata for the column. See `DataFrame.metadata` for more details.
         """
-        pass
+        return {}
 
     def num_chunks(self) -> int:
         """
@@ -403,7 +409,7 @@ def num_chunks(self) -> int:
         return 1
 
     def get_chunks(
-        self, n_chunks: Optional[int] = None
+        self, n_chunks: int | None = None
     ) -> Iterable[_PyArrowColumn]:
         """
         Return an iterator yielding the chunks.
@@ -486,6 +492,11 @@ def _get_data_buffer(
             return _PyArrowBuffer(array.buffers()[1]), dtype
         elif n == 3:
             return _PyArrowBuffer(array.buffers()[2]), dtype
+        else:
+            raise ValueError(
+                "Column data buffer must have 2 or 3 buffers, "
+                f"but has {n} buffers: {array.buffers()}"
+            )
 
     def _get_validity_buffer(self) -> Tuple[_PyArrowBuffer, Any]:
         """
@@ -505,7 +516,7 @@ def _get_validity_buffer(self) -> Tuple[_PyArrowBuffer, Any]:
                 "There are no missing values so "
                 "does not have a separate mask")
 
-    def _get_offsets_buffer(self) -> Tuple[_PyArrowBuffer, Any]:
+    def _get_offsets_buffer(self) -> Tuple[_PyArrowBuffer, Any] | None:
         """
         Return the buffer containing the offset values for variable-size binary
         data (e.g., variable-length strings) and the buffer's associated dtype.
@@ -527,3 +538,4 @@ def _get_offsets_buffer(self) -> Tuple[_PyArrowBuffer, Any]:
             else:
                 dtype = (DtypeKind.INT, 32, "i", Endianness.NATIVE)
             return _PyArrowBuffer(array.buffers()[1]), dtype
+        return None
diff --git a/python/pyarrow/interchange/dataframe.py b/python/pyarrow/interchange/dataframe.py
index 59ba765c175..87c888ae761 100644
--- a/python/pyarrow/interchange/dataframe.py
+++ b/python/pyarrow/interchange/dataframe.py
@@ -19,7 +19,6 @@
 from typing import (
     Any,
     Iterable,
-    Optional,
     Sequence,
 )
 
@@ -174,7 +173,7 @@ def select_columns_by_name(
         )
 
     def get_chunks(
-        self, n_chunks: Optional[int] = None
+        self, n_chunks: int | None = None
     ) -> Iterable[_PyArrowDataFrame]:
         """
         Return an iterator yielding the chunks.
diff --git a/python/pyarrow/interchange/from_dataframe.py b/python/pyarrow/interchange/from_dataframe.py
index fcaec41e3dc..29086d9ed6d 100644
--- a/python/pyarrow/interchange/from_dataframe.py
+++ b/python/pyarrow/interchange/from_dataframe.py
@@ -346,7 +346,7 @@ def buffers_to_array(
     buffers: ColumnBuffers,
     data_type: Tuple[DtypeKind, int, str, str],
     length: int,
-    describe_null: ColumnNullType,
+    describe_null: tuple[ColumnNullType, int],
     offset: int = 0,
     allow_copy: bool = True,
 ) -> pa.Array:
@@ -383,14 +383,12 @@ def buffers_to_array(
     the returned PyArrow array is being used.
     """
     data_buff, _ = buffers["data"]
-    try:
-        validity_buff, validity_dtype = buffers["validity"]
-    except TypeError:
-        validity_buff = None
-    try:
-        offset_buff, offset_dtype = buffers["offsets"]
-    except TypeError:
-        offset_buff = None
+    validity_buff, validity_dtype = (
+        buffers["validity"] if buffers["validity"] else (None, None)
+    )
+    offset_buff, offset_dtype = (
+        buffers["offsets"] if buffers["offsets"] else (None, None)
+    )
 
     # Construct a pyarrow Buffer
     data_pa_buffer = pa.foreign_buffer(data_buff.ptr, data_buff.bufsize,
@@ -398,6 +396,7 @@ def buffers_to_array(
 
     # Construct a validity pyarrow Buffer, if applicable
     if validity_buff:
+        assert validity_dtype is not None
         validity_pa_buff = validity_buffer_from_mask(validity_buff,
                                                      validity_dtype,
                                                      describe_null,
@@ -416,6 +415,7 @@ def buffers_to_array(
     data_dtype = map_date_type(data_type)
 
     if offset_buff:
+        assert offset_dtype is not None
         _, offset_bit_width, _, _ = offset_dtype
         # If an offset buffer exists, construct an offset pyarrow Buffer
         # and add it to the construction of an array
@@ -450,7 +450,7 @@ def buffers_to_array(
 def validity_buffer_from_mask(
     validity_buff: BufferObject,
     validity_dtype: Dtype,
-    describe_null: ColumnNullType,
+    describe_null: tuple[ColumnNullType, int],
     length: int,
     offset: int = 0,
     allow_copy: bool = True,
@@ -513,7 +513,7 @@ def validity_buffer_from_mask(
                                               offset=offset)
 
         if sentinel_val == 1:
-            mask_bool = pc.invert(mask_bool)
+            mask_bool = pc.invert(mask_bool)  # type: ignore # (missing stubs)
 
         return mask_bool.buffers()[1]
 
@@ -529,7 +529,7 @@ def validity_buffer_from_mask(
 def validity_buffer_nan_sentinel(
     data_pa_buffer: BufferObject,
     data_type: Dtype,
-    describe_null: ColumnNullType,
+    describe_null: tuple[ColumnNullType, int],
     length: int,
     offset: int = 0,
     allow_copy: bool = True,
@@ -583,8 +583,8 @@ def validity_buffer_nan_sentinel(
                 [None, data_pa_buffer],
                 offset=offset,
             )
-            mask = pc.is_nan(pyarrow_data)
-            mask = pc.invert(mask)
+            mask = pc.is_nan(pyarrow_data)  # type: ignore # (missing stubs)
+            mask = pc.invert(mask)  # type: ignore # (missing stubs)
             return mask.buffers()[1]
 
     # Check for sentinel values
@@ -603,8 +603,9 @@ def validity_buffer_nan_sentinel(
                                              length,
                                              [None, data_pa_buffer],
                                              offset=offset)
-        sentinel_arr = pc.equal(pyarrow_data, sentinel_val)
-        mask_bool = pc.invert(sentinel_arr)
+        # typing ignores due to missing stubs
+        sentinel_arr = pc.equal(pyarrow_data, sentinel_val)  # type: ignore
+        mask_bool = pc.invert(sentinel_arr)  # type: ignore
         return mask_bool.buffers()[1]
 
     elif null_kind == ColumnNullType.NON_NULLABLE:
diff --git a/python/pyarrow/ipc.py b/python/pyarrow/ipc.py
index 4e236678788..7433e108651 100644
--- a/python/pyarrow/ipc.py
+++ b/python/pyarrow/ipc.py
@@ -21,7 +21,7 @@
 
 import pyarrow as pa
 
-from pyarrow.lib import (IpcReadOptions, IpcWriteOptions, ReadStats, WriteStats,  # noqa
+from pyarrow.lib import (IpcReadOptions, IpcWriteOptions, ReadStats, WriteStats,  # type: ignore[import-not-found] # noqa
                          Message, MessageReader,
                          RecordBatchReader, _ReadPandasMixin,
                          MetadataVersion, Alignment,
diff --git a/python/pyarrow/types.py b/python/pyarrow/types.py
index ab4e5d1b992..54d4a595b6d 100644
--- a/python/pyarrow/types.py
+++ b/python/pyarrow/types.py
@@ -20,7 +20,7 @@
 
 from enum import IntEnum
 
-from pyarrow.lib import (is_boolean_value,  # noqa
+from pyarrow.lib import (is_boolean_value,  # type: ignore[import-not-found] # noqa
                          is_integer_value,
                          is_float_value)
 
diff --git a/python/pyarrow/vendored/docscrape.py b/python/pyarrow/vendored/docscrape.py
index 6c4d6e01400..1e24fec0e08 100644
--- a/python/pyarrow/vendored/docscrape.py
+++ b/python/pyarrow/vendored/docscrape.py
@@ -618,7 +618,7 @@ def __init__(self, cls, doc=None, modulename='', func_doc=FunctionDoc,
         self._cls = cls
 
         if 'sphinx' in sys.modules:
-            from sphinx.ext.autodoc import ALL
+            from sphinx.ext.autodoc import ALL  # type: ignore[import-not-found]
         else:
             ALL = object()