diff --git a/doc/source/whatsnew/v2.1.0.rst b/doc/source/whatsnew/v2.1.0.rst
index 85ac166509b7f..f2baa33b7cfc4 100644
--- a/doc/source/whatsnew/v2.1.0.rst
+++ b/doc/source/whatsnew/v2.1.0.rst
@@ -337,6 +337,8 @@ Period
 - Bug in :meth:`arrays.PeriodArray.map` and :meth:`PeriodIndex.map`, where the supplied callable operated array-wise instead of element-wise (:issue:`51977`)
 - Bug in :func:`read_csv` not processing empty strings as a null value, with ``engine="pyarrow"`` (:issue:`52087`)
 - Bug in :func:`read_csv` returning ``object`` dtype columns instead of ``float64`` dtype columns with ``engine="pyarrow"`` for columns that are all null with ``engine="pyarrow"`` (:issue:`52087`)
+- Bug in incorrectly allowing construction of :class:`Period` or :class:`PeriodDtype` with :class:`CustomBusinessDay` freq; use :class:`BusinessDay` instead (:issue:`52534`)
+-
 
 Plotting
 ^^^^^^^^
diff --git a/pandas/_libs/tslibs/offsets.pyx b/pandas/_libs/tslibs/offsets.pyx
index 034b5456ce4d8..8bbaafa536457 100644
--- a/pandas/_libs/tslibs/offsets.pyx
+++ b/pandas/_libs/tslibs/offsets.pyx
@@ -3778,6 +3778,13 @@ cdef class CustomBusinessDay(BusinessDay):
         ["n", "normalize", "weekmask", "holidays", "calendar", "offset"]
     )
 
+    @property
+    def _period_dtype_code(self):
+        # GH#52534
+        raise TypeError(
+            "CustomBusinessDay cannot be used with Period or PeriodDtype"
+        )
+
     _apply_array = BaseOffset._apply_array
 
     def __init__(
diff --git a/pandas/tests/dtypes/test_dtypes.py b/pandas/tests/dtypes/test_dtypes.py
index 2d353bab3ebe8..32ab5abed6f50 100644
--- a/pandas/tests/dtypes/test_dtypes.py
+++ b/pandas/tests/dtypes/test_dtypes.py
@@ -438,6 +438,14 @@ def test_construction(self):
             assert dt.freq == pd.tseries.offsets.Hour(26)
             assert is_period_dtype(dt)
 
+    def test_cannot_use_custom_businessday(self):
+        # GH#52534
+        msg = "CustomBusinessDay cannot be used with Period or PeriodDtype"
+        with pytest.raises(TypeError, match=msg):
+            PeriodDtype("C")
+        with pytest.raises(TypeError, match=msg):
+            PeriodDtype(pd.offsets.CustomBusinessDay())
+
     def test_subclass(self):
         a = PeriodDtype("period[D]")
         b = PeriodDtype("period[3D]")
diff --git a/pandas/tests/scalar/period/test_period.py b/pandas/tests/scalar/period/test_period.py
index b8a0a8068ba31..a17079d0e76cb 100644
--- a/pandas/tests/scalar/period/test_period.py
+++ b/pandas/tests/scalar/period/test_period.py
@@ -34,6 +34,14 @@
 
 
 class TestPeriodConstruction:
+    def test_custom_business_day_freq_raises(self):
+        # GH#52534
+        msg = "CustomBusinessDay cannot be used with Period or PeriodDtype"
+        with pytest.raises(TypeError, match=msg):
+            Period("2023-04-10", freq="C")
+        with pytest.raises(TypeError, match=msg):
+            Period("2023-04-10", freq=offsets.CustomBusinessDay())
+
     def test_from_td64nat_raises(self):
         # GH#44507
         td = NaT.to_numpy("m8[ns]")
diff --git a/pandas/tseries/frequencies.py b/pandas/tseries/frequencies.py
index 4ac7f4c8d0a77..f269aaa5db719 100644
--- a/pandas/tseries/frequencies.py
+++ b/pandas/tseries/frequencies.py
@@ -67,7 +67,6 @@
     "BAS": "A",
     "MS": "M",
     "D": "D",
-    "C": "C",
     "B": "B",
     "T": "T",
     "S": "S",