table/tables: fix an error message when table has no partition for value (#14099)

[sre-bot]

cherry-pick #14099 to release-3.0

---

What problem does this PR solve?

mysql> CREATE TABLE t_month_data_monitor (
    ->         id int(20) NOT NULL AUTO_INCREMENT,
    ->         data_date date NOT NULL,
    ->         PRIMARY KEY (id, data_date)
    -> ) PARTITION BY RANGE COLUMNS(data_date) (
    ->         PARTITION p20190401 VALUES LESS THAN ('2019-04-02'),
    ->         PARTITION p20190402 VALUES LESS THAN ('2019-04-03')
    -> )
    -> ;
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.00 sec)

mysql> INSERT INTO t_month_data_monitor VALUES (4, '2019-04-04');
ERROR 1064 (42000): You have an error in your SQL syntax; check the manual that corresponds to your TiDB version for the right syntax to use line 1 column 7 near ""

The error should be

mysql> INSERT INTO t_month_data_monitor VALUES (4, '2019-08-04');
ERROR 1526 (HY000): Table has no partition for value from column_list

What is changed and how it works?

We evaluate the argument value for table has no partition for value %s, and that step failed with en error. That error is returned mistakenly as the final error message:

[parser:1064]You have an error in your SQL syntax; check the manual that corresponds to your TiDB version for the right syntax to use line 1 column 7 near "" 
github.com/pingcap/errors.AddStack
	/media/genius/OS/project/pkg/mod/github.com/pingcap/errors@v0.11.4/errors.go:174
github.com/pingcap/parser/terror.(*Error).GenWithStackByArgs
	/media/genius/OS/project/pkg/mod/github.com/pingcap/parser@v0.0.0-20191120072812-9dc33a611210/terror/terror.go:238
github.com/pingcap/tidb/util.SyntaxError
	/media/genius/OS/project/src/github.com/pingcap/tidb/util/misc.go:124
github.com/pingcap/tidb/expression.ParseSimpleExprWithTableInfo
	/media/genius/OS/project/src/github.com/pingcap/tidb/expression/simple_rewriter.go:49
github.com/pingcap/tidb/table/tables.(*partitionedTable).locateRangePartition
	/media/genius/OS/project/src/github.com/pingcap/tidb/table/tables/partition.go:296
github.com/pingcap/tidb/table/tables.(*partitionedTable).locatePartition
	/media/genius/OS/project/src/github.com/pingcap/tidb/table/tables/partition.go:261
github.com/pingcap/tidb/table/tables.(*partitionedTable).AddRecord
	/media/genius/OS/project/src/github.com/pingcap/tidb/table/tables/partition.go:348
github.com/pingcap/tidb/executor.(*InsertValues).addRecord
	/media/genius/OS/project/src/github.com/pingcap/tidb/executor/insert_common.go:786
github.com/pingcap/tidb/executor.(*InsertExec).exec
	/media/genius/OS/project/src/github.com/pingcap/tidb/executor/insert.go:79
github.com/pingcap/tidb/executor.(*InsertValues).insertRows
	/media/genius/OS/project/src/github.com/pingcap/tidb/executor/insert_common.go:223
github.com/pingcap/tidb/executor.(*InsertExec).Next
	/media/genius/OS/project/src/github.com/pingcap/tidb/executor/insert.go:242
github.com/pingcap/tidb/executor.Next
	/media/genius/OS/project/src/github.com/pingcap/tidb/executor/executor.go:192
github.com/pingcap/tidb/executor.(*ExecStmt).handleNoDelayExecutor
	/media/genius/OS/project/src/github.com/pingcap/tidb/executor/adapter.go:431
github.com/pingcap/tidb/executor.(*ExecStmt).Exec
	/media/genius/OS/project/src/github.com/pingcap/tidb/executor/adapter.go:295
github.com/pingcap/tidb/session.runStmt
	/media/genius/OS/project/src/github.com/pingcap/tidb/session/tidb.go:249
github.com/pingcap/tidb/session.(*session).executeStatement

Extract value from pi.Expr as possible as we can, but don't use it when an error happens.

Check List

Tests

• Unit test
• Manual test (add detailed scripts or steps below)

[sre-bot]

/run-all-tests

[jackysp]

LGTM

[lysu]

LGTM