diff --git a/.github/workflows/misc.yml b/.github/workflows/misc.yml
deleted file mode 100644
index 90645b40eb..0000000000
--- a/.github/workflows/misc.yml
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,67 +0,0 @@
-name: Miscellaneous checks
-
-# This file runs doctests on the documentation and style checks
-
-on:
-  push:
-    branches:
-      - master
-      - maint/*
-  pull_request:
-    branches:
-      - master
-      - maint/*
-
-defaults:
-  run:
-    shell: bash
-
-jobs:
-  misc:
-    runs-on: 'ubuntu-latest'
-    continue-on-error: true
-    strategy:
-      matrix:
-        python-version: ["3.10"]
-        install: ['pip']
-        check: ['style', 'doctest', 'typing']
-        pip-flags: ['']
-        depends: ['REQUIREMENTS']
-    env:
-      DEPENDS: ${{ matrix.depends }}
-      OPTIONAL_DEPENDS: ${{ matrix.optional-depends }}
-      INSTALL_TYPE: ${{ matrix.install }}
-      CHECK_TYPE: ${{ matrix.check }}
-      EXTRA_PIP_FLAGS: ${{ matrix.pip-flags }}
-
-    steps:
-      - uses: actions/checkout@v3
-        with:
-          submodules: recursive
-          fetch-depth: 0
-      - name: Set up Python ${{ matrix.python-version }}
-        uses: actions/setup-python@v4
-        with:
-          python-version: ${{ matrix.python-version }}
-          architecture: ${{ matrix.architecture }}
-      - name: Display Python version
-        run: python -c "import sys; print(sys.version)"
-      - name: Create virtual environment
-        run: tools/ci/create_venv.sh
-      - name: Build archive
-        run: |
-          source tools/ci/build_archive.sh
-          echo "ARCHIVE=$ARCHIVE" >> $GITHUB_ENV
-      - name: Install dependencies
-        run: tools/ci/install_dependencies.sh
-      - name: Install NiBabel
-        run: tools/ci/install.sh
-      - name: Run tests
-        run: tools/ci/check.sh
-        if: ${{ matrix.check != 'skiptests' }}
-      - name: Upload pytest test results
-        uses: actions/upload-artifact@v3
-        with:
-          name: pytest-results-${{ matrix.os }}-${{ matrix.python-version }}
-          path: for_testing/test-results.xml
-        if: ${{ always() && matrix.check == 'test' }}
diff --git a/.github/workflows/pre-release.yml b/.github/workflows/pre-release.yml
deleted file mode 100644
index 4431c7135f..0000000000
--- a/.github/workflows/pre-release.yml
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,102 +0,0 @@
-name: Pre-release checks
-
-# This file tests against pre-release wheels for dependencies
-
-on:
-  push:
-    branches:
-      - master
-      - maint/*
-  pull_request:
-    branches:
-      - master
-      - maint/*
-  schedule:
-    - cron: '0 0 * * *'
-
-defaults:
-  run:
-    shell: bash
-
-concurrency:
-  group: ${{ github.workflow }}-${{ github.ref }}
-  cancel-in-progress: true
-
-permissions:
-  contents: read
-
-jobs:
-  pre-release:
-    # Check pre-releases of dependencies on stable Python
-    runs-on: ${{ matrix.os }}
-    continue-on-error: true
-    strategy:
-      matrix:
-        os: ['ubuntu-latest', 'windows-latest', 'macos-latest']
-        python-version: ["3.9", "3.10", "3.11", "3.12"]
-        architecture: ['x64', 'x86']
-        install: ['pip']
-        check: ['test']
-        pip-flags: ['PRE_PIP_FLAGS']
-        depends: ['REQUIREMENTS']
-        optional-depends: ['DEFAULT_OPT_DEPENDS']
-        include:
-          # Pydicom master
-          - os: ubuntu-latest
-            python-version: "3.11"
-            install: pip
-            check: test
-            pip-flags: ''
-            depends: REQUIREMENTS
-            optional-depends: PYDICOM_MASTER
-        exclude:
-          - os: ubuntu-latest
-            architecture: x86
-          - os: macos-latest
-            architecture: x86
-          - python-version: '3.12'
-            architecture: x86
-
-    env:
-      DEPENDS: ${{ matrix.depends }}
-      OPTIONAL_DEPENDS: ${{ matrix.optional-depends }}
-      INSTALL_TYPE: ${{ matrix.install }}
-      CHECK_TYPE: ${{ matrix.check }}
-      EXTRA_PIP_FLAGS: ${{ matrix.pip-flags }}
-
-    steps:
-      - uses: actions/checkout@v3
-        with:
-          submodules: recursive
-          fetch-depth: 0
-      - name: Set up Python ${{ matrix.python-version }}
-        uses: actions/setup-python@v4
-        with:
-          python-version: ${{ matrix.python-version }}
-          architecture: ${{ matrix.architecture }}
-          allow-prereleases: true
-      - name: Display Python version
-        run: python -c "import sys; print(sys.version)"
-      - name: Create virtual environment
-        run: tools/ci/create_venv.sh
-      - name: Build archive
-        run: |
-          source tools/ci/build_archive.sh
-          echo "ARCHIVE=$ARCHIVE" >> $GITHUB_ENV
-      - name: Install dependencies
-        run: tools/ci/install_dependencies.sh
-      - name: Install NiBabel
-        run: tools/ci/install.sh
-      - name: Run tests
-        run: tools/ci/check.sh
-        if: ${{ matrix.check != 'skiptests' }}
-      - uses: codecov/codecov-action@v3
-        if: ${{ always() }}
-        with:
-          files: cov.xml
-      - name: Upload pytest test results
-        uses: actions/upload-artifact@v3
-        with:
-          name: pytest-results-${{ matrix.os }}-${{ matrix.python-version }}
-          path: for_testing/test-results.xml
-        if: ${{ always() && matrix.check == 'test' }}
diff --git a/.github/workflows/stable.yml b/.github/workflows/test.yml
similarity index 68%
rename from .github/workflows/stable.yml
rename to .github/workflows/test.yml
index 90721bc81b..9b12727bda 100644
--- a/.github/workflows/stable.yml
+++ b/.github/workflows/test.yml
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-name: Stable tests
+name: Build and test
 
 # This file tests the claimed support range of NiBabel including
 #
@@ -35,7 +35,7 @@ jobs:
   build:
     runs-on: ubuntu-latest
     steps:
-      - uses: actions/checkout@v3
+      - uses: actions/checkout@v4
         with:
           fetch-depth: 0
       - uses: actions/setup-python@v4
@@ -94,70 +94,45 @@ jobs:
         if: matrix.package == 'archive'
         run: pip install archive/nibabel-archive.tgz
       - run: python -c 'import nibabel; print(nibabel.__version__)'
-      - name: Install test extras
+      - name: Install minimum test dependencies
         run: pip install nibabel[test]
       - name: Run tests
-        run: pytest --doctest-modules --doctest-plus -v --pyargs nibabel
+        run: pytest --doctest-modules --doctest-plus -v --pyargs nibabel -n auto
 
-  stable:
+  test:
     # Check each OS, all supported Python, minimum versions and latest releases
     runs-on: ${{ matrix.os }}
+    continue-on-error: ${{ matrix.dependencies == 'pre' }}
     strategy:
+      fail-fast: false
       matrix:
         os: ['ubuntu-latest', 'windows-latest', 'macos-latest']
-        python-version: [3.8, 3.9, "3.10", "3.11", "3.12"]
+        python-version: ["3.8", "3.9", "3.10", "3.11", "3.12"]
         architecture: ['x64', 'x86']
-        install: ['pip']
-        check: ['test']
-        pip-flags: ['']
-        depends: ['REQUIREMENTS']
-        optional-depends: ['DEFAULT_OPT_DEPENDS']
+        dependencies: ['full', 'pre']
         include:
           # Basic dependencies only
           - os: ubuntu-latest
             python-version: 3.8
-            install: pip
-            check: test
-            pip-flags: ''
-            depends: REQUIREMENTS
-            optional-depends: ''
+            dependencies: 'none'
           # Absolute minimum dependencies
           - os: ubuntu-latest
             python-version: 3.8
-            install: pip
-            check: test
-            pip-flags: ''
-            depends: MIN_REQUIREMENTS
-            optional-depends: ''
-          # Absolute minimum dependencies plus old MPL, Pydicom, Pillow
-          - os: ubuntu-latest
-            python-version: 3.8
-            install: pip
-            check: test
-            pip-flags: ''
-            depends: MIN_REQUIREMENTS
-            optional-depends: MIN_OPT_DEPENDS
-          # Clean install imports only with package-declared dependencies
-          - os: ubuntu-latest
-            python-version: 3.8
-            install: pip
-            check: skiptests
-            pip-flags: ''
-            depends: ''
+            dependencies: 'min'
         exclude:
           - os: ubuntu-latest
             architecture: x86
           - os: macos-latest
             architecture: x86
+          - python-version: '3.12'
+            architecture: x86
+
     env:
-      DEPENDS: ${{ matrix.depends }}
-      OPTIONAL_DEPENDS: ${{ matrix.optional-depends }}
-      INSTALL_TYPE: ${{ matrix.install }}
-      CHECK_TYPE: ${{ matrix.check }}
-      EXTRA_PIP_FLAGS: ${{ matrix.pip-flags }}
+      DEPENDS: ${{ matrix.dependencies }}
+      ARCH: ${{ !contains(fromJSON('["none", "min"]'), matrix.dependencies) && matrix.architecture }}
 
     steps:
-      - uses: actions/checkout@v3
+      - uses: actions/checkout@v4
         with:
           submodules: recursive
           fetch-depth: 0
@@ -166,36 +141,54 @@ jobs:
         with:
           python-version: ${{ matrix.python-version }}
           architecture: ${{ matrix.architecture }}
+          allow-prereleases: true
       - name: Display Python version
         run: python -c "import sys; print(sys.version)"
-      - name: Create virtual environment
-        run: tools/ci/create_venv.sh
-      - name: Build archive
+      - name: Install tox
         run: |
-          source tools/ci/build_archive.sh
-          echo "ARCHIVE=$ARCHIVE" >> $GITHUB_ENV
-      - name: Install dependencies
-        run: tools/ci/install_dependencies.sh
-      - name: Install NiBabel
-        run: tools/ci/install.sh
-      - name: Run tests
-        if: ${{ matrix.check != 'skiptests' }}
-        run: tools/ci/check.sh
+          python -m pip install --upgrade pip
+          python -m pip install tox tox-gh-actions
+      - name: Show tox config
+        run: tox c
+      - name: Run tox
+        run: tox -v --exit-and-dump-after 1200
       - uses: codecov/codecov-action@v3
         if: ${{ always() }}
         with:
           files: cov.xml
       - name: Upload pytest test results
-        if: ${{ always() && matrix.check == 'test' }}
         uses: actions/upload-artifact@v3
         with:
           name: pytest-results-${{ matrix.os }}-${{ matrix.python-version }}
-          path: for_testing/test-results.xml
+          path: test-results.xml
+        if: ${{ always() }}
+
+  checks:
+    runs-on: 'ubuntu-latest'
+    continue-on-error: true
+    strategy:
+      matrix:
+        check: ['style', 'doctest', 'typecheck']
+
+    steps:
+      - uses: actions/checkout@v4
+      - name: Set up Python ${{ matrix.python-version }}
+        uses: actions/setup-python@v4
+        with:
+          python-version: 3
+      - name: Display Python version
+        run: python -c "import sys; print(sys.version)"
+      - name: Show tox config
+        run: pipx run tox c
+      - name: Show tox config (this call)
+        run: pipx run tox c -e ${{ matrix.check }}
+      - name: Run check
+        run: pipx run tox -e ${{ matrix.check }}
 
   publish:
     runs-on: ubuntu-latest
     environment: "Package deployment"
-    needs: [stable, test-package]
+    needs: [test, test-package]
     if: github.event_name == 'push' && startsWith(github.ref, 'refs/tags/')
     steps:
       - uses: actions/download-artifact@v3
diff --git a/.gitignore b/.gitignore
index 4e9cf81029..e413527d13 100644
--- a/.gitignore
+++ b/.gitignore
@@ -48,7 +48,9 @@ dist/
 *.egg-info/
 .shelf
 .tox/
-.coverage
+.coverage*
+cov.xml
+test-results.xml
 .ropeproject/
 htmlcov/
 .*_cache/
diff --git a/doc/source/devel/devguide.rst b/doc/source/devel/devguide.rst
index 2747564dbf..bce5b64aaa 100644
--- a/doc/source/devel/devguide.rst
+++ b/doc/source/devel/devguide.rst
@@ -95,6 +95,50 @@ advise that you enable merge summaries within git:
 
 See :ref:`configure-git` for more detail.
 
+Pre-commit hooks
+----------------
+
+NiBabel uses pre-commit_ to help committers validate their changes
+before committing. To enable these, you can use pipx_::
+
+    pipx run pre-commit install
+
+Or install and run::
+
+    python -m pip install pre-commit
+    pre-commit install
+
+
+Testing
+=======
+
+NiBabel uses tox_ to organize our testing and development workflows.
+tox runs tests in isolated environments that we specify,
+ensuring that we are able to test across many different environments,
+and those environments do not depend on our local configurations.
+
+If you have the pipx_ tool installed, then you may simply::
+
+    pipx run tox
+
+Alternatively, you can install tox and run it::
+
+    python -m pip install tox
+    tox
+
+This will run the tests in several configurations, with multiple sets of
+optional dependencies.
+If you have multiple versions of Python installed in your path, it will
+repeat the process for each version of Python iin our supported range.
+It may be useful to pick a particular version for rapid development::
+
+    tox -e py311-full-x64
+
+This will run the environment using the Python 3.11 interpreter, with the
+full set of optional dependencies that are available for 64-bit
+interpreters. If you are using 32-bit Python, replace ``-x64`` with ``-x86``.
+
+
 Changelog
 =========
 
@@ -123,3 +167,7 @@ Community guidelines
 Please see `our community guidelines
 <https://github.com/nipy/nibabel/blob/master/.github/CODE_OF_CONDUCT.md>`_.
 Other projects call these guidelines the "code of conduct".
+
+.. _tox: https://tox.wiki
+.. _pipx: https://pypa.github.io/pipx/
+.. _precommit: https://pre-commit.com/
diff --git a/nibabel/__init__.py b/nibabel/__init__.py
index 09be1d2792..db427435ae 100644
--- a/nibabel/__init__.py
+++ b/nibabel/__init__.py
@@ -39,8 +39,9 @@
 
 # module imports
 from . import analyze as ana
-from . import ecat, imagestats, mriutils, orientations
+from . import ecat, imagestats, mriutils
 from . import nifti1 as ni1
+from . import orientations
 from . import spm2analyze as spm2
 from . import spm99analyze as spm99
 from . import streamlines, viewers
diff --git a/nibabel/info.py b/nibabel/info.py
index 063978444c..33d1b0aa0d 100644
--- a/nibabel/info.py
+++ b/nibabel/info.py
@@ -62,6 +62,27 @@
 .. _release archive: https://github.com/nipy/NiBabel/releases
 .. _development changelog: https://nipy.org/nibabel/changelog.html
 
+Testing
+=======
+
+During development, we recommend using tox_ to run nibabel tests::
+
+    git clone https://github.com/nipy/nibabel.git
+    cd nibabel
+    tox
+
+To test an installed version of nibabel, install the test dependencies
+and run pytest_::
+
+    pip install nibabel[test]
+    pytest --pyargs nibabel
+
+For more inforation, consult the `developer guidelines`_.
+
+.. _tox: https://tox.wiki
+.. _pytest: https://docs.pytest.org
+.. _developer guidelines: https://nipy.org/nibabel/devel/devguide.html
+
 Mailing List
 ============
 
diff --git a/nibabel/minc2.py b/nibabel/minc2.py
index d02eb6cefc..3096ef9499 100644
--- a/nibabel/minc2.py
+++ b/nibabel/minc2.py
@@ -26,6 +26,7 @@
     mincstats my_funny.mnc
 """
 import warnings
+
 import numpy as np
 
 from .minc1 import Minc1File, Minc1Image, MincError, MincHeader
diff --git a/nibabel/tests/test_ecat.py b/nibabel/tests/test_ecat.py
index c8de98c2d1..6a076cbc38 100644
--- a/nibabel/tests/test_ecat.py
+++ b/nibabel/tests/test_ecat.py
@@ -8,8 +8,8 @@
 ### ### ### ### ### ### ### ### ### ### ### ### ### ### ### ### ### ### ### ##
 
 import os
-import pathlib
 import warnings
+from pathlib import Path
 from unittest import TestCase
 
 import numpy as np
@@ -184,8 +184,8 @@ class TestEcatImage(TestCase):
     img = image_class.load(example_file)
 
     def test_file(self):
-        assert pathlib.Path(self.img.file_map['header'].filename) == pathlib.Path(self.example_file)
-        assert pathlib.Path(self.img.file_map['image'].filename) == pathlib.Path(self.example_file)
+        assert Path(self.img.file_map['header'].filename) == Path(self.example_file)
+        assert Path(self.img.file_map['image'].filename) == Path(self.example_file)
 
     def test_save(self):
         tmp_file = 'tinypet_tmp.v'
diff --git a/nibabel/tests/test_filename_parser.py b/nibabel/tests/test_filename_parser.py
index 736994e0da..5d352f72dd 100644
--- a/nibabel/tests/test_filename_parser.py
+++ b/nibabel/tests/test_filename_parser.py
@@ -11,7 +11,13 @@
 
 import pytest
 
-from ..filename_parser import TypesFilenamesError, parse_filename, splitext_addext, types_filenames, _stringify_path
+from ..filename_parser import (
+    TypesFilenamesError,
+    _stringify_path,
+    parse_filename,
+    splitext_addext,
+    types_filenames,
+)
 
 
 def test_filenames():
diff --git a/pyproject.toml b/pyproject.toml
index d399ca7d68..beb81fb0d4 100644
--- a/pyproject.toml
+++ b/pyproject.toml
@@ -49,39 +49,34 @@ nib-roi = "nibabel.cmdline.roi:main"
 parrec2nii = "nibabel.cmdline.parrec2nii:main"
 
 [project.optional-dependencies]
-all = ["nibabel[dicomfs,dev,doc,minc2,spm,style,test,zstd]"]
-dev = ["gitpython", "twine", "nibabel[style]"]
+all = ["nibabel[dicomfs,minc2,spm,zstd]"]
+# Features
 dicom = ["pydicom >=1.0.0"]
 dicomfs = ["nibabel[dicom]", "pillow"]
+minc2 = ["h5py"]
+spm = ["scipy"]
+zstd = ["pyzstd >= 0.14.3"]
+# For doc and test, make easy to use outside of tox
+# tox should use these with extras instead of duplicating
 doc = [
-  "matplotlib >= 1.5.3",
+  "sphinx",
+  "matplotlib>=1.5.3",
   "numpydoc",
-  "sphinx ~= 5.3",
   "texext",
-  "tomli; python_version < \"3.11\"",
+  "tomli; python_version < '3.11'",
 ]
-doctest = ["nibabel[doc,test]"]
-minc2 = ["h5py"]
-spm = ["scipy"]
-style = ["flake8", "blue", "isort"]
 test = [
-  "coverage",
-  "pytest !=5.3.4",
-  "pytest-cov",
+  "pytest",
   "pytest-doctestplus",
+  "pytest-cov",
   "pytest-httpserver",
   "pytest-xdist",
 ]
-typing = [
-  "mypy",
-  "importlib_resources",
-  "pydicom",
-  "pytest",
-  "pyzstd",
-  "types-setuptools",
-  "types-Pillow",
-]
-zstd = ["pyzstd >= 0.14.3"]
+# Remaining: Simpler to centralize in tox
+dev = ["tox"]
+doctest = ["tox"]
+style = ["tox"]
+typing = ["tox"]
 
 [tool.hatch.build.targets.sdist]
 exclude = [
@@ -99,10 +94,19 @@ exclude = [
 
 [tool.hatch.version]
 source = "vcs"
+tag-pattern = '(?P<version>\d+(?:\.\d+){0,2}[^+]*)(?:\+.*)?$'
 raw-options = { version_scheme = "release-branch-semver" }
 
 [tool.hatch.build.hooks.vcs]
 version-file = "nibabel/_version.py"
+# Old default setuptools_scm template; hatch-vcs currently causes
+# a noisy warning if template is missing.
+template = '''
+# file generated by setuptools_scm
+# don't change, don't track in version control
+__version__ = version = {version!r}
+__version_tuple__ = version_tuple = {version_tuple!r}
+'''
 
 [tool.blue]
 line_length = 99
diff --git a/tools/ci/activate.sh b/tools/ci/activate.sh
deleted file mode 100644
index 567e13a67b..0000000000
--- a/tools/ci/activate.sh
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,9 +0,0 @@
-if [ -e virtenv/bin/activate ]; then
-    source virtenv/bin/activate
-elif [ -e virtenv/Scripts/activate ]; then
-    source virtenv/Scripts/activate
-else
-    echo Cannot activate virtual environment
-    ls -R virtenv
-    false
-fi
diff --git a/tools/ci/build_archive.sh b/tools/ci/build_archive.sh
deleted file mode 100755
index 3c25012e1b..0000000000
--- a/tools/ci/build_archive.sh
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,31 +0,0 @@
-#!/bin/bash
-
-echo "Building archive"
-
-source tools/ci/activate.sh
-
-set -eu
-
-# Required dependencies
-echo "INSTALL_TYPE = $INSTALL_TYPE"
-
-set -x
-
-if [ "$INSTALL_TYPE" = "sdist" -o "$INSTALL_TYPE" = "wheel" ]; then
-    python -m build
-elif [ "$INSTALL_TYPE" = "archive" ]; then
-    ARCHIVE="/tmp/package.tar.gz"
-    git archive -o $ARCHIVE HEAD
-fi
-
-if [ "$INSTALL_TYPE" = "sdist" ]; then
-    ARCHIVE=$( ls $PWD/dist/*.tar.gz )
-elif [ "$INSTALL_TYPE" = "wheel" ]; then
-    ARCHIVE=$( ls $PWD/dist/*.whl )
-elif [ "$INSTALL_TYPE" = "pip" ]; then
-    ARCHIVE="$PWD"
-fi
-
-export ARCHIVE
-
-set +eux
diff --git a/tools/ci/check.sh b/tools/ci/check.sh
deleted file mode 100755
index cd90650722..0000000000
--- a/tools/ci/check.sh
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,36 +0,0 @@
-#!/bin/bash
-
-echo Running tests
-
-source tools/ci/activate.sh
-
-set -eu
-
-# Required variables
-echo CHECK_TYPE = $CHECK_TYPE
-
-set -x
-
-export NIBABEL_DATA_DIR="$PWD/nibabel-data"
-
-if [ "${CHECK_TYPE}" == "style" ]; then
-    # Run styles only on core nibabel code.
-    flake8 nibabel
-elif [ "${CHECK_TYPE}" == "doctest" ]; then
-    make -C doc html && make -C doc doctest
-elif [ "${CHECK_TYPE}" == "test" ]; then
-    # Change into an innocuous directory and find tests from installation
-    mkdir for_testing
-    cd for_testing
-    cp ../.coveragerc .
-    pytest --doctest-modules --doctest-plus --cov nibabel --cov-report xml:../cov.xml \
-        --junitxml=test-results.xml -v --pyargs nibabel -n auto
-elif [ "${CHECK_TYPE}" == "typing" ]; then
-    mypy nibabel
-else
-    false
-fi
-
-set +eux
-
-echo Done running tests
diff --git a/tools/ci/create_venv.sh b/tools/ci/create_venv.sh
deleted file mode 100755
index 7a28767396..0000000000
--- a/tools/ci/create_venv.sh
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,24 +0,0 @@
-#!/bin/bash
-
-echo Creating isolated virtual environment
-
-source tools/ci/env.sh
-
-set -eu
-
-# Required variables
-echo SETUP_REQUIRES = $SETUP_REQUIRES
-
-set -x
-
-python -m pip install --upgrade pip virtualenv
-virtualenv --python=python virtenv
-source tools/ci/activate.sh
-python --version
-python -m pip install -U $SETUP_REQUIRES
-which python
-which pip
-
-set +eux
-
-echo Done creating isolated virtual environment
diff --git a/tools/ci/env.sh b/tools/ci/env.sh
deleted file mode 100644
index dd29443126..0000000000
--- a/tools/ci/env.sh
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,17 +0,0 @@
-SETUP_REQUIRES="pip build"
-
-# Minimum requirements
-REQUIREMENTS="-r requirements.txt"
-# Minimum versions of minimum requirements
-MIN_REQUIREMENTS="-r min-requirements.txt"
-
-DEFAULT_OPT_DEPENDS="scipy matplotlib pillow pydicom h5py indexed_gzip pyzstd"
-# pydicom has skipped some important pre-releases, so enable a check against master
-PYDICOM_MASTER="git+https://github.com/pydicom/pydicom.git@master"
-# Minimum versions of optional requirements
-MIN_OPT_DEPENDS="matplotlib==1.5.3 pydicom==1.0.1 pillow==2.6"
-
-# Numpy and scipy upload nightly/weekly/intermittent wheels
-NIGHTLY_WHEELS="https://pypi.anaconda.org/scipy-wheels-nightly/simple"
-STAGING_WHEELS="https://pypi.anaconda.org/multibuild-wheels-staging/simple"
-PRE_PIP_FLAGS="--pre --extra-index-url $NIGHTLY_WHEELS --extra-index-url $STAGING_WHEELS"
diff --git a/tools/ci/install.sh b/tools/ci/install.sh
deleted file mode 100755
index c0c3b23e67..0000000000
--- a/tools/ci/install.sh
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,39 +0,0 @@
-#!/bin/bash
-
-echo Installing nibabel
-
-source tools/ci/activate.sh
-source tools/ci/env.sh
-
-set -eu
-
-# Required variables
-echo INSTALL_TYPE = $INSTALL_TYPE
-echo CHECK_TYPE = $CHECK_TYPE
-echo EXTRA_PIP_FLAGS = $EXTRA_PIP_FLAGS
-
-set -x
-
-if [ -n "$EXTRA_PIP_FLAGS" ]; then
-    EXTRA_PIP_FLAGS=${!EXTRA_PIP_FLAGS}
-fi
-
-(
-  # Ensure installation does not depend on being in source tree
-  mkdir ../unversioned_install_dir
-  cd ../unversioned_install_dir
-  pip install $EXTRA_PIP_FLAGS $ARCHIVE
-
-  # Basic import check
-  python -c 'import nibabel; print(nibabel.__version__)'
-)
-
-if [ "$CHECK_TYPE" == "skiptests" ]; then
-    exit 0
-fi
-
-pip install $EXTRA_PIP_FLAGS "nibabel[$CHECK_TYPE]"
-
-set +eux
-
-echo Done installing nibabel
diff --git a/tools/ci/install_dependencies.sh b/tools/ci/install_dependencies.sh
deleted file mode 100755
index 2ea4a524e8..0000000000
--- a/tools/ci/install_dependencies.sh
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,32 +0,0 @@
-#!/bin/bash
-
-echo Installing dependencies
-
-source tools/ci/activate.sh
-source tools/ci/env.sh
-
-set -eu
-
-# Required variables
-echo EXTRA_PIP_FLAGS = $EXTRA_PIP_FLAGS
-echo DEPENDS = $DEPENDS
-echo OPTIONAL_DEPENDS = $OPTIONAL_DEPENDS
-
-set -x
-
-if [ -n "$EXTRA_PIP_FLAGS" ]; then
-    EXTRA_PIP_FLAGS=${!EXTRA_PIP_FLAGS}
-fi
-
-if [ -n "$DEPENDS" ]; then
-    pip install ${EXTRA_PIP_FLAGS} --only-binary :all: ${!DEPENDS}
-    if [ -n "$OPTIONAL_DEPENDS" ]; then
-        for DEP in ${!OPTIONAL_DEPENDS}; do
-            pip install ${EXTRA_PIP_FLAGS} --only-binary :all: $DEP || true
-	done
-    fi
-fi
-
-set +eux
-
-echo Done installing dependencies
diff --git a/tox.ini b/tox.ini
index a0002e12b6..dd8e1650b9 100644
--- a/tox.ini
+++ b/tox.ini
@@ -1,20 +1,197 @@
+# This file encodes a lot of our intended support range, as well as some
+# details about dependency availability.
+#
+# The majority of the information is contained in tox.envlist and testenv.deps.
 [tox]
-# From-scratch tox-default-name virtualenvs
-envlist = py25,py26,py27,py32
+requires =
+  tox>=4
+envlist =
+  # No preinstallations
+  py3{8,9,10,11,12}-none
+  # Minimum Python
+  py38-{min,full}
+  # x86 support range
+  py3{9,10,11}-{full,pre}-{x86,x64}
+  py3{9,10,11}-pre-{x86,x64}
+  # x64-only range
+  py312-{full,pre}-x64
+  install
+  doctest
+  style
+  typecheck
+skip_missing_interpreters = true
+
+# Configuration that allows us to split tests across GitHub runners effectively
+[gh-actions]
+python =
+  3.8: py38
+  3.9: py39
+  3.10: py310
+  3.11: py311
+  3.12: py312
+
+[gh-actions:env]
+DEPENDS =
+  none: none, install
+  pre: pre
+  full: full, install
+  min: min
+
+ARCH =
+  x64: x64
+  x86: x86
+
 [testenv]
+description = Pytest with coverage
+labels = test
+install_command =
+  python -I -m pip install -v \
+  x64: --only-binary numpy,scipy,h5py,pillow \
+  x86: --only-binary numpy,scipy,h5py,pillow,matplotlib \
+  pre: --extra-index-url https://pypi.anaconda.org/scientific-python-nightly-wheels/simple \
+    {opts} {packages}
+pip_pre =
+  pre: true
+pass_env =
+  # getpass.getuser() sources for Windows:
+  LOGNAME
+  USER
+  LNAME
+  USERNAME
+  # Environment variables we check for
+  NIPY_EXTRA_TESTS
+extras = test
 deps =
-    nose
-    numpy
-commands=nosetests --with-doctest
-# MBs virtualenvs; numpy, nose already installed.  Run these with:
-# tox -e python25,python26,python27,python32,np-1.2.1
-[testenv:python25]
+  # NEP29/SPEC0 + 1yr: Test on minor release series within the last 3 years
+  # We're extending this to all optional dependencies
+  # This only affects the range that we test on; numpy is the only non-optional
+  # dependency, and will be the only one to affect pip environment resolution.
+  min: numpy ==1.20
+  min: packaging ==17
+  min: importlib_resources ==1.3; python_version < '3.9'
+  min: scipy ==1.6
+  min: matplotlib ==3.4
+  min: h5py ==2.10
+  min: pillow ==8.1
+  min: indexed_gzip ==1.4
+  min: pyzstd ==0.14.3
+  # Numpy 2.0 is a major breaking release; we cannot put much effort into
+  # supporting until it's at least RC stable
+  pre: numpy <2.0.dev0
+  # Scipy stopped producing win32 wheels at py310
+  py3{8,9}-full-x86,x64: scipy >=1.6
+  # Matplotlib depends on scipy, so cannot be built for py310 on x86
+  py3{8,9}-full-x86,x64: matplotlib >=3.4
+  # h5py stopped producing win32 wheels at py39
+  py38-full-x86,x64: h5py >=2.10
+  full,pre: pillow >=8.1
+  # indexed_gzip missing py312 wheels
+  py3{8,9,10,11}-{full,pre}: indexed_gzip >=1.4
+  full,pre: pyzstd >=0.14.3
+  min: pydicom ==2.1
+  full,pre: pydicom >=2.1
+  # pydicom master seems to be breaking things
+  # pre: pydicom @ git+https://github.com/pydicom/pydicom.git@main
+
+commands =
+  pytest --doctest-modules --doctest-plus \
+    --cov nibabel --cov-report xml:cov.xml \
+    --junitxml test-results.xml \
+    --pyargs nibabel {posargs:-n auto}
+
+[testenv:install]
+description = Install and verify import succeeds
+labels = test
 deps =
-[testenv:python26]
+extras =
+install_command = python -I -m pip install {opts} {packages}
+commands =
+  python -c "import nibabel; print(nibabel.__version__)"
+
+[testenv:docs]
+description = Build documentation site
+labels = docs
+allowlist_externals = make
+extras = doc
+commands =
+  make -C doc html
+
+[testenv:doctest]
+description = Run doctests in documentation site
+labels = docs
+allowlist_externals = make
+extras =
+  doc
+  test
+commands =
+  make -C doc doctest
+
+[testenv:style]
+description = Check our style guide
+labels = check
 deps =
-[testenv:python27]
+  flake8
+  blue
+  isort[colors]
+skip_install = true
+commands =
+  blue --diff --color nibabel
+  isort --diff --color nibabel
+  flake8 nibabel
+
+[testenv:style-fix]
+description = Auto-apply style guide to the extent possible
+labels = pre-release
 deps =
-[testenv:python32]
+  blue
+  isort[colors]
+skip_install = true
+commands =
+  blue nibabel
+  isort nibabel
+
+[testenv:typecheck]
+description = Check type consistency
+labels = check
 deps =
-[testenv:np-1.2.1]
+  mypy
+  pytest
+  types-setuptools
+  types-Pillow
+  pydicom
+  numpy
+  pyzstd
+  importlib_resources
+skip_install = true
+commands =
+  mypy nibabel
+
+[testenv:build{,-strict}]
+labels =
+  check
+  pre-release
 deps =
+  build
+  twine
+skip_install = true
+set_env =
+  build-strict: PYTHONWARNINGS=error
+commands =
+  python -m build
+  python -m twine check dist/*
+
+[testenv:publish]
+depends = build
+labels = release
+deps =
+  twine
+skip_install = true
+commands =
+  python -m twine upload dist/*
+
+[testenv:zenodo]
+deps = gitpython
+labels = pre-release
+skip_install = true
+commands =
+  python tools/prep_zenodo.py