diff --git a/modules/effects/spec/integration.spec.ts b/modules/effects/spec/integration.spec.ts
index e986f78729..fe572774c1 100644
--- a/modules/effects/spec/integration.spec.ts
+++ b/modules/effects/spec/integration.spec.ts
@@ -1,22 +1,18 @@
-import {
-  NgModuleFactoryLoader,
-  NgModule,
-  InjectionToken,
-  Type,
-} from '@angular/core';
+import { NgModule, NgModuleFactoryLoader } from '@angular/core';
 import { TestBed } from '@angular/core/testing';
 import {
   RouterTestingModule,
   SpyNgModuleFactoryLoader,
 } from '@angular/router/testing';
 import { Router } from '@angular/router';
-import { Store, Action } from '@ngrx/store';
+import { Action, Store } from '@ngrx/store';
 import {
   EffectsModule,
+  EffectSources,
+  OnIdentifyEffects,
   OnInitEffects,
   ROOT_EFFECTS_INIT,
-  OnIdentifyEffects,
-  EffectSources,
+  USER_PROVIDED_FEATURE_EFFECTS,
 } from '..';
 
 describe('NgRx Effects Integration spec', () => {
@@ -100,16 +96,16 @@ describe('NgRx Effects Integration spec', () => {
     });
   });
 
-  it('should execute injected effects', (done: DoneFn) => {
+  it('should execute user provided effects', (done: DoneFn) => {
     let router: Router = TestBed.get(Router);
     const loader: SpyNgModuleFactoryLoader = TestBed.get(NgModuleFactoryLoader);
 
-    loader.stubbedModules = { feature: FeatModuleWithInjectedEffects };
+    loader.stubbedModules = { feature: FeatModuleWithUserProvidedEffects };
     router.resetConfig([{ path: 'feature-path', loadChildren: 'feature' }]);
 
     router.navigateByUrl('/feature-path').then(() => {
       expect(dispatch).toHaveBeenCalledWith({
-        type: '[FeatEffectWithInjection]: INIT',
+        type: '[FeatUserProvidedEffect]: INIT',
       });
       done();
     });
@@ -153,30 +149,27 @@ describe('NgRx Effects Integration spec', () => {
     constructor(private effectIdentifier: string) {}
   }
 
-  class FeatEffectWithInjection implements OnInitEffects {
+  class FeatUserProvidedEffect implements OnInitEffects {
     ngrxOnInitEffects(): Action {
-      return { type: '[FeatEffectWithInjection]: INIT' };
+      return { type: '[FeatUserProvidedEffect]: INIT' };
     }
   }
 
   @NgModule({
-    imports: [EffectsModule.forRoot([])],
+    imports: [EffectsModule.forRoot()],
   })
   class FeatModuleWithForRoot {}
 
-  const FEATURE_INJECTED_EFFECTS_TOKEN = new InjectionToken<Type<any>[]>(
-    'FEATURE_INJECTED_EFFECTS_TOKEN'
-  );
-
   @NgModule({
-    imports: [EffectsModule.forFeature(FEATURE_INJECTED_EFFECTS_TOKEN)],
+    imports: [EffectsModule.forFeature()],
     providers: [
-      FeatEffectWithInjection,
+      FeatUserProvidedEffect,
       {
-        provide: FEATURE_INJECTED_EFFECTS_TOKEN,
-        useValue: [FeatEffectWithInjection],
+        provide: USER_PROVIDED_FEATURE_EFFECTS,
+        multi: true,
+        useValue: [FeatUserProvidedEffect],
       },
     ],
   })
-  class FeatModuleWithInjectedEffects {}
+  class FeatModuleWithUserProvidedEffects {}
 });
diff --git a/modules/effects/src/effects_module.ts b/modules/effects/src/effects_module.ts
index 979579b12c..b1b814c67a 100644
--- a/modules/effects/src/effects_module.ts
+++ b/modules/effects/src/effects_module.ts
@@ -1,6 +1,4 @@
 import {
-  Inject,
-  InjectionToken,
   Injector,
   ModuleWithProviders,
   NgModule,
@@ -12,10 +10,12 @@ import { EffectSources } from './effect_sources';
 import { Actions } from './actions';
 import {
   _FEATURE_EFFECTS,
-  _FEATURE_EFFECTS_TOKEN,
+  _ROOT_EFFECTS,
   _ROOT_EFFECTS_GUARD,
   FEATURE_EFFECTS,
   ROOT_EFFECTS,
+  USER_PROVIDED_FEATURE_EFFECTS,
+  USER_PROVIDED_ROOT_EFFECTS,
 } from './tokens';
 import { EffectsFeatureModule } from './effects_feature_module';
 import { EffectsRootModule } from './effects_root_module';
@@ -24,37 +24,33 @@ import { EffectsRunner } from './effects_runner';
 @NgModule({})
 export class EffectsModule {
   static forFeature(
-    featureEffects: Type<any>[] | InjectionToken<Type<any>[]>
+    featureEffects: Type<any>[] = []
   ): ModuleWithProviders<EffectsFeatureModule> {
     return {
       ngModule: EffectsFeatureModule,
       providers: [
-        featureEffects instanceof InjectionToken ? [] : featureEffects,
-        { provide: _FEATURE_EFFECTS, multi: true, useValue: featureEffects },
+        featureEffects,
         {
-          provide: _FEATURE_EFFECTS_TOKEN,
+          provide: USER_PROVIDED_FEATURE_EFFECTS,
           multi: true,
-          useExisting:
-            featureEffects instanceof InjectionToken
-              ? featureEffects
-              : _FEATURE_EFFECTS,
+          useValue: [],
+        },
+        {
+          provide: _FEATURE_EFFECTS,
+          useValue: featureEffects,
         },
         {
           provide: FEATURE_EFFECTS,
           multi: true,
-          deps: [
-            Injector,
-            _FEATURE_EFFECTS,
-            [new Inject(_FEATURE_EFFECTS_TOKEN)],
-          ],
-          useFactory: _createFeatureEffects,
+          useFactory: createEffects,
+          deps: [Injector, _FEATURE_EFFECTS, USER_PROVIDED_FEATURE_EFFECTS],
         },
       ],
     };
   }
 
   static forRoot(
-    rootEffects: Type<any>[]
+    rootEffects: Type<any>[] = []
   ): ModuleWithProviders<EffectsRootModule> {
     return {
       ngModule: EffectsRootModule,
@@ -68,27 +64,48 @@ export class EffectsModule {
         EffectSources,
         Actions,
         rootEffects,
+        {
+          provide: USER_PROVIDED_ROOT_EFFECTS,
+          multi: true,
+          useValue: [],
+        },
+        {
+          provide: _ROOT_EFFECTS,
+          useValue: rootEffects,
+        },
         {
           provide: ROOT_EFFECTS,
-          deps: rootEffects,
-          useFactory: createSourceInstances,
+          useFactory: createEffects,
+          deps: [Injector, _ROOT_EFFECTS, USER_PROVIDED_ROOT_EFFECTS],
         },
       ],
     };
   }
 }
 
-export function createSourceInstances(...instances: any[]) {
-  return instances;
+export function createEffects(
+  injector: Injector,
+  effects: Type<any>[],
+  userProvidedEffectGroups: Type<any>[][]
+): any[] {
+  const mergedEffects: Type<any>[] = effects;
+  userProvidedEffectGroups.forEach(group => mergedEffects.push(...group));
+  return createSourceInstances(
+    ...createEffectInstances(injector, ...mergedEffects)
+  );
 }
 
 export function createEffectInstances(
   injector: Injector,
   ...effects: Type<any>[]
-) {
+): any[] {
   return effects.map(effect => injector.get(effect));
 }
 
+export function createSourceInstances(...instances: any[]) {
+  return instances;
+}
+
 export function _provideForRootGuard(runner: EffectsRunner): any {
   if (runner) {
     throw new TypeError(
@@ -97,22 +114,3 @@ export function _provideForRootGuard(runner: EffectsRunner): any {
   }
   return 'guarded';
 }
-
-export function _createFeatureEffects(
-  injector: Injector,
-  effectCollections: Type<any>[][] | InjectionToken<Type<any>[]>[]
-): any[] {
-  const effects: Type<any>[] = [];
-
-  effectCollections.forEach(
-    (effectCollection: Type<any>[] | InjectionToken<Type<any>[]>) => {
-      effects.push(
-        ...(effectCollection instanceof InjectionToken
-          ? injector.get(effectCollection)
-          : effectCollection)
-      );
-    }
-  );
-
-  return createSourceInstances(...createEffectInstances(injector, ...effects));
-}
diff --git a/modules/effects/src/index.ts b/modules/effects/src/index.ts
index 8b0f731ee6..563c2ee205 100644
--- a/modules/effects/src/index.ts
+++ b/modules/effects/src/index.ts
@@ -8,13 +8,14 @@ export { Actions, ofType } from './actions';
 export { EffectsModule } from './effects_module';
 export { EffectSources } from './effect_sources';
 export { EffectNotification } from './effect_notification';
-export {
-  ROOT_EFFECTS_INIT,
-  rootEffectsInit,
-} from './effects_root_module';
+export { ROOT_EFFECTS_INIT, rootEffectsInit } from './effects_root_module';
 export { act } from './act';
 export {
   OnIdentifyEffects,
   OnRunEffects,
   OnInitEffects,
 } from './lifecycle_hooks';
+export {
+  USER_PROVIDED_ROOT_EFFECTS,
+  USER_PROVIDED_FEATURE_EFFECTS,
+} from './tokens';
diff --git a/modules/effects/src/tokens.ts b/modules/effects/src/tokens.ts
index 2cf193a2dd..e75bac85b7 100644
--- a/modules/effects/src/tokens.ts
+++ b/modules/effects/src/tokens.ts
@@ -6,14 +6,20 @@ export const _ROOT_EFFECTS_GUARD = new InjectionToken<void>(
 export const IMMEDIATE_EFFECTS = new InjectionToken<any[]>(
   'ngrx/effects: Immediate Effects'
 );
+export const USER_PROVIDED_ROOT_EFFECTS = new InjectionToken<Type<any>>(
+  'ngrx/effects: User Provided Root Effects'
+);
+export const _ROOT_EFFECTS = new InjectionToken<Type<any>[]>(
+  'ngrx/effects: Internal Root Effects'
+);
 export const ROOT_EFFECTS = new InjectionToken<Type<any>[]>(
   'ngrx/effects: Root Effects'
 );
-export const _FEATURE_EFFECTS = new InjectionToken<Type<any>[][]>(
-  'ngrx/effects: Internal Feature Effects'
+export const USER_PROVIDED_FEATURE_EFFECTS = new InjectionToken<Type<any>[]>(
+  'ngrx/effects: User Provided Feature Effects'
 );
-export const _FEATURE_EFFECTS_TOKEN = new InjectionToken<Type<any>[][]>(
-  'ngrx/effects: Internal Feature Effects Token'
+export const _FEATURE_EFFECTS = new InjectionToken<Type<any>[]>(
+  'ngrx/effects: Internal Feature Effects'
 );
 export const FEATURE_EFFECTS = new InjectionToken<any[][]>(
   'ngrx/effects: Feature Effects'