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README.html
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<!DOCTYPE html>
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<meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0, user-scalable=yes" />
<title>README</title>
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<body>
<h1 id="advanced-biological-statistics-part-ii-winter-2018">Advanced Biological Statistics, Part II: Winter 2018</h1>
<p>You probably want to look at these pages on <a href="https://petrelharp.github.io/bio_610B/">github pages</a>, <strong>not</strong> by browsing the files above. Quick links:</p>
<ul>
<li><a href="https://petrelharp.github.io/bio_610B/syllabus.html">course syllabus</a></li>
<li><a href="https://petrelharp.github.io/bio_610B/schedule.html">schedule</a>, including links to slides and homeworks.</li>
</ul>
<h2 id="useful-references-and-links">Useful references and links</h2>
<h3 id="stan">Stan</h3>
<ul>
<li><p><a href="https://github.com/stan-dev/example-models">Example models in Stan</a>: each contains a Stan program, code for simulating data, real data, and model output and diagnostics</p></li>
<li><p>Vignette on <a href="https://cran.r-project.org/web/packages/rstan/vignettes/stanfit-objects.html">stanfit objects</a></p></li>
<li><p>Brief guide to <a href="http://mc-stan.org/misc/warnings">Stan’s warnings</a></p></li>
</ul>
<h3 id="tidyverse">tidyverse</h3>
<ul>
<li><a href="http://ggplot2.tidyverse.org/reference/">ggplot2 quick reference</a></li>
</ul>
<h3 id="miscellanea">Miscellanea</h3>
<ul>
<li>How to <a href="https://stackoverflow.com/questions/19226816/how-can-i-view-the-source-code-for-a-function/19226817#19226817">print the source code</a> for functions that don’t show it to you when you type their names. (tldr; <code>showMethods(fun); getMethod(fun, c(x='class1', y='class2'))</code>)</li>
</ul>
<h3 id="rstudio">Rstudio</h3>
<ul>
<li>Strongly recommended global configuration: <img src="data:image/png;base64,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" alt="Never save or restore .RData" /></li>
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