diff --git a/src/module_wrap.cc b/src/module_wrap.cc
index 6f8c9d10955b88..8be6dbd1d0262c 100644
--- a/src/module_wrap.cc
+++ b/src/module_wrap.cc
@@ -663,6 +663,22 @@ void ModuleWrap::EvaluateSync(const FunctionCallbackInfo<Value>& args) {
   CHECK(result->IsPromise());
   Local<Promise> promise = result.As<Promise>();
   if (promise->State() == Promise::PromiseState::kRejected) {
+    // The rejected promise is created by V8, so we don't get a chance to mark
+    // it as resolved before the rejection happens from evaluation. But we can
+    // tell the promise rejection callback to treat it as a promise rejected
+    // before handler was added which would remove it from the unhandled
+    // rejection handling, since we are converting it into an error and throw
+    // from here directly.
+    Local<Value> type = v8::Integer::New(
+        isolate,
+        static_cast<int32_t>(
+            v8::PromiseRejectEvent::kPromiseHandlerAddedAfterReject));
+    Local<Value> args[] = {type, promise, Undefined(isolate)};
+    if (env->promise_reject_callback()
+            ->Call(context, Undefined(isolate), arraysize(args), args)
+            .IsEmpty()) {
+      return;
+    }
     Local<Value> exception = promise->Result();
     Local<v8::Message> message =
         v8::Exception::CreateMessage(isolate, exception);
diff --git a/test/es-module/test-require-module-error-catching.js b/test/es-module/test-require-module-error-catching.js
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000000..c314513d9bbf04
--- /dev/null
+++ b/test/es-module/test-require-module-error-catching.js
@@ -0,0 +1,21 @@
+// This tests synchronous errors in ESM from require(esm) can be caught.
+
+'use strict';
+
+require('../common');
+const assert = require('assert');
+
+// Runtime errors from throw should be caught.
+assert.throws(() => {
+  require('../fixtures/es-modules/runtime-error-esm.js');
+}, {
+  message: 'hello'
+});
+
+// References errors should be caught too.
+assert.throws(() => {
+  require('../fixtures/es-modules/reference-error-esm.js');
+}, {
+  name: 'ReferenceError',
+  message: 'exports is not defined'
+});
diff --git a/test/es-module/test-require-module-synchronous-rejection-handling.js b/test/es-module/test-require-module-synchronous-rejection-handling.js
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000000..76a25e742bb900
--- /dev/null
+++ b/test/es-module/test-require-module-synchronous-rejection-handling.js
@@ -0,0 +1,13 @@
+// This synchronous rejections from require(esm) still go to the unhandled rejection
+// handler.
+
+'use strict';
+
+const common = require('../common');
+const assert = require('assert');
+
+process.on('unhandledRejection', common.mustCall((reason, promise) => {
+  assert.strictEqual(reason, 'reject!');
+}));
+
+require('../fixtures/es-modules/synchronous-rejection-esm.js');
diff --git a/test/fixtures/es-modules/reference-error-esm.js b/test/fixtures/es-modules/reference-error-esm.js
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000000..baf773c78970ad
--- /dev/null
+++ b/test/fixtures/es-modules/reference-error-esm.js
@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+// This module is invalid in both ESM and CJS, because
+// 'exports' are not defined in ESM, while require cannot be
+// redeclared in CJS.
+Object.defineProperty(exports, "__esModule", { value: true });
+const require = () => {};
diff --git a/test/fixtures/es-modules/runtime-error-esm.js b/test/fixtures/es-modules/runtime-error-esm.js
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000000..1df3cc469adbfc
--- /dev/null
+++ b/test/fixtures/es-modules/runtime-error-esm.js
@@ -0,0 +1,2 @@
+import 'node:fs';  // Forces it to be recognized as ESM.
+throw new Error('hello');
diff --git a/test/fixtures/es-modules/synchronous-rejection-esm.js b/test/fixtures/es-modules/synchronous-rejection-esm.js
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000000..34d066037e2140
--- /dev/null
+++ b/test/fixtures/es-modules/synchronous-rejection-esm.js
@@ -0,0 +1,2 @@
+import 'node:fs';  // Forces it to be recognized as ESM.
+Promise.reject('reject!');