From 9e7d9019b64c9101b3788294f922fef0f389c975 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Henry Schreiner <henryschreineriii@gmail.com>
Date: Mon, 27 May 2024 00:36:47 -0400
Subject: [PATCH 01/14] feat: support uv

Signed-off-by: Henry Schreiner <henryschreineriii@gmail.com>
---
 .github/workflows/test.yml                    |   9 +-
 .pre-commit-config.yaml                       |   1 +
 cibuildwheel/linux.py                         |  55 +++++---
 cibuildwheel/macos.py                         | 122 +++++++++++------
 cibuildwheel/pyodide.py                       |   2 +-
 .../resources/constraints-python310.txt       |   2 +
 .../resources/constraints-python311.txt       |   2 +
 .../resources/constraints-python312.txt       |   2 +
 .../resources/constraints-python313.txt       |   2 +
 .../resources/constraints-python38.txt        |   2 +
 .../resources/constraints-python39.txt        |   2 +
 cibuildwheel/resources/constraints.in         |   1 +
 cibuildwheel/resources/constraints.txt        |   2 +
 cibuildwheel/util.py                          | 123 +++++++++++-------
 cibuildwheel/windows.py                       | 105 ++++++++++-----
 pyproject.toml                                |   1 +
 16 files changed, 295 insertions(+), 138 deletions(-)

diff --git a/.github/workflows/test.yml b/.github/workflows/test.yml
index 196ebd7aa..b7c501cab 100644
--- a/.github/workflows/test.yml
+++ b/.github/workflows/test.yml
@@ -15,6 +15,9 @@ concurrency:
   group: test-${{ github.ref }}
   cancel-in-progress: true
 
+env:
+  CIBW_BUILD_FRONTEND: "build[uv]"
+
 jobs:
   lint:
     name: Linters (mypy, flake8, etc.)
@@ -49,6 +52,8 @@ jobs:
       with:
         python-version: ${{ matrix.python_version }}
 
+    - uses: yezz123/setup-uv@v4
+
     # Install podman on this CI instance for podman tests on linux
     # Snippet from: https://github.com/redhat-actions/podman-login/blob/main/.github/workflows/example.yml
     - name: Install latest podman
@@ -69,7 +74,7 @@ jobs:
 
     - name: Install dependencies
       run: |
-        python -m pip install ".[test]"
+        uv pip install --system ".[test]"
 
     - name: Generate a sample project
       run: |
@@ -159,7 +164,7 @@ jobs:
       with:
         python-version: "3.x"
     - name: Install dependencies
-      run: python -m pip install ".[test]"
+      run: python -m pip install ".[test,uv]"
 
     - name: Set up QEMU
       id: qemu
diff --git a/.pre-commit-config.yaml b/.pre-commit-config.yaml
index fb3ac4731..38899cef9 100644
--- a/.pre-commit-config.yaml
+++ b/.pre-commit-config.yaml
@@ -40,6 +40,7 @@ repos:
       - types-jinja2
       - types-pyyaml
       - types-requests
+      - uv
       - validate-pyproject
   - id: mypy
     name: mypy 3.12
diff --git a/cibuildwheel/linux.py b/cibuildwheel/linux.py
index c33c0de4f..8e885cbce 100644
--- a/cibuildwheel/linux.py
+++ b/cibuildwheel/linux.py
@@ -196,6 +196,8 @@ def build_in_container(
         log.build_start(config.identifier)
         build_options = options.build_options(config.identifier)
         build_frontend = build_options.build_frontend or BuildFrontendConfig("pip")
+        use_uv = build_frontend.name == "build[uv]" and Version(config.version) >= Version("3.8")
+        pip = ["uv", "pip"] if use_uv else ["pip"]
 
         dependency_constraint_flags: list[PathOrStr] = []
 
@@ -229,13 +231,22 @@ def build_in_container(
             )
             sys.exit(1)
 
-        which_pip = container.call(["which", "pip"], env=env, capture_output=True).strip()
-        if PurePosixPath(which_pip) != python_bin / "pip":
-            print(
-                "cibuildwheel: pip available on PATH doesn't match our installed instance. If you have modified PATH, ensure that you don't overwrite cibuildwheel's entry or insert pip above it.",
-                file=sys.stderr,
-            )
-            sys.exit(1)
+        if use_uv:
+            which_uv = container.call(["which", "uv"], env=env, capture_output=True).strip()
+            if not which_uv:
+                print(
+                    "cibuildwheel: uv not found on PATH. You must use a supported manylinux or musllinux environment with uv.",
+                    file=sys.stderr,
+                )
+                sys.exit(1)
+        else:
+            which_pip = container.call(["which", "pip"], env=env, capture_output=True).strip()
+            if PurePosixPath(which_pip) != python_bin / "pip":
+                print(
+                    "cibuildwheel: pip available on PATH doesn't match our installed instance. If you have modified PATH, ensure that you don't overwrite cibuildwheel's entry or insert pip above it.",
+                    file=sys.stderr,
+                )
+                sys.exit(1)
 
         compatible_wheel = find_compatible_wheel(built_wheels, config.identifier)
         if compatible_wheel:
@@ -279,10 +290,12 @@ def build_in_container(
                     ],
                     env=env,
                 )
-            elif build_frontend.name == "build":
+            elif build_frontend.name == "build" or build_frontend.name == "build[uv]":
                 if not 0 <= build_options.build_verbosity < 2:
                     msg = f"build_verbosity {build_options.build_verbosity} is not supported for build frontend. Ignoring."
                     log.warning(msg)
+                if use_uv:
+                    extra_flags += ["--installer=uv"]
                 container.call(
                     [
                         "python",
@@ -327,26 +340,32 @@ def build_in_container(
 
             # set up a virtual environment to install and test from, to make sure
             # there are no dependencies that were pulled in at build time.
-            container.call(["pip", "install", "virtualenv", *dependency_constraint_flags], env=env)
+            if not use_uv:
+                container.call(
+                    ["pip", "install", "virtualenv", *dependency_constraint_flags], env=env
+                )
 
             testing_temp_dir = PurePosixPath(
                 container.call(["mktemp", "-d"], capture_output=True).strip()
             )
             venv_dir = testing_temp_dir / "venv"
 
-            # Use embedded dependencies from virtualenv to ensure determinism
-            venv_args = ["--no-periodic-update", "--pip=embed"]
-            # In Python<3.12, setuptools & wheel are installed as well
-            if Version(config.version) < Version("3.12"):
-                venv_args.extend(("--setuptools=embed", "--wheel=embed"))
-            container.call(["python", "-m", "virtualenv", *venv_args, venv_dir], env=env)
+            if use_uv:
+                container.call(["uv", "venv", venv_dir], env=env)
+            else:
+                # Use embedded dependencies from virtualenv to ensure determinism
+                venv_args = ["--no-periodic-update", "--pip=embed"]
+                # In Python<3.12, setuptools & wheel are installed as well
+                if Version(config.version) < Version("3.12"):
+                    venv_args.extend(("--setuptools=embed", "--wheel=embed"))
+                container.call(["python", "-m", "virtualenv", *venv_args, venv_dir], env=env)
 
             virtualenv_env = env.copy()
             virtualenv_env["PATH"] = f"{venv_dir / 'bin'}:{virtualenv_env['PATH']}"
             virtualenv_env["VIRTUAL_ENV"] = str(venv_dir)
 
             # TODO remove me once virtualenv provides pip>=24.1b1
-            if config.version == "3.13":
+            if config.version == "3.13" and not use_uv:
                 container.call(["pip", "install", "pip>=24.1b1"], env=virtualenv_env)
 
             if build_options.before_test:
@@ -365,13 +384,13 @@ def build_in_container(
             # Let's just pick the first one.
             wheel_to_test = repaired_wheels[0]
             container.call(
-                ["pip", "install", str(wheel_to_test) + build_options.test_extras],
+                [*pip, "install", str(wheel_to_test) + build_options.test_extras],
                 env=virtualenv_env,
             )
 
             # Install any requirements to run the tests
             if build_options.test_requires:
-                container.call(["pip", "install", *build_options.test_requires], env=virtualenv_env)
+                container.call([*pip, "install", *build_options.test_requires], env=virtualenv_env)
 
             # Run the tests from a different directory
             test_command_prepared = prepare_command(
diff --git a/cibuildwheel/macos.py b/cibuildwheel/macos.py
index 813531b09..f742baac7 100644
--- a/cibuildwheel/macos.py
+++ b/cibuildwheel/macos.py
@@ -33,6 +33,7 @@
     detect_ci_provider,
     download,
     find_compatible_wheel,
+    find_uv,
     get_build_verbosity_extra_flags,
     get_pip_version,
     install_certifi_script,
@@ -168,6 +169,14 @@ def setup_python(
     environment: ParsedEnvironment,
     build_frontend: BuildFrontendName,
 ) -> dict[str, str]:
+    if build_frontend == "build[uv]" and Version(python_configuration.version) < Version("3.8"):
+        build_frontend = "build"
+
+    uv_path = find_uv()
+    use_uv = build_frontend == "build[uv]" and Version(python_configuration.version) >= Version(
+        "3.8"
+    )
+
     tmp.mkdir()
     implementation_id = python_configuration.identifier.split("-")[0]
     log.step(f"Installing Python {implementation_id}...")
@@ -183,7 +192,11 @@ def setup_python(
     log.step("Setting up build environment...")
     venv_path = tmp / "venv"
     env = virtualenv(
-        python_configuration.version, base_python, venv_path, dependency_constraint_flags
+        python_configuration.version,
+        base_python,
+        venv_path,
+        dependency_constraint_flags,
+        use_uv=use_uv,
     )
     venv_bin_path = venv_path / "bin"
     assert venv_bin_path.exists()
@@ -200,32 +213,38 @@ def setup_python(
 
     # upgrade pip to the version matching our constraints
     # if necessary, reinstall it to ensure that it's available on PATH as 'pip'
-    call(
-        "python",
-        "-m",
-        "pip",
-        "install",
-        "--upgrade",
-        "pip",
-        *dependency_constraint_flags,
-        env=env,
-        cwd=venv_path,
-    )
+    if build_frontend == "build[uv]":
+        assert uv_path is not None
+        pip = [str(uv_path), "pip"]
+    else:
+        pip = ["python", "-m", "pip"]
+
+    if not use_uv:
+        call(
+            *pip,
+            "install",
+            "--upgrade",
+            "pip",
+            *dependency_constraint_flags,
+            env=env,
+            cwd=venv_path,
+        )
 
     # Apply our environment after pip is ready
     env = environment.as_dictionary(prev_environment=env)
 
     # check what pip version we're on
-    assert (venv_bin_path / "pip").exists()
-    call("which", "pip", env=env)
-    call("pip", "--version", env=env)
-    which_pip = call("which", "pip", env=env, capture_stdout=True).strip()
-    if which_pip != str(venv_bin_path / "pip"):
-        print(
-            "cibuildwheel: pip available on PATH doesn't match our installed instance. If you have modified PATH, ensure that you don't overwrite cibuildwheel's entry or insert pip above it.",
-            file=sys.stderr,
-        )
-        sys.exit(1)
+    if not use_uv:
+        assert (venv_bin_path / "pip").exists()
+        call("which", "pip", env=env)
+        call("pip", "--version", env=env)
+        which_pip = call("which", "pip", env=env, capture_stdout=True).strip()
+        if which_pip != str(venv_bin_path / "pip"):
+            print(
+                "cibuildwheel: pip available on PATH doesn't match our installed instance. If you have modified PATH, ensure that you don't overwrite cibuildwheel's entry or insert pip above it.",
+                file=sys.stderr,
+            )
+            sys.exit(1)
 
     # check what Python version we're on
     call("which", "python", env=env)
@@ -304,6 +323,18 @@ def setup_python(
             *dependency_constraint_flags,
             env=env,
         )
+    elif build_frontend == "build[uv]":
+        assert uv_path is not None
+        call(
+            uv_path,
+            "pip",
+            "install",
+            "--upgrade",
+            "delocate",
+            "build[virtualenv, uv]",
+            *dependency_constraint_flags,
+            env=env,
+        )
     else:
         assert_never(build_frontend)
 
@@ -336,6 +367,14 @@ def build(options: Options, tmp_path: Path) -> None:
         for config in python_configurations:
             build_options = options.build_options(config.identifier)
             build_frontend = build_options.build_frontend or BuildFrontendConfig("pip")
+            use_uv = build_frontend.name == "build[uv]" and Version(config.version) >= Version(
+                "3.8"
+            )
+            uv_path = find_uv()
+            if use_uv and uv_path is None:
+                msg = "uv not found"
+                raise AssertionError(msg)
+            pip = ["pip"] if not use_uv else [str(uv_path), "pip"]
             log.build_start(config.identifier)
 
             identifier_tmp_dir = tmp_path / config.identifier
@@ -360,7 +399,8 @@ def build(options: Options, tmp_path: Path) -> None:
                 build_options.environment,
                 build_frontend.name,
             )
-            pip_version = get_pip_version(env)
+            if not use_uv:
+                pip_version = get_pip_version(env)
 
             compatible_wheel = find_compatible_wheel(built_wheels, config.identifier)
             if compatible_wheel:
@@ -386,14 +426,16 @@ def build(options: Options, tmp_path: Path) -> None:
                 extra_flags += build_frontend.args
 
                 build_env = env.copy()
-                build_env["VIRTUALENV_PIP"] = pip_version
+                if not use_uv:
+                    build_env["VIRTUALENV_PIP"] = pip_version
                 if build_options.dependency_constraints:
                     constraint_path = build_options.dependency_constraints.get_for_python_version(
                         config.version
                     )
-                    user_constraints = build_env.get("PIP_CONSTRAINT")
-                    our_constraints = constraint_path.as_uri()
-                    build_env["PIP_CONSTRAINT"] = " ".join(
+                    pip_constraint = "UV_CONSTRAINT" if use_uv else "PIP_CONSTRAINT"
+                    user_constraints = build_env.get(pip_constraint)
+                    our_constraints = str(constraint_path) if use_uv else constraint_path.as_uri()
+                    build_env[pip_constraint] = " ".join(
                         c for c in [user_constraints, our_constraints] if c
                     )
 
@@ -412,10 +454,12 @@ def build(options: Options, tmp_path: Path) -> None:
                         *extra_flags,
                         env=build_env,
                     )
-                elif build_frontend.name == "build":
+                elif build_frontend.name == "build" or build_frontend.name == "build[uv]":
                     if not 0 <= build_options.build_verbosity < 2:
                         msg = f"build_verbosity {build_options.build_verbosity} is not supported for build frontend. Ignoring."
                         log.warning(msg)
+                    if use_uv:
+                        extra_flags.append("--installer=uv")
                     call(
                         "python",
                         "-m",
@@ -545,7 +589,8 @@ def build(options: Options, tmp_path: Path) -> None:
 
                     # set up a virtual environment to install and test from, to make sure
                     # there are no dependencies that were pulled in at build time.
-                    call("pip", "install", "virtualenv", *dependency_constraint_flags, env=env)
+                    if not use_uv:
+                        call("pip", "install", "virtualenv", *dependency_constraint_flags, env=env)
 
                     venv_dir = identifier_tmp_dir / f"venv-test-{testing_arch}"
 
@@ -562,12 +607,15 @@ def build(options: Options, tmp_path: Path) -> None:
                     call_with_arch = functools.partial(call, *arch_prefix)
                     shell_with_arch = functools.partial(call, *arch_prefix, "/bin/sh", "-c")
 
-                    # Use pip version from the initial env to ensure determinism
-                    venv_args = ["--no-periodic-update", f"--pip={pip_version}"]
-                    # In Python<3.12, setuptools & wheel are installed as well, use virtualenv embedded ones
-                    if Version(config.version) < Version("3.12"):
-                        venv_args.extend(("--setuptools=embed", "--wheel=embed"))
-                    call_with_arch("python", "-m", "virtualenv", *venv_args, venv_dir, env=env)
+                    if use_uv:
+                        call_with_arch("uv", "venv", venv_dir, "--python=python", env=env)
+                    else:
+                        # Use pip version from the initial env to ensure determinism
+                        venv_args = ["--no-periodic-update", f"--pip={pip_version}"]
+                        # In Python<3.12, setuptools & wheel are installed as well, use virtualenv embedded ones
+                        if Version(config.version) < Version("3.12"):
+                            venv_args.extend(("--setuptools=embed", "--wheel=embed"))
+                        call_with_arch("python", "-m", "virtualenv", *venv_args, venv_dir, env=env)
 
                     virtualenv_env = env.copy()
                     virtualenv_env["PATH"] = os.pathsep.join(
@@ -608,7 +656,7 @@ def build(options: Options, tmp_path: Path) -> None:
                         virtualenv_env_install_wheel = virtualenv_env
 
                     call_with_arch(
-                        "pip",
+                        *pip,
                         "install",
                         f"{repaired_wheel}{build_options.test_extras}",
                         env=virtualenv_env_install_wheel,
@@ -617,7 +665,7 @@ def build(options: Options, tmp_path: Path) -> None:
                     # test the wheel
                     if build_options.test_requires:
                         call_with_arch(
-                            "pip",
+                            *pip,
                             "install",
                             *build_options.test_requires,
                             env=virtualenv_env_install_wheel,
diff --git a/cibuildwheel/pyodide.py b/cibuildwheel/pyodide.py
index e9e75a5fe..780e43cee 100644
--- a/cibuildwheel/pyodide.py
+++ b/cibuildwheel/pyodide.py
@@ -114,7 +114,7 @@ def setup_python(
 
     log.step("Setting up build environment...")
     venv_path = tmp / "venv"
-    env = virtualenv(python_configuration.version, base_python, venv_path, [])
+    env = virtualenv(python_configuration.version, base_python, venv_path, [], use_uv=False)
     venv_bin_path = venv_path / "bin"
     assert venv_bin_path.exists()
     env["PIP_DISABLE_PIP_VERSION_CHECK"] = "1"
diff --git a/cibuildwheel/resources/constraints-python310.txt b/cibuildwheel/resources/constraints-python310.txt
index 434ad8757..c842117c7 100644
--- a/cibuildwheel/resources/constraints-python310.txt
+++ b/cibuildwheel/resources/constraints-python310.txt
@@ -28,6 +28,8 @@ tomli==2.0.1
     # via build
 typing-extensions==4.12.2
     # via delocate
+uv==0.2.8
+    # via -r cibuildwheel/resources/constraints.in
 virtualenv==20.26.2
     # via -r cibuildwheel/resources/constraints.in
 zipp==3.19.2
diff --git a/cibuildwheel/resources/constraints-python311.txt b/cibuildwheel/resources/constraints-python311.txt
index f2521f8bb..0ca4abac6 100644
--- a/cibuildwheel/resources/constraints-python311.txt
+++ b/cibuildwheel/resources/constraints-python311.txt
@@ -24,5 +24,7 @@ pyproject-hooks==1.1.0
     # via build
 typing-extensions==4.12.2
     # via delocate
+uv==0.2.8
+    # via -r cibuildwheel/resources/constraints.in
 virtualenv==20.26.2
     # via -r cibuildwheel/resources/constraints.in
diff --git a/cibuildwheel/resources/constraints-python312.txt b/cibuildwheel/resources/constraints-python312.txt
index f2521f8bb..0ca4abac6 100644
--- a/cibuildwheel/resources/constraints-python312.txt
+++ b/cibuildwheel/resources/constraints-python312.txt
@@ -24,5 +24,7 @@ pyproject-hooks==1.1.0
     # via build
 typing-extensions==4.12.2
     # via delocate
+uv==0.2.8
+    # via -r cibuildwheel/resources/constraints.in
 virtualenv==20.26.2
     # via -r cibuildwheel/resources/constraints.in
diff --git a/cibuildwheel/resources/constraints-python313.txt b/cibuildwheel/resources/constraints-python313.txt
index 5fcc3ef67..704287adc 100644
--- a/cibuildwheel/resources/constraints-python313.txt
+++ b/cibuildwheel/resources/constraints-python313.txt
@@ -24,5 +24,7 @@ pyproject-hooks==1.1.0
     # via build
 typing-extensions==4.12.2
     # via delocate
+uv==0.2.8
+    # via -r cibuildwheel/resources/constraints.in
 virtualenv==20.26.2
     # via -r cibuildwheel/resources/constraints.in
diff --git a/cibuildwheel/resources/constraints-python38.txt b/cibuildwheel/resources/constraints-python38.txt
index 434ad8757..c842117c7 100644
--- a/cibuildwheel/resources/constraints-python38.txt
+++ b/cibuildwheel/resources/constraints-python38.txt
@@ -28,6 +28,8 @@ tomli==2.0.1
     # via build
 typing-extensions==4.12.2
     # via delocate
+uv==0.2.8
+    # via -r cibuildwheel/resources/constraints.in
 virtualenv==20.26.2
     # via -r cibuildwheel/resources/constraints.in
 zipp==3.19.2
diff --git a/cibuildwheel/resources/constraints-python39.txt b/cibuildwheel/resources/constraints-python39.txt
index 434ad8757..c842117c7 100644
--- a/cibuildwheel/resources/constraints-python39.txt
+++ b/cibuildwheel/resources/constraints-python39.txt
@@ -28,6 +28,8 @@ tomli==2.0.1
     # via build
 typing-extensions==4.12.2
     # via delocate
+uv==0.2.8
+    # via -r cibuildwheel/resources/constraints.in
 virtualenv==20.26.2
     # via -r cibuildwheel/resources/constraints.in
 zipp==3.19.2
diff --git a/cibuildwheel/resources/constraints.in b/cibuildwheel/resources/constraints.in
index 4f01a4b8c..21831fd4e 100644
--- a/cibuildwheel/resources/constraints.in
+++ b/cibuildwheel/resources/constraints.in
@@ -2,4 +2,5 @@ pip>=24.1b1 ; python_version >= '3.13'
 pip ; python_version < '3.13'
 build
 delocate
+uv; python_version >= '3.8'
 virtualenv
diff --git a/cibuildwheel/resources/constraints.txt b/cibuildwheel/resources/constraints.txt
index f2521f8bb..0ca4abac6 100644
--- a/cibuildwheel/resources/constraints.txt
+++ b/cibuildwheel/resources/constraints.txt
@@ -24,5 +24,7 @@ pyproject-hooks==1.1.0
     # via build
 typing-extensions==4.12.2
     # via delocate
+uv==0.2.8
+    # via -r cibuildwheel/resources/constraints.in
 virtualenv==20.26.2
     # via -r cibuildwheel/resources/constraints.in
diff --git a/cibuildwheel/util.py b/cibuildwheel/util.py
index 2d127f2bc..86d244a77 100644
--- a/cibuildwheel/util.py
+++ b/cibuildwheel/util.py
@@ -40,20 +40,21 @@
 from .typing import PathOrStr, PlatformName
 
 __all__ = [
-    "resources_dir",
     "MANYLINUX_ARCHS",
+    "cached_property",
     "call",
-    "shell",
+    "chdir",
     "find_compatible_wheel",
+    "find_uv",
     "format_safe",
-    "prepare_command",
     "get_build_verbosity_extra_flags",
+    "prepare_command",
     "read_python_configs",
+    "resources_dir",
     "selector_matches",
-    "strtobool",
-    "cached_property",
-    "chdir",
+    "shell",
     "split_config_settings",
+    "strtobool",
 ]
 
 resources_dir: Final[Path] = Path(__file__).parent / "resources"
@@ -200,7 +201,9 @@ def get_build_verbosity_extra_flags(level: int) -> list[str]:
         return []
 
 
-def split_config_settings(config_settings: str, frontend: Literal["pip", "build"]) -> list[str]:
+def split_config_settings(
+    config_settings: str, frontend: Literal["pip", "build", "build[uv]"]
+) -> list[str]:
     config_settings_list = shlex.split(config_settings)
     s = "s" if frontend == "pip" else ""
     return [f"--config-setting{s}={setting}" for setting in config_settings_list]
@@ -435,7 +438,7 @@ def options_summary(self) -> Any:
             return self.base_file_path.name
 
 
-BuildFrontendName = Literal["pip", "build"]
+BuildFrontendName = Literal["pip", "build", "build[uv]"]
 
 
 @dataclass(frozen=True)
@@ -447,8 +450,8 @@ class BuildFrontendConfig:
     def from_config_string(config_string: str) -> BuildFrontendConfig:
         config_dict = parse_key_value_string(config_string, ["name"], ["args"])
         name = " ".join(config_dict["name"])
-        if name not in {"pip", "build"}:
-            msg = f"Unrecognised build frontend {name}, only 'pip' and 'build' are supported"
+        if name not in {"pip", "build", "build[uv]"}:
+            msg = f"Unrecognised build frontend {name}, only 'pip', 'build', and 'build[uv]' are supported"
             raise ValueError(msg)
 
         name = typing.cast(BuildFrontendName, name)
@@ -693,45 +696,60 @@ def _parse_constraints_for_virtualenv(
 
 
 def virtualenv(
-    version: str, python: Path, venv_path: Path, dependency_constraint_flags: Sequence[PathOrStr]
+    version: str,
+    python: Path,
+    venv_path: Path,
+    dependency_constraint_flags: Sequence[PathOrStr],
+    *,
+    use_uv: bool,
 ) -> dict[str, str]:
+    """
+    Create a virtual environment. If `use_uv` is True,
+    dependency_constraint_flags are ignored since nothing is installed in the
+    venv. Otherwise, pip is installed, and setuptools + wheel if Python < 3.12.
+    """
     assert python.exists()
-    virtualenv_app = _ensure_virtualenv(version)
-    allowed_seed_packages = ["pip", "setuptools", "wheel"]
-    constraints = _parse_constraints_for_virtualenv(
-        allowed_seed_packages, dependency_constraint_flags
-    )
-    additional_flags: list[str] = []
-    for package in allowed_seed_packages:
-        if package in constraints:
-            additional_flags.append(f"--{package}={constraints[package]}")
-        else:
-            additional_flags.append(f"--no-{package}")
-
-    # Using symlinks to pre-installed seed packages is really the fastest way to get a virtual
-    # environment. The initial cost is a bit higher but reusing is much faster.
-    # Windows does not always allow symlinks so just disabling for now.
-    # Requires pip>=19.3 so disabling for "embed" because this means we don't know what's the
-    # version of pip that will end-up installed.
-    # c.f. https://virtualenv.pypa.io/en/latest/cli_interface.html#section-seeder
-    if (
-        not IS_WIN
-        and constraints["pip"] != "embed"
-        and Version(constraints["pip"]) >= Version("19.3")
-    ):
-        additional_flags.append("--symlink-app-data")
-
-    call(
-        sys.executable,
-        "-sS",  # just the stdlib, https://github.com/pypa/virtualenv/issues/2133#issuecomment-1003710125
-        virtualenv_app,
-        "--activators=",
-        "--no-periodic-update",
-        *additional_flags,
-        "--python",
-        python,
-        venv_path,
-    )
+
+    if use_uv:
+        call("uv", "venv", venv_path, "--python", python)
+    else:
+        virtualenv_app = _ensure_virtualenv(version)
+        allowed_seed_packages = ["pip", "setuptools", "wheel"]
+        constraints = _parse_constraints_for_virtualenv(
+            allowed_seed_packages, dependency_constraint_flags
+        )
+        additional_flags: list[str] = []
+        for package in allowed_seed_packages:
+            if package in constraints:
+                additional_flags.append(f"--{package}={constraints[package]}")
+            else:
+                additional_flags.append(f"--no-{package}")
+
+        # Using symlinks to pre-installed seed packages is really the fastest way to get a virtual
+        # environment. The initial cost is a bit higher but reusing is much faster.
+        # Windows does not always allow symlinks so just disabling for now.
+        # Requires pip>=19.3 so disabling for "embed" because this means we don't know what's the
+        # version of pip that will end-up installed.
+        # c.f. https://virtualenv.pypa.io/en/latest/cli_interface.html#section-seeder
+        if (
+            not IS_WIN
+            and constraints["pip"] != "embed"
+            and Version(constraints["pip"]) >= Version("19.3")
+        ):
+            additional_flags.append("--symlink-app-data")
+
+        call(
+            sys.executable,
+            "-sS",  # just the stdlib, https://github.com/pypa/virtualenv/issues/2133#issuecomment-1003710125
+            virtualenv_app,
+            "--activators=",
+            "--no-periodic-update",
+            *additional_flags,
+            "--python",
+            python,
+            venv_path,
+        )
+
     paths = [str(venv_path), str(venv_path / "Scripts")] if IS_WIN else [str(venv_path / "bin")]
     env = os.environ.copy()
     env["PATH"] = os.pathsep.join([*paths, env["PATH"]])
@@ -877,3 +895,14 @@ def parse_key_value_string(
         result[field_name] += values
 
     return dict(result)
+
+
+def find_uv() -> Path | None:
+    # Prefer uv in our environment
+    with contextlib.suppress(ImportError, FileNotFoundError):
+        from uv import find_uv_bin
+
+        return Path(find_uv_bin())
+
+    uv_on_path = shutil.which("uv")
+    return Path(uv_on_path) if uv_on_path else None
diff --git a/cibuildwheel/windows.py b/cibuildwheel/windows.py
index f5daa28c6..75d724398 100644
--- a/cibuildwheel/windows.py
+++ b/cibuildwheel/windows.py
@@ -31,6 +31,7 @@
     download,
     extract_zip,
     find_compatible_wheel,
+    find_uv,
     get_build_verbosity_extra_flags,
     get_pip_version,
     move_file,
@@ -244,10 +245,19 @@ def setup_python(
         raise ValueError(msg)
     assert base_python.exists()
 
+    use_uv = build_frontend == "build[uv]" and Version(python_configuration.version) >= Version(
+        "3.8"
+    )
+    uv_path = find_uv()
+
     log.step("Setting up build environment...")
     venv_path = tmp / "venv"
     env = virtualenv(
-        python_configuration.version, base_python, venv_path, dependency_constraint_flags
+        python_configuration.version,
+        base_python,
+        venv_path,
+        dependency_constraint_flags,
+        use_uv=use_uv,
     )
 
     # set up environment variables for run_with_env
@@ -257,17 +267,18 @@ def setup_python(
 
     # upgrade pip to the version matching our constraints
     # if necessary, reinstall it to ensure that it's available on PATH as 'pip.exe'
-    call(
-        "python",
-        "-m",
-        "pip",
-        "install",
-        "--upgrade",
-        "pip",
-        *dependency_constraint_flags,
-        env=env,
-        cwd=venv_path,
-    )
+    if not use_uv:
+        call(
+            "python",
+            "-m",
+            "pip",
+            "install",
+            "--upgrade",
+            "pip",
+            *dependency_constraint_flags,
+            env=env,
+            cwd=venv_path,
+        )
 
     # update env with results from CIBW_ENVIRONMENT
     env = environment.as_dictionary(prev_environment=env)
@@ -285,16 +296,17 @@ def setup_python(
         sys.exit(1)
 
     # check what pip version we're on
-    assert (venv_path / "Scripts" / "pip.exe").exists()
-    where_pip = call("where", "pip", env=env, capture_stdout=True).splitlines()[0].strip()
-    if where_pip.strip() != str(venv_path / "Scripts" / "pip.exe"):
-        print(
-            "cibuildwheel: pip available on PATH doesn't match our installed instance. If you have modified PATH, ensure that you don't overwrite cibuildwheel's entry or insert pip above it.",
-            file=sys.stderr,
-        )
-        sys.exit(1)
+    if not use_uv:
+        assert (venv_path / "Scripts" / "pip.exe").exists()
+        where_pip = call("where", "pip", env=env, capture_stdout=True).splitlines()[0].strip()
+        if where_pip.strip() != str(venv_path / "Scripts" / "pip.exe"):
+            print(
+                "cibuildwheel: pip available on PATH doesn't match our installed instance. If you have modified PATH, ensure that you don't overwrite cibuildwheel's entry or insert pip above it.",
+                file=sys.stderr,
+            )
+            sys.exit(1)
 
-    call("pip", "--version", env=env)
+        call("pip", "--version", env=env)
 
     log.step("Installing build tools...")
     if build_frontend == "build":
@@ -306,6 +318,17 @@ def setup_python(
             *dependency_constraint_flags,
             env=env,
         )
+    elif build_frontend == "build[uv]":
+        assert uv_path is not None
+        call(
+            uv_path,
+            "pip",
+            "install",
+            "--upgrade",
+            "build[virtualenv]",
+            *dependency_constraint_flags,
+            env=env,
+        )
 
     if python_libs_base:
         # Set up the environment for various backends to enable cross-compilation
@@ -340,6 +363,9 @@ def build(options: Options, tmp_path: Path) -> None:
         for config in python_configurations:
             build_options = options.build_options(config.identifier)
             build_frontend = build_options.build_frontend or BuildFrontendConfig("pip")
+            use_uv = build_frontend.name == "build[uv]" and Version(config.version) >= Version(
+                "3.8"
+            )
             log.build_start(config.identifier)
 
             identifier_tmp_dir = tmp_path / config.identifier
@@ -362,7 +388,8 @@ def build(options: Options, tmp_path: Path) -> None:
                 build_options.environment,
                 build_frontend.name,
             )
-            pip_version = get_pip_version(env)
+            if not use_uv:
+                pip_version = get_pip_version(env)
 
             compatible_wheel = find_compatible_wheel(built_wheels, config.identifier)
             if compatible_wheel:
@@ -391,7 +418,9 @@ def build(options: Options, tmp_path: Path) -> None:
                 extra_flags += build_frontend.args
 
                 build_env = env.copy()
-                build_env["VIRTUALENV_PIP"] = pip_version
+                if not use_uv:
+                    build_env["VIRTUALENV_PIP"] = pip_version
+
                 if build_options.dependency_constraints:
                     constraints_path = build_options.dependency_constraints.get_for_python_version(
                         config.version
@@ -411,6 +440,7 @@ def build(options: Options, tmp_path: Path) -> None:
                     build_env["PIP_CONSTRAINT"] = " ".join(
                         c for c in [our_constraints, user_constraints] if c
                     )
+                    build_env["UV_CONSTRAINT"] = build_env["PIP_CONSTRAINT"]
 
                 if build_frontend.name == "pip":
                     extra_flags += get_build_verbosity_extra_flags(build_options.build_verbosity)
@@ -427,10 +457,12 @@ def build(options: Options, tmp_path: Path) -> None:
                         *extra_flags,
                         env=build_env,
                     )
-                elif build_frontend.name == "build":
+                elif build_frontend.name == "build" or build_frontend.name == "build[uv]":
                     if not 0 <= build_options.build_verbosity < 2:
                         msg = f"build_verbosity {build_options.build_verbosity} is not supported for build frontend. Ignoring."
                         log.warning(msg)
+                    if use_uv:
+                        extra_flags.append("--installer=uv")
                     call(
                         "python",
                         "-m",
@@ -484,15 +516,20 @@ def build(options: Options, tmp_path: Path) -> None:
                 log.step("Testing wheel...")
                 # set up a virtual environment to install and test from, to make sure
                 # there are no dependencies that were pulled in at build time.
-                call("pip", "install", "virtualenv", *dependency_constraint_flags, env=env)
+                if not use_uv:
+                    call("pip", "install", "virtualenv", *dependency_constraint_flags, env=env)
+
                 venv_dir = identifier_tmp_dir / "venv-test"
 
-                # Use pip version from the initial env to ensure determinism
-                venv_args = ["--no-periodic-update", f"--pip={pip_version}"]
-                # In Python<3.12, setuptools & wheel are installed as well, use virtualenv embedded ones
-                if Version(config.version) < Version("3.12"):
-                    venv_args.extend(("--setuptools=embed", "--wheel=embed"))
-                call("python", "-m", "virtualenv", *venv_args, venv_dir, env=env)
+                if use_uv:
+                    call("uv", "venv", venv_dir, "--python=python", env=env)
+                else:
+                    # Use pip version from the initial env to ensure determinism
+                    venv_args = ["--no-periodic-update", f"--pip={pip_version}"]
+                    # In Python<3.12, setuptools & wheel are installed as well, use virtualenv embedded ones
+                    if Version(config.version) < Version("3.12"):
+                        venv_args.extend(("--setuptools=embed", "--wheel=embed"))
+                    call("python", "-m", "virtualenv", *venv_args, venv_dir, env=env)
 
                 virtualenv_env = env.copy()
                 virtualenv_env["PATH"] = os.pathsep.join(
@@ -514,9 +551,11 @@ def build(options: Options, tmp_path: Path) -> None:
                     )
                     shell(before_test_prepared, env=virtualenv_env)
 
+                pip = ["uv", "pip"] if use_uv else ["pip"]
+
                 # install the wheel
                 call(
-                    "pip",
+                    *pip,
                     "install",
                     str(repaired_wheel) + build_options.test_extras,
                     env=virtualenv_env,
@@ -524,7 +563,7 @@ def build(options: Options, tmp_path: Path) -> None:
 
                 # test the wheel
                 if build_options.test_requires:
-                    call("pip", "install", *build_options.test_requires, env=virtualenv_env)
+                    call(*pip, "install", *build_options.test_requires, env=virtualenv_env)
 
                 # run the tests from a temp dir, with an absolute path in the command
                 # (this ensures that Python runs the tests against the installed wheel
diff --git a/pyproject.toml b/pyproject.toml
index 23f8c8c45..d7a5a7e40 100644
--- a/pyproject.toml
+++ b/pyproject.toml
@@ -78,6 +78,7 @@ test = [
     "tomli_w",
     "validate-pyproject",
 ]
+uv = ["uv"]
 
 [project.scripts]
 cibuildwheel = "cibuildwheel.__main__:main"

From d825136b04c46e8518ba3032d347434de14ff1b7 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Henry Schreiner <HenrySchreinerIII@gmail.com>
Date: Thu, 6 Jun 2024 15:51:06 -0400
Subject: [PATCH 02/14] Apply suggestions from code review

---
 .github/workflows/test.yml | 3 ---
 1 file changed, 3 deletions(-)

diff --git a/.github/workflows/test.yml b/.github/workflows/test.yml
index b7c501cab..edd86dee7 100644
--- a/.github/workflows/test.yml
+++ b/.github/workflows/test.yml
@@ -15,9 +15,6 @@ concurrency:
   group: test-${{ github.ref }}
   cancel-in-progress: true
 
-env:
-  CIBW_BUILD_FRONTEND: "build[uv]"
-
 jobs:
   lint:
     name: Linters (mypy, flake8, etc.)

From 25a45d6648c4bd8443e0cbc59ce4b54589145471 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Henry Schreiner <henryschreineriii@gmail.com>
Date: Fri, 7 Jun 2024 01:13:48 -0400
Subject: [PATCH 03/14] ci: use uv in a few places

Signed-off-by: Henry Schreiner <henryschreineriii@gmail.com>
---
 .github/workflows/test.yml | 1 +
 test/conftest.py           | 6 +++++-
 2 files changed, 6 insertions(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/.github/workflows/test.yml b/.github/workflows/test.yml
index edd86dee7..9f50ea949 100644
--- a/.github/workflows/test.yml
+++ b/.github/workflows/test.yml
@@ -84,6 +84,7 @@ jobs:
         output-dir: wheelhouse
       env:
         CIBW_ARCHS_MACOS: x86_64 universal2 arm64
+        CIBW_BUILD_FRONTEND: 'build[uv]'
 
     - name: Run a sample build (GitHub Action, only)
       uses: ./
diff --git a/test/conftest.py b/test/conftest.py
index 08b0ee11f..93b6de69b 100644
--- a/test/conftest.py
+++ b/test/conftest.py
@@ -6,7 +6,7 @@
 
 import pytest
 
-from cibuildwheel.util import detect_ci_provider
+from cibuildwheel.util import detect_ci_provider, find_uv
 
 from .utils import EMULATED_ARCHS, platform
 
@@ -34,6 +34,10 @@ def pytest_addoption(parser) -> None:
 def build_frontend_env(request) -> dict[str, str]:
     if platform == "pyodide":
         pytest.skip("Can't use pip as build frontend for pyodide platform")
+
+    if request.param["CIBW_BUILD_FRONTEND"] == "build" and find_uv() is not None:
+        return {"CIBW_BUILD_FRONTEND": "build[uv]"}
+
     return request.param  # type: ignore[no-any-return]
 
 

From c57cf3d40bc24df45ab6fa8f8202311cd2fd31d6 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Henry Schreiner <henryschreineriii@gmail.com>
Date: Fri, 7 Jun 2024 01:42:03 -0400
Subject: [PATCH 04/14] tests: drop pip from check

Signed-off-by: Henry Schreiner <henryschreineriii@gmail.com>
---
 test/test_dependency_versions.py | 2 --
 1 file changed, 2 deletions(-)

diff --git a/test/test_dependency_versions.py b/test/test_dependency_versions.py
index 17edd10f3..318ea46c0 100644
--- a/test/test_dependency_versions.py
+++ b/test/test_dependency_versions.py
@@ -101,7 +101,6 @@ def test_dependency_constraints_file(tmp_path, build_frontend_env):
     project_with_expected_version_checks.generate(project_dir)
 
     tool_versions = {
-        "pip": "23.1.2",
         "delocate": "0.10.3",
     }
 
@@ -109,7 +108,6 @@ def test_dependency_constraints_file(tmp_path, build_frontend_env):
     constraints_file.write_text(
         textwrap.dedent(
             """
-            pip=={pip}
             delocate=={delocate}
             """.format(**tool_versions)
         )

From 93dc643c2d8dc296171ca13713c356f3bab9aedd Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Henry Schreiner <henryschreineriii@gmail.com>
Date: Fri, 7 Jun 2024 03:12:53 -0400
Subject: [PATCH 05/14] tests: skip uv on the dep constraints tests

Signed-off-by: Henry Schreiner <henryschreineriii@gmail.com>
---
 test/conftest.py                 | 11 ++++++++---
 test/test_dependency_versions.py | 10 ++++++----
 2 files changed, 14 insertions(+), 7 deletions(-)

diff --git a/test/conftest.py b/test/conftest.py
index 93b6de69b..3fbf1d67c 100644
--- a/test/conftest.py
+++ b/test/conftest.py
@@ -31,14 +31,19 @@ def pytest_addoption(parser) -> None:
 @pytest.fixture(
     params=[{"CIBW_BUILD_FRONTEND": "pip"}, {"CIBW_BUILD_FRONTEND": "build"}], ids=["pip", "build"]
 )
-def build_frontend_env(request) -> dict[str, str]:
+def build_frontend_env_nouv(request) -> dict[str, str]:
     if platform == "pyodide":
         pytest.skip("Can't use pip as build frontend for pyodide platform")
 
-    if request.param["CIBW_BUILD_FRONTEND"] == "build" and find_uv() is not None:
+    return request.param  # type: ignore[no-any-return]
+
+
+@pytest.fixture()
+def build_frontend_env(build_frontend_env_nouv: dict[str, str]) -> dict[str, str]:
+    if build_frontend_env_nouv["CIBW_BUILD_FRONTEND"] == "build" and find_uv() is not None:
         return {"CIBW_BUILD_FRONTEND": "build[uv]"}
 
-    return request.param  # type: ignore[no-any-return]
+    return build_frontend_env_nouv
 
 
 @pytest.fixture()
diff --git a/test/test_dependency_versions.py b/test/test_dependency_versions.py
index 318ea46c0..defefc747 100644
--- a/test/test_dependency_versions.py
+++ b/test/test_dependency_versions.py
@@ -53,7 +53,7 @@ def get_versions_from_constraint_file(constraint_file):
 
 
 @pytest.mark.parametrize("python_version", ["3.6", "3.8", "3.10"])
-def test_pinned_versions(tmp_path, python_version, build_frontend_env):
+def test_pinned_versions(tmp_path, python_version, build_frontend_env_nouv):
     if utils.platform == "linux":
         pytest.skip("linux doesn't pin individual tool versions, it pins manylinux images instead")
     if python_version == "3.6" and utils.platform == "macos" and platform.machine() == "arm64":
@@ -79,7 +79,7 @@ def test_pinned_versions(tmp_path, python_version, build_frontend_env):
         add_env={
             "CIBW_BUILD": build_pattern,
             "CIBW_ENVIRONMENT": cibw_environment_option,
-            **build_frontend_env,
+            **build_frontend_env_nouv,
         },
     )
 
@@ -93,7 +93,7 @@ def test_pinned_versions(tmp_path, python_version, build_frontend_env):
     assert set(actual_wheels) == set(expected_wheels)
 
 
-def test_dependency_constraints_file(tmp_path, build_frontend_env):
+def test_dependency_constraints_file(tmp_path, build_frontend_env_nouv):
     if utils.platform == "linux":
         pytest.skip("linux doesn't pin individual tool versions, it pins manylinux images instead")
 
@@ -101,6 +101,7 @@ def test_dependency_constraints_file(tmp_path, build_frontend_env):
     project_with_expected_version_checks.generate(project_dir)
 
     tool_versions = {
+        "pip": "23.1.2",
         "delocate": "0.10.3",
     }
 
@@ -108,6 +109,7 @@ def test_dependency_constraints_file(tmp_path, build_frontend_env):
     constraints_file.write_text(
         textwrap.dedent(
             """
+            pip=={pip}
             delocate=={delocate}
             """.format(**tool_versions)
         )
@@ -128,7 +130,7 @@ def test_dependency_constraints_file(tmp_path, build_frontend_env):
             "CIBW_ENVIRONMENT": cibw_environment_option,
             "CIBW_DEPENDENCY_VERSIONS": str(constraints_file),
             "CIBW_SKIP": "cp36-*",
-            **build_frontend_env,
+            **build_frontend_env_nouv,
         },
     )
 

From 2ea1c04723cd3d902b70be09111ca4d8596c2f47 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Henry Schreiner <henryschreineriii@gmail.com>
Date: Sat, 8 Jun 2024 01:01:18 -0400
Subject: [PATCH 06/14] fix: pull out windows workaround

Signed-off-by: Henry Schreiner <henryschreineriii@gmail.com>
---
 cibuildwheel/macos.py   |  8 +++-----
 cibuildwheel/util.py    | 31 ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++-
 cibuildwheel/windows.py | 18 ++----------------
 pyproject.toml          |  1 +
 4 files changed, 36 insertions(+), 22 deletions(-)

diff --git a/cibuildwheel/macos.py b/cibuildwheel/macos.py
index f742baac7..fd6d5e45a 100644
--- a/cibuildwheel/macos.py
+++ b/cibuildwheel/macos.py
@@ -30,6 +30,7 @@
     BuildSelector,
     NonPlatformWheelError,
     call,
+    combine_constraints,
     detect_ci_provider,
     download,
     find_compatible_wheel,
@@ -432,11 +433,8 @@ def build(options: Options, tmp_path: Path) -> None:
                     constraint_path = build_options.dependency_constraints.get_for_python_version(
                         config.version
                     )
-                    pip_constraint = "UV_CONSTRAINT" if use_uv else "PIP_CONSTRAINT"
-                    user_constraints = build_env.get(pip_constraint)
-                    our_constraints = str(constraint_path) if use_uv else constraint_path.as_uri()
-                    build_env[pip_constraint] = " ".join(
-                        c for c in [user_constraints, our_constraints] if c
+                    combine_constraints(
+                        build_env, constraint_path, identifier_tmp_dir if use_uv else None
                     )
 
                 if build_frontend.name == "pip":
diff --git a/cibuildwheel/util.py b/cibuildwheel/util.py
index 86d244a77..bff2baf4d 100644
--- a/cibuildwheel/util.py
+++ b/cibuildwheel/util.py
@@ -16,7 +16,7 @@
 import typing
 import urllib.request
 from collections import defaultdict
-from collections.abc import Generator, Iterable, Mapping, Sequence
+from collections.abc import Generator, Iterable, Mapping, MutableMapping, Sequence
 from dataclasses import dataclass
 from enum import Enum
 from functools import cached_property, lru_cache
@@ -44,6 +44,7 @@
     "cached_property",
     "call",
     "chdir",
+    "combine_constraints",
     "find_compatible_wheel",
     "find_uv",
     "format_safe",
@@ -900,9 +901,37 @@ def parse_key_value_string(
 def find_uv() -> Path | None:
     # Prefer uv in our environment
     with contextlib.suppress(ImportError, FileNotFoundError):
+        # pylint: disable-next=import-outside-toplevel
         from uv import find_uv_bin
 
         return Path(find_uv_bin())
 
     uv_on_path = shutil.which("uv")
     return Path(uv_on_path) if uv_on_path else None
+
+
+def combine_constraints(
+    env: MutableMapping[str, str], /, constraints_path: Path, tmp_dir: Path | None
+) -> None:
+    """
+    This will workaround a bug in pip<=21.1.1 or uv<=0.2.0 if a tmp_dir is given.
+    If set to None, this will use the modern URI method.
+    """
+
+    if tmp_dir:
+        if " " in str(constraints_path):
+            assert " " not in str(tmp_dir)
+            tmp_file = tmp_dir / "constraints.txt"
+            tmp_file.write_bytes(constraints_path.read_bytes())
+            constraints_path = tmp_file
+        our_constraints = str(constraints_path)
+    else:
+        our_constraints = (
+            constraints_path.as_uri() if " " in str(constraints_path) else str(constraints_path)
+        )
+
+    user_constraints = env.get("PIP_CONSTRAINT")
+
+    env["UV_CONSTRAINT"] = env["PIP_CONSTRAINT"] = " ".join(
+        c for c in [our_constraints, user_constraints] if c
+    )
diff --git a/cibuildwheel/windows.py b/cibuildwheel/windows.py
index 75d724398..263e8cf9a 100644
--- a/cibuildwheel/windows.py
+++ b/cibuildwheel/windows.py
@@ -28,6 +28,7 @@
     BuildSelector,
     NonPlatformWheelError,
     call,
+    combine_constraints,
     download,
     extract_zip,
     find_compatible_wheel,
@@ -425,22 +426,7 @@ def build(options: Options, tmp_path: Path) -> None:
                     constraints_path = build_options.dependency_constraints.get_for_python_version(
                         config.version
                     )
-                    # Bug in pip <= 21.1.3 - we can't have a space in the
-                    # constraints file, and pip doesn't support drive letters
-                    # in uhi.  After probably pip 21.2, we can use uri. For
-                    # now, use a temporary file.
-                    if " " in str(constraints_path):
-                        assert " " not in str(identifier_tmp_dir)
-                        tmp_file = identifier_tmp_dir / "constraints.txt"
-                        tmp_file.write_bytes(constraints_path.read_bytes())
-                        constraints_path = tmp_file
-
-                    our_constraints = str(constraints_path)
-                    user_constraints = build_env.get("PIP_CONSTRAINT")
-                    build_env["PIP_CONSTRAINT"] = " ".join(
-                        c for c in [our_constraints, user_constraints] if c
-                    )
-                    build_env["UV_CONSTRAINT"] = build_env["PIP_CONSTRAINT"]
+                    combine_constraints(build_env, constraints_path, identifier_tmp_dir)
 
                 if build_frontend.name == "pip":
                     extra_flags += get_build_verbosity_extra_flags(build_options.build_verbosity)
diff --git a/pyproject.toml b/pyproject.toml
index d7a5a7e40..22557937f 100644
--- a/pyproject.toml
+++ b/pyproject.toml
@@ -177,6 +177,7 @@ messages_control.disable = [
   "wrong-import-position",
   "unused-argument",  # Handled by Ruff
   "broad-exception-raised",  # Could be improved eventually
+  "consider-using-in",  # MyPy can't narrow "in"
 ]
 
 [tool.ruff]

From 09bd9ba9c1e0bec7092e1fd435cc00070fb2b65b Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Henry Schreiner <henryschreineriii@gmail.com>
Date: Sat, 8 Jun 2024 01:20:06 -0400
Subject: [PATCH 07/14] chore: docs and remove uv pinning as it's not installed

Signed-off-by: Henry Schreiner <henryschreineriii@gmail.com>
---
 bin/generate_schema.py                        |  8 +++--
 .../resources/cibuildwheel.schema.json        | 10 ++++--
 .../resources/constraints-python310.txt       |  2 --
 .../resources/constraints-python311.txt       |  2 --
 .../resources/constraints-python312.txt       |  2 --
 .../resources/constraints-python313.txt       |  2 --
 .../resources/constraints-python38.txt        |  2 --
 .../resources/constraints-python39.txt        |  2 --
 cibuildwheel/resources/constraints.in         |  1 -
 cibuildwheel/resources/constraints.txt        |  2 --
 docs/options.md                               | 31 +++++++++++++++++--
 11 files changed, 41 insertions(+), 23 deletions(-)

diff --git a/bin/generate_schema.py b/bin/generate_schema.py
index a1ac23c3e..dee1aad35 100755
--- a/bin/generate_schema.py
+++ b/bin/generate_schema.py
@@ -48,19 +48,21 @@
     type: string_array
   build-frontend:
     default: default
-    description: Set the tool to use to build, either "pip" (default for now) or "build"
+    description: Set the tool to use to build, either "pip" (default for now), "build", or "build[uv]"
     oneOf:
-      - enum: [pip, build, default]
+      - enum: [pip, build, "build[uv]", default]
       - type: string
         pattern: '^pip; ?args:'
       - type: string
         pattern: '^build; ?args:'
+      - type: string
+        pattern: '^build\[uv\]; ?args:'
       - type: object
         additionalProperties: false
         required: [name]
         properties:
           name:
-            enum: [pip, build]
+            enum: [pip, build, "build[uv]"]
           args:
             type: array
             items:
diff --git a/cibuildwheel/resources/cibuildwheel.schema.json b/cibuildwheel/resources/cibuildwheel.schema.json
index 088b5d542..976751a55 100644
--- a/cibuildwheel/resources/cibuildwheel.schema.json
+++ b/cibuildwheel/resources/cibuildwheel.schema.json
@@ -96,12 +96,13 @@
     },
     "build-frontend": {
       "default": "default",
-      "description": "Set the tool to use to build, either \"pip\" (default for now) or \"build\"",
+      "description": "Set the tool to use to build, either \"pip\" (default for now), \"build\", or \"build[uv]\"",
       "oneOf": [
         {
           "enum": [
             "pip",
             "build",
+            "build[uv]",
             "default"
           ]
         },
@@ -113,6 +114,10 @@
           "type": "string",
           "pattern": "^build; ?args:"
         },
+        {
+          "type": "string",
+          "pattern": "^build\\[uv\\]; ?args:"
+        },
         {
           "type": "object",
           "additionalProperties": false,
@@ -123,7 +128,8 @@
             "name": {
               "enum": [
                 "pip",
-                "build"
+                "build",
+                "build[uv]"
               ]
             },
             "args": {
diff --git a/cibuildwheel/resources/constraints-python310.txt b/cibuildwheel/resources/constraints-python310.txt
index c842117c7..434ad8757 100644
--- a/cibuildwheel/resources/constraints-python310.txt
+++ b/cibuildwheel/resources/constraints-python310.txt
@@ -28,8 +28,6 @@ tomli==2.0.1
     # via build
 typing-extensions==4.12.2
     # via delocate
-uv==0.2.8
-    # via -r cibuildwheel/resources/constraints.in
 virtualenv==20.26.2
     # via -r cibuildwheel/resources/constraints.in
 zipp==3.19.2
diff --git a/cibuildwheel/resources/constraints-python311.txt b/cibuildwheel/resources/constraints-python311.txt
index 0ca4abac6..f2521f8bb 100644
--- a/cibuildwheel/resources/constraints-python311.txt
+++ b/cibuildwheel/resources/constraints-python311.txt
@@ -24,7 +24,5 @@ pyproject-hooks==1.1.0
     # via build
 typing-extensions==4.12.2
     # via delocate
-uv==0.2.8
-    # via -r cibuildwheel/resources/constraints.in
 virtualenv==20.26.2
     # via -r cibuildwheel/resources/constraints.in
diff --git a/cibuildwheel/resources/constraints-python312.txt b/cibuildwheel/resources/constraints-python312.txt
index 0ca4abac6..f2521f8bb 100644
--- a/cibuildwheel/resources/constraints-python312.txt
+++ b/cibuildwheel/resources/constraints-python312.txt
@@ -24,7 +24,5 @@ pyproject-hooks==1.1.0
     # via build
 typing-extensions==4.12.2
     # via delocate
-uv==0.2.8
-    # via -r cibuildwheel/resources/constraints.in
 virtualenv==20.26.2
     # via -r cibuildwheel/resources/constraints.in
diff --git a/cibuildwheel/resources/constraints-python313.txt b/cibuildwheel/resources/constraints-python313.txt
index 704287adc..5fcc3ef67 100644
--- a/cibuildwheel/resources/constraints-python313.txt
+++ b/cibuildwheel/resources/constraints-python313.txt
@@ -24,7 +24,5 @@ pyproject-hooks==1.1.0
     # via build
 typing-extensions==4.12.2
     # via delocate
-uv==0.2.8
-    # via -r cibuildwheel/resources/constraints.in
 virtualenv==20.26.2
     # via -r cibuildwheel/resources/constraints.in
diff --git a/cibuildwheel/resources/constraints-python38.txt b/cibuildwheel/resources/constraints-python38.txt
index c842117c7..434ad8757 100644
--- a/cibuildwheel/resources/constraints-python38.txt
+++ b/cibuildwheel/resources/constraints-python38.txt
@@ -28,8 +28,6 @@ tomli==2.0.1
     # via build
 typing-extensions==4.12.2
     # via delocate
-uv==0.2.8
-    # via -r cibuildwheel/resources/constraints.in
 virtualenv==20.26.2
     # via -r cibuildwheel/resources/constraints.in
 zipp==3.19.2
diff --git a/cibuildwheel/resources/constraints-python39.txt b/cibuildwheel/resources/constraints-python39.txt
index c842117c7..434ad8757 100644
--- a/cibuildwheel/resources/constraints-python39.txt
+++ b/cibuildwheel/resources/constraints-python39.txt
@@ -28,8 +28,6 @@ tomli==2.0.1
     # via build
 typing-extensions==4.12.2
     # via delocate
-uv==0.2.8
-    # via -r cibuildwheel/resources/constraints.in
 virtualenv==20.26.2
     # via -r cibuildwheel/resources/constraints.in
 zipp==3.19.2
diff --git a/cibuildwheel/resources/constraints.in b/cibuildwheel/resources/constraints.in
index 21831fd4e..4f01a4b8c 100644
--- a/cibuildwheel/resources/constraints.in
+++ b/cibuildwheel/resources/constraints.in
@@ -2,5 +2,4 @@ pip>=24.1b1 ; python_version >= '3.13'
 pip ; python_version < '3.13'
 build
 delocate
-uv; python_version >= '3.8'
 virtualenv
diff --git a/cibuildwheel/resources/constraints.txt b/cibuildwheel/resources/constraints.txt
index 0ca4abac6..f2521f8bb 100644
--- a/cibuildwheel/resources/constraints.txt
+++ b/cibuildwheel/resources/constraints.txt
@@ -24,7 +24,5 @@ pyproject-hooks==1.1.0
     # via build
 typing-extensions==4.12.2
     # via delocate
-uv==0.2.8
-    # via -r cibuildwheel/resources/constraints.in
 virtualenv==20.26.2
     # via -r cibuildwheel/resources/constraints.in
diff --git a/docs/options.md b/docs/options.md
index 8eaa60943..b322317a6 100644
--- a/docs/options.md
+++ b/docs/options.md
@@ -624,7 +624,7 @@ This option can also be set using the [command-line option](#command-line) `--pr
 ## Build customization
 
 ### `CIBW_BUILD_FRONTEND` {: #build-frontend}
-> Set the tool to use to build, either "pip" (default for now) or "build"
+> Set the tool to use to build, either "pip" (default for now), "build", or "build[uv]"
 
 Options:
 
@@ -636,17 +636,30 @@ Default: `pip`
 Choose which build frontend to use. Can either be "pip", which will run
 `python -m pip wheel`, or "build", which will run `python -m build --wheel`.
 
+You can also use "build[uv]", which will use an external [uv][] everywhere
+possible, both through `--installer=uv` passed to build, as well as when making
+all build and test environments. This will generally speed up cibuildwheel.
+Make sure you have an external uv on Windows and macOS, either by
+pre-installing it, or installing cibuildwheel with the uv extra,
+`cibuildwheel[uv]`. `uv` will not be used for Python 3.6 or Python 3.7. You
+cannot use uv currently on Windows for ARM or for musllinux on s390x as
+binaries are not provided by uv. Legacy dependencies like setuptools on Python
+< 3.12 and pip are not installed if using uv.
+
+Pyodide ignores this setting, as only "build" is supported.
+
 You can specify extra arguments to pass to `pip wheel` or `build` using the
 optional `args` option.
 
 !!! tip
-    Until v2.0.0, [pip] was the only way to build wheels, and is still the
+    Until v2.0.0, [pip][] was the only way to build wheels, and is still the
     default. However, we expect that at some point in the future, cibuildwheel
-    will change the default to [build], in line with the PyPA's recommendation.
+    will change the default to [build][], in line with the PyPA's recommendation.
     If you want to try `build` before this, you can use this option.
 
 [pip]: https://pip.pypa.io/en/stable/cli/pip_wheel/
 [build]: https://github.com/pypa/build/
+[uv]: https://github.com/astral-sh/uv
 
 #### Examples
 
@@ -661,6 +674,12 @@ optional `args` option.
 
     # supply an extra argument to 'pip wheel'
     CIBW_BUILD_FRONTEND: "pip; args: --no-build-isolation"
+
+    # Use uv and build
+    CIBW_BUILD_FRONTEND: "build[uv]"
+
+    # Use uv and build with an argument
+    CIBW_BUILD_FRONTEND: "build[uv]; args: --no-isolation"
     ```
 
 !!! tab examples "pyproject.toml"
@@ -675,6 +694,12 @@ optional `args` option.
 
     # supply an extra argument to 'pip wheel'
     build-frontend = { name = "pip", args = ["--no-build-isolation"] }
+
+    # Use uv and build
+    build-frontend = "build[uv]"
+
+    # Use uv and build with an argument
+    build-frontend = { name = "build[uv]", args = ["--no-isolation"] }
     ```
 
 ### `CIBW_CONFIG_SETTINGS` {: #config-settings}

From 567418f374a400d7baa21ad5fc477eea3f89c953 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: mayeut <mayeut@users.noreply.github.com>
Date: Sat, 8 Jun 2024 14:09:36 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 08/14] chore: use `build_frontend_env` fixture in
 test_universal2_testing_on_arm64

---
 test/test_macos_archs.py | 6 +++---
 1 file changed, 3 insertions(+), 3 deletions(-)

diff --git a/test/test_macos_archs.py b/test/test_macos_archs.py
index d29118b60..23ba59e0a 100644
--- a/test/test_macos_archs.py
+++ b/test/test_macos_archs.py
@@ -172,7 +172,7 @@ def test_universal2_testing_on_x86_64(tmp_path, capfd, skip_arm64_test):
     assert set(actual_wheels) == set(expected_wheels)
 
 
-def test_universal2_testing_on_arm64(tmp_path, capfd):
+def test_universal2_testing_on_arm64(build_frontend_env, tmp_path, capfd):
     # cibuildwheel should test the universal2 wheel on both x86_64 and arm64, when run on arm64
     if utils.platform != "macos":
         pytest.skip("this test is only relevant to macos")
@@ -194,8 +194,8 @@ def test_universal2_testing_on_arm64(tmp_path, capfd):
     )
 
     captured = capfd.readouterr()
-    assert "running tests on arm64" in captured.out
-    assert "running tests on x86_64" in captured.out
+    assert "running tests on arm64 with numpy" in captured.out
+    assert "running tests on x86_64 with numpy" in captured.out
 
     python_tag = "cp{}{}".format(*utils.SINGLE_PYTHON_VERSION)
     expected_wheels = [w for w in ALL_MACOS_WHEELS if python_tag in w and "universal2" in w]

From b2be90938552256d0e08fc74871bc678b12bc896 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: mayeut <mayeut@users.noreply.github.com>
Date: Sat, 8 Jun 2024 16:41:49 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 09/14] fix invalid test

---
 test/test_macos_archs.py | 1 +
 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+)

diff --git a/test/test_macos_archs.py b/test/test_macos_archs.py
index fdeaee83a..c76aacc51 100644
--- a/test/test_macos_archs.py
+++ b/test/test_macos_archs.py
@@ -189,6 +189,7 @@ def test_universal2_testing_on_arm64(build_frontend_env, tmp_path, capfd):
             # check that a native dependency is correctly installed, once per each testing arch
             "CIBW_TEST_REQUIRES": "numpy",
             "CIBW_TEST_COMMAND": '''python -c "import numpy, platform; print(f'running tests on {platform.machine()} with numpy {numpy.__version__}')"''',
+            **build_frontend_env,
         },
         single_python=True,
     )

From 859db872a1932df4560d77bf15b72f5cd0e39ba2 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: mayeut <mayeut@users.noreply.github.com>
Date: Sat, 8 Jun 2024 17:33:53 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 10/14] fix: testing macOS x86_64 wheels from arm64 with uv

---
 cibuildwheel/macos.py | 14 +++++++-------
 1 file changed, 7 insertions(+), 7 deletions(-)

diff --git a/cibuildwheel/macos.py b/cibuildwheel/macos.py
index b5d405a81..874f9518d 100644
--- a/cibuildwheel/macos.py
+++ b/cibuildwheel/macos.py
@@ -627,10 +627,12 @@ def build(options: Options, tmp_path: Path) -> None:
                     venv_dir = identifier_tmp_dir / f"venv-test-{testing_arch}"
 
                     arch_prefix = []
+                    uv_arch_args = []
                     if testing_arch != machine_arch:
                         if machine_arch == "arm64" and testing_arch == "x86_64":
                             # rosetta2 will provide the emulation with just the arch prefix.
                             arch_prefix = ["arch", "-x86_64"]
+                            uv_arch_args = ["--python-platform", "x86_64-apple-darwin"]
                         else:
                             msg = f"don't know how to emulate {testing_arch} on {machine_arch}"
                             raise RuntimeError(msg)
@@ -640,8 +642,10 @@ def build(options: Options, tmp_path: Path) -> None:
                     shell_with_arch = functools.partial(call, *arch_prefix, "/bin/sh", "-c")
 
                     if use_uv:
-                        call_with_arch("uv", "venv", venv_dir, "--python=python", env=env)
+                        pip_install = functools.partial(call, *pip, "install", *uv_arch_args)
+                        call("uv", "venv", venv_dir, "--python=python", env=env)
                     else:
+                        pip_install = functools.partial(call_with_arch, *pip, "install")
                         # Use pip version from the initial env to ensure determinism
                         venv_args = ["--no-periodic-update", f"--pip={pip_version}"]
                         # In Python<3.12, setuptools & wheel are installed as well, use virtualenv embedded ones
@@ -687,18 +691,14 @@ def build(options: Options, tmp_path: Path) -> None:
                     else:
                         virtualenv_env_install_wheel = virtualenv_env
 
-                    call_with_arch(
-                        *pip,
-                        "install",
+                    pip_install(
                         f"{repaired_wheel}{build_options.test_extras}",
                         env=virtualenv_env_install_wheel,
                     )
 
                     # test the wheel
                     if build_options.test_requires:
-                        call_with_arch(
-                            *pip,
-                            "install",
+                        pip_install(
                             *build_options.test_requires,
                             env=virtualenv_env_install_wheel,
                         )

From 5c6ca48d568aea19aa5c05e6a27d2d787a7dc0ed Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: mayeut <mayeut@users.noreply.github.com>
Date: Sun, 9 Jun 2024 12:20:18 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 11/14] use pillow rather than numpy in
 test_universal2_testing_on_arm64

---
 test/test_macos_archs.py | 8 ++++----
 1 file changed, 4 insertions(+), 4 deletions(-)

diff --git a/test/test_macos_archs.py b/test/test_macos_archs.py
index c76aacc51..3229b447a 100644
--- a/test/test_macos_archs.py
+++ b/test/test_macos_archs.py
@@ -187,16 +187,16 @@ def test_universal2_testing_on_arm64(build_frontend_env, tmp_path, capfd):
         add_env={
             "CIBW_ARCHS": "universal2",
             # check that a native dependency is correctly installed, once per each testing arch
-            "CIBW_TEST_REQUIRES": "numpy",
-            "CIBW_TEST_COMMAND": '''python -c "import numpy, platform; print(f'running tests on {platform.machine()} with numpy {numpy.__version__}')"''',
+            "CIBW_TEST_REQUIRES": "pillow",  # pillow provides wheels for macOS 10.10, not 10.9
+            "CIBW_TEST_COMMAND": '''python -c "import PIL, platform; print(f'running tests on {platform.machine()} with pillow {PIL.__version__}')"''',
             **build_frontend_env,
         },
         single_python=True,
     )
 
     captured = capfd.readouterr()
-    assert "running tests on arm64 with numpy" in captured.out
-    assert "running tests on x86_64 with numpy" in captured.out
+    assert "running tests on arm64 with pillow" in captured.out
+    assert "running tests on x86_64 with pillow" in captured.out
 
     python_tag = "cp{}{}".format(*utils.SINGLE_PYTHON_VERSION)
     expected_wheels = [w for w in ALL_MACOS_WHEELS if python_tag in w and "universal2" in w]

From d0b66ffc55d7ae5a3571263e01eb3c5a95d2e41c Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: mayeut <mayeut@users.noreply.github.com>
Date: Sun, 9 Jun 2024 14:22:09 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 12/14] make the test fail

---
 test/test_macos_archs.py | 2 +-
 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/test/test_macos_archs.py b/test/test_macos_archs.py
index 3229b447a..53d90d197 100644
--- a/test/test_macos_archs.py
+++ b/test/test_macos_archs.py
@@ -187,7 +187,7 @@ def test_universal2_testing_on_arm64(build_frontend_env, tmp_path, capfd):
         add_env={
             "CIBW_ARCHS": "universal2",
             # check that a native dependency is correctly installed, once per each testing arch
-            "CIBW_TEST_REQUIRES": "pillow",  # pillow provides wheels for macOS 10.10, not 10.9
+            "CIBW_TEST_REQUIRES": "--only-binary :all: pillow>=10.3",  # pillow>=10.3 provides wheels for macOS 10.10, not 10.9
             "CIBW_TEST_COMMAND": '''python -c "import PIL, platform; print(f'running tests on {platform.machine()} with pillow {PIL.__version__}')"''',
             **build_frontend_env,
         },

From 740fd579a243a584c9fe26c249fdb657804ff0b1 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: mayeut <mayeut@users.noreply.github.com>
Date: Sun, 9 Jun 2024 14:40:10 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 13/14] fix: override MACOSX_DEPLOYMENT_TARGET in test
 environment

---
 cibuildwheel/macos.py | 22 ++++++++++++++++++++++
 1 file changed, 22 insertions(+)

diff --git a/cibuildwheel/macos.py b/cibuildwheel/macos.py
index 874f9518d..cfe197136 100644
--- a/cibuildwheel/macos.py
+++ b/cibuildwheel/macos.py
@@ -50,6 +50,7 @@
 )
 
 
+@functools.lru_cache(maxsize=None)
 def get_macos_version() -> tuple[int, int]:
     """
     Returns the macOS major/minor version, as a tuple, e.g. (10, 15) or (11, 0)
@@ -61,9 +62,29 @@ def get_macos_version() -> tuple[int, int]:
     """
     version_str, _, _ = platform.mac_ver()
     version = tuple(map(int, version_str.split(".")[:2]))
+    if (10, 15) < version < (11, 0):
+        # When built against an older macOS SDK, Python will report macOS 10.16
+        # instead of the real version.
+        version_str = call(
+            sys.executable,
+            "-sS",
+            "-c",
+            "import platform; print(platform.mac_ver()[0])",
+            env={"SYSTEM_VERSION_COMPAT": "0"},
+            capture_stdout=True,
+        )
+        version = tuple(map(int, version_str.split(".")[:2]))
     return typing.cast(Tuple[int, int], version)
 
 
+@functools.lru_cache(maxsize=None)
+def get_test_macosx_deployment_target() -> str:
+    version = get_macos_version()
+    if version >= (11, 0):
+        return f"{version[0]}.0"
+    return "{}.{}".format(*version)
+
+
 def get_macos_sdks() -> list[str]:
     output = call("xcodebuild", "-showsdks", capture_stdout=True)
     return [m.group(1) for m in re.finditer(r"-sdk (macosx\S+)", output)]
@@ -654,6 +675,7 @@ def build(options: Options, tmp_path: Path) -> None:
                         call_with_arch("python", "-m", "virtualenv", *venv_args, venv_dir, env=env)
 
                     virtualenv_env = env.copy()
+                    virtualenv_env["MACOSX_DEPLOYMENT_TARGET"] = get_test_macosx_deployment_target()
                     virtualenv_env["PATH"] = os.pathsep.join(
                         [
                             str(venv_dir / "bin"),

From a1c4ac4cb3d543d6171ecd97b55701a779cd83ee Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: mayeut <mayeut@users.noreply.github.com>
Date: Sun, 9 Jun 2024 15:14:58 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 14/14] fix: use f-string

---
 cibuildwheel/macos.py | 2 +-
 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/cibuildwheel/macos.py b/cibuildwheel/macos.py
index cfe197136..890ca89e9 100644
--- a/cibuildwheel/macos.py
+++ b/cibuildwheel/macos.py
@@ -82,7 +82,7 @@ def get_test_macosx_deployment_target() -> str:
     version = get_macos_version()
     if version >= (11, 0):
         return f"{version[0]}.0"
-    return "{}.{}".format(*version)
+    return f"{version[0]}.{version[1]}"
 
 
 def get_macos_sdks() -> list[str]: