diff --git a/pandas/io/parsers/readers.py b/pandas/io/parsers/readers.py
index b234a6b78e051..3bdfab8d2e669 100644
--- a/pandas/io/parsers/readers.py
+++ b/pandas/io/parsers/readers.py
@@ -11,6 +11,7 @@
     defaultdict,
 )
 import csv
+from io import TextIOBase
 import sys
 from textwrap import fill
 from typing import (
@@ -655,6 +656,14 @@ def _read(
     else:
         chunksize = validate_integer("chunksize", chunksize, 1)
 
+    encoding = kwds.get("encoding")
+    if (
+        encoding
+        and isinstance(filepath_or_buffer, TextIOBase)
+        and filepath_or_buffer.encoding != encoding
+    ):
+        raise ValueError("File's encoding does not match with given encoding")
+
     nrows = kwds.get("nrows", None)
 
     # Check for duplicates in names.
diff --git a/pandas/tests/io/parser/common/test_read_errors.py b/pandas/tests/io/parser/common/test_read_errors.py
index 0827f64dccf46..39ed55930138f 100644
--- a/pandas/tests/io/parser/common/test_read_errors.py
+++ b/pandas/tests/io/parser/common/test_read_errors.py
@@ -8,6 +8,7 @@
 from io import StringIO
 import os
 from pathlib import Path
+import uuid
 
 import numpy as np
 import pytest
@@ -322,3 +323,25 @@ def test_on_bad_lines_warn_correct_formatting(all_parsers):
     ):
         result = parser.read_csv(StringIO(data), on_bad_lines="warn")
     tm.assert_frame_equal(result, expected)
+
+
+def test_filetype_encoding_miss_match_with_given_encoding(all_parsers):
+    # GH#57954
+
+    data = """
+A,B
+Ü,Ä
+"""
+    parser = all_parsers
+    path = f"__{uuid.uuid4()}__.csv"
+
+    with tm.ensure_clean(path) as path:
+        bytes_data = data.encode("latin1")
+
+        with open(path, "wb") as f:
+            f.write(bytes_data)
+        msg = "File's encoding does not match with given encoding"
+        err = ValueError
+        with pytest.raises(err, match=msg):
+            with open(path) as f:
+                parser.read_csv(f, encoding="latin1", on_bad_lines="warn")