From c0165645e6771e6413b678b9bd4269cc50833a0c Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: =?UTF-8?q?Daniel=20Mart=C3=AD?= <mvdan@mvdan.cc>
Date: Wed, 13 Jul 2022 16:42:05 +0100
Subject: [PATCH] cmd/shfmt: implement --from-json and improve -tojson

For the sake of consistency, -tojson is now also available as --to-json.

The following changes are made to --to-json:

1) JSON object keys are no longer sorted alphabetically.
   The new order is: the derived keys (Type, Pos, End),
   and then the Node's struct fields in their original order.
   This helps consistency across nodes and with the Go documentation.

2) File.Name is empty by default, rather than `<standard input>`.
   It did not make sense as a default for emitting JSON,
   as the flag always required the input to be stdin.

3) Empty values are no longer emitted, to help with verbosity.
   This includes `false`, `""`, `null`, `[]`, and zero positions.
   Positions offsets are exempt, as 0 is a valid byte offset.

4) All position fields in Node structs are now emitted.
   Some positions are redundant given the derived Pos and End keys,
   but some others are entirely separate, like IfClause.ThenPos.

As part of point 1 above, JSON encoding no longer uses Go maps.
It now uses reflect.StructOf, which further leans into Go reflection.

Any of these four changes could potentially break users,
as they slightly change the way we encode syntax trees as JSON.
We are working under the assumption that the changes are reasonable,
and that any breakage is unlikely and easy to fix.
If those assumptions turn out to be false once this change is released,
we can always swap the -tojson flag to be exactly the old behavior,
and --to-json can then add the new behavior in a safer way.

We also had other ideas to further improve the JSON format,
such as renaming the Type and Pos/End JSON keys,
but we leave those as v4 TODOs as they will surely break most users.

The new --from-json flag does the reverse; it decodes the typed JSON,
and fills a *syntax.File with all the information.
The derived Type field is used to select syntax.Node types,
and the derived Pos and End fields are ignored entirely.

It's worth noting that neither --to-json nor --from-json are optimized.
The decoding side first decodes into an empty interface, for example,
which leaves plenty of room for improvement.
Once we're happy with the functionality, we can look at faster
implementations and even dropping the need for reflection.

While here, I noticed that the godoc for Pos.IsValid was slightly wrong.

As a proof of concept, the following commands all produce the same result:

	shfmt <input.sh
	shfmt --to-json <input.sh | shfmt --from-json
	shfmt --to-json <input.sh | jq | shfmt --from-json

Fixes #35 again, as we never implemented the "read JSON" side.
---
 cmd/shfmt/json.go                     |  259 +-
 cmd/shfmt/json_test.go                |   70 +
 cmd/shfmt/main.go                     |   38 +-
 cmd/shfmt/shfmt.1.scd                 |    5 +-
 cmd/shfmt/testdata/json.json          | 3890 +++++++++++++++++++++++++
 cmd/shfmt/testdata/json.sh            |   30 +
 cmd/shfmt/testdata/scripts/flags.txt  |    4 +-
 cmd/shfmt/testdata/scripts/tojson.txt |  270 +-
 syntax/nodes.go                       |    5 +-
 9 files changed, 4391 insertions(+), 180 deletions(-)
 create mode 100644 cmd/shfmt/json_test.go
 create mode 100644 cmd/shfmt/testdata/json.json
 create mode 100644 cmd/shfmt/testdata/json.sh

diff --git a/cmd/shfmt/json.go b/cmd/shfmt/json.go
index bd43a5593..089ce8491 100644
--- a/cmd/shfmt/json.go
+++ b/cmd/shfmt/json.go
@@ -5,7 +5,7 @@ package main
 
 import (
 	"encoding/json"
-	"go/ast"
+	"fmt"
 	"io"
 	"reflect"
 
@@ -14,68 +14,259 @@ import (
 
 func writeJSON(w io.Writer, node syntax.Node, pretty bool) error {
 	val := reflect.ValueOf(node)
-	v, _ := encode(val)
+	encVal, _ := encode(val)
 	enc := json.NewEncoder(w)
 	if pretty {
 		enc.SetIndent("", "\t")
 	}
-	return enc.Encode(v)
+	return enc.Encode(encVal.Interface())
 }
 
-func encode(val reflect.Value) (interface{}, string) {
+func encode(val reflect.Value) (reflect.Value, string) {
 	switch val.Kind() {
 	case reflect.Ptr:
 		elem := val.Elem()
 		if !elem.IsValid() {
-			return nil, ""
+			break
 		}
 		return encode(elem)
 	case reflect.Interface:
 		if val.IsNil() {
-			return nil, ""
+			break
 		}
-		v, tname := encode(val.Elem())
-		m := v.(map[string]interface{})
-		m["Type"] = tname
-		return m, ""
+		enc, tname := encode(val.Elem())
+		if tname != "" {
+			enc.Elem().Field(0).SetString(tname)
+		}
+		return enc, ""
 	case reflect.Struct:
-		m := make(map[string]interface{}, val.NumField()+1)
+		// Construct a new struct with an optional Type, Pos and End,
+		// and then all the visible fields which aren't positions.
 		typ := val.Type()
-		for i := 0; i < val.NumField(); i++ {
-			ftyp := typ.Field(i)
-			if ftyp.Type.Name() == "Pos" {
-				continue
-			}
-			if !ast.IsExported(ftyp.Name) {
-				continue
+		fields := []reflect.StructField{typeField, posField, endField}
+		for _, field := range reflect.VisibleFields(typ) {
+			typ := anyType
+			if field.Type == posType {
+				typ = exportedPosType
 			}
-			fval := val.Field(i)
-			v, _ := encode(fval)
-			m[ftyp.Name] = v
+			fields = append(fields, reflect.StructField{
+				Name: field.Name,
+				Type: typ,
+				Tag:  `json:",omitempty"`,
+			})
 		}
+		encTyp := reflect.StructOf(fields)
+		enc := reflect.New(encTyp).Elem()
+
 		// Pos methods are defined on struct pointer receivers.
-		for _, name := range [...]string{"Pos", "End"} {
+		for i, name := range [...]string{"Pos", "End"} {
 			if fn := val.Addr().MethodByName(name); fn.IsValid() {
-				m[name] = translatePos(fn.Call(nil)[0])
+				encodePos(enc.Field(1+i), fn.Call(nil)[0])
+			}
+		}
+		// Do the rest of the fields.
+		for i := 3; i < encTyp.NumField(); i++ {
+			ftyp := encTyp.Field(i)
+			fval := val.FieldByName(ftyp.Name)
+			if ftyp.Type == exportedPosType {
+				encodePos(enc.Field(i), fval)
+			} else {
+				encElem, _ := encode(fval)
+				if encElem.IsValid() {
+					enc.Field(i).Set(encElem)
+				}
 			}
 		}
-		return m, typ.Name()
+
+		// Addr helps prevent an allocation as we use interface{} fields.
+		return enc.Addr(), typ.Name()
 	case reflect.Slice:
-		l := make([]interface{}, val.Len())
-		for i := 0; i < val.Len(); i++ {
+		n := val.Len()
+		if n == 0 {
+			break
+		}
+		enc := reflect.MakeSlice(anySliceType, n, n)
+		for i := 0; i < n; i++ {
 			elem := val.Index(i)
-			l[i], _ = encode(elem)
+			encElem, _ := encode(elem)
+			enc.Index(i).Set(encElem)
+		}
+		return enc, ""
+	case reflect.Bool:
+		if val.Bool() {
+			return val, ""
+		}
+	case reflect.String:
+		if val.String() != "" {
+			return val, ""
+		}
+	case reflect.Uint32:
+		if val.Uint() != 0 {
+			return val, ""
 		}
-		return l, ""
 	default:
-		return val.Interface(), ""
+		panic(val.Kind().String())
 	}
+	return noValue, ""
+}
+
+var (
+	noValue reflect.Value
+
+	anyType         = reflect.TypeOf((*interface{})(nil)).Elem() // interface{}
+	anySliceType    = reflect.SliceOf(anyType)                   // []interface{}
+	posType         = reflect.TypeOf((*syntax.Pos)(nil)).Elem()  // syntax.Pos
+	exportedPosType = reflect.TypeOf((*exportedPos)(nil))        // *exportedPos
+
+	// TODO(v4): derived fields like Type, Pos, and End should have clearly
+	// different names to prevent confusion. For example: _type, _pos, _end.
+	typeField = reflect.StructField{
+		Name: "Type",
+		Type: reflect.TypeOf((*string)(nil)).Elem(),
+		Tag:  `json:",omitempty"`,
+	}
+	posField = reflect.StructField{
+		Name: "Pos",
+		Type: exportedPosType,
+		Tag:  `json:",omitempty"`,
+	}
+	endField = reflect.StructField{
+		Name: "End",
+		Type: exportedPosType,
+		Tag:  `json:",omitempty"`,
+	}
+)
+
+type exportedPos struct {
+	Offset, Line, Col uint
+}
+
+func encodePos(encPtr, val reflect.Value) {
+	if !val.MethodByName("IsValid").Call(nil)[0].Bool() {
+		return
+	}
+	enc := reflect.New(exportedPosType.Elem())
+	encPtr.Set(enc)
+	enc = enc.Elem()
+
+	enc.Field(0).Set(val.MethodByName("Offset").Call(nil)[0])
+	enc.Field(1).Set(val.MethodByName("Line").Call(nil)[0])
+	enc.Field(2).Set(val.MethodByName("Col").Call(nil)[0])
+}
+
+func decodePos(val reflect.Value, enc map[string]interface{}) {
+	offset := uint(enc["Offset"].(float64))
+	line := uint(enc["Line"].(float64))
+	column := uint(enc["Col"].(float64))
+	val.Set(reflect.ValueOf(syntax.NewPos(offset, line, column)))
 }
 
-func translatePos(val reflect.Value) map[string]interface{} {
-	return map[string]interface{}{
-		"Offset": val.MethodByName("Offset").Call(nil)[0].Uint(),
-		"Line":   val.MethodByName("Line").Call(nil)[0].Uint(),
-		"Col":    val.MethodByName("Col").Call(nil)[0].Uint(),
+func readJSON(r io.Reader) (syntax.Node, error) {
+	var enc interface{}
+	if err := json.NewDecoder(r).Decode(&enc); err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+	node := &syntax.File{}
+	if err := decode(reflect.ValueOf(node), enc); err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+	return node, nil
+}
+
+var nodeByName = map[string]reflect.Type{
+	"Word": reflect.TypeOf((*syntax.Word)(nil)).Elem(),
+
+	"Lit":       reflect.TypeOf((*syntax.Lit)(nil)).Elem(),
+	"SglQuoted": reflect.TypeOf((*syntax.SglQuoted)(nil)).Elem(),
+	"DblQuoted": reflect.TypeOf((*syntax.DblQuoted)(nil)).Elem(),
+	"ParamExp":  reflect.TypeOf((*syntax.ParamExp)(nil)).Elem(),
+	"CmdSubst":  reflect.TypeOf((*syntax.CmdSubst)(nil)).Elem(),
+	"CallExpr":  reflect.TypeOf((*syntax.CallExpr)(nil)).Elem(),
+	"ArithmExp": reflect.TypeOf((*syntax.ArithmExp)(nil)).Elem(),
+	"ProcSubst": reflect.TypeOf((*syntax.ProcSubst)(nil)).Elem(),
+	"ExtGlob":   reflect.TypeOf((*syntax.ExtGlob)(nil)).Elem(),
+	"BraceExp":  reflect.TypeOf((*syntax.BraceExp)(nil)).Elem(),
+
+	"ArithmCmd":    reflect.TypeOf((*syntax.ArithmCmd)(nil)).Elem(),
+	"BinaryCmd":    reflect.TypeOf((*syntax.BinaryCmd)(nil)).Elem(),
+	"IfClause":     reflect.TypeOf((*syntax.IfClause)(nil)).Elem(),
+	"ForClause":    reflect.TypeOf((*syntax.ForClause)(nil)).Elem(),
+	"WhileClause":  reflect.TypeOf((*syntax.WhileClause)(nil)).Elem(),
+	"CaseClause":   reflect.TypeOf((*syntax.CaseClause)(nil)).Elem(),
+	"Block":        reflect.TypeOf((*syntax.Block)(nil)).Elem(),
+	"Subshell":     reflect.TypeOf((*syntax.Subshell)(nil)).Elem(),
+	"FuncDecl":     reflect.TypeOf((*syntax.FuncDecl)(nil)).Elem(),
+	"TestClause":   reflect.TypeOf((*syntax.TestClause)(nil)).Elem(),
+	"DeclClause":   reflect.TypeOf((*syntax.DeclClause)(nil)).Elem(),
+	"LetClause":    reflect.TypeOf((*syntax.LetClause)(nil)).Elem(),
+	"TimeClause":   reflect.TypeOf((*syntax.TimeClause)(nil)).Elem(),
+	"CoprocClause": reflect.TypeOf((*syntax.CoprocClause)(nil)).Elem(),
+	"TestDecl":     reflect.TypeOf((*syntax.TestDecl)(nil)).Elem(),
+
+	"UnaryArithm":  reflect.TypeOf((*syntax.UnaryArithm)(nil)).Elem(),
+	"BinaryArithm": reflect.TypeOf((*syntax.BinaryArithm)(nil)).Elem(),
+	"ParenArithm":  reflect.TypeOf((*syntax.ParenArithm)(nil)).Elem(),
+
+	"UnaryTest":  reflect.TypeOf((*syntax.UnaryTest)(nil)).Elem(),
+	"BinaryTest": reflect.TypeOf((*syntax.BinaryTest)(nil)).Elem(),
+	"ParenTest":  reflect.TypeOf((*syntax.ParenTest)(nil)).Elem(),
+
+	"WordIter":   reflect.TypeOf((*syntax.WordIter)(nil)).Elem(),
+	"CStyleLoop": reflect.TypeOf((*syntax.CStyleLoop)(nil)).Elem(),
+}
+
+func decode(val reflect.Value, enc interface{}) error {
+	switch enc := enc.(type) {
+	case map[string]interface{}:
+		if val.Kind() == reflect.Ptr && val.IsNil() {
+			val.Set(reflect.New(val.Type().Elem()))
+		}
+		if typeName, _ := enc["Type"].(string); typeName != "" {
+			typ := nodeByName[typeName]
+			if typ == nil {
+				return fmt.Errorf("unknown type: %q", typeName)
+			}
+			val.Set(reflect.New(typ))
+		}
+		for val.Kind() == reflect.Ptr || val.Kind() == reflect.Interface {
+			val = val.Elem()
+		}
+		for name, fv := range enc {
+			fval := val.FieldByName(name)
+			switch name {
+			case "Type", "Pos", "End":
+				// Type is already used above. Pos and End came from method calls.
+				continue
+			}
+			if !fval.IsValid() {
+				return fmt.Errorf("unknown field for %s: %q", val.Type(), name)
+			}
+			if fval.Type() == posType {
+				// TODO: don't panic on bad input
+				decodePos(fval, fv.(map[string]interface{}))
+				continue
+			}
+			if err := decode(fval, fv); err != nil {
+				return err
+			}
+		}
+	case []interface{}:
+		for _, encElem := range enc {
+			elem := reflect.New(val.Type().Elem()).Elem()
+			if err := decode(elem, encElem); err != nil {
+				return err
+			}
+			val.Set(reflect.Append(val, elem))
+		}
+	case float64:
+		// Tokens and thus operators are uint32, but encoding/json defaults to float64.
+		// TODO: reject invalid operators.
+		u := uint64(enc)
+		val.SetUint(u)
+	default:
+		if enc != nil {
+			val.Set(reflect.ValueOf(enc))
+		}
 	}
+	return nil
 }
diff --git a/cmd/shfmt/json_test.go b/cmd/shfmt/json_test.go
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..35811868e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/cmd/shfmt/json_test.go
@@ -0,0 +1,70 @@
+// Copyright (c) 2017, Daniel Martí <mvdan@mvdan.cc>
+// See LICENSE for licensing information
+
+package main
+
+import (
+	"bytes"
+	"os"
+	"strings"
+	"testing"
+
+	qt "github.com/frankban/quicktest"
+
+	"mvdan.cc/sh/v3/syntax"
+)
+
+func TestRoundtripJSON(t *testing.T) {
+	t.Parallel()
+
+	// Read testdata files.
+	inputShell, err := os.ReadFile("testdata/json.sh")
+	qt.Assert(t, err, qt.IsNil)
+	inputJSON, err := os.ReadFile("testdata/json.json")
+	if !*update { // allow it to not exist
+		qt.Assert(t, err, qt.IsNil)
+	}
+	sb := new(strings.Builder)
+
+	// Parse the shell source and check that it is well formatted.
+	parser := syntax.NewParser(syntax.KeepComments(true))
+	node, err := parser.Parse(bytes.NewReader(inputShell), "")
+	qt.Assert(t, err, qt.IsNil)
+
+	printer := syntax.NewPrinter()
+	sb.Reset()
+	err = printer.Print(sb, node)
+	qt.Assert(t, err, qt.IsNil)
+	qt.Assert(t, sb.String(), qt.Equals, string(inputShell))
+
+	// Validate writing the pretty JSON.
+	sb.Reset()
+	err = writeJSON(sb, node, true)
+	qt.Assert(t, err, qt.IsNil)
+	got := sb.String()
+	if *update {
+		err := os.WriteFile("testdata/json.json", []byte(got), 0o666)
+		qt.Assert(t, err, qt.IsNil)
+	} else {
+		qt.Assert(t, got, qt.Equals, string(inputJSON))
+	}
+
+	// Ensure we don't use the originally parsed node again.
+	node = nil
+
+	// Validate reading the pretty JSON and check that it formats the same.
+	node2, err := readJSON(bytes.NewReader(inputJSON))
+	qt.Assert(t, err, qt.IsNil)
+
+	sb.Reset()
+	err = printer.Print(sb, node2)
+	qt.Assert(t, err, qt.IsNil)
+	qt.Assert(t, sb.String(), qt.Equals, string(inputShell))
+
+	// Validate that emitting the JSON again produces the same result.
+	sb.Reset()
+	err = writeJSON(sb, node2, true)
+	qt.Assert(t, err, qt.IsNil)
+	got = sb.String()
+	qt.Assert(t, got, qt.Equals, string(inputJSON))
+}
diff --git a/cmd/shfmt/main.go b/cmd/shfmt/main.go
index 30f69b0f9..c9224b64a 100644
--- a/cmd/shfmt/main.go
+++ b/cmd/shfmt/main.go
@@ -69,7 +69,8 @@ var (
 	keepPadding = &boolFlag{"kp", "keep-padding", false}
 	funcNext    = &boolFlag{"fn", "func-next-line", false}
 
-	toJSON = &boolFlag{"tojson", "", false} // TODO(v4): consider "to-json" for consistency
+	toJSON   = &boolFlag{"tojson", "to-json", false} // TODO(v4): remove "tojson" for consistency
+	fromJSON = &boolFlag{"", "from-json", false}
 
 	// useEditorConfig will be false if any parser or printer flags were used.
 	useEditorConfig = true
@@ -89,7 +90,7 @@ var (
 	allFlags = []interface{}{
 		versionFlag, list, write, simplify, minify, find, diff,
 		lang, posix, filename,
-		indent, binNext, caseIndent, spaceRedirs, keepPadding, funcNext, toJSON,
+		indent, binNext, caseIndent, spaceRedirs, keepPadding, funcNext, toJSON, fromJSON,
 	}
 )
 
@@ -168,7 +169,8 @@ Printer options:
 Utilities:
 
   -f, --find   recursively find all shell files and print the paths
-  --tojson     print syntax tree to stdout as a typed JSON
+  --to-json    print syntax tree to stdout as a typed JSON
+  --from-json  read syntax tree from stdin as a typed JSON
 
 For more information, see 'man shfmt' and https://github.com/mvdan/sh.
 `)
@@ -237,6 +239,9 @@ For more information, see 'man shfmt' and https://github.com/mvdan/sh.
 	}
 	if flag.NArg() == 0 || (flag.NArg() == 1 && flag.Arg(0) == "-") {
 		name := "<standard input>"
+		if toJSON.val {
+			name = "" // the default is not useful there
+		}
 		if filename.val != "" {
 			name = filename.val
 		}
@@ -253,7 +258,7 @@ For more information, see 'man shfmt' and https://github.com/mvdan/sh.
 		return 1
 	}
 	if toJSON.val {
-		fmt.Fprintln(os.Stderr, "-tojson can only be used with stdin")
+		fmt.Fprintln(os.Stderr, "--to-json can only be used with stdin")
 		return 1
 	}
 	status := 0
@@ -436,22 +441,31 @@ func formatBytes(src []byte, path string, fileLang syntax.LangVariant) error {
 	} else {
 		syntax.Variant(fileLang)(parser)
 	}
-	prog, err := parser.Parse(bytes.NewReader(src), path)
-	if err != nil {
-		if s, ok := err.(syntax.LangError); ok && lang.val == syntax.LangAuto {
-			return fmt.Errorf("%w (parsed as %s via -%s=%s)", s, fileLang, lang.short, lang.val)
+	var node syntax.Node
+	var err error
+	if fromJSON.val {
+		node, err = readJSON(bytes.NewReader(src))
+		if err != nil {
+			return err
+		}
+	} else {
+		node, err = parser.Parse(bytes.NewReader(src), path)
+		if err != nil {
+			if s, ok := err.(syntax.LangError); ok && lang.val == syntax.LangAuto {
+				return fmt.Errorf("%w (parsed as %s via -%s=%s)", s, fileLang, lang.short, lang.val)
+			}
+			return err
 		}
-		return err
 	}
 	if simplify.val {
-		syntax.Simplify(prog)
+		syntax.Simplify(node)
 	}
 	if toJSON.val {
 		// must be standard input; fine to return
-		return writeJSON(out, prog, true)
+		return writeJSON(out, node, true)
 	}
 	writeBuf.Reset()
-	printer.Print(&writeBuf, prog)
+	printer.Print(&writeBuf, node)
 	res := writeBuf.Bytes()
 	if !bytes.Equal(src, res) {
 		if list.val {
diff --git a/cmd/shfmt/shfmt.1.scd b/cmd/shfmt/shfmt.1.scd
index 0aea1015a..a944973d2 100644
--- a/cmd/shfmt/shfmt.1.scd
+++ b/cmd/shfmt/shfmt.1.scd
@@ -91,9 +91,12 @@ predictable. Some aspects of the format can be configured via printer flags.
 *-f*, *--find*
 	Recursively find all shell files and print the paths.
 
-*-tojson*
+*--to-json*
 	Print syntax tree to stdout as a typed JSON.
 
+*--from-json*
+	Read syntax tree from stdin as a typed JSON.
+
 # EXAMPLES
 
 Format all the scripts under the current directory, printing which are modified:
diff --git a/cmd/shfmt/testdata/json.json b/cmd/shfmt/testdata/json.json
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..a637f1f5f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/cmd/shfmt/testdata/json.json
@@ -0,0 +1,3890 @@
+{
+	"Pos": {
+		"Offset": 0,
+		"Line": 1,
+		"Col": 1
+	},
+	"End": {
+		"Offset": 368,
+		"Line": 30,
+		"Col": 4
+	},
+	"Stmts": [
+		{
+			"Pos": {
+				"Offset": 0,
+				"Line": 1,
+				"Col": 1
+			},
+			"End": {
+				"Offset": 3,
+				"Line": 1,
+				"Col": 4
+			},
+			"Cmd": {
+				"Type": "CallExpr",
+				"Pos": {
+					"Offset": 0,
+					"Line": 1,
+					"Col": 1
+				},
+				"End": {
+					"Offset": 3,
+					"Line": 1,
+					"Col": 4
+				},
+				"Args": [
+					{
+						"Pos": {
+							"Offset": 0,
+							"Line": 1,
+							"Col": 1
+						},
+						"End": {
+							"Offset": 3,
+							"Line": 1,
+							"Col": 4
+						},
+						"Parts": [
+							{
+								"Type": "Lit",
+								"Pos": {
+									"Offset": 0,
+									"Line": 1,
+									"Col": 1
+								},
+								"End": {
+									"Offset": 3,
+									"Line": 1,
+									"Col": 4
+								},
+								"ValuePos": {
+									"Offset": 0,
+									"Line": 1,
+									"Col": 1
+								},
+								"ValueEnd": {
+									"Offset": 3,
+									"Line": 1,
+									"Col": 4
+								},
+								"Value": "foo"
+							}
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+							"Col": 6
+						},
+						"Rparen": {
+							"Offset": 348,
+							"Line": 26,
+							"Col": 17
+						},
+						"X": {
+							"Type": "BinaryTest",
+							"Pos": {
+								"Offset": 338,
+								"Line": 26,
+								"Col": 7
+							},
+							"End": {
+								"Offset": 348,
+								"Line": 26,
+								"Col": 17
+							},
+							"OpPos": {
+								"Offset": 342,
+								"Line": 26,
+								"Col": 11
+							},
+							"Op": 10,
+							"X": {
+								"Type": "Word",
+								"Pos": {
+									"Offset": 338,
+									"Line": 26,
+									"Col": 7
+								},
+								"End": {
+									"Offset": 341,
+									"Line": 26,
+									"Col": 10
+								},
+								"Parts": [
+									{
+										"Type": "Lit",
+										"Pos": {
+											"Offset": 338,
+											"Line": 26,
+											"Col": 7
+										},
+										"End": {
+											"Offset": 341,
+											"Line": 26,
+											"Col": 10
+										},
+										"ValuePos": {
+											"Offset": 338,
+											"Line": 26,
+											"Col": 7
+										},
+										"ValueEnd": {
+											"Offset": 341,
+											"Line": 26,
+											"Col": 10
+										},
+										"Value": "foo"
+									}
+								]
+							},
+							"Y": {
+								"Type": "Word",
+								"Pos": {
+									"Offset": 345,
+									"Line": 26,
+									"Col": 14
+								},
+								"End": {
+									"Offset": 348,
+									"Line": 26,
+									"Col": 17
+								},
+								"Parts": [
+									{
+										"Type": "Lit",
+										"Pos": {
+											"Offset": 345,
+											"Line": 26,
+											"Col": 14
+										},
+										"End": {
+											"Offset": 348,
+											"Line": 26,
+											"Col": 17
+										},
+										"ValuePos": {
+											"Offset": 345,
+											"Line": 26,
+											"Col": 14
+										},
+										"ValueEnd": {
+											"Offset": 348,
+											"Line": 26,
+											"Col": 17
+										},
+										"Value": "bar"
+									}
+								]
+							}
+						}
+					}
+				}
+			},
+			"Position": {
+				"Offset": 332,
+				"Line": 26,
+				"Col": 1
+			}
+		},
+		{
+			"Pos": {
+				"Offset": 365,
+				"Line": 30,
+				"Col": 1
+			},
+			"End": {
+				"Offset": 368,
+				"Line": 30,
+				"Col": 4
+			},
+			"Comments": [
+				{
+					"Pos": {
+						"Offset": 354,
+						"Line": 28,
+						"Col": 1
+					},
+					"End": {
+						"Offset": 363,
+						"Line": 28,
+						"Col": 10
+					},
+					"Hash": {
+						"Offset": 354,
+						"Line": 28,
+						"Col": 1
+					},
+					"Text": " comment"
+				}
+			],
+			"Cmd": {
+				"Type": "CallExpr",
+				"Pos": {
+					"Offset": 365,
+					"Line": 30,
+					"Col": 1
+				},
+				"End": {
+					"Offset": 368,
+					"Line": 30,
+					"Col": 4
+				},
+				"Args": [
+					{
+						"Pos": {
+							"Offset": 365,
+							"Line": 30,
+							"Col": 1
+						},
+						"End": {
+							"Offset": 368,
+							"Line": 30,
+							"Col": 4
+						},
+						"Parts": [
+							{
+								"Type": "ProcSubst",
+								"Pos": {
+									"Offset": 365,
+									"Line": 30,
+									"Col": 1
+								},
+								"End": {
+									"Offset": 368,
+									"Line": 30,
+									"Col": 4
+								},
+								"OpPos": {
+									"Offset": 365,
+									"Line": 30,
+									"Col": 1
+								},
+								"Rparen": {
+									"Offset": 367,
+									"Line": 30,
+									"Col": 3
+								},
+								"Op": 66
+							}
+						]
+					}
+				]
+			},
+			"Position": {
+				"Offset": 365,
+				"Line": 30,
+				"Col": 1
+			}
+		}
+	]
+}
diff --git a/cmd/shfmt/testdata/json.sh b/cmd/shfmt/testdata/json.sh
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..5b90662f6
--- /dev/null
+++ b/cmd/shfmt/testdata/json.sh
@@ -0,0 +1,30 @@
+foo
+! foo
+foo &
+'foo' "bar"
+${foo} $(bar) $((baz))
+@(foo) {bar,baz}
+
+foo && bar || baz
+foo | bar |& baz
+
+if foo; then bar; fi
+for i in 1 2 3; do bar; done
+for ((i = 0; i < 3; i++)); do bar; done
+while foo; do bar; done
+case i in foo) bar ;; esac
+
+{ foo; }
+(foo)
+foo() { bar; }
+declare foo
+let foo=(bar)+3
+time foo
+coproc foo
+((2))
+
+[[ ! (foo && bar) ]]
+
+# comment
+
+<()
diff --git a/cmd/shfmt/testdata/scripts/flags.txt b/cmd/shfmt/testdata/scripts/flags.txt
index 75de122cd..52ce8f790 100644
--- a/cmd/shfmt/testdata/scripts/flags.txt
+++ b/cmd/shfmt/testdata/scripts/flags.txt
@@ -25,8 +25,8 @@ stderr 'cannot coexist'
 ! shfmt -ln=bad
 stderr 'unknown shell language'
 
-! shfmt -tojson file
-stderr '-tojson can only be used with stdin'
+! shfmt --to-json file
+stderr '--to-json can only be used with stdin'
 
 ! shfmt -filename=foo file
 stderr '-filename can only be used with stdin'
diff --git a/cmd/shfmt/testdata/scripts/tojson.txt b/cmd/shfmt/testdata/scripts/tojson.txt
index f72e3abff..b3a96a9c7 100644
--- a/cmd/shfmt/testdata/scripts/tojson.txt
+++ b/cmd/shfmt/testdata/scripts/tojson.txt
@@ -1,114 +1,107 @@
 stdin empty.sh
-shfmt -tojson
+shfmt -tojson # old flag name
 cmp stdout empty.sh.json
 ! stderr .
 
 stdin simple.sh
-shfmt -tojson
+shfmt --to-json
 cmp stdout simple.sh.json
 
 stdin arithmetic.sh
-shfmt -tojson
+shfmt --to-json
 cmp stdout arithmetic.sh.json
 
 stdin comment.sh
-shfmt -tojson
+shfmt --to-json
 cmp stdout comment.sh.json
 
 -- empty.sh --
 -- empty.sh.json --
-{
-	"End": {
-		"Col": 0,
-		"Line": 0,
-		"Offset": 0
-	},
-	"Last": [],
-	"Name": "\u003cstandard input\u003e",
-	"Pos": {
-		"Col": 0,
-		"Line": 0,
-		"Offset": 0
-	},
-	"Stmts": []
-}
+{}
 -- simple.sh --
 foo
 -- simple.sh.json --
 {
-	"End": {
-		"Col": 4,
+	"Pos": {
+		"Offset": 0,
 		"Line": 1,
-		"Offset": 3
+		"Col": 1
 	},
-	"Last": [],
-	"Name": "\u003cstandard input\u003e",
-	"Pos": {
-		"Col": 1,
+	"End": {
+		"Offset": 3,
 		"Line": 1,
-		"Offset": 0
+		"Col": 4
 	},
 	"Stmts": [
 		{
-			"Background": false,
+			"Pos": {
+				"Offset": 0,
+				"Line": 1,
+				"Col": 1
+			},
+			"End": {
+				"Offset": 3,
+				"Line": 1,
+				"Col": 4
+			},
 			"Cmd": {
+				"Type": "CallExpr",
+				"Pos": {
+					"Offset": 0,
+					"Line": 1,
+					"Col": 1
+				},
+				"End": {
+					"Offset": 3,
+					"Line": 1,
+					"Col": 4
+				},
 				"Args": [
 					{
+						"Pos": {
+							"Offset": 0,
+							"Line": 1,
+							"Col": 1
+						},
 						"End": {
-							"Col": 4,
+							"Offset": 3,
 							"Line": 1,
-							"Offset": 3
+							"Col": 4
 						},
 						"Parts": [
 							{
+								"Type": "Lit",
+								"Pos": {
+									"Offset": 0,
+									"Line": 1,
+									"Col": 1
+								},
 								"End": {
-									"Col": 4,
+									"Offset": 3,
 									"Line": 1,
-									"Offset": 3
+									"Col": 4
 								},
-								"Pos": {
-									"Col": 1,
+								"ValuePos": {
+									"Offset": 0,
 									"Line": 1,
-									"Offset": 0
+									"Col": 1
+								},
+								"ValueEnd": {
+									"Offset": 3,
+									"Line": 1,
+									"Col": 4
 								},
-								"Type": "Lit",
 								"Value": "foo"
 							}
-						],
-						"Pos": {
-							"Col": 1,
-							"Line": 1,
-							"Offset": 0
-						}
+						]
 					}
-				],
-				"Assigns": [],
-				"End": {
-					"Col": 4,
-					"Line": 1,
-					"Offset": 3
-				},
-				"Pos": {
-					"Col": 1,
-					"Line": 1,
-					"Offset": 0
-				},
-				"Type": "CallExpr"
+				]
 			},
-			"Comments": [],
-			"Coprocess": false,
-			"End": {
-				"Col": 4,
-				"Line": 1,
-				"Offset": 3
-			},
-			"Negated": false,
-			"Pos": {
-				"Col": 1,
+			"Position": {
+				"Offset": 0,
 				"Line": 1,
-				"Offset": 0
-			},
-			"Redirs": []
+				"Col": 1
+			}
 		}
 	]
 }
@@ -116,78 +109,95 @@ foo
 ((2))
 -- arithmetic.sh.json --
 {
-	"End": {
-		"Col": 6,
+	"Pos": {
+		"Offset": 0,
 		"Line": 1,
-		"Offset": 5
+		"Col": 1
 	},
-	"Last": [],
-	"Name": "\u003cstandard input\u003e",
-	"Pos": {
-		"Col": 1,
+	"End": {
+		"Offset": 5,
 		"Line": 1,
-		"Offset": 0
+		"Col": 6
 	},
 	"Stmts": [
 		{
-			"Background": false,
+			"Pos": {
+				"Offset": 0,
+				"Line": 1,
+				"Col": 1
+			},
+			"End": {
+				"Offset": 5,
+				"Line": 1,
+				"Col": 6
+			},
 			"Cmd": {
+				"Type": "ArithmCmd",
+				"Pos": {
+					"Offset": 0,
+					"Line": 1,
+					"Col": 1
+				},
 				"End": {
-					"Col": 6,
+					"Offset": 5,
 					"Line": 1,
-					"Offset": 5
+					"Col": 6
 				},
-				"Pos": {
-					"Col": 1,
+				"Left": {
+					"Offset": 0,
 					"Line": 1,
-					"Offset": 0
+					"Col": 1
+				},
+				"Right": {
+					"Offset": 3,
+					"Line": 1,
+					"Col": 4
 				},
-				"Type": "ArithmCmd",
-				"Unsigned": false,
 				"X": {
+					"Type": "Word",
+					"Pos": {
+						"Offset": 2,
+						"Line": 1,
+						"Col": 3
+					},
 					"End": {
-						"Col": 4,
+						"Offset": 3,
 						"Line": 1,
-						"Offset": 3
+						"Col": 4
 					},
 					"Parts": [
 						{
+							"Type": "Lit",
+							"Pos": {
+								"Offset": 2,
+								"Line": 1,
+								"Col": 3
+							},
 							"End": {
-								"Col": 4,
+								"Offset": 3,
 								"Line": 1,
-								"Offset": 3
+								"Col": 4
 							},
-							"Pos": {
-								"Col": 3,
+							"ValuePos": {
+								"Offset": 2,
 								"Line": 1,
-								"Offset": 2
+								"Col": 3
+							},
+							"ValueEnd": {
+								"Offset": 3,
+								"Line": 1,
+								"Col": 4
 							},
-							"Type": "Lit",
 							"Value": "2"
 						}
-					],
-					"Pos": {
-						"Col": 3,
-						"Line": 1,
-						"Offset": 2
-					},
-					"Type": "Word"
+					]
 				}
 			},
-			"Comments": [],
-			"Coprocess": false,
-			"End": {
-				"Col": 6,
-				"Line": 1,
-				"Offset": 5
-			},
-			"Negated": false,
-			"Pos": {
-				"Col": 1,
+			"Position": {
+				"Offset": 0,
 				"Line": 1,
-				"Offset": 0
-			},
-			"Redirs": []
+				"Col": 1
+			}
 		}
 	]
 }
@@ -195,31 +205,33 @@ foo
 #
 -- comment.sh.json --
 {
+	"Pos": {
+		"Offset": 0,
+		"Line": 1,
+		"Col": 1
+	},
 	"End": {
-		"Col": 2,
+		"Offset": 1,
 		"Line": 1,
-		"Offset": 1
+		"Col": 2
 	},
 	"Last": [
 		{
-			"End": {
-				"Col": 2,
+			"Pos": {
+				"Offset": 0,
 				"Line": 1,
-				"Offset": 1
+				"Col": 1
 			},
-			"Pos": {
-				"Col": 1,
+			"End": {
+				"Offset": 1,
 				"Line": 1,
-				"Offset": 0
+				"Col": 2
 			},
-			"Text": ""
+			"Hash": {
+				"Offset": 0,
+				"Line": 1,
+				"Col": 1
+			}
 		}
-	],
-	"Name": "\u003cstandard input\u003e",
-	"Pos": {
-		"Col": 1,
-		"Line": 1,
-		"Offset": 0
-	},
-	"Stmts": []
+	]
 }
diff --git a/syntax/nodes.go b/syntax/nodes.go
index 32518ec87..a43021f7f 100644
--- a/syntax/nodes.go
+++ b/syntax/nodes.go
@@ -138,8 +138,9 @@ func (p Pos) String() string {
 	return b.String()
 }
 
-// IsValid reports whether the position is valid. All positions in nodes
-// returned by Parse are valid.
+// IsValid reports whether the position contains useful position information.
+// Some positions returned via Parse may be invalid: for example, Stmt.Semicolon
+// will only be valid if a statement contained a closing token such as ';'.
 func (p Pos) IsValid() bool { return p != Pos{} }
 
 // After reports whether the position p is after p2. It is a more expressive